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4881211072652424863	Ralph Macchio	Ralph Macchio - wikipedia Ralph Macchio Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For the comic - book editor , see Ralph Macchio ( comics ) . Ralph Macchio Macchio at the 2016 Phoenix Comicon Ralph George Macchio Jr . ( 1961 - 11 - 04 ) November 4 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Huntington , New York , U.S. Residence Southern California Occupation Actor Years active 1980 -- present Spouse ( s ) Phyllis Fierro ( m . 1987 ) Children Julia , Daniel Ralph George Macchio Jr. ( / ˈmɑːtʃioʊ / ; born November 4 , 1961 ) is an American actor , known for his roles as Daniel LaRusso in The Karate Kid , Eugene Martone in Crossroads , Bill Gambini in My Cousin Vinny , and Johnny Cade in The Outsiders . Additionally , he competed on the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 In popular culture 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Macchio was born in Huntington , New York . He is the son of Rosalie ( née DeSantis ) and Ralph Macchio , Sr. , who owned a ranch . His father is of half Greek and half Italian descent , and his mother is of Italian ancestry . In a 1980 screen test , Macchio stated his family is from Naples . Career ( edit ) Macchio at the Chiller Theatre Expo in New Jersey , October 2013 Macchio first appeared on American television commercials for products such as Bubble Yum and Dr Pepper . His on - screen debut was in the 1980 film Up the Academy , and his first major role was playing Jeremy Andretti in the television series Eight Is Enough . In 1983 , he appeared as Johnny Cade in The Outsiders alongside many young actors who had yet to become major stars , such as C. Thomas Howell , Tom Cruise , Emilio Estevez , Patrick Swayze , Rob Lowe , and Matt Dillon . In 1984 , Macchio became known internationally following the release of the first Karate Kid film . Playing high school senior Daniel LaRusso , Macchio was actually in his early twenties when the film was made . He continued this success with the film 's sequels , The Karate Kid Part II and The Karate Kid Part III . In the mid-1980s , Macchio 's face began appearing on the covers of many teen `` bubblegum '' magazines such as Tiger Beat , 16 , and Teen Beat . Macchio appeared in the 1986 film Crossroads , portraying music student Eugene Martone . In 1992 , he starred opposite Joe Pesci and Marisa Tomei in the hit comedy My Cousin Vinny , playing William Gambini , who was wrongfully accused of murder while passing through a small Alabama town . In 1993 , Macchio portrayed Chris , the sexually confused best friend of Eric Stoltz 's character , in the indie film Naked in New York , along with such notable actors as Mary - Louise Parker , Jill Clayburgh , Kathleen Turner , and Tony Curtis . In 1996 , Macchio performed the lead role of J. Pierrepont Finch in the U.S. tour revival of the 1962 Tony Award - winning musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , and received positive reviews . Referring to his performance as a chorister in a high school production of the same musical , Macchio said , `` I was known as the ' Dancing Kid , ' not that I was all that great . But I had been dancing since the age of three , taking lessons at the June Claire School of Dance in Babylon , Long Island . '' Since the mid-1990s , Macchio 's film appearances have been occasional cameo or supporting roles , notably and recently A Good Night to Die and Beer League . Macchio in 2015 In 2005 Macchio played himself in the HBO series , Entourage . On May 1 , 2007 , Macchio played himself in an episode of the Starz series , Head Case . In 2008 , he appeared in a VitaminWater commercial that featured NASCAR driver Carl Edwards . Macchio was depicted as Edwards ' `` spiritual advisor '' and dressed in his Karate Kid clothes . Since October 2008 , he has appeared in several episodes of the ABC Network television series Ugly Betty as Archie Rodriguez , a local politician , with a semi-regular role as Hilda 's love interest on the show . As of November 2008 , Macchio was ranked No. 80 among VH1 's 100 Greatest Teen Stars . In June 2010 , Macchio appeared in Funny or Die 's online short , `` Wax On , F * ck Off '' , in which his loved ones stage an intervention to turn the former child star from a well - adjusted family man into an addict besieged with tabloid scandal , all in order to help his career . During the video Macchio reacts to seeing a poster for the 2010 Karate Kid remake . A recurring joke in the sketch is that Macchio is confused for an adolescent . The short was lauded by TV Guide 's Bruce Fretts , who referred to the video as `` sidesplitting '' and `` comic gold '' . On September 20 , 2010 , Macchio played the adult Carl Morelli in a staged reading of the Charles Messina play A Room of My Own presented by the Bleecker Street Theater Company . In February 2011 it was announced he would compete on ABC 's Dancing with the Stars . He was eliminated during the semi-finals , placing fourth in the overall competition . Macchio appeared in Canadian band Danko Jones ' music videos for `` Had Enough '' and `` I Think Bad Thoughts '' , also featuring Elijah Wood and Jena Malone . In April 2012 , Macchio was cast in the film Hitchcock , based on the non-fiction book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho , co-starring Anthony Hopkins , Helen Mirren , Jessica Biel and Toni Collette , and directed by Sacha Gervasi . Macchio portrays Psycho screenwriter Joseph Stefano . In April 2013 , Macchio appeared in the popular sitcom How I Met Your Mother in the episode entitled `` The Bro - Mitzvah '' . From February to March 2016 , Macchio co-stars with Mario Cantone in the Off - Broadway production A Room of My Own , after having read the play in 2010 and 2014 . On August 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Macchio will reprise his role as Daniel Larusso in a 30 - minute , 10 - part Karate Kid revival series for YouTube Red titled Cobra Kai that is set to debut in 2018 . He will also co-executive produce the series with William Zabka . The series is set 30 years after the events of the 1984 All Valley Karate Tournament and revolves around a down - and - out Johnny Lawrence who , seeking redemption , reopens the infamous Cobra Kai dojo . It reignites his rivalry with a now - successful Daniel Larusso , who has been struggling to maintain balance in his life without the guidance of his mentor , Mr. Miyagi . Personal life ( edit ) Macchio was introduced to his wife , Phyllis Fierro , by his grandmother when he was fifteen . They were married in 1987 and have two children , Julia ( born 1992 ) and Daniel ( born 1996 ) . Fierro is a nurse practitioner . At a celebration of the 30th anniversary of Karate Kid at the museum of the Japanese American in 2014 , Macchio said that the 1947 yellow Ford convertible his character Daniel receives from Miyagi in the first film is sitting in the garage at his home in southern California . In popular culture ( edit ) DJ Q - Ball of the Bloodhound Gang released a song on his MySpace called `` The Ralph Macchio Memoirs '' . Poetry slam artist Big Poppa E references Ralph Macchio in his performance poem The Wussy Boy Manifesto . Nerdcore artist MC Frontalot mentions him in his song , `` Braggadocio '' . Macchio was featured in a brief cameo at the end of the No More Kings video for `` Sweep the Leg '' . Macchio 's character in the Karate Kid film inspired the `` Daniel '' song by English singer Bat for Lashes ; the front cover of the single shows Bat for Lashes with Daniel LaRusso 's face painted on her back . The song `` Ralph Macchio '' by Norwegian singer Annie is about her crush on Macchio in her youth over a 1980s - themed pop track . In the TV series How I Met Your Mother , Barney Stinson asserts that Macchio 's character , Daniel LaRusso , in The Karate Kid is n't the real karate kid ; instead , it 's Johnny Lawrence , Daniel 's nemesis in the film . In the 8th - season episode The Bro Mitzvah , Macchio is invited to Barney 's bachelor party , although Barney is disappointed in the surprise , expecting actor William Zabka , the `` real Karate Kid '' . For the duration of the episode , the characters note the similarities between Barney and Macchio , by which Barney is disgusted . At the end of the night , the clown hired for the party 's entertainment reveals himself to be Zabka . In the Parks and Recreation episode `` The Master Plan '' , Andy Dwyer , unable to remember the proper name of Jean - Ralphio Saperstein , declares `` That Ralph Macchio guy 's a total douche '' after Jean - Ralphio flirts with April Ludgate . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1980 Up the Academy Chooch Bambalazi 1982 High Powder Eddie Television film 1982 Dangerous Company Denny Brody Television film The Outsiders Johnny Cade 1984 The Karate Kid Daniel LaRusso 1984 Teachers Eddie Pilikian 1984 The Three Wishes of Billy Grier Billy Grier Television film 1986 Crossroads Eugene Martone 1986 The Karate Kid Part II Daniel LaRusso Distant Thunder Jack Lambert The Karate Kid Part III Daniel LaRusso Too Much Sun Frank Jr . 1992 The Last P.O.W. : The Bobby Garwood Story Robert Garwood Television film 1992 My Cousin Vinny Bill Gambini Naked in New York Chris 1998 Dizzyland N / A Short film 1998 The Secret of NIMH 2 : Timmy to the Rescue Timmy Brisby ( voice ) Direct - to - video film 2000 The Office Party Sean Short film 2000 Ca n't Be Heaven Hubbie Darling Popcorn Shrimp Cop # 2 Short film 2003 A Good Night to Die Donnie 2006 Beer League Maz 2009 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead Bobby Bianchi 2012 Hitchcock Joseph Stefano 2012 Holiday Spin Ruben Television film 2013 He 's Way More Famous Than You Himself 2014 A Little Game Tom 2015 Lost Cat Corona Dominic 2017 Psych : The Movie Nick Conforth Television film TBA A Dog and Pony Show Aaron Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1980 -- 1981 Eight Is Enough Jeremy Andretti Recurring role ( 19 episodes ) 1982 CBS Afternoon Playhouse Tony Barnett Episode : `` Journey to Survival '' 1999 The Outer Limits Dr. Neal Eberhardt Episode : `` The Other Side '' 2000 Chicken Soup for the Soul Max Episode : `` Letters to Suzie '' 2000 Twice in a Lifetime Officer Dan Payello / Phillip Barbosa Episode : `` My Blue Heaven '' 2005 Entourage Himself Episode : `` Aquamansion '' 2007 Head Case Himself Episode : `` Ralph Macchio and Liz Phair '' 2008 -- 2009 Ugly Betty Archie Rodriguez Recurring role ( 11 episodes ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent Louis Marciano Episode : `` Inhumane Society '' Psych Nick Conforth Episode : `` We 'd Like to Thank the Academy '' 2011 The Whole Truth Frankie Berlito Episode : `` Lost in Translation '' 2011 Dancing with the Stars Himself ( contestant ) Placed in fourth ( 17 episodes ) 2012 Happily Divorced Frankie Episodes : `` Two Guys , a Girl and a Pizza Place '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) 2013 Robot Chicken Daniel LaRusso , Gibby , Janitor ( voice ) Episode : `` Caffeine - Induced Aneurysm '' 2013 How I Met Your Mother Himself Episode : `` The Bro Mitzvah '' 2014 Psych Logan Phelps Episode : `` Remake A.K.A. Cloudy ... With a Chance of Improvement '' 2016 Comedy Central Roast of Rob Lowe Himself / roaster Television special 2017 The Deuce Officer Haddix Recurring role ( 5 episodes ) 2018 Cobra Kai Daniel LaRusso Continuation of The Karate Kid series Music videos Year Title Artist Role 2007 `` Sweep the Leg '' No More Kings Himself `` Had Enough '' Danko Jones Dr. Lee Dorian 2011 `` I Think Bad Thoughts '' Danko Jones Dr. Lee Dorian 2012 `` The Ballad of Danko Jones '' Danko Jones Dr. Lee Dorian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ J3158 - 2009 -- NY Senate Open Legislation -- Congratulating Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Macchio upon the occasion of their 50th Anniversary . New York State Senate . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio Sr. , father of the actor best known for his recurring role as Daniel LaRusso in three Karate Kid movies ... Macchio operated a Western entertainment park -- the Wild West Ranch and Western Town in Lake George , NY - until closing it this year after a land ownership '' . Nl.newsbank.com ( October 5 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` American Gypsies : Q&A With Executive Producer Ralph Macchio '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Actually , I have a little Greek in the bloodstream as well ( my Dad is half Greek ) . Jump up ^ Q&A With Executive Producer Ralph Macchio Archived August 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... National Geographic Channel . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio and Phil Hartman screen test '' . Youtube . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Ralph Macchio Succeeds '' . Playbill. April 24 , 1996 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rousuck , J. Wynn ( May 31 , 1996 ) . `` A cheery revival for ' How to Succeed ' Review : Grown - up Ralph Macchio charms as this updated ' 61 Pulitzer Prize musical opens a national tour here '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Teen Stars # 's 80 - 61 '' . vh1devas2000live.com . MTV Networks . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wax On , F * ck Off with Ralph Macchio '' Funny or Die ; 2010 Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce . `` Cheers & Jeers '' ; TV Guide ; July 5 , 2010 ; Page 92 ^ Jump up to : Lenzi , Linda ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Photo Coverage : Cantone , Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ Chen , Joyce ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' semi-finals recap : Ralph Macchio , Karina Smirnoff knocked out of the running '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio , Elijah Wood Think Bad Thoughts in Indie Music Clip '' . The Wrap . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio Plays ' Psycho ' Scribe Joe Stefano In ' Hitchcock ' '' . Deadline.com. April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Piepenburg , Erik ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` It 's O.K. With Ralph Macchio if You Call Him the Karate Kid '' . Theater . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Ralph Macchio and Mario Cantone Will Take Part in Reading of New Comedy A Room of My Own '' . Playbill . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/karate-kid-tv-sequel-starring-ralph-macchio-and-william-zabka-a-go-at-youtube-red-exclusive/ar-AAppo5s?OCID=ansmsnnews11 ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Macchio 's 50th Birthday : From Karate Kid To Dancing Star '' . Huffington Post . January 4 , 2012 . slide 6 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Valle ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Whatever happened to Ralph Macchio ? '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Chi . `` The Karate Kid All Grown Up '' . People . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/archive/the-karate-kid-all-grown-up-vol-71-no-21/ Jump up ^ `` Mc Frontalot -- Braggadocio Lyrics '' . MC Frontalot . Nerdcore Fervor Conglomerated . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` William Zabka - Directed Music Video , ' Sweep the Leg , Johnny ' '' . moviefone . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Girl Grossout '' . 89.3 The Current Presents ( Minnesota Public Radio ) . January 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Natural wonder , Cbc.ca , May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Annie announces ' A&R ' EP will be released in August '' . NME . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' recap : The Barney '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : Are We Having Fun Yet ? '' . New York . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Ralph Macchio on IMDb Ralph Macchio on Twitter VIAF : 90611565 LCCN : n85281518 ISNI : 0000 0000 8163 4531 GND : 142501530 SUDOC : 109086392 BNF : cb139370353 ( data ) BIBSYS : 98053869 BNE : XX891672 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Macchio&oldid=818757978 '' Categories : 1961 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Greek descent American people of Italian descent Living people Male actors from New York ( state ) People from Huntington , New York People of Campanian descent Male actors of Italian descent Male actors of Greek descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old was the guy who played johnny in the outsiders	[ "\n\nRalph Macchio\n\n\n\nMacchio at the 2016 Phoenix Comicon\n\n\n\nBorn\nRalph George Macchio Jr.\n(1961-11-04) November 4, 1961 (age 56)\nHuntington, New York, U.S.\n\n\nResidence\nSouthern California\n\n\nOccupation\nActor\n\n\nYears active\n1980–present\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nPhyllis Fierro (m. 1987)\n\n\nChildren\nJulia, Daniel\n\n" ]	[ "56" ]
-533932516189717154	Seismometer	Seismometer - wikipedia Seismometer Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Japan Meteorological Agency Optical Electromagnetic Seismometer Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine Supershear Tsunami Earthquake swarm Causes Fault movement Volcanism Induced seismicity Characteristics Epicenter Hypocenter Shadow zone Seismic waves P - wave S - wave Measurement Seismometer Seismic magnitude scales Seismic intensity scales Prediction Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Forecasting Other topics Shear wave splitting Adams -- Williamson equation Flinn -- Engdahl regions Earthquake engineering Seismite Seismology Earth Sciences Portal Related topics A seismometer is an instrument that measures motion of the ground , caused by , for example , an earthquake , a volcanic eruption , or the use of explosives . Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth and to locate and measure the size of events like these . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic principles 2 Nomenclature 3 History 3.1 Ancient era 3.2 Modern designs 4 Modern instruments 4.1 Teleseismometers 4.2 Strong - motion seismometers 4.3 Other forms 4.4 Interconnected seismometers 5 Recording 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Basic principles ( edit ) A simple seismometer , sensitive to up - down motions of the Earth , is like a weight hanging from a spring , both suspended from a frame that moves along with any motion detected . The relative motion between the weight ( called the mass ) and the frame provides a measurement of the vertical ground motion . A rotating drum is attached to the frame and a pen is attached to the weight , thus recording any ground motion in a seismogram . Any movement of the ground moves the frame . The mass tends not to move because of its inertia , and by measuring the movement between the frame and the mass , the motion of the ground can be determined . Early seismometers used optical levers or mechanical linkages to amplify the small motions involved , recording on soot - covered paper or photographic paper . Modern instruments use electronics . In some systems , the mass is held nearly motionless relative to the frame by an electronic negative feedback loop . The motion of the mass relative to the frame is measured , and the feedback loop applies a magnetic or electrostatic force to keep the mass nearly motionless . The voltage needed to produce this force is the output of the seismometer , which is recorded digitally . In other systems the weight is allowed to move , and its motion produces an electrical charge in a coil attached to the mass which voltage moves through the magnetic field of a magnet attached to the frame . This design is often used in a geophone , which is used in exploration for oil and gas . Seismic observatories usually have instruments measuring three axes : north - south ( y - axis ) , east - west ( x-axis ) , and vertical ( z - axis ) . If only one axis is measured , it is usually the vertical because it is less noisy and gives better records of some seismic waves . The foundation of a seismic station is critical . A professional station is sometimes mounted on bedrock . The best mountings may be in deep boreholes , which avoid thermal effects , ground noise and tilting from weather and tides . Other instruments are often mounted in insulated enclosures on small buried piers of unreinforced concrete . Reinforcing rods and aggregates would distort the pier as the temperature changes . A site is always surveyed for ground noise with a temporary installation before pouring the pier and laying conduit . Originally , European seismographs were placed in a particular area after a destructive earthquake . Today , they are spread to provide appropriate coverage ( in the case of weak - motion seismology ) or concentrated in high - risk regions ( strong - motion seismology ) . Nomenclature ( edit ) The word derives from the Greek σεισμός , seismós , a shaking or quake , from the verb σείω , seíō , to shake ; and μέτρον , métron , to measure , and was coined by David Milne - Home in 1841 , to describe an instrument designed by Scottish physicist James David Forbes . Seismograph is another Greek term from seismós and γράφω , gráphō , to draw . It is often used to mean seismometer , though it is more applicable to the older instruments in which the measuring and recording of ground motion were combined , than to modern systems , in which these functions are separated . Both types provide a continuous record of ground motion ; this record distinguishes them from seismoscopes , which merely indicate that motion has occurred , perhaps with some simple measure of how large it was . The technical discipline concerning such devices is called seismometry , a branch of seismology . The concept of measuring the `` shaking '' of something means that the word `` seismograph '' might be used in a more general sense . For example , a monitoring station that tracks changes in electromagnetic noise affecting amateur radio waves presents an rf seismograph . And Helioseismology studies the `` quakes '' on the Sun . History ( edit ) The first seismometer was made in China during the 2nd Century . The first Western description of the device comes from the French physicist and priest Jean de Hautefeuille in 1703 . The modern seismometer was developed in the 19th century . Ancient era ( edit ) Replica of Zhang Heng 's seismoscope Houfeng Didong Yi See also : List of Chinese inventions In AD 132 , Zhang Heng of China 's Han dynasty invented the first seismoscope ( by the definition above ) , which was called Houfeng Didong Yi ( translated as , `` instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth '' ) . The description we have , from the History of the Later Han Dynasty , says that it was a large bronze vessel , about 2 meters in diameter ; at eight points around the top were dragon 's heads holding bronze balls . When there was an earthquake , one of the mouths would open and drop its ball into a bronze toad at the base , making a sound and supposedly showing the direction of the earthquake . On at least one occasion , probably at the time of a large earthquake in Gansu in AD 143 , the seismoscope indicated an earthquake even though one was not felt . The available text says that inside the vessel was a central column that could move along eight tracks ; this is thought to refer to a pendulum , though it is not known exactly how this was linked to a mechanism that would open only one dragon 's mouth . The first earthquake recorded by this seismoscope was supposedly `` somewhere in the east . '' Days later , a rider from the east reported this earthquake . Modern designs ( edit ) An early special - purpose seismometer consisted of a large , stationary pendulum , with a stylus on the bottom . As the earth started to move , the heavy mass of the pendulum had the inertia to stay still within the frame . The result is that the stylus scratched a pattern corresponding with the Earth 's movement . This type of strong - motion seismometer recorded upon a smoked glass ( glass with carbon soot ) . While not sensitive enough to detect distant earthquakes , this instrument could indicate the direction of the pressure waves and thus help find the epicenter of a local quake . Such instruments were useful in the analysis of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Further analysis was performed in the 1980s , using these early recordings , enabling a more precise determination of the initial fault break location in Marin county and its subsequent progression , mostly to the south . Milne horizontal pendulum seismometer . One of the Important Cultural Properties of Japan . Exhibit in the National Museum of Nature and Science , Tokyo , Japan . By the 13th century , seismographic devices existed in the Maragheh observatory in Persia . French physicist and priest Jean de Hautefeuille built one in 1703 . After 1880 , most seismometers were descended from those developed by the team of John Milne , James Alfred Ewing and Thomas Gray , who worked as foreign - government advisors in Japan from 1880 to 1895 . These seismometers used damped horizontal pendulums . After World War II , these were adapted into the widely used Press - Ewing seismometer . Later , professional suites of instruments for the worldwide standard seismographic network had one set of instruments tuned to oscillate at fifteen seconds , and the other at ninety seconds , each set measuring in three directions . Amateurs or observatories with limited means tuned their smaller , less sensitive instruments to ten seconds . The basic damped horizontal pendulum seismometer swings like the gate of a fence . A heavy weight is mounted on the point of a long ( from 10 cm to several meters ) triangle , hinged at its vertical edge . As the ground moves , the weight stays unmoving , swinging the `` gate '' on the hinge . The advantage of a horizontal pendulum is that it achieves very low frequencies of oscillation in a compact instrument . The `` gate '' is slightly tilted , so the weight tends to slowly return to a central position . The pendulum is adjusted ( before the damping is installed ) to oscillate once per three seconds , or once per thirty seconds . The general - purpose instruments of small stations or amateurs usually oscillate once per ten seconds . A pan of oil is placed under the arm , and a small sheet of metal mounted on the underside of the arm drags in the oil to damp oscillations . The level of oil , position on the arm , and angle and size of sheet is adjusted until the damping is `` critical , '' that is , almost having oscillation . The hinge is very low friction , often torsion wires , so the only friction is the internal friction of the wire . Small seismographs with low proof masses are placed in a vacuum to reduce disturbances from air currents . Zollner described torsionally suspended horizontal pendulums as early as 1869 , but developed them for gravimetry rather than seismometry . Early seismometers had an arrangement of levers on jeweled bearings , to scratch smoked glass or paper . Later , mirrors reflected a light beam to a direct - recording plate or roll of photographic paper . Briefly , some designs returned to mechanical movements to save money . In mid-twentieth - century systems , the light was reflected to a pair of differential electronic photosensors called a photomultiplier . The voltage generated in the photomultiplier was used to drive galvanometers which had a small mirror mounted on the axis . The moving reflected light beam would strike the surface of the turning drum , which was covered with photo - sensitive paper . The expense of developing photo sensitive paper caused many seismic observatories to switch to ink or thermal - sensitive paper . Modern instruments ( edit ) CMG - 40T triaxial broadband seismometer Modern instruments use electronic sensors , amplifiers , and recording devices . Most are broadband covering a wide range of frequencies . Some seismometers can measure motions with frequencies from 500 Hz to 0.00118 Hz ( 1 / 500 = 0.002 seconds per cycle , to 1 / 0.00118 = 850 seconds per cycle ) . The mechanical suspension for horizontal instruments remains the garden-gate described above . Vertical instruments use some kind of constant - force suspension , such as the LaCoste suspension . The LaCoste suspension uses a zero - length spring to provide a long period ( high sensitivity ) . Some modern instruments use a `` triaxial '' design , in which three identical motion sensors are set at the same angle to the vertical but 120 degrees apart on the horizontal . Vertical and horizontal motions can be computed from the outputs of the three sensors . Seismometers unavoidably introduce some distortion into the signals they measure , but professionally designed systems have carefully characterized frequency transforms . Modern sensitivities come in three broad ranges : geophones , 50 to 750 V / m ; local geologic seismographs , about 1,500 V / m ; and teleseismographs , used for world survey , about 20,000 V / m . Instruments come in three main varieties : short period , long period and broadband . The short and long period measure velocity and are very sensitive , however they ' clip ' the signal or go off - scale for ground motion that is strong enough to be felt by people . A 24 - bit analog - to - digital conversion channel is commonplace . Practical devices are linear to roughly one part per million . Delivered seismometers come with two styles of output : analog and digital . Analog seismographs require analog recording equipment , possibly including an analog - to - digital converter . The output of a digital seismograph can be simply input to a computer . It presents the data in a standard digital format ( often `` SE2 '' over Ethernet ) . Teleseismometers ( edit ) A low - frequency 3 - direction ocean - bottom seismometer ( cover removed ) . Two masses for x - and y - direction can be seen , the third one for z - direction is below . This model is a CMG - 40TOBS , manufactured by Güralp Systems Ltd and is part of the Monterey Accelerated Research System . The modern broadband seismograph can record a very broad range of frequencies . It consists of a small `` proof mass '' , confined by electrical forces , driven by sophisticated electronics . As the earth moves , the electronics attempt to hold the mass steady through a feedback circuit . The amount of force necessary to achieve this is then recorded . In most designs the electronics holds a mass motionless relative to the frame . This device is called a `` force balance accelerometer '' . It measures acceleration instead of velocity of ground movement . Basically , the distance between the mass and some part of the frame is measured very precisely , by a linear variable differential transformer . Some instruments use a linear variable differential capacitor . That measurement is then amplified by electronic amplifiers attached to parts of an electronic negative feedback loop . One of the amplified currents from the negative feedback loop drives a coil very like a loudspeaker , except that the coil is attached to the mass , and the magnet is mounted on the frame . The result is that the mass stays nearly motionless . Most instruments measure directly the ground motion using the distance sensor . The voltage generated in a sense coil on the mass by the magnet directly measures the instantaneous velocity of the ground . The current to the drive coil provides a sensitive , accurate measurement of the force between the mass and frame , thus measuring directly the ground 's acceleration ( using f = ma where f = force , m = mass , a = acceleration ) . One of the continuing problems with sensitive vertical seismographs is the buoyancy of their masses . The uneven changes in pressure caused by wind blowing on an open window can easily change the density of the air in a room enough to cause a vertical seismograph to show spurious signals . Therefore , most professional seismographs are sealed in rigid gas - tight enclosures . For example , this is why a common Streckeisen model has a thick glass base that must be glued to its pier without bubbles in the glue . It might seem logical to make the heavy magnet serve as a mass , but that subjects the seismograph to errors when the Earth 's magnetic field moves . This is also why seismograph 's moving parts are constructed from a material that interacts minimally with magnetic fields . A seismograph is also sensitive to changes in temperature so many instruments are constructed from low expansion materials such as nonmagnetic invar . The hinges on a seismograph are usually patented , and by the time the patent has expired , the design has been improved . The most successful public domain designs use thin foil hinges in a clamp . Another issue is that the transfer function of a seismograph must be accurately characterized , so that its frequency response is known . This is often the crucial difference between professional and amateur instruments . Most instruments are characterized on a variable frequency shaking table . Strong - motion seismometers ( edit ) Another type of seismometer is a digital strong - motion seismometer , or accelerograph . The data from such an instrument is essential to understand how an earthquake affects man - made structures , through earthquake engineering . The recordings of such instruments are crucial for the assessment of seismic hazard , through engineering seismology . A strong - motion seismometer measures acceleration . This can be mathematically integrated later to give velocity and position . Strong - motion seismometers are not as sensitive to ground motions as teleseismic instruments but they stay on scale during the strongest seismic shaking . Strong motion sensors are used for intensity meter applications . Other forms ( edit ) A Kinemetrics seismograph , formerly used by the United States Department of the Interior . Accelerographs and geophones are often heavy cylindrical magnets with a spring - mounted coil inside . As case moves , the coil tends to stay stationary , so the magnetic field cuts the wires , inducing current in the output wires . They receive frequencies from several hundred hertz down to 1 Hz . Some have electronic damping , a low - budget way to get some of the performance of the closed - loop wide - band geologic seismographs . Strain - beam accelerometers constructed as integrated circuits are too insensitive for geologic seismographs ( 2002 ) , but are widely used in geophones . Some other sensitive designs measure the current generated by the flow of a non-corrosive ionic fluid through an electret sponge or a conductive fluid through a magnetic field . Interconnected seismometers ( edit ) Seismometers spaced in an array can also be used to precisely locate , in three dimensions , the source of an earthquake , using the time it takes for seismic waves to propagate away from the hypocenter , the initiating point of fault rupture ( See also Earthquake location ) . Interconnected seismometers are also used , as part of the International Monitoring System to detect underground nuclear test explosions , as well as for Earthquake early warning systems . These seismometers are often used as part of a large scale governmental or scientific project , but some organizations such as the Quake - Catcher Network , can use residential size detectors built into computers to detect earthquakes as well . In reflection seismology , an array of seismometers image sub-surface features . The data are reduced to images using algorithms similar to tomography . The data reduction methods resemble those of computer - aided tomographic medical imaging X-ray machines ( CAT - scans ) , or imaging sonars . A worldwide array of seismometers can actually image the interior of the Earth in wave - speed and transmissivity . This type of system uses events such as earthquakes , impact events or nuclear explosions as wave sources . The first efforts at this method used manual data reduction from paper seismograph charts . Modern digital seismograph records are better adapted to direct computer use . With inexpensive seismometer designs and internet access , amateurs and small institutions have even formed a `` public seismograph network '' . Seismographic systems used for petroleum or other mineral exploration historically used an explosive and a wireline of geophones unrolled behind a truck . Now most short - range systems use `` thumpers '' that hit the ground , and some small commercial systems have such good digital signal processing that a few sledgehammer strikes provide enough signal for short - distance refractive surveys . Exotic cross or two - dimensional arrays of geophones are sometimes used to perform three - dimensional reflective imaging of subsurface features . Basic linear refractive geomapping software ( once a black art ) is available off - the - shelf , running on laptop computers , using strings as small as three geophones . Some systems now come in an 18 '' ( 0.5 m ) plastic field case with a computer , display and printer in the cover . Small seismic imaging systems are now sufficiently inexpensive to be used by civil engineers to survey foundation sites , locate bedrock , and find subsurface water . Recording ( edit ) Viewing of a Develocorder film Matsushiro Seismological Observatory Further information : Seismogram Today , the most common recorder is a computer with an analog - to - digital converter , a disk drive and an internet connection ; for amateurs , a PC with a sound card and associated software is adequate . Most systems record continuously , but some record only when a signal is detected , as shown by a short - term increase in the variation of the signal , compared to its long - term average ( which can vary slowly because of changes in seismic noise ) , also known as a STA / LTA trigger . Prior to the availability of digital processing of seismic data in the late 1970s , the records were done in a few different forms on different types of media . A `` Helicorder '' drum was a device used to record data into photographic paper or in the form of paper and ink . A `` Develocorder '' was a machine that record data from up to 20 channels into a 16 - mm film . The recorded film can be viewed by a machine . The reading and measuring from these types of media can be done by hand . After the digital processing has been used , the archives of the seismic data were recorded in magnetic tapes . Due to the deterioration of older magnetic tape medias , large number of waveforms from the archives are not recoverable . See also ( edit ) Accelerometer Galitzine , Boris Borisovich Geophone IRIS Consortium Lehmann , Inge Milne , John Oldham , Richard Dixon Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Plate tectonics Quake - Catcher Network Richter magnitude scale Seismogram References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blasting Seismographs '' . The World of Explosives . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Erhard Wielandt 's ' Seismic Sensors and their Calibration ' Archived 2010 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. - Current ( 2002 ) reference by a widely consulted expert . ^ Jump up to : Reitherman , Robert ( 2012 ) . Earthquakes and Engineers : an International History . Reston , VA : ASCE Press . pp. 122 -- 125 . ISBN 9780784410714 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ben - Menahem , A. ( 2009 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences , Volume 1 . Springer . p. 2657 . ISBN 9783540688310 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Richter , C.F. ( 1958 ) . Elementary Seismology . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . Jump up ^ William H.K. Lee ; Paul Jennings ; Carl Kisslinger ; Hiroo Kanamori ( 27 September 2002 ) . International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology . Academic Press . pp. 283 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 048922 - 3 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The RF Seismograph '' . www.nsarc.ca . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Singing Sun '' . solar-center.stanford.edu . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sleeswyk AW , Sivin N ( 1983 ) . `` Dragons and toads : the Chinese seismoscope of BC . 132 '' . Chinese Science . 6 : 1 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Paper and Printing . Cambridge University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08690 - 5 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . In the Southern Sung dynasty , gift money for bestowing upon officials by the imperial court was wrapped in paper envelopes ( chih pao ) Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1959 ) . Science and Civilization in China , Volume 3 : Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 626 -- 635 . Jump up ^ `` Physics of the Zero - Length Spring of Geoscience '' . physics.mercer.edu . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ A Biography of Lucien LaCoste , inventor of the zero - length spring Archived 2007 - 03 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Redwood City Public Seismic Network '' . psn.quake.net . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Kate ; Yu , Ellen . `` NEWS FLASH ! ! SCSN Earthquake Catalog Completed ! ! '' ( PDF ) . Seismological Laboratory , Caltech . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fogleman , Kent A. ; Lahr , John C. ; Stephens , Christopher D. ; Page , Robert A. ( June 1993 ) . Earthquake Locations Determined by the Southern Alaska Seismograph Network for October 1971 through May 1989 ( Report ) . USGS . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seismometers . The history of early seismometers The Lehman amateur seismograph , from Scientific American - not designed for calibrated measurement . Sean Morrisey 's professional design of an amateur teleseismograph Also see Keith Payea 's version Both accessed 2010 - 9 - 29 Morrissey was a professional seismographic instrument engineer . This superior design uses a zero - length spring to achieve a 60 - second period , active feedback and a uniquely convenient variable reluctance differential transducer , with parts scavenged from a hardware store . The frequency transform is carefully designed , unlike most amateur instruments . Morrisey is deceased , but the site remains up as a public service . SeisMac is a free tool for recent Macintosh laptop computers that implements a real - time three - axis seismograph . The Development Of Very - Broad - Band Seismography : Quanterra And The Iris Collaboration discusses the history of development of the primary technology in global earthquake research . Video of seismograph at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- on Flickr -- retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Seismoscope -- Research References 2012 Iris EDU -- How Does A Seismometer Work ? Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Active pixel sensor Angle -- sensitive pixel Back - illuminated sensor Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density , level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors GND : 4180766 - 2 NDL : 00574864 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismometer&oldid=832821092 '' Categories : 1880 introductions Chinese inventions Measuring instruments Seismology measurement Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 05 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who developed the first procedure used to measure the local size of an earthquake	[ "In AD 132, Zhang Heng of China's Han dynasty invented the first seismoscope (by the definition above), which was called Houfeng Didong Yi (translated as, \"instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth\"). The description we have, from the History of the Later Han Dynasty, says that it was a large bronze vessel, about 2 meters in diameter; at eight points around the top were dragon's heads holding bronze balls. When there was an earthquake, one of the mouths would open and drop its ball into a bronze toad at the base, making a sound and supposedly showing the direction of the earthquake. On at least one occasion, probably at the time of a large earthquake in Gansu in AD 143, the seismoscope indicated an earthquake even though one was not felt. The available text says that inside the vessel was a central column that could move along eight tracks; this is thought to refer to a pendulum, though it is not known exactly how this was linked to a mechanism that would open only one dragon's mouth. The first earthquake recorded by this seismoscope was supposedly \"somewhere in the east.\" Days later, a rider from the east reported this earthquake.[9][11]" ]	[ "Zhang Heng of China's Han dynasty" ]
-1589050629340936336	Nitrogenous base	Nitrogenous base - Wikipedia Nitrogenous base A nitrogenous base , or nitrogen - containing base , is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base . The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together . A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom . Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds , pyrimidine and purine . They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity , planar . Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution . Role in nucleic acids ( edit ) Main article : Nucleobase In the biological sciences , nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA . A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides , which in turn build up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA . These nitrogenous bases are adenine ( A ) , uracil ( U ) , guanine ( G ) , thymine ( T ) , and cytosine ( C ) . The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the `` twisted ladder '' or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides . Adenine is always paired with thymine , and guanine is always paired with cytosine . These are known as base pairs . Uracil is only present in RNA , replacing thymine . Pyrimidines include thymine , cytosine , and uracil . They have a single ring structure . Purines include adenine and guanine . They have a double ring structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. and Michael M Cox ( 2008 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , ed. 5 , W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 272 . ISBN 071677108X . Jump up ^ Carey , Francis A. ( 2008 ) . Organic Chemistry , ed. 6 , Mc Graw Hill . p. 1206 . ISBN 0072828374 . Jump up ^ Angstadt , Carol N ( 1997 ) Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism . library.med.utah.edu This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenous_base&oldid=854853273 '' Categories : Biochemistry Biochemistry stubs Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Català Eesti Español Esperanto Galego Italiano 日本語 Occitan Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 07 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of bond joins the nitrogenous bases in dna	[ "In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the \"twisted ladder\" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure.[3]\n" ]	[ "hydrogen bonds" ]
-8303428268695651617	PGA Championship	PGA Championship - Wikipedia PGA Championship This article is about the Championship held in the United States . For the European Tour Championship held at Wentworth Club , United Kingdom , see BMW PGA Championship . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) PGA Championship Tournament information Location United States , varies Town and Country , Missouri in 2018 Established 1916 ; 102 years ago ( 1916 ) Course ( s ) Bellerive Country Club in 2018 Par 70 in 2018 Length 7,316 yd ( 6,690 m ) in 2018 Organized by PGA of America Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play ( 1958 -- present ) Match play ( 1916 -- 1957 ) Prize fund $ 11.0 million Month played May ( formerly August ) Tournament record score Aggregate 264 * Brooks Koepka ( 2018 ) * equals record for all majors To par − 20 * Jason Day ( 2015 ) * equals record for all majors Current champion Brooks Koepka 2018 PGA Championship The PGA Championship ( often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside the United States ) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers ' Association of America . It is one of the four major championships in professional golf . It was formerly played in mid-August on the third weekend before Labor Day weekend , serving as the fourth and final major of the golf season . Beginning 2019 , the tournament will be played in May on the weekend before Memorial Day , as the season 's second major . It is an official money event on the PGA Tour , European Tour , and Japan Golf Tour , with a purse of $ 11 million for the 100th edition in 2018 . In line with the other majors , winning the PGA gains privileges that improve career security . PGA champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( Masters Tournament , U.S. Open , and The Open Championship ) and The Players Championship for the next five years , and are eligible for the PGA Championship for life . They receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and on the European Tour for the following seven seasons . The PGA is the only one of the four majors to be a tournament almost exclusively for professional players . The PGA Championship has been held at a large number of venues . Some of the early sites are now quite obscure , but in recent years , the event has generally been played at a small group of celebrated courses . Contents 1 History 1.1 Format 1.2 Location 1.3 Promotion 2 Qualification 3 Winners 3.1 Stroke play era winners 3.2 Match play era winners 4 Match play era details 5 Summary by course , state and region 6 Records 7 Broadcasting 8 Future sites 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1894 , with 41 golf courses operating in the United States , two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized . One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island , and the other at St. Andrew 's Golf Club in New York . In addition , and at the same time as the amateur event , St. Andrew 's conducted an Open championship for professional golfers . None of the championships was officially sanctioned by a governing body for American golf , causing considerable controversy among players and organizers . Later in 1894 this led to the formation of the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , which became the first formal golf organization in the country . After the formation of the USGA , golf quickly became a sport of national popularity and importance . In February 1916 the Professional Golfers Association of America ( PGA ) was established in New York City . One month earlier , the wealthy department store owner Rodman Wanamaker hosted a luncheon with the leading golf professionals of the day at the Wykagyl Country Club in nearby New Rochelle . The attendees prepared the agenda for the formal organization of the PGA ; consequently , golf historians have dubbed Wykagyl `` The Cradle of the PGA . '' The new organization 's first president was Robert White , one of Wykagyl 's best - known golf professionals . The first PGA Championship was held in October 1916 at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville , New York . The winner , Jim Barnes , received $500 and a diamond - studded gold medal donated by Rodman Wanamaker . The 2016 winner , Jimmy Walker , earned $1.8 million . The champion is also awarded a replica of the Wanamaker Trophy , which was also donated by Wanamaker , to keep for one year , and a smaller - sized keeper replica Wanamaker Trophy . Format ( edit ) Initially a match play event , the PGA Championship was originally played in early fall but varied from May to December . Following World War II , the championship was mostly played in late May or late June , then moved to early July in 1953 and a few weeks later in 1954 , with the finals played on Tuesday . As a match play event ( with a stroke play qualifier ) , it was not uncommon for the finalists to play over 200 holes in seven days . The 1957 event lost money , and at the PGA meetings in November it was changed to stroke play , starting in 1958 , with the standard 72 - hole format of 18 holes per day for four days , Thursday to Sunday . Network television broadcasters , preferring a large group of well - known contenders on the final day , pressured the PGA of America to make the format change . During the 1960s , the PGA Championship was played the week following The Open Championship five times , making it virtually impossible for players to compete in both majors . In 1965 , the PGA was contested for the first time in August , and returned in 1969 , save for a one - year move to late February in 1971 , played in Florida . The 2016 event was moved to late July , two weeks after the Open Championship , to accommodate the 2016 Summer Olympics in August . Before the 2017 edition , it was announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to May on the weekend before Memorial Day , beginning in 2019 . The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move its Players Championship back to March the same year ; it had been moved from March to May in 2007 . The PGA of America cited the addition of golf to the Summer Olympics , as well as cooler weather enabling a wider array of options for host courses , as reasoning for the change . It was also believed that the PGA Tour wished to re-align its season so that the FedEx Cup Playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season in late - August . Location ( edit ) The PGA Championship is primarily played in the eastern half of the United States ; only ten times has it ventured west . It was last played in the Pacific time zone 20 years ago in 1998 , at Sahalee east of Seattle . The last time that the championship was played in California was in 1995 , at Riviera . The 102nd edition in 2020 is scheduled for TPC Harding Park in San Francisco , the first for the Bay Area and a return to California after a quarter century . ( The Mountain time zone has hosted three playings , all in suburban Denver ; these tournaments occurred in 1941 , 1967 , and 1985 . ) Through 2018 , the state of New York has hosted twelve times , followed by Ohio ( 11 ) and Pennsylvania ( 9 ) . Promotion ( edit ) The tournament was previously promoted with the slogan `` Glory 's Last Shot '' . In 2013 , the tagline had been dropped in favor of `` The Season 's Final Major '' , as suggested by PGA Tour commissioner Tim Finchem while discussing the allowance of a one - week break in its schedule before the Ryder Cup . Finchem had argued that the slogan was not appropriate as it weakened the stature of events that occur after it , such as the PGA Tour 's FedEx Cup playoffs . PGA of America CEO Pete Bevacqua explained that they had also had discussions with CBS , adding that `` it was three entities that all quickly came to the same conclusion that , you know what , there 's just not much in that tag line and we do n't feel it 's doing much for the PGA Championship , so let 's not stick with it . Let 's think what else is out there . '' For a time , the tournament used the slogan `` This is Major '' as a replacement . Qualification ( edit ) The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high - profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs . This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship . It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete ( it is possible for amateurs to get into the field , although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships , or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor 's exemption ) , and the only one that reserves a large number of places , 20 of 156 , for club professionals . These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship , which is held in June . Since December 1968 , the PGA Tour has been independent of the PGA of America . The PGA Tour is an elite organization of tournament professionals , but the PGA Championship is still run by the PGA of America , which is mainly a body for club and teaching professionals . The PGA Championship is the only major that does not explicitly grant entry to the top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking , although it invariably invites all of the top 100 ( not just top 50 ) players who are not already qualified . List of qualification criteria as of 2018 : All former PGA Champions . Winners of the last five U.S. Opens . Winners of the last five Masters . Winners of the last five Open Championships . Winners of the last three The Players Championships . The current Senior PGA Champion . The low 15 scorers and ties in the previous PGA Championship . The 20 low scorers in the last PGA Professional National Championship . The 70 leaders in official money standings on the PGA Tour ( starting one week before the previous year 's PGA Championship and ending two weeks before the current year 's PGA Championship ) . Members of the most recent United States and European Ryder Cup Teams , provided they are in the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking as of one week before the start of the tournament . Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the previous PGA Championship ( does not include pro-am and team competitions , but does include alternate events ) . The PGA of America reserves the right to invite additional players not included in the categories listed above . The total field is a maximum of 156 players . Vacancies are filled by the first available player from the list of alternates ( those below 70th place in official money standings ) . Winners ( edit ) Main article : List of PGA Championship champions Stroke play era winners ( edit ) Year Champion Country Venue Location of venue Score Winning margin Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Brooks Koepka United States Bellerive Country Club Town and Country , Missouri 264 ( − 16 ) 2 strokes Tiger Woods 1,980,000 2017 Justin Thomas United States Quail Hollow Club Charlotte , North Carolina 276 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Francesco Molinari Louis Oosthuizen Patrick Reed 1,890,000 2016 Jimmy Walker United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , New Jersey 266 ( − 14 ) 1 stroke Jason Day 1,800,000 2015 Jason Day Australia Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 268 ( − 20 ) 3 strokes Jordan Spieth 1,800,000 2014 Rory McIlroy ( 2 ) Northern Ireland Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 268 ( − 16 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1,800,000 2013 Jason Dufner United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 270 ( − 10 ) 2 strokes Jim Furyk 1,445,000 2012 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland Kiawah Island Golf Resort , Ocean Course Kiawah Island , South Carolina 275 ( − 13 ) 8 strokes David Lynn 1,445,000 2011 Keegan Bradley United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Johns Creek , Georgia 272 ( − 8 ) Playoff Jason Dufner 1,445,000 Martin Kaymer Germany Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 277 ( − 11 ) Playoff Bubba Watson 1,350,000 2009 Yang Yong - eun South Korea Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , Minnesota 280 ( − 8 ) 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2008 Pádraig Harrington Ireland Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield , Michigan 277 ( − 3 ) 2 strokes Ben Curtis Sergio García 1,350,000 2007 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 272 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 1,260,000 2006 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States Medinah Country Club , Course No. 3 Medinah , Illinois 270 ( − 18 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 1,224,000 2005 Phil Mickelson United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , New Jersey 276 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn Steve Elkington 1,170,000 Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Fiji Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 280 ( − 8 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco Justin Leonard 1,125,000 2003 Shaun Micheel United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Chad Campbell 1,080,000 2002 Rich Beem United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , Minnesota 278 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Tiger Woods 990,000 2001 David Toms United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Duluth , Georgia 265 ( − 15 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 936,000 2000 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 270 ( − 18 ) Playoff Bob May 900,000 1999 Tiger Woods United States Medinah Country Club , Course No. 3 Medinah , Illinois 277 ( − 11 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 630,000 1998 Vijay Singh Fiji Sahalee Country Club Sammamish , Washington 271 ( − 9 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 540,000 1997 Davis Love III United States Winged Foot Golf Club , West Course Mamaroneck , New York 269 ( − 11 ) 5 strokes Justin Leonard 470,000 Mark Brooks United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 277 ( − 11 ) Playoff Kenny Perry 430,000 1995 Steve Elkington Australia Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades , California 267 ( − 17 ) Playoff Colin Montgomerie 360,000 1994 Nick Price ( 2 ) Zimbabwe Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 269 ( − 11 ) 6 strokes Corey Pavin 310,000 1993 Paul Azinger United States Inverness Club Toledo , Ohio 272 ( − 12 ) Playoff Greg Norman 300,000 1992 Nick Price Zimbabwe Bellerive Country Club St. Louis , Missouri 278 ( − 6 ) 3 strokes John Cook Nick Faldo Jim Gallagher , Jr . Gene Sauers 280,000 1991 John Daly United States Crooked Stick Golf Club Carmel , Indiana 276 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Bruce Lietzke 230,000 1990 Wayne Grady Australia Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham , Alabama 282 ( − 6 ) 3 strokes Fred Couples 225,000 1989 Payne Stewart United States Kemper Lakes Golf Club Kildeer , Illinois 276 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke Andy Bean Mike Reid Curtis Strange 200,000 1988 Jeff Sluman United States Oak Tree Golf Club Edmond , Oklahoma 272 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Paul Azinger 160,000 Larry Nelson ( 2 ) United States PGA National Resort & Spa Palm Beach Gardens , Florida 287 ( − 1 ) Playoff Lanny Wadkins 150,000 1986 Bob Tway United States Inverness Club Toledo , Ohio 276 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Greg Norman 145,000 1985 Hubert Green United States Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , Colorado 278 ( − 6 ) 2 strokes Lee Trevino 125,000 1984 Lee Trevino ( 2 ) United States Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham , Alabama 273 ( − 15 ) 4 strokes Gary Player Lanny Wadkins 125,000 Hal Sutton United States Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades , California 274 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 100,000 1982 Raymond Floyd ( 2 ) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 272 ( − 8 ) 3 strokes Lanny Wadkins 65,000 1981 Larry Nelson United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Duluth , Georgia 273 ( − 7 ) 4 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 60,000 1980 Jack Nicklaus ( 5 ) United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 274 ( − 6 ) 7 strokes Andy Bean 60,000 1979 David Graham Australia Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield , Michigan 272 ( − 8 ) Playoff Ben Crenshaw 60,000 1978 John Mahaffey United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 276 ( − 8 ) Playoff Jerry Pate Tom Watson 50,000 1977 Lanny Wadkins United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach , California 282 ( − 6 ) Playoff Gene Littler 45,000 1976 Dave Stockton ( 2 ) United States Congressional Country Club , Blue Course Bethesda , Maryland 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Raymond Floyd Don January 45,000 Jack Nicklaus ( 4 ) United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000 Lee Trevino United States Tanglewood Park , Championship Course Clemmons , North Carolina 276 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 45,000 1973 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States Canterbury Golf Club Beachwood , Ohio 277 ( − 7 ) 4 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000 1972 Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield Hills , Michigan 281 ( + 1 ) 2 strokes Tommy Aaron Jim Jamieson 45,000 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States PGA National Golf Club Palm Beach Gardens , Florida 281 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper 40,000 1970 Dave Stockton United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 279 ( − 1 ) 2 strokes Bob Murphy Arnold Palmer 40,000 1969 Raymond Floyd United States NCR Country Club , South Course Dayton , Ohio 276 ( − 8 ) 1 stroke Gary Player 35,000 1968 Julius Boros United States Pecan Valley Golf Club San Antonio , Texas 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Bob Charles Arnold Palmer 25,000 1967 Don January United States Columbine Country Club Columbine Valley , Colorado 281 ( − 7 ) Playoff Don Massengale 25,000 1966 Al Geiberger United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 280 ( E ) 4 strokes Dudley Wysong 25,000 1965 Dave Marr United States Laurel Valley Golf Club Ligonier , Pennsylvania 280 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1964 Bobby Nichols United States Columbus Country Club Columbus , Ohio 271 ( − 9 ) 3 strokes Jack Nicklaus Arnold Palmer 18,000 1963 Jack Nicklaus United States Dallas Athletic Club , Blue Course Dallas , Texas 279 ( − 5 ) 2 strokes Dave Ragan 13,000 1962 Gary Player South Africa Aronimink Golf Club Newtown Square , Pennsylvania 278 ( − 2 ) 1 stroke Bob Goalby 13,000 1961 Jerry Barber United States Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields , Illinois 277 ( − 3 ) Playoff Don January 11,000 1960 Jay Hebert United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Jim Ferrier 11,000 1959 Bob Rosburg United States Minneapolis Golf Club St. Louis Park , Minnesota 277 ( − 3 ) 1 stroke Jerry Barber Doug Sanders 8,250 1958 Dow Finsterwald United States Llanerch Country Club Havertown , Pennsylvania 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper 5,500 Match play era winners ( edit ) Year Champion Country Runner - up Margin Venue Location of venue Winners share ( $ ) 1957 Lionel Hebert United States Dow Finsterwald 2 & 1 Miami Valley Golf Club Dayton , Ohio 8,000 1956 Jack Burke , Jr . United States Ted Kroll 3 & 2 Blue Hill Country Club Canton , Massachusetts 5,000 1955 Doug Ford United States Cary Middlecoff 4 & 3 Meadowbrook Country Club Detroit , Michigan 5,000 1954 Chick Harbert United States Walter Burkemo 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood , Minnesota 5,000 1953 Walter Burkemo United States Felice Torza 2 & 1 Birmingham Country Club Birmingham , Michigan 5,000 1952 Jim Turnesa United States Chick Harbert 1 up Big Spring Country Club Louisville , Kentucky 3,500 1951 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States Walter Burkemo 7 & 6 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 3,500 1950 Chandler Harper United States Henry Williams , Jr . 4 & 3 Scioto Country Club Columbus , Ohio 3,500 1949 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States Johnny Palmer 3 & 2 Hermitage Country Club Richmond , Virginia 3,500 1948 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States Mike Turnesa 7 & 6 Norwood Hills Country Club St. Louis , Missouri 3,500 1947 Jim Ferrier Australia Chick Harbert 2 & 1 Plum Hollow Country Club Detroit , Michigan 3,500 1946 Ben Hogan United States Ed Oliver 6 & 4 Portland Golf Club Portland , Oregon 3,500 1945 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States Sam Byrd 4 & 3 Moraine Country Club Dayton , Ohio 3,750 1944 Bob Hamilton United States Byron Nelson 1 up Manito Golf and Country Club Spokane , Washington 3,500 1943 Not held due to World War II 1942 Sam Snead United States Jim Turnesa 2 & 1 Seaview Country Club Atlantic City , New Jersey 1,000 1941 Vic Ghezzi United States Byron Nelson 38 holes Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , Colorado 1,100 1940 Byron Nelson United States Sam Snead 1 up Hershey Country Club , West Course Hershey , Pennsylvania 1,100 1939 Henry Picard United States Byron Nelson 37 holes Pomonok Country Club Flushing , New York 1,100 1938 Paul Runyan ( 2 ) United States Sam Snead 8 & 7 The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Smithfield Township , Pennsylvania 1,100 1937 Denny Shute ( 2 ) United States Harold McSpaden 37 holes Pittsburgh Field Club O'Hara Township , Pennsylvania 1,000 1936 Denny Shute United States Jimmy Thomson 3 & 2 Pinehurst Resort , No. 2 Course Pinehurst , North Carolina 1,000 1935 Johnny Revolta United States Tommy Armour 5 & 4 Twin Hills Golf & Country Club Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 1,000 1934 Paul Runyan United States Craig Wood 38 holes The Park Country Club Williamsville , New York 1,000 1933 Gene Sarazen ( 3 ) United States Willie Goggin 5 & 4 Blue Mound Golf & Country Club Wauwatosa , Wisconsin 1,000 1932 Olin Dutra United States Frank Walsh 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood , Minnesota 1,000 1931 Tom Creavy United States Denny Shute 2 & 1 Wannamoisett Country Club Rumford , Rhode Island 1,000 1930 Tommy Armour Scotland United States ^ Gene Sarazen 1 up Fresh Meadow Country Club Queens , New York 1929 Leo Diegel ( 2 ) United States Johnny Farrell 6 & 4 Hillcrest Country Club Los Angeles , California 1928 Leo Diegel United States Al Espinosa 6 & 5 Baltimore Country Club , East Course Timonium , Maryland 1927 Walter Hagen ( 5 ) United States Joe Turnesa 1 up Cedar Crest Country Club Dallas , Texas 1926 Walter Hagen ( 4 ) United States Leo Diegel 5 & 3 Salisbury Golf Club , Red Course East Meadow , New York 1925 Walter Hagen ( 3 ) United States Bill Mehlhorn 6 & 5 Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields , Illinois 1924 Walter Hagen ( 2 ) United States Jim Barnes 2 up French Lick Springs Resort , Hill Course French Lick , Indiana 1923 Gene Sarazen ( 2 ) United States Walter Hagen 38 holes Pelham Country Club Pelham Manor , New York 1922 Gene Sarazen United States Emmet French 4 & 3 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 500 1921 Walter Hagen United States Jim Barnes 3 & 2 Inwood Country Club Inwood , New York 500 1920 Jock Hutchison Scotland United States ^ J. Douglas Edgar 1 up Flossmoor Country Club Flossmoor , Illinois 500 1919 Jim Barnes ( 2 ) England Fred McLeod 6 & 5 Engineers Country Club Roslyn Harbor , New York 500 1918 Not held due to World War I 1917 1916 Jim Barnes England Jock Hutchison 1 up Siwanoy Country Club Eastchester , New York 500 ^ These players were British born , but they were based in the United States when they won the PGA Championship , and they became U.S. citizens : Tommy Armour -- Born in Scotland but moved to the U.S. in the early 1920s and became a U.S. citizen at that time . Jock Hutchison -- Born in Scotland . He became a U.S. citizen in 1920 . Match play era details ( edit ) The table below lists the field sizes and qualification methods for the match play era . All rounds were played over 36 holes except as noted in the table . Years Field size Qualification 18 hole rounds 1916 -- 21 32 sectional * 1922 64 sectional 1st two rounds 1923 64 sectional 1924 -- 34 32 36 hole qualifier 1935 -- 41 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds 1942 -- 45 32 36 hole qualifier 1946 -- 55 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds 1956 128 sectional 1st four rounds 1957 128 sectional 1st four rounds , consolation matches ( 3rd - 8th place ) * In 1921 , the field consisted of the defending champion and the top 31 qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open . Summary by course , state and region ( edit ) Summary by course , state and region Course / State / Region Number State No . Region No . Blue Hill Country Club Total Massachusetts Wannamoisett Country Club Total Rhode Island Total New England Baltusrol Golf Club Seaview Country Club Total New Jersey Engineers Country Club Fresh Meadow Country Club Inwood Country Club Oak Hill Country Club Pelham Country Club Pomonok Country Club Salisbury Golf Club Siwanoy Country Club The Park Country Club Winged Foot Golf Club Total New York 12 Aronimink Golf Club Hershey Country Club Laurel Valley Golf Club Llanerch Country Club Oakmont Country Club Pittsburgh Field Club The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Total Pennsylvania 9 Total Mid-Atlantic 24 PGA National Golf Club PGA National Resort & Spa Total Florida Atlanta Athletic Club Total Georgia Baltimore Country Club Congressional Country Club Total Maryland Pinehurst Resort Quail Hollow Tanglewood Park Total North Carolina Kiawah Island Golf Resort Total South Carolina Hermitage Country Club Total Virginia Total South Atlantic 12 Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Total Alabama Big Spring Country Club Valhalla Golf Club Total Kentucky Total East South Central 6 Oak Tree Golf Club Southern Hills Country Club Twin Hills Golf & Country Club Total Oklahoma 6 Cedar Crest Country Club Dallas Athletic Club Pecan Valley Golf Club Total Texas Total West South Central 9 Flossmoor Country Club Kemper Lakes Golf Club Medinah Country Club Olympia Fields Country Club Total Illinois 6 Crooked Stick Golf Club French Lick Springs Resort Total Indiana Birmingham Country Club Meadowbrook Country Club Oakland Hills Country Club Plum Hollow Country Club Total Michigan 6 Canterbury Golf Club Columbus Country Club Firestone Country Club Inverness Club Miami Valley Golf Club Moraine Country Club NCR Country Club Scioto Country Club Total Ohio 11 Blue Mound Golf & Country Club Whistling Straits Total Wisconsin Total East North Central 29 Hazeltine National Golf Club Keller Golf Course Minneapolis Golf Club Total Minnesota 5 Bellerive Country Club Norwood Hills Country Club Total Missouri Total West North Central 8 Cherry Hills Country Club Columbine Country Club Total Colorado Total Mountain Hillcrest Country Club Pebble Beach Golf Links Riviera Country Club Total California Portland Golf Club Total Oregon Manito Golf and Country Club Sahalee Country Club Total Washington Total Pacific 7 Records ( edit ) Most wins : 5 , Jack Nicklaus , Walter Hagen Most runner - up finishes : 4 , Jack Nicklaus Oldest winner : Julius Boros in 1968 ( 48 years , 142 days ) Youngest winner : Gene Sarazen in 1922 ( 20 years , 174 days ) Greatest winning margin in the match play era : Paul Runyan beat Sam Snead 8 & 7 in 1938 Greatest winning margin in the stroke play era : 8 strokes , Rory McIlroy in 2012 Lowest absolute 72 - hole score : 264 , Brooks Koepka ( 69 - 63 - 66 - 66 ) , 2018 Lowest 72 - hole score in relation to par : − 20 , Jason Day ( 68 - 67 - 66 - 67 = 268 ) in 2015 This is the lowest score in relation to par at any major championship . Koepka 's 2018 score was − 16 . The 2018 site , Bellerive Country Club , played to par 70 , while the 2015 site , the Straits Course at Whistling Straits , played to par 72 . ( Bellerive played to par 71 when it hosted in 1992 , and the Straits Course also played to par 72 when it hosted in 2004 and 2010 . ) Lowest 18 - hole score : 63 -- Bruce Crampton , 2nd round , 1975 ; Raymond Floyd , 1st , 1982 ; Gary Player , 2nd , 1984 ; Vijay Singh , 2nd , 1993 ; Michael Bradley , 1st , 1995 ; Brad Faxon , 4th , 1995 ; José María Olazábal , 3rd , 2000 ; Mark O'Meara , 2nd , 2001 ; Thomas Bjørn , 3rd , 2005 ; Tiger Woods , 2nd , 2007 ; Steve Stricker , 1st , 2011 ; Jason Dufner , 2nd , 2013 ; Hiroshi Iwata , 2nd , 2015 ; Robert Streb , 2nd , 2016 ; Brooks Koepka , 2nd , 2018 ; Charl Schwartzel , 2nd , 2018 . Most frequent venues : 4 PGA Championships : Southern Hills Country Club -- 1970 , 1982 , 1994 , 2007 . 3 PGA Championships : Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course -- 1981 , 2001 , 2011 . 3 PGA Championships : Firestone Country Club , South Course -- 1960 , 1966 , 1975 . 3 PGA Championships : Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course -- 1972 , 1979 , 2008 . 3 PGA Championships : Oakmont Country Club -- 1922 , 1951 , 1978 . 3 PGA Championships : Oak Hill Country Club , East Course -- 1980 , 2003 , 2013 , ( 2023 Planned ) . 3 PGA Championships : Valhalla Golf Club -- 1996 , 2000 , 2014 , ( 2024 Planned ) . 3 PGA Championships : Whistling Straits , Straits Course -- 2004 , 2010 , 2015 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Further information : List of PGA Championship broadcasters Under current contracts running through 2019 , the PGA Championship is televised in the United States by CBS -- which holds rights to afternoon coverage of the weekend rounds , and TNT -- which holds rights to broadcast early - round and weekend morning coverage . ABC had historically broadcast the tournament until 1991 , when it moved to its current home of CBS . Future sites ( edit ) Year Edition Course Location Dates Hosted 2019 101st Bethpage State Park , Black Course Farmingdale , New York May 16 -- 19 Never 2020 102nd TPC Harding Park San Francisco , California May TBA Never 2021 103rd Kiawah Island Golf Resort , Ocean Course Kiawah Island , South Carolina May TBA 2012 2022 104th Trump National Golf Club Bedminster , New Jersey TBD Never 2023 105th Oak Hill Country Club Rochester , New York TBD 1980 , 2003 , 2013 2024 106th Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky TBD 1996 , 2000 , 2014 2027 109th Aronimink Golf Club Newtown Square , Pennsylvania TBD 1962 2028 110th Olympic Club San Francisco , California TBD Never 2029 111th Baltusrol Golf Club Springfield , New Jersey TBD 2005 , 2016 TBD TBD Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma TBD 1970 , 1982 , 1994 , 2007 Source : See also ( edit ) Book : Men 's major professional golf championships Golf portal Golf in the United States Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The course has a Kohler postal address , but is located in the unincorporated community of Haven . ^ Jump up to : The club has a Rochester postal address , but is located in the adjacent town of Pittsford . ^ Jump up to : The club is in a portion of the postal area of Duluth that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006 . Although the club continues to be served by the Duluth post office , it now states its postal address as Johns Creek . ^ Jump up to : At that time , the club had a Louisville postal address , but was located in unincorporated Jefferson County . In 2003 , the governments of Louisville and Jefferson County merged , putting the club within the political boundaries of Louisville . ^ Jump up to : Pacific Palisades is a neighborhood in Los Angeles with its own postal identity . Jump up ^ The club has a St. Louis postal address , but is located in the suburb of Town and Country . Jump up ^ Most of the course lies within the hamlet of Old Bethpage , however Bethpage State Park has a Farmingdale postal address . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wykagyl , 1898 - 1998 ; by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban ; pages 28 - 30 Jump up ^ Wykagyl , 1898 - 1998 by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban ; pp. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ `` History of the PGA Championship '' . PGA of America . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout at Shoal Creek '' . Times Daily . Florence , Alabama . August 16 , 1984 . p. 14A . Jump up ^ `` An overview of the event '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . 75th PGA Championship ( insert ) . August 8 , 1993 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Medal play in pro golf slated '' . Time - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . United Press . November 15 , 1957 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Barkow , Al ( 1974 ) . Golf 's Golden Grind : A History of the PGA Tour . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0151908851 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 PGA Championship moving to July to accommodate Olympics '' . Golf.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship is moving to May and players are on board '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P.G.A. Championship Will Move from August to May in 2019 '' . The New York Times . Reuters . August 8 , 2017 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship will be moving to May , sources say '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shackelford , Geoff ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` San Francisco 's Harding Park to host 2020 PGA Championship '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Future sites of the PGA Championship '' . PGA of America . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lavner , Ryan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` PGA ditches Glory 's Last Shot at Tour 's request '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PGA explains new slogan , and why Oak Hill green speeds are a mystery '' . Golf.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wacker , Brian ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` The PGA 's decision to play lift , clean , and place is at odds with its own logic '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spander , Art . `` Meet Hiroshi Iwata , the Unknown Golfer Who Made History at the PGA Championship '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour golfers , PGA settle fuss over tourney control '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . December 14 , 1968 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pro golf struggle is settled ; PGA forms tourney group '' . Milwaukee Journal . December 14 , 1968 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Dispute in U.S. settled '' . Glasgow Herald . December 16 , 1968 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America - PGA Championships - history - total purses and first prize money '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PGA Media Guide Jump up ^ Haggar , Jeff ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` History of PGA Championship TV coverage ( 1958 - present ) '' . Classic TV Sports . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America , CBS Sports agree to long - term extension on broadcast rights '' . PGA of America . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America and Turner Sports Extend and Expand Media Agreements Through 2019 '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC gets U.S. Open golf '' . The New York Times . June 2 , 1994 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( July 21 , 1995 ) . `` ABC getting a major chance with British Open coverage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TPC Harding Park to host three big events '' . PGA Tour . July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aronimink Golf Club will host KPMG Women 's PGA Championship in 2020 , PGA Championship in ' 27 '' . ESPN . November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Club to host PGA Championship in 2028 , Ryder Cup in 2032 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Hills Country Club to host Senior PGA , PGA Championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Will ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` PGA Championship Returning to Southern Hills by 2030 '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website PGA Media Guide Coverage on PGA Tour 's official site Coverage on the European Tour 's official site Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal PGA Championships 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National A Military Tribute at The Greenbrier John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments UBS Hong Kong Open Australian PGA Championship AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Joburg Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth NBO Oman Open Commercial Bank Qatar Masters WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Open de España Trophée Hassan II Volvo China Open Rocco Forte Sicilian Open Belgian Knockout BMW PGA Championship Italian Open Shot Clock Masters BMW International Open HNA Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Nordea Masters D + D Real Czech Masters Made in Denmark Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship Sky Sports British Masters Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup European Golf Team Championships Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PGA_Championship&oldid=856186659 '' Categories : PGA Championship Men 's major golf championships Annual sporting events in the United States 1916 establishments in New York ( state ) Recurring sporting events established in 1916 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 13 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who are the club pros playing in the pga championship	[ "The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high-profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs. This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship. It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete (it is possible for amateurs to get into the field, although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships, or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor's exemption), and the only one that reserves a large number of places, 20 of 156, for club professionals. These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship, which is held in June.\n" ]	[ "the top finishers in the club pro championship" ]
-2954935012770112147	Friday the 13th (franchise)	Friday the 13th ( franchise ) - wikipedia Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Friday the 13th Cover of Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , a documentary book on the Friday the 13th franchise . Created by Victor Miller Original work Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Owner Paramount Pictures Warner Bros. Pictures Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) List of films Television series Friday the 13th : The Series ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Games Video game ( s ) List of video games Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films , a television show , novels , comic books , video games , and tie ‐ in merchandise . The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees , who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff . Decades later , the lake is rumored to be `` cursed '' and is the setting for a series of mass murders . Jason is featured in all of the films , as either the killer or the motivation for the killings . The original film , created to cash in on the success of Halloween ( 1978 ) , was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham . The films have grossed over $464 million at the box - office worldwide . Frank Mancuso , Jr. , a producer of the films , also developed the television show Friday the 13th : The Series after Paramount released Jason Lives . The television series was not connected to the franchise by any character or setting , but was created based on the idea of `` bad luck and curses '' , which the film series symbolized . While the franchise was owned by Paramount , four films were adapted into novels , with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate authors . When the franchise was sold to New Line Cinema , Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two additional films , in addition to a crossover film with character Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street film series . Under New Line Cinema , thirteen novellas and various comic book series featuring Jason were published . Although the films were not popular with critics , Friday the 13th is considered one of the most successful media franchises in America -- not only for the success of the films , but also because of the extensive merchandising and repeated references to the series in popular culture . The franchise 's popularity has generated a fanbase who have created their own Friday the 13th films , fashioned replica Jason Voorhees costumes , and tattooed their bodies with Friday the 13th artwork . Jason 's hockey mask has become one of the most recognizable images in horror and popular culture . Contents 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Music 1.4 Reception 1.5 Future 2 Television 3 Literature 3.1 Novels 3.2 Comic books 4 Documentaries 5 Video games 6 Merchandise 7 Impact 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Films ( edit ) Film Director Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Sean S. Cunningham Victor Miller Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) Steve Miner Ron Kurz Steve Miner Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) Martin Kitrosser and Carol Watson Frank Mancuso Jr . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) Joseph Zito Barney Cohen Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) Danny Steinmann Martin Kitrosser , David Cohen and Danny Steinmann Timothy Silver Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) Tom McLoughlin Tom McLoughlin Don Behrns Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) John Carl Buechler Manuel Fidello and Daryl Haney Iain Paterson Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) Rob Hedden Rob Hedden Randy Cheveldave Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) Adam Marcus Jay Huguely , Adam Marcus and Dean Lorey Sean S. Cunningham Jason X ( 2001 ) James Isaac Todd Farmer Noel Cunningham Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) Ronny Yu Damian Shannon & Mark Swift Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Marcus Nispel Michael Bay , Andrew Form and Brad Fuller Overview ( edit ) In the original Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , Mrs. Pamela Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) stalks and murders the teenagers preparing Camp Crystal Lake for re ‐ opening . She is determined to ensure that the camp does not reopen after her son Jason ( Ari Lehman ) drowned in the lake due to the negligence of two staff members . The last counselor , Alice Hardy ( Adrienne King ) , fends off Mrs. Voorhees long enough to grab a machete and decapitate her . In Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) , Jason ( Steve Daskewisz / Warrington Gillette ) is revealed to be alive and fully grown . After killing Alice Hardy , Jason returns to Crystal Lake to guard it from all intruders . Five years later , a group of teenagers arrive at Crystal Lake to set up a new camp , but Jason murders them . Ginny Field ( Amy Steel ) , the last counselor Jason attempts to kill , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . During the events of Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) removes the machete from his shoulder and finds his way to Chris Higgins ' ( Dana Kimmell ) local homestead . Chris returns to her property with some friends , and Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , Jason leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris seemingly kills Jason with an axe to his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues where Part III leaves off , with Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the local morgue after removing the axe . Upon arrival , Jason awakens to kill the coroner and a nurse before returning to Crystal Lake . A group of friends rent a house on Crystal Lake and fall victim to Jason 's rampage . After killing the teens , Jason seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) , who live next door . While distracted by Trish , Jason is attacked and ultimately killed by Tommy . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental health institution after the events of The Final Chapter and grew up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) would return . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy has moved . Tommy , supervisor Pam ( Melanie Kinnaman ) , and a young boy named Reggie ( Shavar Ross ) manage to defeat Roy . They eventually learn that Roy had a son who was murdered by one of the patients at the institution , triggering Roy to take on Jason 's likeness and kill everyone there . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) begins with Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) visiting Jason 's grave after being released from another mental institution . Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) with a piece of the fence surrounding the cemetery acting as a lightning rod . Jason immediately heads back to Crystal Lake and kills the people working at the new summer camp . Tommy eventually chains Jason to a boulder that he tosses into the lake , where he leaves Jason to die . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an indeterminate length of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is resurrected again , this time by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who is trying to resurrect her father who drowned in the lake when Tina was a child . Jason once again begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake and is returned to the bottom of the lake after a battle with Tina . Jason is resurrected again in Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) by an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class cruise to Manhattan , where he kills the ship 's crew and the majority of the students . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason chases Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) , the two remaining students , into the sewers . Jason eventually melts away because the sewer is flooded with toxic waste . In Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) , Jason , through an unexplained resurrection , is hunted by the FBI at Crystal Lake . The FBI sets up a sting that successfully kills Jason . Through possession , Jason manages to survive by passing his black heart from one being to the next . It is revealed that he has a sister and a niece , and that he needs them to get his body back . Jason resurrects himself , but his niece , Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) , stabs him with a mystical dagger and he is dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2001 ) takes place in the future , when Jason has again been inexplicably resurrected . A scientist , Rowan LaFontaine ( Lexa Doig ) , decides that cryonic suspension is the only method of stopping him , but Jason breaks free and kills the army personnel guarding him before he can be again imprisoned . Rowan manages to lure Jason into the cryo ‐ chamber , but he ruptures the tank and freezes both himself and Rowan . Over 400 years later , a team of students studying Earth discover Jason 's body and take it into space . Upon being thawed by the team , he proceeds to murder everyone aboard the spacecraft . He is seemingly killed , but is then resurrected via nanotechnology as a cyborg version of himself . Finally , he is ejected into space and incinerated by Earth Two 's atmosphere , his mask falling to the bottom of a lake . The next Friday the 13th film , Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) , was a crossover with A Nightmare on Elm Street . Set in the contemporary period , Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) and sends him to Springwood hoping that he will create enough fear among the residents that Freddy will be strong enough to invade their dreams . Jason accomplishes this but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues both in the dream - world and at Crystal Lake . The outcome is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In 2009 , a new Friday the 13th film which restarted the film series continuity was released . In this film , after witnessing his mother being beheaded at a young age , an adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) follows in her footsteps and kills anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . Jason subsequently kidnaps a young woman , Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , who resembles his mother at a young age . Six weeks after her disappearance , her brother , Clay Miller ( Jared Padalecki ) , comes to look for her . The pair reunite and work together to seemingly kill Jason . Development ( edit ) Friday the 13th did not even have a completed script when Sean S. Cunningham took out this advertisement in International Variety magazine . The original Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham , who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes Craven on The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) . Cunningham , inspired by the success of John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) , wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking , visually stunning , and `` ( make ) you jump out of your seat '' . Distancing himself from The Last House on the Left , Cunningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a `` roller coaster ride '' . The first film was meant to be `` a real scary movie '' , and at the same time make audiences laugh . The concept for Friday the 13th began as nothing more than a title . A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title Victor Miller used while he drafted a script , but Cunningham believed in his `` Friday the 13th '' moniker and rushed to place an advertisement in International Variety . Worrying that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits , Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately . Cunningham commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his visual concept of the Friday the 13th logo , which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass . In the end , Cunningham believed there were `` no problems '' with the title , but distributor George Mansour contends that there was an issue : `` There was a movie before ours called Friday the 13th : The Orphan . Moderately successful . But someone still threatened to sue . I do n't know whether Phil ( Scuderi ) paid them off , but it was finally resolved . '' Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980 , Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel and immediately acquired the worldwide distribution rights . According to Paramount Pictures ' Chairman and CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr. , `` We wanted it to be an event , where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode . '' Initial ideas for a sequel involved the Friday the 13th title being used for a series of discontinuous films , released once a year , and each would be a separate `` scary movie '' of its own right . Phil Scuderi -- a co ‐ owner of Esquire Theaters with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian and a producer of the original film -- insisted that the sequel must have Jason Voorhees , Pamela 's son , even though his appearance at the end of the original film was only meant to be a joke . Steve Miner , associate producer of the first film , believed in the idea , and he ultimately directed the first two sequels after Cunningham opted not to return to the director 's chair . The studio continued to generate sequels over the years , based on the financial success they produced compared to their relatively low budgets . With every film repeating the same basic premise , the filmmakers came up with subtle adjustments so the audience would return . Changes involved the addition of a subtitle -- as opposed to just a number attached to the end -- like `` The Final Chapter '' and `` Jason Takes Manhattan '' , or filming the movie in 3 - D , as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III . The third film would also be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable images in popular culture , that of Jason 's hockey mask . Producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. eventually decided to kill Jason for good , after he experienced problems finding new films to produce that were more than just horror movies , because his name brought constant association to the Friday the 13th film series . Jason would not stay buried for long , as the success of The Final Chapter ensured another Friday the 13th film . Mancuso , Sr. stated , `` Quite simply , the public still wanted to see these films . So until they really stopped coming , why not continue to make more ? '' A New Beginning shifted the focus of the story to the character of Tommy Jarvis and how he battles his inner demons , hallucinations , and `` rages to kill '' after his ordeal with Jason in The Final Chapter . This premise was not repeated , as the very next installment brought Jason back from the dead . Jason Lives attempted to create a `` funnier , faster , and more action - packed ( ... ) Friday '' than had previously been done . The limited financial success of Jason Lives provided enough incentive to create another sequel , The New Blood . The idea proposed by screenwriter Daryl Haney stemmed from his realization that the films always ended with Jason battling the `` final girl '' . Haney decided that this final girl should have telekinetic powers , which led Producer Barbara Sachs to dub the film , Jason vs. Carrie . `` Okay , we 'll make Vancouver look like New York and we 'll do it that way . But they came back again with , ' You ca n't do the Brooklyn Bridge in Vancouver . You ca n't do Madison Square Garden in Vancouver . You ca n't do the Statue of Liberty in Vancouver . ' Pretty soon it was half New York , half on the boat . Then it was the last third in New York . It just kept getting whittled down and down . '' -- Rob Hedden ( writer / director ) on the deconstruction of Jason Takes Manhattan 's story Plans were made to take Jason away from Crystal Lake and place him in a larger environment for the eighth film . New York City was selected as the main setting , with Jason spending approximately a third of the movie on a boat before reaching New York . The film was then subtitled Jason Takes Manhattan . Ultimately , the character spent the majority of the time on the cruise ship , as budget restrictions forced scenes of New York to be trimmed or downgraded . Vancouver had to substitute for the majority of the New York scenes . When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform successfully at the box office , Sean Cunningham decided that he wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Jason , as New Line owned the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise . The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not new , since Paramount had approached New Line about filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the licensing rights to Friday the 13th . At that time , both companies wanted the license to the other 's character so that they could control the making of the film . Negotiations on the project were never finalized , which led Paramount to make The New Blood . After Jason Takes Manhattan was released in 1989 , the rights reverted to Scuderi , Minasian , and Barsamianto , who sold them to New Line . Before Cunningham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason , Wes Craven returned to New Line to make New Nightmare . This effectively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold , but allowed Cunningham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight with Jason Goes to Hell . The ninth installment `` turned a healthy profit '' , though it was only intended to open the door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger rather than to start a new series for New Line . Ultimately , the film series would go through another sequel before that would happen . Cunningham 's `` frustration '' with the delayed development of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to create another sequel in an effort to keep the franchise in the minds of audiences . Based on Jason Takes Manhattan 's concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake , the 10th film would put the titular character in space . The film suffered from the loss of its biggest supporter , President of Production Michael De Luca , when he resigned from his position . Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for two years before finally being released on April 26 , 2002 , and it would go on to become the lowest - grossing film in the franchise at the domestic box office . It also held the distinction of having the largest budget of any of the previous films at that time . After more than 15 years of off - and - on development , and approximately $6 million spent in 18 unused scripts from more than a dozen screenwriters , New Line finally produced a Freddy and Jason crossover for 2003 . One of the biggest hurdles for the film was developing a story that managed to bring the two horror icons together . Potential stories varied widely , from Freddy having molested and drowned Jason as a child , to a cult of Freddy worshipers called the `` Fred Heads '' . Ultimately , screenwriting duo Damian Shannon and Mark Swift wrote a script that stayed true to both the established backstories of Freddy and Jason as well as to the continuity of the Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street films . In January 2007 , Platinum Dunes producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller outlined their intended goal to bring a Friday the 13th reboot to life . New Line approached Fuller and Form to create a reboot , but because Paramount still owned certain copyrights to the first film , the reboot would not be able to use anything from the original . Paramount , who wanted to be included in the development of a reboot , approached the producers and gave them license to use anything from the original films , including the title . With Paramount on board , Fuller and Form decided they wanted to use pieces from the early films . Fuller said , `` I think there are moments we want to address , like how does the hockey mask happen . '' Shannon and Swift , writers of Freddy vs. Jason , were brought on to pen the script for the new film , with Marcus Nispel , director of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake of 2003 , hired in November 2007 to direct . Music ( edit ) When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical score for the 1980 film , the decision was made to play the music only alongside the killer so as not to trick the audience into believing that the killer was around during moments that they were not supposed to be . Manfredini explains that the lack of music for certain scenes was deliberate : `` There 's a scene where one of the girls ( ... ) is setting up the archery area ( ... ) One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her . It 's a huge scare , but if you notice , there 's no music . That was a choice . '' Manfredini also noted that when something was about to happen , the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit , which allowed the scare to become more effective . Friday the 13th theme Harry Manfredini 's theme , used to identify the presence of the killer in the Friday the 13th film series Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since Mrs. Voorhees , the killer in the original Friday the 13th , does not show up until the final reel of the film , Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence . Manfredini was inspired by the 1975 film Jaws , where the shark is not seen for the majority of the film , but the motif created by John Williams cued the audience as to when the shark was present during scenes and unseen . While listening to a piece of Krzysztof Penderecki music , which contained a chorus with `` striking pronunciations '' , Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound for Friday the 13th . He came up with the sound `` ki ki ki , ma ma ma '' , based on the line `` Kill her mommy ! '' , which Mrs. Voorhees recites repeatedly in the final reel . The `` ki '' comes from `` kill '' , and the `` ma '' from `` mommy '' . To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film , Manfredini spoke the two words `` harshly , distinctly , and rhythmically into a microphone '' and ran them into an echo reverberation machine . Manfredini finished the original score after a few weeks and recorded it in a friend 's basement . Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is , with Keuper describing it as `` iconographic '' . Manfredini makes note of the mispronunciation of the sounds : `` Everybody thinks it 's cha , cha , cha . I 'm like , ' Cha , cha , cha ' ? What are you talking about ? '' When Manfredini returned for the first sequel , he had an easier time composing since he only needed to perfect what he had already created . Over the course of the sequels , Manfredini loosened the philosophy that the theme should be reserved just for the killer . Manfredini describes the style of the sequels as more of a `` setting ' em up and knocking ' em down '' approach , which meant that there were more `` McGuffins and red ‐ herrings '' that required the killer 's theme music be played to try to trick the audience . Manfredini explains , `` The original had the real myopic approach , and then we had to start thinking of the sequels as more conventional films . '' For Part 3 , Manfredini only returned to score the first and last reels of the film because he was busy with a Broadway production . Jack Tillar pieced together portions of the score from the first two films to fill the remaining time for Part 3 , while Michael Zagar composed an opening and closing theme . Manfredini and Zagar met at the latter 's apartment , where Zagar rescored the original opening theme using a disco beat . Manfredini returned for The Final Chapter , and although there were similar elements to the score , everything was newly recorded for the fourth Friday the 13th . When he began work on the score for A New Beginning , Manfredini created a theme just for the character of Tommy Jarvis . The idea was to suggest that there was `` madness afoot '' , which he believed helped to `` ' point the finger ' at various characters ( ... ) to suggest that things were not as you might expect '' . For Jason Lives , Tom McLoughlin instructed Manfredini to create a score that would not alert the audience about what was happening or about to happen , `` but instead allow the audience to do it to themselves '' . McLoughlin took this idea from John Carpenter 's 1978 film Halloween , which would always follow any shock in the film with Carpenter 's `` Eeeeeeee ! '' sound . McLoughlin wanted something more subtle , with a `` Gothic '' resonance . Manfredini did not score The New Blood and Jason Takes Manhattan because of prior film engagements , but his scores from previous films were reused . While Manfredini was working on Sean Cunningham 's DeepStar Six , Producer Iain Paterson hired Fred Mollin , who was scoring Friday the 13th : The Series , to finish composing the music to The New Blood . Manfredini 's original music only filled half the film . Mollin returned to fully score Jason Takes Manhattan , and worked with Steve Mizer to write an original song reminiscent of Robert Plant for the opening credits . Manfredini would score the next two entries in the series before being replaced on Freddy vs. Jason . The official reason for Manfredini 's replacement was because New Line wanted to take the series in a `` new direction '' , but Manfredini contends that the final cut of Freddy vs. Jason was `` just the same thing '' . Reception ( edit ) The Friday the 13th films generally received negative reception from professional critics , in contrast to other slashers like Halloween . Critics disliked how the series favored high body counts over plot and character development and how each film was almost indistinguishable from the last . Nevertheless , the films were a financial success , prompting Paramount to release more sequels contingent on the box office appeal . When comparing Friday the 13th to the other top - grossing American slasher franchises -- A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Halloween , the Hannibal Lecter series , Psycho , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre -- and adjusting for the 2011 inflation , Friday the 13th is the highest grossing horror franchise in the United States , with approximately $687.1 million . A Nightmare on Elm Street follows with $592.8 million , with the Hannibal Lecter film series closely behind with $588.7 million . Then comes Halloween with $557.5 million , Saw with $457.4 million , Scream with $442.9 million , Psycho with $376.3 million , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $304.6 million , and the Child 's Play film series rounding out the list with approximately $203 million . The financial success has extended to home release , with more than five million DVDs sold by 2005 . Title Release date ( United States ) Budget Box office ( USD ) Ref United States International Worldwide 1 . Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) May 9 , 1980 $550 K $39.76 million $20 million $59.75 million 2 . Friday the 13th Part 2 April 30 , 1981 $1.25 million $21.72 million N / A $21.72 million 3 . Friday the 13th Part III August 13 , 1982 May 13 , 1983 ( re-release ) $2.5 million $36.69 million N / A $36.69 million 4 . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter April 13 , 1984 $2.6 million $32.98 million N / A $32.98 million 5 . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning March 22 , 1985 $2.2 million $21.93 million N / A $21.93 million 6 . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives August 1 , 1986 $3 million $19.47 million N / A $19.47 million 7 . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood May 13 , 1988 $2.8 million $19.17 million N / A $19.17 million 8 . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan July 28 , 1989 $5 million $14.34 million N / A $14.34 million 9 . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday August 13 , 1993 $3 million $15.94 million N / A $15.94 million 10 . Jason X April 26 , 2002 $14 million $13.12 million $3.83 million $16.96 million 11 . Freddy vs. Jason August 15 , 2003 $25 million $82.62 million $32.29 million $114.9 million 12 . Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) February 13 , 2009 $19 million $65 million $26.38 million $91.4 million Total $80.9 million $383.3 million $64.5 million $464.67 million Future ( edit ) Shortly after the 2009 reboot 's theatrical release , producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form expressed an interest in producing another Friday the 13th film , citing the enjoyment they had working on the reboot . On October 1 , 2009 , Warner Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to release the Friday the 13th sequel on August 13 , 2010 . Subsequently , on December 10 , 2009 , Warner Bros. announced that it had pulled the sequel from the August 13 , 2010 release slot and listed its release as `` TBD '' ( to be determined ) . Warner Bros. also announced that Damian Shannon and Mark Swift were penning the sequel . On April 21 , 2010 , Fuller announced on his Twitter page that a sequel to the 2009 remake was no longer in the works , declaring it , `` dead -- not happening '' . In a later interview , Fuller explained that the 2009 reboot was the result of a joint effort between Paramount and New Line Cinema , as both owned portions of the Friday the 13th franchise . With a down economy , both studios were limiting the films they produced each year , opting to produce films carrying lower risks and higher rewards . Accordingly , the companies put Friday the 13th Part 2 on hold in hopes that they would move forward with this next installment when the economy bounced back . Form explained that neither studio would walk away from the sequel 's production to allow the other to move forward as the primary producing house , each studio concerned that its players would look like `` idiots '' should the sequel perform well without its involvement . Form and Fuller also mentioned that the Friday the 13th sequel may be a 3 ‐ D film , should it ever again be green - lit for production by the studios . On February 1 , 2011 , Fuller announced via Twitter that Shannon and Smith had completed writing a script for the sequel . Fuller reported that he was ready to begin production , but that New Line Cinema was not . On June 5 , 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Warner Bros. had relinquished its film rights to the Friday the 13th series to Paramount as part of a deal that would allow Warner Bros. to co-produce Interstellar . One week later , Derek Mears revealed that Paramount was working with Platinum Dunes to make a new installment `` as fast as possible . '' David Bruckner was set to direct the next installment of Friday the 13th . After altering the release date numerous times , Paramount set the film for a Friday , May 13 , 2016 release date . In March 2015 , it was announced that TV writer Nick Antosca would write the script . On October 20 , 2015 , The Wrap reported that Paramount pushed back the film 's release date to January 13 , 2017 . On December 3 , 2015 , it was announced that Aaron Guzikowski was negotiating a deal to write a new script , but that Bruckner , who had purportedly left the project in 2015 , would no longer be directing . On May 31 , 2016 , Fuller revealed that the reboot would be an origin story for Jason , and his mother would be in the film . On August 8 , 2016 , Variety reported that Breck Eisner was in talks to direct the reboot . In September 2016 , Paramount pushed back the reboot 's release date from Friday , January 13 , 2017 to Friday , October 13 , 2017 . On January 27 , 2017 , it was reported that the reboot 's working title was Friday the 13th : Part 13 , Platinum Dunes was looking for someone to play a young Jason Voorhees , and production would begin in March 2017 , slated for a Friday , October 13 , 2017 release date . On February 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Paramount officially canceled the project due to the low box office grosses of Rings , and Paramount assigned the October 13 , 2017 release date to its upcoming film , Mother ! . On October 10 , 2017 , Shannon and Swift revealed the title of their proposed sequel , Friday The 13th : Camp Blood -- The Death of Jason Voorhees . The rights to the franchise are slated to revert to New Line / Warner Bros. in 2018 . However , Victor Miller , who wrote the original Friday the 13th screenplay , asserted that Horror Inc. derived its current copyright to the screenplay from Miller 's transfer of copyright to Horror Inc. 's predecessor - in - interest , the Manny Company . Miller sent a Notice of Termination to Horror Inc. on January 26 , 2016 , purportedly reclaiming his rights to the screenplay and the content contained therein through termination of the transfer of rights he had formerly made to the Manny Company . Original film producer Sean S. Cunningham claims that Miller wrote the screenplay for Friday the 13th as a work - made - for - hire for the Manny Company . Under copyright law , an employer is considered the statutory author and copyright holder if a work is made in the employee 's scope of employment . If , as Cunningham contends , Miller wrote the screenplay as the Manny Company 's employee , he never held a copyright to the screenplay to transfer or reclaim . A lawsuit seeking the parties ' declaration of rights is currently pending in a federal court in Connecticut . Television ( edit ) On September 28 , 1987 , Paramount began airing Friday the 13th : The Series , a television series that focuses on two cousins ' attempts to recover cursed antiques that were sold from a shop they inherited from their uncle . The show starred John D. LeMay as Ryan Dallion and Louise Robey as Michelle Foster . It was created by Frank Mancuso , Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour , and the series ran for 72 episodes . Mancuso , Jr. never intended to link the television show directly to the film series , but he utilized `` the idea of Friday the 13th , which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses '' . The creators wanted to tie ‐ in Jason 's trademark hockey mask to the series , but the idea was discarded so that the show could have a chance to exist on its own . Mancuso , Jr. was afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from `` the new world that we were trying to create '' . The decision to name the show Friday the 13th over the original title was made because Mancuso , Jr. believed a `` Friday the 13th '' moniker would better help to sell the show to networks . Filming took place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Friday the 13th : The Series initially aired in first - run syndication in a late - night spot ; the success of the series as a late - night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to primetime . Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode , the first season placed second in the male 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , just behind Paramount 's Star Trek : The Next Generation . In addition , the first season placed fifth in the female 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . In September 2003 , during a panel session at the Maniafest convention , Sean S. Cunningham spoke about the possibility of bringing Friday the 13th to television , with the series focusing on a group of teenagers living in the Crystal Lake area . On October 22 , 2005 , Cunningham discussed the potential series further . He explained that the idea was to call the series Crystal Lake Chronicles , and `` set ( it ) in a town with all this Jason history '' . The series would focus more on `` coming - of - age issues '' , in a similar style to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Dawson 's Creek , and Smallville , with Jason as more of a recurring `` background '' character . In April 2014 , it was announced that Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films and Crystal Lake Entertainment were planning to produce an hour - long Friday the 13th television series . The series is intended to focus on a group of characters at Crystal Lake , who have to deal with the return of Jason Voorhees , as well as discover new information about him and his family . On August 2015 , it was announced that the series was being developed by The CW . Steve Mitchell and Craig Van Sickle were hired to write the pilot , while Sean S. Cunningham , Randall Emmett , George Furla and Mark Canton would be the executive producers . On August 2016 , the network announced that decided to not move forward with the series . The CW president Mark Pedowitz explained , `` We had better pilots . The bottom line is we felt we had stronger things to go with , and we did n't go forward with it . It was well - written , it was darker than we wanted it to be , and we did n't believe it had sustainability ... We did n't believe that it was a sustainable script , a sustainable series . It was a very good pilot , but not a sustainable series . '' Literature ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) `` I could n't believe it . He started writing this book with low expectations , but a few pages in , he was already enjoying himself . He 'd found a way to tell the story in his own interesting way -- with his own imprint -- and he wrote the book in less than a week . Dad never wrote a book that he did n't like . '' -- David Avallone on his father 's experience writing Friday the 13th Part 3 Six of the 12 films have been adapted into novels -- Friday the 13th 1 -- 3 , Jason Lives , Jason X , and Freddy vs. Jason -- with Friday the 13th Part 3 being adapted twice . The first novel was Michael Avallone 's 1982 adaptation of Friday the 13th Part 3 ; Avallone had previously adapted Beneath the Planet of the Apes and Shock Treatment . The author chose to use an alternate ending , one that was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the conclusion for his adaptation . In the alternate ending , Chris , who is in a canoe , hears her boyfriend Rick 's voice and immediately runs back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete and decapitates her . The next book was not published until 1986 , when Simon Hawke adapted Jason Lives . Hawke would also adapt the first three films into novels , and his adaptation of the original Friday the 13th was published in 1987 , with novelizations of Part 2 and 3 both being published in 1988 . Hawke 's first adaptation , Jason Lives , introduced the character of Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , who was supposed to appear in the film before being cut by the studio . The book explains how Elias has Jason 's body buried , instead of the planned cremation , after his death in The Final Chapter . In 1994 , four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . These stories focused on different people finding Jason 's mask and becoming possessed by his spirit , but the actual character did not appear in the novels . The novels were written by author Eric Morse and published in 1994 . The books are titled Mother 's Day , Jason 's Curse , The Carnival , and Road Trip . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X . After the release of the Jason X novel , Black Flame began publishing two series of novels . One set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set used the Friday the 13th moniker . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the 2005 adaptation . The first to be published was Jason X : The Experiment , which saw the government attempting to exploit Jason 's indestructibility to create an army of `` super soldiers '' . The second novel , Planet of the Beast , follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone a comatose Jason and stay alive when Jason awakens . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana , and the final novel , To the Third Power , is about the discovery of a Jason clone underneath a prison . The Friday the 13th series of novels are not connected to the Jason X series and do not continue any story set forth by the films . Instead , each novel developed the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . In Friday the 13th : Hell Lake , a recently executed serial killer , Wayne Sanchez , persuades Jason to help him escape back to the real world . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . The Jason Strain places Jason on an island with a group of death row convicts -- placed there by television executives running a reality game show -- while a scientist attempts to create an age - retarding `` super drug '' from Jason 's DNA . Instead , she creates a virus that reanimates the dead into zombies . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs , and she searches for Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . Comic Books ( edit ) Since New Line Cinema 's acquisition of the franchise , several Friday the 13th comic books have been published by Topps Comics , Avatar Press , and DC Comics imprint WildStorm . The first comic book release for the franchise was the 1993 Topps Comics adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film with a few added scenes . Topps Comics published another series in 1995 , with Nancy A. Collins writing a three - issue , non ‐ canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 's Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train and eventually meeting Leatherface . The two initially become friends , with Leatherface adopting Jason into the former 's family . After a series of misunderstandings , Jason and Leatherface turn on each other . On May 13 , 2005 , New Line first exercised their rights to use the Friday the 13th moniker when they , along with Avatar comics , released a special issue of Friday the 13th . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller , the story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland inherit Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason with a paramilitary group so that she and her brother can sell the property . The issue pre ‐ sold more than 17,500 copies . Avatar released a three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath in September 2005 . The series was written by Brian Pulido , illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , and revolves around a group of teenagers who come to Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers begin to discover that they share common family backgrounds and soon awaken Jason , who proceeds to kill them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write another special issue for Avatar , titled Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Jason is now on Earth 2 where a bioengineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue him in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 , Avatar published their final Friday the 13th comic , a two - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . The series was written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer . The story takes place after the events of the film Jason X , where a salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason , a version of Jason with mechanical limbs , are drawn into a battle to the death . In June 2006 , a one - shot comic titled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . In the comic , Jason is captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization . Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , whom the Trent Organization is holding in their Crystal Lake headquarters . In December 2006 , WildStorm began publishing its own series of comic books under the Friday the 13th title . The first set was a six - issue miniseries that involves Jason 's return to Crystal Lake , a lone survivor 's tale of the murder of her friends by a monster , a new revelation about the evil surrounding Crystal Lake , and the truth of what Jason embodies . The miniseries pre ‐ sold approximately 60,318 copies altogether , with each issue pre ‐ selling 15,800 , 9,600 , 8,964 , 8,637 , 8,715 , and 8,602 copies , respectively . The trade paperback of the series , released in September 2007 , contained a foreword by musician Andrew W.K. . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , WildStorm published a two - part special titled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who is killed in the original film . The miniseries pre ‐ sold a combined 16,051 copies . `` I did about a 30 page treatment for the potential sequel , turned it in , and they all backed it . ( ... ) After some time passed and the Ash thing had gone away ( ... ) the New Line licensing guys started talking about doing it as a comic book . ( ... ) while I was at New Line ( ... ) I was trying to encourage it along as best I could , knowing ( the comic ) was the only way it was going to see the light of day . '' -- Jeff Katz on how the Freddy vs. Jason sequel became a comic WildStorm released another comic book special , titled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , consisting of two issues that were released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . The first issue of How I Spent My Summer Vacation pre ‐ sold approximately 7,837 copies . WildStorm released a six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason , titled Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two aforementioned killers and Ash from the Evil Dead film series . The story focuses on Freddy using the Necronomicon , which is in the basement of the Voorhees home , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , but Ash , who is working at the local S ‐ Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it once and for all . The story , by Jeff Katz , was a sequel to the Freddy vs. Jason film in development before the former film had been theatrically released . After meeting with executives , the negotiations ended and the story was shelved . Following the success of Freddy vs. Jason , the idea of including Ash was brought up again , but New Line ultimately decided they would put the story in comic book form and bring in James Kuhoric to write and Jason Craig to do the artwork . On January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , WildStorm released another two - issue miniseries , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , which was written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston , respectively . The series explores the history of Crystal Lake before Pamela and Jason Voorhees arrived . Bad Land takes place in two time frames , the `` present day '' and 250 years before `` present day '' . It follows three hikers in the present and three fur trappers in the past , each of whom is snowed in by a blizzard at Crystal Lake . Each group experiences similar events , suggesting that there is a connection between the two groups . A one - shot comic , titled Friday the 13th : Abuser and the Abused , written by Joshua Hale Fialkov with artwork by Andy B. , was released on April 30 , 2008 . The story involves a teenager named Maggie tricking her abusive boyfriend into travelling to Crystal Lake , where she plans to murder him , but she encounters Jason shortly after arriving at the camp . On June 24 , 2009 , the six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , began . Written by Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric , and illustrated by Jason Craig , the miniseries has Ash and survivors of both Freddy and Jason banding together to defeat the two after Freddy is released from the world of the Deadites by government operatives who had discovered the Necronomicon . Documentaries ( edit ) There have been two documentary books released chronicling the making of the Friday the 13th films . In February 2005 , FAB Press published their book containing interviews with the cast and crew of the Friday the 13th series of films . David Grove , a film journalist who has written for Fangoria , Cinefantastique , and various other British magazines detailing the creation of the Friday the 13th films , wrote the comprehensive book , Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Grove interviewed over 100 `` key personnel involved in making the films '' to collect `` detailed production histories of each of the 11 films '' , not including interviews with other film professionals like Wes Craven . Grove 's book also includes previously unseen production photos which were acquired from private collections . Eight months after the release of Grove 's book , Titan Books , in association with Sparkplug Press , released a detailed history on the Friday the 13th series . Peter M. Bracke released Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th on October 24 , 2005 . The book chronicles the creation of the series up to the release of Freddy vs. Jason . Bracke spent three years researching the series and collecting more than 200 interviews from the cast and crew of each of the films . Bracke 's extensive work for the book prompted Sean S. Cunningham to provide a foreword . Crystal Lake Memories also includes images , storyboards , concept art , and publicity material that had not been released to the public . A private party was held on October 22 , 2005 at Universal Studios CityWalk Hollywood for the book 's premiere . A documentary film , titled His Name Was Jason : 30 Years of Friday the 13th , was released in February 2009 . This film was directed by Daniel Farrands , who had also written the film Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers as well as a documentary on The Amityville Horror . The film was broadcast on the Starz television channel during the first week of February , and afterwards it was released on DVD on February 3 , 2009 . The documentary is hosted by special make ‐ up effects artist Tom Savini , who interviews the cast and crew members of each of the Friday the 13th films , asking them questions on the choices they made during filming . It also features interviews with journalists and other filmmakers who offer their opinion of the series . In September 2013 , Farrands wrote and directed a second documentary film on the Friday franchise , this time directly inspired by Bracke 's book . Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th discusses each of the twelve films , from the original to the 2009 remake , as well as the television series . It is narrated by Corey Feldman , and also features interviews with key individuals in the franchise 's history . Farrands has suggested that his work on the well - received 2010 film , Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy , which documented the making of the Nightmare on Elm Street series , demonstrated the possibility for a documentary film that was more in depth and more comprehensive than his previous effort , His Name Was Jason . In making such a film , Farrands turned to Bracke 's book , which he had also worked on , and drew from its structure and content . Curious Goods : Behind the Scenes of Friday the 13th : The Series by Alyse Wax , a retrospective focusing on the 1987 television series , was released in October 2015 by BearManor Media . Video games ( edit ) Main articles : Friday the 13th ( 1985 computer game ) , Friday the 13th ( 1989 video game ) , Friday the 13th : The Game , and Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle In May 1986 , Domark released a Friday the 13th game for the Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , and ZX Spectrum . The plot involved the player picking a `` sanctuary '' and attempting to persuade others to hide there . Jason is `` disguised as a friend '' until he decides to attack the player . Three years later , LJN published a game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 2007 , Xendex released their own Friday the 13th game for mobile phones . In the game , the player plays as one of the counselors at Camp Crystal Lake . While the staff is preparing the camp for its first summer weekend , an `` unknown stalker '' begins murdering each of them . The player must discover the truth and escape the camp alive . Electronic Gaming Monthly announced in January 2015 that a new survival horror , multi-platform `` asymmetrical , co-operative and competitive multiplayer predator / prey horror experience '' is in development , with a tentative release date of October 2015 . This game was originally titled Slasher Vol. 1 : Summer Camp , in which it was originally developed by IllFonic , but Gun Media joined and helped develop , in which they will publish the game . The game was raised through BackerKit and Kickstarter , with BackerKit collecting US $ 271,439.20 from 16,109 backers and Kickstarter collecting US $823,704.20 from 12,128 backers , collecting a total of US $1,095,143.40 from an overall 28,237 backers , with a confirmed title of Friday the 13th : The Game . A developer panel for Gun Media and IllFonic was opened at PAX South 2016 in January with alpha footage and a list of kill animations . A mobile game available on iOS , Android and Steam Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle was released on January 20 , 2018 . Merchandise ( edit ) In addition to the films , television series , and various literature based on the Friday the 13th franchise , there are over 100 licensed products that have grossed more than $125 million in revenue . Over the years , the characters of Friday the 13th have been marketed under various toy lines . In 1988 , Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit of Jason Voorhees . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a second model kit based on Jason 's appearance in Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are no longer in production . In 1998 , as part of McFarlane Toys ' Movie Maniacs 1 collection , a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell was released . Jason was one of the three most popular figures sold from the Movie Maniacs 1 collection , and the other two were Freddy Krueger and Leatherface . The following year , 6 in ( 150 mm ) scale models of Jason and Freddy in a glass display case were released by MacFarlane Toys . In 2002 , as part of its Movie Maniacs 5 collection , McFarlane released a model of Über - Jason from Jason X . McFarlane did not release another Friday the 13th collectable until November 2006 , when a 3 - dimensional movie poster was released . Since 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes , with more merchandise tying into the film Freddy vs. Jason . Apart from video games and toys , the series has also seen the release of its films ' soundtracks . In 1982 , Gramavision Records released a LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini 's scores from the first three films . On September 27 , 2005 , BSX Records released a limited edition CD of Fred Mollin 's scores . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six films . Beginning with Jason Goes to Hell , each film in the series has had their musical score and soundtrack released for sale . Impact ( edit ) In December 2006 , IGN ranked Friday the 13th seventh in the top 25 film franchises . Qualifications included : the franchise must have at least three films released before December 2006 ; the franchises must be either a commercial or artistic success ; and the franchise must have had some form of impact on popular culture . Three senior editors , the editor - in - chief , and IGN 's entertainment editorial manager judged the various film franchises . In commenting on Friday the 13th 's seventh - place ranking , the general consensus among the reviewers was that even though the Halloween franchise started the slasher genre , Friday the 13th became one of `` the most influential franchises of the 1980s '' and that its commercial success through 11 films , novelizations , comic books , and other collectables is proof of its legacy . ABC Online 's Arts and Entertainment reporter , Gary Kemble , makes note of the popularity of the franchise throughout popular culture . Kemble points out that Jason 's mask , which was not adopted until the third film in the series , is one of the most widely recognizable images in popular culture . Talking with Brenna O'Brien , co ‐ founder of the Fridaythe13thfilms.com website , the pair discusses how the fan base of the franchise has become so impassioned with the series that they have created films , latex body suits to emulate Jason 's appearance , and tattoos of Jason and the Friday the 13th moniker on their body . `` Everybody in the audience imitated hoot ‐ owls and hyenas . Another girl ( in the film ) went to her room and started to undress . Five guys sitting together ( in the theater ) started a chant : ' We want boobs ! ' '' -- Karnick believes that this excerpt from Ebert 's review of Friday the 13th Part 2 shows how critics have misunderstood the point the Friday the 13th films have tried to make . S.T. Karnick , editor of American Culture , wrote an article for the National Review detailing the impact Friday the 13th has had on the slasher genre and noting that the reasons critics have deplored the films are the same reasons why the franchise has had such a strong influence . Karnick explained that Friday the 13th did not try and recreate the same `` clever '' film that John Carpenter made in 1978 , but instead `` ( codified ) the formula '' of Halloween , and `` ( boiled ) it down to its essentials '' so that it could be copied by other filmmakers . In his assessment , Friday the 13th changed the horror genre by purposefully not providing back ‐ stories for characters so that when the audience witnessed a character 's death , they are `` strangely unaffected '' . Instead , Friday the 13th focuses on the history and motivations of the killer , who would exact revenge not on the people directly responsible , but on innocent people -- a formula Karnick notes was replicated in A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Scream , I Know What You Did Last Summer , Saw , the Hannibal Lecter films , and the Halloween sequels . As Karnick sees it , `` these films spoke directly to fears of increasing crime and social dislocation ( and ) provided audiences with ways to detach from these worries and conquer their fears of violence by laughing at it . '' In Karnick 's eyes , contemporary critics have failed to see how the film has affected audiences and subsequently branded the film series as `` both irresponsible ( for numbing audiences to violence ) and puritanical ( for showing the murders of sexually active teens ) '' . Quoting director John Carpenter , Karnick emphasized that `` teens thus dispatched became victims not as punishment for sexual activity but simply because they were too preoccupied to notice the presence of a murderer '' . Pointing to Roger Ebert as a prime example of how critics have misunderstood the films ( Ebert wrote that during a screening of Friday the 13th Part 2 , he noticed that the audience had no sympathy for the victims and cheered during death scenes ) , Karnick explains that Ebert 's remarks show how the film series forces `` audiences to experience the very thing that motivates the murders : a lack of compassion '' . In closing , Karnick suggested that these films were not puritanical , but proved that audiences `` could be just as indifferent and callous as the characters in the films '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , David , pp. 189 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : `` IGN : Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time : # 7 '' . IGN. 2006 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Kemble ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 - ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ John Carl Buechler ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Hedden ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Adam Marcus ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ James Isaac ( Director ) ( 2002 ) . Jason X ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Marcus Nispel ( Director ) ( 2009 ) . Friday the 13th . United States : Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Grove , David , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brack , Peter , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 98 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 173 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 238 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 267 -- 269 Jump up ^ Devin Faraci ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : Paging Tommy Jarvis '' . CHUD . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Duo pumps new blood into ' Friday the 13th ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Nispel scores a date with next ' Friday ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini '' . Slasherama . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pg. 39 Jump up ^ Victor Miller , Jay Keuper , Harry Manfredini ( 1980 ) . `` Return to Crystal Lake : Making of Friday the 13th '' Friday the 13th DVD ( Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : WB . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 70 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 118 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 142 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 165 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 189 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 211 Jump up ^ `` Harry Manfredini 's filmography '' . HarryManfredini.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Joseph Lee ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A Bloody Good Time 11.08. 07 : Horror History Lessons , Part 8 '' . 411mania . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Inflation Calculator '' . Halfhill.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th box office ranking '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Saw box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Scream box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Psycho box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Child 's Play box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PR Web . 2005 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 314 -- 315 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) foreign box office '' . The - Numbers . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason X ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( June 15 , 2009 ) , Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller talk FRIDAY THE 13th Sequel , 3 - D , The Birds , BUTCHERHOUSE CHRONICLES , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( October 1 , 2009 ) , Warner Bros. Announces ' Friday the 13th Part 2 ' Release Date , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( December 10 , 2009 ) , Box Office Updates : ' Friday the 13th 2 ' Vanishes , ' Saw VII ' Locked Down , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 22 , 2010 ) , Friday the 13th Sequel `` Not Happening '' , Dread Central , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( April 26 , 2010 ) , Exclusive Interview : Platinum Dunes Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET -- Plus Updates on MONSTER SQUAD , OUIJA , FRIDAY THE 13th 2 , and the NIGHTMARE Blu - ray will Have a 6 - Minute Alternate Ending , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ McMahon , James ( February 1 , 2011 ) , ' Friday The 13th ' reboot sequel script completed , New Musical Express , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Masters , Kim ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Gives Up ' Friday the 13th ' Rights to Board Christopher Nolan 's `` Interstellar '' `` . Hollywood Reporter ( published June 14 , 2013 ) . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 11 , 2013 ) , EXCLUSIVE : Platinum Dunes Partnering With Paramount For ' Friday The 13th ' Sequel ! ! ! , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hanley , Ken W. 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Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : S.T. Karnick ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Babes in the Woods : A franchise of fear '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . References ( edit ) Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal A Nightmare on Elm Street portal Film portal Horror fiction portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friday the 13th films . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Databases Friday the 13th film series at Allmovie Friday the 13th film series at Box Office Mojo Domark 's Friday the 13th ' at SpectrumComputing.co.uk Miscellaneous Fridaythe13thfilms.com Interview with Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti -- Writers of Windstorm 's six - issue Friday the 13th comic Bloody Disgusting - `` 13 days of Friday the 13th '' -- A series of articles exploring the series Q&A with Ronnie Hobbs and Randy Greenback , developers of Friday the 13th : The Game Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Mortal Kombat X Friday the 13th : The Game Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th_(franchise)&oldid=854751605 '' Categories : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Horror films by series Zombies and revenants in popular culture American teen horror films American films American film series Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Film series introduced in 1980 Media franchises introduced in 1980 Paramount Pictures franchises New Line Cinema franchises Warner Bros. franchises Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first friday the 13th made	[ "Friday the 13th\nCover of Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th, a documentary book on the Friday the 13th franchise.Created by\nVictor MillerOriginal work\nFriday the 13th (1980)Owner\nParamount PicturesWarner Bros. Pictures\nPrint publicationsNovel(s)\nList of novelsComics\nList of comicsFilms and televisionFilm(s)\nList of filmsTelevision series\nFriday the 13th: The Series (1987–1990)GamesVideo game(s)\nList of video games" ]	[ "1980" ]
597883210210937225	Argentina at the FIFA World Cup	Argentina at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Argentina at the FIFA World Cup Argentina team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia This is a record of Argentina 's results at the FIFA World Cup . Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world , having won two World Cups in 1978 and 1986 . Argentina has been runners up three times in 1930 , 1990 and 2014 . The team was present in all but four of the World Cups , being behind only Brazil , Italy and Germany in number of appearances . Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times , one less than Uruguay . Moreover , Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the 2004 and 2008 Olympic football tournament . Prior to that , Argentina won two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions . On other levels of international competition , Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times . The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be won by Argentina . Contents 1 World Cup record 2 Winning World Cups 3 All matches 4 World Cup Finals 4.1 1930 v Uruguay 4.2 1978 v the Netherlands 4.3 1986 v West Germany 4.4 1990 v West Germany 4.5 2014 v Germany 5 Record by opponent 6 Head coaches 7 Against conferences 8 Against debutants 9 Record players 10 Top goalscorers 11 Goalscoring by tournament 12 Awards 12.1 Team 12.2 Individual 13 Records and statistics 13.1 Standing alone 13.2 Shared 14 Miscellaneous 15 Referees 16 External links 17 Notes 18 References World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup finals record FIFA World Cup qualification record Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GP D * GF GA 1930 Runners - up 2nd 5 0 18 9 Invited 1934 First round 9th 0 0 Qualified by opponent 's withdrawal 1938 Did not enter Withdrew due to hosting disagreement 1950 1954 Withdrew due to political decision 1958 Group stage 13th 0 5 10 0 10 1962 Group stage 10th 0 0 11 1966 Quarter - finals 5th 0 9 1970 Did not qualify 6 Second group stage 8th 6 9 12 0 9 1978 Champions 1st 7 5 15 Qualified as hosts 1982 Second group stage 11th 5 0 8 7 Qualified as defending champions 1986 Champions 1st 7 6 0 14 5 6 12 6 1990 Runners - up 2nd 7 3 * 5 Qualified as defending champions 1994 Round of 16 10th 0 8 6 8 9 10 1998 Quarter - finals 6th 5 1 * 10 16 8 6 23 13 2002 Group stage 18th 18 13 42 15 2006 Quarter - finals 6th 5 2 * 0 11 18 10 29 17 Quarter - finals 5th 5 0 10 6 18 8 6 23 20 2014 Runners - up 2nd 7 5 1 * 8 16 9 5 35 15 2018 Round of 16 16th 6 9 18 7 7 19 16 2022 To Be Determined 2026 Total 2 titles 17 / 21 81 43 15 23 137 93 136 75 36 25 235 127 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background color indicates that the tournament was won . Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Winning World Cups ( edit ) Year Manager Captain Winning Goal Scorer ( s ) 1978 César Luis Menotti Daniel Passarella Mario Kempes ( 2 ) , Daniel Bertoni 1986 Carlos Bilardo Diego Maradona José Luis Brown , Jorge Valdano , Jorge Burruchaga All matches ( edit ) World Cup Round Opponent Score Venue Scorers 1930 First round France 1 -- 0 Parque Central , Montevideo Monti Mexico 6 -- 3 Centenario , Montevideo Stábile ( 3 ) , Zumelzú ( 2 ) , Varallo Chile 3 -- 1 Centenario , Montevideo Stábile ( 2 ) , Evaristo Semifinals United States 6 -- 1 Centenario , Montevideo Monti , Scopelli , Stábile ( 2 ) , Peucelle ( 2 ) Final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Centenario , Montevideo Peucelle , Stábile 1934 Round of 16 Sweden 2 -- 3 Stadio Littoriale , Bologna Belis , Galateo 1958 Group Stage West Germany 1 -- 3 Malmö Stadion , Malmö Corbatta Northern Ireland 3 -- 1 Örjans Vall , Halmstad Corbatta , Menéndez , Avio Czechoslovakia 1 -- 6 Olympiastadion , Helsingborg Corbatta 1962 Group stage Bulgaria 1 -- 0 El Teniente , Rancagua Facundo England 1 -- 3 El Teniente , Rancagua Sanfilippo Hungary 0 -- 0 El Teniente , Rancagua 1966 Group stage Spain 2 -- 1 Villa Park , Birmingham Artime ( 2 ) West Germany 0 -- 0 Villa Park , Birmingham Switzerland 2 -- 0 Hillsborough , Sheffield Artime , Onega Quarter - finals England 0 -- 1 Wembley , London Group stage Poland 2 -- 3 Neckarstadion , Stuttgart Heredia , Babington Italy 1 -- 1 Neckarstadion , Stuttgart Houseman Haiti 4 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Yazalde ( 2 ) , Houseman , Ayala Second round Netherlands 0 -- 4 Parkstadion , Gelsenkirchen Brazil 1 -- 2 Niedersachsenstadion , Hanover Brindisi East Germany 1 -- 1 Parkstadion , Gelsenkirchen Houseman 1978 Group stage Hungary 2 -- 1 Monumental , Buenos Aires Luque , Bertoni France 2 -- 1 Monumental , Buenos Aires Passarella , Luque Italy 0 -- 1 Monumental , Buenos Aires Second round Poland 2 -- 0 Gigante de Arroyito , Rosario Kempes ( 2 ) Brazil 0 -- 0 Gigante de Arroyito , Rosario Peru 6 -- 0 Gigante de Arroyito , Rosario Kempes ( 2 ) , Tarantini , Luque ( 2 ) , Houseman Final Netherlands 3 -- 1 aet Monumental , Buenos Aires Kempes ( 2 ) , Bertoni 1982 Group stage Belgium 0 -- 1 Camp Nou , Barcelona Hungary 4 -- 1 José Rico Pérez , Alicante Bertoni , Maradona ( 2 ) , Ardiles El Salvador 2 -- 0 José Rico Pérez , Alicante Passarella , Bertoni Second round Italy 1 -- 2 Sarrià , Barcelona Passarella Brazil 1 -- 3 Sarrià , Barcelona Díaz 1986 Group stage South Korea 3 -- 1 Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City Valdano ( 2 ) , Ruggeri Italy 1 -- 1 Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Maradona Bulgaria 2 -- 0 Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City Valdano , Burruchaga Round of 16 Uruguay 1 -- 0 Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Pasculli Quarter - finals England 2 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Maradona ( 2 ) Semifinals Belgium 2 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Maradona ( 2 ) Final West Germany 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Brown , Valdano , Burruchaga 1990 Group stage Cameroon 0 -- 1 San Siro , Milan Soviet Union 2 -- 0 San Paolo , Naples Troglio , Burruchaga Romania 1 -- 1 San Paolo , Naples Monzón Round of 16 Brazil 1 -- 0 Stadio Delle Alpi , Turin Caniggia Quarter - finals Yugoslavia 0 -- 0 ( 3 - 2 ) pk Artemio Franchi , Florence Semifinals Italy 1 -- 1 ( 4 - 3 ) pk San Paolo , Naples Caniggia Final West Germany 0 -- 1 Olimpico , Rome 1994 Group stage Greece 4 -- 0 Foxboro Stadium , Foxborough Batistuta ( 3 ) , Maradona Nigeria 2 -- 1 Foxboro Stadium , Foxborough Caniggia Bulgaria 0 -- 2 Cotton Bowl , Dallas Round of 16 Romania 2 -- 3 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Batistuta , Balbo 1998 Group stage Japan 1 -- 0 Stadium Municipal , Toulouse Batistuta Jamaica 5 -- 0 Parc des Princes , Paris Ortega ( 2 ) , Batistuta ( 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 0 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Pineda Round of 16 England 2 -- 2 ( 4 - 3 ) pk Geoffroy - Guichard , Saint - Étienne Batistuta , Zanetti Quarter - finals Netherlands 1 -- 2 Vélodrome , Marseille López 2002 Group stage Nigeria 1 -- 0 Kashima , Ibaraki prefecture Batistuta England 0 -- 1 Sapporo Dome , Sapporo Sweden 1 -- 1 Miyagi , Rifu Crespo 2006 Group stage Ivory Coast 2 -- 1 Volksparkstadion , Hamburg Crespo , Saviola Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen Rodríguez ( 2 ) , Cambiasso , Crespo , Tévez , Messi Netherlands 0 -- 0 Waldstadion , Frankfurt Round of 16 Mexico 2 -- 1 aet Zentralstadion , Leipzig Crespo , Rodríguez Quarter - finals Germany 1 -- 1 ( 2 - 4 ) pk Olympiastadion , Berlin Ayala Group stage Nigeria 1 -- 0 Ellis Park , Johannesburg Heinze South Korea 4 -- 1 Soccer City , Johannesburg Park ( own goal ) , Higuaín ( 3 ) Greece 2 -- 0 Peter Mokaba , Polokwane Demichelis , Palermo Round of 16 Mexico 3 -- 1 Soccer City , Johannesburg Tévez ( 2 ) , Higuaín Quarter - finals Germany 0 -- 4 Green Point , Cape Town 2014 Group stage Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Kolašinac ( own goal ) , Messi Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Messi Nigeria 3 -- 2 Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Messi ( 2 ) , Rojo Round of 16 Switzerland 1 -- 0 aet Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Di María Quarter - finals Belgium 1 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasilia Higuaín Semifinals Netherlands 0 -- 0 ( 4 - 2 ) pk Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Final Germany 0 -- 1 aet Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro 2018 Group stage Iceland 1 -- 1 Spartak Stadium , Moscow Agüero Croatia 0 -- 3 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Nigeria 2 -- 1 Zenit Arena , Saint Petersburg Messi , Rojo Round of 16 France 3 -- 4 Kazan Arena , Kazan Di María , Mercado , Agüero World Cup finals ( edit ) 1930 v Uruguay ( edit ) The inaugural FIFA World Cup tournament culminated with Argentina facing hosts and current Olympic champions Uruguay . The match was turned twice : Argentina went into half - time with a 2 - 1 lead in spite of an early goal for Uruguay , but the hosts ultimately won 4 - 2 . Guillermo Stábile , one of Argentina 's scorers , became the tournament 's top striker with 8 goals total . 30 July 1930 ( 1930 - 07 - 30 ) 14 : 15 UYT ( UTC - 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Dorado 12 ' Cea 57 ' Iriarte 68 ' Castro 89 ' Report Peucelle 20 ' Stábile 37 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 68,346 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Uruguay Argentina GK Enrique Ballestrero RB José Nasazzi ( c ) LB Ernesto Mascheroni RH José Andrade CH Lorenzo Fernández LH Álvaro Gestido OR Pablo Dorado IR Héctor Scarone CF Héctor Castro IL Pedro Cea OL Santos Iriarte Manager : Alberto Suppici GK Juan Botasso RB José Della Torre LB Fernando Paternoster RH Juan Evaristo CH Luis Monti LH Pedro Suárez OR Carlos Peucelle IR Francisco Varallo CF Guillermo Stábile IL Manuel Ferreira ( c ) OL Mario Evaristo Managers : Francisco Olazar Juan José Tramutola 1978 v the Netherlands ( edit ) Argentina hosted the 1978 edition of the World Cup and reached the final . The Netherlands had already played the previous final in West Germany 1974 - and also lost to the hosts . Diego Maradona was 17 years old at this point and already a star in his home country , but did not make the squad as coach César Luis Menotti felt he was too inexperienced to handle the pressure of this major tournament . The playmaker position was instead filled by Mario Kempes , who ended up becoming the first Argentinian to win the Golden Ball in addition to being the tournament 's top scorer with 6 goals . The Dutch side was missing a superstar of their own : Johann Cruyff did not join the 1978 World Cup squads due to the aftermath of a kidnapping attempt which occurred in 1977 . He only disclosed this information 30 years later . The closely contested match was influenced by a hostile atmosphere and ended with the Dutch players refusing to attend the award ceremony after Argentina grabbed the title in extra time . 25 June 1978 15 : 00 UTC − 3 Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Kempes 38 ' , 105 ' Bertoni 115 ' Report Nanninga 82 ' Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires Attendance : 71,483 Referee : Sergio Gonella ( Italy ) Argentina Netherlands GK 5 Ubaldo Fillol RB 15 Jorge Olguín CB 7 Luis Galván CB 19 Daniel Passarella ( c ) LB 20 Alberto Tarantini DM 6 Américo Gallego CM Osvaldo Ardiles 40 ' 66 ' AM 10 Mario Kempes RW Daniel Bertoni LW 16 Oscar Alberto Ortiz 75 ' CF 14 Leopoldo Luque Substitutes : MF Norberto Alonso GK Héctor Baley MF 8 Rubén Galván MF 9 René Houseman 75 ' MF 12 Omar Larrosa 93 ' 66 ' Manager : César Luis Menotti GK 8 Jan Jongbloed SW 5 Ruud Krol ( c ) 15 ' RB 6 Wim Jansen 75 ' CB 22 Ernie Brandts LB Jan Poortvliet 96 ' RM 13 Johan Neeskens CM 9 Arie Haan LM 11 Willy van de Kerkhof RF 10 René van de Kerkhof CF 16 Johnny Rep 58 ' LF 12 Rob Rensenbrink Substitutes : DF Adrie van Kraay DF 17 Wim Rijsbergen FW 18 Dick Nanninga 58 ' GK 19 Pim Doesburg DF 20 Wim Suurbier 94 ' 75 ' Manager : Ernst Happel 1986 v West Germany ( edit ) Eight years after the victory on home soil , Argentina won the World Cup title for the second time . Diego Maradona was voted Best Player of the tournament after scoring five goals and assisting the decisive 3 - 2 by Jorge Burruchaga in the 84th minute of the final . The match was played in front of a record attendance of 114,600 people . 29 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Brown 23 ' Valdano 56 ' Burruchaga 84 ' Report Rummenigge 74 ' Völler 81 ' Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 114,600 Referee : Romualdo Arppi Filho ( Brazil ) Argentina West Germany GK 18 Nery Pumpido 85 ' SW 5 José Luis Brown CB 9 José Luis Cuciuffo CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri RWB 14 Ricardo Giusti LWB 16 Julio Olarticoechea 77 ' DM Sergio Batista CM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 90 ' CM 12 Héctor Enrique 81 ' SS 10 Diego Maradona ( c ) 17 ' CF 11 Jorge Valdano Substitutions : MF 21 Marcelo Trobbiani 90 ' Manager : Carlos Bilardo GK Harald Schumacher SW 17 Ditmar Jakobs CB Karlheinz Förster CB Hans - Peter Briegel 62 ' RWB 14 Thomas Berthold LWB Andreas Brehme CM 6 Norbert Eder CM 8 Lothar Matthäus 21 ' AM 10 Felix Magath 62 ' CF 11 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge ( c ) CF 19 Klaus Allofs 46 ' Substitutions : FW 9 Rudi Völler 46 ' FW 20 Dieter Hoeneß 62 ' Manager : Franz Beckenbauer 1990 v West Germany ( edit ) In 1990 , Argentina faced West Germany in a repeat of the 1986 edition . Pedro Monzón became the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup final , but was later joined by team mate Gustavo Dezotti . The match was decided by a penalty kick in favour of Germany . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 UTC + 2 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) West Germany Argentina GK Bodo Illgner SW 5 Klaus Augenthaler CB 6 Guido Buchwald CB Jürgen Kohler RWB 14 Thomas Berthold 73 ' LWB Andreas Brehme CM 8 Thomas Häßler CM 10 Lothar Matthäus ( c ) CM 7 Pierre Littbarski CF 9 Rudi Völler 52 ' CF 18 Jürgen Klinsmann Substitutes : GK 12 Raimond Aumann DF Stefan Reuter 73 ' MF 15 Uwe Bein MF 20 Olaf Thon FW 13 Karl - Heinz Riedle Manager : Franz Beckenbauer GK 12 Sergio Goycochea SW 20 Juan Simón CB 18 José Serrizuela CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri 46 ' RWB José Basualdo LWB 17 Roberto Sensini DM 13 Néstor Lorenzo CM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 53 ' CM 21 Pedro Troglio 84 ' SS 10 Diego Maradona ( c ) 87 ' CF 9 Gustavo Dezotti 5 ' , 87 ' Substitutes : GK 22 Fabián Cancelarich DF 5 Edgardo Bauza DF 15 Pedro Monzón 65 ' 46 ' MF 6 Gabriel Calderón 53 ' FW Abel Balbo Manager : Carlos Bilardo 2014 v Germany ( edit ) In 2014 , Argentina reached the final for the fifth time and for a third time had to face the German team , making it the most `` common '' meeting for a final . In spite of a number of chances on both sides , regular time finished goalless . In the second half of extra time , substitute striker Mario Götze scored the decisive goal for Germany . 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Germany Argentina GK Manuel Neuer RB 16 Philipp Lahm ( c ) CB 20 Jérôme Boateng CB 5 Mats Hummels LB Benedikt Höwedes 34 ' CM 23 Christoph Kramer 31 ' CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 29 ' RW 13 Thomas Müller AM 18 Toni Kroos LW 8 Mesut Özil 120 ' CF 11 Miroslav Klose 88 ' Substitutions : FW 9 André Schürrle 31 ' MF 19 Mario Götze 88 ' DF 17 Per Mertesacker 120 ' Manager : Joachim Löw GK Sergio Romero RB Pablo Zabaleta CB 15 Martín Demichelis CB Ezequiel Garay LB 16 Marcos Rojo CM 14 Javier Mascherano 64 ' CM 6 Lucas Biglia RW 8 Enzo Pérez 86 ' LW 22 Ezequiel Lavezzi 46 ' SS 10 Lionel Messi ( c ) CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín 78 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Sergio Agüero 65 ' 46 ' FW 18 Rodrigo Palacio 78 ' MF 5 Fernando Gago 86 ' Manager : Alejandro Sabella Record by opponent ( edit ) Argentina has played a total of 81 FIFA World Cup games through 17 tournaments facing 36 rivals . Games that went on penalty kicks are shown as drawn . FIFA World Cup matches ( by team ) Opponent GF GA GD Confederation France 0 6 5 UEFA Mexico 0 0 11 5 6 CONCACAF Chile 0 0 CONMEBOL United States 0 0 6 5 CONCACAF Uruguay 0 - 1 CONMEBOL Sweden 0 - 1 UEFA Germany 7 5 12 - 7 UEFA Northern Ireland 0 0 UEFA Czechoslovakia 0 0 6 - 5 UEFA Bulgaria 0 UEFA England 5 5 8 - 3 UEFA Hungary 0 6 UEFA Spain 0 0 UEFA Switzerland 0 0 0 UEFA Poland 0 UEFA Italy 5 0 6 - 2 UEFA Haiti 0 0 CONCACAF Netherlands 5 7 - 3 UEFA Brazil 5 - 2 CONMEBOL East Germany * 0 0 0 UEFA Peru 0 0 6 0 6 CONMEBOL Belgium 0 UEFA El Salvador 0 0 0 CONCACAF South Korea 0 0 7 5 AFC Cameroon 0 0 0 - 1 CAF Soviet Union * 0 0 0 UEFA Romania 0 - 1 UEFA Serbia + 0 6 0 6 UEFA Greece 0 0 6 0 6 UEFA Nigeria 5 5 0 0 9 5 CAF Japan 0 0 0 AFC Jamaica 0 0 5 0 5 CONCACAF Croatia 0 - 2 UEFA Ivory Coast 0 0 CAF Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 UEFA Iran 0 0 0 AFC Iceland 0 0 0 UEFA Teams in bold denote world cup winners , teams in italics show teams which played it first match ever in a World Cup against Argentina . Teams with a * mark no longer exist . East Germany was annexed to Germany . Soviet Union now plays as Russia . + Played as Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Head coaches ( edit ) Through Argentinian team history , several coaches had trained it with different football styles from offensive to defensive tactics . There are two predominant ' football schools ' about world champions coaches César Menotti who propagates possession and well - look play and Carlos Bilardo who prioritize results and tactical order . These head coaches divides Argentine fans kindly . Other managers such as Marcelo Bielsa has got his own football style . In another way this list shows records in world cups and in qualifying stages excluding friendlies . By tournament At FIFA World Cup In qualification Total Coach Years W % pts % W % pts % W % pts % Olazar and Tramutola 1930 5 0 80 % 80 % Not played 5 0 80 % 80 % Felipe Pascucci 1934 0 0 0 % 0 % Not played 0 0 0 % 0 % Guillermo Stábile 1958 0 33.3 % 33.3 % 0 75 % 75 % 9 6 0 66.6 % 66.6 % 1962 He did not manage this Cup 0 0 100 % 100 % Juan Carlos Lorenzo 1962 33.3 % 50 % He did not manage these qualyfiers 7 42.9 % 57.1 % 1966 50 % 62.5 % José María Minella 1966 He did not manage this Cup 0 75 % 87.5 % 0 75 % 87.5 % Adolfo Pedernera 1970 Did not qualify 25 % 37.5 % 25 % 37.5 % Omar Sívori He did not manage this Cup 0 75 % 87.5 % 0 75 % 87.5 % Vladislao Cap 6 16.7 % 33.3 % He did not manage these qualyfiers 6 16.7 % 33.3 % César Menotti 1978 7 5 71.4 % 78.6 % Qualified as hosts 12 7 58.3 % 62.5 % 1982 5 0 40 % 40 % Qualified as defending champions Carlos Bilardo 1986 7 6 0 85.7 % 92.9 % 6 66.7 % 75 % 20 12 5 60 % 72.5 % 1990 7 28.6 % 50 % Qualified as defending champions Alfio Basile 1994 0 50 % 50 % 8 50 % 62.5 % 12 6 42.9 % 52.4 % He did not manage this Cup 10 40 % 53.3 % Daniel Passarella 1998 5 60 % 66.7 % 16 8 6 50 % 62.5 % 16 8 6 52.4 % 63.5 % Marcelo Bielsa 2002 33.3 % 44.4 % 18 13 72.2 % 79.6 % 18 13 66.7 % 74.6 % José Pekerman 2006 5 0 60 % 73.3 % 18 10 55.6 % 66.7 % 18 10 56.5 % 65.2 % Diego Maradona 5 0 80 % 80 % 8 0 50 % 50 % 13 8 0 5 61.5 % 61.2 % Alejandro Sabella 2014 7 5 71.4 % 76.2 % 16 9 5 56.3 % 66.7 % 23 14 6 60.9 % 69.6 % Gerardo Martino 2018 He did not manage this Cup 6 50 % 61.1 % 6 50 % 61.1 % Edgardo Bauza 2018 He did not manage this Cup 8 37.5 % 45.8 % 8 37.5 % 45.8 % Jorge Sampaoli 2018 25 % 33.3 % 0 25 % 50 % 8 25 % 41.7 % From 1994 towards , three points are given for a win . Previously were two . Against conferences ( edit ) FIFA delegates regional qualification and other organization affairs to continental conferences , so it divides into six differents of them grouped by geographical location . Argentina plays in CONMEBOL conference in South America . Due to World Cup rules that two times of same confederation can not play in the same group in first round except for UEFA , it commonly faces teams which plays outside its continent most recently from Africa and Asia . Argentine national has never played versus an Oceanian ( OFC ) squad . FIFA World Cup matches ( by conference ) Confederation GF GA GD % of pts % of wins UEFA 55 22 13 20 74 68 6 79 % 40 % CONMEBOL 8 15 10 5 54.16 % 50 % CONCACAF 7 7 0 0 28 7 21 100 % 100 % CAF 7 6 0 11 6 5 85.71 % 85.71 % AFC 0 0 9 7 100 % 100 % Against debutants ( edit ) ' Albiceleste ' has played against first - world - cup teams more than other , doing so 17 times , 7 of them being the first World Cup match ever . This list shows records versus those selections including all - debutants 1930 edition . Curiously Argentina 's debut was versus France that previously had played before . Opponent GF GA GD Debutants 7 5 13 6 7 Teams in 1st their WC 17 13 45 18 27 Sweden , Bulgaria , Greece , Japan , Ivory Coast , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Iceland played its first time against Argentina . France , Mexico , Chile , United States , Uruguay , Northern Ireland , Haiti , East Germany , Jamaica and Croatia played in its first world cup but after first game . Record players ( edit ) Diego Maradona has captained the team in 16 matches . His total of 21 matches is only beaten by three other players . No . Name Matches World Cups Diego Maradona 21 1982 , 1986 , 1990 and 1994 Javier Mascherano 20 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Lionel Messi 19 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Mario Kempes 18 1974 , 1978 and 1982 5 Oscar Ruggeri 16 1986 , 1990 and 1994 6 Jorge Burruchaga 14 1986 and 1990 Gonzalo Higuaín 14 2010 , 2014 and 2018 9 Ubaldo Fillol 13 1974 , 1978 and 1982 Ángel Di María 13 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Rank Name Goals World Cups Gabriel Batistuta 10 1994 ( 4 ) , 1998 ( 5 ) and 2002 ( 1 ) Guillermo Stábile 8 1930 Diego Maradona 8 1982 ( 2 ) , 1986 ( 5 ) and 1994 ( 1 ) Mario Kempes 6 1978 Lionel Messi 6 2006 ( 1 ) , 2014 ( 4 ) and 2018 ( 1 ) 6 Gonzalo Higuaín 5 2010 ( 4 ) and 2014 ( 1 ) 7 Seven players Goalscoring by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1930 Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) , Carlos Peucelle ( 3 ) , Luis Monti ( 2 ) , Adolfo Zumelzú ( 2 ) , Mario Evaristo , Alejandro Scopelli , Francisco Varallo 1934 Ernesto Belis , Alberto Galateo 1958 Omar Oreste Corbatta ( 3 ) , Ludovico Avio , Norberto Menéndez 1962 Héctor Facundo , José Sanfilippo 1966 Luis Artime ( 3 ) , Ermindo Onega René Houseman ( 3 ) , Héctor Yazalde ( 2 ) , Rubén Ayala , Carlos Babington , Miguel Ángel Brindisi , Ramón Heredia 1978 Mario Kempes ( 6 ) , Leopoldo Luque ( 4 ) , Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , René Houseman , Daniel Passarella , Alberto Tarantini 1982 Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , Diego Maradona ( 2 ) , Daniel Passarella ( 2 ) , Osvaldo Ardiles , Ramón Díaz 1986 Diego Maradona ( 5 ) , Jorge Valdano ( 4 ) , Jorge Burruchaga ( 2 ) , José Luis Brown , Pedro Pasculli , Oscar Ruggeri 1990 Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Jorge Burruchaga , Pedro Monzón , Pedro Troglio 1994 Gabriel Batistuta ( 4 ) , Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Abel Balbo , Diego Maradona 1998 Gabriel Batistuta ( 5 ) , Ariel Ortega ( 2 ) , Claudio López , Mauricio Pineda , Javier Zanetti 2002 Gabriel Batistuta , Hernán Crespo 2006 Hernán Crespo ( 3 ) , Maxi Rodríguez ( 3 ) , Roberto Ayala , Esteban Cambiasso , Lionel Messi , Javier Saviola , Carlos Tevez Gonzalo Higuaín ( 4 ) , Carlos Tevez ( 2 ) , Martin Demichelis , Gabriel Heinze , Martin Palermo , Own Goal 2014 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) , Ángel Di María , Gonzalo Higuaín , Marcos Rojo , Own Goal 2018 Sergio Agüero ( 2 ) , Lionel Messi , Marcos Rojo , Ángel Di María , Gabriel Mercado Awards ( edit ) Team ( edit ) World Champions 1978 World Champions 1986 2nd Place 1930 2nd Place 1990 2nd Place 2014 Fair Play Award 1978 Individual ( edit ) Golden Ball 1978 : Mario Kempes Golden Ball 1986 : Diego Maradona Golden Ball 2014 : Lionel Messi Silver Ball 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Bronze Ball 1990 : Diego Maradona Golden Boot 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Golden Boot 1978 : Mario Kempes Silver Boot 1986 : Diego Maradona Silver Boot 1998 : Gabriel Batistuta Silver Boot 2006 : Hernán Crespo Golden Glove 1978 : Ubaldo Fillol Golden Glove 1990 : Sergio Goycochea ( shared ) Man of the Match award 2014 : Lionel Messi José Pékerman won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy as a coach with Colombia in 2014 . Records and statistics ( edit ) Standing alone ( edit ) Most played final against the same team : 3 times versus Germany in 1986 , 1990 and 2014 . Most played against the same team in same stage : 5 times versus Nigeria in 1994 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 all in group stage . Last three of them make most times consecutive , too . All won by Argentina by one goal difference . Most played semifinals without losses : 5 times won in 1930 and 1986 while drawn in 1990 and 2014 . Although in 1978 there were n't semifinals , Argentina won second round group ahead Brazil which disputed 3rd place match against Italy . Even more , game against Brazil ended in a 0 - 0 draw . Most played penalty shoot - outs : 5 ( twice in 1990 , 1998 , 2006 and 2014 ) . Fewest goals for a finalist : 1990 . Youngest coach : Juan José Tramutola aged 27 years and 267 days in 1930 . Most hat - tricks scored in multiple editions : Gabriel Batistuta in 1994 against Greece and in 1998 against Jamaica . Shared ( edit ) Most played against the same team : 7 times versus Germany in 1958 , 1966 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . Shared with Germany vs Yugoslavia / Serbia and Brazil vs Sweden . Most won penalty shoot - outs : 4 times ( twice in 1990 , 1998 and 2014 ) . Shared with Germany . Most coached finals : 2 times by Carlos Bilardo in 1986 and 1990 . Shared with Italian Vittorio Pozzo ( 1934 - 1938 ) , German Helmut Schön ( 1966 - 1974 ) , Brazilian Mário Zagallo ( 1970 - 1998 ) and German Franz Beckenbauer who faced Bilardo in both two in 1986 and 1990 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Argentina 's game versus West Germany in 1958 featured a yellow jersey instead traditional 's light blue and white colors or blue as alternate . This was beacause both teams wear white jerseys creating confusing . As South American side forgot to bring an alternate one , they decided to borrow local team club 's Malmö . Germany won 3 - 1 . In 1978 France - Hungary match occurred something similar . Both teams arrived to the match with white jerseys , so France was forced to borrow Mar del Plata 's local club Kimberley . France wore striped green and white keeping traditional 's blue shorts and red socks winning 3 - 1 . That stadium José María Minella is the southernmost World Cup venue located at 38 ° 0 ′ 0 '' S 57 ° 33 ′ 0 '' W. Other than France vs. Hungary were played Italy vs. France , Italy vs. Hungary , Brazil vs. Sweden , Brazil vs. Spain and Brazil vs. Austria . Mar del Plata is on the south of Buenos Aires Province . In addition , Argentina played against Nigeria at Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg in 2018 making the most northernmost game along other six matches . Russian 's city is at 59 ° 58 ′ 22.63 '' N 30 ° 13 ′ 13.92 '' E . Referees ( edit ) As a major CONMEBOL member , Argentina has been represented by match officials in nearly every tournament . In 2006 , Horacio Elizondo refereed the final between France and Italy , where he sent off Zinedine Zidane after a headbutt to an opponent . In 2018 , Néstor Pitana did it when France played versus Croatia . They are also the only two who refereed the opening game in the same tournament . External links ( edit ) Official website , at the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino 's website FIFA world cup all - time table Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Argentina 's 100th WC goal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1934 Qualy '' . rsssf.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitdraw decisions '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario Ovación . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer and / or timing . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2008 ... Jump up ^ `` Football school of play '' . Diario Clarín . Jump up ^ `` record '' . Wikipedia . Jump up ^ `` Youngest coach '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` 27 years '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` hat - trick '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` two finals '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Yellow '' . El Gráfico . Jump up ^ `` 1958 coin toss '' . En una baldosa . Jump up ^ `` Kimberley '' . pinimg.com . Jump up ^ `` France - Hungary '' . www.squadnumbers.com . Jump up ^ `` José María Minella '' . www.rsssf.com . Jump up ^ `` '' Zenit Arena `` '' . fifa.com . Argentina national football team squads Argentina squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup runners - up GK Bossio GK Botasso FW Cherro MF Chividini FW Demaría DF Della Torre MF J. Evaristo FW M. Evaristo FW Ferreira ( c ) MF Monti DF Muttis MF Orlandini DF Paternoster FW Perinetti FW Peucelle DF Piaggio FW Scopelli FW Spadaro FW Stábile MF Suárez FW Varallo MF Zumelzú Coach : Olazar & Tramutola Argentina squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup MF Albarracín DF Astudillo DF Belis DF Chimento FW Devincenzi GK Freschi FW Galateo GK Grippa FW Irañeta FW Izzeta MF López MF Lorenzo MF Nehin DF Pedevilla FW Pérez FW Rúa MF Urbieta Sosa FW Wilde Coach : Pascucci Argentina squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 Carrizo 2 Dellacha ( c ) 3 Vairo 4 Lombardo 5 Rossi 6 Varacka 7 Corbatta 8 Prado 9 Menéndez 10 Rojas 11 Labruna 12 Musimessi 13 Pérez 14 Edwards 15 Acevedo 16 Mouriño 17 Ramos Delgado 18 Boggio 19 Avio 20 Infante 21 Sanfilippo 22 Cruz Coach : Stábile Argentina squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Ramos Delgado 3 Marzolini 4 Sainz 5 Sacchi 6 Páez 7 Facundo 8 Pando 9 Pagani 10 Sanfilippo 11 Belén 12 Domínguez 13 Rossi 14 Mariotti 15 Navarro ( c ) 16 Rattín 17 Albrecht 18 Cap 19 Sosa 20 Oleniak 21 Abeledo 22 González Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Irusta 3 Gatti 4 Perfumo 5 Varacka 6 Calics 7 Marzolini 8 Ferreiro 9 Simeone 10 Rattín ( c ) 11 Pastoriza 12 Albrecht 13 López 14 Chaldú 15 Solari 16 González 17 Sarnari 18 Rojas 19 Artime 20 Onega 21 Más 22 Tarabini Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Carnevali 2 Ayala 3 Babington 4 Balbuena 5 Bargas 6 Brindisi 7 Carrascosa 8 Chazarreta 9 Glaria 10 Heredia 11 Houseman 12 Fillol 13 Kempes 14 Perfumo ( c ) 15 Poy 16 Sá 17 Squeo 18 Telch 19 Togneri 20 Wolff 21 Santoro 22 Yazalde Coach : Cap Argentina squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Alonso 2 Ardiles 3 Baley 4 Bertoni 5 Fillol 6 Gallego 7 L. Galván 8 R. Galván 9 Houseman 10 Kempes 11 Killer 12 Larrosa 13 La Volpe 14 Luque 15 Olguín 16 Ortiz 17 Oviedo 18 Pagnanini 19 Passarella ( c ) 20 Tarantini 21 Valencia 22 Villa Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Ardiles 2 Baley 3 Barbas 4 Bertoni 5 Calderón 6 Díaz 7 Fillol 8 Galván 9 Gallego 10 Maradona 11 Kempes 12 Hernández 13 Olarticoechea 14 Olguín 15 Passarella ( c ) 16 Pumpido 17 Santamaría 18 Tarantini 19 Trossero 20 Valdano 21 Valencia 22 Van Tuyne Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Almirón 2 Batista 3 Bochini 4 Borghi 5 Brown 6 Passarella 7 Burruchaga 8 Clausen 9 Cuciuffo 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Valdano 12 Enrique 13 Garré 14 Giusti 15 Islas 16 Olarticoechea 17 Pasculli 18 Pumpido 19 Ruggeri 20 Tapia 21 Trobbiani 22 Zelada Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Pumpido ( Comizzo ) 2 Batista 3 Balbo 4 Basualdo 5 Bauza 6 Calderón 7 Burruchaga 8 Caniggia 9 Dezotti 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Fabbri 12 Goycochea 13 Lorenzo 14 Giusti 15 Monzón 16 Olarticoechea 17 Sensini 18 Serrizuela 19 Ruggeri 20 Simón 21 Troglio 22 Cancelarich Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Goycochea 2 Vázquez 3 Chamot 4 Sensini 5 Redondo 6 Ruggeri 7 Caniggia 8 Basualdo 9 Batistuta 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Medina Bello 12 Islas 13 Cáceres 14 Simeone 15 Borelli 16 Díaz 17 Ortega 18 Pérez 19 Balbo 20 Rodríguez 21 Mancuso 22 Scoponi Coach : Basile Argentina squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Roa 2 Ayala 3 Chamot 4 Pineda 5 Almeyda 6 Sensini 7 C. López 8 Simeone ( c ) 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón 12 Burgos 13 Paz 14 Vivas 15 Astrada 16 Berti 17 Cavallero 18 Balbo 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Delgado 22 Zanetti Coach : Passarella Argentina squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Burgos 2 Ayala 3 Sorín 4 Pochettino 5 Almeyda 6 Samuel 7 C. López 8 Zanetti 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón ( c ) 12 Cavallero 13 Placente 14 Simeone 15 Husaín 16 Aimar 17 G. López 18 K. González 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Caniggia 22 Chamot 23 Bonano Coach : Bielsa Argentina squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala 3 Sorín ( c ) 4 Coloccini 5 Cambiasso 6 Heinze 7 Saviola 8 Mascherano 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Franco 13 Scaloni 14 Palacio 15 Milito 16 Aimar 17 Cufré 18 Rodríguez 19 Messi 20 Cruz 21 Burdisso 22 González 23 Ustari Coach : Pékerman Argentina squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pozo 2 Demichelis 3 C. Rodríguez 4 Burdisso 5 Bolatti 6 Heinze 7 Di María 8 Verón 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Garcé 13 Samuel 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Otamendi 16 Agüero 17 Gutiérrez 18 Palermo 19 Milito 20 M. Rodríguez 21 Andújar 22 Romero 23 Pastore Coach : Maradona Argentina squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Campagnaro 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pérez 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 M. Rodríguez 12 Orión 13 A. Fernández 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 F. Fernández 18 Palacio 19 Álvarez 20 Agüero 21 Andújar 22 Lavezzi 23 Basanta Coach : Sabella Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853944561 '' Categories : Argentina at the FIFA World Cup Argentina national football team Countries at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 23 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did argentina last won the world cup	[ "This is a record of Argentina's results at the FIFA World Cup. Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world, having won two World Cups in 1978 and 1986. Argentina has been runners up three times in 1930, 1990 and 2014. The team was present in all but four of the World Cups, being behind only Brazil, Italy and Germany in number of appearances. Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times, one less than Uruguay. Moreover, Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the 2004 and 2008 Olympic football tournament. Prior to that, Argentina won two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions. On other levels of international competition, Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times. The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be won by Argentina.\n" ]	[ "1986" ]
-5332273872083729446	The Vampire Diaries (season 8)	The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) Season 8 DVD Cover Starring Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Kat Graham Candice King Zach Roerig Matt Davis Michael Malarkey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network The CW Original release October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) -- March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , an American supernatural drama , was renewed for an eighth season by The CW on March 11 , 2016 . On July 23 , 2016 , the CW announced that the upcoming season would be the series ' last and would consist of 16 episodes . The season premiered on October 21 , 2016 and concluded on March 10 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Special appearance 1.5 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Candice King as Caroline Forbes Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Michael Malarkey as Lorenzo `` Enzo '' St. John Recurring ( edit ) Kristen Gutoskie as Seline Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams Allison Scagliotti as Georgie Dowling Nathalie Kelley as Sybil Lily Rose Mumford as Josette `` Josie '' Saltzman Tierney Mumford as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Saltzman Wolé Parks as Arcadius `` Cade '' Joel Gretsch as Peter Maxwell Sammi Hanratty as Violet Fell Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan Reece Odum as Karen Special guest ( edit ) Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood Chris Wood as Malachai `` Kai '' Parker Special appearance ( edit ) Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers Marguerite MacIntyre as Liz Forbes David Anders as John Gilbert Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Josette `` Jo '' Laughlin Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson Jaz Sinclair as Beatrice Bennett Natashia Williams as Lucy Bennett Guest ( edit ) Aisha Duran as Virginia St. John Tristin Mays as Sarah Nelson Alexandra Chando as Tara Evan Gamble as Henry Wattles Persia White as Abby Bennett Wilson Melinda Clarke as Kelly Donovan Nina Dobrev as Katherine Pierce / Elena Gilbert Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 156 `` Hello Brother '' Michael A. Allowitz Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) T27. 13301 0.98 A humanity-less Damon and Enzo are on a killing spree as per the vault monster 's orders . Based on fresh leads , Stefan and Bonnie visit the slaughterhouse that Damon and Enzo now call home and try talking sense into them , but the duo are in no way even close to disobeying the vault monster . Alaric and his interns manage to delve deeper into the vault cave and discover ancient remains that have distinct Greek roots . Caroline has her hands full with finding clues and taking care of the kids along with the new nanny , Seline . On another side , Virginia St. John had escaped and gone straight for Seline . Caroline was right on time to save her kids , Seline and grill Virginia on spilling the beans about the vault monster but it was of no use , as Virginia bled to death . Bonnie was reminiscing about her and Enzo when she , along with Alaric , connected a similarity between a certain Greek story Enzo used to tell her and his current method of killing his victims . They all point towards Sirens or The Messengers of The Devil - a Greek myth according to which Fauns use mind control to lure their victims to their death . As the episode draws to a close , Damon and Enzo look on as the vault monster rises from the death pool with death gleaming in her eyes . 157 `` Today Will Be Different '' Pascal Verschooris Melinda Hsu Taylor October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) T27. 13302 0.90 The siren , Sybil can not figure out why Enzo wo n't fully submit to her and in an attempt to get in his head and find out what 's holding him back , she learns about Sarah Salvatore ; the last living Salvatore apart from Damon and Stefan . Sybil tasks Damon , who never knew about Sarah , to kill her . A list of victims named Sarah Nelson ( `` Nelson '' being Sarah 's assumed surname ) appears and Stefan , Caroline , and Bonnie go to the real Sarah 's apartment to protect her from Damon and Enzo , the former of who is knocked out by Sarah with vervain upon their arrival . Enzo tells Bonnie they will both be in danger if he does n't return to Sybil so Bonnie knocks him out and attempts to escape . Eventually , she must let him go but the two share a passionate kiss and he tells her he will never stop fighting for her . At Sarah 's apartment , Damon attempts to kill her but Stefan tells him who she is and begs him to let her go for Elena . Damon lets her go , but Sybil shows up at that moment and kills Sarah . She is upset that Damon is tied to Elena so she changes his memories of Elena to her . Now fully submitted to Sybil , Damon walks out with her . When Enzo returns to Sybil , she gets in his head and sees his kiss with Bonnie . Meanwhile Alaric and his co-worker Georgie discover an artifact with a symbol that Georgie has tattooed on herself that she saw in a hellish state of mind after a near - death experience . In the end , Caroline moves into the Salvatore residence with Stefan , where she discovers he has made a room for her and Alaric 's kids to stay and in the dresser drawer , an engagement ring . After making Stefan officially pop the question , Caroline accepts his proposal . 158 `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' Michael Karasick Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) T27. 13303 0.94 Sybil realizes that both Damon and Enzo are tied to Bonnie and that she is main cause of whatever unwillingness to submit to her that either of them has left . Bonnie wants to put the search on Damon and Enzo on hold to help Caroline shop for a wedding dress but their day is ruined when Damon attacks . Caroline manages to save Bonnie but Sybil launches a new plan in which she forces Enzo and Damon to fight to death . Sybil introduces herself to Bonnie and Caroline and she tells Bonnie that she must choose between the two men . Bonnie , Caroline , and Stefan manage a head start to Damon and Enzo and try to keep the two from killing each other . However Damon eventually gains the upper hand just as Sybil arrives and Bonnie tells her that she chooses Enzo . However , Enzo being the more stubborn of the two , Sybil decides to instead force Enzo to shut off his humanity with Bonnie 's life as a threat ; when Enzo 's humanity is off , Sybil sends Damon to kill Bonnie anyway and Alaric saves her last second and the ensuing supernatural violence is witnessed by Georgie . Bonnie takes Enzo back to their cabin to work on restoring his humanity . Stefan , Alaric , and Caroline , have Sybil captured now with Damon out to fulfill her mysterious plans . 159 `` An Eternity of Misery '' Rob Hardy Brett Matthews & Neil Reynolds November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) T27. 13304 1.00 More than two thousand years ago , Sybil asks her `` sister '' , fellow siren , to tell her a happy story . Her sister tells her about Arcadius `` Cade '' , a man with psychic abilities that was killed for what he was . In his last breath , he used his powers to create a new world where his soul traveled upon his burning at the stake . In the present , Sybil tells Stefan that her boss wants him to know the full story of her and her sister . Sybil 's sister Seline , posing as the nanny of Alaric 's kids , forces Georgie to trap Alaric in the vault and makes Georgie look like the other siren . Sybil 's boss , revealed to be Cade who gave Seline and Sybil their immortality , tortures the souls of humans , considering them to be the most evil in the world . Seline kills Georgie and Georgie 's soul is sucked into what appears to be Hell , where Cade will torture her soul while Seline eats her body . Meanwhile Damon goes after an object that he is subconsciously aware that Sybil wants ; he ends up attacking and nearly killing a man , who is revealed as Matt Donovan 's father . Matt saves his father from Damon , afterward telling him about the existence of vampires . Damon tells Matt that he killed Tyler Lockwood . Matt finds Tyler 's body , confirming Damon killed him . 160 5 `` Coming Home Was a Mistake '' James Thompson Celine Geiger November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) T27. 13305 0.92 Matt informs the others of Tyler 's death and when he , Caroline , Stefan , and Alaric go to bury him , they are met by Damon . Matt learns that before Tyler died , he was looking for a siren named Seline with the now deceased Virginia . Seline babysits the twins on her day off and takes them to the carnival . They win a goldfish , which is dead , so Seline decides to explain the process of burial to the twins and tells them about Cade . Damon goes to Sybil wanting to be free of her mind control , which she denies him and is upset that he apparently had n't fully submitted to her . Damon meets Stefan at the carnival where he is knocked out by Caroline . Stefan puts Damon in his coffin to hide until they can defeat the sirens . When Georgie 's remain are discovered , the Armory is left alone and Sybil escapes , taking the tuning fork with her and then frees Damon from the coffin , who has decided not to feel and fully submit to her . Meanwhile Bonnie uses a magical candle from the Armory to keep Enzo inside the cabin and then lights the cabin aflame to use her impending to death to forcibly switch Enzo 's humanity back on . It works and Enzo and Bonnie meet up with the others at the carnival to say goodbye to Tyler . Caroline shows Matt pictures of the girls on her phone and Matt recognizes Seline as the siren . Alaric and Caroline rush to the house only to find Seline and the twins gone with a kids - drawing of Elizabeth , Josette , Seline , and Cade . 161 6 `` Detoured On Some Random Backwoods Path to Hell '' Paul Wesley Alan McElroy December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) T27. 13306 1.05 Damon and Sybil meet up with Seline and the twins at a diner . Seline reveals her plan to offer up Josette and Elizabeth to Cade for the freedom of her and Sybil 's souls . Sybil and Damon mysteriously tag along with her and the girls on the road where Alaric and Caroline desperately search for their daughters . Meanwhile Sybil decides to punish Enzo for escaping her by singing to him over the phone , thus putting herself in his subconscious where she tortures him . Stefan uses the predicament to speak to Sybil through Enzo to try and find Josette and Elizabeth . Damon , Sybil , Seline , Josette and Elizabeth arrive at a motel where they use magic to summon Cade . Sybil tells Stefan where she is on the condition he comes alone and promises him an offer he can not refuse . Stefan gives Alaric and Caroline a fake address and meet Sybil 's demand to go alone . At the motel , Cade is at first interested in Seline 's offer to have the twins become his slaves in about a decade or so until Sybil gives Cade her own offer of the Salvatore brothers instead . Damon , being Sybil 's slave agrees as does Stefan to return Caroline 's kids to her . The girls are reunited with Alaric and Caroline and the parents decide that Alaric must take the girls far away until the insanity of their lives is over . Stefan tells Caroline that he offered up his soul and that he was granted twenty - four more hours to be with her . Bonnie and Enzo may finally be free of Sybil , who leaves his subconscious after her meeting with Cade . Sybil reveals to Seline that because of her entrapment in the Armory 's vault for two centuries without any rescue attempts from her sister , her deal with Cade only frees her own soul and Seline will now go to hell because of her no longer serving Cade . Alaric and Matt attack Damon , because of the former 's belief that it is necessary to keep his kids safe and Alaric stakes him in the heart ; Damon desiccates and he is killed but will come back to life because of his new immortality deal with Cade . 162 7 `` The Next Time I Hurt Somebody , It Could Be You '' Tanya Hamilton Shukree Hassan Tilghman December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) T27. 13307 0.98 On the night of Christmas Eve 1917 , the ripper Stefan drinks blood from a camp full of people . In the present , Stefan is determined to make the most out of his final day with Caroline over a Christmas Eve dinner . Unfortunately , Damon and Sybil crash the party and Damon stakes Stefan sending him to a meeting with Cade . Cade reveals that on that Christmas Eve a century ago , Seline had witnessed the murder Stefan inflicted on the camp of people and wanted to trade places with him , only to realize he was n't evil and she erased his memory of their meeting and his slaughter of the camp . However , Cade had decided way back then that Stefan was a perfect servant for him . Meanwhile , distraught over the ruined Christmas festivities , Caroline gives Damon a present that could alter his decision to kill someone that night . Bonnie and Enzo find Seline and ask her for the tuning fork to which she agrees to give them on the condition that she can remove the psychic powers she had planted inside of Josette and Elizabeth , hoping to redeem herself and not go to hell when she dies . When Damon and Sybil leave the party , Damon gives her Caroline 's present , not having known what it was . When he sees it is Elena 's old necklace , he rips out Sybil 's heart and leaves her to die . Stefan proposes a deal to Cade to turn off his humanity , so that he can feed Cade souls more rapidly in exchange for Cade shortening his contract to serving him for only a year as opposed to eternity . Cade agrees to the deal but makes it apparent that he doubts Stefan will want to leave him after serving him for a year . Caroline spends her last few hours with her daughters before Alaric takes them away to be safe and it is discovered that Bonnie and the twins also all receive splitting headaches when the tuning fork is used around them . In the end , Damon and Stefan drive out of Mystic Falls and Stefan turns off his humanity . 163 8 `` We Have History Together '' Ian Somerhalder Matthew D'Ambrosio January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) T27. 13308 0.95 Stefan decides that he wants Tara , a young doctor , to be Cade 's next meal . In his plot to find the darkness within her , he knocks up Damon on vervain and keeps him on bed rest in the hospital . Stefan learns that Tara 's parents were killed by a drunk driver and compels her into believing that Damon was the driver in an attempt to convince her to kill Damon . She eventually gives into her darkness so Stefan takes her to be fed on by Cade . Meanwhile in Mystic Falls , Caroline 's job sends her to her old high school where she discovers Sybil has used her siren ability to get herself a job as a teacher . Sybil uses her powers to make the class tie themselves to trees with one remaining student to set them ablaze unless Caroline retrieves an old bell for her for a mysterious reason . Matt is annoyed with his father for having abandon him and even more so when he discovers that he is the one that got rid of the bell by throwing it in the lake under Wickery Bridge , which is revealed to be because Matt 's family actually founded the town and made the bell , but it was taken over by the founding family . It is then revealed that the bell was discovered in 2009 , after Elena 's parents ' car went into the lake and is now in Caroline 's garage ; Caroline and Sybil go to retrieve it but Seline had taken it , leaving a note for Sybil to taunt her . Damon ca n't seem to rid himself of Elena 's necklace , even going after it after throwing it out the car window , showing that he has enough humanity to care about Elena . Sybil also creates doubt inside of Caroline about Stefan coming back from his ripper phase when his contract with Cade is up and even if he does , he could become a ripper again at any time . 164 9 `` The Simple Intimacy of the Near Touch '' Geoff Shotz Neil Reynolds & Penny Cox January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) T27. 13309 0.86 Damon has the bell striker so Sybil makes him return to Mystic Falls to give it to her . While Damon does return , he realizes he can tell Sybil no and ultimately denies her the striker and locks her up . Meanwhile Stefan turns Violet into vampire during the Miss Mystic Falls pageant and Caroline comforts her after returning her engagement ring to Stefan . Also , Seline is determined to assemble the bell herself and reveals it can kill sirens and that she wants to kill Sybil as a part of righting her past misdeeds and she teams up with Dorian to do so . Elsewhere , Enzo gives a vial of his blood to Bonnie in the form of a necklace , hoping she 'll become a vampire to be with him for eternity . However , with her life tied to Elena 's she is unsure of how it would affect her . In the end , Bonnie suggests that Enzo take the cure and Sybil , chained up by Damon , uses her powers to return Damon 's humanity to him , flooding him with guilt from his recent actions under the siren 's control . 165 10 `` Nostalgia 's a Bitch '' Kellie Cyrus Brett Matthews January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) T27. 13310 0.94 Sybil has put Damon into a catatonic state , forcing Bonnie and Caroline to free her so that she will release him in exchange for the bell . However , Sybil realizes Damon 's mind is in an induced hellish state , put there by himself because of his guilt . Bonnie and Caroline go into his subconscious to speak with Damon and tell him they forgive him for everything . Meanwhile Stefan kills Violet and reveals that Cade is requiring more souls so he makes a deal to acquire the bell for Sybil so that Damon will be conscious again and do his share of killing . Afterward , Seline offers another deal , which involves Matt ringing the bell twelve times in order to release hell on earth and kill everyone in Mystic Falls . Stefan compels Matt into doing so and then goes to retrieve Damon after being told that the Damon 's need for forgiveness is about him . Once inside Damon 's head , Stefan realizes Damon needs to forgive Stefan for turning him into a vampire all those years ago , causing every terrible thing that has happened since . Damon wakes up and Stefan is chained and told by Caroline that she loves him and she will do whatever it takes to restore his humanity . Damon stops Matt at the eleventh ring , which stops hell from burning the town , but allows enough power for Cade to come to the real world . In the final scene , Cade meets Sybil and Seline at a diner , where after telling the sirens that he 'll take it from there , lights them on fire . 166 11 `` You Made a Choice to Be Good '' Carol Banker Melinda Hsu Taylor & Celine Geiger February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) T27. 13311 0.92 Cade frees Stefan from captivity and sends him on a mission . He then tells Damon that his work is n't cutting it and that by sundown he must either kill one hundred people or Caroline . Bonnie encourages Enzo to complete his bucket list before taking the cure ; once complete , they travel to a house she bought in New York where she is secretly keeping Elena . Caroline and Damon scheme to give the cure to Cade so that they can kill him and Bonnie reluctantly agrees to draw Elena 's blood and give them the dosage instead of Enzo . Cade later reveals that his mission for Stefan was also to kill a hundred people or Elena . Stefan chose the latter and so Damon races to New York to stop him . Stefan compels Bonnie 's realtor to sign the house over to herself and then invite him in so that he can get to Elena . Bonnie draws the blood from Elena and then gives it to Stefan after Stefan arrives at the house and kills Enzo . 167 12 `` What Are You ? '' Darren Genet Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) T27. 13312 1.11 Stefan is arrested following his transition back into a human . Caroline manages to compel the police of his innocence but it does n't erase the guilt inside of him . Bonnie is devastated about Enzo 's death and her mother , Abby , comes to her house to console her . The two discover that Enzo is trying to communicate with Bonnie and that when he died , Bonnie opened the door between hell and earth . She tries to pull Enzo from hell but Abby ultimately burns his body , knowing that he would just drag Bonnie down with him . Cade tells Damon that their contract is up because of Stefan no longer being a vampire and tells Damon that he will claim Stefan 's soul to take to hell at midnight if Damon does n't retrieve the Maxwell journal . Matt , Alaric , and Dorian attempt to discover why the journal is important and Matt sees events from 1790 where his ancestor Ethan and Bonnie 's ancestor Beatrice created the Maxwell bell and then encountered Seline and Sybil . The sirens forced Ethan to ring the bell twelve times and send hellfire to the town and he killed one hundred people . Beatrice trapped Seline and Sybil in the vault and Ethan wrote how to kill Cade in the Maxwell journal . In the present , Damon takes the journal and gives it to Cade , who burns it . Damon later tells Alaric that he is certain a certain artifact they have is how to kill the devil , having heard Sybil say it once . In the last scene , Damon and Alaric make plans to kill Cade and then Kai mysteriously walks in and says he has a better idea . 168 13 `` The Lies Will Catch Up with You '' Tony Solomons Neil Reynolds February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) T27. 13313 0.99 It is revealed that when Matt rang the bell eleven times and Cade came to Mystic Falls , Kai was able to as well , but only halfway , so he enlists Damon and Alaric 's help to bring him back fully in exchange for him waking up Elena . Matt and Caroline learn that everyone Stefan ever compelled are now remembering things they 've forgotten . This includes Dorian , who abducts Stefan and explains that he now recalls Stefan murdering his family back when Stefan was being forced to work for Klaus . Dorian shoots Stefan , but then regrets it and tries to get him to a hospital . Cade comes to Stefan during an out of body state as a result of him dying and tells Stefan that Caroline would be better off without him . In the hospital , Stefan breaks up with Caroline and tells her that he is leaving Mystic Falls . Bonnie finds out that she has psychic powers and tries to contact Enzo . She does with Cade 's help and learns that like when Cade created hell , she created a place where Enzo 's spirit now resides . Alaric brings the girls to see Caroline and tells her that they have lost control of their powers . Cade learns Kai escaped from hell and Damon tries to convince him that he can only be fully redeemed and saved from Cade if he brings back Elena . They go to her casket where Kai stabs Damon , tells him that he does n't believe in redemption , and escapes with Elena while Damon falls to the floor , desiccating . 169 14 `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' Pascal Verschooris Brett Matthews & Shukree Hassan Tilghman February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) T27. 13314 1.04 Enzo encourages Bonnie to forgive Stefan . Kai gives Elena to Cade and Cade keeps Damon from dying so as to use him to get the dagger that can kill the devil and deliver it to him in exchange for Elena . Damon keeps Stefan from leaving when telling him that Cade has Elena ; they go after Kai , who has the dagger , and get it from him as well as abducting him and trapping him in the Armory . Caroline goes to Kai for help with the twins ' uncontrollable siphoning to which Kai reveals that the Armory causes an outburst of witch siphoning powers and then uses that power to escape and go after the girls . Alaric rings the Maxwell bell to weaken Cade while Stefan goes to kill the devil ; however , Kai calls him and reveals his intentions to kill the twins and so Alaric must deal with that and since he is n't ringing the bell , Cade overpowers Stefan . Eventually , Alaric and Caroline defeat Kai and then Alaric reveals that he wants the two of them to run a school for kids like Josie and Elizabeth . Damon meets Cade and Stefan in the cave and Cade tries to force him to choose between the deaths of Elena or Stefan . Damon ends up choosing himself ; he kills himself but is rescued by Bonnie who fights Cade for his soul . While Cade and Bonnie 's psychic powers are battling , Stefan uses the dagger on Cade and kills him . A psychic blast from Cade 's death sends Damon 's soul back into his body ; Bonnie makes it clear that she has n't forgiven Stefan but he tells her that he wo n't give up on her forgiveness . Stefan also re-proposes to Caroline and she accepts . Bonnie traps Kai in another prison world and he tells her that when Cade died , the person given power over hell was Katherine ; Bonnie relays this information to Damon . 170 15 `` We 're Planning a June Wedding '' Chris Grismer Story by : Jen Vestuto & Melissa Marlette Teleplay by : Melinda Hsu Taylor March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) T27. 13315 1.14 Matt 's mother , Kelly returns to Mystic Falls claiming to want to be there for Matt , but it is soon revealed that she is working with Katherine and had been after having died two years ago . Damon concocts a plan to lure out Katherine by throwing the last minute wedding of Stefan and Caroline . Damon and Stefan also construct a dagger made from Katherine 's bones to kill her . Bonnie tells Caroline she ca n't be at the wedding of the man who killed Enzo , but Enzo encourages her to go for her best friend . At the wedding , Kelly slits Peter 's throat after a failed attempt to get the dagger from him . Everyone expects Katherine to interrupt the ceremony , but she does n't , so Stefan and Caroline say their vows and actually get married . During the reception , Bonnie goes with the twins to the Lockwood house ; Kelly interrupts Damon 's speech and reveals that the Lockwood house is going to catch fire because she started a gas leak . The fire starts with Bonnie and the girls in the house . However , Josie and Elizabeth are able to siphon Bonnie 's magic to save them and they all use their power to escape with Bonnie having to lose her connection to Enzo in the process . In the end , Kelly reveals that Katherine 's plan was to distract them with the housefire while a now resurrected Vicki Donovan has returned and begins ringing the Maxwell bell to bring hellfire to Mystic Falls ; as the bell rings , Bonnie falls to the ground , nose bleeding , and presumably dying . 171 16 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Julie Plec Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) T27. 13316 1.15 As Stefan and Caroline attempt to revive Bonnie , Bonnie enters the state between life and death and sees Elena . Enzo comes and tells Bonnie that it is n't her time and she returns to her body . Katherine finally reveals herself to the Salvatore brothers and even though Stefan stabs her with the dagger made from her bones , she comes back to Damon later , revealing that she can leave hell whenever she wants and that Cade had been under her control since her death . Vicki reveals that she wants to die from the hellfire so as not to return to hell , where she has been residing in a miserable existence . Vicki will ring the bell every five minutes until the end of the hour . Matt and the police evacuate the town . Alaric , Caroline , and the twins leave Mystic Falls when Bonnie comes up with a plan to use her magic to reverse the hellfire back into hell , destroying it and Katherine . Damon stays with Katherine in the tunnels under the Armory to make sure she is in hell when Bonnie does this ; Stefan comes forward to sacrifice himself instead , and Damon lets him . However , Stefan is able to override the compulsion because he had vervain in his system and then hurries back into the tunnels , where he injects a syringe filled with his blood into Damon , making him human and then dies while making sure Katherine is in hell while her body is destroyed . Stefan visits Elena in the state between life and death , tells her what happened , and then joins Lexi in the afterlife . Some time later , Bonnie breaks Elena 's sleeping curse and Elena reunites with her , Damon , Caroline , Matt and Alaric . The Salvatore boarding house is turned into a school for supernatural children by Caroline and Alaric with Jeremy and Dorian among the people running it and a donation from Klaus . Matt is awarded with a bench in his honour for saving the town that night and announces that he 'll run for Mayor . Bonnie decides that she wants to travel the world and live her spared life to the fullest . Vicki , Tyler , Liz , Jo , and Enzo are shown watching over the living . After having lived their long and happy life together , Elena reunites with her parents , John , and Jenna in her form of Peace at the Gilbert family home , while Damon reunites with Stefan at the Salvatore mansion , concluding the series . Production ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2016 . It was announced on July 23 , 2016 , that season 8 of The Vampire Diaries would be the series ' last . The season would contain 16 episodes . Filming for the season ended on February 8 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On January 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Nina Dobrev would return as Elena Gilbert in the series finale . At the end of the episode , `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' on February 24 , 2017 , it was revealed that Dobrev would reprise her role of Katherine Pierce as well . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hello Brother '' October 21 , 2016 0.4 / 2 0.98 0.3 0.63 0.7 1.62 `` Today Will Be Different '' October 28 , 2016 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.4 0.72 0.7 1.62 `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' November 4 , 2016 0.4 / 2 0.94 0.3 0.69 0.7 1.63 `` An Eternity of Misery '' November 11 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.73 0.7 1.72 5 `` Coming Home Was a Mistake '' November 18 , 2016 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 N / A 0.7 N / A 6 `` Detoured On Some Random Backwoods Path to Hell '' December 2 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.05 0.4 0.72 0.8 1.78 7 `` The Next Time I Hurt Somebody , It Could Be You '' December 9 , 2016 0.4 / 1 0.98 0.5 0.90 0.9 1.88 8 `` We Have History Together '' January 13 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.95 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` The Simple Intimacy of the Near Touch '' January 20 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.60 10 `` Nostalgia 's a Bitch '' January 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.94 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` You Made a Choice to Be Good '' February 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` What Are You ? '' February 10 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.11 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Lies Will Catch Up with You '' February 17 , 2017 0.4 / 1 0.99 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.74 14 `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' February 24 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.04 0.4 0.69 0.8 1.74 15 `` We 're Planning a June Wedding '' March 3 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 TBD TBD TBD TBD 16 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' March 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.15 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` The CW Renews ALL 11 Series For Next Season , Including Veterans ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : ' The Vampire Diaries ' to End With Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The CW Fall Premiere Dates : Supergirl , The Flash , Arrow , TVD and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Explains Damon and Enzo 's Dark Finale Twist , Offers Hope for ' Steroline ' in Season 8 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Asadi , Abby ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Candice King Q&A -- Denver 's very own vampire next door '' . 303 Magazine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julie Plec on Instagram Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Casts Kristen Gutoskie ; Christina Moses Joins ' The Originals ' '' . DeadLine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AfterBuzz TV ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Julie Plec ( The Vampire Diaries ) at San Diego Comic - Con 2016 '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Casts Stitchers Star as Mysterious Season 8 Character '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Once , Grey 's , Walking Dead , Supernatural , Legends , Suits , TVD , Blindspot and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Instagram photo by Lily Rose * Miley * Tierney Jul 19 , 2016 at 1 : 14pm UTC '' . instagram.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 803 ) `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Chris Wood returning as Kai '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Steven R. McQueen Returning as Jeremy for Series Finale '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niel , Dan ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 8 Finale Comebacks : Nina Dobrev , Sara Canning , David Anders , Steven McQueen And More '' . iTech Post . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interview : we did just book `` Sheriff Forbes '' aka my best friend Marguerite McIntyre for a little cameo in the third episode . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : David Anders Hints at John Gilbert 's Series Finale Return '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tristin Mays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 808 ) `` We Have History Together '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Kelly Donovan returns ... for a wedding ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Season 8 Spoilers : Nina Dobrev Return Already Planned Out by Producer '' . australianetworknews.com . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ninadobrev `` I know it 's Thursday , but this is not a TBT . # BackOnSet # TVDForever '' `` . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' MacGyver ' adjust down vs. World Series : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' Dr. Ken , ' ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' & ' I Love Lucy ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise ' finale adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Malarkey on Twitter Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig . `` The Vampire Diaries To End With Season 8 '' . KSiteTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev To Return For Series Finale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_8)&oldid=806119391 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 20 : 41 . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in the last season of vampire diaries	[ "\n\nThe Vampire Diaries (season 8)\n\n\n\nSeason 8 DVD Cover\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nPaul Wesley\nIan Somerhalder\nKat Graham\nCandice King\nZach Roerig\nMatt Davis\nMichael Malarkey\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n16\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nThe CW\n\n\nOriginal release\nOctober 21, 2016 (2016-10-21) – March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 7\n\n\n\n\nList of The Vampire Diaries episodes\n\n" ]	[ "16" ]
-6608101457772714864	How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)	How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) - wikipedia How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) ( Redirected from Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) ) Jump to : navigation , search How the Grinch Stole Christmas Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Brian Grazer Ron Howard Screenplay by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman Based on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! by Dr. Seuss Starring Jim Carrey Jeffrey Tambor Christine Baranski Bill Irwin Molly Shannon Narrated by Anthony Hopkins Music by James Horner Cinematography Donald Peterman Edited by Dan Hanley Mike Hill Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) November 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes 118 minutes ( Extended Version ) Country United States Language English Budget $123 million Box office $345.1 million How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( full title : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ; also promoted theatrically as The Grinch ) is a 2000 American Christmas comedy film directed by Ron Howard and written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman based on the 1957 story of the same name by Dr. Seuss . The film was released by Universal Pictures on November 17 , 2000 . It was the first Dr. Seuss book to be adapted into a full - length feature film . Because the film is based on a children 's picture book , many additions were made to the storyline to bring it up to feature - length , including some information about the backstory of the title character and reworking the story 's minor character Cindy Lou Who as a main character . Most of the rhymes that were used in the book were also used in the film , though some of the lines were to some degree changed , and several new rhymes were put in . The film also borrowed some music and character elements ( such as the Grinch 's green skin tone ) that originated in the 1966 animated TV special How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . The film was produced by Howard and Brian Grazer , and starring Jim Carrey , Jeffrey Tambor , Christine Baranski , Bill Irwin , Molly Shannon , Josh Ryan Evans ( in his final theatrical role ) , and introducing Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who . The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success , spending four weeks at # 1 in the United States and grossing $260 million in the United States and over $345 million worldwide , becoming the second highest - grossing holiday film of all time , with Home Alone being the first . It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup , and was also nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Inside the magical snowflake , the people in Whoville enjoy celebrating Christmas with much happiness and joy , except the Grinch , who hatefully resents Christmas and the Whos . He occasionally pulls dangerous and harmful practical jokes on them with vengeance . As a result , no one likes or cares for the Grinch . Meanwhile , six - year - old Cindy Lou believes everyone is missing the point about Christmas by being more concerned about the gifts and festivities . After her two brothers are scared off by the Grinch when they trespass on his domain , and she herself has a face - to - face encounter with the Grinch at the post office , in which he reluctantly saves her life , Cindy Lou becomes interested in his history . She then asks everyone what they know about him , and soon discovers that he has a tragic past . The Grinch actually arrived in Whoville by mistake when he was a baby , and was adopted by two elderly sisters . Although he showed some sadistic tendencies as a child , he was rather timid and not cruel as he would become . He was bullied by his classmates ( particularly by Augustus May Who , who grew up to be Mayor of Whoville ) because of his appearance , with the exception of Martha May Whovier , whom both the Grinch and May Who had feeling for . One Christmas season , when he was eight , the Grinch made a gift for Martha , but attempted to shave his face after being made fun of for having a `` beard '' , cutting himself by accident . When his classmates saw his face covered with shaving tape the next morning , led by Augustus they ridiculed him . He lost his temper , trashed the classroom , and ran away to live on Mount Crumpit , a mountain north of Whoville . Cindy Lou , touched by this story , decides to make the Grinch the main participant of the Whobilation , much to the great displeasure of Mayor May Who , who reluctantly agrees after pressure from the townspeople , who have been warmed by Cindy Lou 's generous spirit . When Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit and offers an invitation to the Grinch , he turns her down . He gradually changes his mind due to the promise of an award , the presence of Martha at the celebration and the chance to upset the Mayor . Just as the Grinch is enjoying himself , May Who gives him an electric shaver as a present , reminding him of his awful humiliation at school . May Who then asks Martha to marry him , promising her a new car in return . In response , the Grinch berates the Whos , and criticizes Christmas , claiming that the holiday is only about gifts that they will just dispose of later , in the hopes of making them too ashamed to celebrate the holiday . The Grinch then goes on to ruin the party by burning the Christmas tree with a makeshift flamethrower , but his actions prove to be fruitless as the Whos have a spare tree , which the Grinch sees them erect before he leaves . May Who then harshly scolds Cindy Lou for inviting the Grinch , making her feel ashamed . The Grinch , knowing that his attack has failed to remove the Whos ' Christmas spirit , instead concocts a plan to steal all of their presents while they are sleeping . Creating a Santa suit and sleigh with his own dog Max as a `` reindeer '' , the Grinch arrives at Whoville , stealing all of the Whos ' Christmas gifts . He is almost discovered by Cindy Lou , but lies to her in order to get away . On Christmas morning , the Whos discover the Grinch 's scheme , and May Who blames Cindy Lou for the whole disaster . However , her father , Lou Lou Who , the Whoville postmaster , finally stands up to him , and reminds everyone that they still have Christmas spirit , and that the principal meaning of Christmas is to spend it with family and friends . The people accept his fate and begin to sing . Hoping that the change of mood would inspire the Grinch , Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit to find him . The Grinch reveals that he intends to push the stolen gifts off the top of the mountain after he hears the Whos crying . However , instead of crying , he hears the joyful singing of the Whos . Infuriated over the failure of his plan , the Grinch has an epiphany about what Christmas is really about : not material gifts , but spending time with loved ones , an insight that profoundly touches him , and causes his heart to grow to three times its original size . When the sleigh full of stolen gifts begins to go over the edge of the cliff , the Grinch desperately tries to save them to no avail . However , when he realizes that Cindy Lou has come to wish him a merry Christmas and is in danger of falling off the cliff with the sleigh , the Grinch finds enough strength to lift the sleigh , the gifts and Cindy Lou to safety . After a long descent down Mount Crumpit , the Grinch returns to Whoville with Max , Cindy and the gifts . He confesses to the burglary , tearfully apologizes for his actions towards the Whos and surrenders himself to the police as they arrive , but the Whos reconcile with him , much to May Who 's dismay . Martha turns down May Who 's proposal and decides that she would rather stay with the Grinch instead . The redeemed Grinch ( along with Max ) starts a new life with the Whos , commemorating the Christmas feast with them in his cave . Cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as The Grinch , a misanthropic green creature who despises Christmas and the Whos of Whoville . It is revealed in his origin story that he started to hate Christmas after his school classmates humiliated him when he tried to shave his face . Before Jim Carrey was cast to play the Grinch , Jack Nicholson and Eddie Murphy were briefly considered . Josh Ryan Evans as an 8 - year - old Grinch ; his humiliation at school by May Who is what drives him into a hatred of Christmas . Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who , a young Who who thinks the Christmas spirit in Whoville is lost . ( In this version , she is six years old , whereas in the book in 1957 and TV special in 1966 by Chuck Jones she was `` no more than two '' ) . Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who , Whoville 's rude , arrogant , judgmental , and greedy mayor . He is revealed to be a school bully who picked on the young Grinch over his shaved face , which is what motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas in the first place . He also denounces the Grinch every chance he gets and wants to have a Grinch-less Christmas . Ben Bookbinder as an 8 - year - old Augustus May Who ; he tormented the young Grinch , which then motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas . Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier , The Grinch 's lifelong crush and the romantic interest of Mayor Who . She ultimately rejects the Mayor and chooses the Grinch . Landry Allbright as an 8 - year - old Martha May Whovier . She shows compassion towards the young Grinch . Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who , Cindy Lou 's father and the postman of Whoville . Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who , Cindy Lou 's mother and a rival to Martha May in a house - lighting contest . Kelley as Max , who is The Grinch 's pet dog and only companion on Mt . Crumpit . It is unknown how or when The Grinch got him . Frank Welker as the voice of Max Clint Howard as Whobris , the mayor 's sycophantic aide . Reid Kirchenbauer as an 8 - year - old Whobris . Mindy Sterling as Clarnella Who , one of the Grinch 's childhood caretakers . Rachel Winfree as Rose Who , one of the Grinch 's childhood caretakers . Jeremy Howard and T.J. Thyne as Drew Lou and Stu Lou Who , troublesome sons of Lou and Betty , and brothers to Cindy Lou . Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan , the chief of police . Lacey Kohl and Nadja Pionilla as Christina Whoterberry and Junie , Drew and Stu 's girlfriends . Mary Stein as Miss Rue Who , the school teacher . Bryce Dallas Howard as surprised Who . Anthony Hopkins as The Narrator . Production ( edit ) Ron Howard is the film 's director and producer . Before his death in 1991 , Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books . However , his widow , Audrey Geisel , agreed to several merchandising deals , including clothing lines , accessories , and CDs . In July 1998 , Geisel 's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of How the Grinch Stole Christmas . In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel , the suitors ultimately had to be willing to pay $5 million for the material , and hand over 4 percent of the box - office gross , 50 percent of the merchandising revenue and music - related material , and 70 percent of the income from book tie - ins . The letter also stated that `` any actor submitted for the Grinch must be of comparable stature to Jack Nicholson , Jim Carrey , Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman . '' Additionally , it was stipulated that the estate would not consider a director or writer who had n't earned at least $1 million on a previous picture . 20th Century Fox pitched its version with director Tom Shadyac and producers Dave Phillips and John Davis in attendance , in which Jack Nicholson was in mind to play the Grinch . Additionally , the Farrelly brothers and John Hughes pitched their separate versions . Universal Pictures held its pitch presentation with Brian Grazer and Gary Ross in attendance , but Geisel refused such offer . Grazer then enlisted his producing partner Ron Howard to help with the negotiations . At the time , Howard was developing a film adaptation of The Sea Wolf , and did not express interest in Grinch , but Grazer talked Howard into traveling to Geisel 's residence for the pitch meeting . While studying the book , Howard became interested in the character , Cindy Lou Who , and pitched a film in which she would have a larger role , as well as a materialistic representation of the Whos and an expanded backstory of the Grinch . On September 16 , 1998 , it was announced that Howard would direct and co-produce a live - action adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas with Jim Carrey attached to star . It was also reported that Universal Pictures , who had acquired the distribution rights , paid $9 million for the film rights for an adaptation of Grinch and Oh , the Places You 'll Go to Audrey Geisel . Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts , but Geisel also had veto power over the script . She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay , some including about one family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the `` Who - steins '' and the placement of a stuffed trophy of the Cat in the Hat on the Grinch 's wall . Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer did an uncredited rewrite of the script . The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000 . Dr. Seuss ' wife , Audrey , visited the set in October 1999 . Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel . During a break in filming , Jim Carrey scared tourists on the Studio Tour by running out of the motel in a dress and brandishing a knife . Despite this , none of the Universal employees and tourists on the tour recognized him . Jim Carrey 's Grinch suit was covered in yak hair , which was dyed green , and sewed onto a spandex suit . The first application of the makeup took eight hours , after which a frustrated Carrey kicked a hole in the wall of his trailer , wanting to quit the film . The production brought in CIA operative who instructed agents how to endure extreme torture techniques to coach Carrey to remain calm during the process . The process was later refined so that it took only three hours in the morning getting in , and one hour in the evening to get out . In total , Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch make - up , and became a `` Zen Master '' while sitting in the make - up chair . Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Kids Today '' -- Jim Carrey and Taylor Momsen * `` Grinch 2000 '' -- Busta Rhymes and Jim Carrey `` Green Christmas '' -- Barenaked Ladies `` Christmas of Love '' -- Little Isidore and the Inquisitors `` Lonely Christmas Eve '' -- Ben Folds `` Grinch Schedule '' -- Jim Carrey * `` Better Do It Right '' -- Smash Mouth `` Whoville Medley '' ( Perfect Christmas Night / Grinch ) -- Trans - Siberian Orchestra `` Reindeer '' -- Jim Carrey * `` Christmas Is Going to the Dogs '' -- The Eels `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' -- Jim Carrey `` Christmas Means More '' -- Anthony Hopkins and Jim Carrey * `` You Do n't Have to Be Alone '' -- * NSYNC `` Where Are You , Christmas ? '' -- Faith Hill `` The Shape of Things to Come '' -- James Horner `` Memories of a Green Childhood '' -- James Horner + `` Christmas , Why Ca n't I Find You ? '' -- James Horner and Taylor Momsen `` Stealing Christmas '' -- Anthony Hopkins , James Horner , Jim Carrey , and Taylor Momsen ~ `` The Big Heist '' -- James Horner + `` Does Cindy Lou Really Ruin Christmas ? '' -- James Horner + `` A Change of Heart '' -- James Horner + `` The Sleigh of Presents '' -- James Horner + `` He Carves the Roast Beast '' -- James Horner ^ Legend : * Dialogue + Instrumental ~ Includes Narration and Dialogue ^ Includes `` Welcome Christmas '' Release ( edit ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas grossed $260.0 million domestically and $85.1 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $345.1 million , becoming the sixth highest - grossing film of 2000 . In the United States , The Grinch opened at number - one on its opening day , making $15.6 million , with a weekend gross of $55.0 million , for an average of $17,615 from 3,127 theaters . The film still holds the record for the highest opening weekend for a Christmas - themed film . In its second weekend , the film grossed $52.1 million , dropping only 5.1 % , settling a new record for highest - grossing second weekend for any film . The film stayed at the top of the box office for four weekends , until it was overtaken by What Women Want in mid-December . The Grinch closed on April 30 , 2001 , after five months , with a final gross of $260,044,825 . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 48.1 million tickets in North America . The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 20 , 2001 . The extended version on VHS and DVD is released on October 29 , 2002 . The network TV version was premiered in November 30 , 2003 . A Blu - ray / DVD combo pack was released on October 13 , 2009 . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 53 % ; the critical consensus reads , `` Jim Carrey shines as the Grinch . Unfortunately , it 's not enough to save this movie . You 'd be better off watching the TV cartoon . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 46 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars , referring to it as `` a dank , eerie , weird movie about a sour creature '' and said , `` There should be ... a jollier production design and a brighter look overall ... It 's just not much fun . '' Ebert observed that Carrey `` works as hard as an actor has ever worked in a movie , to small avail . '' Nevertheless , he decided that `` adults may appreciate Carrey 's remarkable performance in an intellectual sort of way and give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort . '' Paul Clinton of CNN declared that Carrey `` was born to play this role '' and noted that `` Carrey carries nearly every scene . In fact , if he 's not in the scene , there is no scene . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly began his review of the film analyzing the Grinch 's `` mischievously divided , now - I 'm - calm / now - I 'm - a-raving - sarcastic - PSYCH - o ! personality '' and summed up Carrey 's Grinch as `` a slobby , self - loathing elitist ruled by the secret fear that he 's always being left out of things . '' Gleiberman expressed surprise at `` how affecting Carrey makes the Grinch 's ultimate big - hearted turnaround , as Carrey the actor sneaks up on Carrey the wild - man dervish . In whichever mode , he carreys ( sic ) the movie . '' Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey , whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957 . '' However , he wondered why Carrey `` made himself sound like Sean Connery '' and warned that the character 's intensity may frighten small children . James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey 's `` off - the - wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask , except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him . Carrey 's Grinch is a combination of Seuss ' creation and Carrey 's personality , with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus ( Bond meets Magoo ! ) than it does Karloff . '' He concluded that Carrey `` brings animation to the live action , and , surrounded by glittering , fantastical sets and computer - spun special effects , Carrey enables Ron Howard 's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread . '' Some reviews were more middling . Stephanie Zacharek of Salon , in a generally negative review of the film , wrote , `` Carrey pulls off an admirable impersonation of an animated figure ... It 's fine as mimicry goes -- but mimicry is n't the best playground for comic genius . Should n't we be asking more of a man who 's very likely the most gifted comic actor of his generation ? '' She concluded that in spite of `` a few terrific ad - libs ( ... ) his jokes come off as nothing more than a desperate effort to inject some offbeat humor into an otherwise numbingly unhip , nonsensical and just plain dull story . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote , `` Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations , vocal pitches and delivery styles , his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S 's recalling Bogart . His antic gesturing and face - making hit the mark at times , but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot . Furthermore , his free - flowing tirades , full of catch - all allusions and references , are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens . '' Awards ( edit ) Despite receiving mixed reviews , the film was still able to be nominated for as well as win several awards . It garnered three Academy Award nominations , including Best Costume Design ( Rita Ryack ) and Best Art Direction ( Michael Corenblith and Merideth Boswell ) , and nominees Rick Baker and Gail Rowell - Ryan won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . At the Golden Globes , Carrey was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , losing the award to George Clooney for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? . It also won the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actor at the 2001 Kids ' Choice Awards . The film won a Saturn Award for Best Music and a Saturn Award for Best Make - Up . However , it was also nominated for two 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Screenplay , but lost to Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 and Battlefield Earth respectively . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Christmas portal 2000s portal Grinch The Grinch ( video game ) List of films based on Dr. Seuss books References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Arts & Media '' . Guinness World Records 2007 . Guinness World Records Limited . 2006 . p. 182 ( UK edition ) . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 11 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicholson as The Grinch ? It Almost Happened ... '' ScreenCrush . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Eddie Murphy '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal purchases rights for 2 Dr. Seuss characters '' . Deseret News . September 17 , 1998 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cagle , Jess ( November 11 , 2000 ) . `` Seuss on the Loose '' . Time . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carrey Plays The Grinch '' . Empire . September 17 , 1998 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grinch 's Gatekeeper '' . Newsweek . November 11 , 2000 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Head , Steve ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' Widow Objected To Elements In Early Scripts for the Grinch '' . IGN . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scribner , Sarah ( November 11 , 2000 ) . `` Grinch Doctor '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 16 , 1998 ) . `` U , Imagine clinch ' Grinch ' pic deal '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ( September 16 , 1998 ) . `` Seuss Rights Sold for Up to $9 Million '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( November 6 , 2000 ) . `` Mrs. Seuss : Whoville Is Not Poo - ville '' . E ! News . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ; Abramowitz , Rachel ( 4 December 2005 ) . `` Credit ascribed , denied '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Anthony ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Jim Carrey tells of make - up ' torture ' during The Grinch '' . Times of Malta . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Clinton ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Review : Steal away to see the latest ' Grinch ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Stack ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` How Effects Stole ' Christmas ' / Supercharged ' Grinch ' stays true to Seuss but amps up Carrey 's character '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . ReelViews . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Salon.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( November 16 , 2000 ) . `` Variety Reviews - Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas - Film Reviews '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Official website How the Grinch Stole Christmas on IMDb How the Grinch Stole Christmas at the TCM Movie Database How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Box Office Mojo How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Metacritic Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Cat in the Hat Songbook The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Films directed by Ron Howard Grand Theft Auto ( 1977 ) Cotton Candy ( 1978 ) Skyward ( 1980 ) Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Cocoon ( 1985 ) Gung Ho ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Backdraft ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) EDtv ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Made in America ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) The Beatles : Eight Days a Week ( 2016 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . Bilko Fear The Nutty Professor The Chamber Ransom Liar Liar Inventing the Abbotts Mercury Rising Psycho Edtv Life Bowfinger Beyond the Mat Nutty Professor II : The Klumps How the Grinch Stole Christmas A Beautiful Mind Undercover Brother Blue Crush 8 Mile Intolerable Cruelty The Cat in the Hat The Missing Friday Night Lights Inside Deep Throat Cinderella Man Flightplan Fun with Dick and Jane Inside Man The Da Vinci Code American Gangster Changeling Frost / Nixon Angels & Demons Robin Hood The Dilemma Restless Cowboys & Aliens J. Edgar Tower Heist Katy Perry : Part of Me Rush In the Heart of the Sea Inferno Lowriders American Made TV series created Shadow Chasers VIAF : 180610703 LCCN : n00024693 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas_(2000_film)&oldid=817995746 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films American films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films American Christmas films American fantasy - comedy films Films scored by James Horner Films based on children 's books Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films directed by Ron Howard Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Brian Grazer Films produced by Ron Howard Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Imagine Entertainment films Santa Claus in film Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 21 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the grinch with jim carrey made	[ "The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Dr. Seuss' wife, Audrey, visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel. During a break in filming, Jim Carrey scared tourists on the Studio Tour by running out of the motel in a dress and brandishing a knife.[citation needed] Despite this, none of the Universal employees and tourists on the tour recognized him. Jim Carrey's Grinch suit was covered in yak hair, which was dyed green, and sewed onto a spandex suit. The first application of the makeup took eight hours, after which a frustrated Carrey kicked a hole in the wall of his trailer, wanting to quit the film. The production brought in CIA operative who instructed agents how to endure extreme torture techniques to coach Carrey to remain calm during the process.[15] The process was later refined so that it took only three hours in the morning getting in, and one hour in the evening to get out. In total, Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch make-up, and became a \"Zen Master\" while sitting in the make-up chair." ]	[ "between September 1999 and January 2000" ]
-6899528647811384858	Say You Won't Let Go	Say You Wo n't Let Go - wikipedia Say You Wo n't Let Go Jump to : navigation , search `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Single by James Arthur from the album Back from the Edge Released 9 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop folk R&B Length 3 : 31 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) James Arthur Neil Ormandy Steve Solomon Producer ( s ) Alex Beitzke Bradley Spence James Arthur singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' on YouTube `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur . The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge ( 2016 ) . The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart , a position it maintained for three weeks . Outside the United Kingdom , the single has topped the charts in Australia , New Zealand , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland . It also became his first hit in the US , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Commercial performance ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , the song was at number 30 on The Official Chart Update in the United Kingdom . On 16 September 2016 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 25 , and peaked at number one two weeks later , spending three consecutive weeks at the top . The song was ranked the nineteenth biggest - selling song of 2016 in the UK , making Arthur the biggest - selling British male artist of the year . By the second week of January 2017 , it had surpassed the one million sales mark , making him the first - ever X Factor act to have two singles sell over a million copies in his homeland . Controversy arose when similarities to The Script 's `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' were found , yet the Script ultimately decided not to pursue legal action . In early March , it had gone double platinum in the UK . In the United States , the song is his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making Arthur only the second winner of The X Factor UK to reach the US top 40 ( following Leona Lewis ) and only the third winner to chart on the Hot 100 following Lewis and Little Mix . In May 2017 , the song reached No. 1 on the Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart , more than six months after its release in the US . The song was also certified platinum in the US by the RIAA on May 18 , 2017 . In 2017 , the song has sold almost 1,244,000 digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . On 15 September 2016 , the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 91 before peaking at number one on 14 October and spending four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts . The song has also charted in Australia , France , New Zealand and Sweden . On February 26 , 2017 , it was announced on Channel 4 's Sunday Brunch that the single had sold 2 million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' was first released onto YouTube on 9 September 2016 at a total length of three minutes and thirty seconds . Live performances ( edit ) The X Factor ( 9 October 2016 ) Sunrise ( 22 November 2016 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( 3 January 2017 ) The Today Show ( 5 January 2017 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 25 April 2017 ) Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 18 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 79 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 86 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum ~ 1,244,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 9 September 2016 Digital download Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Say You Wo n't Let Go - Single by James Arthur on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ Lady Gaga 's Perfect Illusion set to be this week 's highest new entry on the Official UK Singles Chart . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Is James Arthur facing a copyright lawsuit over Say You Wo n't Let Go ? '' . Metro . DMG Media . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ YTD T40 Singles / Albums ( with estimated sales ) , Week 2 : 19 / 1 / 17 . BuzzJack Music Forum Jump up ^ `` James Arthur wo n't face legal action from The Script '' . MSN . 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on Twitter '' . Twitter . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` James Arthur 's ' Say You Wo n't Let Go ' Tops Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Brunch on Twitter '' . Twitter . 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ JamesAVEVO ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` James Arthur - Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on iTunes '' . itunes . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for James Arthur . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 4 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 48 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 41 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 6 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for James Arthur . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Topp 20 Single uke 44 , 2016 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for James Arthur . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 443 '' . auspOp. 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Enter James Arthur in the field Interpret . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . elportaldemusica.es . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . 6 October 2017 . Type James Arthur in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Say You Wo n't LetGo and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ( hide ) James Arthur Discography Studio albums James Arthur Back from the Edge Singles `` Impossible '' `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' `` Recovery '' `` Get Down '' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` Safe Inside '' `` Can I Be Him '' `` Sun Comes Up '' Tours James Arthur Tour The Story So Far Tour Back from the Edge Tour Related articles The X Factor series 9 finalists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_You_Won%27t_Let_Go&oldid=806326758 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles James Arthur songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Neil Ormandy Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 07 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote song say you won't let go	[ "\"Say You Won't Let Go\" is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur. The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge (2016).[1] The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart, a position it maintained for three weeks. Outside the United Kingdom, the single has topped the charts in Australia, New Zealand, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland. It also became his first hit in the US, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100." ]	[ "James Arthur" ]
-6259586312634762633	Uptown Saturday Night	Uptown Saturday Night - wikipedia Uptown Saturday Night For the Camp Lo album , see Uptown Saturday Night ( album ) . Uptown Saturday Night Theatrical release poster by Jack Rickard Directed by Sidney Poitier Produced by Melville Tucker Written by Richard Wesley Starring Sidney Poitier Bill Cosby Harry Belafonte Edited by Pembroke J. Herring Production company First Artists Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date July 26 , 1974 ( 1974 - 07 - 26 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million ( approx . ) Box office $6.7 million ( rentals ) Uptown Saturday Night is a 1974 American action comedy crime film written by Richard Wesley and directed by and starring Sidney Poitier , with Bill Cosby and Harry Belafonte co-starring . Cosby and Poitier teamed up again for Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) and A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) . Although their characters have different names in each film , the three films are considered to be a trilogy . Uptown Saturday Night premiered June 15 , 1974 at the Criterion Theatre in New York , and opened to positive reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Themes 5 Reception 6 Television pilot 7 Sequels 8 Soundtrack 9 Remake 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) While enjoying themselves at Madame Zenobia 's club on Saturday Night , Steve Jackson ( Poitier ) and Wardell Franklin ( Cosby ) are held up by robbers who raid the club , taking Steve 's wallet as a result . Upon realizing that a winning lottery ticket worth $50,000 is in the wallet , they set out to find the crooks themselves . Determined to retrieve the ticket , they search for it using the help of gangster Geechie Dan Beauford ( Belafonte ) , who wants to defeat his rival Silky Slim ( Lockhart ) . Using their wit , perseverance , and fearlessness , Steve and Wardell devise a plan to get the ticket using the help of both gangsters , in the hopes that it will pay off for them . Cast ( edit ) Main cast Sir Sidney Poitier as Steve Jackson , a steel mill worker and tamed family man . He is confident and flirtatious , and he will often take up challenges posed by his best friend Wardell . His wallet was stolen by Silky Slim at Madame Zenobia , which contained the lottery ticket . Bill Cosby as Wardell Franklin , a taxi driver and Steve 's best friend . He has a carefree attitude , and will often act impulsively when presented with thrilling and exciting situations . He persuades Steve to go to Madame Zenobia 's , and later to visit Sharp Eye Washington . Harry Belafonte as Geechie Dan Beauford , a short - tempered gangster . Although he is tough and stubborn , he is also easily persuaded when money is involved . His rival is Silky Slim . Calvin Lockhart as Silky Slim , a lead gangster and rival of Geechie Dan . Driven by money , he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobia 's estate and steal cash and jewelry , including Steve 's wallet . Like his rival , he is also persuaded in situations where he is promised money . Supporting cast Flip Wilson as The Reverend Richard Pryor as Sharp Eye Washington Rosalind Cash as Sarah Jackson Roscoe Lee Browne as Congressman Dudley Lincoln Paula Kelly as Leggy Peggy / Mrs. Lincoln Lee Chamberlin as Madame Zenobia Johnny Sekka as Geechie 's Henchman Lincoln Kilpatrick as Slim 's Henchman # 1 Don Marshall as Slim 's Henchman # 2 Ketty Lester as Irma Franklin Harold Nicholas as Little Seymour Paul Harris as Police Officer Background ( edit ) Uptown Saturday Night was made by Warner Bros. in the midst of the blaxploitation film era . Movies such as Cleopatra Jones and the Shaft series had been released by the same company . Poitier had reached the height of his career during the 1960s . He and Harry Belafonte were considered to be the biggest black male entertainers of the time period . Poitier became the first African - American man to win an Academy Award for his role in Lilies of the Field . He also starred in In the Heat of the Night , which won Oscar awards for Best Picture and Best Director . Throughout his career , Poitier was frustrated with how Hollywood was trying to portray the black man in film and television . This was one of the things that led him to direct films during the blaxploitation era . His first directed film was Buck and the Preacher , where he starred with Belafonte . Poitier then directed Uptown Saturday Night and its sequels , Let 's Do It Again and A Piece of the Action . Themes ( edit ) Race The characters in the film , while different in their motives and demeanor , all have a sophisticated and classy appearance in the black community ( with the exception of Sharp Eye Washington ) . Poitier made it a point to represent black actors on screen in an elegant way , which contrasted the image of Blacks that were often thought of in Hollywood . During his career , he refused a role if the character had negative stereotypes , and chose to play characters who were `` dignified , proud , and ethical '' . African - American men in the film carried themselves in a poised , calm manner in all situations . This is most notable with Steve Jackson , who is well - mannered and cautious . Critics have noted on Poitier 's pattern of his characters . `` In all his films , ( Poitier ) was educated and intelligent . He spoke proper English , dressed conservatively , and had the best of table manners . '' Double - consciousness is briefly portrayed in the film , particularly with Congressman Lincoln and Leggy Peggy . While running for re-election , Congressman Lincoln dresses and sets his office in a conservative manner to appeal to the white majority in order to keep his power . When informed that his guests are black , he immediately switches to an Afrocentric presence by reversing his painting and putting on clothes with African fabric . It is also shown shortly after when his wife Leggy Peggy enters the conversation between him , Steve , and Wardell . She begins to use vernacular dialect toward Steve and Wardell , to which Congressman Lincoln states his disapproval in a condescending manner . The monologue that follows reflects double - consciousness in the form of tokenism , where she expresses her frustration of representing herself in a setting of the majority . Sexuality The film was filmed during the blaxploitation era , where women 's sexuality in movies was known to be liberated . Coffy was released in theaters in the same year , where the title character was defined by her appearance . Although Uptown Saturday Night did not show female characters as explicitly as Coffy , they were shown in a sexually - suggestive manner . Particularly , sexual liberation was present when Steve and Wardell arrived at Madame Zenobia 's party . Women were very playful with the men , and their evening gowns showed a fair amount of skin . Another example lies at the beginning of the film , with the interaction of Steve and Sarah Jackson , his wife . While the two of them are reminiscing in the kitchen about when they first met , Steve keeps referencing her butt , to which she responds `` Do n't you men ever think about something else besides behinds ? '' This reinforces physical attraction being the primary source of attraction in regards to the female . In spite of this , both Steve and Wardell treat their wives with respect , which highlights a positive message of equality within their marriages . Symbolism In the film , the lottery ticket is a symbol of economic prosperity for African - Americans . The decisions that Steve makes on trying to get his ticket back -- from hiring a con - artist without doing a background check , to hanging on top of Silky Slim 's car in an effort to get his briefcase -- reflect a greater meaning of self - determination for economic freedom . The same symbolism is represented in diamonds . When Silky Slim robs the estate and tells Madame Zenobia to hand over her diamond necklace , her reaction displays a loss of power and confidence , rather than fear itself . It also explains why rivals Geechie Dan and Silky Slim briefly work together toward the end of the movie . These elements convey a message that above all else , economic freedom is imperative to a greater life . Reception ( edit ) Uptown Saturday Night grossed $7,400,000 in the U.S. , surpassing its production cost of $2,500,000 . It was on the list of top 50 highest grossing films at # 3 , just three months after its release . The film received mixed - to - positive reviews upon release . Vincent Canby of the New York Times wrote `` Uptown Saturday Night is essentially a put - on , but it 's so full of good humor and , when the humor goes flat , of such high spirits that it reduces movie criticism to the status of a most nonessential craft '' . Paul D. Zimmermann of Newsweek magazine writes `` Poitier is not an inventive comic talent - he is erratic behind the camera and amiable but not funny in front of it . When the funny set pieces stop , the film sputters - but not before delivering a carnival of fine comic characters . '' From Variety : `` Actor Poitier also dampens the proceedings with a bland , comically mistimed performance that suffers greatly in comparison to Cosby 's fast - living rendition of his carefree buddy . '' Walter Burrell of Essence magazine stated `` one walks away a bit dissatisfied ... One is left with the feeling these great talents could have sued a vehicle more suited to their abilities . '' Television pilot ( edit ) Shortly after the film 's release , NBC commissioned a pilot for a sitcom version of Uptown Saturday Night , starring Cleavon Little and Adam Wade , playing the respective roles played by Cosby and Poitier in the film . The pilot did not sell , though it was seen on NBC during the summer of 1979 as part of Comedy Theater , one of many showcases featuring unsold pilots . Sequels ( edit ) Although indirect , the sequels are Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) , and A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) . They also garnered mixed reviews from critics , partly due to the fall of the blaxploitation era . Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) was written by Richard Wesley and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier . The first sequel to Uptown Saturday Night features Poitier and Cosby again on the same screen as Clyde Williams ( Poitier ) and Billy Foster ( Cosby ) . Many members of the previous film return and play different roles , including Lee Chamberlin and Calvin Lockhart . The film relies primarily on slapstick comedy , compared to Uptown Saturday Night which had verbal wit comedy . The film was met with mostly negative reviews . Stephen Klain of the Independent Film Journal wrote `` As he did in the previous film , Poitier had given himself relatively little to do as an actor , preferring to let the camera linger on Cosby , who lets all stops out . '' Richard Eder of The New York Times stated `` The movie 's main strength is Bill Cosby , who looks like a starved sheep in wolf 's clothing , as is shifty and woebegone at the same time . '' In spite of reviews , it grossed $11,800,800 in North America , surpassing Uptown Saturday Night in revenue . A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) was written by Charlies Blackwill and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier . The third of a trilogy of action films directed by Poitier , he and Bill Cosby return as Manny Durrell and Dave Anderson . Like its predecessor , it primarily uses slapstick comedy . It gained fairly positive reviews from critics . David Ansen of Newsweek magazine wrote `` Corny and hip , cynical and sentimental , formulaic and funky , A Piece of the Action may have a medicinal intent , but it goes down like ice cream soda . '' It grossed $6,700,000 domestically . Soundtrack ( edit ) The music for Uptown Saturday Night was written by composers Tom Scott and Morgan Ames . It was produced and arranged by Van McCoy . It was released in late 1974 , with a duration time of 6 minutes and 23 seconds . The opening song is very upbeat , with themes of self - preservation and happiness . The recurring song throughout the film and credits convey self - determination , a motive that reflects the Black Power movement , with the lyrics `` I got ta hold on '' . Remake ( edit ) In 2002 , it was announced that Will Smith and his production company , Overbrook Entertainment , had secured the rights to the trilogy for remakes to star Smith and to be distributed by Warner Bros. Smith stated that he hoped to get Eddie Murphy , Martin Lawrence and other famous African - American stars to be in the films . In 2012 , it was reported that Adam McKay will direct the remake , based on a script by Just Go with It screenwriter Tim Dowling , with Smith and Denzel Washington in the leads . There have been no updates since early 2014 , when Nicholas Stoller was re-writing the screenplay , with McKay , Smith and Washington still attached . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1974 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All - time Film Rental Champs '' , Variety , 7 January 1976 p 44 Jump up ^ `` Uptown Saturday Night '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ . Los Angeles Sentinel . June 20 , 1974 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Novotny ( 2008 ) . Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s : Blackness and Genre . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0415960975 . Jump up ^ Fain , Kimberly ( 2015 ) . Black Hollywood : From Butlers to Superheroes , the Changing Role of African - American Men in the Movies . Santa Barbera , CA : Praeger . ISBN 9781440831904 . Jump up ^ Bogle , Donald ( 2001 ) . Toms , Coons , Mulattoes , Mammies , and Bucks . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 082641267X . Jump up ^ . Atlanta Daily World . September 27 , 1974 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Parrish , James Robert ( 1989 ) . Black Action Films : Critiques , Cast , and Credits for 235 theatrical and made - for - television releases . McFarland . ISBN 0899504566 . Jump up ^ Uptown Saturday Night ( 1979 ) ( TV ) Jump up ^ Parrish , James Robert ( 1989 ) . Black Action Films : Critiques , Cast , and Credits for 235 theatrical and made - for - television releases . McFarland . ISBN 0899504566 . Jump up ^ Parrish , James Robert ( 1989 ) . Black Action Films : Critiques , Cast , and Credits for 235 theatrical and made - for - television releases . McFarland . ISBN 0899504566 . Jump up ^ `` Uptown Saturday Night '' . soundtrackcollector.com . Jump up ^ VH1.com : Will Smith : Will Smith Secures Rights To Sidney Poitier / Bill Cosby Flicks - Rhapsody Music Downloads Jump up ^ Uptown Saturday Night ( 1974 ) - News Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Adam McKay Signing On To Direct ' Uptown Saturday Night ' Remake ; Will Smith , Denzel Washington Eyed To Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Nicholas Stoller Talks Adam McKay 's UPTOWN SATURDAY NIGHT Remake with Will Smith and Denzel Washington '' . Complex Media Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Uptown Saturday Night on IMDb Uptown Saturday Night at AllMovie Uptown Saturday Night at Rotten Tomatoes hide Films directed by Sidney Poitier Buck and the Preacher ( 1972 ) A Warm December ( 1973 ) Uptown Saturday Night ( 1974 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) Stir Crazy ( 1980 ) Hanky Panky ( 1982 ) Fast Forward ( 1985 ) Ghost Dad ( 1990 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uptown_Saturday_Night&oldid=841760103 '' Categories : 1974 films English - language films 1970s comedy films American films American buddy films American comedy films American independent films Blaxploitation films Films directed by Sidney Poitier First Artists films Gambling films Parody films African - American films Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played silky slim in uptown saturday night	[ "Calvin Lockhart as Silky Slim, a lead gangster and rival of Geechie Dan. Driven by money, he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobia's estate and steal cash and jewelry, including Steve's wallet. Like his rival, he is also persuaded in situations where he is promised money." ]	[ "Calvin Lockhart" ]
2677875745764607428	Trolls (film)	Trolls ( film ) - Wikipedia Trolls ( film ) Not to be confused with Troll ( film ) . Trolls Theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Mitchell Produced by Gina Shay Screenplay by Jonathan Aibel Glenn Berger Story by Erica Rivinoja Based on Troll dolls by Thomas Dam Starring Anna Kendrick Justin Timberlake Zooey Deschanel Russell Brand James Corden Gwen Stefani Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Yong Duk Jhun Edited by Nick Fletcher Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) ( BFI London Film Festival ) November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $346.8 million Trolls is a 2016 American computer - animated musical film based on the Troll dolls created by Thomas Dam . The film was directed by Mike Mitchell and co-directed by Walt Dohrn , written by Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger and based on a story by Erica Rivinoja . The film features the voices of Anna Kendrick , Justin Timberlake , Zooey Deschanel , Russell Brand , James Corden and Gwen Stefani . The film follows two trolls who go on a quest to save their village from destruction by the Bergens , creatures who eat trolls . The 33rd animated feature film produced by DreamWorks Animation , the film premiered on October 8 , 2016 , at the BFI London Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $346 million worldwide against its $125 million budget and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . A sequel , Trolls World Tour , is scheduled to be released on April 17 , 2020 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Franchise 7.1 Trolls World Tour ( 2020 sequel ) 7.2 Television special 7.3 Animated series 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The Trolls are small creatures who live in an almost perpetual state of happiness , singing , dancing and hugging all day . However , they are discovered by the Bergens , large miserable creatures , who can feel happy only after eating a Troll . The Bergens imprison the trolls and eat them every year on a special occasion , called Trollstice . The Trolls , led by their king , King Peppy , with his baby daughter , Princess Poppy , escape through underground tunnels on the day of Trollstice , when Prince Gristle Jr. was going to eat his first Troll . Enraged , Gristle Jr. 's father King Gristle Sr. banishes his Chef who was in charge of the Trollstice preparation . 20 years later , ( at the age of 20 ) Poppy throws a big party to celebrate the Trolls ' escape , despite the fears and warnings of the gray troll , Branch , that loud parties will attract the Bergens . A Zen troll named Creek arrives and tells Branch to start being happy instead of being grumpy ; Branch refuses . At the party , Branch 's fears come true , when Chef sees the fireworks and kidnaps Guy Diamond , Biggie with Mr. Dinkles , Fuzzbert , Smidge , Satin with Chenille , D.J. Suki , Cooper , and Creek ( which Poppy tried to rescue ) . Chef , then takes the kidnapped Trolls back to Bergen Town , while secretly plotting to overthrow its monarchy in revenge for her banishment . Alone inside the bunker , Branch looks at a bunch of homemade party invitations , indicating that he appreciates Poppy 's offers of friendship and internally would like to have fun with the rest of the trolls . Meanwhile , Poppy goes on a rescue mission alone , as no other troll is willing to venture to Bergen Town , including Branch . But later on , when Poppy gets into trouble , she is saved by Branch , who thinks she will not make it if she goes alone . Once inside the Bergen king 's castle , Poppy and Branch witness Creek apparently get eaten by Gristle Jr. ( who is now king ) , but Poppy remains hopeful that Creek survived . Poppy and Branch find the rest of the captured Trolls being guarded by a scullery maid named Bridget . Poppy discovers that Bridget is secretly in love with King Gristle Jr. and offers to help her get a date with the king while trying to confirm if Creek is alive . While setting Bridget up for the date , Branch refuses to sing and triggers an argument with Poppy , revealing that , as a child , his grandmother was captured and got killed while trying to save him , because his singing compromised his location to Chef . Branch 's guilt and shame over his grandmother 's death caused his color to turn from blue to gray . After Poppy comforts him with a hug , Branch decides to help Bridget and the trolls , though he still refuses to sing . Bridget , disguised under the name of ' Lady Glitter Sparkles ' gets her date with Gristle Jr. at a roller rink and arcade restaurant and Gristle Jr. asks her to be his `` plus one '' at Trollstice . Poppy notices Creek being held captive inside the jewel adorning the king 's mantle . Having helped Bridget , the Trolls attempt to rescue Creek from Gristle 's room and steal his jewel but discover that it is empty . The Trolls are then captured by Chef and are shocked to discover that Creek sold them out to the Bergens to spare himself from being eaten . Creek lures out every troll from Troll village and they are captured by Chef and the other Bergen cooks . With all the Trolls captured and soon to be eaten , a heartbroken Poppy becomes sad after she had been betrayed by her friend , loses hope as she and all the other Trolls turn gray . Branch sings `` True Colors '' for the princess to cheer her up , and also confesses his affection for her . Poppy , after regaining her colors , returns Branch 's feelings , and they both end up restoring all the trolls ' colors including Branch 's . Bridget saves the trolls , willing to sacrifice herself . Poppy wishes to return the favor , and with Branch and her friends , shows the Bergens that Bridget was Lady Glitter Sparkles and that they too , can find happiness within themselves . Chef refuses to accept the peace and tries to kill the Trolls , but is knocked into a serving cart that is sent rolling out of Bergen Town . Chef is set on fire with Creek , who was still in her pouch . Both species celebrate , bringing new life to the town and renewing the life of the troll tree . Poppy is then declared queen of the Trolls , and Poppy and Branch share a hug . In a mid-credits scene , Chef and Creek 's cart stops rolling . Chef prepares to eat Creek herself , but they soon find out they are on top of a monster , who opens his mouth and eats them . Cast ( edit ) Anna Kendrick and Justin Timberlake at the film 's preview at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival Anna Kendrick as Poppy , the princess and later queen of the Trolls Iris Dohrn voices a baby Poppy . Justin Timberlake as Branch , a paranoid , disgruntled Troll survivalist Liam Henry voices a younger Branch . Zooey Deschanel as Bridget , a kind - hearted Bergen who works as a scullery maid to Chef and has feelings for Gristle . Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Prince Gristle , the prince ( later king ) of the Bergens . He is Bridget 's love interest . Christine Baranski as Chef , a mean - spirited Bergen chef who is in charge of Troll preparation . Russell Brand as Creek , a Troll with a positive personality and zen - like wisdom later revealed to be a coward and double - crosser willing to sell out all the Trolls just so he wo n't be eaten . Gwen Stefani as DJ Suki , the Trolls ' resident disc jockey . James Corden as Biggie , a chubby , friendly Troll . Jeffrey Tambor as King Peppy , the king of the Trolls and Poppy 's father . Ron Funches as Cooper , a giraffe - like Troll that walks on all fours . Icona Pop as Satin and Chenille , twin trolls who are joined by their hair and love fashion . Kunal Nayyar as Guy Diamond , a glittery silver Troll with a highly Auto - Tuned voice who is always naked . John Cleese as King Gristle Sr. , Gristle 's father and the ruler of the Bergens at the start of the film . Walt Dohrn as Mr. Dinkles , Biggie 's pet worm . Dohrn also voices Smidge , Fuzzbert , Cloud Guy , Tunnel Troll and Wedgie Bergen # 2 . GloZell as Grandma Rosiepuff , an elderly Troll and Branch 's late grandmother who was taken by a Bergen while saving Branch . In the UK version , newsreader Susanna Reid voices the character and in the Australian version , Dami Im voices the character . Meg DeAngelis as Moxie Dewdrop , a dancing Troll . Noodlerella voices the character in the UK version . Ricky Dillon as Aspen Heitz , a Troll skitterboarder . Kandee Johnson as Mandy Sparkledust , a Troll who designs and repairs all the treasures of Troll Town . Quvenzhané Wallis as Harper , a Troll artist who paints with her hair . Mike Mitchell as Darius , Vinny the Phone , Captain Starfunkle , Spider , Wedgie Bergen # 1 , Chad , Card Grace Helbig as Cookie Sugarloaf , one of the trolls . Carrie Hope Fletcher voices the character in the UK version . Curtis Stone as Todd , a royal guard that works for the Bergen Royal Family . Rhys Darby as Bibbly , a Bergen shopkeeper of the Bib Store . Production ( edit ) Director Mike Mitchell and co-director Walt Dohrn presented footage from the film at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International DreamWorks announced plans for a film based on the Troll toyline as early as 2010 . This version was to be written by Adam Wilson and his wife Melanie . By 2012 , Chloë Grace Moretz had already been cast in the female lead role and Jason Schwartzman was reported to have been offered the male lead . In September 2012 , 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation announced that the film with the working title Trolls would be released on June 5 , 2015 , with Anand Tucker set to direct the film , written by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes . By April 2013 , DreamWorks Animation had acquired the intellectual property for the Trolls franchise from the Dam Family and Dam Things . Having `` big plans for the franchise , '' DreamWorks Animation became the exclusive worldwide licensor of the merchandise rights , except for Scandinavia , where Dam Things remains the licensor . In May 2013 , the film was pushed back for a year to November 4 , 2016 . The same month , DreamWorks Animation announced that Mike Mitchell and Erica Rivinoja has been hired as a director and screenplay writer to `` reimagine '' the film as a musical comedy , which will present the origin of the Trolls ' colorful hair . On June 16 , 2014 , Anna Kendrick joined the cast to voice Poppy , a princess . On September 15 , 2015 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Justin Timberlake will voice a character named Branch . Timberlake previously worked with DreamWorks Animation as the voice of Arthur `` Artie '' Pendragon in Shrek the Third in 2007 . The full cast announced their respective roles via announcements on Twitter on January 6 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Trolls ( soundtrack ) Justin Timberlake served as an executive producer for the film 's music and released the original song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' on May 6 , 2016 . The song reached No. 1 in the official charts of 17 countries , including the United States and Canada . Timberlake along with the film cast , with guest appearances from Earth , Wind & Fire and Ariana Grande , contributed to the soundtrack . The soundtrack album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and the Australian Recording Industry Association . Release ( edit ) The film 's opening premiere opened at the BFI London Film Festival Event on October 8 , 2016 as a special BFI presentation , and was theatrically released on November 4 , 2016 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox . Home Media ( edit ) Trolls was released on Digital HD on January 24 , 2017 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on February 7 , 2017 . The film topped the home video sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Trolls grossed $153.7 million in the US and Canada and $193.2 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $346.8 million , against a budget of $125 million . In the United States and Canada , Trolls was released alongside the releases of Doctor Strange and Hacksaw Ridge , and was projected to gross $35 -- 40 million from 4,060 theaters in its opening weekend . On its first day , the film grossed $12.3 million ( including $900,000 made from Thursday night previews ) . It went on to open to $46.5 million , finishing second at the box office behind Doctor Strange . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 148 reviews ; the average rating is 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Trolls brings its instantly recognizable characters to the big screen in a colorful adventure that , while geared toward the younger set , is n't without rewards for parents . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 80 % overall positive score . Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and said , `` Ultimately , the ' get happy ' moral of the story , while trite compared to something like Inside Out , is sufficiently sweet enough for its audience . Did you expect more from a piece of candy ? '' Bill Zwecker of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four and said , `` You simply will walk out -- or perhaps dance out -- of the theater feeling very happy yourself . '' Andy Webster of The New York Times said , `` Exuberant , busy and sometimes funny , DreamWorks Animation 's Trolls is determined to amuse . '' The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` an admittedly vibrant - looking but awfully recognizable animated musical comedy concoction . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap said the film `` combines the barely - there characterization and irritating cutesiness of The Smurfs with the hideous character design and awful pop covers of Strange Magic . '' Betsy Bozdech of Common Sense Media gave the movie 4 stars . She said , `` Make no mistake : Kids are going to love this movie . Trolls is cute , it 's colorful , it has tons of catchy songs , and the messages are positive and easy to understand ( happiness is inside everyone , if you know where / how to find it , and you should n't have to change who you are to get someone to like you ) . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards February 26 , 2017 Best Original Song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated American Music Awards November 19 , 2017 Top Soundtrack Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Tim Lamb and Craig Kellman Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Kendal Cronkhite and Tim Lamb Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Claire Morrissey Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Zooey Deschanel Nominated Billboard Music Awards May 21 , 2017 Top Soundtrack / Cast Album Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards December 11 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Trolls Nominated Best Song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Original Song Nominated Grammy Awards February 12 , 2017 Best Song Written for Visual Media Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 16 , 2017 Best Song / Recording Created for a Film Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 6 , 2016 Hollywood Song Award `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' by Justin Timberlake Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song Written for an Animated Film `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Won Best Soundtrack From a Movie Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Justin Timberlake Nominated iHeartRadio Music Awards March 5 , 2017 Best Song from a Movie `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' by Justin Timberlake Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Trolls Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick Nominated Favorite Frenemies Nominated Favorite Soundtrack Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Satellite Awards February 19 , 2017 Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Trolls Nominated Best Original Song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Trolls Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 18 , 2016 Best Soundtrack Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice AnTEENcipated Movie Nominated Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' by Justin Timberlake Nominated World Soundtrack Awards October 18 , 2017 Best Original Song written directly for a Film `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated Regarding music award shows , only film - related categories are included on this list . Franchise ( edit ) DreamWorks Trolls : The Experience was the first of multiple properties mobile pop - up attractions Feld Entertainment and Universal Brand Development had agreed to develop in April 2018 . The pop - up attraction opening in New York City on October 22 , 2018 . Trolls World Tour ( 2020 sequel ) ( edit ) On February 28 , 2017 , Universal Pictures , the studio 's new distributor and parent company since 2016 , and DreamWorks Animation announced that a sequel titled Trolls 2 would be released on April 10 , 2020 , with Kendrick and Timberlake reprising their roles of Poppy and Branch . On October 4 , 2017 , the release date for the sequel was moved up to February 14 , 2020 , as Fast & Furious 9 took its original April 10 , 2020 slot . Along with the new release date , it was announced that Dohrn will be returning to direct and Shay will return to produce the sequel . On December 6 , 2017 , the film was pushed back to an April 17 , 2020 release . In May 2018 , it was confirmed that Sam Rockwell , Chance the Rapper , Anthony Ramos , Karan Soni , Flula Borg , and Jamie Dornan joined the cast . Corden , Icona Pop , Funches , and Nayyar will also reprise their roles . A new title for the sequel , Trolls World Tour , was announced in June 2018 . Television special ( edit ) Main article : Trolls Holiday Trolls Holiday is a half - hour television special that aired on November 24 , 2017 on NBC . Set after the film , Poppy realizes that the Bergens have no holidays to celebrate . She enlists Branch and their friends ( the Snack Pack ) to show their best friend Bridget and other Bergens the importance of holidays . Most of the original cast ( including Kendrick , Timberlake , Deschanel , Mintz - Plasse , Corden , Funches , Nayyar and Dohrn ) all reprise their roles from the film . The likely - Christmas Special is also directed by Crawford and written by Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener with music by Jeff Morrow . Its soundtrack album that features seven songs was released on October 27 , 2017 . It is now available on Netflix and on DVD by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . The bonus features of the DVD also include one episode of Spirit Riding Free and two of Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh . Animated series ( edit ) Main article : Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! A 26 - episode animated series based on the film , entitled Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! that airs on Netflix premiered on January 19 , 2018 . The show stars Amanda Leighton as Poppy , Skylar Astin as Branch , and Funches who is reprising his role as Cooper . Notes ( edit ) ^ In 2018 , the film 's distribution rights were transferred to Universal Pictures via its acquisition of DreamWorks Animation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` New Distributor Twentieth Century Fox Unveils DreamWorks Animation 's Release Slate Through 2016 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christophe Beck to Score DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls ' '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Rechtshaffen ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trolls ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls ( 2016 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' is expected to draw a massive audience for Disney 's Marvel Studios '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trolls ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Trolls ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BFI London Film Festival - Trolls '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Timberlake To Add His Voice To DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ; Miller , Julie ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` What Happened When Justin Timberlake , Anna Kendrick , and Trolls Came to Cannes '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Zooey Deschanel , Jeffrey Tambor Join DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brand , Russel ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet Creek ! # DreamWorksTrolls # LetYourHairUp '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stefani , Gwen ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet DJ Suki ! # DreamWorksTrolls # RockinTroll '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corden , James ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet Biggie ! # DreamWorksTrolls # TheySeeMeTrollin '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Funches , Ronald ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember Trolls ? ! They 're back ! In Ron form . # DreamWorksTrolls '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Icona Pop ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet the Fashionistas ! # DreamWorksTrolls # TwiceAsNice '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nayyar , Kunal ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet Guy Diamond ! # DreamWorksTrolls # ShineBrightLikeGuyDiamond '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trolls Official Website '' . DreamWorks . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhole , Aneeta ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's an honour to voice Timberlake 's Grandma ' : Eurovision finalist Dami Im will make her film debut in the new DreamWorks animation Trolls '' . DMG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Carrie . `` Voicing A Troll '' . YouTube . Carrie Hope Fletcher . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` DreamWorks Animation Plans Good Luck Trolls Film '' . Coming Soon.net . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Schwartzman In ' Trolls ' Mode ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Acquires IP For Trolls With Plans To Take Iconic Dolls ' Brand ( And Hair ) To New Heights '' . DreamWorks Animation. April 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Moves B.O.O. Release Up to June 5 , 2015 and TROLLS to November 4 , 2016 ; Fox Dates ANUBIS and FERDINAND '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Comedy Director Mike Mitchell And Emmy Award Winning Writer Erica Rivinoja Bring DreamWorks ' Trolls To The Big Screen '' . DreamWorks Animation . May 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Kendrick to Voice DreamWorks Animation 's Trolls '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Announces a Cast of Trolls '' . BCDB Blog . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Delivers Delightful Single ' Ca n't Stop The Feeling ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Talks ' Trolls ' Soundtrack and New Music '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Trolls '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aria Albums Chart '' . January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` DWA 's ' Trolls ' Brings the Happy Home on Disc & Digital '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Trolls ' Tops Disc Sales Charts Variety , Retrieved February 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ ' Trolls ' Trumps ' Arrival ' to Remain No. 1 on Disc Sales Charts Variety , Retrieved February 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Strange ' To Give Booster Shot To Sleepy Fall Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Resuscitates Fall Box Office With $81 M To $83 M+ Opening -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ; Press , The Associated . `` Review : ' Trolls ' is big - hearted sensory overload '' . Jump up ^ `` Delightful ' Trolls ' achieves maximum smiles per hour '' . Jump up ^ `` Review : The ' Trolls ' Embark on a High - Haired Rescue Mission '' . The New York Times . November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trolls ' London Review : Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick Are Floppin ' to Oldies '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bozdech , Betsy . `` Trolls Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Is the Full List of 2017 AMAs Nominations '' . Billboard . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drake , The Chainsmokers Lead Nominees for the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2017 : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' Justin Timberlake Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake to Be Honored at Hollywood Film Awards '' . Hollywood Film Awards . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Alexandra ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Feld develop Trolls interactive attraction '' . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications Ltd . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gross , Arlene ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` New ' DreamWorks Trolls ' event coming to NYC '' . Newsday . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Universal DreamWorks Animation Announces ' Trolls 2 ' ; Sets for April 10 , 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 9 ' Drives To Easter Weekend 2020 ; DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls 2 ' Eyes Valentine 's Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Sam Rockwell , Chance The Rapper Join DreamWorks ' ' Trolls 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Trolls Light Up Animation Race With Holiday Special '' . Hollywood Reporter . June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trolls Holiday '' . NBC . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Frozen , Trolls getting new TV specials '' . Den Of Geek ! . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TROLLS Holiday '' . Amazon . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Trolls Everywhere : NBCUniversal Aims to Use Parent Comcast 's Reach to Spawn a Franchise '' . Fox Business . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake , Anna Kendrick Set for NBC Animated Musical Special DREAMWORKS TROLLS HOLIDAY '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls : The Beat Goes On Netflix series gets first image '' . Toonbarn.com . October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Trolls ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trolls ( film ) . Official website Dreamworks Trolls Party Trolls on IMDb Trolls at The Big Cartoon DataBase Trolls at Box Office Mojo Trolls at Rotten Tomatoes Trolls at Metacritic Trolls at AllMovie Trolls Animated Trollz ( 2005 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of the cloud in trolls	[ "Anna Kendrick as Poppy, the princess and later queen of the Trolls\nIris Dohrn voices a baby Poppy.\nJustin Timberlake as Branch, a paranoid, disgruntled Troll survivalist\nLiam Henry voices a younger Branch.\nZooey Deschanel as Bridget, a kind-hearted Bergen who works as a scullery maid to Chef and has feelings for Gristle.[11]\nChristopher Mintz-Plasse as Prince Gristle, the prince (later king) of the Bergens. He is Bridget's love interest.[11]\nChristine Baranski as Chef, a mean-spirited Bergen chef who is in charge of Troll preparation.[11]\nRussell Brand as Creek, a Troll with a positive personality and zen-like wisdom later revealed to be a coward and double-crosser willing to sell out all the Trolls just so he won't be eaten.[11][12]\nGwen Stefani as DJ Suki, the Trolls' resident disc jockey.[11][13]\nJames Corden as Biggie, a chubby, friendly Troll.[11][14]\nJeffrey Tambor as King Peppy, the king of the Trolls and Poppy's father.[11]\nRon Funches as Cooper, a giraffe-like Troll that walks on all fours.[11][15]\nIcona Pop as Satin and Chenille, twin trolls who are joined by their hair and love fashion.[11][16]\nKunal Nayyar as Guy Diamond, a glittery silver Troll with a highly Auto-Tuned voice who is always naked.[11][17]\nJohn Cleese as King Gristle Sr., Gristle's father and the ruler of the Bergens at the start of the film.[11]\nWalt Dohrn as Mr. Dinkles, Biggie's pet worm.[11]\nDohrn also voices Smidge, Fuzzbert, Cloud Guy, Tunnel Troll and Wedgie Bergen #2.\nGloZell as Grandma Rosiepuff, an elderly Troll and Branch's late grandmother who was taken by a Bergen while saving Branch.[18] In the UK version, newsreader Susanna Reid voices the character and in the Australian version, Dami Im voices the character.[19]\nMeg DeAngelis as Moxie Dewdrop, a dancing Troll.[18] Noodlerella voices the character in the UK version.\nRicky Dillon as Aspen Heitz, a Troll skitterboarder.[18]\nKandee Johnson as Mandy Sparkledust, a Troll who designs and repairs all the treasures of Troll Town.[18]\nQuvenzhané Wallis as Harper, a Troll artist who paints with her hair.[11]\nMike Mitchell as Darius, Vinny the Phone, Captain Starfunkle, Spider, Wedgie Bergen #1, Chad, Card\nGrace Helbig as Cookie Sugarloaf, one of the trolls. Carrie Hope Fletcher voices the character in the UK version.[20]\nCurtis Stone as Todd, a royal guard that works for the Bergen Royal Family.\nRhys Darby as Bibbly, a Bergen shopkeeper of the Bib Store." ]	[ "Walt Dohrn" ]
841220327507817912	The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack)	The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman Released October 12 , 1993 October 24 , 2006 ( Reissue ) Genre Soundtrack Length 61 : 09 33 : 26 ( disc 2 ) 39 : 13 ( disc 2 Best Buy edition ) Label Walt Disney Producer Danny Elfman The Nightmare Before Christmas chronology The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1993 ) Nightmare Revisited ( 2008 ) Nightmare Revisited 2008 Danny Elfman chronology Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Batman Returns 1992 The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas1993 Black Beauty ( 1994 ) Black Beauty 1994 Re-release cover 2006 Reissue Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Nightmare Before Christmas is the fifteenth soundtrack album by American composer Danny Elfman . It was released on October 12 , 1993 , by Walt Disney Records to promote the 1993 American stop - motion animated musical dark fantasy film The Nightmare Before Christmas . Composed by Danny Elfman , the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score . The album peaked at # 98 on the US Billboard 200 . For the film 's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3 - D , a special edition of the soundtrack was released , a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film 's songs by Fall Out Boy , Panic ! at the Disco , Marilyn Manson , Fiona Apple and She Wants Revenge . Four original demo tracks ( six on the Best Buy exclusive ) by Elfman were also included . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 2006 reissue bonus disc 2 Personnel 2.1 Performers 2.2 Additional performers 2.3 Musicians 2.4 Technical 2.5 Bonus Content 3 Foreign Language Versions 4 References Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Danny Elfman . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture ( score ) '' 1 : 48 2 . `` Opening '' Patrick Stewart 0 : 57 3 . `` This Is Halloween '' The Citizens of Halloween Town 3 : 16 4 . `` Jack 's Lament '' Danny Elfman 3 : 14 5 . `` Doctor Finklestein / In the Forest ( score ) '' 2 : 36 6 . `` What 's This ? '' Danny Elfman 2 : 59 7 . `` Town Meeting Song '' Danny Elfman , Halloween Cast 2 : 56 8 . `` Jack and Sally Montage ( score ) '' 5 : 17 9 . `` Jack 's Obsession '' Danny Elfman , Halloween Cast 2 : 46 10 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' Paul Reubens , Catherine O'Hara , Danny Elfman 3 : 02 11 . `` Making Christmas '' Danny Elfman , The Citizens of Halloween Town 3 : 57 12 . `` Nabbed ( score ) '' 3 : 04 13 . `` Oogie Boogie 's Song '' Ken Page , Ed Ivory 3 : 17 14 . `` Sally 's Song '' Catherine O'Hara 1 : 47 15 . `` Christmas Eve Montage ( score ) '' 4 : 43 16 . `` Poor Jack '' Danny Elfman 2 : 31 17 . `` To the Rescue ( score ) '' 3 : 38 18 . `` Finale / Reprise '' Danny Elfman , Catherine O'Hara , The Citizens of Halloween Town 2 : 44 19 . `` Closing '' Patrick Stewart 1 : 26 20 . `` End Title ( score ) '' 5 : 05 On some versions of the CD , `` End Title '' is two tracks ( 20 and 21 ) with lengths of 1 : 10 and 3 : 55 respectively . In this case , track 21 is considered a `` hidden track '' but features the same music as the 20 - track release , which keeps `` End Title '' as one track . 2006 reissue bonus disc ( edit ) All tracks written by Danny Elfman . No . Title Contributing artist Length 1 . `` This Is Halloween '' Marilyn Manson 3 : 22 2 . `` Sally 's Song '' Fiona Apple 3 : 20 3 . `` What 's This ? '' Fall Out Boy 3 : 00 4 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' She Wants Revenge 5 : 09 5 . `` This Is Halloween '' Panic ! at the Disco 3 : 36 6 . `` Making Christmas '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 5 : 34 7 . `` Oogie Boogie 's Song '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 15 8 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 2 : 51 9 . `` This Is Halloween '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 19 ( show ) Best Buy exclusive bonus tracks No . Title Contributing artist Length 10 . `` Town Meeting Song '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 2 : 47 11 . `` What 's This ? '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 00 The `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' and `` This Is Halloween '' demos are reversed in the track listing on the backside of the album cover and in the album booklet . Personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from the 2006 edition of the soundtrack 's liner notes . Performers ( edit ) Danny Elfman -- principal artist ( Jack Skellington , Barrell ) , vocals Catherine O'Hara -- principal artist ( Sally , Shock ) , vocals Glenn Shadix -- principal artist ( Mayor ) , vocals Ken Page -- principal artist ( Oogie Boogie ) , vocals Paul Reubens -- principal artist ( Lock ) , vocals Ed Ivory -- principal artist ( Santa ) , vocals Additional performers ( edit ) Sherwood Ball -- background vocals Debi Durst -- background vocals Randy Crenshaw -- background vocals Kerry Katz -- background vocals Susan McBride -- background vocals Bobbi Page -- background vocals Greg Proops - background vocals Carmen Twillie -- background vocals Glenn Walters -- background vocals Musicians ( edit ) Steve Bartek -- musical director , song orchestration Mark McKenzie -- score orchestration Chris Boardman -- song conductor J.A.C. Redford -- score conductor Mark Mann -- additional orchestration Technical ( edit ) Danny Elfman -- producer Bob Badami -- associate producer , music editor Richard Kraft -- associate producer Bill Jackson -- vocal recording engineer Bobby Fernandez -- song recording engineer Shawn Murphy -- song and score recording engineer , audio mixing Sharone Rice -- assistant engineer Bill Easystone -- assistant engineer Mike Piersante -- assistant engineer Andy Bass -- assistant engineer Dave Collins -- digital editing , mastering engineer Letitia Rogers -- assistant music editor Bobbi Page -- vocal contractor Patti Zimmitti -- orchestra contractor Marc Mann -- music preparation Joel Franklin -- music copyist Megan Cavallari -- demo assistant Gary Adler -- art director Bonus Content ( edit ) 1 . `` This Is Halloween '' Produced and Mixed by Marilyn Manson and Tim Skold 2 . `` Sally 's Song '' Produced by Mike Elizondo Mixed by Adam Hawkins Engineered by Adam Hawkins @ Phantom Studio , Westlake Village , CA Assistant Engineer : Erin J. Funk - Dublan Keyboards : Zac Rae Upright Bass : Mike Elizondo Drums : Charley Drayton Strings : The Section Quartet - Eric Gorfain , Daphne Chen , Leah Katz , Richard Dodd String Arrangement by Eric Gorfain Project Coordinator : Jolie Levine 3 . `` What 's This ? '' Produced and Mixed by Neal Avron Recorded by Neal Avron and Erich Talaba Pro Tools Engineer : Matt Green Assistant Engineer : Zeph Sowers Recorded at The Pass Studios , Los Angeles , CA Mixed at Paramount Studios , Hollywood , CA Mix Assistant : George Gumbs 4 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' Produced by KoRn 5 . `` This Is Halloween '' Produced by Panic ! At the Disco and Rob Mathes Vocals Arranged by Ryan Ross and Brendon Urie Recorded by Panic ! At the Disco at Ryan 's house Las Vegas , NV Orchestra Arranged and Conducted by Rob Mathes Recorded by Mark Mandelhaum , assisted by Alex Venguer at Legacy Recording Studio , New York , NY Concertmaster and Orchestra Contractor : Sandra Park Music Copyist : Mike and Lori Casteel Mixed by Chris Shaw at Avatar Studios , New York , NY 6 - 11 . Demos All Demo Vocals Performed by Danny Elfman Synth Demo Tracks Arranged , Orchestrated and Performed by Danny Elfman Recorded by Bill Jackson Mixed by Noah Snyder Produced by Danny Elfman and Tim Burton A&R : Dani Markman Business affairs : Jeff Lowy Mastered by Pat Sullivan at Bernie Grundman Mastering , Hollywood , CA Creative Direction : Steve Gerdes Album Design : Greg Ross for Orabor Foreign language versions ( edit ) There are several foreign - language versions of the soundtrack , each features tracks sung by vocalists in their native language as well as original score tracks by Danny Elfman . French , L'Étrange Noël de Monsieur Jack Jack - Olivier Constantin Sally - Nina Morato Oogie Boogie - Richard Darbois Santa Claus ( Père Noël ) - Henri Poirier German , Nightmare Before Christmas Jack - Alexander Goebel Sally - Nina Hagen Oogie Boogie - Ron Williams Santa Claus - Manfred Lichtenfeld Italian , Nightmare Before Christmas Jack - Renato Zero Sally - Marjorie Biondo Oogie Boogie ( Bau - Bau ) - Andrea Surdi Santa Claus ( Babbo Natale ) - Silvio Spaccesi Japanese , ナイトメアー・ビフォア・クリスマス Jack ( ジャック ) - Masachika Ichimura ( 市村正親 ) Sally ( サリー ) - Yuko Doi ( 土居裕子 ) Oogie Boogie ( ブギー ) - Kobayashi Atom ( 小林アトム ) Santa Claus ( サンタクロース ) - Tomoaki Nagae ( 永江智明 ) Castilian Spanish , Pesadilla Antes De Navidad Jack - Tony Cruz Sally - María Caneda Oogie Boogie - Jesús Castejón Santa Claus - Julio Núñez Latin American Spanish , El extraño mundo de Jack Jack - Sergio Zaldivar Sally - Gabriela Vega Oogie Boogie - Rubén Cerda Santa Claus - José Lavat Russian , Кошмар перед Рождеством Jack ( Джек ) - Aleksej Kortnyev ( Алексей Кортнев ) Sally ( Салли ) - Tutta Larsen ( Тутта Ларсен ) Oogie Boogie ( Бугимэн ) - Nikolai Fomenko ( Николай Фоменко ) Santa Claus ( Санта - Клаус ) - Sergej Mazayev ( Сергей Мазаев ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ `` Charts and awards for The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , Panic , Marilyn Manson Add To New ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' Soundtrack '' . MTV News . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas_(soundtrack)&oldid=841860710 '' Categories : 1993 soundtracks Danny Elfman soundtracks Albums produced by Danny Elfman Disney film soundtracks Disney animation soundtracks The Nightmare Before Christmas Walt Disney Records soundtracks Halloween albums Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 15 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the music for nightmare before christmas	[ "The Nightmare Before Christmas is the fifteenth soundtrack album by American composer Danny Elfman. It was released on October 12, 1993, by Walt Disney Records to promote the 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film The Nightmare Before Christmas. Composed by Danny Elfman, the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score. The album peaked at #98 on the US Billboard 200.[2] For the film's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3-D, a special edition of the soundtrack was released, a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film's songs by Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, Marilyn Manson, Fiona Apple and She Wants Revenge. Four original demo tracks (six on the Best Buy exclusive) by Elfman were also included.[3]" ]	[ "American composer Danny Elfman" ]
-3713007870521425442	English honorifics	English honorifics - wikipedia English honorifics hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) English grammar Grammatical case Grammatical conjugation Grammatical mood Grammatical aspect Grammatical voice Grammatical number Grammatical person Periphrasis Adjectives Adverbs English articles Definiteness Specificity Clauses ( in English ) Predicate Copula ( linguistics ) Argument ( linguistics ) Adjunct Collocation ( in English ) Negation Double negatives Intensive word form Modifier Expletive Intensifier Augmentative Diminutive ( in Australian English ) Interrogative word Interrogative Frequentative Causative Complementizer Demonstrative Determiners Determiner English prefix Prefix Suffix Compounds Portmanteau Conditionals Conjunctions English phonology Vowel length Great Vowel Shift English honorifics Style ( manner of address ) Gender Idiom ( in English ) Interjections Inversion Nouns Noun class Pronouns Phrases Plurals Possessives Prepositions Hypocorism Abbreviations Acronyms Comma Hyphen English orthography Verbs Auxiliaries , contractions Irregular verbs Modal verbs deduction habits and past facts Passive voice Phrasal verbs Subjunctive Verb usage Grammar disputes In the English language , an English honorific is a form of address indicating respect . These can be titles prefixing a person 's name , e.g. : Mr , Mrs , Miss , Ms , Sir , Dr , Lady or Lord , or titles or positions that can appear as a form of address without the person 's name , as in Mr President , General , Captain , Father , Doctor or Earl . Many forms of honorifics are for members of the nobility , clergy , or royalty , mostly in countries that are monarchies . These include `` Your Majesty '' , `` Your Royal Highness '' or simply `` Your Highness '' , which are used to address certain members of royalty , or `` My lord / lady '' to address a peer other than a Duke , who is referred to as `` Your Grace '' . Contents 1 Common titles 2 Formal titles 3 Academic and professional titles 4 Religious titles 4.1 Christianity 4.2 Judaism 4.3 Islam 5 See also 6 References Common titles ( edit ) Master : ( / ˈmɑːstər / or / ˈmæstər / ) for boys or young men and as a title for the heir apparent of a Scottish baron or viscount . It may also be used as a professional title , e.g. for the master of a college or the master of a merchant ship . Mr : ( / ˈmɪstər / ) for men , regardless of marital status , who do not have another professional or academic title . The variant Mister , with the same pronunciation , is sometimes used to give jocular or offensive emphasis , or to address a man whose name is unknown . `` Mr '' is used with the name of some offices to address a man who is the office - holder , e.g. `` Mr President '' ; `` Mr Speaker '' , see `` Madam '' below for the equivalent usage for women . Miss : ( / mɪs / ) for girls , unmarried women and ( in the UK ) married women who continue to use their maiden name ( although `` Ms '' is often preferred for the last two ) . In the UK , it has traditionally been used in schools to address female teachers , regardless of marital status . It is also used , without a name , to address girls or young women and ( in the UK ) to address female shop assistants and wait staff . Mrs : ( / ˈmɪsɪz / in the UK , / ˈmɪsəz / or / ˈmɪsəs / in the US generally , or / ˈmɪzəz / or / ˈmɪzəs / in the southern US ) for married women who do not have another professional or academic title . The variant Missus ( / ˈmɪsəz / ) is used in the UK to address a woman whose name is unknown . Ms : ( / mɪz / or / məz / ) for women , regardless of marital status or when marital status is unknown . Mx : ( / mɪks / or / məks / ) a gender - neutral honorific for those who do not wish to specify their gender or do not consider themselves male or female . M : another gender - neutral honorific for those who do not wish to specify their gender or do not consider themselves male or female . Formal titles ( edit ) Sir : for men , formally if they have a British knighthood or if they are a baronet ( used with first name or full name , never surname alone ) or generally ( used on its own ) as a term of general respect or flattery , when it is equivalent in meaning to `` Madam '' for women ( see below ) . Also traditionally used to address male teachers in British schools . Gentleman : Originally a social rank , standing below an esquire and above a yeoman . The term can now refer to any man of good , courteous conduct . It is only generally used as an honorific form of address in the plural ( `` gentlemen '' if referring to a group of men , or as part of `` ladies and gentlemen '' if referring to a mixed group ) , with `` sir '' ( or `` ladies and sir '' ) being used for the singular . Sire : a term of address for a male monarch , previously could be used for a person in a position of authority in general or a lord . Mistress is an archaic form of address for a woman , equivalent to Mrs. Used on its own , it was used to address the female head of a household . The titles Mrs , Miss and Ms are abbreviations derived from Mistress . Madam or Ma'am ( / mæm / in General American and either / mæm / , / mɑːm / , or / məm / in Received Pronunciation . ) : for women , a term of general respect or flattery . Originally used only to a woman of rank or authority . May also refer to a female pimp . Equivalent to `` Sir '' ( see above ) . All of `` Sir '' , `` Madam '' , and `` Ma'am '' are commonly used by workers performing a service for the beneficiary of the service , e.g. `` May I take your coat , Ma'am ? '' `` Madam '' is used with the name of an office to address a woman who is the office - holder , e.g. `` Madam President '' . Dame : for women who have been honoured with a British knighthood in their own right . Women married to knighted individuals , but not knighted in their own right , are commonly referred to as `` Lady '' . Lord : for male barons , viscounts , earls , and marquesses , as well as some of their children . In some countries judges , especially those of higher rank , are referred to as lords , ladies or lordship / ladyship . ( Style : Lordship or My Lord ) . Lady : for female peers with the rank of baroness , viscountess , countess , and marchioness , or the wives of men who hold the equivalent titles . By courtesy the title is often also used for wives of Knights and Baronets . ( Style : Your Ladyship or My Lady ) . As a plural , it may be used as an honorific for women generally ( `` ladies '' if referring to a group of women , or as part of `` ladies and gentlemen '' if referring to a mixed group ) ; `` madam '' ( or `` madam and gentlemen '' ) is used in the singular . Esq : ( / ɪˈskwaɪər / ) ( abbreviation of `` esquire '' ) in the UK used postnominally in written addresses for any adult male if no pre-nominal honorific ( Mr , Dr , etc . ) is used . In the United States it is used in the same manner for lawyers irrespective of sex ; usage of `` esquire '' by a person not licensed to practice in a jurisdiction may be used as evidence of unauthorized practice of law in some cases . May be punctuated `` esq '' or `` esq . '' following practice for other post-nominals . Excellency , also Excellence , a title of honor given to certain high officials , as governors , ambassadors , royalty , nobility , and Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops , ( preceded by his , your , etc . ) . Her / His Honour : Used for judges , mayors and magistrates in some countries . ( Style : Your Honour ) The Honourable or The Honorable ( abbreviated to The Hon. , Hon. or formerly The Hon'ble , used for certain officials , members of congress , parliament , presidents , and judges ( Style : My Lord / Lady or Your Lordship / Your Ladyship , Mr. / Madam Ambassador , Your Honor ) The Right Honourable ( or The Right Honorable in American spelling , although the title is not used in the US ) : used in the UK ( sometimes abbreviated Rt Hon ) for members of the Privy Council ( high government officials , senior judges , archbishops , etc . ) and , formally , for peers below the rank of Marquess ( normally abbreviated to simply `` The '' ) . The Most Honourable : for marquesses and marchionesses ( and , as a group the Most Honourable Order of the Bath and Her Majesty 's Most Honourable Privy Council ) . Academic and professional titles ( edit ) Dr : ( / ˈdɒktər / ) ( abbreviation for Doctor ) for the holder of a doctoral degree ( e.g. PhD , DPhil , MD , or DO in many countries ) and for medical practitioners , dentists and veterinary surgeons ( including as a courtesy title in countries where these professionals do not normally hold doctoral degrees ) , although in some countries it is normal to address surgeons as `` Mr '' , `` Ms '' , etc . The informal abbreviation `` doc '' ( / dɒk / ) is sometimes used . UK citizens who hold doctoral degrees or are registered medical practitioners may have the title `` Doctor '' recorded in their passports . Professor : ( / prəˈfɛsər / ) ( informally abbreviated to `` prof '' ( / prɒf / ) ) for a person who holds the academic rank of professor in a university or other institution . In the UK this is a senior academic position and the title is always used in preference to `` Dr '' , while in the US it refers to tenured or tenure - track academic staff and the title `` Dr '' is often preferred . Professors may have their title recorded in UK passports . QC : postnominally in written addresses for a judge or barrister who has been made a Queen 's Counsel ( King 's Counsel ( KC ) during the reign of a king ) . QCs may have this title recorded in UK passports . Eur Ing : for engineers registered as European Engineers with the European Federation of National Engineering Associations . European engineers may have this title recorded in UK passports . Chancellor : for the chancellor of a university . Vice-Chancellor : for the vice-chancellor of a university . At the University of Cambridge , `` The Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor '' is used formally . At the University of Oxford , `` The Reverend the Vice-Chancellor '' is used formally and the salutation is `` Dear Mr Vice-Chancellor '' rather than `` Dear Vice-Chancellor '' . Principal , President , Master , Warden , Dean , Regent , Rector , Provost , Director , or Chief Executive : as appropriate for heads of colleges at the universities of Cambridge , Durham , London and Oxford , heads of the constituent universities of the National University of Ireland , and the head of Trinity College Dublin . Note titles sometimes double up , e.g. `` Vice-Chancellor and Warden '' at Durham University or `` Provost and President '' at University College London Religious titles ( edit ) Christianity ( edit ) His Holiness ( abbreviation HH ) , oral address Your Holiness , or Holy Father -- the Pope and the Pope Emeritus , the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia , Patriarch of Peć and the Serbs , Catholicos of All Armenians , Catholicos - Patriarch of All Georgia , Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church , Malankara Orthodox Catholicos and some other Christian Patriarchs . His All Holiness ( abbreviation HAH ) , oral address Your All Holiness -- the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . His Beatitude or The Most Blessed , oral address Your Beatitude -- Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic patriarchs , Macedonian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Major Archbishop of Kyiv - Halych . His Excellency ( abbreviation HE ) , salutation Most Reverend Excellency or Your Excellency -- Latin patriarchs and Papal nuncios . His Most Eminent Highness ( abbreviation HMEH ) , oral address Your Most Eminent Highness -- The Prince and Grand Master of Sovereign Military Order of Malta . His Eminence ( abbreviation HE ) , oral address Your Eminence -- Roman Catholic cardinals and Eastern Orthodox metropolitans and archbishops who are not the First Hierarch of an autocephalous church . Most Reverend Eminence -- Roman Catholic cardinals ( not used in English - speaking countries ) . The Most Reverend ( abbreviation The Most Rev or The Most Revd ) Eastern Orthodox metropolitans and archbishops who are not the First Hierarch of an autocephalous church , Roman Catholic archbishops and bishops in Ireland , and the US , the Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath , the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States of America , and Marthoma Metropolitans His Grace , oral address Your Grace -- Roman Catholic archbishops in Commonwealth countries , and Marthoma Metropolitans His Grace or The Right Reverend ( abbreviation The Rt Rev or The Rt Revd ) , oral address Your Grace -- Eastern Orthodox bishops . His Lordship or The Right Reverend ( abbreviation The Rt Rev ) , oral address My Lord -- Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops in Commonwealth countries . The Reverend : ( abbreviation `` The Rev '' or `` The Revd '' ) used generally for members of the Christian clergy regardless of affiliation , but especially in Catholic and Protestant denominations . Unlike ' Father ' ( see below ) may be applied to both priests and deacons . Except in the US , `` The Reverend '' is used either with first name and surname or with a second title and surname , e.g. `` The Revd James Smith '' or `` The Revd Fr Smith '' , but not `` The Revd Smith '' . Fr : ( Father ) for priests in Catholic and Eastern Christianity , as well as some Anglican or Episcopalian groups . Unlike ' Reverend ' ( outside of the US ) , may be used with either first name , surname or both . Pr : ( Pastor ) used generally for members of the Christian clergy regardless of affiliation , but especially in Protestant denominations . Equivalent to ' Reverend ' ( see above ) . Br : ( Brother ) for men generally in some religious organizations ; in the Catholic Church and Eastern churches , for male members of religious orders or communities , who are not Priests . Sr : ( Sister ) Nun or other religious sister in the Catholic Church ; for women generally in some religious organizations , such as the Mormons . Sometimes informally abbreviated as ' Sis ' . Elder : Elder used generally for male missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and for members of the adult leadership known as the general authorities . Although most all male adults of the LDS church are Elders , the title is reserved for the prior mentioned groups . Elder is also used as a title for members of a ruling church body in a Presbyterian polity . They may be either appointed by a more powerful body like a session or elected by the congregation , but both are ordained for the purpose of governing a church . Judaism ( edit ) Rabbi : ( Rabbi ) In Judaism , a rabbi / ˈræbaɪ / is an ordained religious officiant or a teacher of Torah . This title derives from the Hebrew word רַבִּי ‬ rabi ( ˈʁabi ) , meaning `` My Master '' ( irregular plural רבנים rabanim ( ʁabaˈnim ) ) , which is the way a student would address a master of Torah . The word `` master '' רב rav ( ˈʁav ) literally means `` great one '' . Islam ( edit ) Imām : for Islamic clergymen , especially the ones who lead prayers and deliver sermons . Shaykh : umbrella term used for those qualified in various fields of knowledge of Islam , ( Informally , Bearing no relation to the religion , and in addition to its religious title , it 's occasionally used as an honorary term to refer to a wealthy person or a person with authority or from the dynasty lineage synonymous with the title `` Prince '' ) . Muftī : males qualified in Islamic jurisprudence with ability to pass legal verdicts . Hāfiz or Hāfizah : respectively males and females who have memorised the entire Qur'an ( literally ' protector ' ) . Qārī : males who are qualified in the multiple ways of reading the Qur'an ( literally ' reciter ' ) . Mawlānā : used in some cultures for those who have completed Dars un-Nizām to qualify as a scholar ( literally ' our leader ' ) . Hājī ( / ˈhædʒiː / ) : used by Muslims who have completed the hajj pilgrimage . Sayyid and Sayyidah : respectively males and females accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons , Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali , sons of Muhammad 's daughter Fatimah and his son - in - law Ali ( Ali ibn Abi Talib ) . Sharif : used for descendants of Hasan . See also ( edit ) Indian honorifics Canadian honorifics Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom French honorifics German honorifics Style ( manner of address ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honorific '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Master '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mr '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mr '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mister '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Graeme Paton ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Stop calling teachers ' Miss ' or ' Sir ' , pupils are told '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Mrs '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Missus '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ms '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ms '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Gender - Neutral Honorific : Mx : Words We 're Watching '' . Merriam - Webster , . September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mx '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mx '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gender neutral titles - Nonbinary Wiki '' . nonbinary.miraheze.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Judith Martin ( 15 November 1990 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide for the Turn - of - the - Millennium . Simon & Schuster . p. 52 . ISBN 9780671722289 . Jump up ^ `` Mistress '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ma'am - definition of ma'am in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Esquire '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lord Norton of Louth ( 31 May 2012 ) . `` The Right Honourable Lord ... '' . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Politics '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Honourable '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doc '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Observations in Passports '' . HM Passport Office : passports policy . HM Passport Office . 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Hartley . `` Dr Who or Professor Who ? On Academic Email Etiquette '' . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Professor '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academics '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ECCLESIASTICAL FORMS OF ADDRESS FOR CATHOLICS RECOGNIZED IN THE UNITED STATES '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ William Saunders . `` How to Address Church Officials '' . Catholic Education Resource Center . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HE '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Albert Battandier ( 1907 ) . Ecclesiastical Addresses . Catholic Encyclopedia . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Religion '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Priesthood '' . lds.org . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haji '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Engseng ( 2006 ) . The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93869 - 4 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Honorifics by language Canadian Chinese English French German Hokkien Indian Italian Japanese Korean Sinhala Slavic Tamil Thai English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_honorifics&oldid=850034807 '' Categories : Honorifics British honours system Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Македонски தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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-4800203261160125982	United States Coast Guard	United States Coast Guard - wikipedia United States Coast Guard Jump to : navigation , search Branch of the United States Armed Forces United States Coast Guard Emblem of the United States Coast Guard Founded January 28 , 1915 ; 103 years ago ( 1915 - 01 - 28 ) Country United States of America Type Coast guard Role Defense operations , maritime law enforcement , and search and rescue Size Total workforce of 87,569 Part of Department of Homeland Security Headquarters Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Nickname ( s ) `` Coasties '' , `` The Guard '' , Motto ( s ) Semper Paratus ( English : Always ready ) Colors CG Red , CG Blue , White March `` Semper Paratus '' Play ( help info ) Anniversaries 4 August Engagements See list ( show ) Quasi-War War of 1812 Seminole Wars Mexican -- American War American Civil War Spanish -- American War World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of Grenada Invasion of Panama Persian Gulf War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Operation Inherent Resolve Decorations See list ( show ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Coast Guard ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Navy ) Secretary of Transportation Outstanding Unit Award Coast Guard Unit Commendation Navy Unit Commendation Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Navy ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) Commanders Commander - in - Chief President Donald Trump Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Commandant ADM Paul F. Zukunft Vice Commandant ADM Charles W. Ray Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard MCPOCG Jason M. Vanderhaden Insignia Standard Ensign Seal Mark Guidon Pennant The United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country 's seven uniformed services . The Coast Guard is a maritime , military , multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission ( with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters ) and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its mission set . It operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime , and can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy by the U.S. President at any time , or by the U.S. Congress during times of war . This has happened twice , in 1917 , during World War I , and in 1941 , during World War II . Created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine , it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States . As Secretary of the Treasury , Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine , whose original purpose was collecting customs duties in the nation 's seaports . By the 1860s , the service was known as the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse . The modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life - Saving Service on 28 January 1915 , under the U.S. Department of the Treasury . As one of the country 's five armed services , the Coast Guard has been involved in every U.S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan . The Coast Guard has 40,992 men and women on active duty , 7,000 reservists , 31,000 auxiliarists , and 8,577 full - time civilian employees , for a total workforce of 87,569 . The Coast Guard maintains an extensive fleet of 243 coastal and ocean - going patrol ships , tenders , tugs and icebreakers called `` Cutters '' , and 1650 smaller boats , as well as an extensive aviation division consisting of 201 helicopters and fixed - wing aircraft . While the U.S. Coast Guard is the smallest of the U.S. military service branches , in terms of size , the U.S. Coast Guard by itself is the world 's 12th largest naval force . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission 1.1 Role 1.2 Missions 1.2. 1 Non-homeland security missions 1.2. 2 Homeland security missions 1.3 Search and Rescue 1.4 National Response Center 1.5 Authority as an armed service 1.6 Authority as a law enforcement agency 2 A typical day 3 History 4 Organization 4.1 Districts and units 4.2 Shore establishments 5 Personnel 5.1 Commissioned officers 5.2 Warrant officers 5.3 Enlisted personnel 5.4 Training 5.4. 1 Officer training 5.4. 2 Recruit training 5.4. 3 Service schools 5.5 Civilian personnel 6 Equipment 6.1 Cutters 6.2 Boats 6.3 Aircraft 6.4 Weapons 6.4. 1 Naval guns 6.4. 2 Small arms and light weapons 7 Symbols 7.1 Core values 7.2 The Guardian Ethos 7.3 The Coast Guard Ethos 7.4 Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman 7.5 `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back ! '' 7.6 Coast Guard Ensign 7.7 Coast Guard Standard 7.8 Service Mark ( `` Racing Stripe '' ) 8 Uniforms 9 Coast Guard Reserve 9.1 Women in the Coast Guard 10 Coast Guard Auxiliary 11 Deployable Operations Group 12 Medals and honors 13 Notable Coast Guardsmen 14 Organizations 14.1 Coast Guard Aviation Association 14.2 Coast Guard CW Operators Association 14.3 USCG Chief Petty Officers Association 14.4 USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association ( CWOA ) 15 In popular culture 15.1 In film 15.2 On television 16 See also 16.1 Coast Guard 16.2 Related agencies 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Mission ( edit ) Main article : Missions of the United States Coast Guard Role ( edit ) A boatswain 's mate watches from the side port door as Coast Guard Cutter Bertholf 's Over-The - Horizon small boat departs to receive personnel from Coast Guard Cutter Chandeleur in 2008 . The Coast Guard has roles in maritime homeland security , maritime law enforcement ( MLE ) , maritime patrol , search and rescue ( SAR ) , marine environmental protection ( MEP ) , and the maintenance of river , intracoastal and offshore aids to navigation ( ATON ) . With a decentralized organization and much responsibility placed on even the most junior personnel , the Coast Guard is frequently lauded for its quick responsiveness and adaptability in a broad range of emergencies . In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina , the author wrote , `` the Coast Guard 's most valuable contribution to ( a military effort when catastrophe hits ) may be as a model of flexibility , and most of all , spirit . '' Wil Milam , a rescue swimmer from Alaska told the magazine , `` In the Navy , it was all about the mission . Practicing for war , training for war . In the Coast Guard , it was , take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself . '' Missions ( edit ) A Coast Guard Aviation Survival Technician assisting with the rescue of a pregnant woman during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . This is a demonstration of warning shots fired at a non-compliant boat by a USCG HITRON MH - 65C and its M240 machine gun . The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles , which are further subdivided into eleven statutory missions . The three roles are : Maritime safety Maritime security Maritime stewardship The eleven statutory missions as defined by law are divided into homeland security missions and non-homeland security missions : Non-homeland security missions ( edit ) Ice operations , including the International Ice Patrol Living marine resources ( fisheries law enforcement ) Marine environmental protection Marine safety Aids to navigation Search and rescue Homeland security missions ( edit ) Defense readiness Maritime law enforcement Migrant interdiction Ports , waterways and coastal security ( PWCS ) Drug interdiction Search and rescue ( edit ) Search and Rescue Program Logo of the United States Coast Guard . See National Search and Rescue Committee See Joint Rescue Coordination Centers While the U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue ( CG - SAR ) ( 2 ) is not the oldest search and rescue organization in the world it is one of the Coast Guard 's best - known operations . The National Search and Rescue Plan designates the Coast Guard as the federal agency responsible for maritime SAR operations , and the United States Air Force as the federal agency responsible for inland SAR . Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort , and have responsibility for both military and civilian search and rescue . The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators . Previously located on Governors Island , New York , the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown , Virginia . National Response Center ( edit ) Operated by the Coast Guard , the National Response Center ( NRC ) is the sole U.S. Government point of contact for reporting all oil , chemical , radiological , and biological spills into the environment anywhere in the United States and its territories . In addition to gathering and distributing spill / incident information for Federal On Scene Coordinators and serving as the communications and operations center for the National Response Team , the NRC maintains agreements with a variety of federal entities to make additional notifications regarding incidents meeting established trigger criteria . The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports . Details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan . The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement ( MISLE ) database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution and safety incidents in the nation 's ports . Authority as an armed service ( edit ) Members of the U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security Response Team ( MSRT ) hook and climb onto a target showing the skills needed to complete a variety of missions dealing with anti-terrorism , protecting local maritime assets , and harbor and inshore security patrols as well as detecting , stopping , and arresting submerged divers , using the Underwater Port Security System . The five uniformed services that make up the U.S. Armed Forces are defined in Title 10 of the U.S. Code : The term `` armed forces '' means the Army , Navy , Air Force , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard . The Coast Guard is further defined by Title 14 of the United States Code : The Coast Guard as established January 28 , 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security , except when operating as a service in the Navy . Coast Guard organization and operation is as set forth in Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations . On 25 November 2002 , the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush , designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year , on 1 March 2003 . The U.S. Coast Guard reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security . However , under 14 U.S.C. § 3 as amended by section 211 of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006 , upon the declaration of war and when Congress so directs in the declaration , or when the President directs , the Coast Guard operates under the Department of Defense as a service in the Department of the Navy . As members of the military , Coast Guardsmen on active and reserve service are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and receive the same pay and allowances as members of the same pay grades in the other uniformed services . The service has participated in every major U.S. conflict from 1790 through today , including landing troops on D - Day and on the Pacific Islands in World War II , in extensive patrols and shore bombardment during the Vietnam War , and multiple roles in Operation Iraqi Freedom . Maritime interception operations , coastal security , transportation security , and law enforcement detachments have been its major roles in recent conflicts in Iraq . USS Vandegrift ( FFG 48 ) and USCGC Mellon ( WHEC - 717 ) cruising side by side in the Java Sea ( May 28 , 2010 ) . On 17 October 2007 , the Coast Guard joined with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raised the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war . This new strategy charted a course for the Navy , Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises , man - made or natural , from occurring , or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States . During the launch of the new U.S. maritime strategy at the International Seapower Symposium at the U.S. Naval War College in 2007 , Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Thad Allen said the new maritime strategy reinforced the time - honored missions the service has carried out in the United States since 1790 . `` It reinforces the Coast Guard maritime strategy of safety , security and stewardship , and it reflects not only the global reach of our maritime services but the need to integrate and synchronize and act with our coalition and international partners to not only win wars ... but to prevent wars , '' Allen said . Authority as a law enforcement agency ( edit ) A member of USCG Law Enforcement Detachment ( LEDET ) 106 performs a security sweep aboard a tanker ship in the North Persian Gulf in July 2007 . Coast Guardmen stands guard over more than 40,000 pounds of cocaine worth an estimated $500 million being offloaded from the Cutter Sherman , April 23 , 2007 . The drugs were seized in three separate busts near Central America . The offload included approximately 38,000 pounds of cocaine seized in the largest cocaine bust in maritime history . Title 14 USC , section 2 authorizes the Coast Guard to enforce U.S. federal laws . This authority is further defined in 14 U.S.C. § 89 , which gives law enforcement powers to all Coast Guard commissioned officers , warrant officers , and petty officers . Unlike the other branches of the United States Armed Forces , which are prevented from acting in a law enforcement capacity by 18 U.S.C. § 1385 , the Posse Comitatus Act , and Department of Defense policy , the Coast Guard is exempt from and not subject to the restrictions of the Posse Comitatus Act . Further law enforcement authority is given by 14 U.S.C. § 143 and 9 U.S.C. § 1401 , which empower U.S. Coast Guard active and reserve commissioned officers , warrant officers , and petty officers as federal customs officers . This places them under 19 U.S.C. § 1589a , which grants customs officers general federal law enforcement authority , including the authority to : ( 1 ) carry a firearm ; ( 2 ) execute and serve any order , warrant , subpoena , summons , or other process issued under the authority of the United States ; ( 3 ) make an arrest without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in the officer 's presence or for a felony , cognizable under the laws of the United States committed outside the officer 's presence if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a felony ; and ( 4 ) perform any other law enforcement duty that the Secretary of Homeland Security may designate . -- 19 USC § 1589a . Enforcement authority of customs officers The U.S. Government Accountability Office Report to the House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary on its 2006 Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities , identified the Coast Guard as one of 104 federal components that employed law enforcement officers . The report also included a summary table of the authorities of the Coast Guard 's 192 special agents and 3,780 maritime law enforcement boarding officers . Coast Guardsmen have the legal authority to carry their service - issued firearms on and off base . This is rarely done in practice , however ; at many Coast Guard stations , commanders prefer to have all service - issued weapons in armories when not in use . Still , one court has held that Coast Guard boarding officers are qualified law enforcement officers authorized to carry personal firearms off - duty for self - defense . A typical day ( edit ) Coast Guardmen prepare to transport a portable pump to the 112 - foot grounded fishing vessel Mar - Gun , March 7 , 2009 . United States Coast Guard sailors in 2010 patrolling the Falcon Lake reservoir of the Rio Grande border crossing for river pirates and Mexican cartel drug smugglers in the ongoing conflict known as the Mexican Drug War The Coast Guard occasionally publishes a list of statistics that summarizes their activities . Based on 2013 statistics , on an average day the United States Coast Guard will : Conduct 109 search and rescue cases Save 10 lives Assist 192 people in distress Protect US $ 2.8 million in property Seize 169 pounds ( 77 kg ) of marijuana and 306 pounds ( 139 kg ) of cocaine with a street value of US $ 9.5 million Process 238 mariner licenses and documents Investigate 6 vessel casualties involving collisions or groundings Have underway small boats for 396 sorties / missions Fly 164 aircraft missions logging 324 hours Board 144 vessels of law enforcement interest Interdict and rescue 14 illegal immigrants at sea Open 8 new cases for marine violation of federal statutes Board 100 large vessels for port safety checks Conduct 20 commercial fishing vessel safety exams Respond to 20 oil or hazardous chemical spills totaling 2,800 US gal ( 11,000 l ) Service 135 aids to navigation Monitor the transit of 2,509 commercial ships through U.S. ports Conduct 377 vessel safety checks Teach boating safety courses to 550 boaters History ( edit ) Marine Corps Privates First Class William A. McCoy and Ralph L. Plunkett holding a sign thanking the Coast Guard after the Battle of Guam in 1944 . Main article : History of the United States Coast Guard The Coast Guard traced its roots to the small fleet of vessels maintained by the United States Department of the Treasury beginning in the 1790s to enforce tariffs ( an important source of revenue for the new nation ) , which eventually evolved into the United States Revenue Cutter Service . Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton lobbied Congress to fund the construction of ten cutters , which it did on 4 August 1790 ( now celebrated as the Coast Guard 's official birthday ) . Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798 , these `` revenue cutters '' were the only naval force of the early United States . As such , the cutters and their crews frequently took on additional duties , including combating piracy , rescuing mariners in distress , ferrying government officials , and even carrying mail . `` First Fleet '' is a term occasionally used as an informal reference to the Coast Guard , although there is no indication that the United States has ever officially used this designation with reference either to the Coast Guard or any element of the Navy . The informal appellation honors the fact that between 1790 and 1798 , there was no United States Navy and the cutters that were the predecessors of the Coast Guard were the only warships protecting the coast , trade , and maritime interests of the new republic . The modern Coast Guard was created in 1915 , when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life - Saving Service . In 1939 , the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard 's purview . In 1942 , the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard . In 1967 , the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation , an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . Gun crew on board USCGC Point Comfort ( WPB - 82317 ) firing 81mm mortar during bombardment of suspected Viet Cong staging area one mile behind An Thoi. ( August 1965 ) In times of war , the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy . This arrangement has a broad historical basis , as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , and the American Civil War , in which the cutter Harriet Lane fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter . The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II . United States Coast Guard Squadron One unit patch of the Vietnam War era USCGC Duane ( WHEC - 33 ) shelling targets in Vietnam in 1967 , where they played an active role in Operation Market Time . Coast Guard Squadron One , was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 for service during the Vietnam War . Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy , it was assigned duties in Operation Market Time . Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used extensively in a combat environment . The squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970 . Twenty - six Point - class cutters with their crews and a squadron support staff were assigned to the U.S. Navy with the mission of interdicting the movement of arms and supplies from the South China Sea into South Vietnam by Viet Cong and North Vietnam junk and trawler operators . The squadron also provided 81mm mortar naval gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnamese coastline and assisted the U.S. Navy during Operation Sealords . Coast Guard Squadron Three , was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1967 for service during the Vietnam War . Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy and based in Pearl Harbor . It consisted of five USCG High Endurance Cutters operating on revolving six month deployments . A total of 35 High Endurance Cutters took part in operations from May 1967 to December 1971 , most notably using their 5 '' guns to provide naval gunfire support missions . Often units within the Coast Guard operate under Department of the Navy operational control while other Coast Guard units remain under the Department of Homeland Security . USCG Districts Organization ( edit ) Main article : Organization of the United States Coast Guard The new Department of Homeland Security headquarters complex is on the grounds of the former St. Elizabeths Hospital in the Anacostia section of Southeast Washington , across the Anacostia River from former Coast Guard headquarters . The fiscal year 2016 budget request for the US Coast Guard was $ 9.96 billion . Districts and units ( edit ) The Coast Guard 's current district organization is divided into 9 districts . Their designations , district office and area of responsibility are as follows : U.S. Coast Guard Districts District Area District Office Area of Responsibility First District Atlantic Boston , Massachusetts New England states , eastern New York , and northern New Jersey Fifth District Atlantic Portsmouth , Virginia Pennsylvania , southern New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , and North Carolina Seventh District Atlantic Miami , Florida South Carolina , Georgia , eastern Florida , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands Eighth District Atlantic New Orleans , Louisiana Western Rivers of the U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico Ninth District Atlantic Cleveland , Ohio Great Lakes Eleventh District Pacific Alameda , California California , Arizona , Nevada , and Utah Thirteenth District Pacific Seattle , Washington Oregon , Washington , Idaho and Montana Fourteenth District Pacific Honolulu , Hawaii Hawaii and Pacific territories Seventeenth District Pacific Juneau , Alaska Alaska Shore establishments ( edit ) Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building in St. Elizabeths West Campus . Shore establishment commands exist to support and facilitate the mission of the sea and air assets and Coastal Defense . U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters is located in Southeast Washington , DC . Other shore establishments are Coast Guard Sectors ( which may include Coast Guard Bases ) , Coast Guard Stations , Coast Guard Air Stations , and the United States Coast Guard Yard . Training centers include the United States Coast Guard Academy , Training Center Petaluma , Training Center Cape May , Coast Guard Aviation Technical Training Center , Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile , and Training Center Yorktown . Personnel ( edit ) The Coast Guard has 40,992 men and women on active duty . The formal name for a uniformed member of the Coast Guard is `` Coast Guardsman '' , irrespective of gender . `` Coastie '' is an informal term commonly used to refer to current or former Coast Guard personnel . In 2008 , the term `` Guardian '' was introduced as an alternative but was later dropped . Admiral Robert J. Papp , Jr. stated that it was his belief that no Commandant had the authority to change what members of the Coast Guard are called as the term Coast Guardsman is found in Title 14 USC which established the Coast Guard in 1915 . `` Team Coast Guard '' refers to the four components of the Coast Guard as a whole : Regular , Reserve , Auxiliary , and Coast Guard civilian employees . Commissioned officers ( edit ) Commissioned officers in the Coast Guard hold pay grades ranging from O - 1 to O - 10 and have the same rank structure as the Navy . Officers holding the rank of ensign ( O - 1 ) through lieutenant commander ( O - 4 ) are considered junior officers , commanders ( O - 5 ) and captains ( O - 6 ) are considered senior officers , and rear admirals ( O - 7 ) through admirals ( O - 10 ) are considered flag officers . The Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard are the only members of the Coast Guard authorized to hold the rank of admiral . The Coast Guard does not have medical officers or chaplains of its own . Instead , chaplains from the U.S. Navy , as well as officers from the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are assigned to the Coast Guard to perform chaplain - related functions and medical - related functions , respectively . These officers wear Coast Guard uniforms but replace the Coast Guard insignia with that of their own service . The Navy and Coast Guard share identical officer rank insignia , except that Coast Guard officers wear a gold Coast Guard Shield in lieu of a line star or staff corps officer insignia . Commissioned Officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Ensign ( ENS ) Lieutenant ( junior grade ) ( LTJG ) Lieutenant ( LT ) Lieutenant Commander ( LCDR ) Commander ( CDR ) Captain ( CAPT ) Rear Admiral ( lower half ) ( RDML ) Rear Admiral ( RADM ) Vice Admiral ( VADM ) Admiral ( ADM ) O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 Warrant officers ( edit ) Highly qualified enlisted personnel in pay grades E-6 through E-9 with a minimum of eight years experience can compete each year for appointment as warrant officers ( WO ) . Successful candidates are chosen by a board and then commissioned as chief warrant officers ( CWO - 2 ) in one of sixteen specialties . Over time , chief warrant officers may be promoted to CWO - 3 and CWO - 4 . The ranks of warrant officer ( WO - 1 ) and chief warrant officer ( CWO - 5 ) are not currently used in the Coast Guard . Chief warrant officers may also compete for the Chief Warrant Officer to Lieutenant Program . If selected , the warrant officer will be promoted to lieutenant ( O - 3E ) . The `` E '' designates over four years active duty service as a warrant officer or enlisted member and entitles the member to a higher rate of pay than other lieutenants . Warrant Officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer 2 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Chief Warrant Officer 4 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 Enlisted personnel ( edit ) Enlisted members of the Coast Guard have pay grades from E-1 to E-9 and also follow the same rank structure as the Navy . Enlisted members in pay grades of E-4 and higher are considered petty officers and follow career development paths very similar to those of Navy petty officers . Petty officers in pay grade E-7 and higher are chief petty officers and must attend the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Academy , or an equivalent Department of Defense school , in order to be advanced to pay grade E-8 . The basic themes of the school are : Professionalism Leadership Communications Systems thinking and lifelong learning Enlisted rank insignia is also nearly identical to Navy enlisted insignia . The Coast Guard shield replacing the petty officer 's eagle on collar and cap devices for petty officers or enlisted rating insignia for seamen qualified as a `` designated striker '' . Group Rate marks ( stripes ) for junior enlisted members ( E-3 and below ) also follow Navy convention with white for seaman , red for fireman , and green for the airman . In a departure from the Navy conventions , all petty officers E-6 and below wear red chevrons and all chief petty officers wear gold Non-commissioned officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Note : Crossed anchors in the graphics indicate a rating of Boatswain 's Mate Petty Officer Third Class ( PO3 ) Petty Officer Second Class ( PO2 ) Petty Officer First Class ( PO1 ) Chief Petty Officer ( CPO ) Senior Chief Petty Officer ( SCPO ) Master Chief Petty Officer ( MCPO ) Command Master Chief Petty Officer ( CMC ) Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Reserve Force or Area / DCO / DCMS Command Master Chief Petty Officer Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard ( MCPOCG ) E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-9 with special pay Enlisted grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Seaman Recruit ( SR ) Seaman Apprentice ( SA ) Seaman ( SN ) E-1 E-2 E-3 Training ( edit ) Officer training ( edit ) The U.S. Coast Guard Academy is a four - year service academy located in New London , Connecticut . Approximately 200 cadets graduate each year , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as an ensign in the Coast Guard . Graduates are obligated to serve a minimum of five years on active duty . Most graduates are assigned to duty aboard Coast Guard cutters immediately after graduation , either as Deck Watch Officers ( DWOs ) or as Engineer Officers in Training ( EOITs ) . Smaller numbers are assigned directly to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida or to shore duty at Coast Guard Sector , District , or Area headquarters units . In addition to the Academy , prospective officers , who already hold a college degree , may enter the Coast Guard through Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) , also located at the Coast Guard Academy . OCS is a 17 - week course of instruction that prepares candidates to serve effectively as officers in the Coast Guard . In addition to indoctrinating students into a military lifestyle , OCS provides a wide range of highly technical information necessary to perform the duties of a Coast Guard officer . Graduates of OCS are usually commissioned as ensigns , but some with advanced graduate degrees may enter as lieutenants ( junior grade ) or lieutenants . Graduating OCS officers entering active duty are required to serve a minimum of three years , while graduating reserve officers are required to serve four years . Graduates may be assigned to a cutter , flight training , a staff job , or an operations ashore billet . OCS is the primary channel through which the Coast Guard enlisted grades ascend to the commissioned officer corps . Lawyers , engineers , intelligence officers , military aviators holding commissions in other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces requesting interservice transfers to the Coast Guard , graduates of maritime academies , and certain other individuals may also receive an officer 's commission in the Coast Guard through the Direct Commission Officer ( DCO ) program . Depending on the specific program and the background of the individual , the course is three , four or five weeks long . The first week of the five - week course is an indoctrination week . The DCO program is designed to commission officers with highly specialized professional training or certain kinds of previous military experience . Unlike the other military services , the Coast Guard does not have a Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) program . Recruit training ( edit ) Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May , New Jersey . New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts , vaccinations , uniform issue , and other necessary entrance procedures . During this initial processing period , the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders . These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company . The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches . When the initial processing is complete , the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training . There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders . The balance of the eight - week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills . An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard 's core values is an important part of the training . The current nine Recruit Training Objectives are : Self - discipline Military skills Marksmanship Vocational skills and academics Military bearing Physical fitness and wellness Water survival and swim qualifications Esprit de corps Core values ( Honor , Respect , and Devotion to Duty ) Service schools ( edit ) Following graduation from recruit training , most members are sent to their first unit while they await orders to attend advanced training in Class `` A '' Schools . At `` A '' schools , Coast Guard enlisted personnel are trained in their chosen rating ; rating is a Coast Guard and Navy term for enlisted skills synonymous with the Army 's and Marine Corps ' military occupation codes ( MOS ) and Air Force 's Air Force Specialty Code ( AFSC ) . Members who earned high ASVAB scores or who were otherwise guaranteed an `` A '' School of choice while enlisting may go directly to their `` A '' School upon graduation from Boot Camp . Civilian personnel ( edit ) The Coast Guard employs over 8,577 civilians in over two hundred different job types including Coast Guard Investigative Service special agents , lawyers , engineers , technicians , administrative personnel , tradesmen , and federal firefighters . Civilian employees work at various levels in the Coast Guard to support its various missions . Equipment ( edit ) Main article : Equipment of the United States Coast Guard Cutters ( edit ) USCGC Bertholf , the first Legend - class maritime security cutter . USCGC Raymond Evans ( WPC - 1110 ) , the tenth Sentinel - class Fast Response Cutter . USCGC Sea Dog and USCGC Sea Dragon Marine Protector - class patrol boats The Coast Guard operates 243 Cutters , defined as any vessel more than 65 feet ( 20 m ) long , that has a permanently assigned crew and accommodations for the extended support of that crew . Polar - class icebreaker ( WAGB ) : There are three WAGB 's used for icebreaking and research though only two , the heavy 399 - foot ( 122 m ) Polar Star and the newer medium class 420 - foot ( 130 m ) Healy , are active . Polar Sea is located in Seattle , Washington but is not currently in active service . The icebreakers are being replaced with new heavy icebreakers under the Polar icebreaker program . National Security Cutter ( WMSL ) : These are a new class of 418 - foot ( 127 m ) military defense , maritime ship , also known as the Legend - class cutter . At 418 ft. these are the largest USCG military cutters in active service . One - for - one Legend - class ships are replacing individually decommissioned 1960s Hamilton - class high endurance cutters . A total of eight were authorized and budgeted ; as of 2015 three are in service , and three are under construction . In 2016 a ninth National Security Cutter was authorized by Congress . High Endurance Cutter ( WHEC ) : These are 12 378 - foot ( 115 m ) Hamilton - class cutters commissioned in the late 1960s . Missions include law enforcement , search and rescue , and military defense . These aged cutters are individually being decommissioned and replaced by the new 418 ft . National Security Cutters . Medium Endurance Cutter ( WMEC ) : These are mostly the 210 - foot ( 64 m ) Reliance class , and the 270 - foot ( 82 m ) Famous class cutters , although the 283 - foot ( 86 m ) Alex Haley also falls into this category . Primary missions are law enforcement , search and rescue , and military defense . USCGC Mackinaw : A 240 - foot ( 73 m ) heavy icebreaker built for operations on the Great Lakes . USCGC Eagle : A 295 - foot ( 90 m ) sailing barque used as a training ship for Coast Guard Academy cadets and Coast Guard officer candidates . She was originally built in Germany as Horst Wessel , and was seized by the United States as a prize of war in 1945 . Seagoing Buoy Tender ( WLB ) : These 225 - foot ( 69 m ) ships are used to maintain aids to navigation and also assist with law enforcement and search and rescue . Coastal Buoy Tender ( WLM ) : The 175 - foot ( 53 m ) Keeper - class coastal buoy tenders are used to maintain coastal aids to navigation . Sentinel class cutter ( WPC ) : The 154 - foot ( 47 m ) Sentinel class was previously known as the `` Fast Response Cutter '' class and is used for search and rescue work and law enforcement . Bay - class icebreaking tug ( WTGB ) : 140 - foot ( 43 m ) icebreakers used primarily for domestic icebreaking missions . Other missions include search and rescue , law enforcement , and aids to navigation maintenance . Patrol Boats ( WPB ) : There are two classes of WPBs currently in service ; the 110 - foot ( 34 m ) Island - class patrol boats and the 87 - foot ( 27 m ) Marine Protector - class patrol boats Boats ( edit ) A U.S. Coast Guard 45 - foot ( 14 m ) Response Boat Medium ( RB - M ) A U.S. Coast Guard 25 - foot ( 8 m ) Defender Class Response Boat -- Small ( RS - B ) A U.S. Coast Guard 23 - foot ( 7 m ) Short Range Prosecutor ( SRB ) The Coast Guard operates about 1,650 boats , defined as any vessel less than 65 feet ( 20 m ) long , which generally operate near shore and on inland waterways . The Coast Guard boat fleet includes : Motor Life Boat ( MLB ) : The Coast Guard 's 47 - foot ( 14 m ) primary heavy - weather boat used for search and rescue as well as law enforcement and homeland security . Response Boat -- Medium ( RB - M ) : A new multi-mission 45 - foot ( 14 m ) vessel intended to replace the 41 - foot ( 12 m ) utility boat . 170 planned Special Purpose Craft -- Near Shore Lifeboat : Only 2 built . Shallow draft , 42 - foot ( 13 m ) lifeboat substituted for the 47 - foot ( 14 m ) Motor Life Boat , based at Chatham , Massachusetts Long Range Interceptor ( LRI ) : A 36 - foot ( 11 m ) high - speed launch that can be launched from the stern ramps of the larger Deepwater cutters . Aids to Navigation Boats ( TANB / BUSL / ANB / ANB ) : Various designs ranging from 26 to 55 feet ( 7.9 to 16.8 m ) used to maintain aids to navigation . Special Purpose Craft -- Law Enforcement ( SPC - LE ) : Intended to operate in support of specialized law enforcement missions , utilizing three 300 horsepower ( 220 kW ) Mercury Marine engines . The SPC - LE is 33 feet ( 10 m ) long and capable of speeds in excess of 50 knots ( 93 km / h ; 58 mph ) and operations more than 30 miles ( 48 km ) from shore . Response Boat -- Small ( RB - S ) : A 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high - speed boat , for a variety of missions , including search and rescue , port security and law enforcement duties . Transportable Port Security Boat ( TPSB ) : A 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) well - armed boat used by Port Security Units for force protection . SPC - SW Special Purpose Craft , Shallow - water : 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) Over-the - Horizon ( OTH ) boat : A 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) rigid hull inflatable boat used by medium and high endurance cutters and specialized units . Short Range Prosecutor ( SRP ) : A 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) rigid hull inflatable boat that can be launched from a stern launching ramp on the National Security Cutters . Aircraft ( edit ) MH - 65C Dolphin in flight . HH - 60J Jayhawk rescue demonstration . Coast Guard HC - 144A Ocean Sentry ( CASA CN - 235 - 300 MP Persuader ) . The Coast Guard operates approximately 201 fixed and rotary wing aircraft from 24 Coast Guard Air Stations throughout the contiguous United States , Alaska , Hawaii , and Puerto Rico . Most of these air stations are tenant activities at civilian airports , several of which are former Air Force Bases and Naval Air Stations , although several are also independent military facilities . Coast Guard Air Stations are also located on active Naval Air Stations , Air National Guard bases , and Army Air Fields . Coast Guard aviators receive Primary ( fixed - wing ) and Advanced ( fixed or rotary - wing ) flight training with their Navy and Marine Corps counterparts at NAS Whiting Field , Florida , and NAS Corpus Christi , Texas , and are considered Naval Aviators . After receiving Naval Aviator Wings , Coast Guard pilots , with the exception of those slated to fly the HC - 130 , report to U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Training Center , Mobile , Alabama to receive 6 -- 12 weeks of specialized training in the Coast Guard fleet aircraft they will operate . HC - 130 pilots report to Little Rock AFB , Arkansas , for joint C - 130 training under the auspices of the 314th Airlift Wing of the U.S. Air Force . Fixed - wing aircraft operate from Air Stations on long - duration missions . Helicopters operate from Air Stations and can deploy on a number of different cutters . Helicopters can rescue people or intercept vessels smuggling migrants or narcotics . Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , the Coast Guard has developed a more prominent role in national security and now has armed helicopters operating in high - risk areas for the purpose of maritime law enforcement and anti-terrorism . The Coast Guard is now developing an unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) program that will utilize the MQ - 9 Reaper platform for homeland security and search / rescue operations . To support this endeavor , the Coast Guard has partnered with the Navy and U.S. Customs and Border Protection to study existing / emerging unmanned aerial system ( UAS ) capabilities within their respective organizations . As these systems mature , research and operational experience gleaned from this joint effort will enable the Coast Guard to develop its own cutter and land - based UAS capabilities . Fixed - wing aircraft : Lockheed HC - 130H Hercules Lockheed HC - 130J Super Hercules Alenia C - 27J Spartan CASA HC - 144A Ocean Sentry Rotary - wing aircraft : Sikorsky HH / MH - 60 J / T Jayhawk Aérospatiale MH - 65 C / D / E Dolphin Fixed - wing VIP transport aircraft assigned to CGAS Washington D.C : VC - 37A Long Range Command and Control Aircraft ( 2 airframes as of December 2011 : CG - 01 , S / N 653 and CG - 02 , S / N 638 ) Weapons ( edit ) USCGC Gallatin test firing its Oto Melara 76 mm gun USCGC Bertholf test firing its MK110 57mm gun The SIG P229R - DAK is the standard sidearm of the U.S. Coast Guard . Naval guns ( edit ) Most Coast Guard Cutters have one or more Naval gun systems installed . Including : The Oto Melara 76 mm a radar - guided computer controlled gun system that is used on both Medium and High Endurance Cutters . The 3 inch gun 's high rate of fire and availability of specialized ammunition make it multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping , anti-aircraft , ground support and short - range anti-missile defense . The MK 110 57mm gun a radar - guided computer controlled variant of the Bofors 57 mm gun . It is used on the Legend - class cutter , also known as the National Security Cutter ( NSC ) . It 's a multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping , anti-aircraft , and short - range anti-missile defense . The stealth mount has a reduced radar profile . Also , the gun has a small radar mounted on the gun barrel to measure muzzle velocity for fire control purposes and can change ammunition types instantly due to a dual - feed system . It can also be operated / fired manually using a joystick and video camera ( mounted on gun ) . The Mk 38 Mod 0 weapons system consists of an M242 Bushmaster 25mm chain gun and the Mk 88 Mod 0 machine gun mount . A manned system , it 's gyro - stabilization compensates for the pitching deck . It provides ships with defensive and offensive gunfire capability for the engagement of a variety of surface targets . Designed primarily as a close - range defensive measure , it provides protection against patrol boats , floating mines , and various shore - based targets . The Mk 38 Mod 2 weapons system is a remotely operated Mk 38 with an Electronic Optical Sight , Laser Range - Finder , FLIR , a more reliable feeding system , all of which enhance the weapon systems capabilities and accuracy . The Phalanx CIWS ( pronounced `` sea - whiz '' ) is a close - in weapon system for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles . it can also be used against a variety of surface targets . Consisting of a radar - guided 20 mm 6 - barreled M61 Vulcan cannon mounted on a swiveling base . It 's used on the Coast Guards High Endurance Cutters . This system can operate autonomously against airborne threats or may be manually operated with the use of Electronic Optical Sight , Laser Range - Finder and FLIR systems against surface targets . The Sea PROTECTOR MK50 is a remotely controlled gyro - stabilized M2 . 50 caliber heavy machine gun . The sight package includes a daylight video camera , a thermal camera and an eye - safe laser rangefinder operated by a joystick . It is also furnished with a fully integrated fire control system that provides ballistic correction . The Mk50s are used on only four Marine Protector - class Cutters , the USCGC Sea Fox , USCGC Sea Devil , USCGC Sea Dragon and USCGC Sea Dog . Small arms and light weapons ( edit ) The U.S. Coast Guard uses a wide variety of small arms and light weapons . Handguns , shotguns , and rifles are used to arm boat crew and boarding team members and machine guns are mounted aboard cutters , boats , and helicopters . Common small arms and light weapons arms include : SIG Sauer P229R DAK . 40 S&W pistol Remington M870P 12 gauge shotgun M16A2 rifle M4 carbine M14 Tactical rifle FN M240 machine gun M2 . 50 caliber heavy machine gun Mk 19 40mm grenade launcher Barrett M107 . 50 - caliber rifle is used by marksmen from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron and Law Enforcement Detachments to disable the engines on fleeing boats . Symbols ( edit ) Core values ( edit ) The Coast Guard , like the other armed services of the United States , has a set of core values that serve as basic ethical guidelines for all Coast Guard active duty , reservists , auxiliarists , and civilians . The Coast Guard Core Values are : Honor : Integrity is our standard . We demonstrate uncompromising ethical conduct and moral behavior in all of our personal actions . We are loyal and accountable to the public trust . Respect : We value our diverse workforce . We treat each other with fairness , dignity , and compassion . We encourage individual opportunity and growth . We encourage creativity through empowerment . We work as a team . Devotion to Duty : We are professionals , military and civilian , who seek responsibility , accept accountability , and are committed to the successful achievement of our organizational goals . We exist to serve . We serve with pride . -- Coast Guard Core Values The Guardian Ethos ( edit ) In 2008 , the Coast Guard introduced the Guardian Ethos . As the Commandant , Admiral Allen noted in a message to all members of the Coast Guard : ( The Ethos ) `` defines the essence of the Coast Guard , '' and is the `` contract the Coast Guard and its members make with the nation and its citizens . '' The Coast Guard Ethos ( edit ) In an ALCOAST message effective 1 December 2011 the Commandant , Admiral Papp , directed that the language of Guardian Ethos be superseded by the Coast Guard Ethos in an effort to use terminology that would help with the identity of personnel serving in the Coast Guard . The term Coast Guardsman is the correct form of address used in Title 14 USC and is the form that has been used historically . This changed the line in the Guardian Ethos `` I am a Guardian . '' to become `` I am a Coast Guardsman . '' The Ethos is : I am a Coast Guardsman . I serve the people of the United States . I will protect them . I will defend them . I will save them . I am their shield . For them I am Semper Paratus . I live the Coast Guard core values . I am proud to be a Coast Guardsman . We are the United States Coast Guard . -- The Coast Guard Ethos Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman ( edit ) Main article : Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman The `` Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman '' was written by Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet , who served as Commandant of the Coast Guard from 1932 to 1936 . I am proud to be a United States Coast Guardsman . I revere that long line of expert seamen who by their devotion to duty and sacrifice of self have made it possible for me to be a member of a service honored and respected , in peace and in war , throughout the world . I never , by word or deed , will bring reproach upon the fair name of my service , nor permit others to do so unchallenged . I will cheerfully and willingly obey all lawful orders . I will always be on time to relieve , and shall endeavor to do more , rather than less , than my share . I will always be at my station , alert and attending to my duties . I shall , so far as I am able , bring to my seniors solutions , not problems . I shall live joyously , but always with due regard for the rights and privileges of others . I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live . I shall sell life dearly to an enemy of my country , but give it freely to rescue those in peril . With God 's help , I shall endeavor to be one of His noblest Works ... A UNITED STATES COAST GUARDSMAN . -- Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back ! '' ( edit ) This unofficial motto of the Coast Guard dates to an 1899 United States Lifesaving Service regulation , which states in part : `` In attempting a rescue , ... he will not desist from his efforts until by actual trial , the impossibility of effecting a rescue is demonstrated . The statement of the keeper that he did not try to use the boat because the sea or surf was too heavy will not be accepted , unless attempts to launch it were actually made and failed . '' Coast Guard ensign ( edit ) Ensign of the United States Coast Guard Former Coast Guard Ensign , used from 1915 to 1953 . The Coast Guard Ensign ( flag ) was first flown by the Revenue Cutter Service in 1799 to distinguish revenue cutters from merchant ships . A 1 August 1799 order issued by Secretary of the Treasury , Oliver Wolcott , Jr. specified that the Ensign would be `` sixteen perpendicular stripes ( for the number of states in the United States at the time ) , alternate red and white , the union of the ensign to be the arms of the United States in a dark blue on a white field . '' This ensign became familiar in American waters and served as the sign of authority for the Revenue Cutter Service until the early 20th century . The ensign was originally intended to be flown only on revenue cutters and boats connected with the Customs Service but over the years it was found flying atop custom houses as well , and the practice became a requirement in 1874 . On 7 June 1910 , President William Howard Taft issued an Executive Order adding an emblem to ( or `` defacing '' ) the ensign flown by the Revenue cutters to distinguish it from what is now called the Customs Ensign flown from the custom houses . The emblem was changed to the official seal of the Coast Guard in 1927 . The purpose of the ensign is to allow ship captains to easily recognize those vessels having legal authority to stop and board them . It is flown only as a symbol of law enforcement authority and is never carried as a parade standard . Coast Guard standard ( edit ) Parade Standard of the U.S. Coast Guard . The Coast Guard Standard is used in parades and carries the battle honors of the Coast Guard . It was derived from the jack of the Coast Guard ensign which was flown by revenue cutters . The emblem is a blue eagle from the coat of arms of the United States on a white field . Above the eagle are the words `` UNITED STATES COAST GUARD '' below the eagle is the motto , `` SEMPER PARATUS '' and the inscription `` 1790 . '' Service Mark ( `` Racing stripe '' ) ( edit ) Service Mark ( also known as Racing Stripe ) . The racing stripe is borne by Coast Guard cutters , aircraft , and many boats . First used and placed into official usage as of April 6 , 1967 , it consists of a narrow blue stripe , a narrow white stripe between , and a broad CG red bar with the Coast Guard shield centered . Red - hulled icebreaker cutters and most HH - 65 / MH - 65 helicopters ( i.e. , those with a red fuselage ) bear a narrow blue stripe , a narrow empty stripe the color of the fuselage ( an implied red stripe ) , and broad white bar , with the Coast Guard shield centered . Conversely , black - hulled cutters ( such as buoy tenders and inland construction tenders ) use the standard racing stripe . Auxiliary vessels maintained by the Coast Guard also carry the Racing Stripe , but in inverted colors ( i.e. , broad blue stripe with narrow white and CG red stripes ) and the Auxiliary shield . The Racing Stripe , officially known as the Service Mark , was designed in 1964 by the industrial design office of Raymond Loewy Associates to give the Coast Guard a distinctive , modern image . Loewy had designed the colors for the Air Force One fleet for Jackie Kennedy . President Kennedy was so impressed with his work , he suggested that the entire Federal Government needed his make - over and suggested that he start with the Coast Guard . The stripes are canted at a 64 degree angle , coincidentally the year the Racing Stripe was designed . Similar Racing Stripe designs have been adopted for the use of other coast guards and maritime authorities and many other law enforcement and rescue agencies . Uniforms ( edit ) Photo showing a variety of Coast Guard uniforms . From Left : Service Dress White , Tropical Blue , Service Dress Blue , Winter Dress Blue , Camouflage Utility Uniform , Operational Dress Uniform Coast Guardsmen in 2013 wearing ODUs . Prior to 1974 , Coast Guard personnel wore essentially the same uniforms as the Navy ( although some unique uniform items did exist ) with distinctive Coast Guard insignia . These were minor , primarily consisting of distinctive cap devices for officers and chief petty officers , incorporation of the Coast Guard shield in lieu of line or staff corps insignia for officers , and different buttons on dress uniforms . In 1974 , the current Coast Guard Service Dress Blue `` Bravo '' uniform was introduced for wear by both officers and enlisted personnel ; the transition was completed during 1974 . The uniform consists of a blue four - pocket single breasted jacket and trousers , a light - blue button - up shirt with a pointed collar , two front button - flap pockets , and shoulder loops , along with a tie of the same shade as the jacket are worn with the uniform . Either the garrison cap or combination cap may be worn . Officer and enlisted rank insignia are sewn onto the jacket sleeve in the same manner as Navy uniforms . A Coast Guard warrant officer ( left ) and officer ( right ) wearing Full Dress Whites . The Service Dress Blue `` Bravo '' uniform may be worn year - round for business within the Coast Guard and for social occasions where the civilian equivalent is coat and tie . The slightly more formal Service Dress Blue `` Alpha '' variant substitutes a white shirt for the blue , and mandates the combination cap . Enlisted personnel do not wear collar devices with the white shirt . Full Dress Blue is essentially the same as Service Dress Blue `` Alpha , '' except that it is worn with a full - size medals instead of ribbons . Additionally , a sword may be prescribed for officers , and white gloves may be required . A white belt may be worn for honor guards . The Tropical Blue uniform , worn in warm weather , omits the jacket and tie , and features a short - sleeved , light blue shirt ( identical to that worn by the U.S. Air Force ) with rank insignia on shoulder boards for officers , and pin - on collar insignia for petty officers . The Tropical Blue uniform may be worn year - round for general office wear and for visits between commands . It may be worn in lieu of the SDB uniform , but not to functions where civilian dress is coat and tie . Despite the transition to distinctive `` Bender 's blues '' uniforms in the 1970s , some Navy - style dress uniforms were retained . The Service Dress White and Full Dress White `` choker '' uniforms for officers are identical to those worn by U.S. Navy officers ( aside from service - specific buttons , insignia and sword design ) . These are typically used for formal parade and change - of - command ceremonies . For similar occasions the enlisted members wear Tropical Blue , Service Dress Blue or Full Dress Blue . The mess dress uniforms worn for formal ( black tie ) evening ceremonies are also identical to those of the Navy , aside from Coast Guard - specific insignia . As in the Navy , these uniforms are required for officers , but optional for enlisted members . Due to the expense of these uniforms and the fact that they are rarely called - for , few junior enlisted members purchase them . The U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band in New York during the 2010 St. Patrick 's Day Parade . The current working uniform of the Coast Guard is the Operational Dress Uniform ( ODU ) . The ODU may be worn year - round primarily as a field utility and watchstanding uniform , but may also be worn in an office environment where appropriate . The ODU is similar to the Battle Dress Uniform of other armed services , both in function and style . However , the ODU is in a solid dark blue with no camouflage pattern and does not have lower pockets on the blouse . The first generation ODU , in service from 2004 to 2012 , was worn tucked in . The second generation ODU is worn untucked and has black Coast Guard insignia embroidered on the left shirt pocket as well as the side pockets of the trousers . The ODU is worn with composite - toed boots in most circumstances , but low - cut brown boat shoes may be prescribed for certain vessel boarding operations . A standard baseball - style ball cap is worn , embroidered in gold block lettering with `` U.S. Coast Guard . '' Units may also additionally authorize ball caps with the unit name embroidered for wear while on the unit . A foul weather parka is the outerwear worn with the ODU . The ODU 's success and practicality as a working uniform has led the U.S. Public Health Service and the NOAA Corps to adopt ODU variants as standard working uniforms . Some Navy personnel also advocated adoption of the ODU as a standard shipboard uniform for the Navy , rather than the unpopular Navy Working Uniform Type I . Coast Guard personnel serving in expeditionary combat units such as Port Security Units or Law Enforcement Detachments , and Coast Guard personnel deployed overseas ( e.g. PATFORSWA ) wear the Navy Working Uniform Type III with distinctive Coast Guard insignia , and generally follow Navy Uniform Regulations . Coast Guard cadets wearing Full Dress Blue ( B ) uniform . All Coast Guardsmen wear the combination cap with all uniforms except the ODU and CUU . Company commanders ( the Coast Guard 's equivalent of drill sergeants ) at Training Center Cape May wear the traditional Smokey Bear - style campaign hat . The Coast Guard Pipe Band , a special musical unit composed of active , reserve and auxiliary members , wears a modified form of highland dress , including kilt and sporran . It is , along with the Band of the Air Force Reserve Pipe Band , one of only two kilted units in the United States military , excluding those maintained by state defense forces and service academies . The band 's kilt is patterned in the official U.S. Coast Guard tartan , which is registered with the Scottish Register of Tartans and based on the Hamilton tartan ( in honor of the founder of the Revenue - Marine , Alexander Hamilton ) . Cadets at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy wear standard Coast Guard uniforms , but also wear two different styles of parade dress uniforms , similar to those worn by Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy . Full Dress Blue ( B ) consists of black blouses with banded collars and double rows of buttons , worn with matching black trousers and a white peaked hat . Full Dress Blue ( A ) substitutes white trousers in lieu of black . Coast Guard Reserve ( edit ) Seal of the United States Coast Guard Reserve SPARS recruiting poster during World War II Main article : United States Coast Guard Reserve The United States Coast Guard Reserve is the reserve military force of the Coast Guard . The Coast Guard Reserve was founded on 19 February 1941 . The Coast Guard has 8700 reservists who normally drill two days a month and an additional 12 days of active duty each year , although many perform additional drill and active duty periods , to include those mobilized to extended active duty . Coast Guard reservists possess the same training and qualifications as their active duty counterparts , and as such , can be found augmenting active duty Coast Guard units every day . During the Vietnam War and shortly thereafter , the Coast Guard considered abandoning the reserve program , but the force was instead reoriented into force augmentation , where its principal focus was not just reserve operations , but to add to the readiness and mission execution of every - day active duty personnel . Since 11 September 2001 , reservists have been activated and served on tours of active duty , to include deployments to the Persian Gulf and also as parts of Department of Defense combatant commands such as the U.S. Northern and Central Commands . Coast Guard Port Security Units are entirely staffed with reservists , except for five to seven active duty personnel . Additionally , most of the staffing the Coast Guard provides to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command are reservists . The Reserve is managed by the Director of Reserve and Military Personnel Directorate , Rear Admiral Kurt B. Hinrichs , USCGR . Women in the Coast Guard ( edit ) Main article : Women in the United States Coast Guard In 1918 , twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve became the first uniformed women to serve in the Coast Guard . Later , United States Coast Guard Women 's Reserve ( SPARS ) was created on 23 November 1942 with the signing of Public Law 773 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . The name is a contraction of the Coast Guard motto Semper Paratus , meaning `` Always Ready '' in Latin . The name also refers to a spar in nautical usage . Like the other women 's reserves such as the Women 's Army Corps and the WAVES , it was created to free men from stateside service in order to fight overseas . Its first director was Captain Dorothy C. Stratton who is credited with creating the name for the organization . The cutter USCGC Spar is named for the SPARS . Coast Guard Auxiliary ( edit ) Badge of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Main article : United States Coast Guard Auxiliary The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the uniformed volunteer component of the Coast Guard , established on 23 June 1939 by an act of Congress as the United States Coast Guard Reserve , it was re-designated as the Auxiliary on 19 February 1941 . It works within the Coast Guard in carrying out its noncombatant and non-law enforcement missions . Auxiliarists are subject to direction from the Commandant of the Coast Guard making them unique among all federal volunteers ( e.g. Air Force 's Civil Air Patrol and FBI 's InfraGard ) ; they are not a separate organization , but an integral part of the Coast Guard . There are approximately 31,000 active Auxiliarists . The Coast Guard has assigned primary responsibility for many recreational boating safety tasks to the Auxiliary , including public boating safety education and voluntary Vessel Safety Checks ( formerly called Courtesy Examinations ) . Additionally , Auxiliarists use their own vessels boats and aircraft ( once registered as Coast Guard facilities ) to conduct safety patrols , aid in search and rescue missions , and perform other tasks on behalf of the Coast Guard . Prior to 1997 , Auxiliarists were largely limited to activities supporting recreational boating safety . In 1997 , however , new legislation authorized the Auxiliary to participate in any and all Coast Guard missions except direct military and direct law enforcement . Auxiliarists may directly augment active duty Coast Guard personnel in non-combat , non-law enforcement roles ( e.g. radio communications watch stander , interpreter , cook , etc . ) and may assist active duty personnel in inspecting commercial vessels and maintaining aids - to - navigation . Auxiliarists may support the law enforcement and homeland security missions of the Coast Guard but may not directly participate ( make arrests , etc . ) , and Auxiliarists are not permitted to carry a weapon while serving in any Auxiliary capacity . Deployable operations Group ( edit ) Seal of the United States Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group Main article : Deployable Operations Group The Deployable Operations Group ( DOG ) was a Coast Guard command established in July 2007 . The DOG established a single command authority to rapidly provide the Coast Guard , Department of Homeland Security , Department of Defense , Department of Justice and other interagency operational commanders adaptive force packages drawn from the Coast Guard 's deployable specialized force units . The DOG was disestablished on 22 April 2013 and its deployable specialized forces ( DSF ) units were placed under the control of the Atlantic and Pacific Area Commanders . The planning for the unit began after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , and culminated with its formation on 20 July 2007 . Its missions included maritime law enforcement , anti-terrorism , port security , pollution response , and diving operations . There were over 25 specialized units within the Deployable Operations Group including the Maritime Security Response Team , Maritime Safety and Security Teams , Law Enforcement Detachments , Port Security Units , the National Strike Force , and Regional Dive Lockers . The DOG also managed Coast Guard personnel assigned to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command and was involved in the selection of Coast Guard candidates to attend Navy BUD / S and serve with Navy SEAL Teams . Medals and honors ( edit ) Main article : Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard See also : Awards and decorations of the United States military One Coast Guardsman , Douglas Albert Munro , has earned the Medal of Honor , the highest military award of the United States . Fifty five Coast Guardsmen have earned the Navy Cross and numerous men and women have earned the Distinguished Flying Cross . The highest peacetime decoration awarded within the Coast Guard is the Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal ; prior to the transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department of Homeland Security , the highest peacetime decoration was the Department of Transportation Distinguished Service Medal . The highest unit award available is the Presidential Unit Citation . In wartime , members of the Coast Guard are eligible to receive the Navy version of the Medal of Honor . A Coast Guard Medal of Honor is authorized but has not yet been developed or issued . In May 2006 , at the Change of Command ceremony when Admiral Thad Allen took over as Commandant , President George W. Bush awarded the entire Coast Guard , including the Coast Guard Auxiliary , the Coast Guard Presidential Unit Citation with hurricane device , for its efforts during and after Hurricane Katrina and Tropical Storm Rita . Notable Coast Guardsmen ( edit ) Main article : List of U.S. Coast Guard people Numerous celebrities have served in the Coast Guard including tennis player Jack Kramer , golfer Arnold Palmer , All Star baseball player Sid Gordon , boxer Jack Dempsey ; musicians Kai Winding , Rudy Vallee , Derroll Adams , and Tom Waits ; actors Buddy Ebsen , Sid Caesar , Victor Mature , Richard Cromwell , Alan Hale , Jr. , William Hopper , Beau Bridges , Jeff Bridges , Cesar Romero ; author Alex Haley ; and Senator Claiborne Pell . Vice Admiral Thad Allen in 2005 was named Principal Federal Officer to oversee recovery efforts in the Gulf Region after Hurricane Katrina . After promotion to Admiral , on the eve of his retirement as Commandant , Allen again received national visibility after being named National Incident Commander overseeing the response efforts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Former Coast Guard officers have been appointed to numerous civilian government offices . After retiring as Commandant of the Coast Guard in 2002 , Admiral James Loy went on to serve as administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and later as Deputy Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security . After their respective Coast Guard careers , Carlton Skinner served as the first Civilian Governor of Guam ; G. William Miller , 65th Secretary of the Treasury , and retired Vice Admiral Harvey E. Johnson , Jr. served as Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) under President George W. Bush . Rear Admiral Stephen W. Rochon was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as the Director of the Executive Residence and White House Chief Usher , beginning service on 12 March 2007 , and continued to serve in the same capacity under President Barack Obama . Two Coast Guard aviators , Commander Bruce E. Melnick and Captain Daniel C. Burbank , have served as NASA astronauts . Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously , and is the only Coast Guardsman to ever receive this honor . Organizations ( edit ) Coast Guard Aviation Association ( edit ) Those who have piloted or flown in Coast Guard aircraft under official flight orders may join the Coast Guard Aviation Association which was formerly known as the `` Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl '' ( `` Flying Since the World was Flat '' ) . The Ancient Albatross Award is presented to the active duty USCG member who qualified as an aviator earlier than any other person who is still serving . Separate enlisted and officer awards are given . Coast Guard CW operators Association ( edit ) The Coast Guard CW Operators Association ( CGCWOA ) is a membership organization comprising primarily former members of the United States Coast Guard who held the enlisted rating of Radioman ( RM ) or Telecommunications Specialist ( TC ) , and who employed International Morse Code ( CW ) in their routine communications duties on Coast Guard cutters and at shore stations . USCG Chief petty officers Association ( edit ) Members of this organization unite to assist members and dependents in need , assist with Coast Guard recruiting efforts , support the aims and goals of the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Academy , keep informed on Coast Guard matters , and assemble for social amenities ; and include Chief , Senior Chief , and Master Chief Petty Officers , active , reserve and retired . Membership is also open to all Chief Warrant Officers and Officers who have served as a Chief Petty Officer . USCG Chief warrant and warrant officers Association ( CWOA ) ( edit ) Established in 1929 , the Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association , United States Coast Guard ( CWOA ) represents Coast Guard warrant and chief warrant officers ( active , reserve and retired ) to the Congress , White House and the Department of Homeland Security . Additionally , the association communicates with the Coast Guard leadership on matters of concern to Coast Guard chief warrant officers . In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) The US Coast Guard maintains a Motion Picture and Television Office ( MOPIC ) in Hollywood , California , along with its sister services at the Department of Defense dedicated to enhancing public awareness and understanding of the Coast Guard , its people , and its missions through a cooperative effort with the entertainment industry . In film ( edit ) Fighting Coast Guard ( 1951 ) , depicts Coast Guard trained to help win WWII . The Boatniks ( 1970 ) , is a light - hearted depiction of a Coast Guard unit tasked with supervising recreational boaters on the California coast . The Island ( 1980 ) , latter - day Caribbean pirates capture the ( fictional ) cutter USCGC New Hope . Filming was done on USCGC Dauntless . Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) , depicts counter-drug helicopters from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron ( HITRON ) . The Guardian ( 2006 ) , depicts the Aviation Survival Technician ( AST ) program . Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) , starring Dwayne Johnson and Mark Wahlberg , depicted the Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group in action . The Finest Hours ( 2016 ) , A film portraying the rescue of the crew of SS Pendleton by coxswain Bernard C. Webber and the three other crewmen of Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500 . On television ( edit ) The Coast Guard has been featured in several television series , including : Coast Guard was a syndicated television series that aired for three seasons from 1995 to 1997 in the United States as well as overseas , where it was called Sea Rescue . The series followed Coast Guard personnel as they performed their missions . Coast Guard Alaska : Search and Rescue , a series on The Weather Channel that features a Coast Guard search - and - rescue unit based in Kodiak , Alaska . Several series have spun off the original to focus on units based in Cape Disappointment and Florida . Deadliest Catch , works extensively with Base Kodiak , who cooperates with the film crew to insure safety and has been featured in several rescues . Doll & Em features an CG ANT team member and the Point Vicente Light as the lighthouse Doll & Em escape to do their writing in the Season 2 opener . Hawaii Five - 0 , features several episodes in which the Five - 0 team worked with Station Honolulu and Air Station Barbers Point . NCIS , Diane Neal portrays Abigail Borin , CGIS Special Agent in Charge featured in several episodes of both NCIS and NCIS : New Orleans . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal United States Coast Guard portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Coast Guard ( edit ) AMVER Badges of the United States Coast Guard Chaplain of the Coast Guard Coast Guard Day Code of Federal Regulations , Title 33 Joint Maritime Training Center List of United States Coast Guard cutters Maritime Law Enforcement Academy MARSEC National Data Buoy Center National Ice Center Naval militia North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum Patrol Forces Southwest Asia SPARS U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence U.S. Coast Guard Legal Division United States Coast Guard Air Stations United States Coast Guard Police United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center United States Coast Guard Stations Women in the United States Coast Guard Related agencies ( edit ) List of United States federal law enforcement agencies National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) U.S. Maritime Administration U.S. Merchant Marine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Creation of the Revenue Marine occurred on August 4 , 1790 ; 227 years ago ( 1790 - 08 - 04 ) . Jump up ^ Although the U.S. Navy lists its founding as 1775 with the formation of the Continental Navy , that service was disbanded in 1785 and the modern U.S. Navy in its present form was founded in 1794 . Jump up ^ The term Coast Guardsman is the official term used by the U.S. Coast Guard to refer to a member regardless of the person 's gender . In an ALCOAST message effective 1 December 2011 the Commandant , Admiral Papp , directed that the language of the Guardian Ethos be superseded by the Coast Guard Ethos in an effort to use terminology that would help with the identity of personnel serving in the Coast Guard . The term Coast Guardsman is the correct form of address used in Title 14 USC and is the form that has been used historically . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - When was the Coast Guard ( and its forerunners ) established and what is its organizational history ? '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Coast Guard > Our Organization > Workforce '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : William R. Benedetto ( February 2006 ) . Sailing Into the Abyss : A True Story of Extreme Heroism on the High Seas . Kensington Publishing Corporation . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2646 - 1 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Its sailors go by a handful of names , including coasties , shallow - water sailors , hooligans , rum - runners , the Guard , and , now , the Home Security guys . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 2 . UNITED STATES COAST GUARD EMBLEM '' ( PDF ) . United States Coast Guard . April 2011 . pp. 2 -- 2 . COMDTINST M5200. 14A . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 101 ( a ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . 1 November 1941 : President Roosevelt 's Executive Order 8929 transferred the Coast Guard to Navy Department control . In compliance with Executive Order 9666 , the Coast Guard returned to Treasury Department control . Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . 6 April 1917 : With the declaration of war against Germany the Coast Guard was transferred by Executive Order to the control of the Navy Department . Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert Irwin ( 1987 ) . Guardians of the Sea , History of the United States Coast Guard , 1915 to the Present . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 720 - 3 . Jump up ^ Scheina , Robert ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` The U.S. Coast Guard at War '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ LaRouche , Monique ( 2012 ) . `` The Coast Guard RAIDs Afghanistan '' . Reservist . U.S. Coast Guard . LXI ( 1 ) : 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operational_Assets '' . www.overview.uscg.mil . Jump up ^ `` Happy 225th Birthday to the United States Coast Guard ! `` Coast Guard Auxiliary Live '' . live.cgaux.org . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Organization and Administration , Chapter One '' . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ The Coast Guard Gets It Right Amanda Ripley . TIME. 23 October 2005 . Jump up ^ 6 U.S.C. § 468 Jump up ^ `` USCG Office of Search & Rescue ( CG - SAR ) '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Search and Rescue Plan ( USA ) 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Uscg.mil. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Search And Rescue Committee '' . U.S. Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCG National Response Center '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan '' . epa.gov . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 USC § 101 . Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . ( a ) ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 1 . Establishment of Coast Guard '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History '' . United States Department of Homeland Security . 2003 - Administrative control of the Coast Guard transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security from the Department of Transportation , where it had served since 1 April 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Act of 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 25 November 2002 . Jump up ^ Baldinelli , D.C. ( 9 December 2002 ) . `` The U.S. Coast Guard 's Assignment to the Department of Homeland Security : Entering Uncharted Waters or Just a Course Correction ? '' . United States Coast Guard . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . On November 25 , 2002 , President George Bush signed the Homeland Security Act , which called for the largest reorganization in the U.S. government since the formation of the Department of Defense . The reorganization plan will bring together twenty - two agencies or parts of agencies from other departments such as Justice , Commerce , Health and Human Services , etc. , under the control of the Department of Homeland Security ... One of those agencies affected was the United States Coast Guard , which will be transferred from the Department of Transportation . ^ Jump up to : Garamone , Jim ( 17 October 2007 ) . `` Sea Services Unveil New Maritime Strategy '' . Navy News Service . American Forces Press Service . NNS071017 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 2 . Primary duties '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 89 . Law enforcement '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 1385 . Use of Army and Air Force as posse comitatus '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 143 . Treasury Department '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 19 USC § 1401. ( i ) Officer of the customs ; customs officer '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 19 USC § 1589a . Enforcement authority of customs officers '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Law Enforcement Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities '' ( PDF ) . Government Accounting Office . December 2006 . GAO - 07 - 121 . Jump up ^ `` Law Enforcement Survey Table '' . Government Accounting Office . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People v. Booth , ___ N.Y.S. 2d ___ , 2008 WL 2247068 , 2008 N.Y. Slip . Op. 28206 ( N.Y. Co. Ct. 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ 2013 U.S. Coast Guard Facts Archived 2014 - 11 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Papp , Robert J. , Jr. ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` The legacy of Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro '' . Coast Guard Compass . Jump up ^ Ripley , Amanda ( 23 October 2005 ) . `` How the Coast Guard Gets it Right '' . Time . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Numbered Fleets '' . Federation of American Scientists . 28 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Light Stations '' . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service '' . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE COAST GUARD IN VIETNAM '' . www.jacksjoint.com . Jump up ^ Cacas , Max ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` DHS marks new milestone with St. E 's campus groundbreaking '' . WFED . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/FY_2016_DHS_Budget_in_Brief.pdf Jump up ^ Leavitt , Michael P. `` Coast Guardsman , Not Guardian '' ( PDF ) . Flotilla 23 - 1 Annapolis , MD . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shipmates 17 - The Coast Guard Ethos Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 41 . Grades and ratings '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 37 USC § 201 . Pay grades : assignment to ; general rules '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 , Section 201 Jump up ^ `` Required Uniforms '' . USCG Uniform Distribution Center . 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCG Civilian Careers '' . United States Coast Guard . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Coast Guard Regulations , Chapter 10 -- Classification and Status of Coast Guard Vessels '' ( PDF ) . 1992 . COMDINSTM 5000.3 B . Jump up ^ `` 420 - foot Icebreaker ( WAGB ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 399 - foot Polar Class Icebreakers ( WAGB ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Lt. Gov. calls for US icebreakers '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . 30 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Northrop Grumman to Supply Polar Ice Breaker Navigation Support for U.S. Coast Guard '' . 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Barque Eagle ( WIX - 327 ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCGC Eagle '' . Lots of Honor. 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 140 - foot Icebreaking Tug ( WTGB ) - Bay Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 110 - foot Patrol Boat ( WPB ) - Island Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 87 - foot Coastal Patrol Boat ( WPB ) - Marine Protector Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chatham Boats '' . Station Chatham. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 130H : Hercules '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 130J : Super Hercules '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 144A : Ocean Sentry '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HH - 60J Sea Hawk / `` Jayhawk '' `` . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HH / MH - 65C : Dolphin '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` C - 37A : Gulfstream V '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crew - Served Weapon , MK - 19 , 40mm Machine Gun Course ( MK - 19 ) '' . www.forcecom.uscg.mil . Jump up ^ `` United States Coast Guard Core Values '' . United States Coast Guard Academy . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Coast Guard and Homeland Security '' . United States Army Combined Arms Center . July 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shipmates 17 - The Coast Guard Ethos '' ( txt ) . CGMS General Messages. 30 November 2011 . ALCOAST 554 / 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian Ethos '' , U.S. Coast Guard Posture Statement ( PDF ) , United States Coast Guard , February 2008 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` Harry G. Hamlet 1932 - 1936 '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamlet , Harry G. ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - What is the origin of the saying `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back '' ? `` . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Flags '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Coast Guard Ensign '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ Saba , Anne ( January 2000 ) . `` Tradition , Service , Honor : The Customs Ensign '' . U.S. Customs Today . Archived from the original on 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Flags '' . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . As it was intended in 1799 , the ensign is displayed as a mark of authority for boardings , examinations and seizures of vessels for the purpose of enforcing the laws of the United States . The ensign is never carried as a parade or ceremony standard . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Coatings and Color manual '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 16 July 1973 . CG - 263 . Jump up ^ Thiesen , William H. , PhD ( Summer 2012 ) . `` The History of the ' Racing Stripe ' Emblem and Brand '' ( PDF ) . Sea History ( 139 ) . Jump up ^ `` Coatings And Color Manual '' ( PDF ) . CG - 612 Directives and Publications Division . 11 March 2005 . COMDTINST M10360. 3C . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - When did the Coast Guard adopt the `` slash '' for its cutters , boats , and aircraft ? `` . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 18 February 2009 . COMDTINST M1020. 6F . ^ Jump up to : `` Honoring Our Profession - Uniform Guidance and Results of Uniform Board No. 44 '' ( txt ) . CGMS General Messages . ALCOAST 291 / 11 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Scotland , National Records of . `` Tartan Details - The Scottish Register of Tartans '' . Jump up ^ `` Cadet Life : Cadet Uniforms '' . cga.edu . U.S. Coast Guard Academy . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC PART II -- Coast Guard Reserve and Auxiliary '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's History Chronology '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Coast Guard Reserve '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women & the US Coast Guard '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Papp , Robert J. , Jr . `` US Coast Guard Auxiliary Policy Statement '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CG Auxiliary Vessel Examiner Manual '' ( PDF ) . CG - 612 Directives and Publications Division . 20 August 1996 . COMDTINST M16796. 2E . Jump up ^ `` 33 CFR § 5.31 Power and authority '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deployable Operations Group disbanded '' . Navy Times . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Expects New Deployable Group Operating By Next Summer '' ( PDF ) . Senior Coast Guard Leadership . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` SM1c Douglas Albert Munro '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , James E. , Jr. ; Rehill , Anne Collier ( 1997 ) . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in America 's Sea Services . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . p. 293 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 937 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Albatross Award '' . Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chidlow , Nora L. `` The Bird That Continues to Fly : A History of the Ancient Albatross Award '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard CW Operators Association '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Association '' . Jump up ^ `` USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association '' . Jump up ^ USCG Department of Public Affairs . `` U.S. Coast Guard Motion Picture & Television Office ( CG - 0922M ) '' . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Commander Judd , Ralph , USCG ( ret ) . `` The Coast Guard In Film '' . USCG : Frequently Asked Questions . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard '' . Film . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Episodes 1995 , TV Show '' . TV Guide online . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard ( 1995 -- 1997 ) TV Series - Reality - TV '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Brooks , James ( November 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kodiak Coast Guardsmen cheer their debut on national TV '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Channel Greenlights New Original Series `` Coast Guard Florida , '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lagan , Christopher ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Coast Guard Pacific Northwest will be focus of new Weather Channel series '' . Coast Guard All Hands . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` A Large Audience for ' Catch ' Episode About Captain 's Stroke '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Deadliest Catch ' shows Coast Guard rescue on the Wizard '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Doll & Em , series 2 , episode 1 , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Powa Maka Moana '' . IMDb . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mo'o ' olelo Pu '' . IMDb . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lagan , Christopher ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` CGIS returns to NCIS '' . Coast Guard Compass . Further reading ( edit ) Dolbow , Jim ( 2012 ) . The Coast Guardsman 's Manual ( 10th ed . ) . Naval Institute Press , Annapolis , Maryland . ISBN 978 - 1591142188 . Coast Guard : Observations on Progress Made and Challenges Faced in Developing and Implementing a Common Operational Picture : Testimony before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation , Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , House of Representatives Government Accountability Office External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Coast Guard . U.S. Coast Guard Website About U.S. Coast Guard Coast Guard Magazine Coast Guard manuals online Coast Guard Flags USCG Homeport Website Women & the U.S. Coast Guard Coast Guard in the Federal Register Reports on the Coast Guard , Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General ' A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower ' U.S. Coast Guard Videos Coast Guard Personnel Locator All Comprehensive Security Plans for Mid and High Value Homes How to join the U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary Website Coast Guard Channel Coast Guard News Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) Reports regarding the U.S. Coast Guard Greg Trauthwein ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` USCG ... Past , Present & Future '' . Maritime Reporter and Marine News magazines online . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . US Coast Guard Networked Group on LinkedIn America 's Waterway Watch United States Coast Guard at the Wayback Machine ( archived 29 January 1997 ) United States Coast Guard Portal : United States Coast Guard Category : United States Coast Guard Leadership Secretary of Homeland Security Commandant of the Coast Guard Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Organization Missions Reserve Intelligence Investigative Service Legal Division Police Deployable Operations Group Areas Districts Sectors Stations Air Stations Radio stations Shipbuilding Yard National Ice Center Research & Development Center Coast Guard Auxiliary Personnel and training Personnel Officer ranks Enlisted rates Ratings Coast Guard Academy Training Center Cape May Training Center Petaluma Training Center Yorktown Maritime Law Enforcement Academy Joint Maritime Training Center Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl Chaplain of the Coast Guard Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Cutters List of cutters Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Equipment History and traditions History Coast Guard Act Coast Guard City Life - Saving Service Revenue Cutter Service Lighthouse Service Steamboat Inspection Service Bureau of Navigation `` Semper Paratus '' Flag Ensign Racing Stripe United States Coast Guard Band United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard United States Coast Guard Pipe Band Fleet Week Coast Guard service numbers Coast Guardsman 's Creed United States Coast Guard Cutters Coast Guard Bears Battles and operations Quasi-War War of 1812 West Indies Anti-Piracy Operations Capture of the Bravo Ingham Incident Amistad Incident Great Lakes Patrol Mexican -- American War American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Pig Point Battle of Galveston Harbor Battle of Portland Harbor Overland Relief Expedition Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay Battle of Cárdenas Ice Patrol World War I 1st Battle of the Atlantic Great Mississippi Flood Rum Patrol World War II 2nd Battle of the Atlantic Battle of Guam Operation Overlord Korean War Vietnam War Coast Guard Squadron One Operation Market Time Operation Sealords Action of 1 March 1968 Persian Gulf War War on Terrorism Afghanistan War Iraq War Operation Enduring Freedom HOA Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security Headquarters : Nebraska Avenue Complex Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary of Homeland Security Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement Citizenship and Immigration Services Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Law Enforcement Training Center United States Secret Service Office of Operations Coordination Transportation Security Administration Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans Office of Immigration Statistics Homeland Security Advisory Council National Protection and Programs National Protection and Programs Directorate Federal Protective Service Office of Cybersecurity and Communications Office of Infrastructure Protection Office of Biometric Identity Management Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis Science and Technology Science and Technology Directorate Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Explosives Division Chemical and Biological Defense Division Border and Maritime Security Division Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division Cyber Security Division ( National Cybersecurity Center ) Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Management Management Directorate Law enforcement in the United States Terrorism in the United States United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - 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4943148846276714353	Treaty of San Francisco	Treaty of San Francisco - wikipedia Treaty of San Francisco Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Treaty of San Francisco Peace Treaty of San Francisco San Francisco Peace Treaty Treaty of Peace with Japan Japanese サンフランシスコ講和条約日本国との平和条約 English Treaty of Peace with Japan French Traité de paix avec le Japon Spanish Tratado de Paz con Japón Italian Trattato di pace con il Giappone German Friedensvertrag mit dem Staat Japan Chinese 舊金山和約 Russian Сан - Францисский мирный договор Treaty of San Francisco ( サンフランシスコ講和条約 , San - Furanshisuko kōwa - Jōyaku ) , Peace Treaty with Japan ( 日本国との平和条約 , Nihon - koku tono Heiwa - Jōyaku ) or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan , Peace Treaty of San Francisco , or San Francisco Peace Treaty ) , mostly between Japan and the Allied Powers , was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8 , 1951 , in San Francisco . It came into force on April 28 , 1952 and officially ended the American - led Allied Occupation of Japan . According to Article 11 of the Treaty , Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan . This treaty served to officially end Japan 's position as an imperial power , to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes during World War II , and to end the Allied post-war occupation of Japan and return sovereignty to that nation . This treaty made extensive use of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies ' goals . This treaty , along with the Security Treaty signed that same day , is said to mark the beginning of the San Francisco System ; this term , coined by historian John W. Dower , signifies the effects of Japan 's relationship with the United States and its role in the international arena as determined by these two treaties and is used to discuss the ways in which these effects have governed Japan 's post-war history . This treaty also introduced the problem of the legal status of Taiwan due to its lack of specificity as to what country Taiwan was to be surrendered , and hence some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that sovereignty of Taiwan is still undetermined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Attendance 2.1 Present 2.2 Absent 3 Stances 3.1 Soviet Union 's opposition to the Treaty 3.2 People 's Republic of China 's objections to the treaty 3.3 Ceylon 's defense of Japan 4 Signatories and ratification 5 The fate of Japanese overseas territories and Taiwan 6 Compensation to Allied civilians and POWs 6.1 Transfer of Japanese overseas assets 6.2 Compensation to Allied POWs 6.3 Allied territories occupied by Japan 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Further description of events leading to Peace Treaty of San Francisco ( Peace Treaty with Japan ) April 28 , 1952 . The MacArthur Constitution of 1947 established Japan as a constitutional monarchy . The emperor Hirohito 's status was henceforth deemed purely symbolic . Japan accepted the penalties Hideki Tojo and others were given for their wartime atrocitites . ( Citation Needed ) Attendance ( edit ) Present ( edit ) Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Ceylon , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Japan , Laos , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , the Soviet Union , Syria , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States , Uruguay , Venezuela , and Vietnam attended the Conference . Absent ( edit ) China was not invited due to disagreements on whether the established but defeated Republic of China ( in Taiwan ) or the newly formed People 's Republic of China ( in mainland China ) represented the Chinese people . Burma , India , and Yugoslavia were invited , but did not participate ; India considered certain provisions of the Treaty to constitute limitations on Japanese sovereignty and national independence . India signed a separate peace treaty , the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India , for the purpose of giving Japan a proper position of honor and equality among the community of free nations , on June 9 , 1952 . As a consequence of U.K. -- U.S. disagreement over Chinese participation , neither North nor South Korea was invited . Italy was not invited either , notwithstanding the fact that the government had issued a formal declaration of war to Japan on July 14 , 1945 , just a few weeks before the end of the war . Pakistan as a state had not existed at the time of the war but was invited anyway since it was a successor state to British India , a major combatant against Japan . Portugal was also not invited -- even though its territory of East Timor had been invaded by Japan , disregarding Portugal 's status as neutral country in the war . Japantimes.co.jp ( 2013 ) Stances ( edit ) Soviet Union 's opposition to the Treaty ( edit ) The Soviet Union took part in the San Francisco conference , and the Soviet delegation was led by the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko . From the start of the conference the Soviet Union expressed vigorous and vocal opposition to the draft treaty text prepared by the United States and the United Kingdom . The Soviet delegation made several unsuccessful procedural attempts to stall the proceedings . The Soviet Union 's objections were detailed in a lengthy September 8 , 1951 statement by Gromyko . The statement contained a number of Soviet Union 's claims and assertions : that the treaty did not provide any guarantees against the rise of Japanese militarism ; that China was not invited to participate despite being one of the main victims of the Japanese aggression ; that the Soviet Union was not properly consulted when the treaty was being prepared ; that the treaty sets up Japan as an American military base and draws Japan into a military coalition directed against the Soviet Union ; that the treaty was in effect a separate peace treaty ; that the draft treaty violated the rights of China to Taiwan and several other islands ; that several Japanese islands were ceded by the treaty to the United States despite the U.S. not having any legitimate claim to them ; that the draft treaty , in violation of the Yalta agreement , did not recognize the Soviet Union 's sovereignty over South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ; and other objections . It was not until October 19 , 1956 , that Japan and the Soviet Union signed a Joint Declaration ending the war and reestablishing diplomatic relations . People 's Republic of China 's objections to the Treaty ( edit ) The ongoing Chinese Civil War and thus the question of which Chinese government was legitimate presented a dilemma to conference organizers . The United States wanted to invite the Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to represent China , while the United Kingdom wished to invite the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) on mainland China as China 's representative . As a compromise , neither government was invited . On August 15 , 1951 and September 18 , 1951 the PRC published statements denouncing the treaty , stating that it was illegal and should not be recognized . Besides their general exclusion from the negotiation process , the PRC claimed that Xisha ( Paracel Islands ) , Nansha ( Spratly Islands ) and Dongsha ( Pratas Islands ) in the South China Sea were actually part of China . The treaty either did not address these islands , or in the case of the Pratas Islands turned them over to the United Nations . Ceylon 's defense of Japan ( edit ) A major player in providing support for a post-war free Japan was the delegation from Ceylon ( now known as Sri Lanka ) . While many were reluctant to allow a free Japan capable of aggressive action and insisted that the terms of surrender should be rigidly enforced in an attempt to break the spirit of the Japanese nation , the Ceylonese Finance Minister J.R. Jayawardene spoke in defence of a free Japan and informed the conference of Ceylon 's refusal to accept the payment of reparations that would harm Japan 's economy . His reason was `` We in Ceylon were fortunate that we were not invaded , but the damage caused by air raids , by the stationing of enormous armies under the South - East Asia Command , and by the slaughter - tapping of one of our main commodities , rubber , when we were the only producer of natural rubber for the Allies , entitles us to ask that the damage so caused should be repaired . We do not intend to do so for we believe in the words of the Great Teacher ( Buddha ) whose message has ennobled the lives of countless millions in Asia , that ' hatred ceases not by hatred but by love ' . '' He ended the same speech by saying : This treaty is as magnanimous as it is just to a defeated foe . We extend to Japan the hand of friendship and trust that with the closing of this chapter in the history of man , the last page of which we write today , and with the beginning of the new one , the first page of which we dictate tomorrow , her people and ours may march together to enjoy the full dignity of human life in peace and prosperity . Minister Jayewardene 's speech was received with resounding applause . Afterwards , the New York Times stated , `` The voice of free Asia , eloquent , melancholy and still strong with the lilt of an Oxford accent , dominated the Japanese peace treaty conference today . '' Signatories and ratification ( edit ) Of the 51 participating countries , 48 signed the treaty ; Czechoslovakia , Poland and the Soviet Union refused . The signatories to the treaty were : Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Ceylon , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Laos , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Philippines , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States of America , Uruguay , Venezuela , Vietnam and Japan . The Philippines ratified the San Francisco Treaty on July 16 , 1956 , after the signing of a reparations agreement between both countries in May of that year . Indonesia did not ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty . Instead , it signed with Japan a bilateral reparations agreement and peace treaty on January 20 , 1958 . A separate treaty , the Treaty of Taipei , formally known as the Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty , was signed in Taipei on April 28 , 1952 , between Japan and the ROC , just hours before the Treaty of San Francisco also went into effect on April 28 . The apparent illogical order of the two treaties is due to the difference between time zones . Neither Korea nor its derivatives South Korea and North Korea was allowed to sign either the Treaty or a separate peace arrangement with Japan . The fate of Japanese overseas territories and Taiwan ( edit ) Yoshida and members of the Japanese delegation sign the Treaty . The document officially renounces Japan 's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea , Formosa ( Taiwan ) and the Pescadores , Hong Kong ( then a British colony ) , the Kuril Islands , the Spratly Islands , Antarctica and Sakhalin Island . Article 3 of the treaty left the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands , which included Okinawa and the Amami , Miyako and Yaeyama Islands groups , under a potential U.S. trusteeship . Whilst the treaty suggested that these territories would become U.S. trusteeship , at the end that option was not pursued . The Amami Islands were eventually restored to Japan on December 25 , 1953 , as well as the Bonin Islands on April 5 , 1968 . In 1969 U.S. - Japan negotiations authorized the transfer of authority over the Ryūkyūs to Japan to be implemented in 1972 . In 1972 , the United States ' `` reversion '' of the Ryūkyūs occurred along with the ceding of control over the nearby Senkaku Islands . Both the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Republic of China ( ROC ) argue that this agreement did not determine the ultimate sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands . The Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the ROC recognized the terms of the San Francisco Treaty but added that all residents of Taiwan and the Pescadores were deemed as nationals of the ROC . Some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that the language in San Francisco Peace Treaty proves the notion that Taiwan is not a part of the Republic of China , for it does not explicitly state the sovereignty status of Taiwan after Japanese renunciation . In 1955 , U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , co-author of San Francisco Peace Treaty , affirmed that the treaty ceded Taiwan to no one ; that Japan `` merely renounced sovereignty over Taiwan '' . Dulles said that America `` can not , therefore , admit that the disposition of Taiwan is merely an internal problem of China . '' This legal justification is rejected by both the PRC and ROC governments , both of which base their legal claims on Taiwan on the Instrument of Surrender of Japan which accepts the Potsdam Declaration and the Cairo Declaration . In addition , in more recent years supporters of Taiwan independence have more often relied on arguments based on self - determination as implied in the San Francisco Peace Treaty and popular sovereignty . By Article 11 Japan accepted the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside Japan and agreed to carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned in Japan . The document further set guidelines for repatriation of Allied prisoners of war and renounces future military aggression under the guidelines set by the United Nations Charter . The document nullifies prior treaties and lays down the framework for Japan 's current status of retaining a military that is purely defensive in nature . There is also some ambiguity as to over which islands Japan has renounced sovereignty . This has led to both the Kuril Islands dispute and the Senkaku Islands dispute . Compensation to Allied civilians and pows ( edit ) Transfer of Japanese overseas assets ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In accordance with Article 14 of the Treaty , Allied forces confiscated all assets owned by the Japanese government , firms , organization and private citizens , in all colonized or occupied countries except China , which was dealt with under Article 21 . China repossessed all Japanese assets in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia , which included mineworks and railway infrastructure . Moreover , Article 4 of the treaty stated that `` the disposition of property of Japan and of its nationals ... and their claims ... against the authorities presently administering such areas and the residents ... shall be the subject of special arrangements between Japan and such authorities . '' Although Korea was not a signatory State of the Treaty , It was also entitled to the benefits of Article 4 by the provisions of Article 21 . Japanese overseas assets in 1945 ( ¥ 15 = 1US $ ) Country / region Value ( Yen ) Value ( US Dollars ) Korea 70,256,000,000 4,683,700,000 Taiwan 42,542,000,000 2,846,100,000 North East China 146,532,000,000 9,768,800,000 North China 55,437,000,000 3,695,800,000 Central South China 36,718,000,000 2,447,900,000 Others 28,014,000,000 1,867,600,000 Total ¥ 379,499,000,000 $25,300,000,000 Total amount of Japanese overseas assets in China was US $18,758,600,000 in 1945 USD . Compensation to Allied pows ( edit ) Article 16 of the San Francisco Treaty states : As an expression of its desire to indemnify those members of the armed forces of the Allied Powers who suffered undue hardships while prisoners of war of Japan , Japan will transfer its assets and those of its nationals in countries which were neutral during the war , or which were at war with any of the Allied Powers , or , at its option , the equivalent of such assets , to the International Committee of the Red Cross which shall liquidate such assets and distribute the resultant fund to appropriate national agencies , for the benefit of former prisoners of war and their families on such basis as it may determine to be equitable . The categories of assets described in Article 14 ( a ) 2 ( II ) ( ii ) through ( v ) of the present Treaty shall be excepted from transfer , as well as assets of Japanese natural persons not residents of Japan on the first coming into force of the Treaty . It is equally understood that the transfer provision of this Article has no application to the 19,770 shares in the Bank for International Settlements presently owned by Japanese financial institutions . Accordingly , Japan paid £ 4,500,000 to the Red Cross . Article 16 has served as a bar against subsequent lawsuits filed by former Allied prisoners of war against Japan . In 1998 , a Tokyo court ruled against a suit brought by former Allied POW 's , citing the San Francisco Treaty . Allied territories occupied by Japan ( edit ) Memorial for Treaty of San Francisco in Shimomaruko , Ōta ward , Tokyo Article 14 of the treaty stated that It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war . Nevertheless it is also recognized that the resources of Japan are not presently sufficient , if it is to maintain a viable economy , to make complete reparation for all such damage and suffering and at the same time meet its other obligations . Therefore , Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers so desiring , whose present territories were occupied by Japanese forces and damaged by Japan , with a view to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing the damage done , by making available the services of the Japanese people in production , salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question . Accordingly , the Philippines and South Vietnam received compensation in 1956 and 1959 , respectively . Burma and Indonesia were not original signatories , but they later signed bilateral treaties in accordance with Article 14 of the San Francisco Treaty . Japanese military yen issued by force in Hong Kong , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Taiwan , and other places for the economic advantage of Japan were not honoured by them after the war . This caused much suffering , but the claims of the Hong Kong Reparation Association in 1993 , in a Tokyo district court , failed in 1999 . The court acknowledged the suffering of the Hong Kong people , but reasoned that the Government of Japan did not have specific laws concerning military yen compensation and that the United Kingdom was a signatory to the Treaty of San Francisco . Regarding China , on September 29 , 1972 , the Government of the People 's Republic of China declared `` that in the interest of the friendship between the Chinese and the Japanese peoples , it renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan '' in article 5 of the Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China . Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941 -- 45 Country Amount in Yen Amount in US $ Date of treaty Burma 72,000,000,000 200,000,000 November 5 , 1955 Philippines 198,000,000,000 550,000,000 May 9 , 1956 Indonesia 80,388,000,000 223,080,000 January 20 , 1958 Vietnam 14,400,000,000 38,000,000 May 13 , 1959 Total ¥ 364,348,800,000 US $1,012,080,000 N / A The last payment was made to the Philippines on July 22 , 1976 . See also ( edit ) 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement Cairo Declaration ( 1943 ) General Order No. 1 ( Aug. 1945 ) Japanese holdout Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( Sep. 1945 ) Political status of Taiwan Potsdam Declaration ( July 1945 ) Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan ( 1952 ) Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan ( 1960 ) Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Taipei ( 1952 ) Germany : General Treaty , 1952 treaty with the U.S. , U.K. , and France , ending West Germany 's status as an occupied territory , effective in 1955 Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 , similar treaties dealing with other countries in the European theatre Potsdam Agreement , a 1945 communique by the Allies detailing post-war relations with Germany ( not to be confused with the Potsdam Declaration ) Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , a 1990 treaty with Germany that marked the final settlement between the Allied Powers and Germany , decades after the end of WWII References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Preamble and Article 5 Jump up ^ Preamble ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Peace with Japan ( including transcript with signatories : Source attributed : United Nations Treaty Series 1952 ( reg . no . 1832 ) , vol. 136 , pp. 45 -- 164 . ) '' . Taiwan Documents Project . Archived from the original on 2001 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Social Studies : History for Middle School . 7 -- 2 . Japan 's Path and World Events p. 2 , Teikoku Shoin ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Nehru and Non-alignment '' . P.V. Narasimha Rao . Mainstream Weekly . 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Singh , Manmohan ( April 29 , 2005 ) . Dr. Manmohan Singh 's banquet speech in honour of Japanese Prime Minister ( Speech ) . New Delhi : Prime Minister 's Office . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2005 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years from San Francisco : Re-examining the peace treaty and Japan 's territorial problems . '' ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` The World at War -- Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 -- 1945 '' Jump up ^ GROMYKO BIDS FAIL ; A DRAMATIC MOMENT AT CONFERENCE SOVIET BLOC LOSES ALL PARLEY VOTES . New York Times , page 1 , September 6 , 1951 Jump up ^ Text of Gromyko 's Statement on the Peace Treaty. New York Times , page 26 , September 9 , 1951 Jump up ^ Japan Min. of Foreign Affairs Compendium of Documents Jump up ^ `` Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai 's statement on the US - British draft peace treaty with Japan and the San Francisco Conference '' . Jump up ^ `` A visionary strategist '' . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ADDRESS BY HIS EXCELLENCY J.R. JAYEWARDENE '' . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - Sri Lanka BilateralRelations '' . Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kotelawala , Himal . `` Forgotten Histories Of Lankan Leaders '' . Roar Reports . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FOUR ASIAN NATIONS SUPPORT DRAFT OF JAPANESE TREATY , CHALLENGE SOVIET CHARGES ; U.S. POLICY BACKED Ceylon , Pakistan , Laos and Cambodia Stress Need of Just Peace INDIAN STAND IS OPPOSED 14 Criticisms of Document Offered Despite General Indication of Approval '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peace Treaties after World War II : Peace treaty signed in San Francisco , September 8 , 1951 . The History Channel ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East 1951 : September , Adam Matthew Publications ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Indai Lourdes Sajor , `` Military Sexual Slavery : Crimes against humanity '' , in Gurcharan Singh Bhatia ( ed ) , Peace , justice and freedom : human rights challenges for the new millennium Alberta University Press , 2000 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Ken'ichi Goto , Paul H. Kratoska , Tensions of empire : Japan and Southeast Asia in the colonial and postcolonial world , NUS Press , 2003 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Matsumura , Masahiro . `` San Francisco Treaty and the South China Sea '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan ( Treaty of Taipei ) 1952 '' . USC U.S. - China . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning Nanpo Shoto and Other Islands , April 5 , 1968 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands , June 17 , 1971 ( 7 ) Jump up ^ 鄭裕文 ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` 舊金山和約 60 年台灣主權又起爭議 '' . Washington , D.C. Voice of America . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States , 1955 - 1957 . China , Volume II ( 1955 - 1957 ) ( 8 ) Jump up ^ CNN -- Anger as court rejects Allied POWs compensation suit -- November 26 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Court rejects H.K. residents ' claims on military yen '' . Kyodo News . June 21 , 1999 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng Yat Hing ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Letter to Prime Minister of Japan on 3 January 2006 '' . Hong Kong Reparation Association . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of San Francisco . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of San Francisco Treaty of Peace with Japan Signed at San Francisco on 8 September 1951 Agreement for the Settlement of Disputes arising under Article 15 ( a ) of the Treaty of Peace with Japan Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida 's Speech at the San Francisco Peace Conference John Foster Dulles 's Speech at the San Francisco Peace Conference Understanding the San Francisco Peace Treaty 's Disposition of Formosa and the Pescadores Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China 1972 Chihiro Hosoya , `` The Road to San Francisco : The Shaping of American Policy on the Japanese Peace Treaty '' The Japanese Journal of American Studies 1 ( 1981 ) pp. 87 - 117 ( hide ) Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan ( 1860 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan ( 1861 ) London Protocol ( 1862 ) Agreement of Paris ( 1864 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan ( 1866 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan ( 1866 ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan ( 1868 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Austria - Hungary and Japan ( 1869 ) Sino - Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty ( 1871 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan ( 1871 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan ( 1873 ) Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874 Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1882 Japan - Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty ( 1884 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1885 Convention of Tientsin ( 1885 ) Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan ( 1887 ) Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan ( 1888 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1894 ) Italo -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Japan - China Peace Treaty ( 1895 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan ( 1895 ) Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula ( 1895 ) ( ja ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Komura - Weber Memorandum ( 1896 ) Yamagata -- Lobanov Agreement ( 1896 ) Japan -- China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) ( ja ) Franco -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Japan -- Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan ( 1897 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan ( 1898 ) Nishi -- Rosen Agreement ( 1898 ) Japan - Thailand Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Treaty ( 1898 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Anglo - Japanese Alliance ( 1902 ) Japan - China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1903 ) ( ja ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1904 Japan -- Korea Agreement of August 1904 Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace ( 1905 ) Taft -- Katsura agreement ( 1905 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Additional Agreement of the Japan - China Treaty relating to Manchuria ( 1905 ) ( ja ) Franco - Japanese Treaty of 1907 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1907 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1907 Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Root -- Takahira Agreement ( 1908 ) Japan - China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao ( 1909 ) ( ja ) Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1910 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1911 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1912 World War I -- II ( 1912 -- 45 ) Japan - China Treaty of 1915 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1916 Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ( 1917 ) Japan - China Co-defense Military Pact ( 1918 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1919 ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( 1919 ) Svalbard Treaty ( 1920 ) Gongota Agreement of 1920 Treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1921 ) Four - Power Treaty ( 1921 ) Nine - Power Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues ( 1922 ) ( ja ) Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) Klaipėda Convention ( 1924 ) Soviet -- Japanese Basic Convention ( 1925 ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1927 ) Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) Japan - China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin - Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma ( 1954 ) Japan -- Philippines Reparations Agreement ( 1956 ) Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia ( 1958 ) Japan -- South Vietnam Reparations Agreement ( 1959 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Tokyo Convention ( 1963 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Ogasawara Reversion Agreement ( 1968 ) Okinawa Reversion Agreement ( 1971 ) Japan -- China Joint Communiqué ( 1972 ) Japan -- North Vietnam Agreement ( 1973 ) Japan -- China Trade Agreement ( 1974 ) Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia ( 1976 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) GND : 4179045 - 5 NDL : 00576044 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_San_Francisco&oldid=842708759 '' Categories : Cold War treaties Cold War history of Japan Foreign relations of Post-war Japan Peace treaties of the United States Peace treaties of Japan Peace treaties of Norway Politics of San Francisco 1951 in Japan September 1951 events April 1952 events Aftermath of World War II in Japan World War II treaties Japan -- United States relations Japan -- Soviet Union relations Treaties concluded in 1951 Treaties entered into force in 1952 History of San Francisco Treaties of Argentina Treaties of Australia Treaties of Belgium Treaties of Bolivia Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic Treaties of the French Protectorate of Cambodia Treaties of Canada Treaties of Chile Treaties of Colombia Treaties of Costa Rica Treaties of Cuba Treaties of the Dominican Republic Treaties of Ecuador Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt Treaties of El Salvador Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire Treaties of the French Fourth Republic Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece Treaties of Guatemala Treaties of Haiti Treaties of Honduras Treaties of Indonesia Treaties of the Pahlavi dynasty Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos Treaties of Lebanon Treaties of Liberia Treaties of Luxembourg Treaties of Mexico Peace treaties of the Netherlands Treaties of New Zealand Treaties of Nicaragua Peace treaties of Pakistan Treaties of Paraguay Treaties of Panama Treaties of Peru Treaties of the Philippines Treaties of Saudi Arabia Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon Treaties of the Union of South Africa Treaties of the Syrian Republic ( 1930 -- 58 ) Treaties of Turkey Peace treaties of the United Kingdom Treaties of Uruguay Treaties of Venezuela Treaties of Vietnam 1951 in California Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 04 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the peace treaty with japan signed	[ "Treaty of San Francisco (サンフランシスコ講和条約, San-Furanshisuko kōwa-Jōyaku), Peace Treaty with Japan (日本国との平和条約, Nihon-koku tono Heiwa-Jōyaku) or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Peace Treaty of San Francisco, or San Francisco Peace Treaty), mostly between Japan and the Allied Powers, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951, in San Francisco. It came into force on April 28, 1952 and officially ended the American-led Allied Occupation of Japan. According to Article 11 of the Treaty, Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan.[1]" ]	[ "September 8, 1951" ]
-1021813777901482983	iPhone 7	IPhone 7 - Wikipedia IPhone 7 Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 7 Plus in Jet Black Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Pegatron ( on contract ) Slogan This is 7 Generation 10th Model 7 : A1660 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1778 ( with Intel modem ) A1779 ( sold in Japan ) 7 Plus : A1661 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1784 ( with Intel modem ) A1785 ( sold in Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA2000 , EV - DO , HSPA+ , LTE , LTE Advanced First released September 16 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Availability by country September 16 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States September 23 , 2016 ( show ) Andorra Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Greece Greenland Guernsey Hungary Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Maldives Malta Monaco Poland Pakistan Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Slovakia Slovenia October 7 , 2016 ( show ) India October 14 , 2016 ( show ) Macau Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Malaysia Montenegro South Africa Turkey October 15 , 2016 ( show ) Jordan Oman October 20 , 2016 ( show ) Israel Egypt October 21 , 2016 ( show ) South Korea Costa Rica Morocco Thailand Mauritius Madagascar Uganda Colombia October 28 , 2016 ( show ) Cameroon Botswana Kenya Mozambique Senegal Moldova November 4 , 2016 ( show ) Armenia Mali Guinea - Bissau Central African Republic November 11 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Brazil March 31 , 2017 ( show ) Indonesia Predecessor iPhone 6S ( Plus ) Successor iPhone 8 ( Plus ) iPhone X Type 7 : Smartphone 7 Plus : Phablet Form factor Slate 7 : H : 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) W : 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) D: 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) 7 Plus : H : 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) W : 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) D: 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) Weight 7 : 138 g ( 4.9 oz ) 7 Plus : 188 g ( 6.6 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 10.0 Current : iOS 11.3 , released March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) System on chip Apple A10 Fusion CPU 2.34 GHz quad - core ( two used ) 64 - bit GPU Custom PowerVR Series 7XT GT7600 Plus ( hexa - core ) Memory 7 : 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 7 Plus : 3 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 32 , 128 , or 256 GB Removable storage None Battery 7 : 3.80 V 7.45 W h ( 1960 mA h ) Li - ion 7 Plus : 3.82 V 11.10 W h ( 2900 mA h ) Li - ion Display 7 : 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1334 × 750 px resolution ( 326 ppi ) ( 1 megapixel ) 7 Plus : 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1920 × 1080 px resolution ( 401 ppi ) ( 2.1 megapixels ) All models : 625 cd / m2 max . brightness ( typical ) , with dual - ion exchange - strengthened glass , and 3D Touch Rear camera 7 : 12 MP 2nd - generation Sony Exmor RS with six - element lens , quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , f / 1.8 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , timelapse with stabilization , panorama , facial recognition , digital image stabilization , optical image stabilization 7 Plus : In addition to above : A telephoto lens with 2 × optical zoom / 10 × digital zoom , f / 2.8 aperture Front camera 7 MP , f / 2.2 aperture , burst mode , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , auto image stabilization , Retina flash , 1080p HD video recording Sound Stereo speakers Connectivity All models : ( show ) LTE ( bands 1 to 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 to 20 , 25 to 30 ) , TD - LTE ( bands 38 to 41 ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , NFC , GPS , GLONASS , Galileo & QZSS Models A1660 , A1661 , A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) TD - SCDMA 1900 ( F ) , 2000 ( A ) & CDMA2000 EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) Models A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) LTE ( bands 11 , 21 ) , FeliCa Other IP67 IEC standard 60529 ( splash , water , and dust resistant ) SAR 7 ( show ) Model A1660 , A1780 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.20 W / kg Model A1779 Head : 1.20 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1778 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg 7 Plus ( show ) Model A1661 , A1786 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.17 W / kg Model A1785 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1784 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website www.apple.com/iphone-7/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X List of iPhone models iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . They were announced on September 7 , 2016 , at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook , and were released on September 16 , 2016 , succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series . Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016 . They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22 , 2017 , and the iPhone X on November 3 , 2017 . The iPhone 7 's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S , but introduces new color options , water and dust resistance , a new capacitive , static home button , and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack . The device 's internal hardware also received upgrades , including a heterogeneous quad - core system - on - chip with improved system and graphics performance , and upgraded 12 megapixel rear - facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus model to provide enhanced zoom capabilities . Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed . Although reviewers noted the improvements to the camera , especially the dual rear camera on the Plus model , they also stated that the iPhone 7 did not make significant changes to the display or build quality , where competing flagship smartphones surpassed the quality of the iPhone 7 . Many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack ; some critics argued that the change was meant to bolster licensing of the proprietary Lightning connector and the sales of Apple 's own wireless headphone products , and questioned the effects of the change on audio quality . Apple was also mocked by critics for Phil Schiller 's statement that such a drastic change required `` courage '' . The iPhone 7 has been the subject of several reported issues , most notably a hissing noise during heavy usage of the phones and significant differences in performance between device variants . Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7 , but multiple U.S. carriers reported that it was in high demand on launch . Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the models due to `` sluggish '' sales and decreasing demand , though sales research after the first quarter of 2017 placed the devices as the best - selling smartphones in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Reception 3.1 Removal of the headphone jack 4 Issues 4.1 Hissing noise 4.2 Performance differences 4.3 Explosions and smoke emissions 4.4 Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions 4.5 Replacing the home button 4.6 Failure to connect to cellular service 5 Sales 5.1 US carrier trade - in deals 5.2 Reports about trimmed production 6 Timeline of iPhone models 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored . Apple 's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention . Other rumors included a flush camera , stereo speakers , a 256 gigabyte storage option , and a larger 3,100 mAh battery . On August 29 , 2016 , invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco , California on September 7 , 2016 were sent out to members of the media , prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7 's upcoming announcement . The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event , with pre-orders beginning September 9 , and general availability on September 16 . iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September , with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016 . Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , with availability starting on March 31 , 2017 , following Apple 's research and development investment in the country . On March 21 , 2017 , Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish ( and white front ) , as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign . It launched on March 24 , 2017 , but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus . In September 2017 , Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , alongside the iPhone X . As of February 4 , 2018 , the NYPD has been rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers , who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus , switching from the failed Windows Phone . Currently , officers in Manhattan are taking part in the transition , but once that is complete , the rollout moves to Brooklyn and then Queens . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S . Alongside the existing silver , gold , and rose gold colors , the device is offered in new matte black , `` jet black '' , and red colors . The `` jet black '' color is a dark shade , high - gloss black finish . It is created through a multi-step process , beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide , and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound , absorbed by aluminum oxide . The process is concluded with an `` ultrafine particle bath '' for additional finishing ; the entire process takes less than an hour . iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant , although tests have resulted in malfunctions , specifically distorted speakers , after water exposure . The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone . iPhone 7 's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push - button , as on previous models , meaning direct skin contact ( or a capacitive glove ) is required to operate the device . Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator , and the button is also pressure - sensitive . iPhone 7 retains the `` 3D Touch '' display system introduced on the iPhone 6S , providing pressure - sensitive touchscreen input . Comparison of ports on iPhone 6 / 6S ( top ) and iPhone 7 ( bottom ) The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack ; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer . A Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm - connector adapter , as well as in - ear headphones that use the Lightning connector , are bundled with the device , and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory . The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10 . iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64 - bit system - on - chip , which consists of two low - power cores and two high - power cores ( only two cores are used at any point in time ) . The A10 chip also features a hexa - core graphics chip capable of `` console - level gaming '' . As with prior models , iPhone 7 is available in two sizes : one with a 4.7 - inch screen , and a `` Plus '' variant with a 5.5 - inch screen . The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S , but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness . The screen - to - body ratio is about ~ 66 % and ~ 68 % for the 7 and 7 Plus , respectively . Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple 's motion coprocessor , the M10 . Unlike previous iPhone models , internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB , and max out at 256 GB . iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM , more than any other previous iPhone ; the 4.7 - inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB . iPhone 7 Plus with dual - lens camera The iPhone 7 includes a 12 - megapixel rear - facing camera with a quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash ; its aperture was widened to f / 1.8 , and the standard - size phone model adds optical image stabilization -- a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models . The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12 - megapixel telephoto lens , which can be used to achieve 2 × optical zoom , and up to 10 × digital zoom . The front - facing camera was upgraded to a 7 - megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization . Software ( edit ) See also : iOS version history , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed . The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update . This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual - lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus . Accessories ( edit ) Headphone jack adapter with an iPhone 7 Plus beside it iPhone 7 unboxed set in Silver Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm adapter . Apple sells the adapter independently as well . Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7 , including AirPods , wireless in - ear headphones , and three new Beats headphone products . All four products utilize an in - house wireless chip known as Apple W1 , which is designed to provide low - power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products ( though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth - supported devices ) . Reception ( edit ) Back and side detail from a standard iPhone 7 in `` rose gold '' finish Dual cameras on the back of the iPhone 7 Plus Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones , such as the Samsung Galaxy S7 , had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack , and that the iPhone 7 's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market , including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P . Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel , while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens . The iPhone 7 's exterior , which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S , was criticized , especially the size of the device and thick top / bottom bezels , with Kelly writing that `` the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5 - inch display '' . Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being `` full of aggressive breaks from convention '' despite their design continuity with previous models ( going as far as dubbing them `` a prototype of next year 's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6 '' ) , citing the headphone jack removal ( which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones ) , heterogeneous CPU , and home button redesign . The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models , albeit `` not as insane '' as the quad HD displays on competing phones . The Taptic Engine was considered the `` first really valuable new UI concept I 've seen on phones in years '' ( as opposed to the `` gimmick '' of 3D Touch ) , Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a `` step '' above the 6S in terms of performance , and praised the dual - lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone 's camera functionality . However , he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them . In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip , he argued that Apple `` took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies , but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board , it made every third - party wireless audio product a second - class citizen of the Apple ecosystem . '' Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10 , he concluded that the devices were `` legitimately among the most interesting , opinionated , powerful phones Apple has ever shipped , and the most confident expressions of the company 's vision in a long time . iOS 10 is excellent , the cameras are better , and the performance is phenomenal . And the batteries last longer . '' John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time , the phablet - sized iPhone 7 Plus was `` markedly better '' than the smaller model . He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera , calling the Plus ' dual cameras `` excellent '' for point - and - shoot , and `` much improved '' for low - light performance . McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was `` initially frustrating '' , but noted that it was a `` positive step forward for the mobile industry '' , despite the `` short - term effects ... making the most noise for now '' . Removal of the headphone jack ( edit ) Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack , including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously . In a particularly scathing article , Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - `` ditching a deeply established standard '' - would be `` user - hostile and stupid '' . He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative , concluding with `` No one is asking for this '' and `` Vote with your dollars '' . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment , with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question . The removal of the headphone jack meant `` you 're being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and / or Lightning licensing '' , and pointed out that `` the only company to profit from this situation is Apple , who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies '' . In particular , Apple 's vice president Phillip Schiller , who announced the change , was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took ' courage ' . An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs , that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack , reached over 300,000 signatures . Issues ( edit ) Hissing noise ( edit ) Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone . CNET reports it as `` faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside '' . The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7 's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise , linking to tweets that compare the phone 's hissing sound to `` hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac 's CPU gets used to its actual potential . '' The issue has been referred to as Hissgate . Performance differences ( edit ) The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is `` significantly '' slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions , measuring data write speeds of 341 MB / s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB / s on a 32 GB model . October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had `` a significant performance edge '' over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems . Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version 's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off , likely to `` level the playing field between the Qualcomm , and Intel variants '' . The report concluded with the statement that `` We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple 's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone '' . Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity . Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that `` Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple 's wireless performance standards , quality metrics , and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards , in thousands of hours of real - world field testing , and in extensive carrier partner testing , the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models '' . Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that `` ( Apple ) do n't want one version to get the reputation that it is better '' and that `` This may not impact the fanboys , but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone , especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product '' . Explosions and smoke emissions ( edit ) In a similar manner with the now - discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke . In September 2016 , one device reportedly exploded while in transit , while another one had a `` malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally '' . Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and `` melting '' was published in October 2016 . Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's `` This is 7 '' slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages . The slogan in China translates to `` 7 , is here . '' , while it becomes `` Exactly is 7 . '' in Taiwan , and `` This , is exactly iPhone 7 . '' in Hong Kong . In the Cantonese language , the slogan becomes `` This is penis '' , due to `` seven '' pronounced tsat , a slang for `` penis '' . Replacing the home button ( edit ) In the iPhone 7 , Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own . Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done , with `` recalibration '' of the button being necessary . This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S , 6 and 6S , where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the `` return - to - home '' functionality still worked . Failure to connect to cellular service ( edit ) Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660 , A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a `` No service '' message even when cellular reception is available . Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit . Sales ( edit ) Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers , citing that these are `` no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers '' . Without releasing specific numbers , T - Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier 's all - time record for first - day pre-order sales . The following weekend , T - Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever , being `` up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone '' . On September 14 , 2016 , two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale , Apple announced that due to high demand , they had sold out of all `` jet black '' iPhone 7 's , and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus . This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program , who were unable to reserve new phones . After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit , Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible . In May 2017 , analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best - selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017 , selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units , respectively . US carrier trade - in deals ( edit ) For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7 , all four major wireless carriers announced trade - in deals . Under the deals , the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers ' bill , but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months . Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two - year phone contracts , in which the deals `` essentially lock you into that carrier for two years '' . In the wake of these deals , Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year 's iPhone 6S , AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations , and T - Mobile and Sprint announced `` huge increases in sales '' , with T - Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6 . Reports about trimmed production ( edit ) In December 2016 , DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned . A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year 's iPhone model . A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7 . The report , `` based on data from suppliers '' , stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10 % in the first quarter of 2017 , following `` sluggish '' sales . Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20 % due to accumulated inventory of the previous model , but that the new models had `` sold more sluggishly than expected '' . Additionally , the report notes that the `` iPhone 7 Plus , which features two cameras on its back face , remains popular '' , but `` a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple 's ability to meet demand for the phones '' . Timeline of iPhone models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Following the launch of the iPhone 7 , Belkin announced an Apple - certified hub accessory that contains two Lightning ports , one intended as a Lightning pass - through for charging and the other for connecting Lightning headphones or the included Lightning - to - headphone jack adapter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wuerthele , Mike ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pegatron CEO slams analysts , ' cautiously optimistic ' about Apple iPhone 7 sales '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iOS Benchmarks '' . Geekbench . Primate Labs Inc . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sohail , Omar ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Apple A10 Fusion Is Definitely Fast , But Its GPU Bit Is a Whole New Story '' . Wccftech . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Agam ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The mysteries of the GPU in Apple 's iPhone 7 are unlocked '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Teardown '' . iFixit . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus Teardown '' . iFixIt . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 Teardown '' . Chipworks . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 7 specs '' . Apple . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 JP specs '' . Apple . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Apple May Replace 3.5 mm Headphone Jack on iPhone 7 With All - in - One Lightning Connector '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Apple rumored to ditch headphone jack on ' iPhone 7 ' for Lightning connector audio '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Supply Chain Rumors Reaffirm iPhone 7 Will Not Have Headphone Jack '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Caitlin ; Raymundo , Oscar ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 rumors : Lightning EarPods and adapter will help transition away from the headphone jack '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sumra , Husain ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 May Feature Flush Camera , Stereo Speakers and Thinner Lightning Port '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Plus Said to Have 256GB Option and Larger 3,100 mAh Battery '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces ' iPhone 7 ' September 7 event , Apple Watch 2 and MacBook Pros may be unveiled '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple sends invitations for ' iPhone 7 ' event on Sept. 7 : ' See you on the 7th ' '' . AppleInsider . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Dan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance , dual cameras , and no headphone jack '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crook , Jordan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple * officially * unveils the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces iPhone 7 pricing & availability , pre-orders start Sept. 9 , available Sept. 16 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 launches in 30 more countries today , Apple Watch Series 2 arrives in 20 + , Hermès models now available '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Roger ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's local iPhone 7 pages point to more international launches on Oct. 14 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple confirms more international iPhone 7 & Apple Watch 2 release dates as it launches in India '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Apple confirms iPhone 7 launching in 7 more countries later this month '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 rollout continues with 4 more countries November 4 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone 7 Pre-Orders in Indonesia Begin March 24 Following Apple R&D Investment '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple launches red iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hardwick , Tim ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Announces iPhone 7 ( PRODUCT ) RED Special Edition '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone 8 and 8 Plus announced with wireless charging , True Tone display , A11 Bionic processor '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone X announced with edge - to - edge screen , Face ID , and no home button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD cops switch to iPhones , the new tool in fighting crime '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Apple Made Its Jet Black iPhone None More Black '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stein , Scott ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Apple iPhone 7 review '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orellana , Vanessa ; Hollister , Sean ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` How water - resistant is the iPhone 7 ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Apple warranty does n't cover water damage to ' waterproof ' new phone '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 solid - state home button works on capacitive touch , gloved users beware '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 home button does n't work with most gloves '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's new home button is n't a real button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Paul ; Bohn , Dieter ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Apple put a barometric vent in the space where the iPhone 7 headphone jack would have been '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Chris ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple will sell replacement iPhone 7 headphone adapters for $9 each '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning to 3.5 mm Headphone Jack Adapter '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` GeekBench benchmarks confirm iPhone 7 Plus ships with 3GB of RAM , faster than 12.9 '' iPad Pro `` . 9to5Mac . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's new A10 Fusion processor is 120 times faster than the original iPhone '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 vs Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . SpecTell . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 display analysis shows record performance for color accuracy , brightness , screen reflectance & more '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 : More Camera , More Colors , Less Headphone Jack '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slivka , Eric ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Teardown Reveals ' Incredibly Thin ' A10 Chip With 2 GB RAM , Intel Modem '' . MacRumors . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Plus has two cameras that work as one '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` With the iPhone 7 , Apple Makes Dual Cameras the New Normal '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Benjamin ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 now installed on two thirds of devices , faster adoption than any previous iOS update '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Releases iOS 10.1 With New Portrait Mode for iPhone 7 Plus '' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , James . `` The iPhone 7 Plus ' ' portrait ' mode does background blur better '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what ' bokeh ' is , and how the iPhone 7 Plus fakes it '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple intros totally wireless AirPods and 3 new Beats wireless headphones that use new W1 chip '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's first wireless chip is the new W1 for wireless AirPods '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Gordon ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Vs iPhone 7 Plus Review : Should You Upgrade ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay . `` iPhone 7 Review '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , John . `` iPhone 7 Plus review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` This $40 adapter can charge the iPhone 7 with your headphones plugged in '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Henry ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Why Apple will ditch the iPhone headphone jack , and why that sucks '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Taking the headphone jack off phones is user - hostile and stupid '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , Mac ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's Dead Headphone Jack and AirPods Are Being Dragged All Over Twitter '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it took ' courage ' to remove the headphone jack on the iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Petition against dropping headphone jack because it will ' screw the planet ' gets hundreds of thousands of signatures '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ditching the standard headphone jack to screw consumers and the planet '' . SumOfUs . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Bridget ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 ' Hissgate : ' CNET Update viewers share their experiences '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criddle , Cristina ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus handsets are making a mysterious hissing sound '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ T. , Nick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` This could be why some iPhone 7 units make a hissing noise '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Oliver ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hissgate ? Some iPhone 7 Units Allegedly Make Hissing Sound When Put Under Heavy Load '' . RedmondPie . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` 32GB iPhone 7 significantly slower than more expensive versions , tests show '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus : A Tale of Two Personalities '' . Cellular Insights . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Report : iPhone 7 models w / Qualcomm modem feature better cellular performance versus Intel '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Moritz , Scott ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's Chip Choices May Leave Some iPhone Users in Slow Lane '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 catches fire while in transit '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleyo , Fritz ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Did This iPhone 7 Explode Too ? '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Another iPhone 7 battery blew up , but this time the phone did n't go up in flames '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Man claims iPhone 7 burst into flames and destroyed his car '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huang , Zheping ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` The slogan for Apple 's new iPhone 7 translates into `` This is penis '' in Hong Kong `` . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Richard ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 slogan means something else in Hong Kong '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Has Arbitrary Software Locks That Prevent Repair '' . Motherboard . Vice . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't try to fix your iPhone 7 home button yourself '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple offers free repairs for iPhone 7 devices hit with ' No Service ' bug '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Wo n't Release First - Weekend iPhone 7 Sales Numbers '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Shatter Records at T - Mobile '' . T - Mobile US . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it has sold out of initial quantities of iPhone 7 Plus '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone Upgrade Program Causes Headaches on Launch Day Due to Limited Stock '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over iPhone Upgrade Program Woes '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Makes More iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Stock Available to Upgrade Program Members '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple tops Q1 2017 highest - selling smartphone list with iPhone 7 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wuerthele , Mike ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 was world 's best - selling smartphone in first quarter of 2017 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile 's free iPhone 7 offer requires upfront costs and lots of patience '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Free ' iPhone 7 offers from AT&T , Verizon , and others are basically two - year contracts '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pressmann , Aaron ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Why Verizon Thinks iPhone 7 Sales Are Better Than Last Year '' . Fortune . Time . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Monica ; Shen , Steve ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Apple reportedly begins to reduce orders for iPhone 7 , say sources '' . DigiTimes . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 orders reportedly drop as Apple goes big on the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to slice iPhone production 10 % '' . Nikkei . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2004 - 2016 ) . Press Release Library . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutiPhone 7at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata iPhone 7 / iPhone 7 Plus -- official site Preceded by iPhone 6S / Plus iPhone 7 / Plus 10th generation Succeeded by iPhone 8 / Plus iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . 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Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_7&oldid=835940951 '' Categories : IPhone IOS ( Apple ) Mobile phones introduced in 2016 Computer - related introductions in 2016 Phones with dual rear cameras Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Use American English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lumbaart Malagasy မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the iphone 7 plus cone out	[ "iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22, 2017, and the iPhone X on November 3, 2017." ]	[ "September 16, 2016" ]
1683039638075105669	Vanessa Ferlito	Vanessa Ferlito - wikipedia Vanessa Ferlito This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Vanessa Ferlito Ferlito in 2007 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2001 -- present Known for CSI : NY ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Graceland ( 2013 -- 2015 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( 2016 -- ) Children Vanessa Ferlito is an American actress , perhaps best known for appearing as Detective Aiden Burn in CSI : NY , as well as her recurring portrayal of Claudia Hernandez in 24 and her regular role as FBI Agent Charlie DeMarco in Graceland . She has also appeared in a number of films including : Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , Shadowboxer ( 2005 ) , Man of the House ( 2005 ) , Death Proof ( 2007 ) , Nothing Like the Holidays ( 2008 ) , Madea Goes to Jail ( 2009 ) , Julie & Julia ( 2009 ) , Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) , and Stand Up Guys ( 2012 ) . Ferlito currently stars in the CBS series NCIS : New Orleans , playing Special Agent Tammy Gregorio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Ferlito was born to an Italian - American family in Brooklyn , New York . Her father died of a heroin overdose when she was two years old . Her mother and stepfather own a hair salon in Brooklyn . Before becoming an actress , Ferlito was a Wilhelmina model , and a New York City `` club kid '' . Ferlito is a single mother who gave birth to a son in September 2007 . Career ( edit ) Ferlito developed acting aspirations early in her life and broke into the entertainment business through a series of guest spots and recurring roles . In 2003 , Ferlito starred as Lizette Sanchez in John Leguizamo 's boxing drama Undefeated , which earned her an NAACP nomination for Outstanding Actress in a TV movie . This was followed in 2004 by a role in Spider - Man 2 . In 2005 Ferlito appeared in Stephen Herek 's Man of the House , opposite Tommy Lee Jones , for which she received positive notice , with Variety 's Joe Leydon stating that `` Vanessa Ferlito is the standout , mainly because she 's the only one who gets enough to do to make a strong impression as a distinctive personality . '' On the small screen , Ferlito was a series regular on the first two seasons ( 2004 -- 2005 ) of CBS 's CSI : NY , as Aiden Burn , a member of the forensic investigation team led by Gary Sinise . Ferlito has also appeared in other television series , including HBO 's The Sopranos , NBC 's Law & Order and Third Watch , and had a recurring role as Claudia in FOX 's series 24 . After CSI : NY , Ferlito starred in several films , among them Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ; Nora Ephron 's Julie & Julia opposite Meryl Streep , Stanley Tucci and Amy Adams ; Tyler Perry 's Madea Goes to Jail ; and Alfredo De Villa 's Nothing Like the Holidays ( originally titled Humboldt Park ) with Alfred Molina , John Leguizamo and Jay Hernandez . Prior to these , Ferlito appeared in Quentin Tarantino 's Death Proof opposite Kurt Russell , a role Tarantino wrote specifically for Ferlito . She also appeared Lee Daniel 's Shadowboxer with Helen Mirren and Cuba Gooding Jr . In 2012 , Ferlito was cast in the feature film , Stand Up Guys , opposite Al Pacino , Christopher Walken and Alan Arkin . She also played Charlie DeMarco on USA Network 's Graceland , which ran between 2013 and 2015 . In 2016 Ferlito was added to the cast of NCIS : New Orleans for the show 's third season , playing an FBI special agent who is sent from DC to investigate the NCIS team . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 On Line Jordan Nash 2002 25th Hour Lindsay Jamison Spider - Man 2 Louise Tollbooth , The The Tollbooth Gina 2005 Man of the House Heather 2005 Shadowboxer Vicki 2006 Gridiron Gang Lisa Gonzales 2007 Death Proof Arlene `` Butterfly '' 2007 Descent Bodega Girl 2008 Nothing like the Holidays Roxanna Rodriguez 2009 Madea Goes to Jail Donna 2009 Julie & Julia Cassie Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps Audrey 2012 Stand Up Guys Sylvia 2013 Duke Cookie 2015 All Mistakes Buried Franki Originally titled The Aftermath Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 , 2004 Sopranos , The The Sopranos Tina Francesco Episodes : `` Another Toothpick '' , `` Rat Pack '' 2002 Third Watch Val Episode : `` Blackout '' 2003 Law & Order Tina Montoya Episode : `` Star Crossed '' 2003 Undefeated Lizette Sanchez TV movie 2003 -- 2004 24 Claudia Hernandez Recurring role , 11 episodes CSI : Miami Aiden Burn Episode : `` MIA / NYC Nonstop '' 2004 -- 2006 CSI : NY Aiden Burn Main role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , 26 episodes 2006 Drift Georgia Fields Unsold TV pilot 2011 Cooper and Stone Angela Stone Unsold TV pilot 2013 -- 2015 Graceland Catherine `` Charlie '' DeMarco Main role , 38 episodes 2016 -- present NCIS : New Orleans Tammy Gregorio Main role ( season 3 -- present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Graceland 's Vanessa Ferlito on Her `` Intense '' Episode , How Daniel Sunjata Ruined Her Life `` . TV Guide . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nancy Jo Sales ( August 24 , 1998 ) . `` Caution : These Kids Are About to Blow Up '' . New York magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CBB Exclusive : Vanessa Ferlito expecting first child '' . Celebrity Babies ( People.com ) . August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paulette Cohn ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito Talks Being the New Girl in the Big Easy on NCIS : New Orleans '' . Parade . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . I have an 8 - year - old son . Jump up ^ Phil Gallo ( July 27 , 2003 ) . `` Review : ' Undefeated ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( June 29 , 2004 ) . `` Spider Man 2 ( 2004 ) FILM REVIEW ; Putting Action After Feelings Of a Superhero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Joe Leydon ( February 25 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' Man of the House ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gary Susman ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Gary Sinise leads confirmed CSI : New York cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Speier ( September 21 , 2004 ) . `` Review : ' CSI : NY ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chris Koseluk ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Case files : A look at ' CSI : NY ' milestones '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jill Feiwell ; David Bloom ( July 29 , 2003 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Byron Perry ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ; Gregg Goldstein ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Family get - together at the ' Park ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Nothing Like the Holidays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kirk Honeycutt ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Grindhouse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kirk Honeycutt ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : ' Death ' reincarnated '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( June 6 , 2006 ) . `` Teton bows with ' Boxer '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` 2 thesps step into ' Stand Up Guys ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ariana Bacle ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Graceland canceled after three seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' : Vanessa Ferlito Cast as New Regular In Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Robert Koehler ( January 15 , 2002 ) . `` Review : ' On_Line ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stacy Dodd ( December 11 , 2005 ) . `` Rachael Leigh Cook , Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` CW 's ' Cooper & Stone ' Casts Stone '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lacey Rose ; Lesley Goldberg ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` What 's On and Off the CW Schedule '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` NCIS Shake - Ups , Big Bang Family Matters and More CBS Fall Preview '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . In the aftermath of the Russo case , Brody decides to leave NCIS and FBI Special Agent Tammy Gregorio ( Graceland 's Vanessa Ferlito ) investigates Pride and his team . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanessa Ferlito . Vanessa Ferlito on IMDb Vanessa Ferlito at TV.com BIBSYS : 7072544 BNF : cb15619933q ( data ) GND : 136647006 ISNI : 0000 0001 2119 7234 LCCN : no2007117347 SUDOC : 127177574 VIAF : 7711774 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Ferlito&oldid=840473554 '' Categories : Actresses from New York City American film actresses American television actresses American people of Italian descent Living people People from Brooklyn 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Italian descent Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays agent gregorio on ncis new orleans	[ "Vanessa Ferlito is an American actress, perhaps best known for appearing as Detective Aiden Burn in CSI: NY, as well as her recurring portrayal of Claudia Hernandez in 24 and her regular role as FBI Agent Charlie DeMarco in Graceland. She has also appeared in a number of films including: Spider-Man 2 (2004), Shadowboxer (2005), Man of the House (2005), Death Proof (2007), Nothing Like the Holidays (2008), Madea Goes to Jail (2009), Julie & Julia (2009), Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010), and Stand Up Guys (2012). Ferlito currently stars in the CBS series NCIS: New Orleans, playing Special Agent Tammy Gregorio." ]	[ "Vanessa Ferlito" ]
2524054697909181226	Influenza vaccine	Influenza vaccine - Wikipedia Influenza vaccine Influenza vaccine U.S. Navy crew member receiving an influenza vaccination Vaccine description Target disease influenza virus Type inactivated , attenuated Clinical data Trade names Fluarix , Fluzone , other AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) Routes of administration IM , intranasal , intradermal ATC code J07BB01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : ℞ - only Identifiers ChemSpider none Influenza vaccines , also known as flu shots or flu jabs , are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses . A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year , as the Influenza virus rapidly changes . While their effectiveness varies from year to year , most provide modest to high protection against influenza . The CDC estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness , medical visits , hospitalizations , and deaths . When an immunized worker does catch the flu , they are on average back at work a half day sooner . Vaccine effectiveness in those under two years old and over 65 years old remains unknown due to the low quality of the research . Vaccinating children may protect those around them . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months , especially those at high risk . The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control also recommends yearly vaccination of high risk groups . These groups include pregnant women , the elderly , children between six months and five years of age , those with other health problems , and those who work in healthcare . The vaccines are generally safe . Fever occurs in five to ten percent of children vaccinated . Temporary muscle pains or feelings of tiredness may occur as well . In certain years , the vaccine has been linked to an increase in Guillain -- Barré syndrome among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses . It should not be given to those with severe allergies to eggs or to previous versions of the vaccine . The vaccines come in both inactive and weakened viral forms . The inactive version should be used for those who are pregnant . They come in forms that are injected into a muscle , sprayed into the nose , or injected into the middle layer of the skin . Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s with large scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is about $5.25 USD per dose as of 2014 . In the United States , it costs less than $25 USD as of 2015 . Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Effectiveness 1.2 Children 1.3 Adults 1.4 Elderly 1.5 Pregnancy 2 Safety 3 Injection versus nasal spray 4 Recommendations 4.1 World Health Organization 4.2 Canada 4.3 Europe 4.4 United States 5 Uptake 5.1 At risk groups 5.2 Healthcare workers 6 Manufacturing 6.1 Annual reformulation 6.2 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.3 2016 -- 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 6.4 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.5 2017 -- 2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 6.6 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 7 History 7.1 Origins and development 7.2 Acceptance 8 Society and culture 8.1 Evaluation of evidence 8.2 Cost - effectiveness 9 Research 9.1 Rapid response to pandemic flu 9.2 Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu 9.3 Universal flu vaccines 10 Veterinary use 10.1 Horses 10.2 Poultry 10.3 Pigs 10.4 Dogs 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Medical uses ( edit ) The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommends the flu vaccine as the best way to protect people against the flu and prevent its spread . The flu vaccine can also reduce the severity of the flu if a person contracts a flu strain that the vaccine did not contain . It takes about two weeks following vaccination for protective antibodies to form . A 2012 meta - analysis found that flu vaccination was effective 67 percent of the time ; the populations that benefited the most were HIV - positive adults ages 18 to 55 ( 76 percent ) , healthy adults ages 18 to 46 ( approximately 70 percent ) , and healthy children ages six to 24 months ( 66 percent ) . Effectiveness ( edit ) U.S. vaccine effectiveness by start year : 2004 10 % 2005 21 % 2006 52 % 2007 37 % 2008 41 % 2009 56 % 60 % 2011 47 % 2012 49 % 2013 52 % 2014 19 % 2015 48 % 2016 39 % A vaccine is assessed by its efficacy ; the extent to which it reduces risk of disease under controlled conditions , and its effectiveness , the observed reduction in risk after the vaccine is put into use . In the case of influenza , effectiveness is expected to be lower than the efficacy because it is measured using the rates of influenza - like illness , which is not always caused by influenza . Influenza vaccines generally show high efficacy , as measured by the antibody production in animal models or vaccinated people . However , studies on the effectiveness of flu vaccines in the real world are difficult ; vaccines may be imperfectly matched , virus prevalence varies widely between years , and influenza is often confused with other influenza - like illnesses . However , in most years ( 16 of the 19 years before 2007 ) , the flu vaccine strains have been a good match for the circulating strains , and even a mismatched vaccine can often provide cross-protection . Trials of both live and inactivated influenza vaccines against seasonal influenza have been summarized in several 2012 meta - analyses . Studies on live vaccines have very limited data , but these preparations may be more effective than inactivated vaccines . The meta - analyses examined the efficacy and effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against seasonal influenza in adults , children , and the elderly . Children ( edit ) The CDC recommend that everyone except infants under the age of six months should receive the seasonal influenza vaccine . Vaccination campaigns usually focus special attention on people who are at high risk of serious complications if they catch the flu , such as pregnant women , children over six months , the elderly , and people with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems , as well as those to whom they are exposed , such as health care workers . As the death rate is also high among infants who catch influenza , the household contacts and caregivers of infants should be vaccinated to reduce the risk of passing an influenza infection to the infant . In children , vaccines again showed high efficacy , but low effectiveness in preventing `` flu - like illness '' . In children under the age of two , the data are extremely limited , but vaccination appeared to confer no measurable benefit . During the 2017 -- 18 flu season the CDC director indicated that 85 percent of the children who died `` likely will not have been vaccinated . '' Adults ( edit ) In unvaccinated adults , 16 % get symptoms similar to the flu , while about 10 % of vaccinated adults do . Vaccination decreased confirmed cases of influenza from about 2.4 % to 1.1 % . No effect on hospitalization was found . In working adults a review by the Cochrane Collaboration found that vaccination resulted in a modest decrease in both influenza symptoms and working days lost , without affecting transmission or influenza - related complications . In healthy working adults , influenza vaccines can provide moderate protection against virologically confirmed influenza , though such protection is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons . In health care workers , a 2006 review found a net benefit . Of the eighteen studies in this review , only two also assessed the relationship of patient mortality relative to staff influenza vaccine uptake ; both found that higher rates of health care worker vaccination correlated with reduced patient deaths . A 2014 review found benefits to patients when health care workers were immunized , as supported by moderate evidence based in part on the observed reduction in all - cause deaths in patients whose health care workers were given immunization compared with comparison patients in which the health care workers were not offered vaccine . Elderly ( edit ) Evidence for an effect in adults over 65 years old is unclear . Systematic reviews examining both randomized controlled and case -- control studies found a lack of high - quality evidence . Reviews of case -- control studies found effects against laboratory - confirmed influenza , pneumonia , and death among the community - dwelling elderly . The group most vulnerable to non-pandemic flu , the elderly , benefits least from the vaccine . There are multiple reasons behind this steep decline in vaccine efficacy , the most common of which are the declining immunological function and frailty associated with advanced age . In a non-pandemic year , a person in the United States aged 50 -- 64 is nearly ten times more likely to die an influenza - associated death than a younger person , and a person over age 65 is over ten times more likely to die an influenza - associated death than the 50 -- 64 age group . There is a high - dose flu vaccine specifically formulated to provide a stronger immune response . Available evidence indicates that vaccinating the elderly with the high - dose vaccine leads to a stronger immune response against influenza than the regular - dose vaccine . A flu vaccine containing an adjuvant was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in November 2015 , for use by adults aged 65 years of age and older . The vaccine is marketed as Fluad in the U.S. and was first available in the 2016 -- 2017 flu season . The vaccine contains the MF59C. 1 adjuvant which is an oil - in - water emulsion of squalene oil . It is the first adjuvanted seasonal flu vaccine marketed in the United States . It is not clear if there is a significant benefit for the elderly to use a flu vaccine containing the MF59C. 1 adjuvant . Per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines , Fluad can be used as an alternative to other influenza vaccines approved for people 65 years and older . Vaccinating health care workers who work with elderly people is recommended in many countries , with the goal of reducing influenza outbreaks in this vulnerable population . While there is no conclusive evidence from randomized clinical trials that vaccinating health care workers helps protect the elderly people from influenza , there is tentative evidence of benefit . Pregnancy ( edit ) As well as protecting mother and child from the effects of an influenza infection , the immunization of pregnant women tends to increase their chances of experiencing a successful full - term pregnancy . The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is protective in pregnant women infected with HIV . Safety ( edit ) See also : Vaccine controversies While side effects of the flu vaccine may occur , they are usually minor . The flu vaccine can cause serious side effects , including an allergic reaction , but this is rare . Furthermore , the common side effects and risks of inoculation are mild and temporary when compared to the risks and severe health effects of the annual influenza epidemic 's well - documented toll of illness , hospitalization , and death . Flu vaccination may lead to side effects such as runny nose and sore throat , which can last for up to several days . Egg allergy may also be a concern , since flu vaccines are typically made using eggs ; however , research into egg - allergy and influenza vaccination has led some advisory groups to recommend vaccine for those with mild allergies and monitored vaccination for those with more severe symptoms . A large study of nearly 800 children in the UK with egg allergy , including over 250 with previous anaphylactic reactions , had zero systemic allergic reactions when given the live attenuated flu vaccine . On January 17 , 2013 , the U.S. FDA approved Flublok , a faster - turnaround influenza vaccine which is the first grown in insect cells instead of eggs . Since eggs are not used in its production , it avoids any problem with egg allergies . Although Guillain -- Barré syndrome had been feared as a complication of vaccination , the CDC states that most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with Guillain -- Barré . Infection with influenza virus itself increases both the risk of death ( up to 1 in 10,000 ) and increases the risk of developing Guillain -- Barré syndrome to a far higher level than the highest level of suspected vaccine involvement ( approximately 10 times higher by 2009 estimates ) . Although one review gives an incidence of about one case of Guillain -- Barré per million vaccinations , a large study in China , reported in The New England Journal of Medicine covering close to 100 million doses of vaccine against the 2009 H1N1 `` swine '' flu found only eleven cases of Guillain -- Barré syndrome , ( 0.1 per million doses ) total incidence in persons vaccinated , actually lower than the normal rate of the disease in China , and no other notable side effects ; `` The risk - benefit ratio , which is what vaccines and everything in medicine is about , is overwhelmingly in favor of vaccination . '' Several studies have identified an increased incidence of narcolepsy among recipients of the pandemic H1N1 influenza ASO3 - adjuvanted vaccine ; efforts to identify a mechanism for this suggest that narcolepsy is autoimmune , and that the ASO3 - adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine may mimic hypocretin , serving as a trigger . Some injection - based flu vaccines intended for adults in the United States contain thiomersal ( also known as thimerosal ) , a mercury - based preservative . Despite some controversy in the media , the World Health Organization 's Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety has concluded that there is no evidence of toxicity from thiomersal in vaccines and no reason on grounds of safety to change to more - expensive single - dose administration . Injection versus nasal spray ( edit ) Flu vaccines are available either as : a trivalent or quadrivalent injection ( TIV or QIV ) , which contains the inactivated form of the virus a nasal spray of live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV , Q / LAIV ) , which contains the attenuated or weakened form of the virus . TIV induces protection after injection ( typically intramuscular , though subcutaneous and intradermal routes can also be protective ) based on an immune response to the antigens present on the inactivated virus , while cold - adapted LAIV works by establishing infection in the nasal passages . Recommendations ( edit ) Various public health organizations , including the World Health Organization , have recommended that yearly influenza vaccination be routinely offered , particularly to people at risk of complications of influenza and those individuals who live with or care for high - risk individuals , including : the elderly ( UK recommendation is those aged 65 or above ) people with chronic lung diseases ( asthma , COPD , etc . ) people with chronic heart diseases ( congenital heart disease , chronic heart failure , ischaemic heart disease ) people with chronic liver diseases ( including cirrhosis ) people with chronic kidney diseases ( such as the nephrotic syndrome ) people who are immunosuppressed ( those with HIV or who are receiving drugs to suppress the immune system such as chemotherapy and long - term steroids ) and their household contacts people who live together in large numbers in an environment where influenza can spread rapidly , such as prisons , nursing homes , schools , and dormitories . healthcare workers ( both to prevent sickness and to prevent spread to patients ) pregnant women . However , a 2009 review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of trivalent influenza vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy . Influenza vaccination during flu season is part of recommendations for influenza vaccination of pregnant women in the United States . Both types of flu vaccines are contraindicated for those with severe allergies to egg proteins and people with a history of Guillain -- Barré syndrome . World Health Organization ( edit ) As of 2016 , the World Health Organization recommends seasonal influenza vaccination for : Highest priority : Pregnant women Priority ( in no particular order ) : Children aged 6 -- 59 months Elderly Individuals with specific chronic medical conditions Health - care workers Canada ( edit ) In 2008 , the National Advisory Committee on Immunization , the group that advises the Public Health Agency of Canada , recommended that everyone aged two to 64 years be encouraged to receive annual influenza vaccination , and that children between the age of six and 24 months , and their household contacts , should be considered a high priority for the flu vaccine . The NACI also recommends the flu vaccine for : People at high risk of influenza - related complications or hospitalization , including the morbidly obese , healthy pregnant women , children six to 59 months , the elderly , aboriginals , and people suffering from one of an itemized list of chronic health conditions People capable of transmitting influenza to those at high risk , including household contacts and healthcare workers People who provide essential community services Certain poultry workers Europe ( edit ) The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control recommends vaccinating the elderly as a priority , with a secondary priority people with chronic medical conditions and healthcare workers . The influenza vaccination strategy is generally that of protecting vulnerable people , rather than limiting influenza circulation or totally eliminating human influenza sickness . This is in contrast with the high herd immunity strategies for other infectious diseases such as polio and measles . This is also due in part to the financial and logistics burden associated with the need of an annual injection . United States ( edit ) In the United States routine influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months . According to the CDC , the live attenuated virus ( which comes in the form of the nasal spray in the US ) should be avoided by : Children younger than two years Adults 50 years and older People with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine or to a previous dose of any influenza vaccine People with asthma Children or adolescents on long - term aspirin treatment . Children and adults who have chronic pulmonary , cardiovascular ( except isolated hypertension ) , renal , hepatic , neurologic / neuromuscular , hematologic , or metabolic disorders Children and adults who have immunosuppression ( including immunosuppression caused by medications or by HIV ) Pregnant women A young woman shows off her flu shot after receiving vaccine at a local drug store . Within its blanket recommendation for general vaccination in the United States , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , which began recommending the influenza vaccine to health care workers in 1981 , emphasizes to clinicians the special urgency of vaccination for members of certain vulnerable groups , and their caregivers : Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications or people who live with or care for people at higher risk for serious complications . In 2009 , a new high - dose formulation of the standard influenza vaccine was approved . The Fluzone High Dose is specifically for people 65 and older ; the difference is that it has four times the antigen dose of the standard Fluzone . The U.S. government requires hospitals to report worker vaccination rates . Some U.S. states and hundreds of U.S. hospitals require health - care workers to either get vaccinations or wear masks during flu season . These requirements occasionally engender union lawsuits on narrow collective bargaining grounds , but proponents note that courts have generally endorsed forced vaccination laws affecting the general population during disease outbreaks . Vaccination against influenza is especially important for members of high - risk groups who would be likely to have complications from influenza , for example pregnant women and children and teenagers from six months to 18 years of age ; In raising the upper age limit to 18 years , the aim is to reduce both the time children and parents lose from visits to pediatricians and missing school and the need for antibiotics for complications An added benefit expected from the vaccination of children is a reduction in the number of influenza cases among parents and other household members , and of possible spread to the general community . In the USA : The CDC has indicated that live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) , also called the nasal spray vaccine , is not recommended for the 2016 -- 2017 flu season , in the United States . Furthermore , health care personnel who care for severely immunocompromised persons should receive injections ( TIV or QIV ) rather than LAIV . Uptake ( edit ) At risk groups ( edit ) Uptake of flu vaccination , both seasonally and during pandemics , is often low . Systematic reviews of pandemic flu vaccination uptake have identified several personal factors that may influence uptake , including gender ( higher uptake in men ) , ethnicity ( higher in people from ethnic minorities ) and having a chronic illness . Beliefs in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine are also important . Healthcare workers ( edit ) Frontline healthcare workers are often recommended to get seasonal and any pandemic flu vaccination . For example , in the UK all healthcare workers involved in patient care are recommended to receive the seasonal flu vaccine , and were also recommended to be vaccinated against the H1N1 / 09 ( later renamed A ( H1N1 ) pdm09 ) swine flu virus during the 2009 pandemic . However , uptake is often low . During the 2009 pandemic , low uptake by healthcare workers was seen in countries including the UK , Italy , Greece , and Hong Kong . In a 2010 survey of United States healthcare workers , 63.5 % reported that they received the flu vaccine during the 2010 -- 11 season , an increase from 61.9 % reported the previous season . US Health professionals with direct patient contact had higher vaccination uptake , such as physicians and dentists ( 84.2 % ) and nurse practitioners ( 82.6 % ) . The main reason to vaccinate healthcare workers is to prevent staff from spreading flu to their patients and to reduce staff absence at a time of high service demand , but the reasons healthcare workers state for their decisions to accept or decline vaccination may more often be to do with perceived personal benefits . In Victoria ( Australia ) public hospitals , rates of healthcare worker vaccination in 2005 ranged from 34 % for non-clinical staff to 42 % for laboratory staff . One of the reasons for rejecting vaccines was concern over adverse reactions ; in one study , 31 % of resident physicians at a teaching hospital incorrectly believed Australian vaccines could cause influenza . Manufacturing ( edit ) Schematic of influenza vaccine creation Flu vaccine is usually grown by vaccine manufacturers in fertilized chicken eggs . In the Northern hemisphere , the manufacturing process begins following the announcement ( typically in February ) of the WHO recommended strains for the winter flu season . Three strains ( representing an H1N1 , an H3N2 , and a B strain ) of flu are selected and chicken eggs inoculated separately , these monovalent harvests are then combined to make the trivalent vaccine . Avian flu vaccine development by reverse genetics technique As of November 2007 , both the conventional injection and the nasal spray are manufactured using chicken eggs . The European Union has also approved Optaflu , a vaccine produced by Novartis using vats of animal cells . This technique is expected to be more scalable and avoid problems with eggs , such as allergic reactions and incompatibility with strains that affect avians like chickens . Research continues into the idea of a `` universal '' influenza vaccine that would not require tailoring to a particular strain , but would be effective against a broad variety of influenza viruses . However , no vaccine candidates had been announced by Nov 2007 . A DNA - based vaccination , which is hoped to be even faster to manufacture , is as of 2011 in clinical trials , determining safety and efficacy . On November 20 , 2012 , Novartis received FDA approval for the first cell - culture vaccine . In a 2007 report , the global capacity of approximately 826 million seasonal influenza vaccine doses ( inactivated and live ) was double the production of 413 million doses . In an aggressive scenario of producing pandemic influenza vaccines by 2013 , only 2.8 billion courses could be produced in a six - month time frame . If all high - and upper - middle - income countries sought vaccines for their entire populations in a pandemic , nearly 2 billion courses would be required . If China pursued this goal as well , more than 3 billion courses would be required to serve these populations . Vaccine research and development is ongoing to identify novel vaccine approaches that could produce much greater quantities of vaccine at a price that is affordable to the global population . Methods of vaccine generation that bypass the need for eggs include the construction of influenza virus - like particles ( VLP ) . VLP resemble viruses , but there is no need for inactivation , as they do not include viral coding elements , but merely present antigens in a similar manner to a virion . Some methods of producing VLP include cultures of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells and plant - based vaccine production ( e.g. , production in Nicotiana benthamiana ) . There is evidence that some VLPs elicit antibodies that recognize a broader panel of antigenically distinct viral isolates compared to other vaccines in the hemagglutination - inhibition assay ( HIA ) . Influenza vaccines are produced in pathogen - free eggs that are 11 to 12 days old . The top of the egg is disinfected by wiping it with alcohol and then the egg is candled to identify a non-veinous area in the allantoic cavity where a small hole is poked to serve as a pressure release . A second hole is made at the top of the egg , where the influenza virus is injected in the allantoic cavity , past the chorioallantoic membrane . The two holes are then sealed with melted paraffin and the inoculated eggs are incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius . During incubation time , the virus replicates and newly replicated viruses are released into the allantoic fluid After the 48 hour incubation period , the top of the egg is cracked and the 10 milliliters of allantoic fluid is removed , from which about 15 micrograms of the flu vaccine can be obtained . At this point , the viruses have been weakened or killed and the viral antigen is purified and placed inside vials , syringes , or nasal sprayers . Done on a large scale , this method is used to produce the flu vaccine for the human population . Annual reformulation ( edit ) Further information : Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine See also : 2009 flu pandemic vaccine Each year , three strains are chosen for selection in that year 's flu vaccination by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network . The chosen strains are the H1N1 , H3N2 , and Type - B strains thought most likely to cause significant human suffering in the coming season . Starting with the 2012 -- 2013 Northern Hemisphere influenza season ( coincident with the approval of quadrivalent influenza vaccines ) , the WHO has also recommended a 2nd B - strain for use in quadrivalent vaccines . The World Health Organization coordinates the contents of the vaccine each year to contain the most likely strains of the virus to attack the next year . `` The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network was established in 1952 . The network comprises four WHO Collaborating Centres ( WHO CCs ) and 112 institutions in 83 countries , which are recognized by WHO as WHO National Influenza Centres ( NICs ) . These NICs collect specimens in their country , perform primary virus isolation and preliminary antigenic characterization . They ship newly isolated strains to WHO CCs for high level antigenic and genetic analysis , the result of which forms the basis for WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza vaccine for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere each year . '' The Global Influenza Surveillance Network 's selection of viruses for the vaccine manufacturing process is based on its best estimate of which strains will predominate the next year , amounting in the end to well - informed but fallible guesswork . Formal WHO recommendations were first issued in 1973 . Beginning in 1999 there have been two recommendations per year : one for the northern hemisphere ( N ) and the other for the southern hemisphere ( S ) . Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine are listed in a separate article . Recent WHO seasonal influenza vaccine composition recommendations : 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 24 , 2015 was : an A / California / 7 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus . 2016 -- 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of trivalent virus vaccines for use in the 2016 -- 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organization on February 25 , 2016 was : an A / California / 7 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus The WHO recommends that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses contain the above three viruses and a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus . 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 29 , 2016 was : an A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus . The Southern Hemisphere experienced `` poor vaccine effectiveness '' against H3N2 this season . 2017 -- 2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of trivalent virus vaccines for use in the 2017 -- 2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on August 25 , 2017 was : an A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 -- like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 -- like virus ( Victoria lineage ) In addition to these components , quadrivalent vaccines will also include a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 -- like virus ( Yamagata lineage ) . In California , some emergency systems were strained by a spike in H3N2 flu cases . In addition , some areas experienced local shortages of oseltamivir . The severity of the flu season seemed somewhat comparable to the 2009 -- 10 swine flu outbreak . A February 2018 CDC interim report estimated the vaccine effectiveness to be 25 % against H3N2 , 67 % against H1N1 , and 42 % against influenza B . 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 28 , 2017 was : an A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Singapore / INFIMH - 16 - 0019 / 2016 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of vaccines Vaccines are used in both humans and nonhumans . Human vaccine is meant unless specifically identified as a veterinary , poultry or livestock vaccine . Origins and development ( edit ) In the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 , `` Physicians tried everything they knew , everything they had ever heard of , from the ancient art of bleeding patients , to administering oxygen , to developing new vaccines and sera ( chiefly against what we now call Hemophilus influenzae -- a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent -- and several types of pneumococci ) . Only one therapeutic measure , transfusing blood from recovered patients to new victims , showed any hint of success . '' In 1931 , viral growth in embryonated hens ' eggs was reported by Ernest William Goodpasture and colleagues at Vanderbilt University . The work was extended to growth of influenza virus by several workers , including Thomas Francis , Jonas Salk , Wilson Smith and Macfarlane Burnet , leading to the first experimental influenza vaccines . In the 1940s , the US military developed the first approved inactivated vaccines for influenza , which were used in the Second World War . Hen 's eggs continued to be used to produce virus used in influenza vaccines , but manufacturers made improvements in the purity of the virus by developing improved processes to remove egg proteins and to reduce systemic reactivity of the vaccine . Recently , the US FDA approved influenza vaccines made by growing virus in cell cultures and influenza vaccines made from recombinant proteins have been approved , with plant - based influenza vaccines being tested in clinical trials . Acceptance ( edit ) According to the CDC : `` Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications . ( ... ) Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza - related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups , hospitalization and death among persons at high risk , otitis media among children , and work absenteeism among adults . Although influenza vaccination levels increased substantially during the 1990s , further improvements in vaccine coverage levels are needed '' . The egg - based technology ( still in use as of 2005 ) for producing influenza vaccine was created in the 1950s . In the U.S. swine flu scare of 1976 , President Gerald Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic . The vaccination program was rushed , yet plagued by delays and public relations problems . Meanwhile , maximum military containment efforts succeeded unexpectedly in confining the new strain to the single army base where it had originated . On that base a number of soldiers fell severely ill , but only one died . The program was canceled , after about 24 % of the population had received vaccinations . An excess in deaths of twenty - five over normal annual levels as well as 400 excess hospitalizations , both from Guillain -- Barré syndrome , were estimated to have occurred from the vaccination program itself , illustrating that the vaccine itself is not free of risks . The result has been cited to stoke lingering doubts about vaccination . In the end , however , even the maligned 1976 vaccine may have saved lives . A 2010 study found a significantly enhanced immune response against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 in study participants who had received vaccination against the swine flu in 1976 . Society and culture ( edit ) Evaluation of evidence ( edit ) Tom Jefferson , who has led Cochrane Collaboration reviews of flu vaccines , has called clinical evidence concerning flu vaccines `` rubbish '' and has therefore declared them to be ineffective ; he has called for placebo - controlled randomized clinical trials . His views on clinical trials are considered unethical by mainstream medicine and his views on the efficacy of vaccines are rejected by medical institutions including the CDC and the National Institutes of Health , and by key figures in the field like Anthony Fauci . Michael Osterholm who has led the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 2012 review on flu vaccines recommends getting the vaccine but criticizes its promotion `` We have overpromoted and overhyped this vaccine ... it does not protect as promoted . It 's all a sales job : it 's all public relations '' . Cost - effectiveness ( edit ) The cost - effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination has been widely evaluated for different groups and in different settings . In the elderly ( aged over 65 years ) the majority of published studies have found that vaccination is cost saving , with the cost savings associated with influenza vaccination ( e.g. prevented health care visits ) outweighing the cost of vaccination . In older adults ( aged 50 -- 64 years ) , several published studies have found that influenza vaccination is likely to be cost - effective , however the results of these studies were often found to be dependent on key assumptions used in the economic evaluations . The uncertainty in influenza cost - effectiveness models can partially be explained by the complexities involved in estimating the disease burden , as well as the seasonal variability in the circulating strains and the match of the vaccine . In healthy working adults ( aged 18 -- 49 years ) , a 2012 review found that vaccination was generally not cost - saving , with the suitability for funding being dependent on the willingness to pay to obtain the associated health benefits . In children , the majority of studies have found that influenza vaccination was cost - effective , however many of the studies included ( indirect ) productivity gains , which may not be given the same weight in all settings . Several studies have attempted to predict the cost - effectiveness of interventions ( including prepandemic vaccination ) to help protect against a future pandemic , however estimating the cost - effectiveness has been complicated by uncertainty as to the severity of a potential future pandemic and the efficacy of measures against it . Research ( edit ) Influenza research includes molecular virology , molecular evolution , pathogenesis , host immune responses , genomics , and epidemiology . These help in developing influenza countermeasures such as vaccines , therapies and diagnostic tools . Improved influenza countermeasures require basic research on how viruses enter cells , replicate , mutate , evolve into new strains and induce an immune response . The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is creating a library of influenza sequences that will help us understand what makes one strain more lethal than another , what genetic determinants most affect immunogenicity , and how the virus evolves over time . Solutions to limitations in current vaccine methods are being researched . A different approach uses Internet content to estimate the impact of an influenza vaccination campaign . More specifically , researchers have used data from Twitter and Microsoft 's Bing ( search engine ) , and proposed a statistical framework which , after a series of operations , maps this information to estimates of the influenza - like illness reduction percentage in areas , where vaccinations have been performed . The method has been used to quantify the impact of two flu vaccination programmes in England ( 2013 / 14 and 2014 / 15 ) , where school - age children were administered a live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) . Notably , the impact estimates were in accordance with estimations from Public Health England based on traditional syndromic surveillance endpoints . Rapid response to pandemic flu ( edit ) The rapid development , production , and distribution of pandemic influenza vaccines could potentially save millions of lives during an influenza pandemic . Due to the short time frame between identification of a pandemic strain and need for vaccination , researchers are looking at novel technologies for vaccine production that could provide better `` real - time '' access and be produced more affordably , thereby increasing access for people living in low - and moderate - income countries , where an influenza pandemic may likely originate , such as live attenuated ( egg - based or cell - based ) technology and recombinant technologies ( proteins and virus - like particles ) . As of July 2009 , more than 70 known clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing for pandemic influenza vaccines . In September 2009 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved four vaccines against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus ( the 2009 pandemic strain ) , and expected the initial vaccine lots to be available within the following month . Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu ( edit ) A quadrivalent flu vaccine administered by nasal mist was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in March 2012 . Fluarix Quadrivalent was approved by the FDA in December 2012 . Universal flu vaccines ( edit ) A `` universal vaccine '' that would not have to be designed and made for each flu season in each hemisphere would be useful , in order to stabilize the supply and to ensure against error in the design or escape of the circulating strains by mutation . Such a vaccine has been the subject of research for decades . One promising approach is using broadly neutralizing antibodies that unlike the vaccine used today , which provoke the body to generate an immune response , instead provide a component of the immune response itself . The first neutralizing antibodies were identified in 1993 via experimentation ; with time researchers understood that the flu neutralizing antibodies were binding to the stalk of the Hemagglutinin protein ; later researchers identified antibodies that could bind to the head of those proteins . Later yet , researchers identified the highly conserved M2 proton channel as a potential target for broadly neutralizing antibodies . The challenges for researchers have been identifying single antibodies that could neutralize many subtypes of the virus , so that they could be useful in any season , and that target conserved domains that are resistant to antigenic drift . Another approach has been taking the conserved domains identified from these projects , and delivering groups of these antigens to provoke an immune response ; various approaches with different antigens , presented different ways ( as fusion proteins , mounted on virus - like particles , on non-pathogenic viruses , as DNA , and others ) , are under development . Efforts have also been undertaken to develop universal vaccines that specifically activate a T - cell response , based on clinical data showing that people with a strong , early T - cell response have better outcomes when infected with influenza and because T - cells respond to conserved epitopes . The challenge for developers is that these epitopes are on internal protein domains that are only mildly immunogenic . Along with the rest of the vaccine field , people working on universal vaccines have been experimenting with vaccine adjuvants to improve the ability of their vaccines to create a sufficiently powerful and enduring immune response . Veterinary use ( edit ) See also : Influenza A virus and Influenza § Infection in other animals `` Vaccination in the veterinary world pursues four goals : ( i ) protection from clinical disease , ( ii ) protection from infection with virulent virus , ( iii ) protection from virus excretion , and ( iv ) serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals ( so - called DIVA principle ) . In the field of influenza vaccination , neither commercially available nor experimentally tested vaccines have been shown so far to fulfill all of these requirements . '' Horses ( edit ) Horses with horse flu can run a fever , have a dry hacking cough , have a runny nose , and become depressed and reluctant to eat or drink for several days but usually recover in two to three weeks . `` Vaccination schedules generally require a primary course of two doses , 3 -- 6 weeks apart , followed by boosters at 6 -- 12 month intervals . It is generally recognized that in many cases such schedules may not maintain protective levels of antibody and more frequent administration is advised in high - risk situations . '' It is a common requirement at shows in the United Kingdom that horses be vaccinated against equine flu and a vaccination card must be produced ; the International Federation for Equestrian Sports ( FEI ) requires vaccination every six months . Poultry ( edit ) Poultry vaccines for bird flu are made inexpensively and are not filtered and purified like human vaccines to remove bits of bacteria or other viruses . They usually contain whole virus , not just hemagglutinin as in most human flu vaccines . Another difference between human and poultry vaccines is that poultry vaccines are adjuvated with mineral oil , which induces a strong immune reaction but can cause inflammation and abscesses . `` Chicken vaccinators who have accidentally jabbed themselves have developed painful swollen fingers or even lost thumbs , doctors said . Effectiveness may also be limited . Chicken vaccines are often only vaguely similar to circulating flu strains -- some contain an H5N2 strain isolated in Mexico years ago . ' With a chicken , if you use a vaccine that 's only 85 percent related , you 'll get protection , ' Dr. Cardona said . ' In humans , you can get a single point mutation , and a vaccine that 's 99.99 percent related wo n't protect you . ' And they are weaker ( than human vaccines ) . ' Chickens are smaller and you only need to protect them for six weeks , because that 's how long they live till you eat them , ' said Dr. John J. Treanor , a vaccine expert at the University of Rochester . Human seasonal flu vaccines contain about 45 micrograms of antigen , while an experimental A ( H5N1 ) vaccine contains 180 . Chicken vaccines may contain less than one microgram . ' You have to be careful about extrapolating data from poultry to humans , ' warned Dr. David E. Swayne , director of the agriculture department 's Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory . ' Birds are more closely related to dinosaurs . ' '' Researchers , led by Nicholas Savill of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland , used mathematical models to simulate the spread of H5N1 and concluded that `` at least 95 percent of birds need to be protected to prevent the virus spreading silently . In practice , it is difficult to protect more than 90 percent of a flock ; protection levels achieved by a vaccine are usually much lower than this . '' The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has issued recommendations on the prevention and control of avian influenza in poultry , including the use of vaccination . A filtered and purified Influenza A vaccine for humans is being developed and many countries have recommended it be stockpiled so if an Avian influenza pandemic starts jumping to humans , the vaccine can quickly be administered to avoid loss of life . Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu , and commonly bird flu . Pigs ( edit ) Swine influenza vaccines are extensively used in pig farming in Europe and North America . Most swine flu vaccines include an H1N1 and an H3N2 strain . Swine influenza has been recognized as a major problem since the outbreak in 1976 . Evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines . Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the problem when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection . Customised ( autogenous ) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated , are made and used in the more difficult cases . The vaccine manufacturer Novartis claims that the H3N2 strain ( first identified in 1998 ) has brought major losses to pig farmers . Abortion storms are a common sign and sows stop eating for a few days and run a high fever . The mortality rate can be as high as 15 percent . Dogs ( edit ) In 2004 , influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was discovered to cause canine influenza . Because of the lack of previous exposure to this virus , dogs have no natural immunity to this virus . However , a vaccine is now available . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( H1N1 ) pdm09 is newer nomenclature for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus , not a different strain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Influenza Virus Vaccine Inactivated '' . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper '' ( PDF ) . Wkly . Epidemiol . Rec. 87 ( 47 ) : 461 -- 76 . November 23 , 2012 . PMID 23210147 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manzoli L , Ioannidis JP , Flacco ME , De Vito C , Villari P ( July 2012 ) . `` Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children , adults and elderly : a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta - analyses '' . Hum Vaccin Immunother. 8 ( 7 ) : 851 -- 62 . doi : 10.4161 / hv. 19917 . PMC 3495721 . PMID 22777099 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Influenza Illnesses , Medical Visits , Hospitalizations , and Deaths Averted by Vaccination in the United States '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Demicheli , Vittorio ; Jefferson , Tom ; Al - Ansary , Lubna A ; Ferroni , Eliana ; Rivetti , Alessandro ; Di Pietrantonj , Carlo ( 2014 ) . `` Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 3 ) : CD001269 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001269. pub5 . PMID 24623315 . ^ Jump up to : Osterholm , MT ; Kelley , NS ; Sommer , A ; Belongia , EA ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . The Lancet . Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 44 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 11 ) 70295 - X . PMID 22032844 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , T ; Di Pietrantonj , C ; Al - Ansary , LA ; Ferroni , E ; Thorning , S ; Thomas , RE ( Feb 17 , 2010 ) . `` Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 2 ) : CD004876 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004876. pub3 . PMID 20166072 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferson T , Rivetti A , Di Pietrantonj C , Demicheli V , Ferroni E ( 2012 ) . `` Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8 ( 8 ) : CD004879 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004879. pub4 . PMID 22895945 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Should Get Vaccinated Against Influenza '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series : Influenza Vaccines '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet for the general public '' . ecdc.europa.eu . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Compans , Richard W. ( 2009 ) . Vaccines for pandemic influenza . Dordrecht : Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 9783540921653 . Jump up ^ Vaccine Analysis : Strategies , Principles , and Control . 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Vaccine. 29 ( 7 ) : 1408 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2010.12. 041 . PMID 21199700 . Jump up ^ Chor , J. SY ; Ngai , K.L. ; Goggins , W. B ; Wong , M. CS ; Wong , S. YS ; Lee , N. ; Leung , T. - f. ; Rainer , T. H ; Griffiths , S. ; Chan , P. KS ( 2009 ) . `` Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels : Two questionnaire surveys '' . BMJ. 339 : b3391 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. b3391 . PMC 2731837 . PMID 19706937 . Jump up ^ `` CDC updates flu vaccination recommendations '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 2011 ) . `` Influenza vaccination coverage among health - care personnel -- United States , 2010 -- 11 influenza season '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 60 ( 32 ) : 1073 -- 7 . ISSN 0149 - 2195 . PMID 21849963 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 25 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Recommendations for the production and control of influenza vaccine ( inactivated ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Priming with DNA vaccine makes avian flu vaccine work better ( NIH News ) '' . October 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novartis receives FDA approval for Flucelvax , the first cell - culture vaccine in US to help protect against seasonal influenza '' ( Press release ) . Novartis . November 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Research , Center for Biologics Evaluation and . `` Approved Products -- November 20 , 2012 Approval Letter - Flucelvax '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seqirus receives FDA approval for Flucelvax Quadrivalent ( Influenza Vaccine ) for people four years of age and older '' ( Press release ) . Seqirus . May 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . November 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PATH , Oliver Wyman . Influenza Vaccine Strategies for Broad Global Access . 2007 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bright , Rick A. ; Carter , Donald M. ; Daniluk , Shannon ; Toapanta , Franklin R. ; Ahmad , Attiya ; Gavrilov , Victor ; Massare , Mike ; Pushko , Peter ; Mytle , Nutan ; Rowe , Thomas ; Smith , Gale ; Ross , Ted M. ( 2007 ) . `` Influenza virus - like particles elicit broader immune responses than whole virion inactivated influenza virus or recombinant hemagglutinin '' . Vaccine. 25 ( 19 ) : 3871 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2007.01. 106 . PMID 17337102 . ^ Jump up to : Racaniello , Vincent ( Dec 2009 ) . `` Influenza virus growth in eggs '' . Virology Blog . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Izzat , Fakhrul ( Apr 2012 ) . `` Viral Cultivation in Chicken Embryo '' . Youtube . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Influenza ( Flu ) Vaccines Are Made '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . May 2014 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ WHO article Global influenza surveillance Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Keeping ahead of flu comes down to guessing game '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic - prone Infectious Diseases Archived May 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( pdf ) Jump up ^ WHO Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016 southern hemisphere influenza season Archived December 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016 -- 2017 northern hemisphere influenza season '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO switches H1N1 in Southern Hemisphere flu vaccine '' . University of Minnesota -- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy ( CIDRAP ) . 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 replaces the longstanding A / California / 7 / 2009 and is recommended to improve protection against two subclades that have emerged over the past season . Jump up ^ WHO Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017 southern hemisphere influenza season Archived December 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Flu vaccine may have low effectiveness against dominant strain , Canada 's top public health doctor says '' . CBC News . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Grohskopf LA , Sokolow LZ , Broder KR , et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines : Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices -- United States , 2017 -- 18 Influenza Season . MMWR Recomm Rep 2017 ; 66 ( No . RR - 2 ) : 1 -- 20 . ) Jump up ^ Karlamangla , Soumya ( 6 January 2018 ) . `` Severe flu brings medicine shortages , packed ERs and a rising death toll in California -- Los Angeles Times '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun , Lena H. ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` This season 's flu vaccine is only 36 percent effective , but experts say you should still get it '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Estimates of 2017 -- 18 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness -- United States , February 2018 '' . CDC . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season '' . WHO. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Threat of Pandemic Influenza : Are We Ready ? Workshop Summary ( 2005 ) ( free online book ) page 62 Jump up ^ Plotkin , S.L. and Plotkin , S.A. `` A short history of vaccination . '' In : Vaccines , Stanley A. Plotkin , Walter A. Orenstein , Paul A. Offit , eds . Elsevier Health Sciences , 2008 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Artenstein , A.W. `` Influenza '' In : Vaccines : A Biography Andrew W. Artenstein , ed . pp. 191 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Hampson , A.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Vaccines for pandemic influenza . The history of our current vaccines , their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat '' . Annals of the Academy of Medicine , Singapore . 37 ( 6 ) : 510 -- 17 . PMID 18618064 . Jump up ^ `` Cell - Based Flu Vaccines '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ USFDA FDA approves new seasonal influenza vaccine made using novel technology . Jan. 16 , 2013 . Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Landry , Nathalie ; Ward , Brian J. ; Trépanier , Sonia ; Montomoli , Emanuele ; Dargis , Michèle ; Lapini , Giulia ; Vézina , Louis - P. ( 2010 ) . `` Preclinical and Clinical Development of Plant - Made Virus - Like Particle Vaccine against Avian H5N1 Influenza '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 12 ) : e15559 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 515559L . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015559 . PMC 3008737 . PMID 21203523 . Jump up ^ Bridges CB , Fukuda K , Uyeki TM , Cox NJ , Singleton JA ( 2002 ) . `` Prevention and control of influenza . Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Recomm Rep. 51 ( RR - 3 ) : 1 -- 31 . ISSN 1057 - 5987 . PMID 12002171 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osterholm , Michael T. ( 2005 ) . `` Preparing for the Next Pandemic '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 352 ( 18 ) : 1839 -- 42 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp058068 . PMID 15872196 . Jump up ^ `` Swine Flu Epidemics '' . October 9 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 1999 . Jump up ^ McCullers , Jonathan A. ; Van De Velde , Lee ‐ Ann ; Allison , Kim J. ; Branum , Kristen C. ; Webby , Richard J. ; Flynn , Patricia M. ( 2010 ) . `` Recipients of Vaccine against the 1976 `` Swine Flu '' Have Enhanced Neutralization Responses to the 2009 Novel H1N1 Influenza Virus `` . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 50 ( 11 ) : 1487 -- 92 . doi : 10.1086 / 652441 . PMC 2946351 . PMID 20415539 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Shannon ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Does the Vaccine Matter ? '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Roni Caryn . `` Reassessing Flu Shots as the Season Draws Near '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jit , Mark ; Newall , Anthony T. ; Beutels , Philippe ( 2014 ) . `` Key issues for estimating the impact and cost - effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies '' . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 9 ( 4 ) : 834 -- 40 . doi : 10.4161 / hv. 23637 . PMC 3903903 . PMID 23357859 . Jump up ^ Postma , Maarten J ; Baltussen , Rob PM ; Palache , Abraham M ; Wilschut , Jan C ( 2014 ) . `` Further evidence for favorable cost - effectiveness of elderly influenza vaccination '' . Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research . 6 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 27 . doi : 10.1586 / 14737167.6. 2.215 . PMID 20528557 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Kelly , Heath ; Harsley , Stuart ; Scuffham , Paul A. ( 2009 ) . `` Cost Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Older Adults '' . PharmacoEconomics. 27 ( 6 ) : 439 -- 50 . doi : 10.2165 / 00019053 - 200927060 - 00001 . PMID 19640008 . Jump up ^ Newall , A.T. ; Viboud , C. ; Wood , J.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Influenza - attributable mortality in Australians aged more than 50 years : A comparison of different modelling approaches '' . Epidemiology and Infection . 138 ( 6 ) : 836 -- 42 . doi : 10.1017 / S095026880999118X . PMID 19941685 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Dehollain , Juan Pablo ; Creighton , Prudence ; Beutels , Philippe ; Wood , James G. ( 2013 ) . `` Understanding the Cost - Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Children : Methodological Choices and Seasonal Variability '' . PharmacoEconomics. 31 ( 8 ) : 693 -- 702 . doi : 10.1007 / s40273 - 013 - 0060 - 7 . PMID 23645539 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Scuffham , Paul A ( 2011 ) . `` Uncertainty and variability in influenza cost - effectiveness models '' . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health . 35 ( 6 ) : 576 ; author reply 576 -- 77 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 6405.2011. 00788. x . PMID 22151168 . Jump up ^ Gatwood , Justin ; Meltzer , Martin I. ; Messonnier , Mark ; Ortega - Sanchez , Ismael R. ; Balkrishnan , Rajesh ; Prosser , Lisa A. ( 2012 ) . `` Seasonal Influenza Vaccination of Healthy Working - Age Adults '' . Drugs . 72 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 48 . doi : 10.2165 / 11597310 - 000000000 - 00000 . PMID 22191794 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Jit , Mark ; Beutels , Philippe ( 2012 ) . `` Economic Evaluations of Childhood Influenza Vaccination '' . PharmacoEconomics. 30 ( 8 ) : 647 -- 60 . doi : 10.2165 / 11599130 - 000000000 - 00000 . PMID 22788257 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Wood , James G. ; Oudin , Noemie ; MacIntyre , C. Raina ( 2010 ) . `` Cost - effectiveness of Pharmaceutical - based Pandemic Influenza Mitigation Strategies1 '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 16 ( 2 ) : 224 -- 30 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1602. 090571 . PMC 2957998 . PMID 20113551 . Jump up ^ `` Influenza Genome Sequencing Project -- Overview '' . National Institutes of Health -- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lampos , Vasileios ; Yom - Tov , Elad ; Pebody , Richard ; Cox , Ingemar J. ( 2015 ) . `` Assessing the impact of a health intervention via user - generated Internet content '' . Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery . 29 ( 5 ) : 1434 -- 1457 . doi : 10.1007 / s10618 - 015 - 0427 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Moritz ; Lampos , Vasileios ; Yom - Tov , Elad ; Pebody , Richard ; Cox , Ingemar J. ( 2017 ) . `` Estimating the Population Impact of a New Pediatric Influenza Vaccination Program in England Using Social Media Content '' . Journal of Medical Internet Research . 19 ( 12 ) : e416 . doi : 10.2196 / jmir. 8184 . PMID 29269339 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization . Acyte Respiratory Infections : Influenza. 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization . Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines . July 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Food & Drug Administration . FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic . September 15 , 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Quadrivalent Vaccine Against Seasonal Flu Wins FDA Approval '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves first quadrivalent vaccine to prevent seasonal influenza '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` December 14 , 2012 Approval Letter - Fluarix Quadrivalent '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cho , Alice ; Wrammert , Jens ( 2016 ) . `` Implications of broadly neutralizing antibodies in the development of a universal influenza vaccine '' . Current Opinion in Virology. 17 : 110 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coviro. 2016.03. 002 . PMC 4940123 . PMID 27031684 . ^ Jump up to : Soema , Peter C. ; Kompier , Ronald ; Amorij , Jean - Pierre ; Kersten , Gideon F.A. ( 2015 ) . `` Current and next generation influenza vaccines : Formulation and production strategies '' . European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 94 : 251 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejpb. 2015.05. 023 . PMID 26047796 . Jump up ^ Deng , Lei ; Cho , Ki ; Fiers , Walter ; Saelens , Xavier ( 2015 ) . `` M2e - Based Universal Influenza a Vaccines '' . Vaccines. 3 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 36 . doi : 10.3390 / vaccines3010105 . PMC 4494237 . PMID 26344949 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Tanya ; Ben - Yedidia , Tamar ( 2014 ) . `` Epitope - based approaches to a universal influenza vaccine '' . Journal of Autoimmunity. 54 : 15 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaut. 2014.07. 005 . PMID 25172355 . Jump up ^ Toussi , Deana ; Massari , Paola ( 2014 ) . `` Immune Adjuvant Effect of Molecularly - defined Toll - Like Receptor Ligands '' . Vaccines. 2 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 53 . doi : 10.3390 / vaccines2020323 . PMC 4494261 . PMID 26344622 . Jump up ^ Influenza Report ( online book ) Archived May 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chapter Avian Influenza by Timm C. Harder and Ortrud Werner Jump up ^ equiflunet_vaccines Archived January 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` UAE Equestrian & Racing Federation '' . March 22 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FEI guidelines '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Donald G. Jr . ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Turning to Chickens in Fight With Bird Flu '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SciDev.Net Archived September 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . article Bird flu warning over partial protection of flocks published August 16 , 2006 Jump up ^ FAO Recommendations on the Prevention , Control and Eradication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ( HPAI ) in Asia `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yen , Hui - Ling ; Peiris , Joseph Sriyal Malik ( 2012 ) . `` Virology : Bird flu in mammals '' . Nature . 486 ( 7403 ) : 332 -- 33 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 486 ... 332Y . doi : 10.1038 / nature11192 . PMID 22722190 . Jump up ^ National Hog Farmer Archived April 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . article Swine Flu Virus Turns Endemic published September 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ livestock.novartis.com Archived April 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Custom Vaccines : Swine Jump up ^ Karaca , Kemal ; Dubovi , Edward J. ; Siger , Leonardo ; Robles , Amy ; Audonnet , Jean - Christophe ; Jiansheng , Yao ; Nordgren , Robert ; Minke , Jules M. ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the ability of canarypox - vectored equine influenza virus vaccines to induce humoral immune responses against canine influenza viruses in dogs '' . American Journal of Veterinary Research . 68 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 12 . doi : 10.2460 / ajvr. 68.2. 208 . PMID 17269888 . External links ( edit ) Pharmacy and pharmacology portal PATH 's Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources CDC Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Information Statement Vaccines and Preventable Diseases -- Seasonal Influenza ( Flu ) Vaccination Misconceptions about Seasonal Influenza and Influenza Vaccines Influenza General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 ( `` Spanish flu '' ) 2009 ( `` swine flu '' ) Science 2009 A / H1N1 H5N1 Outbreaks Croatia ( 2005 ) India ( 2006 ) UK ( 2007 ) West Bengal ( 2008 ) Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation Treatments Antiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir ( experimental ) Umifenovir Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Fluzone Pandemrix Pandemics and epidemics Pandemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1889 -- 1890 ) `` Spanish flu '' ( 1918 ) `` Asian flu '' `` Hong Kong flu '' ( 1968 ) `` Swine flu '' ( 2009 ) Epidemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1977 -- 1978 ) `` Fujian flu '' ( H3N2 ) Central Luzon H5N6 ( 2017 ) Non-human Mammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian ( H5N1 ) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza - like illness 2017 -- 18 United States flu season Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization : Vaccines , Vaccination , Infection , Inoculation ( J07 ) Development Adjuvants List of vaccine ingredients Mathematical modelling Timeline Trials Classes Conjugate vaccine DNA vaccination Inactivated vaccine Live vector vaccine Attenuated vaccine Heterologous vaccine Subunit / component / Peptide / Virus - like particle Toxoid Administration Global : GAVI Alliance Policy Schedule Vaccine injury USA : ACIP Vaccine court Vaccines for Children Program VAERS VSD Vaccines Bacterial Anthrax Brucellosis Cholera Diphtheria Hib Leptospirosis Lyme disease Meningococcus MeNZB NmVac4 - A / C / Y / W - 135 Pertussis Plague Pneumococcal PCV PPSV Q fever Tetanus Tuberculosis BCG Typhoid Ty21a ViCPS Typhus combination : DTwP / DTaP Viral Adenovirus Flu H1N1 ( Pandemrix ) LAIV Hantavirus Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis E HPV Cervarix Gardasil Japanese encephalitis Measles Mumps Mumpsvax Polio Sabin Salk Rabies Rotavirus Rubella Smallpox Dryvax Tick - borne encephalitis Varicella zoster chicken pox Zoster vaccine Yellow fever combination : MMR MMRV research : Chikungunya Cytomegalovirus Dengue Ebola Epstein -- Barr virus Hepatitis C HIV Protozoan Malaria RTS , S research : Trypanosomiasis Helminthiasis research : Hookworm Schistosomiasis Other Androvax ( androstenedione albumin ) Cancer vaccines ALVAC - CEA BCG Hepatitis B HPV Cervarix Gardasil PROSTVAC NicVAX Ovandrotone albumin ( Fecundin ) TA - CD TA - NIC combination DTaP - IPV / Hib DTaP - IPV - HepB Hexavalent vaccine Pentavalent vaccine Controversy General MMR NCVIA Pox party Thiomersal Andrew Wakefield Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alternative vaccination schedule Related Epidemiology Eradication of infectious diseases Every Child by Two List of vaccine topics WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza_vaccine&oldid=856600173 '' Categories : Vaccines Influenza vaccines Live vaccines Influenza World Health Organization essential medicines ( vaccines ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Drugs that are a vaccine Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Vague or ambiguous time from August 2012 Use mdy dates from August 2012 RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Tagalog ไทย Yorùbá 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 10 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	a primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that	[ "Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses.[2] A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year, as the Influenza virus rapidly changes.[2] While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.[2][3] The CDC estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths.[4] When an immunized worker does catch the flu, they are on average back at work a half day sooner.[5] Vaccine effectiveness in those under two years old and over 65 years old remains unknown due to the low quality of the research.[6][7][needs update][8][needs update] Vaccinating children may protect those around them.[2]\n" ]	[ "the Influenza virus rapidly changes" ]
-2350038144262665356	Coralline algae	Coralline algae - wikipedia Coralline algae Jump to : navigation , search Coralline algae Temporal range : Early Cretaceous -- recent PreЄ Є Pg Spongites yendoi together with the gardening limpet Scutellastra cochlear Scientific classification ( unranked ) : Archaeplastida Division : Rhodophyta Class : Florideophyceae Subclass : Corallinophycidae Order : Corallinales Silva & Johansen , 1986 Families and subfamilies Families : Corallinaceae Lithophylloideae Mastophoroideae Metagoniolithoideae Corallinoideae Hapalidiaceae Austrolithoideae Choreonematoideae Melobesioideae Sporolithaceae See also the ancestral Solenoporaceae Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales . They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls . The colors of these algae are most typically pink , or some other shade of red , but other species can be purple , yellow , blue , white or gray - green . Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs . Sea urchins , parrot fish , and limpets and chitons ( both mollusks ) feed on coralline algae . In the temperate Mediterranean sea , coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef , the Coralligène ( `` coralligenous '' ) . Many are typically encrusting and rock - like , found in marine waters all over the world . Only one species lives in freshwater . Unattached specimens ( maerl , rhodoliths ) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli . A close look at almost any intertidal rocky shore or coral reef will reveal an abundance of pink to pinkish - grey patches , splashed as though by a mad painter over rock surfaces . These patches of pink `` paint '' are actually living algae : crustose coralline red algae . The red algae belong to the division Rhodophyta , within which the coralline algae form the order Corallinales . There are over 1600 described species of nongeniculate coralline algae . The corallines are presently grouped into two families on the basis of their reproductive structures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distribution 2 Morphological forms 3 Habitat 4 Growth 5 Avoidance of fouling 6 Evolutionary history 7 Taxonomy 8 Ecology 9 Mineralogy 10 History 11 Corallines in community ecology 12 Economic importance 12.1 Aquaria 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Distribution ( edit ) Coralline algae are widespread in all of the world 's oceans , where they often cover close to 100 % of rocky substrata . Only one species , Pneophyllum cetinaensis , is found in freshwater . Many are epiphytic ( grow on other algae or marine angiosperms ) , or epizoic ( grow on animals ) , and some are even parasitic on other corallines . Despite their ubiquity , the coralline algae are poorly known by ecologists , and even by specialist phycologists ( people who study algae ) . For example , a recent book on the seaweeds of Hawaii does not include any crustose coralline algae , even though corallines are quite well studied there and dominate many marine areas . Morphological forms ( edit ) Corallines have been divided into two groups , although this division does not constitute a taxonomic grouping : the geniculate ( articulated ) corallines ; the nongeniculate ( nonarticulated ) corallines . Geniculate corallines are branching , tree - like organisms which are attached to the substratum by crustose or calcified , root - like holdfasts . The organisms are made flexible by having noncalcified sections ( genicula ) separating longer calcified sections ( intergenicula ) . Nongeniculate corallines range from a few micrometres to several centimetres thick crusts . They are often very slow growing , and may occur on rock , coral skeletons , shells , other algae or seagrasses . Crusts may be thin and leafy to thick and strongly adherent . Some are parasitic or partly endophytic on other corallines . Many coralline crusts produce knobby protuberances ranging from a millimetre to several centimetres high . Some are free - living as rhodoliths ( rounded , free - living specimens ) . The morphological complexity of rhodoliths enhances species diversity , and can be used as a non-taxonomic descriptor for monitoring . Thalli can be divided into three layers : the hypothallus , perithallus and epithallus . The epithallus is periodically shed , either in sheets or piecemeal . Corallina officinalis Lithothamnion sp . Mesophyllum sp . Unidentified encrusting species idem idem Habitat ( edit ) Corallines live in varying depths of water , ranging from periodically exposed intertidal settings to 270 m water depth ( around the maximum penetration of light ) . Some species can tolerate brackish or hypersaline waters , and only one strictly freshwater coralline species exists . ( Some species of the morphologically similar , but non-calcifying , Hildenbrandia , however , can survive in freshwater . ) A wide range of turbidities and nutrient concentrations can be tolerated . Growth ( edit ) Corallines , especially encrusting forms , are slow growers , and expand by 0.1 to 80 mm annually . All corallines begin with a crustose stage ; some later become `` frondose '' . Avoidance of fouling ( edit ) As sessile encrusting organisms , the corallines are prone to overgrowth by other `` fouling '' algae . The group have many defences to such immuration , most of which depend on waves disturbing their thalli . However , the most relied - upon method involves waiting for herbivores to devour the potential encrusters . This places them in the unusual position of requiring herbivory , rather than benefiting from its avoidance . Many species periodically slough their surface epithallus -- and anything attached to it . Some corallines slough off a surface layer of epithallial cells , which in a few cases may be an antifouling mechanism which serves the same function as enhancing herbivore recruitment . This also affects the community , as many algae recruit on the surface of a sloughing coralline , and are then lost with the surface layer of cells . This can also generate patchiness within the community . The common Indo - Pacific corallines , Neogoniolithon fosliei and Sporolithon ptychoides , slough epithallial cells in continuous sheets which often lie on the surface of the plants . Not all sloughing serves an antifouling function . Epithallial shedding in most corallines is probably simply a means of getting rid of damaged cells whose metabolic function has become impaired . Morton and his students studied sloughing in the South African intertidal coralline alga , Spongites yendoi , a species which sloughs up to 50 % of its thickness twice a year . This deep - layer sloughing , which is energetically costly , does not affect seaweed recruitment when herbivores are removed . The surface of these plants is usually kept clean by herbivores , particularly the pear limpet , Patella cochlear . Sloughing in this case is probably a means of eliminating old reproductive structures and grazer - damaged surface cells , and reducing the likelihood of surface penetration by burrowing organisms . Evolutionary history ( edit ) The corallines have an excellent fossil record from the Early Cretaceous onwards , consistent with molecular clocks that show the divergence of the modern taxa beginning in this period . The fossil record of nonarticulated forms is better ; the nonmineralized genuiculae of articulated forms break down quickly , scattering the mineralized portions , which decay more quickly . The earliest `` corallines '' known date from the Ordovician , although modern forms radiated in the Cretaceous . True corallines are found in rocks of Jurassic age onwards . Stem group corallines are reported from the Ediacaran Doushantuo formation ; later stem - group forms include Arenigiphyllum , Petrophyton , Graticula , and Archaeolithophyllum . The corallines were thought to have evolved from within the Solenoporaceae , a view that has been disputed . Their fossil record matches their molecular history , and is complete and continuous . The Sporolithaceae tend to be more diverse in periods of high ocean temperatures ; the opposite is true for the Corallinaceae . The group 's diversity has closely tracked the efficiency of grazing herbivores ; for instance , the Eocene appearance of parrotfish marked a spike in coralline diversity , and the extinction of many delicately branched ( and thus predation - prone ) forms . Taxonomy ( edit ) The group 's internal taxonomy is in a state of flux ; molecular studies are proving more reliable than morphological methods in approximating relationships within the group . According to AlgaeBase : family Corallinaceae J.V. Lamouroux family Hapalidiaceae J.E. Gray According to WORMS : family Corallinaceae Lamouroux , 1812 family Hapalidiaceae J.E. Gray family Sporolithaceae E. Verheij , 1993 According to ITIS : family Corallinaceae J.V. Lamouroux Ecology ( edit ) Fresh surfaces are generally colonized by thin crusts , which are replaced by thicker or branched forms during succession over the course of one ( in the tropics ) to ten ( in the Arctic ) years . Mineralogy ( edit ) The corallines deposit calcite in their cell walls ; the c - axis is perpendicular to the cell wall . The calcite sometimes contains magnesium ; the Mg content varies from individual to individual . High - magnesium content makes more soluble , making coralline algae depositing more vulnerable to ocean acidification , particularly in colder waters . History ( edit ) The first coralline alga recognized as a living organism was probably Corallina in the 1st century AD . In 1837 Rodolfo Amando Philippi recognized coralline algae were not animals , and he proposed the two generic names Lithophyllum and Lithothamnion as Lithothamnium . For many years , they were included in the order Cryptonemiales as the family Corallinaceae until , in 1986 , they were raised to the order Corallinales . Corallines in community ecology ( edit ) Branched coralline algae washed ashore on the beach of the county park refuge at Moss Beach , California Many corallines produce chemicals which promote the settlement of the larvae of certain herbivorous invertebrates , particularly abalone . Larval settlement is adaptive for the corallines because the herbivores remove epiphytes which might otherwise smother the crusts and preempt available light . Settlement is also important for abalone aquaculture ; corallines appear to enhance larval metamorphosis and the survival of larvae through the critical settlement period . It also has significance at the community level ; the presence of herbivores associated with corallines can generate patchiness in the survival of young stages of dominant seaweeds . This has been seen this in eastern Canada , and it is suspected the same phenomenon occurs on Indo - Pacific coral reefs , yet nothing is known about the herbivore enhancement role of Indo - Pacific corallines , or whether this phenomenon is important in coral reef communities . Some coralline algae develop into thick crusts which provide microhabitat for many invertebrates . For example , off eastern Canada , Morton found juvenile sea urchins , chitons , and limpets suffer nearly 100 % mortality due to fish predation unless they are protected by knobby and undercut coralline algae . This is probably an important factor affecting the distribution and grazing effects of herbivores within marine communities . Nothing is known about the microhabitat role of Indo - Pacific corallines . However , the most common species in the region , Hydrolithon onkodes , often forms an intimate relationship with the chiton Cryptoplax larvaeformis . The chiton lives in burrows it makes in H. onkodes plants , and comes out at night to graze on the surface of the coralline . This combination of grazing and burrowing results in a peculiar growth form ( called `` castles '' ) in H. onkodes , in which the coralline produces nearly vertical , irregularly curved lamellae . Coralline algae are part of the diet of shingle urchins ( Colobocentrotus atratus ) . Nongeniculate corallines are of particular significance in the ecology of coral reefs , where they provide calcareous material to the structure of the reef , help cement the reef together , and are important sources of primary production . Coralline algae are especially important in reef construction , as they lay down calcium carbonate as calcite . Although they contribute considerable bulk to the calcium carbonate structure of coral reefs , their more important role in most areas of the reef , is in acting as the cement which binds the reef materials into a sturdy structure . Corallines are particularly important in constructing the algal ridge 's reef framework for surf - pounded reefs in both the Atlantic and Indo - Pacific regions . Algal ridges are carbonate frameworks constructed mainly by nongeniculate coralline algae ( after Adey 1978 ) . They require high and persistent wave action to form , so develop best on windward reefs with little or no seasonal change in wind direction . Algal ridges are one of the main reef structures that prevent oceanic waves from striking adjacent coastlines , helping to prevent coastal erosion . Economic importance ( edit ) Because of their calcified structure , coralline algae have a number of economic uses . The collection of unattached corallines ( maërl ) for use as soil conditioners dates to the 18th century . This is particularly significant in Britain and France , where more than 300,000 tonnes of Phymatolithon calcareum ( Pallas ) Adey & McKinnin and Lithothamnion corallioides are dredged annually . Some harvesting of maërl beds that span several thousand kilometres off the coast of Brazil takes place . These beds contain as - yet undetermined species belonging to the genera Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum . Maërl is also used as a food additive for cattle and pigs , as well as in the filtration of acidic drinking water . The earliest use of corallines in medicine involved the preparation of a vermifuge from ground geniculate corallines of the genera Corallina and Jania . This use stopped towards the end of the 18th century . Medical science now uses corallines in the preparation of dental bone implants . The cell fusions provide the matrix for the regeneration of bone tissue . Since coralline algae contain calcium carbonate , they fossilize fairly well . They are particularly significant as stratigraphic markers in petroleum geology . Coralline rock also functions as building stones , with the best examples being in Vienna , Austria . Aquaria ( edit ) As a colorful component of live rock sold in the marine aquarium trade , and an important part of reef health , coralline algae are desired in home aquariums for their aesthetic qualities , and ostensible benefit to the tank ecosystem . See also ( edit ) Coralline for other organisms that resemble coral List of coralline algae species in the British Isles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aguirre , J. ; Perfectti , F. ; Braga , J.C. ( 2010 ) . `` Integrating phylogeny , molecular clocks , and the fossil record in the evolution of coralline algae ( Corallinales and Sporolithales , Rhodophyta ) '' . Paleobiology. 36 ( 4 ) : 519 . doi : 10.1666 / 09041.1 . ^ Jump up to : Riding , R. ; Cope , J.C.W. ; Taylor , P.D. ( 1998 ) . `` A coralline - like red alga from the Lower Ordovician of Wales '' ( PDF ) . Palaeontology. 41 : 1069 -- 1076 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Brooke , C. ; Riding , R. ( 1998 ) . `` Ordovician and Silurian coralline red algae '' . Lethaia. 31 ( 3 ) : 185 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1998. tb00506. x . Jump up ^ Silva , P. ; Johansen , H.W. ( 1986 ) . `` A reappraisal of the order Corallinales ( Rhodophyceae ) '' . European Journal of Phycology. 21 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 254 . doi : 10.1080 / 00071618600650281 . Jump up ^ Ballesteros E. , 2006 Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages : A synthesis of present knowledge . Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review 44 : 123 -- 130 ^ Jump up to : Žuljević , A. et al. First freshwater coralline alga and the role of local features in a major biome transition . Sci. Rep. 6 , 19642 ; doi : 10.1038 / srep19642 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Woelkerling , Wm. J. ( 1988 ) . The coralline red algae : an analysis of the genera and subfamilies of nongeniculate Corallinaceae . London : British Museum ( Natural History ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854249 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thomas N ; Taylor , Edith L ; Krings , Michael ( 2009 ) . Paleobotany : the biology and evolution of fossil plants . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 373972 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pneophyllum cetinaensis Jump up ^ Basso D. et al. , 2015 Monitoring deep Mediterranean rhodolith beds . Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 26 : 3 . doi : 10.1002 / aqc. 2586 Jump up ^ Blackwell , W.H. ; Marak , J.H. ; Powell , M.J. ( 1982 ) . `` THE IDENTITY AND REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF A MISPLACED SOLENOPORA ( RHODOPHYCOPHYTA ) FROM THE ORDOVICIAN OF SOUTHWESTERN OHIO AND EASTERN INDIANA '' . Journal of Phycology. 18 ( 4 ) : 477 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3646.1982. 00477. x . Jump up ^ Keats , D.W. ; Knight , M.A. ; Pueschel , C.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Antifouling effects of epithallial shedding in three crustose coralline algae ( Rhodophyta , Coralinales ) on a coral reef '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 213 ( 2 ) : 281 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 0981 ( 96 ) 02771 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Aguirre , J. ; Riding , R. ; Braga , J.C. ( 2000 ) . `` Diversity of coralline red algae : origination and extinction patterns from the Early Cretaceous to the Pleistocene '' . Paleobiology. 26 ( 4 ) : 651 -- 667 . doi : 10.1666 / 0094 - 8373 ( 2000 ) 026 < 0651 : DOCRAO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0094 - 8373 . Jump up ^ Scott E. Thornton ( 2 ) , Orrin H. Pil ( 1978 ) . `` A Lagoonal Crustose Coralline Algal Micro-Ridge : Bahiret El Bibane , Tunisia '' . SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research . 48 . doi : 10.1306 / 212F7554 - 2B24 - 11D7 - 8648000102C1865D . Jump up ^ Cabioch , J. ( 1988 ) . `` Morphogenesis and generic concepts in coralline algae -- a reappraisal '' . Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 42 : 493 . Bibcode : 1988HM ... 42 ... 493C . doi : 10.1007 / BF02365623 . ^ Jump up to : Steneck , R.S. ( 1986 ) . `` The Ecology of Coralline Algal Crusts : Convergent Patterns and Adaptative Strategies '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 17 : 273 -- 303 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 17.110186. 001421 . JSTOR 2096997 . Jump up ^ Steneck , R.S. ( 1983 ) . `` Escalating Herbivory and Resulting Adaptive Trends in Calcareous Algal Crusts '' . Paleobiology. 9 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2400629 . ^ Jump up to : Xiao , S. ; Knoll , A.H. ; Yuan , X. ; Pueschel , C.M. ( 2004 ) . `` Phosphatized multicellular algae in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation , China , and the early evolution of florideophyte red algae '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 2 ) : 214 -- 227 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.2. 214 . PMID 21653378 . Jump up ^ Basson , P.W. ; Edgell , H.S. ( 1971 ) . `` Calcareous algae from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Lebanon '' . Micropaleontology. 17 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 433 . doi : 10.2307 / 1484871 . JSTOR 1484871 . Jump up ^ Johnson , J.H. ( May 1956 ) . `` Ancestry of the Coralline Algae '' . Journal of Paleontology . Paleontological Society . 30 ( 3 ) : 563 -- 567 . ISSN 0022 - 3360 . JSTOR 1300291 . Jump up ^ Bittner , L. ; Payri , C.E. ; Maneveldt , G.W. ; Couloux , A. ; Cruaud , C. ; De Reviers , B. ; Le Gall , L. ( 2011 ) . `` Evolutionary history of the Corallinales ( Corallinophycidae , Rhodophyta ) inferred from nuclear , plastidial and mitochondrial genomes '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 ( 3 ) : 697 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.07. 019 . PMID 21851858 . Jump up ^ Baas - Becking , L.G. ; Galliher , E.W. ( 1931 ) . `` Wall Structure and Mineralization in Coralline Algae '' . Journal of Physical Chemistry . 35 ( 2 ) : 467 -- 479 . doi : 10.1021 / j150320a006 . Jump up ^ Basso , 2012 . Carbonate production by calcareous red algae and global change . In : Basso D. & Granier B. Calcareous algae and global change : from identification to quantification . Geodiversitas 34 ^ Jump up to : Linda M. Irvine & Yvonne M. Chamberlain. ( 1994 ) . Corallinales , Hildenbrandiales . London : HMSO . ISBN 0 - 11 - 310016 - 7 . Jump up ^ Caragnano et al. , 2009 . 3 - D distribution of nongeniculate corallinales : A case study from a reef crest of South Sinai ( Red Sea , Egypt ) . Coral Reefs 28 : 881 - 891 Jump up ^ Coletti et al. 2017 . Economic Importance of Coralline Carbonates . In : Riosmena - Rodríguez et al. ( eds . ) , Rhodolith / Maërl Beds : A Global Perspective , Springer Coastal Research Library 15 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 29315 - 8_4 Further reading ( edit ) Morton , O. ; Chamberlain , Y.M. ( 1985 ) . `` Records of some epiphytic coralline algae in the north - east of Ireland '' . Ireland Naturalists ' Journal . 21 : 436 -- 440 . Morton , O. ; Chamberlain , Y.M. ( 1989 ) . `` Further records of encrusting coralline algae on the north - east coast of Ireland '' . Irish Naturalists ' Journal . 23 : 102 -- 106 . Suneson , S ( 1943 ) . `` The structure , life - history , and taxonomy of the Swedish Corallinaceae . Lunds Universitets Arsskrift '' . N.F. , Avd. 2 . 39 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 66 . Woelkerling , W.J. ( 1993 ) . `` Type collections of Corallinales ( Rhodophyta ) in the Foslie Herbarium ( TRH ) '' . Gunneria. 67 : 1 -- 289 . ITIS Report for Corallinaceae External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coralline algae . Wikispecies has information related to Corallinales British Phycological Society Seaweed Site AlgaeBase Coralline algae website at the University of the Western Cape Coralline algae The Coralline Genus Clathromorphum Foslie emend . Adey : Biological , Physiological , and Ecological Factors Controlling Carbonate Production in an Arctic - Subarctic Climate Archive ( hide ) Corals and coral reefs Stony corals Blue Brain Elegance Elkhorn Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Staghorn Table Soft corals Bamboo Black Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs Deep - water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros , Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease Protection Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline algae Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa ( extinct ) Symbiodinium Tabulata Taxon identifiers Wd : Q2524330 EoL : 4561 Fossilworks : 54334 GBIF : 670 iNaturalist : 117827 ITIS : 660049 NCBI : 31395 WoRMS : 15308 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coralline_algae&oldid=828149328 '' Categories : Corallinales Algae of Hawaii Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português Suomi ไทย Українська Winaray 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the small red macroalgae that develop a hard crust	[ "Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but other species can be purple, yellow, blue, white or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, and limpets and chitons (both mollusks) feed on coralline algae. In the temperate Mediterranean sea, coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef, the Coralligène (\"coralligenous\").[5] Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Only one species lives in freshwater.[6] Unattached specimens (maerl, rhodoliths) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli." ]	[ "Coralline algae" ]
2986482128246691200	Nintendo DS Lite	Nintendo DS Lite - wikipedia Nintendo DS Lite This article is about the first revision of the Nintendo DS . For the second and third revisions , see Nintendo DSi . For the entire series , see Nintendo DS line . Nintendo DS Lite Also known as iQue DS Lite ( China ) Manufacturer Nintendo Product family Nintendo DS family Type Handheld game console Generation Seventh generation era Release date JP : March 2 , 2006 AU : June 1 , 2006 NA : June 11 , 2006 EU : June 23 , 2006 KOR : January 18 , 2007 Retail availability 2006 -- 2016 Discontinued NA : April 22 , 2011 JP : March 31 , 2014 EU : April 1 , 2016 AU : April 1 , 2016 KOR : April 1 , 2016 Units shipped Worldwide : 93.86 million ( as of March 31 , 2014 ) ( details ) Media Game Boy Advance cartridge Nintendo DS Game Card CPU 67 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7 Storage Cartridge save , 4 MB RAM , 256 KB flash memory Connectivity Wi - Fi Online services Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Predecessor Nintendo DS ( earlier design ) Game Boy Advance Successor Nintendo DSi ( redesign ) Nintendo 3DS line The Nintendo DS Lite ( Japanese : ニンテンドー DS Lite ) is a dual - screen handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo . It is a slimmer , brighter , and more lightweight redesign of the original Nintendo DS . It was announced on January 26 , 2006 , more than a month before its initial release in Japan on March 2 , 2006 due to overwhelming demand for the original model . It has been released in Australia , North America , Europe , New Zealand , Singapore , and defined regions in South America , the Middle East , and East Asia . As of March 31 , 2014 , shipments of the DS Lite have reached 93.86 million units worldwide , according to Nintendo . Contents 1 Launch and development 1.1 Japan 1.2 Australia 1.3 North America 1.4 Europe 1.5 South Korea 2 Hardware 2.1 Features 2.2 Technical comparison 2.3 Technical specifications 3 Accessories 4 Model comparison 5 Sales 6 Image gallery 7 References 8 External links Launch and development ( edit ) A larger model of the DS Lite was an unreleased alternative to the DS Lite . It was ready for mass production , but Nintendo decided against its release as sales of the DS Lite were still strong . Instead Nintendo prepared the DSi and released a `` DSi XL '' version of that console a year later . This larger DS Lite featured an increased screen size of 3.8 inches ( 9.7 cm ) ( slightly smaller than the DSi XL 's 4.2 - inch ( 11 cm ) screens ) and lacked the wide viewing angle of the DSi XL . Japan ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was released on March 2 , 2006 in Japan , with the suggested retail price of ¥ 16,800 , but due to lack of supply and excessive demand of Nintendo DS systems at retail price following the Nintendo DS Lite 's launch in Japan , many Asian electronics distributors raised the retail price of the redesigned handheld console to ¥ 23,300 . On some Japanese auction sites it was being offered for prices as high as ¥ 40,000 . Even though Nintendo managed to release 550,000 units in March 2006 ( which was above their initial projections ) , the DS Lite was sold out soon after its launch . The shortage was supposed to be eased after Nintendo released 700,000 Nintendo DS Lites during April 2006 ; however , retailers in Tokyo sold out yet again by late May 2006 . This shortage would last for most of 2006 and 2007 with retailers all around the country having permanent ads apologizing for the shortage and announcing the ignorance of when a restock would arrive . When the product arrived , it would sell out within days . Since restocking was erratic , looking for the product often involved several visits to different retailers , and most of the time without finding the product . This was still the case in Japan as of April 25 , 2007 , with stores turning away potential customers every day and selling out quickly . Australia ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was released in Australia on June 1 , 2006 for A $ 199.95 . It came with a demo for Dr. Kawashima 's Brain Training : How Old Is Your Brain ? As of mid 2009 , the device sold for approximately A $ 188.00 . North America ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was released on June 11 , 2006 , for US $ 129.99 in the United States ( as of June 2011 , $99.99 ) , and CA $ 149.99 in Canada . There have been various reports of North American Target , Wal - Mart , Kmart , and Meijer stores having sold Nintendo DS Lite units as early as May 30 , 2006 , breaking the official launch date . On June 12 , 2006 , GameSpot reported that North American Nintendo DS Lites had sold out at major online retailers , as well as several brick - and - mortar stores . On June 13 , 2006 , Nintendo announced that 136,500 units were sold in two days since the DS Lite went on sale in North America , and seemed to be on pace to the 500,000 sold by the original Nintendo DS in its first ten days . Shortly after its launch , the DS Lite was sold out at major US retailers ; however , it did not have the same ongoing shortages in the US as it did in Japan through 2006 and 2007 . Europe ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was officially released in Europe on June 23 , 2006 , for £ 99.99 in the UK , € 149.99 in the Eurozone . In Finland and Sweden , the DS Lite was released on June 22 , 2006 , due to Midsummer . In just 10 days , Nintendo announced it had sold 200,000 Nintendo DS Lites in Europe . On June 12 , 2006 , Chinese media organization Sina.com reported that a container intended for shipment to Europe was stolen , which contained HK $ 18 million ( US $ 2.32 million ) worth of goods , including black Nintendo DS Lites and games . Later , GamesIndustry.biz reported that Nintendo had indeed confirmed that `` A number of White DS Lite made for the UK market were stolen in Hong Kong . '' South Korea ( edit ) Nintendo opened its latest subsidiary , Nintendo of Korea , led by Mineo Kouda , on July 20 , 2006 . The DS Lite is the first console to be released in South Korea by the subsidiary , being released on January 18 , 2007 for ₩ 150,000 . Popular Korean actor Jang Dong - gun and Ahn Sung - ki had been enlisted to help promote the console . Nintendo Korea stated that they have sold more than one million units in the first year of sale with around 1.4 million sold as of April 2008 . Hardware ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles A DS Lite ( left ) compared with an original DS ( right ) Features ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite is compatible with Game Boy Advance and regular DS games . The DS Lite has a DS slot on top and the Game Boy slot on bottom . It also has a microphone and dual screens . Technical comparison ( edit ) Capable of receiving Wi - Fi signals from other systems in the Nintendo DS and 3DS families , Nintendo Wii systems , and Wi - Fi access points . WEP encrypted and unencrypted networks are supported . WPA encryption is not supported . Dozens of colors and limited editions were released . Technical specifications ( edit ) Size : 73.9 millimeters ( 2.9 inches ) tall , 133 millimeters ( 5.2 inches ) wide , 21.5 millimeters ( 0.85 inches ) deep . Top Screen : A backlit , 3.12 - inch , transmissive TFT color LCD with 256x192 - pixel resolution and . 24mm dot pitch , capable of displaying a total of 262,144 colors . Touch Screen : Same specifications as top screen , but with a transparent analog touch screen . Wireless Communication : IEEE 802.11 ; wireless range is 30 to 100 feet ; multiple users can play certain multiplayer games with one DS game card using DS Download Play . Controls : Touch screen , embedded microphone for voice recognition , A / B / X / Y face buttons , directional control pad , L / R shoulder pads , Start and Select dimples , and Power slider . The stylus is 1 cm longer and 2 mm thicker than the stylus of the original Nintendo DS . Input / Output : Ports for both Nintendo DS game cards and Game Boy Advance Game Paks , terminals for stereo headphones and a microphone . A removable cover for the Game Boy Advance game pak slot provides added protection from dust and other foreign materials . Other Features : Embedded PictoChat software that allows up to 16 users within local range of one another to chat at once ; embedded real - time clock ; date , time and alarm ; touch - screen calibration . The alarm can only be activated if the power is on . CPUs : Two ARM processors , an ARM946E - S main CPU and ARM7TDMI coprocessor at clock speeds of 67 MHz and 33 MHz respectively . Sound : Stereo speakers providing virtual surround sound , depending on the software . Battery : Lithium ion battery delivering from 15 to 19 hours of play on a three - hour charge ; power - saving sleep mode ; AC adapter . Languages : English , Japanese , Spanish , French , German , Italian . Accessories ( edit ) Like its predecessor the Nintendo DS Lite is compatible with the Nintendo DS Headset accessory . However the DS Lite uses an AC power adapter that differs from the one used for the original Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance SP due to a smaller adaptor AC port on the top of the unit . Model comparison ( edit ) Main article : Nintendo DS family See also : Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles Nintendo DS Nintendo DS Lite Nintendo DSi Nintendo DSi XL Model Launch price ¥ 15,000 US $149.99 € 149.99 £ 99.99 A $199.95 ¥ 16,800 US $129.99 € 149.99 £ 99.99 A $199.95 ¥ 18,900 US $169.99 € 169.99 £ 149.99 A $299.95 ¥ 20,000 US $189.99 € 179.99 £ 159.99 A $299.95 Weight 275 grams ( 9.7 oz ) 218 grams ( 7.7 oz ) 214 grams ( 7.5 oz ) 314 grams ( 11.1 oz ) 148.7 mm ( 5.85 in ) wide × 84.7 mm ( 3.33 in ) deep × 28.9 mm ( 1.14 in ) high 133 mm ( 5.2 in ) wide × 73.9 mm ( 2.91 in ) deep × 21.87 mm ( 0.861 in ) high 137 mm ( 5.4 in ) wide × 74.9 mm ( 2.95 in ) deep × 18.9 mm ( 0.74 in ) high 161 mm ( 6.3 in ) wide × 91.4 mm ( 3.60 in ) deep × 21.2 mm ( 0.83 in ) high Display 3.0 in ( 76 mm ) 3.12 in ( 79 mm ) 3.25 in ( 83 mm ) 4.2 in ( 107 mm ) Backlight On / Off toggle 4 backlight brightness levels 5 backlight brightness levels Camera None Front and rear - facing 0.3 MP sensors Wi - Fi Integrated 802.11 ( legacy mode ) ( only compatible with WEP or unencrypted networks ) Integrated 802.11 b / g ( may not be compatible with WPA / WPA2 in some cases ) Stylus 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) long × 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) wide 87.5 mm ( 3.44 in ) long × 4.9 mm ( 0.19 in ) wide 92 mm ( 3.6 in ) long × 4.9 mm ( 0.19 in ) wide 129.3 mm ( 5.09 in ) long × 10 mm ( 0.39 in ) wide Game Boy Advance slot Slot on the bottom labeled as SLOT - 2 None Storage None Internal 256 MB NAND flash memory Expandable via SD card slot Battery 6 to 10 hours ( 850 mAh ) 15 -- 19 hours on the lowest brightness setting 5 -- 8 hours on the brightest ( 1000 mAh ) 9 -- 14 hours on the lowest brightness setting 3 -- 4 hours on the brightest ( 840 mAh ) 13 -- 17 hours on the lowest brightness setting 4 -- 5 hours on the brightest ( 1050 mAh ) Memory 4 MB SRAM 16 MB PSRAM Expandable via Game Boy Advance slot Processor 67 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7 133 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7 Sales ( edit ) See also : Nintendo DS sales Life - to - date number of units shipped Date Japan Americas Other Total 2006 - 03 - 31 0.58 million - - 0.58 million 2006 - 06 - 30 2.72 million 0.68 million 0.76 million 4.15 million 2006 - 09 - 30 4.97 million 2.23 million 1.86 million 9.06 million 2006 - 12 - 31 7.89 million 4.84 million 4.60 million 17.33 million 2007 - 03 - 31 9.48 million 6.41 million 5.96 million 21.85 million 2007 - 06 - 30 11.56 million 8.81 million 8.32 million 28.69 million 2007 - 09 - 30 13.16 million 10.73 million 11.04 million 34.93 million 2007 - 12 - 31 15.12 million 14.85 million 16.00 million 45.97 million 2008 - 03 - 31 15.84 million 17.06 million 18.88 million 51.78 million 2008 - 06 - 30 16.42 million 19.78 million 22.53 million 58.72 million 2008 - 09 - 30 17.16 million 22.30 million 26.05 million 65.51 million 2008 - 12 - 31 17.46 million 26.60 million 31.67 million 75.74 million 2009 - 03 - 31 17.63 million 28.80 million 33.51 million 79.94 million 2009 - 06 - 30 17.71 million 29.76 million 34.79 million 82.26 million 2009 - 09 - 30 17.84 million 30.75 million 35.90 million 84.49 million 2009 - 12 - 31 18.01 million 33.51 million 37.67 million 89.19 million 2010 - 06 - 30 18.10 million 34.33 million 38.35 million 90.78 million 2010 - 09 - 30 18.16 million 34.65 million 38.60 million 91.41 million 2010 - 12 - 31 18.20 million 35.74 million 38.89 million 92.83 million 2011 - 03 - 31 18.20 million 35.89 million 38.97 million 93.06 million 2011 - 06 - 30 18.20 million 36.15 million 39.07 million 93.42 million 2011 - 09 - 30 18.20 million 36.21 million 39.12 million 93.53 million 2011 - 12 - 31 18.20 million 36.37 million 39.16 million 93.74 million 2012 - 12 - 31 18.20 million 36.44 million 39.21 million 93.85 million 2014 - 03 - 31 18.21 million 36.44 million 39.21 million 93.86 million Image gallery ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite , closed The Nintendo DS Lite , turned on and fully open The Start and Select buttons have been moved to below the A , B , X and Y button group . The front , with the volume control slider on left side , headphone jack on the right and Game Boy Advance slot in the middle Remodeled stylus and relocated power switch The Game Boy Advance filler cart and stylus , below the Nintendo DS Lite References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nintendo DS . Nintendo portal Video games portal Jump up ^ https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e1606.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2014 - 05 - 02 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Peter ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) . `` The Engadget Interview : Reggie Fils - Aime , Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Nintendo '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DSi XL Was Once DS Lite XL '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Japan DS Auctions '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ben Parfitt ( 2008 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Japan : DSi sells half a million '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : David Radd ( 2008 - 11 - 05 ) . `` DSi Sells Out in Japan in Four Days '' . GameDaily . AOL . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Danny Choo . `` Japan DS Lite '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Analyst Predicts Wii Shortages Into 2009 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brain Training demo with DS lite launch in Australia '' . GoNintendo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Game Consoles > > EB Games Australia > > We take games seriously '' . Ebgames.com.au . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Games , Consoles : JB HI - FI '' . Jbhifionline.com.au . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo DS Lites The Way For Mario '' . Nintendo. 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Polybren ( 2006 - 05 - 31 ) . `` DS Lite launches early ? '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) . `` DS Lites up US retailers '' . GameSpot . CNET . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo news : Nintendo DS continues to dominate portable video games '' . Nintendo. 2006 - 06 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lite up your life ! '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Robbers steal 18 million worth of NDSL handheld ( AP ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Sina.com. 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` $2.32 Million of Black Nintendo DS Lite Gone Missing '' . Play Gadgets. 2006 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ellie ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Nintendo confirms theft of DS Lite shipment '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Opens Korean Offices '' . The Wiire . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Korea 's DS page '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Korea Press Release '' . Web.archive.org. 2008 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wii Launching Conference '' . Nintendo.co.kr . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo - Customer Service '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo DS / DS lite '' . What console . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Customer Service Nintendo DS Lite - Accessories . Nintendo . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nintendo DS Lite - Battery FAQ Nintendo - Consumer Service ^ Jump up to : Nintendo DSi / Nintendo DSi XL - Battery FAQ Nintendo - Consumer Service Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 06 - 25 . p. 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 10 - 26 . p. 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 01 - 25 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 04 - 26 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 07 - 25 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 10 - 25 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 01 - 24 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 04 - 24 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 10 - 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2010 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2010 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 10 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2012 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2013 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nintendo DS Lite . Official websites Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( Australia ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( South Korea ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( Canada ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( Europe ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( United States ) Nintendo DS family Hardware Console Nintendo DS Nintendo DS Lite Nintendo DSi Sales Accessories Rumble Pak Wi - Fi USB Connector Colors and styles Flash cartridges Online Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Nintendo Zone Nintendo Fan Network System software Nintendo DSi system software Flipnote Studio Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Games List Best - selling Touch ! 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Speedboard SNES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 controller GameCube controller WaveBird Wireless Wii Balance Board Wii Remote Classic Controller MotionPlus Wii Zapper Third - party accessories Wii Speak Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller Joy - Con Networking Family Computer Network System Teleplay Modem XBAND Satellaview Nintendo Wi - Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Amiibo Technology Media NES Game Pak SNES Game Pak N64 Game Pak Game Boy Advance Video Nintendo optical discs Nintendo game card Processors 2A03 PPU 5A22 GSU RCP Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Erista Allwinner R16 List of products Video game consoles ( seventh generation ) Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- present ) Seventh generation Home EVO Smart Console Game Wave Family Entertainment System HyperScan PlayStation 3 Wii Xbox 360 Zeebo Handheld GP2X Wiz Caanoo Dingoo Gizmondo Nintendo DS family Nintendo DS DS Lite DSi Pandora PlayStation Portable Micro OnLive Dedicated Mi2 Vii ← Sixth generation Eighth generation → Emulator Game History List Manufacturer Handheld game consoles Bandai LCD Solarpower Design Master Senshi WonderSwan Game Park / Holdings GP32 GP2X XGP GP2X Wiz CAANOO Nintendo ( comparison ) Game Boy family Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance family Advance Advance SP Micro Virtual Boy Pokémon Pikachu Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS family Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Switch Nokia N - Gage N - Gage QD Sega Game Gear Nomad SNK Neo Geo Pocket Neo Geo Pocket Color Neo Geo X Sony PlayStation Portable Xperia Play PlayStation Vita Tiger R - Zone Game.com Other handhelds 1970s Microvision 1980s Select - A-Game Entex Adventure Vision Palmtex Portable Videogame System / Super Micro Nelsonic Industries Electronika Epoch Game Pocket Computer Atari Lynx 1990s TurboExpress Game Master Gamate Barcode Battler Watara Supervision Mega Duck 2000s Tapwave Zodiac GameKing GPANG service Didj Leapster Gizmondo Coleco Sonic Dingoo V. Smile Pocket 2010s JXD devices Pandora DragonBox Pyra Shield Portable Leapster Explorer GCW Zero GPD XD GPD Win GPD Win 2 Early units List Comparison Second screen Sixth generation Visual Memory Unit GameCube -- Game Boy Advance link cable Seventh generation Nintendo DS family Xbox SmartGlass PlayStation Portable Remote Play Eighth generation Nintendo 3DS line Wii U GamePad PlayStation Vita Xbox SmartGlass Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo_DS_Lite&oldid=860000891 '' Categories : Products introduced in 2006 Backward - compatible video game consoles Regionless game consoles 2000s toys 2010s toys IQue consoles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2009 CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with dead external links from April 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Lumbaart Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what is slot 2 for on nintendo ds lite	[ "\n\n\n\n\nNintendo DS\n\nNintendo DS Lite\n\nNintendo DSi\n\nNintendo DSi XL\n\n\nModel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLaunch price\n\n¥15,000US$149.99€149.99£99.99A$199.95\n\n¥16,800US$129.99€149.99£99.99A$199.95\n\n¥18,900US$169.99€169.99£149.99A$299.95\n\n¥20,000US$189.99€179.99£159.99A$299.95\n\n\nWeight\n\n275 grams (9.7 oz)\n\n218 grams (7.7 oz)\n\n214 grams (7.5 oz)\n\n314 grams (11.1 oz)\n\n\nDimensions\n\n148.7 mm (5.85 in) wide × 84.7 mm (3.33 in) deep × 28.9 mm (1.14 in) high\n\n133 mm (5.2 in) wide × 73.9 mm (2.91 in) deep × 21.87 mm (0.861 in) high\n\n137 mm (5.4 in) wide × 74.9 mm (2.95 in) deep × 18.9 mm (0.74 in) high\n\n161 mm (6.3 in) wide × 91.4 mm (3.60 in) deep × 21.2 mm (0.83 in) high\n\n\nDisplay\n\n3.0 in (76 mm)\n\n3.12 in (79 mm)\n\n3.25 in (83 mm)\n\n4.2 in (107 mm)\n\n\nBacklight On/Off toggle\n\n4 backlight brightness levels\n\n5 backlight brightness levels\n\n\nCamera\n\nNone\n\nFront and rear-facing 0.3 MP sensors\n\n\nWi-Fi\n\nIntegrated 802.11 (legacy mode) (only compatible with WEP or unencrypted networks)\n\nIntegrated 802.11b/g (may not be compatible with WPA/WPA2 in some cases)\n\n\nStylus\n\n75 mm (3.0 in) long × 4 mm (0.16 in) wide\n\n87.5 mm (3.44 in) long × 4.9 mm (0.19 in) wide\n\n92 mm (3.6 in) long × 4.9 mm (0.19 in) wide\n\n129.3 mm (5.09 in) long × 10 mm (0.39 in) wide\n\n\nGame Boy Advance slot\n\nSlot on the bottom labeled as SLOT-2\n\nNone\n\n\nStorage\n\nNone\n\nInternal 256 MB NAND flash memory\n\n\nExpandable via SD card slot\n\n\nBattery\n\n6 to 10 hours(850 mAh)\n\n15–19 hours on the lowest brightness setting5–8 hours on the brightest(1000 mAh)[28]\n\n9–14 hours on the lowest brightness setting3–4 hours on the brightest(840 mAh)[29]\n\n13–17 hours on the lowest brightness setting4–5 hours on the brightest(1050 mAh)[29]\n\n\nMemory\n\n4 MB SRAM\n\n16 MB PSRAM\n\n\nExpandable via Game Boy Advance slot\n\n\nProcessor\n\n67 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7\n\n133 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7\n" ]	[ "Game Boy Advance" ]
3874525845200447803	Maverick (roller coaster)	Maverick ( roller coaster ) - wikipedia Maverick ( roller coaster ) Maverick Maverick 's 105 - foot , 95 degree drop and turnaround in the former Swan Boat pond Cedar Point Park section Frontiertown Coordinates 41 ° 29 ′ 6.73 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 33.13 '' W / 41.4852028 ° N 82.6925361 ° W / 41.4852028 ; - 82.6925361 Coordinates : 41 ° 29 ′ 6.73 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 33.13 '' W / 41.4852028 ° N 82.6925361 ° W / 41.4852028 ; - 82.6925361 Status Operating Opening date May 26 , 2007 Cost US $ 21,000,000 Replaced White Water Landing Swan Boats General statistics Type Steel -- Launched Manufacturer Intamin Designer Werner Stengel Model Blitz Coaster Lift / launch system Two LSM - launches Launch - 0 - 70 in 3 seconds Height 105 ft ( 32 m ) Drop 100 ft ( 30 m ) Length 4,450 ft ( 1,360 m ) Speed 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) Inversions Duration 2 : 30 Max vertical angle 95 ° Capacity 1,200 riders per hour Height restriction 52 -- 78 in ( 132 -- 198 cm ) Trains 6 trains with 3 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 12 riders per train . Fast Lane Plus only available Maverick at RCDB Pictures of Maverick at RCDB Maverick is a steel roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio , United States . It was the seventeenth roller coaster built at the park since Blue Streak in 1964 . It is notable as being the 500th roller coaster designed by German engineer Werner Stengel and the first roller coaster featuring a Twisted Horseshoe Roll . Maverick 's US $ 21 - million price tag makes it Cedar Point 's fourth most expensive roller coaster , behind Millennium Force , Top Thrill Dragster , and GateKeeper . The 4,450 - foot ( 1,360 m ) course makes it the fourth longest roller coaster at Cedar Point . Maverick was scheduled to open on May 12 , 2007 , but opening was delayed until May 26 , 2007 after testing revealed the heartline roll element to be too intense . Continued use of the element would have put excessive stress on trains . At a drop angle of 95 degrees , Maverick is Cedar Point 's steepest roller coaster. The ride 's tagline is `` The Old West Was Never This Wild . '' Contents 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.2 Delayed opening 2 Ride experience 2.1 Layout 2.2 Trains / theme 3 Operation 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Maverick sits on the former site of White Water Landing . After White Water Landing closed on October 31 , 2005 , construction on Maverick began . On January 24 , 2006 , Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Maverick . The project became known officially and colloquially as `` Project 2007 '' until the announcement on September 7 , 2006 . Construction ( edit ) Maverick 's footings dot the former Swan Boat pond . Photo taken May 13 , 2006 After the closure of the 2005 season in October , the White Water Landing log flume ride was retired . Although the ride was disassembled , the station was left intact and now serves as Maverick 's on - ride photo booth and queue . Beginning in February 2006 , concrete footers were poured on the former White Water Landing site , as well as in the pond that once housed Cedar Point 's Swan Boat ride . In May 2006 , track segments arrived in a fenced area near the park 's off - site hotel , Breakers Express . Initially , Cedar Point covered track segments with blue tarps . On July 16 , 2006 , the first steel supports were erected . On the week of August 16 , 2006 , the first track segments were installed . On September 11 , 2006 , the crest of the lift hill was added , thereby topping off the ride . Track installation was completed on October 28 , 2006 and the first phase of testing began in January 2007 . Delayed opening ( edit ) On May 8 , 2007 , four days before Maverick was scheduled to debut , park general manager John Hildebrant announced that the ride would be delayed until early June because three 40 - foot ( 12 m ) track sections after the second launch needed to be replaced . These sections made up the heartline roll element and put excessive stress on the trains , which also might have caused discomfort to passengers due to high g - forces . On May 17 , 2007 , the heartline roll was removed and was replaced with an s - curve . The s - curve transitions the existing track from a banked right curve to a banked left curve . Installation of the s - curve was completed on May 24 and final testing and licensing of the attraction resumed . On the same day , Cedar Point officials also announced that Maverick would debut on May 26 . Ride experience ( edit ) Layout ( edit ) Maverick train and first airtime hill Two trains are loaded and dispatched simultaneously . One train is launched while the other sits at the bottom of the lift hill . Once the first train has reached the tunnel , the second train is launched . The ride starts out with a LSM launch up a 105 - foot ( 32 m ) hill at 20 degrees . At the top of the hill , the train drops 100 feet ( 30 m ) at a 95 degree angle . The train reaches a speed of 57 miles per hour ( 92 km / h ) then goes through a series of banked turns . First , the train turns to the right . Then it turns to the left through a canyon then another turn to the right . It then goes over a 74 - foot ( 23 m ) airtime hill followed by a turn to the right into the Twisted Horseshoe Roll which features two 360 - degree corkscrew rolls , back - to - back , with a 180 - degree banked curve between the two . The train then makes a turn to the right into the tunnel where it is launched 400 feet ( 120 m ) at 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) under the station . The tunnel features special effects such as blue LED strips . At the end of the tunnel , it goes up a hill with brakes going up it , followed by a high - banked curve . The train then goes through a turn to the right into a canyon with a S - curve ( original heartline roll location ) . Water bombs shoot off as the train enters the canyon . The train then passes under the lift hill through an over banked turn at 92 degrees . It then turns to the right into another overbanked turn followed by an airtime hill . The train then turns to the right into the brake run . One cycle of the ride lasts about 2 minutes and 30 seconds . Trains / theme ( edit ) Maverick train exiting the first canyon Maverick features six three - car steam - era style trains that seat twelve passengers each . The trains have tiered seating and are named and colored as follows : Brett -- Brass , Brent -- Iron , Ben -- Gunmetal , Beau -- Gold , Bart -- Silver , and Sam -- Copper . The restraint system , similar to Accelerator Coasters , includes a hydraulic over the shoulder harness and an interlocking seat belt . The station features an elevated dual unloading and loading platform enabling two trains to be loaded and unloaded simultaneously . Maverick features western music , contributing to the western theme . There is also an elevator shaft designed to look like a silo , that also contributes to the western theme . The passenger height restriction was initially set to a minimum of 48 inches ( 120 cm ) . In May 2007 , the height restriction was raised to a minimum of 52 inches ( 130 cm ) per recommendations made by Intamin . At the 2015 Winter Chill Out , Cedar Point announced that the traditional over the shoulder restraints would be replaced with the soft vest style restraints seen on Intimidator 305 . Operation ( edit ) Maverick is negatively affected by unfavorable weather conditions as a high velocity ride . `` Rain , and / or lightning '' may result in the closing of the ride depending on the severity . It will close under any kind of steady precipitation . There is no minimum age requirement , but passengers must meet the miniumum height requirement of 52 inches and a maximum of 78 inches to ride . Some persons over a certain weight / waist size will not be permitted to ride if the seat and lapbar harness can not accommodate them . Passengers on Maverick may not bring any loose articles onto the train and will be required to wear shirts and footwear . Headphones must be removed before boarding . Glasses must also be secured by an athletic strap . Passengers are advised that they must not ride Maverick if they have `` a history of recent surgery , heart trouble / high blood pressure , neck trouble , back trouble , or any other condition that may be aggravated by riding , or who are pregnant '' . Awards ( edit ) Won the Golden Ticket Award for `` Best New Ride in 2007 '' by Amusement Today Won the award for `` Best New Attraction in 2007 '' from NAPHA Golden Ticket Awards : Top steel Roller Coasters Year 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ranking 13 12 15 21 ( tie ) 21 21 22 28 ( tie ) 22 12 10 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` News Release '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Werner Stengel '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats and Layout '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , John ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` Cedar Point delays new ride 's start '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://www.tripsavvy.com/the-worlds-steepest-roller-coasters-4159732 ^ Jump up to : `` Cedar Point delays Maverick opening '' . Yahoo !. May 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Trademark '' . Legal Force . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Concrete evidence appears at Cedar Point '' . Coasternet.com . March 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barhite , Brandi ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Pieces of Cedar Point 's mystery ride revealed '' . Sandusky Register . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2006 . Retrieved September 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Point at Screamscape '' . Screamscape . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tyler ; Tony Clark ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` Something to See '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Update -- October 28 , 2006 '' . Point Pixels . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2006 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Point Cast 3 '' . Point Cast . October 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Point removes Heartline roll '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tyler ; Tony Clark ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` Track Work Complete '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ready To Debut Maverick on Saturday '' . Toledo News Now . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Point Cast 4 '' . Point Cast . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick ride review '' . Ultimate Coaster . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Point Virtual Tour -- Frontiertown '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Station / Theme Music '' . 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Point Cast 2 '' . Point Cast . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Tony . `` New Announcements '' . cedarpoint.com . Cedar Fair Entertainment Company . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ride policies and Procedures '' . 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rider Height Requirements '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guests with Special Needs '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 11 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NAPHA 2005 -- 2011 Survey Results '' . National Amusement Park Historical Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 12 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 13 ( 6.2 ) : 32 -- 33 . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 18 ( 6.2 ) : 46 -- 47 . September 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 19 ( 6.2 ) : 49 -- 50 . September 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 20 ( 6.2 ) : 50 . September 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 21 ( 6.2 ) : 46 . September 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maverick ( roller coaster ) . Cedarpoint.com - Official Maverick page Maverick Photo Gallery at The Point Online Cedar Point History Current attractions Former attractions Roller coasters Blue Streak Cedar Creek Mine Ride Corkscrew GateKeeper Gemini Iron Dragon Magnum XL - 200 Maverick Millennium Force Raptor Rougarou Steel Vengeance Top Thrill Dragster Valravn Wicked Twister Wilderness Run Woodstock Express Attractions Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad maXair Power Tower Skyhawk SlingShot WindSeeker Water rides Snake River Falls Thunder Canyon Resorts Camper Village Castaway Bay Cedar Point 's Express Hotel Hotel Breakers Lighthouse Point Sandcastle Suites Hotel Other Cedar Point Shores Planet Snoopy Cedar Point Light Fast Lane Dinosaurs Alive ! Camp Snoopy HalloWeekends Winterfest Former attractions Demon Drop Disaster Transport Jumbo Jet Luminosity -- Ignite the Night ! Mill Race Shoot the Rapids Space Spiral VertiGo White Water Landing WildCat Website : cedarpoint.com Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride Amusement ride Winners Hades ( 2005 ) The Voyage ( 2006 ) Maverick ( 2007 ) Ravine Flyer II ( 2008 ) Prowler ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ( 2010 ) New Texas Giant ( 2011 ) Wild Eagle ( 2012 ) Outlaw Run ( 2013 ) Flying Turns ( 2014 ) Fury 325 ( 2015 ) Lightning Rod ( 2016 ) Mystic Timbers ( 2017 ) Water slide Winners Black Anaconda ( 2005 ) Bahari River ( 2006 ) Bakuli ( 2007 ) Dragon 's Revenge ( 2008 ) Congo River Expedition ( 2009 ) Wildebeest ( 2010 ) The Falls ( 2011 ) Mammoth ( 2012 ) RiverRush ( 2013 ) Verrückt ( 2014 ) Dive Bomber ( 2015 ) Massiv ( 2016 ) Thunder Rapids ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maverick_(roller_coaster)&oldid=853349759 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2007 Steel roller coasters Launched roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Intamin Cedar Point Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair Roller coasters in Ohio Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 03 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did the maverick at cedar point open	[ "Maverick was scheduled to open on May 12, 2007, but opening was delayed until May 26, 2007 after testing revealed the heartline roll element to be too intense. Continued use of the element would have put excessive stress on trains.[4] At a drop angle of 95 degrees, Maverick is Cedar Point's steepest roller coaster.[5]The ride's tagline is \"The Old West Was Never This Wild.\"[1]\n" ]	[ "May 26, 2007" ]
542954596972311452	California Basic Educational Skills Test	California Basic Educational skills test - wikipedia California Basic Educational skills test Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The California Basic Educational Skills Test ( CBEST ) is a standardized test administered throughout the state of California and Oregon for individuals who want to teach at public schools and gain a credential . The test is designed to provide information about basic proficiency in reading , mathematics , and writing . The test is divided into three sections ; the reading and math sections each contain 50 multiple - choice questions , while the writing section consists of two essay questions . The test must be completed in four hours , but test - takers may use that time to work on any or all of the three sections . Also , there is no limit to the number of times someone may take the test in order to pass , and test - takers do not have to pass all three sections at one sitting , but a $41 registration fee for paper - based testing ( $102 for computer - based testing ) must be paid each time the test is taken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test / Program Overview 2 CBEST Test Design / Sections 2.1 Reading Section 2.2 Mathematics Sections 2.3 Writing Sections 3 Scoring the Exam 3.1 CBEST Writing Scores 4 What 's New on 2008 -- 2009 Version 4.1 Computer - Based Testing Now Available 4.2 New 2009 Basic Skills Testing Options 5 California Basic Skills Requirements 5.1 Who Must Take the CBEST ? 5.2 Who Is Exempt from the CBEST ? 6 CBEST Passing Score 7 Before you register 7.1 Registration Checklist 7.2 Test Selection 7.3 Test Dates & Sites 7.4 Test Fees 8 Registration Options 8.1 Internet Registration 8.2 Mail Registration 8.3 Telephone Registration 8.4 Confirming and Changing Registration 9 The Day of Test 9.1 Reporting to Test site 9.2 What to Bring & Test Site Rules 9.3 During and After Test 10 Obtaining Test results 11 References 12 External links Test / program overview ( edit ) One of the books designed to help individuals review for the test . Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The California Basic Educational Skills Test ( CBEST ) is a standardized test required by the states of California and Oregon for individuals seeking their first teaching or services credential . It was developed by the Commission of Teacher Credentialing ( CTC ) to meet the California Education Code ( Section 44254 ) , which was amended by the legislature of California on February 1 , 1983 . This amendment `` requires teachers , administrators , and other school practitioners , ( to ) demonstrate adequate proficiency , in English , of three basic skills : reading , mathematics , and writing . '' The CBEST is administered by the National Evaluation Systems , Inc . ( NES ) , under the direction of the CBEST Program . It does not test an individual 's teaching skills or abilities ; it only test reading skills ( critical analysis , evaluation , comprehension , and research skills ) , mathematics skills ( estimation , measurement , computation , and problem solving , etc . ) , and writing skills that are considered important for a job in the education field , either at the elementary , secondary , or higher education levels . The CBEST gives a separate score for each section tested , but a passing score must be obtained in every section , in order to satisfy the California Education Code requirement and obtain the proper credential for employment as educator in the state of California or Oregon . The CBEST format was implemented by the Oregon Teachers Standards and Practices Commission ( TSPC ) in July 1984 to assess the basic skills of individuals entering the education field . Six months after , it became a requirement for obtaining a license in Oregon as an educator . The CBEST is an additional requirement for obtaining a license or credential , and it does not replace the other requirements established for the issuance of teaching credentials . CBEST test design / sections ( edit ) The CBEST consists of three sections . It contains multiple - choice questions and two essay questions . Each multiple - choice question presents five choices ( A through E ) and examinees are given four hours to take the test . The time given can be divided among the three sections in any way desired . Reading section ( edit ) This section contains 50 multiple - choice questions based on original passages of between 100 and 200 words . But in some cases , these passages may be short statements of not more than one or two sentences . These questions measure the ability to understand information given through the written word , or in charts and graphs . They emphasize on critical analysis , evaluation , comprehension , and research skills . The critical analysis and evaluation portion is approximately 40 percent of the questions from this section , and the comprehension and research skills portion is approximately 60 percent of the questions from this section . Mathematics sections ( edit ) This section contains 50 multiple - choice questions that assess cumulative knowledge of the mathematics traditionally taught in elementary and high school and , sometimes , in college . These questions come from three broad categories : arithmetic , algebra , and measurement and geometry . None of the questions strictly tests computation , but computational skills are required throughout the test . About 40 % of the questions on the mathematics section of the CBEST are related to arithmetic . About 20 % of the questions are related to elementary geometry , and the remaining items are related to other mathematical concepts and skills . Writing sections ( edit ) This section contains two essay questions . This portion of the CBEST assesses the ability to compose two effective essays within the given time session . The essays must answer the two topics printed in the test booklet . One topic requires an analysis of a given situation or a particular statement , and the other asks for a narrative about a personal experience . These essays test the ability to compose effective prose and to communicate ideas to an intended audience . Essay writing demonstrates the ability to think critically and to use language logically and clearly . The 30 - minute time limit for each essay allows little time to rewrite or to reflect on the writing . Therefore , the performance on this portion of the test will demonstrate the ability to organize and support ideas quickly . Scoring the exam ( edit ) One must earn a total of 123 points to get a passing status across all three sections , but you can get away with a score as low as 37 in one or two sections . However , you must make up the rest of remaining points of 123 points elsewhere . CBEST writing scores ( edit ) Essays are scored by California and Oregon educators , and they score according to standardized procedures during scoring sessions held immediately after each CBEST administration . Writing scores are determined by scoring each of the two essays holistically according to the criteria described in the CBEST Writing Score Scale . CBEST Writing Score Scale 1 - Rhetorical Force 2 - Organization 3 - Support and Development 4 - Usage 5 - Structure and conventions 6 - Appropriateness What 's new on 2008 -- 2009 version ( edit ) Computer - based testing Now available ( edit ) CBEST computer - based testing ( CBEST CBT ) is available to choose five - or six - day testing windows at Pearson Professional Centers operated by Pearson VUE . If you go to Test Dates site , it shows a list of the testing windows that are open for registration . Test Sites shows information about available test centers in California and other centers in the United States . New 2009 Basic skills testing options ( edit ) You must complete one of the following options to satisfy the California basic skills requirements . 1 - Passage of a basic skills examination from another state 2 - Passage of all three subtests of CSET : Multiple Subjects and CSET : Writing Skills 3 - Passage of the CBEST 4 - Passage of both of the English and Mathematics sections of the California State University ( CSU ) Early Assessment Program ( EAP ) , and it must have `` College Ready '' or `` Exempt '' status . 5 - Passage of both of the English Placement Test ( EPT ) and the Entry Level Mathematics ( ELM ) . The EPT passing score is 151 or higher . The current passing ELM score is 50 or higher . However , if you took ELM before March 2003 , score must be 550 or higher . California Basic skills requirements ( edit ) Who must take the CBEST ? ( edit ) You are required to take the CBEST if : 1 - You are applying for a teaching or service credential for the first time . 2 - You have not taught during the 39 months prior to a new job . 3 - You are applying for admission to either a teacher - preparation or service - credential program approved by the CCTC . Who is exempt from the CBEST ? ( edit ) You are exempt from taking the CBEST if you are : 1 - An instructor of adults in an apprenticeship program . 2 - A teacher in a children 's center . 3 - A teacher in a subject that does not require a bachelor 's degree 4 - A provider of health services 5 - A student teacher status 6 - An educational specialist in deaf and hearing impaired CBEST passing score ( edit ) All three sections of test must be passed , in order to pass the CBEST . Raw scores can range from 1 - 50 , which are then converted to scaled scores ranging from 20 - 80 . The passing scaled score on each section of the test is 41 , and a minimum total score of 123 for all three sections must be achieved to pass . Before you register ( edit ) Registration checklist ( edit ) Use this checklist to review the information that you need to register for the CBEST . 1 - Review your registration options . 2 - Prepare your payment . 3 - Gather the personal information you need to register . 4 - Review the background questions . 5 - Review the Rules of Test Participation . Test selection ( edit ) When you register for the paper - based CBEST , you will automatically be registered for all three sections . However , you may take one , two , or all three sections at a given paper - based test administration . When you register for the computer - based CBEST , you may register to take one , two , or all three sections . The test fee is the same regardless of your selection . Once you have registered , you may not change your section selection unless you withdraw and register again . Test dates & sites ( edit ) The CBEST is offered six times a year , once every two months at different locations throughout California and Oregon . It is usually given on the first or second Saturday of the months of February , April , June , August , October , and December . Specific CBEST test dates can be found at the CBEST website . A test area choice should be indicated when registering for the CBEST . A specific test site will be given based on the facilities available and appropriate for test administration . Test sites are subject to change due to scheduling conflicts . Although `` every attempt will be made to ensure that the new site is located in the same general are as the one originally requested , '' it is recommended to carefully review the test area selections as changes are made . Refer to the Pearson VUE Web site at www.pearsonvue.com/cbest for up - to - date information about all available test centers and emergency registration test areas . Test fees ( edit ) Fees for Internet and telephone registration must be paid using a credit card or a debit or check card . The fees for registration by U.S. mail and for other services requested by mail must be paid by check or money order . Test Registration Fees Test fee $41 Computer - based testing service fee ( in addition to the regular test fee ) $61 Late registration ( for paper - based testing only , in addition to the regular test fee ) $18 Emergency registration ( for paper - based testing only , in addition to the regular test fee ) $35 Additional Services Fees Score verification ( multiple - choice section of paper - based test ) $20 per test date Score verification ( essay section ) $50 per test date Additional copy of test results ( per copy ) $10 Registration options ( edit ) There are three different ways to register for the CBEST including internet registration , mail , and telephone registration . Internet registration ( edit ) Internet registration is available 24 hours a day , 7 days a week . Internet registration for the paper - based test can be utilized during regular , late , and emergency registration periods . To register through the internet go to the CBEST main website , click on `` Register Now , '' and follow the instructions listed . Telephone registration is open from 9 : 00 a.m. to 5 : 00 p.m. ( Pacific Time ) , Monday through Friday , excluding certain holidays . Registration must be completed by 5 : 00 p.m. ( Pacific Time ) on the registration deadline to be eligible for that specific registration period . Mail registration ( edit ) Mail registration deadlines are strictly enforced and must be postmarked by the regular registration deadline . Anything postmarked after the deadline may cause delays or cause you to incur additional registration fees . Telephone registration ( edit ) Telephone registration can be utilized during late and emergency registration periods only . To register by phone call ( 800 ) 262 - 5080 or ( 916 ) 928 - 4001 on the given times and dates . Confirming and changing registration ( edit ) To confirm your registration date , time , and location for the paper - based testing , select `` Confirm or Modify Registration '' on the CBEST website . Follow the instructions provided to log in and verify that all information is correct and accurate . In order to change your paper - based test you may submit a request via internet , U.S. mail or fax . Note that you can not change from a paper - based test to a computer - based test . To confirm registration for computer - based testing , click the e-mail that the evaluation systems will send to you . You will be redirected to a website in order to schedule your appointment . To change computer - based testing you may reschedule on the Pearson VUE web site . The day of test ( edit ) Reporting to test site ( edit ) The paper - based test session will begin at 8 : 00 a.m. and will end from 12 : 45 p.m. to 1 : 15 p.m. Testing times may vary at any other testing locations other than California and Oregon . The computer - based test session will vary depending on what was confirmed in the confirmation email . What to bring & test site rules ( edit ) For paper - based testing , you must bring your admission ticket , sharpened number 2 pencils with erasers , and proper identification . For computer - based testing , all you must bring is paper identification as described in `` Identification Policy . '' CBEST test sites do not allow the following on site : any smoking and the use of tobacco products , visitors , weapons of any kind , cell phones , electronic communication devices , calculators , handwritten or printed materials , packages / totes , food / drink , and unauthorized aids . During and after test ( edit ) `` During the test you will have four hours to complete the exam to work on any test section ; '' bathroom breaks are allowed , but this counts toward the four hours allotted . No type of communication is allowed during the test . When you have completed the test , the testing materials will be collected and you must leave the facility . Obtaining test results ( edit ) Scores will be mailed four to six weeks after the test date . For each section , the scores will announce whether or not the section was passed , and it will suggest areas within each section that one might need to study . The score report will also include the highest score obtained . A passing score on any section of the test will not have to be taken again . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zirkel , Perry A. `` Courtside . '' Phi Delta Kappan 81.10 ( June 2000 ) : 793 . Academic Search Premier . EBSCO . Mt . SAC Lib. , Walnut , CA . Apr. 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : CBEST : California Basic Educational Skills Test . New York : LearningExpress , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : California Basic Educational Skills Test . 2009 . Pearson Education , Inc . Apr. 28 , 2009 http://www.cbest.nesinc.com/ . Jump up ^ Andis , Mary F. , et al . The Best Test Preparation for the CBEST California Basic Educational Skills Test . New Jersey : Research & Education Association , 2003 . Jump up ^ 2008 - 09 CBEST Exam Dates : Bilingual Teacher Pathway Program . 2009 . Bilingual Teacher Pathway . Apr 24 , 2009 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ PearsonVUE. 2009. Pearson Education , Inc . Apr 29 , 2009 . http://www.vue.com/ External links ( edit ) CBEST Official Site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Basic_Educational_Skills_Test&oldid=795605730 '' Categories : Standardized tests in the United States Education in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing cleanup from January 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from January 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 09 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what score do you need to pass cbest	[ "One must earn a total of 123 points to get a passing status across all three sections, but you can get away with a score as low as 37 in one or two sections. However, you must make up the rest of remaining points of 123 points elsewhere." ]	[ "123 points" ]
340564885262693043	Battle of Lone Pine	Battle of Lone Pine - wikipedia Battle of Lone Pine Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Lone Pine Part of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War Detail from The Taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist , 1921 Date 6 -- 10 August 1915 Location Gallipoli , Ottoman Empire ( present - day Turkey ) Result ANZAC victory Belligerents British Empire Australia New Zealand Ottoman Empire Commanders and leaders Harold Walker Esat Pasa Strength 1 brigade , reinforced by 2 more battalions 2 battalions , reinforced by 3 regiments Casualties and losses 2,277 ~ 5,000 -- 7,000 Gallipoli Campaign Naval operations Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale * 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 The Battle of Lone Pine ( also known as the Battle of Kanlı Sırt ) was fought between Australian and Ottoman Empire forces during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War , between 6 and 10 August 1915 . The battle was part of a diversionary attack to draw Ottoman attention away from the main assaults against Sari Bair , Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 , which became known as the August Offensive . The Australians , initially at brigade strength , managed to capture the main Ottoman trench line from the battalion that was defending the position in the first few hours of the fighting ; however , the fighting continued for the next three days as the Ottomans brought up reinforcements and launched numerous counterattacks in an attempt to recapture the ground they had lost . As the counterattacks intensified the Australians brought up two fresh battalions . Finally , on 9 August the Ottomans called off any further attempts and by 10 August offensive action ceased , leaving the Australians in control of the position . Nevertheless , despite the Australian victory , the wider August Offensive of which the attack had been a part failed and a situation of stalemate developed around Lone Pine which lasted until the end of the campaign in December 1915 when Allied troops were evacuated from the peninsula . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Terrain 1.2 Military situation 2 Battle 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Initial assault 2.3 Ottoman counterattacks 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Prelude ( edit ) Terrain ( edit ) The Lone Pine battlefield , named for a solitary Turkish pine that stood there at the start of the fighting , was situated near the centre of the eastern line of the Australian and New Zealand trenches around Anzac Cove on a rise known as `` 400 Plateau '' that joined `` Bolton 's Ridge '' to the south with the ridge along the east side of `` Monash Valley '' to the north . Being towards the southern end of the area around Anzac Cove , the terrain in the Lone Pine region was comparatively gentle and the opposing trenches were separated some distance with a flat no - man 's land intervening . Due to its location relative to the beachhead and the shape of the intervening ground , Lone Pine 's importance lay in the fact that its position provided a commanding view of the Australian and New Zealand rear areas . From the 400 Plateau it was possible to observe as far south as Gaba Tepe and its possession would have afforded the Ottomans the ability to place the approaches to the Second Ridge under fire , preventing the flow of reinforcements and supplies from the beachhead to the forward trenches . The main features of the area surrounding Anzac Cove . Lone Pine lies on the south - west arm of the kidney - shaped 400 Plateau . `` Johnson 's Jolley '' lies on the north - west arm of the 400 Plateau , while `` Owen 's Gulley '' lies in the crook of the 400 Plateau . `` Anderson Knoll '' lies to the south - west , while Monash Valley lies to the north . `` Gun Ridge '' was also referred to as the `` Third Ridge '' . `` Legge Valley '' lies in between Lone Pine and the `` Anderson Knoll '' . The main part of the Australian position at Lone Pine was centred on a feature known as `` The Pimple '' , where a salient had developed at the point where the Australians ' position was closest to the Ottoman line . To the east of the salient , opposite The Pimple , the Ottoman line extended from the head of a gully -- known as `` Owen 's Gulley '' by the Australians -- south for 400 yards ( 370 m ) towards the neck of Bolton 's Ridge and continued south along a spur called `` Sniper 's Ridge '' . Because of the salient around The Pimple , the Ottomans had focused on developing the trenches along the flanks of the position more than the centre , and had placed the firing positions in the centre in depth in order to gain the advantage of being able to pour enfilade fire upon any attacking force . At the rear of the Ottoman line , near Owen 's Gully , was a depression called `` The Cup '' that was not visible from the Australians ' position on The Pimple . Despite overflights of the area by British reconnaissance aircraft in June , the Australians were unaware of The Cup 's existence , and at the time of the attack they believed this area to be flat and to consist of further trench lines . In reality it was actually a reserve area where the Ottomans had established a regimental headquarters and sited a series of bivouacs in terraces and at the time of the attack there were large numbers of reinforcements camped there . Military situation ( edit ) Prior to the battle , isolated fighting around Lone Pine had begun early in the Gallipoli campaign . At around 7 : 00 a.m. on the first day of the Australian and New Zealand landings at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 , elements of the Australian force had pushed through to Lone Pine in an effort to destroy an Ottoman artillery battery that had been firing down upon the landing beach . Before the Australians could engage the battery , the Ottomans had withdrawn to a ridge to the south - west , which the Australians later dubbed `` Third Ridge '' ( or `` Gun Ridge '' ) . Pressing further inland , troops from the 6th Battalion had attempted to reach the ridge , crossing a wide valley ( later known as `` Legge Valley '' ) , but they were pushed back when an Ottoman regiment , the 27th , had launched a counterattack from the south - east towards Lone Pine at 10 : 00 a.m. , with the objective of retaking the 400 Plateau . Rolling up the 6th Battalion , the Ottomans pushed the Australians back to Pine Ridge , a finger of land that jutted south from Lone Pine towards Gaba Tebe . Taking heavy casualties , the Australians withdrew north to Lone Pine , where they were able to establish a defensive position . As reinforcements were brought up from New Zealand units , in the afternoon a second Ottoman regiment , the 77th , arrived and heavy hand - to - hand fighting ensued before the counterattack was blunted . Further fighting around Lone Pine continued throughout the early stages of the campaign , but eventually a stalemate developed in which neither side was able to advance and static trench warfare began . In early July 1915 , while making plans for an offensive to break the deadlock that had developed around the Gallipoli Peninsula following the initial landings in April , the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , Lieutenant General William Birdwood , had determined that an attack at Lone Pine could be used to divert Ottoman attention away from a main attack that would be launched further north around Sari Bair , Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 . The Australian 1st Infantry Brigade was chosen to undertake the attack , and consisted of about 3,000 men , under the command of Colonel Nevill Smyth . Along with the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Brigades , the 1st Infantry Brigade was part of the Australian 1st Division . The division 's commander was Brigadier General Harold Walker , a British officer who had replaced Major General William Bridges as temporary commander after Bridges had been killed by a sniper in May . Walker did not like the idea of launching an attack at Lone Pine , let alone a mere diversion , but when General Sir Ian Hamilton , the British commander , insisted the attack proceed , through thorough planning , Walker endeavoured to give his troops the best chance of success possible on such an unfavourable battleground . The Ottoman forces opposing the Australians at Lone Pine consisted of two battalions from the 47th Regiment , under the command of Tevfik Bey . These battalions amounted to a total of about 1,000 men , of which 500 were positioned in the trenches along the front , while another 500 were positioned further back in depth . Sitting further back in divisional reserve , to the north - east on `` Mortar Ridge '' , was a battalion from the 57th Regiment , which had been relieved from its position on the front line north of Lone Pine by an Arab battalion of the 72nd Regiment . The positions north and south of the Ottoman line at Lone Pine were held by the 125th Regiment at Johnston 's Jolly in the north and the 48th Regiment in the south along Pine Ridge . Battle ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The width of the front of the attack was 160 yards ( 150 m ) and the distance between the two trench lines was about 60 -- 100 yards ( 55 -- 91 m ) . To reduce the distance to be crossed , the Australians projected a number of tunnels towards the Ottoman trenches from The Pimple . Immediately after the attack , one of these tunnels was to be opened along its length to make a communications trench through which reinforcements could advance without having to cross the exposed ground . Some of the attackers would have to make the advance over open ground from the Australian trench line . To provide some measure of protection for these men , three mines were set by engineers to make craters in which they could seek shelter . The preliminary bombardment was stretched over three days -- initially confined to a limited `` slow shoot '' , building up to a final intense bombardment an hour before the assault -- and was successful in cutting much of the barbed wire that the Ottomans had placed in front of their position . The preparation stage of the attack began at 2 : 00 p.m. on 6 August , when the Australians detonated the three mines they had dug in front of the Ottoman lines , in an attempt to create cover for the advancing troops . Two and a half hours later the final heavy preliminary bombardment commenced , with Australian , British and New Zealand artillery batteries firing on the Ottoman trench line , while naval gunfire support from the British cruiser HMS Bacchante provided counter-battery fire on Ottoman artillery positioned along Third Ridge . Retreating into tunnels which had been cut as part of mining operations , the majority of the forward Ottoman troops were able to find shelter from the bombardment that lasted for an hour . While the artillery prepared the ground for the attack , behind the Australian lines the assault formations moved up towards The Pimple . Smyth sited his brigade headquarters at a position called `` Brown 's Dip '' , which was about 200 metres ( 220 yd ) south of the firing line . Due to the small front along which the attack was to be launched , the initial assault was to be undertaken in three waves by the 2nd , 3rd and 4th Battalions while the 1st Battalion was to remain back at Brown 's Dip in reserve , ready to be brought up to consolidate any gains or respond in the event of a counterattack . Once the 1st Battalion had taken up its position , the assault battalions moved through them towards the forward line at The Pimple . Once the attack was launched , half the force would go via tunnels that had been dug out into no man 's land , while the other half would simply go `` over the top '' . By 5 : 00 p.m. all the troops had taken up their positions and as the barrage came to a conclusion , the tunnels were opened and final preparations were made . Each soldier in the first two waves had been issued a total of 200 rounds of ammunition for his rifle , along with rations for one day , and miscellaneous equipment including a gas mask . The third wave had received the same amount of ammunition , but was also issued entrenching equipment that would be used to construct positions to defend the initial gains against the inevitable Ottoman counterattack . In support , each battalion had four Vickers medium machine - guns , which had been issued with 3,500 rounds , and contributed a platoon whose job would be to throw the 1,200 grenades that the brigade had been allocated for the attack . A small section of engineers was also allocated to undertake demolitions . Initial assault ( edit ) Australian troops in a captured Ottoman trench at Lone Pine , 6 August 1915 At 5 : 30 p.m. the Australian 1st Infantry Brigade attacked as the first wave of 1,800 men threw themselves forward . To their north , the troops of the 2nd Infantry Brigade laid down suppressing fire on the supporting Ottoman troops at Johnston 's Jolly , while the 3rd Infantry and 2nd Light Horse Brigades held the line opposite Sniper 's Ridge . Half the force went via the prepared tunnels and half crossed the exposed ground between the trench lines . Dubbed the `` Daisy Patch '' , it amounted to a distance of about 100 metres ( 110 yd ) and it was raked with Ottoman artillery and small arms fire . From his headquarters overlooking the fighting , the senior Ottoman commander Esad Pasa , began to co-ordinate the response , passing orders for reinforcements to be brought up and calling down artillery . Casualties among the first wave of attackers were `` relatively light '' as the defenders in the front line of Ottoman trenches were still sheltering from the preliminary bombardment and had not had time to return to their fire steps after it had been lifted . When the Australians reached the Ottoman trenches they found them roofed with pine logs with no easy entrance , which had not been identified by aerial reconnaissance during the planning stages . As the Ottoman defenders recovered from the artillery barrage , they began firing at the Australians through specially cut holes at point blank range . As the second and third waves of the attack came up , some of the Australians fired , grenaded and bayoneted from above , while some found their way inside through gaps or by lifting the logs , which were in places as thick as 4 inches ( 10 cm ) by 9 inches ( 23 cm ) . Others ran on past to the open communications and support trenches behind , where they were able to gain access to the trenches ; about 70 Ottoman troops were captured as they attempted to escape and ran into the Australians entering the trenches . Small groups of Australians managed to push through to The Cup where they were stopped by Ottoman troops who were hastily assembled to defend their regimental headquarters . In the ensuing fighting there , almost all of the Australians were killed , while a handful were taken prisoner . In the Ottoman trenches , the darkness and cramped conditions led to considerable confusion amongst the attackers . Due to concerns of shooting their comrades , the Australians were unable to fire their rifles initially , and the fighting devolved into a melee as the soldiers attacked each other with bayonets and grenades . The first Australians to enter the position were picked off by the defenders , but as the Australians established themselves in strength , they were able to break into the position before the defenders that had been sheltering in the tunnels behind the front line were able to fully respond . Over the space of half an hour the Australians took control of the position and , after ejecting the remaining Ottomans from the main trench , they established a number of defensive positions along the line . These amounted to positions in the communication trenches on the flanks of the captured ground and about seven or eight posts in the centre that were `` isolated '' but connected by hastily dug saps . For the Australians , the attack had been successful , as they had gained possession of the main Ottoman line , and after being halted at The Cup they began preparing to defend their gains . Hastily erecting sandbag barriers along the parapet , they settled down to wait for the first counterattack . As they did so , the brigade reserve -- the 1st Battalion -- was brought up . Due to crowding in the tunnels that had been used for the attack , the reinforcements were sent via the open ground that had been in front of the old Ottoman positions ; despite being behind the recently captured position , the ground was still subjected to heavy Ottoman artillery and machine - gun fire , which was being poured down from positions in overwatch on the flanks . Nevertheless , in company lots , the 1st Battalion moved up and began filling in the gaps between the assault battalions , while engineers from the 2nd Field Company began the task of extending the tunnels from The Pimple towards the new Australian line . Ottoman counterattacks ( edit ) Shortly after dark , around 7 : 00 p.m. , the first Ottoman counterattack came after a group from the 1st Battalion , 57th Regiment , under Major Zeki Bey , arrived to reinforce the battalions of the 47th . Attacking with hand grenades , the fighting took place in the complicated maze of the former Ottoman trench system . The close quarters meant that some of the grenades would travel back and forth up to three times before exploding . The Australians held the old Ottoman fire trench and had footholds deeper in Ottoman lines . They blocked the Ottoman communications trenches as best they could , often with the bodies of the dead , to thwart raids . Other bodies were moved to unused communication trenches and saps , and where possible the wounded were evacuated , however , the fighting was so intense , the conditions so cramped and the men so exhausted that in many cases they were left to lie at the bottom of the trench . Throughout the night of 6 / 7 August , the Ottomans brought up reinforcements from the 5th Division 's 13th Regiment under Ali Riza Bey , which marched from Kojadere , south - east of the position known to the Australians as `` Scrubby Knoll '' . The 9th Division , under German Colonel Hans Kannengiesser , also received orders to begin moving towards Lone Pine from its position between Helles and Anzac from Esad Pasa . Although the 9th Division was later diverted , after 8 : 00 p.m. the 15th Regiment , from the 5th Division , under the command of Ibrahim Sukru , was committed to the fighting , moving south from its position around the Kurt Dere , near Chunuk Blair . A captured Ottoman trench at Lone Pine For the next three days the Ottomans continued to launch incessant and ultimately unsuccessful counterattacks in an effort to recapture the ground they had lost . In total three regiments were dispatched . The Australians also brought up reinforcements , moving up men from two battalions from the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Brigades -- the 7th and 12th Battalions -- to hold the 1st Brigade 's gains . Throughout 7 August , the fighting devolved into a series of hand grenade duels . To keep up the supply , Australians put about 50 soldiers to work at Anzac Cove manufacturing makeshift grenades out of empty jam tins : over 1,000 were sent up to the 1st Infantry Brigade late on 7 August . The fighting continued throughout the night of 7 / 8 August as the 47th Regiment , launched a determined counterattack ; suffering heavy casualties , including the regimental commander , Tewfik Bey , the attack was unsuccessful in retaking the main front - line trenches , but succeeded in regaining some of the ground in the north and also pushed the Australians back a little way from The Cup . As Ali Riza Bey , the commander of the 13th Regiment , took charge of the Ottoman effort around Lone Pine , the grenading continued into the next day as the Ottomans began to prepare for a large - scale counterattack . Throughout the morning the remaining Australian positions overlooking The Cup were abandoned before the fighting stopped briefly as both the Australians and Ottomans evacuated their wounded and removed the dead from the front - line . By this time the 1st and 2nd Battalions , which had been defending the heavily counterattacked southern flank , had suffered so many casualties that they were withdrawn from the line , with the 7th Battalion moving into their positions late in the afternoon . The 3rd , 4th and 12th Battalions remained holding the north and centre of the Australian line . Further attacks were mounted by the Ottomans all along the Australian line after 3 : 00 p.m. , but after dark they focused their efforts on the 7th Battalion 's position in the south ; there the Ottomans succeeded in taking part of the Australian line late in the night , and fierce hand - to - hand fighting followed until early in the morning of 9 August as the Australians retook these positions . More grenade attacks were launched by Ottoman troops later that morning and as the Australian trenches were brought under fire from the Ottoman positions around Johnston 's Jolly , an attack was launched at the junctions between the Australian battalions . Achieving a break - in in the centre , they reached the 1st Infantry Brigade 's headquarters -- which had advanced forward from Brown 's Dip following the initial gains -- where the brigade commander , Smyth , joined the defence that eventually drove them back . Around midday the Ottomans put in another attack , but this too was repulsed . The positions on the southern Australian flank continued to be subjected to grenading , so the 5th Battalion was brought up to relieve the 7th . The 2nd Battalion , having received a brief respite , also came forward , replacing the 4th Battalion with the support of a dismounted squadron from the 7th Light Horse Regiment . As the fresh units settled in , the Australians prepared for renewed fighting along the line . In the end , the expected attack never came and finally , late in the afternoon of 9 August , the Ottoman commanders called off further attempts to dislodge the Australians . The next day , the fighting `` subsided '' as both the Ottomans and the Australians worked to consolidate their positions . Aftermath ( edit ) The fighting was `` some of the fiercest '' the Australians experienced during the campaign to that point . The ground captured during the battle amounted to a total of about 150 metres ( 160 yd ) across a 300 - metre ( 330 yd ) front . Amidst scenes of considerable devastation , the Australian divisional commander , Walker , believed the result `` disastrous '' . The higher commanders believed it to have been a tactical success , however , with Hamilton describing it as a `` desperate fine feat '' . Though a tactical victory for the Australians in terms of the fact that they remained in possession of the ground captured , and had managed to draw off some Ottoman reinforcements , nevertheless the wider repercussions of the attack at Lone Pine weighed heavily on the outcome at Chunuk Bair . Sent north to reinforce Lone Pine , due to the effectiveness of the Australian attack , Kannengiesser 's 9th Division was directed instead to proceed on to Chunuk Bair where , at the time , there was only one Ottoman artillery battery and a covering force of 20 infantrymen . His force arrived in time to seriously delay the New Zealand attack , and ultimately the wider offensive of which the battle was a part failed . Afterwards , a stalemate situation developed on the Gallipoli peninsula although there were brief periods of localised fighting . In September , the troops of the Australian 1st Division who had taken the position at Lone Pine were relieved by the 23rd and 24th Battalions . The cemetery at Lone Pine Dominated by the heights of Baby 700 , the position was regularly shelled and was subsequently described by one Australian soldier , Trooper Ion Idriess , as `` the most dangerous spot '' in the Australian lodgement and it ultimately proved a `` liability '' for the troops tasked with holding it . Opposed by troops from the Ottoman 47th Regiment , for the remaining three months of the campaign , the two Australian battalions would alternate their positions in the front line as the Ottoman and Australians engaged in mining and countermining operations against each other 's positions . The stalemate continued as both the Australians and Ottomans lacked the strength to mount a determined attack and this situation ultimately lasted until the Allied evacuation in December 1915 . In most sources , Ottoman losses are estimated at between 5,000 -- 6,000 , although Kenan Celik from Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , has placed their losses as high as 7,164 , broken down as 1,520 killed , 4,700 wounded , 760 listed as missing and 134 captured by the Australians . These included the commanding officers of both the 47th and 15th Regiments . Of the Australian force that had launched the attack , almost half became casualties . Australian losses during the battle amounted to 2,277 men killed or wounded , out of the total 4,600 men committed to the fighting over the course of the battle . These represent some of the highest casualties of the campaign . The toll was particularly heavy amongst the Australian officers ; both the commanding officers of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were killed leading their troops . After the battle , the dead were so thick on the ground that one Australian , Captain Harold Jacobs of the 1st Battalion , remarked `` ( t ) he trench is so full of our dead that the only respect that we could show them was not to tread on their faces , the floor of the trench was just one carpet of them , this in addition to the ones we piled into Turkish dugouts . '' Later , over 1,000 dead were removed from Australian position to be hastily buried . Seven Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions during the fighting at Lone Pine , including four men from the 7th Battalion , which had been rushed forward to help relieve the 1st Brigade at the height of the Ottoman counterattacks . One of the recipients was Corporal William Dunstan , who after the war became the general manager of The Herald newspaper in Melbourne . Another VC recipient was Captain Alfred Shout who had already earned the Military Cross and been Mentioned in Despatches earlier in the Gallipoli campaign . He was mortally wounded at Lone Pine and was later buried at sea . The other VC recipients were Privates Leonard Keysor and John Hamilton , Corporal Alexander Burton and Lieutenants Frederick Tubb and William Symons . After the war , an Australian military historical mission was sent to Gallipoli , led by Charles Bean . On Bean 's advice the Australian government sought permission from the newly formed Turkish Republic to establish an official war cemetery in the area . In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was ratified , and through its provisions the Lone Pine cemetery was established in the area , dubbed the Daisy Patch by the Australians . There are a total of 1,167 graves in the cemetery and as of 2012 , the identities of 471 bodies interred in the cemetery remain unknown . Also standing within the cemetery 's grounds is the Lone Pine memorial . It is the main Australian and New Zealand memorial at Gallipoli and commemorates all the Australian and some of the New Zealanders who died during the campaign , including those who have no known grave and those buried at sea . As a result of the battle 's significance to the Australians , Lone Pine is the site of the annual Australian Anzac Day dawn service at Gallipoli . After the service Australian visitors congregate at the memorial to remember all their countrymen who fought and died at Gallipoli . At the New Zealand National World War I Museum , there is an exhibit for the Battle of Lone Pine , and there is also one in the Australian War Memorial . Memorial `` Lone Pine '' trees have also been planted in Australia , New Zealand and Gallipoli to commemorate the battle and the Gallipoli campaign in general , seeded from specimens taken from Gallipoli . There are also many places in Australia named after the battle . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Kanlı Sırt '' is roughly translated as `` Bloody Ridge '' . Jump up ^ The modern nation of Turkey did not exist until 1923 and at the time of the fighting at Gallipoli , the peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire , which had been founded in 1299 . Nevertheless , many English - language sources on the First World War use the term `` Turkey '' instead of `` Ottoman Empire '' . The sources used in this article vary in the approach they take . Fewster , Basarin & Basarin use `` Ottoman '' , while Wahlert , Bean , Cameron , Coulthard - Clark and others use `` Turk '' or `` Turkish '' . Jump up ^ The Ottomans called this position `` Sehidler Tepesi '' , which is translated into English as `` Martyr 's Hill '' . Jump up ^ The Ottoman name for Chunuk Bair was `` Conk Bayiri '' , while Hill 971 was known as `` Koca Cimen Tepe '' , which is translated as `` Hill of the Great Pasture '' . Jump up ^ The Ottomans called this position `` Edirne Sirt '' , which is translated into English as `` Adrianople Spur '' . Jump up ^ Johnston 's Jolly was known to the Ottomans as `` Kirmizi Sirt '' . Jump up ^ Known to the Ottomans as `` Kilic Bayir '' , or `` Sword Ridge '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 566 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 1998 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Kenan Celik . `` Gallipoli : The August Offensive . A Turkish View '' . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 1998 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2007 , p. xviii . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 497 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 508 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Ekins 2009 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 528 . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , pp. 526 -- 527 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , pp. 499 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 498 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 503 . ^ Jump up to : Crawley 2007 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Crawley 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gray 2006 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 1998 , pp. 107 -- 108 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 519 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 39 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 532 . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 123 -- 124 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Gray 2006 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011b , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011b , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Gray 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Battalion '' . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011b , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Matthew ( 1988 ) . `` Shout , Alfred John ( 1882 -- 1915 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Dudley ( 1983 ) . `` Keysor , Leonard Maurice ( 1885 -- 1951 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 9 . Melbourne University Press . pp. 582 -- 583 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011b , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2012 , pp. 324 -- 325 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Pine Memorial '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2012 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Hawker 1990 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2012 , p. 328 . References ( edit ) Bean , Charles ( 1941 ) . The Story of ANZAC from 4 May , 1915 , to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . II ( 11th ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 220898941 . Broadbent , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Gallipoli : The Fatal Shore . Camberwell , Victoria : Penguin Group Australia . ISBN 0 - 670 - 04085 - 1 . Cameron , David ( 2007 ) . 25 April 1915 : The Day the Anzac Legend Was Born . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 980 - 7 . Cameron , David ( 2011a ) . The August Offensive : At ANZAC , 1915 . Australian Army Campaigns . Canberra : Army History Unit . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9870 - 5747 - 1 . Cameron , David ( 2011b ) . Gallipoli : The Final Battles and Evacuation of Anzac . Newport , New South Wales : Big Sky Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9808140 - 9 - 5 . Cameron , David ( 2012 ) . The Battle for Lone Pine : Four Days of Hell at the Heart of Gallipoli . Camberwell , Victoria : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 6700 - 7629 - 1 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 1998 ) . Where Australians Fought : The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles ( 1st ed . ) . St Leonards , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 611 - 2 . Crawley , Rhys ( April 2007 ) . `` Lone Pine : Worth the Cost ? '' . Wartime ( 38 ) : 14 -- 17 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Ekins , Ashley ( 2009 ) . `` Bloody Ridge : The Assault of Lone Pine '' . Wartime ( 47 ) : 12 -- 14 , 16 -- 18 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Fewster , Kevin ; Basarin , Vecihi ; Basarin , Hatice Hurmuz ( 2003 ) ( 1985 ) . Gallipoli : The Turkish Story . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 74114 - 045 - 5 . Gray , Andrew ( April 2006 ) . `` Courage at Lone Pine '' . Wartime ( 34 ) : 18 -- 21 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hawker , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Lone Pine '' . Conifer Society of Australia Newsletter. 8 : 6 -- 7 . OCLC 224944593 . Wahlert , Glenn ( 2008 ) . Exploring Gallipoli : An Australian Army Battlefield Guide . Campbell , Australian Capital Territory : Army History Unit . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9804753 - 5 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lone Pine . Gallipoli and the Anzacs : Bravery Awards at Gallipoli : The Battle of Lone Pine Lone Pine : A Famous Assault at Lone Pine , 1915 Gallipoli 1915 - The Making of a Nation : Lone Pine Lone Pine and The Nek Ottoman battles in the 20th century Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) Preveza Tobruk Kywayfia Kunfuda Bay Derna Beirut Rhodes Zanzur Balkan Wars ( 1912 -- 13 ) Sarantaporo Kırcalı ( Kardzhali ) Beşpınar ( Pente Pigadia ) Sorovich Kumanovo Kirk Kilise İşkodra ( Scutari ) Lüleburgaz Edirne ( Adrianople ) Prilep Himara Monastir First Çatalca Varna ( Kaliakra ) Merhamli İmroz ( Elli ) Korytsa Lemnos Bolayır Şarköy Bizani Second Çatalca Edirne ( Adrianople ) First World War ( 1914 -- 18 ) Köprüköy ( Bergmann ) Sarikamish Ardahan Suez Canal Naval operations Katya Seddülbayır ( Cape Helles ) Kumkale 1st Arıburnu ( Anzac Cove ) Baby 700 1st Kirte Battle of Dilman 2nd Arıburnu ( 2nd Anzac Cove ) 2nd Kirte No. 3 Post 3rd Arıburnu ( 3rd Anzac Cove ) 3rd Kirte Zığındere Manzikert Kara Killisse Kirte Bağları ( Krithia Vineyard ) Kanlısırt ( Lone Pine ) Anafartalar Conkbayır Sarıbayır Kılıçbayır ( The Nek ) Hill 60 Yusufçuktepe ( Scimitar Hill ) Selman'ı Pak ( Ctesiphon ) 1st Kut Sağ Sahil Erzurum Offensive Wadi Felahiye ( Hanna ) Sabis Trebizond Mecca Erzincan Aqaba Bitlis Romani Bir el Abd Yanbu Magdhaba Rafa Nekhl Bir el Hassana 2nd Kut Samarrah Jebel Hamlin 1st Gaza 2nd Gaza Istabulat Aqaba Ramadi Wadi Musa Beersheba Khuweilfe 3rd Gaza Baghdad Hareira and Sheria Wadi el Hesi Huj Mughar Ridge Ayun Kara Jerusalem Jaffa Jericho Tell ' Asur Khan Baghdadi Hijla 1st Amman Berukin and 1st Arara 2nd Transjordan Abaran Sardarabad Karakilisa Baku Arsuf German Expedition Abu Tellul 2nd Arara Megiddo Tabsor Tulkarm Afulah and Beisan Nazareth Jenin Haifa Samakh Tiberias Irbid Jisr Benat Yakub Kaukab Damascus Kiswe Jisr ed Damieh Sharqat Aleppo Khan Ayash 2nd Amman Haritan For the battles before 1900 see List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire Coordinates : 40 ° 13 ′ 49 '' N 26 ° 17 ′ 14 '' E / 40.23028 ° N 26.28722 ° E / 40.23028 ; 26.28722 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&oldid=802408480 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1915 1915 in the Ottoman Empire Battles of the Gallipoli Campaign Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire August 1915 events Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Italiano Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 00 : 18 . 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About Wikipedia	who was involved in the battle of lone pine	[ "\n\n\n\nBattle of Lone Pine\n\n\nPart of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War\n\n\n\nDetail from The Taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist, 1921\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n6–10 August 1915\n\n\nLocation\nGallipoli, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey)\n\n\nResult\nANZAC victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n Australia\n New Zealand\n\n\n Ottoman Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nHarold Walker\nEsat Pasa\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n1 brigade, reinforced by 2 more battalions[1]\n2 battalions, reinforced by 3 regiments[1][2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n2,277[3]\n~5,000–7,000[3][4]\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nBattle of Lone Pine\n\n\nPart of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War\n\n\n\nDetail from The Taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist, 1921\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n6–10 August 1915\n\n\nLocation\nGallipoli, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey)\n\n\nResult\nANZAC victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n Australia\n New Zealand\n\n\n Ottoman Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nHarold Walker\nEsat Pasa\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n1 brigade, reinforced by 2 more battalions[1]\n2 battalions, reinforced by 3 regiments[1][2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n2,277[3]\n~5,000–7,000[3][4]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "British Empire", "Ottoman Empire" ]
-7095642524236463203	The Crown (TV series)	The Crown ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Crown ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Crown Genre Historical drama Created by Peter Morgan Starring Claire Foy Matt Smith Vanessa Kirby Eileen Atkins Jeremy Northam Victoria Hamilton Ben Miles Greg Wise Jared Harris John Lithgow Alex Jennings Lia Williams Anton Lesser Matthew Goode Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Composer ( s ) Rupert Gregson - Williams Lorne Balfe Country of origin United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Morgan Stephen Daldry Andy Harries Philip Martin Suzanne Macki Matthew Byam - Shaw Robert Fox Tanya Seghatchian Nina Wolarsky Allie Goss Producer ( s ) Andrew Eaton Location ( s ) United Kingdom Running time 54 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Left Bank Pictures Sony Pictures Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Crown is a historical drama television series , created and principally written by Peter Morgan and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Television for Netflix . The show is a biographical story about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . The first season covers the period from her marriage to Philip , Duke of Edinburgh in 1947 to the disintegration of her sister Princess Margaret 's engagement to Peter Townsend in 1955 . The second season covers the period from the Suez Crisis in 1956 to the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will continue on from 1964 , covering Harold Wilson 's two terms as the Queen 's Prime Minister until 1976 , while the fourth season will see Margaret Thatcher 's premiership and a focus on Diana , Princess of Wales . The Crown evolved out of Morgan 's 2006 film The Queen and 2013 stage play The Audience . The series is intended to last 60 episodes over six seasons , with 10 one - hour episodes per season , covering Elizabeth 's life from her younger years to her reign , and with new actors being cast every two seasons . Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the first two seasons , alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret . Olivia Colman will take over for Foy as the Queen in the third and fourth seasons . Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with location shooting at various locations throughout the United Kingdom . The first season was released on Netflix on November 4 , 2016 , while the second was released on December 8 , 2017 . The series has been renewed for a third and fourth season . The Crown has received widespread critical acclaim for its acting , directing , writing , cinematography , production merits , and the relatively accurate historical accounts of Queen Elizabeth 's reign . Significant praise in the first season was directed towards the performances of Foy in the leading role and John Lithgow as Winston Churchill . The series has received several accolades , including winning Best Actress and Best Actor at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards for Foy and Lithgow , respectively , and receiving thirteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Featured 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Season one 2.2. 2 Season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Historical accuracy 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 The Royal family 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 to the present day . The first season , which sees Claire Foy portraying the Queen in the early part of her reign , depicts events up to 1955 , with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen 's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend . The second season covers from the Suez Crisis in 1956 through the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will see Olivia Colman portraying the Queen , and will cover the two terms of Harold Wilson as the Queen 's Prime Minister , starting in 1964 with his first , until 1976 at the end of his second . It will also include Princess Margaret 's five - year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn , and see the introduction of Camilla Parker Bowles and Lady Diana Spencer . Spencer will be more of a focus in the fourth season , which also sees Margaret Thatcher 's premiership . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II . Matt Smith as Philip , Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , Elizabeth 's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret , Elizabeth 's younger sister . Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary , Elizabeth 's grandmother ( season 1 ) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden , Churchill 's Foreign Secretary , who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth , George VI 's wife and Elizabeth 's mother , known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter 's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend , George VI 's equerry , who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , Philip 's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI , Elizabeth 's father , known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill , the Queen 's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward , Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson ; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis , Duchess of Windsor , Edward 's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan , who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister ( season 2 ) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones , known as Tony , a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret ( season 2 ) Featured ( edit ) The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role . Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland , a noted artist who paints a portrait of the aging Churchill ( season 1 ) Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell , a secretary whom Altrincham works with and types up his editorial ( season 2 ) John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham , a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen ( season 2 ) Paul Sparks as Billy Graham , a prominent American minister with whom Elizabeth consults ( season 2 ) Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen ( season 2 ) Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy , the First Lady of the United States ( season 2 ) Burghart Klaussner as Dr. Kurt Hahn , the founder of Gordonstoun , where Philip and Charles went to school ( season 2 ) Finn Elliot as school - aged Prince Philip ( season 2 ) Julian Baring as school - aged Prince Charles ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles Harry Hadden - Paton as Martin Charteris Daniel Ings as Mike Parker Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret `` Bobo '' MacDonald Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk Will Keen as Michael Adeane James Laurenson as Doctor Weir Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton Michael Culkin as Rab Butler George Asprey as Walter Monckton James Hillier as Equerry Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden Nick Hendrix ( season 1 ) and Tom Durant - Pritchard ( season 2 ) as Billy Wallace Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith David Shields ( season 1 ) and Pip Carter ( season 2 ) as Colin Tennant Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell Joseph Kloska as Porchey Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu Season one ( edit ) Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret Jo Stone - Fewings as Collins Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson Season two ( edit ) Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Alice of Battenberg Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore Tim Steed as John Profumo Lyla Barrett - Rye as young Princess Anne Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop Patrick Warner as Peter Cook Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr David Annen as Alec Douglas - Home Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Wolferton Splash '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In November 1947 , Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth , King George VI 's elder daughter and heiress presumptive . The newlyweds move to Malta , where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne . In 1951 , the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer . After being told that he has months to live , the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign . Meanwhile , former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour Party government . `` Hyde Park Corner '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1952 , with King George still in ill health , Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place . While the couple is on safari in Kenya , the King is found dead in his bed . His wife Queen Elizabeth , younger daughter Margaret , and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George 's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world . Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth , who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief . `` Windsor '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In February 1952 , as the Royal Family prepares for King George 's funeral , Elizabeth 's uncle Edward , Duke of Windsor , who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936 , arrives in the United Kingdom , causing the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife . Elizabeth meets with Churchill to discuss Philip 's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace . The Prime Minister displays a reluctance to bend to either request , but Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward . Churchill later informs Elizabeth the date for her coronation has been set for the following year , which she recognizes as an attempt to secure his position against his own party , who are eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him . `` Act of God '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In December 1952 , as a great smog affects London and kills thousands , Elizabeth 's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill , who referred to the event as an `` act of God , '' to step down . While initially reluctant to do so , the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the Opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting . Before the meeting , Churchill 's eyes are finally opened to the smog 's effects when his beloved secretary , Venetia Scott , is killed by a double - decker bus . He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia 's body is being held , promising a longer - term approach to preventing future smog . His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place . Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend , who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret . 5 5 `` Smoke and Mirrors '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Following Queen Mary 's death in March 1953 , the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth 's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth 's coronation and learning that Wallis will not be receiving an invitation . Elizabeth places Philip in charge of coronation preparations only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he forego kneeling to pay homage when she is being crowned and antagonizes the committee with his insistence that the event should be televised . On June 2 , Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey while Edward and Wallis view the coronation from their villa in Paris and spitefully mock the new Queen . 6 6 `` Gelignite '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) When Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth 's permission to marry , the Queen promises to give her support while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it . As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship , Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty - five . Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend , who is set to be posted to Brussels , with them on a trip to Northern Ireland , but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised , causing a lasting rift between the two sisters . 7 7 `` Scientia Potentia Est '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In August 1953 , Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon . At the last minute , Churchill falls victim to a stroke which inhibits his ability to govern , prompting conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret . Meanwhile , Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris . She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science and related subjects , which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her . 8 8 `` Pride & Joy '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth , Margaret takes on more royal engagements while the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position and buys a castle . Philip , meanwhile , grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers . While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to hand over the recording , she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument and realize they must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public 's sake . Churchill visits Margaret and , after explaining that the general public does not want someone with passion or personality , tells her she will no longer be taking on royal engagements . 9 9 `` Assassins '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Philip begins spending more time out of the house while Elizabeth begins spending more time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord `` Porchey '' Porchester . The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace and culminates in a heated confrontation . Elizabeth later tells Philip that , to the disappointment of many , he is the only man she has ever loved . He , in turn , silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill 's eightieth birthday dinner . Meanwhile , Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament . The Prime Minister , however , hates its accuracy and , after a heated confrontation with Sutherland , admits his pain at what aging has done to him . The portrait is later destroyed on secret instructions from Clementine . 10 10 `` Gloriana '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1956 , Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves and officials from both Parliament and the Church of England disapprove of Margaret 's relationship with Townsend . As Elizabeth tries to persuade Margaret against the relationship , the Queen Mother starts complaining about Philip 's domineering attitude towards Charles . At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother , Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow . A five - month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia is later added to Philip 's itinerary , to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him find a public role . Meanwhile , Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in a escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Misadventure '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In February 1957 , Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon , ultimately recognizing that divorce is not an option . Five months earlier , as Philip prepares to embark on his royal tour , Elizabeth becomes convinced he is having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase . Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Eden 's solution to Egypt nationalizing the Suez Canal but later agrees that the best course of action is military intervention . Philip 's uncle Louis Mountbatten overhears the plan and warns Elizabeth , who confronts Eden after hearing reports that Israel has invaded the Sinai Peninsula . Eden explains that the invasion was part of a secret plan spearheaded by the Israeli , French and British governments to reclaim the canal and overthrow Egyptian President Nasser without support from Parliament or the United Nations . Elizabeth gives her support and allows British forces to begin launching air raids on Egypt before going to see Ulanova perform . 12 `` A Company of Men '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In December 1956 , Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure before going on a vacation to Jamaica on the grounds of ill health . Philip , meanwhile , continues his royal tour , with his adventures punctuated by a newspaper interview that ends when the reporter presses him for information about his family 's past and a shipwrecked fisherman briefly joining the tour after being rescued . On Christmas , Philip gives a speech on the radio , prompting Elizabeth to let him know his family is waiting for him while giving the Royal Christmas Message . Meanwhile , Eileen Parker , the wife of Philip 's private secretary Michael , initiates divorce proceedings after finding proof that her husband has been engaging in an affair . Elizabeth 's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane about Eileen , noting that her filing for divorce could cause the press to question the state of Elizabeth and Philip 's marriage . 13 `` Lisbon '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Eden returns from Jamaica only to find himself forced out of Downing Street by his cabinet and the Conservative Party , who blame him for the repercussions of the Suez Crisis . As Macmillan settles into the role of Prime Minister , Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to make Eileen change her mind about the divorce proceedings . When his plan fails and Elizabeth , Philip , and Parker learn about the decision , Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off the announcement only to be rebuffed . The story later goes public , prompting Philip to force Parker to resign . Elizabeth arranges for Philip 's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon , where Philip tells her that he resents that his son outranks him and he needs respect from the `` mustaches '' . On February 22 , 1957 , Philip is given the title of Prince and styled `` His Royal Highness the Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh '' . 14 `` Beryl '' Benjamin Caron Amy Jenkins and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Shortly before her birthday , Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace only to break off the engagement when she finds him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the announcement , which was set to take place during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip 's tenth wedding anniversary . Sometime later , she meets photographer Antony Armstrong - Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him . He later invites her to his studio for a sitting . Bored with her traditional birthday picture , she gives one of the photographs , which suggest she is nude , to the newspapers . The following day , the picture is published , shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family . Macmillan 's wife Dorothy decides to end her longtime affair , only for Macmillan to overhear her talking to her lover on the telephone . 15 5 `` Marionettes '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Lord Altrincham , a minor peer and magazine editor , sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article that contains personal criticism of Elizabeth . The piece was written after Altrincham had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone - deaf speech of hers , written by her aides and members of the court , to the workers of a car factory . While both the local newspapers and the general public are initially against him , they side with him after he appears on ITV and states that the monarchy needs to adapt to the current post-war and post-Suez British society . Macmillan reminds Elizabeth about the trend of nations abolishing monarchies , prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret . She later implements two of his suggestions , specifically that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised and that the Debutante Ball be opened to select citizens . Six months later , the Queen Mother expresses her embarrassment over the monarchy slowly losing its authority while hosting a garden party with middle - class citizens in attendance . 16 6 `` Vergangenheit '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In 1945 Germany , a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top - secret diplomatic papers . Sometime later , after discovering that the translated files contain information about `` Windsor '' , Winston Churchill informs King George about the situation and is tasked with ensuring that the files are never published . In 1958 , shortly before meeting with American evangelist Billy Graham , Elizabeth receives a letter from Edward asking for permission to re-enter the United Kingdom and try to find employment . She grants the request and he immediately starts convincing former sycophants to support his return . When a group of historians previously tasked with publishing German war files unearths the papers , which have been reorganised into a series of volumes entitled the Marburg Files , Macmillan brings the issue to Elizabeth . He and the Queen Mother proceed to explain that one volume , which the United States wants to be published , concerns Edward 's clandestine relationship with Nazi High Command . After a confrontation with Edward does not go as planned , Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice only to learn the extent of the relationship . Elizabeth then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before exiling Edward for betraying his country and allowing the volume to be published . 17 7 `` Matrimonium '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) After learning that Peter Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman , Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong - Jones into proposing marriage . Because Elizabeth is pregnant , royal protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement . Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong - Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with several other women , as well as with his best male friend and his wife , who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong - Jones 's child . On February 19 , 1960 , Elizabeth gives birth to her son Andrew . She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong - Jones 's sexual activity . Three months later , on May 6 , 1960 , Margaret and Armstrong - Jones are married at Westminster Abbey . 18 8 `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In June 1961 , Elizabeth invites newly - inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner . The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady only to become annoyed the following day after learning that Jackie insulted both her and Buckingham Palace at a party . Feeling challenged , she travels to Ghana to meet with President Kwame Nkrumah , whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan . Elizabeth successfully convinces him to cut all ties with the Soviet Union and realign Ghana 's interests with the United Kingdom in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with her . Shortly afterward , Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the United Kingdom and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle , where she apologizes for insulting her behind her back and explains that she was under the influence of `` substances '' at the time . Elizabeth later confides in Philip , asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way . Two years later , after watching the news coverage of President Kennedy 's assassination , Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place throughout the United Kingdom before writing a personal letter of sympathy to Jackie . 19 9 `` Paterfamilias '' Stephen Daldry Tom Edge and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In May 1962 , Charles attends Gordonstoun School in Scotland on Philip 's insistence . Elizabeth and Louis , both of whom are against the idea , recommend Eton College only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to force her to agree with him . As he personally escorts Charles to Scotland , Philip recalls his time at the school , in which he was punished for fighting a fellow student by being forced to construct the school 's front gate during the winter break , and the death of his favourite sister Cecile and her family in a plane crash , for which his father Andrew blamed him . Charles , meanwhile , starts having difficulties in keeping up with Gordonstoun 's rigorous curriculum and , when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge , is found crying by his security detail . While flying back to England , Philip admonishes Charles for being `` bloody weak '' . 20 10 `` Mystery Man '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In April 1963 , the government erupts into chaos after an affair between Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becomes public knowledge . When the media begins to speculate about a `` mystery man '' seen in a photograph of a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward , who is charged with a series of immorality offences , Margaret and Tony notice similarities between Philip and the mystery man . Sometime later , Ward commits suicide and the police find a hand - drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings . An embarrassed Macmillan resigns and is succeeded by Alec Douglas - Home , whose appointment sparks controversy due to his relationship with the Royal Family . Elizabeth later asks Philip if he is the mystery man , and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova . Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity , having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck . He denies attending any of Ward 's weekend parties , then reaffirms his love and support for Elizabeth . On March 10 , 1964 , Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Edward , her fourth child . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Peter Morgan , who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience , is the main scriptwriter for The Crown . The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry , Philip Martin , Julian Jarrold , and Benjamin Caron . The first 10 - part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date , costing at least £ 100 million . A second season was commissioned , with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons . By October 2017 , `` early production '' had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season , and by the following January , Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season . Casting ( edit ) By November 2014 , Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series . The following May , Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret . In June 2015 , John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill , and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip ; Foy was confirmed to be portraying Queen Elizabeth II . Also starring in the first season include Victoria Hamilton , Jared Harris , and Eileen Atkins . The series producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons , as the series timeline moves forward and the characters age . In October 2017 , Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons . By January 2018 , Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip , respectively , for the third and fourth seasons . Filming ( edit ) An estimated 25 % of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with the remainder filmed on location , with the season filmed over 152 days . Sets for private quarters , the interior of a private jet , the cabinet room , and the exterior of 10 Downing Street were built at Elstree Studios , while Lancaster House , Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used for scenes to double as Buckingham Palace . Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey , while filming in South Africa doubled as Kenya . Additional filming locations in the United Kingdom included Eltham Palace , the Royal Naval College , Goldsmiths ' Hall , Shoreham Airport , New Slains Castle , Balmoral Castle , Cruden Bay , Lyceum Theatre , Loseley Park , Hatfield House , The Historic Dockyard Chatham , Southwark Cathedral , Ardverikie House , Englefield House , and Glenfeshie Estate . Filming on the second season began in early October 2016 . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan of marrying Group Captain Peter Townsend . Evidence is clear that efforts were under way to prevent any further delay of the marriage . In contradiction to the TV dramatization this plan would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance , stay in the country and even continue with her public duties . In the dramatization , the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she will no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772 . The re-enactment of the King 's surgery , originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas , to remove a lung tumour , was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak , specialist registrar in transplant surgery , Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospital , London . Mr Chandak and his surgical team then became part of the real scene . The production team donated the surgical model of King George VI to the Gordon Museum of Pathology to be used as teaching aid . Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal was critical of the historical accuracy of the series . Release ( edit ) The series ' first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1 , 2016 . The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4 , 2016 . The second season was released on December 8 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) John Lithgow won a Critics ' Choice Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Primetime Emmy Award , and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance as Winston Churchill . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90 % approval rating for the first season based on 51 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top - notch production worthy of its grand subject . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The Guardian 's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that `` Netflix can rest assured that its £ 100m gamble has paid off . This first series , about good old British phlegm from first to last , is the service 's crowning achievement so far . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Ben Lawrence said , `` The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors , a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before . It is a portrait of an extraordinary family , an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one . '' Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series and said , `` Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting . '' Writing for The Boston Globe , Matthew Gilbert lauded the series saying , `` The show , created and written by Peter Morgan of The Queen and Frost / Nixon is thoroughly engaging , gorgeously shot , beautifully acted , rich in the historical events of postwar England , and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance . '' Vicki Hyman of The Star - Ledger said , `` A sumptuous , stately but never dull look inside the life of Queen Elizabeth ( Claire Foy ) . '' The A.V. Club 's Gwen Ihnat said , `` The Crown easily rises far above , adding a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family . The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task . '' The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said , `` We 're clearly meant to see the duke ( of Windsor ) as a wastrel with heart . It does n't quite come off -- Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty - hearted scoundrel -- but it 's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work . '' Television critic Robert Lloyd writing for Los Angeles Times said , `` As television it 's excellent -- beautifully mounted , movingly played and only mildly melodramatic . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively : `` Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series , taken in as shorter , intently focused films like The Queen and another Morgan achievement , the play and film versions of Frost / Nixon . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said , `` This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value ; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups . '' . The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg reviewed the series positively and said , `` The first chapter of Peter Morgan 's chronicle of the rule of Queen Elizabeth II remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics , finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth 's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette . '' Other publications such as USA Today , Indiewire , The Atlantic , CNN and Variety all reviewed the series positively . Some were more critical towards the show . In a less enthusiastic review for Time magazine , Daniel D'Addario wrote , `` The show will be compared to Downton Abbey , but that late soap opera was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes , ( Claire ) Foy struggles mightily , but she 's given little : Avoiding her children , her husband , and her subjects in favor of meetings at which she either acquiesces to her advisors or puts off acquiescing until fifteen minutes later , The Crown 's Elizabeth is more than unknowable . She 's a bore '' . Vulture 's Matt Zoller Seitz quipped , `` The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic , much less bestow complexity on characters outside England 's innermost circle . '' Verne Gay of Newsday said , `` Sumptuously produced but glacially told , The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside . The scenery keeps changing , but remains the same . '' Slate magazine 's Willa Paskin , expressed `` It will scratch your period drama itch -- and leave you itchy for action . '' Writing for The Mail on Sunday , Hugo Vickers , an English biographer of the Royal Family , was of the opinion that `` while ( The Crown ) certainly holds the attention , it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity . '' Season 2 ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % approval rating for the second season based on 69 reviews , with an average rating of 8.45 / 10 . The websites critical consensus read `` The Crown continues its reign with a self - assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes . '' On Metacritic , the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , retaining the first season 's indication of `` universal acclaim '' . Claire Foy and Matt Smith both respectively earned significant praise from critics in their reprisal of their roles . Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote `` As always , Claire Foy turns in an amazingly restrained performance . '' Gabriel Tate of The Daily Telegraph wrote `` Matt Smith , too , has seldom been better . If the scripts do them justice , we could be in for another memorable series . '' Hugo Rifkind of The Times said `` While ardent monarchists might bristle at the way this is going , for the rest of us it 's getting better and better . '' Alison Keene of Collider said `` Like its first season , each new episode makes its mark and tells its own complete story , all while staying linked to Elizabeth 's journey as a monarch , mother , and wife . It 's another exceptionally strong season of television , full of compelling drama and sweeping grandeur . '' Krutika Malikarjuna of TV Guide wrote `` Season 2 is centered on why the public - at - large ( especially those outside of Britain ) still engage with the royals at all : celebrity and star power . The brilliance of this framing becomes clear as the show evolves into The Real Housewives of Buckingham . '' Sophie Gilbert wrote for The Atlantic `` This personal , complex portrayal of a monarch who by her own admission in the show would rather be living any other life is riveting enough . But The Crown is also a history lesson , as my colleague David Sims has put it , albeit a selective one . It 's gorgeously shot , with flawless re-creations of everything from the Throne Room in Buckingham Palace to a 1950s hospital ward . And it 's surprisingly funny . '' The Wall Street Journal critic John Anderson said `` The Crown attains genuine sexiness without sex . Margaret , à la Ms. Kirby 's interpretation , smolders , as does Elizabeth , at least on occasion . '' Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote `` Season Two of The Crown continues to romanticize the British royal family , but the romance comes from how they 're normal , not divine . '' Lesser praising reviews saw the series criticised for what some regarded as failing to meet the emotional intensity of the first season . John Doyle wrote for Globe and Mail `` Yes , it is still so lavishly made that it is breathtaking . But The Crown now leans toward a three - hanky weeper about marriage . It is less than it was , like the monarchy itself , and of interest to monarchy fans only . '' Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx added `` Many of the season 's wounds are self - inflicted in particular Morgan 's mystifying fascination with Prince Philip , who despite Matt Smith 's best efforts still comes across as a whiny man child . '' Critic Phil Owen of The Wrap criticized Jeremy Northam 's reprisal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden , saying `` I 'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy . There 's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he 's having a nervous breakdown in every scene . '' The royal family ( edit ) Adam Helliker from the Daily Express reported in May 2017 that Queen Elizabeth II and her third son Prince Edward and his wife Sophie had watched the first season together . Other royal family members who were fans of the first season included the queen 's granddaughters Princess Eugenie , Zara Tindall and her husband Mike Tindall . While the Queen was reported to have enjoyed the series , she found some depictions of events to be over-dramatised . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Jared Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Hans Zimmer Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film John Lithgow Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Martin Childs Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Yan Miles ( for `` Assassins '' ) Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Jared Harris Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Michele Clapton Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year The Crown Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Claire Foy Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Online First / Streaming The Crown Won Best Actor Matt Smith Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Writer Peter Morgan Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best Editing Úna Ní Dhonghaíle Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam , Robert Bentley Won BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Best Director : Fiction Stephen Daldry Nominated Best Photography and Lightning : Fiction Adriano Goldman Nominated Best Production Design Martin Childs Nominated Best Special , Visual and Graphic Effects Úna Ní Dhonghaíle , Molinare Won Best Title and Graphic Identity Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks Nominated Best Writer : Drama Peter Morgan Nominated BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Supporting Actor John Lithgow Nominated Jared Harris Nominated Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Kirby Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Crown Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Claire Foy Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Stephen Daldry Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Peter Morgan Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Adriano Goldman Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series , or Movie Nominees ( show ) Michele Clapton , Alex Fordham , Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Ivana Primorac , Amy Riley Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Nominees ( show ) Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks , Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs , Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Nominees ( show ) Ben Turner , Tom Debenham , Standish Millennas , Kim Phelan , Oliver Cubbage , Lionel Heath , Charlie Bennet , Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won 2018 ASC Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Adriano Goldman ( for `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs ( for `` A Company of Men '' , `` Beryl '' , `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Nominees ( show ) Chris Ashworth , Lee Walpole , Stuart Hilliker , Martin Jensen , Rory de Carteret , Philip Clements ( for `` Misadventure '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Period Television Series Jane Petrie Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Crown Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam and Robert Bentley Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won See also ( edit ) British Royal Family The Crown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season Two ( Soundtrack from the Netflix Original Series ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : Claire Foy and Matt Smith on the making of the £ 100m Netflix series '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown '' . Real or Fake 4K . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` £ 100m Netflix Series Recreates Royal Wedding '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Russ ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : What year did Series 1 finish ? What will be in season 2 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Matthew Goode is joining the cast of Netflix 's The Crown '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Adds Michael C Hall & Jodi Balfour As Jack & Jackie Kennedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , Nick ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` The Crown : Paul Bettany in talks to play Prince Philip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Olivia ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Colman Joins ' The Crown ' as Queen Elizabeth for Seasons 3 and 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 3 : All the Details ( So Far ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trailers for Netflix series ' The Crown , ' and ' The Get Down ' '' . Geeks of Doom . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Kenji ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown trailer : First look at Peter Morgan 's Netflix drama '' . Final Reel . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Britain 's psyche is gripped by a different kind of royal fever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown Season Two : Representation vs Reality '' . Netflix . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sarah ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Filming The Crown : on the set of the lavish Netflix series -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gruccio , John ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The trailer for Netflix 's royal drama series , `` The Crown '' `` . TMStash . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Made in the UK : The Crown '' . British Film Commission . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : the Royal family are ' nervous ' about Netflix 's new £ 100 million series '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Smith starring in Netflix series , The Crown '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Julia ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV royalty : £ 100million drama The Crown descends on Trafalgar Square to film second season ... after Netflix debut is met with rave reviews '' . MailOnline . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's glittering Crown could leave BBC looking a little dull '' . The Guardian . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' Finds Its Queen In Claire Foy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Vanessa Kirby To Play Princess Margaret In Netflix 's ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Matt Smith Cast in Netflix 's ' The Crown ' with John Lithgow , Claire Foy '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Queen Elizabeth Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown will replace Matt Smith , Claire Foy and its ENTIRE CAST after two seasons '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Helena Bonham Carter Poised To Play Princess Margaret '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix period drama The Crown filmed on location throughout the UK and South Africa '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? Page 2 '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( 2016 ) '' . Kent Film Office . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fedko - Blake , Vaira ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Where Was The Expensive New Drama Filmed ? '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did the Queen stop Princess Margaret marrying Peter Townsend ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons replace actors in The Crown 's King George VI operation scene '' . AOL UK . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Gordon Museum -- King 's Alumni Community '' . alumni.kcl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-lies-of-the-crown-and-the-post-1514505833 Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( Season 1 , Episodes 1 & 2 ) ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Smith 's Netflix drama The Crown gets premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Foy and Matt Smith face the challenges of royal life in new extended trailer for Netflix drama The Crown '' . Radio Times . September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Sets Premiere Date , Releases First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown review -- the £ 100m gamble on the Queen pays off royally '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown , spoiler - free review : Netflix 's astonishing £ 100 million gamble pays off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Jaci ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` A royal feast ... now just watch me binge ! Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting '' . The Mail on Sunday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' bows to the queen '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' review : ' Downton Abbey ' fans , meet your new ( and better ) obsession '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown is a visually sumptuous family drama fit for a queen '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : The Making of Elizabeth II '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is a winning tale of royals and the weight of tradition '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is best when viewed like separate little movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix Does Queen Elizabeth II in ' The Crown , ' No Expense Spared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Crown ' is sumptuous miniseries with stellar cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : Netflix Period Drama Came to Reign in Made - To - Order Emmys Contender '' . Indiewire . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Is a Sweeping , Sumptuous History Lesson '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' regally explores reign of Queen Elizabeth '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Crown ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown Makes the Most of an Unknowable Queen '' . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's The Crown Is Tedious , But Anglophiles Will Like It '' . New York . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Review : Queen Elizabeth Story Falls Flat '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sumptuous $100 million drama about the British monarchy delivers exactly what it promises . That is n't enough '' . Slate . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Hugo ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` With a £ 100million budget Netflix 's eagerly - anticipated new show The Crown is the most lavish biopic ever , says royal expert Hugo Vickers , but it 's marred by sensationalist errors and some remarkable lapses into vulgarity '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . metacritic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown premiere recap : ' Misadventure ' '' . Entertainment . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown , season 2 , episode 1 review : a glittering account of the Windsors in crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Hugo Rifkind on The Grand Tour '' . The Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Another Exquisite , Compelling Portrait of Royal Life '' . Collider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season 2 Lightens the Weight of Colonialism with Karmic Comeuppance '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Netflix 's Best Superhero Show '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' and ' Family Guy ' Review : Messy Family Affair '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Claire Foy Still Reigns Supreme '' . Decider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown slips into silly escapist eye - catching candy '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Looks Tarnished By Too Much Philip in Season Two '' . Uproxx . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Just Trashy Enough to Work '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Helliker , Adam ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Queen tickled by her own series ... '' Daily Express . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` TV Honorees Heavy on Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . AFI Awards . Jump up ^ `` HBO leads television nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice awards with 22 nominations '' . Critics ' Choice . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Winners for the 21st Annual Satellite Awards '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television nominations '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Night Manager , The Crown , Planet Earth II and Desert Island Discs take top prizes at 43rd Broadcasting Press Guild Awards '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Craft Awards nominees 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' The Crown ' , ' The Night Manager ' , ' National Treasure ' -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the Virgin TV British Academy Television Awards in 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I loved playing someone who fought for change ! ' The Crown star Vanessa Kirby gives a shout out to female empowerment as she leads the winners at the Glamour Women of the Year Awards '' . Dailymail.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Atlanta ' Lead 2017 TV Critic Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 EMMY ® AWARDS NOMINATIONS FOR PROGRAMS AIRING JUNE 1 , 2016 -- MAY 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards winners 2018 : Full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies and Three Billboards Top Golden Globe Nominations '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . 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About Wikipedia	who plays the duke of edinburgh on the crown	[ "\nClaire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II.[5]\nMatt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband[5]\nVanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister.[5]\nEileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother[12] (season 1)\nJeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister[13]\nVictoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign[5]\nBen Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret[14]\nGreg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great-grandson of Queen Victoria\nJared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie[5]\nJohn Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister[5]\nAlex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David[15]\nLia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife[15]\nAnton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister[16] (season 2)\nMatthew Goode as Antony Armstrong-Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret[7] (season 2)\n" ]	[ "Matt Smith" ]
-2611803760903047175	1990 FIFA World Cup	1990 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1990 FIFA World Cup `` Italia 90 '' and `` Italy 1990 '' redirect here . For the video games , see World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 and Italy 1990 ( video game ) . `` 1990 World Cup '' redirects here . For other uses , see 1990 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 1990 FIFA World Cup Coppa del Mondo FIFA Italia ' 90 1990 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Italy Dates 8 June -- 8 July ( 31 days ) Teams 24 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 12 host cities ) Final positions Champions West Germany ( 3rd title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 115 ( 2.21 per match ) Attendance 2,516,215 ( 48,389 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 goals ) Best player Salvatore Schillaci Best young player Robert Prosinečki Fair play award England ← 1986 1994 → The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football tournament . It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy , the second country to host the event twice ( the first being Mexico in 1986 ) . Teams representing 116 national football associations entered and qualification began in April 1988 . 22 teams qualified from this process , along with host nation Italy and defending champions Argentina . The tournament was won by West Germany , their third World Cup title . They beat Argentina 1 -- 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , a rematch of the previous final four years earlier . Italy finished third and England fourth , after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts . This was the last tournament to feature a team from West Germany , with the country being reunified with East Germany a few months later in October , as well as teams from the Eastern Bloc prior to the end of the Cold War in 1991 , as the Soviet Union , Romania , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia teams made appearances . Costa Rica , Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals . As of 2018 , this was the last time the UAE qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico . The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups . It generated an average 2.2 goals per game -- a record low that still stands -- and a then - record 16 red cards , including the first ever dismissal in a final . This World Cup saw the introduction of the pre-match Fair Play Flag ( then inscribed with `` Fair Play Please '' ) to encourage fair play . Defensive tactics led to the introduction of the back - pass rule in 1992 and three points for a win instead of two at future World Cups . Nonetheless , the 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.69 billion non-unique viewers over the course of the tournament . This was the first World Cup to be officially recorded and transmitted in HDTV by the Italian broadcaster RAI in association with Japan 's NHK . At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers , but was bettered by the 1994 and 2002 World Cups . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Groups 6.1 Seedings 6.2 Final draw 7 Tournament review 7.1 Negative tactics 7.2 Emergence of Cameroon 7.3 All - champion final four 8 Results 8.1 Group stage 8.1. 1 Group A 8.1. 2 Group B 8.1. 3 Group C 8.1. 4 Group D 8.1. 5 Group E 8.1. 6 Group F 8.1. 7 Ranking of third - placed teams 8.2 Knockout stage 8.2. 1 Round of 16 8.2. 2 Quarter - finals 8.2. 3 Semi-finals 8.2. 4 Third - place play - off 8.2. 5 Final 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 10.1 All - star team 11 Final standings 12 Statistics 13 See also 14 References and footnotes 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich , Switzerland . Here , the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid , the USSR , by 11 votes to 5 . This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments , after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging . Italy had previously had the event in 1934 , where they had won their first championship . Austria , England , France , Greece , West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline . A month later , only England , Greece , Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew . All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983 , with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved . In early 1984 , England and Greece also withdrew , leading to a two - horse race in the final vote . The Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games , announced on the eve of the World Cup decision , was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively , although this was denied by the FIFA President João Havelange . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification 116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup , including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions , who were both granted automatic qualification . Thus , the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations , with 114 initially entering the qualification competition . Due to rejected entries and withdrawals , 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages . Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams ( Europe ) , two by CONMEBOL teams ( South America ) , two by CAF teams ( Africa ) , two by AFC teams ( Asia ) , and two by CONCACAF teams ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) . The remaining place was decided by a play - off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC ( Oceania ) . Both Mexico and Chile were disqualified during the qualification process ; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament , the latter after goalkeeper Roberto Rojas faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands , which caused the match to be abandoned . Chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence . Three teams made their debuts , as this was the first World Cup to feature Costa Rica and the Republic of Ireland , and the only one to date to feature the United Arab Emirates . Returning after long absences were Egypt , who appeared for the first time since 1934 , the United States , who competed for the first time since 1950 , Colombia , who appeared for the first time since 1962 , Romania , who last appeared at the Finals in 1970 and Sweden and the Netherlands , both of which last qualified in 1978 . Austria , Cameroon , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also returned after missing the 1986 tournament . Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1986 semi-finalists France ( missing out their first World Cup since 1974 ) , Denmark , Poland ( for the first time since 1970 ) , Portugal and Hungary . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 2 ) South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF ( 2 ) Egypt Cameroon OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 2 ) Costa Rica United States CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Colombia Uruguay UEFA ( 14 ) Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia England Italy ( hosts ) Netherlands Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden West Germany Yugoslavia Countries qualified for World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter the World Cup or were expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member Venues ( edit ) Twelve stadiums in twelve cities were selected to host matches at the 1990 World Cup . The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin 's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup . The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament , forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes . Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia , with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid . Due to structural constraints , several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt to implement the changes required . Like Espana ' 82 , the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other . Group A only played in Rome and Florence ( Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome , except for their semi-final and third place matches , which were played in Naples and Bari , respectively ) , Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari ( except for Argentina vs. Cameroon , which was the opening match of the tournament , played in Milan ) , Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa , Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna , Group E played only in Udine and Verona , and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo . The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the two biggest cities in Italy : Rome and Milan , each hosting six matches , and Bari , Naples and Turin each hosted five matches . Cagliari , Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches . The England national team , at the British government 's request , were forced to play all their matches in Cagliari on the island of Sardinia . Hooliganism , rife in English football in the 1980s , had followed the national team while they played friendlies on the European continent -- the distrust of English fans was so high that the English FA 's reputation and even diplomatic relations between the UK and Italy were seen to be at risk if England played any group stage matches on the Italian mainland . Thanks largely to British Sports Minister Colin Moynihan 's negative remarks about English fans weeks before the match , security around Cagliari during England 's three matches there was extremely heavy -- in addition to 7,000 local police and Carabineri , highly trained Italian military special forces were also there patrolling the premises . The Italian authorities ' heavy presence proved to be justified as there were several riots during the time England were playing their matches in Cagliari , leading to a number of injuries , arrests and even deportations . Most of the construction cost in excess of their original estimates and total costs ended up being over £ 550 million ( approximately $935 million ) . Rome 's Stadio Olimpico which would host the final was the most expensive project overall , while Udine 's Stadio Friuli , the newest of the existing stadia ( opened 14 years prior ) , cost the least to redevelop . Milan Rome Turin Naples San Siro Stadio Olimpico Stadio delle Alpi Stadio San Paolo 45 ° 28 ′ 40.89 '' N 9 ° 7 ′ 27.14 '' E / 45.4780250 ° N 9.1242056 ° E / 45.4780250 ; 9.1242056 ( San Siro ) 41 ° 56 ′ 1.99 '' N 12 ° 27 ′ 17.23 '' E / 41.9338861 ° N 12.4547861 ° E / 41.9338861 ; 12.4547861 ( Stadio Olimpico ) 45 ° 06 ′ 34.42 '' N 7 ° 38 ′ 28.54 '' E / 45.1095611 ° N 7.6412611 ° E / 45.1095611 ; 7.6412611 ( Stadio delle Alpi ) 40 ° 49 ′ 40.68 '' N 14 ° 11 ′ 34.83 '' E / 40.8279667 ° N 14.1930083 ° E / 40.8279667 ; 14.1930083 ( Stadio San Paolo ) Capacity : 74,559 Capacity : 73,603 Capacity : 62,628 Capacity : 59,978 Bari Rome Milan Naples Turin Bari Verona Florence Cagliari Bologna Udine Palermo Genoa Florence Stadio San Nicola Stadio Comunale 41 ° 5 ′ 5.05 '' N 16 ° 50 ′ 24.26 '' E / 41.0847361 ° N 16.8400722 ° E / 41.0847361 ; 16.8400722 ( Stadio San Nicola ) 43 ° 46 ′ 50.96 '' N 11 ° 16 ′ 56.13 '' E / 43.7808222 ° N 11.2822583 ° E / 43.7808222 ; 11.2822583 ( Stadio Artemio Franchi ) Capacity : 51,426 Capacity : 38,971 Verona Udine Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi Stadio Friuli 45 ° 26 ′ 7.28 '' N 10 ° 58 ′ 7.13 '' E / 45.4353556 ° N 10.9686472 ° E / 45.4353556 ; 10.9686472 ( Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi ) 46 ° 4 ′ 53.77 '' N 13 ° 12 ′ 0.49 '' E / 46.0816028 ° N 13.2001361 ° E / 46.0816028 ; 13.2001361 ( Stadio Friuli ) Capacity : 35,950 Capacity : 35,713 Cagliari Bologna Palermo Genoa Stadio Sant'Elia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara Stadio La Favorita Stadio Luigi Ferraris 39 ° 11 ′ 57.82 '' N 9 ° 8 ′ 5.83 '' E / 39.1993944 ° N 9.1349528 ° E / 39.1993944 ; 9.1349528 ( Stadio Sant'Elia ) 44 ° 29 ′ 32.33 '' N 11 ° 18 ′ 34.80 '' E / 44.4923139 ° N 11.3096667 ° E / 44.4923139 ; 11.3096667 ( Stadio Renato Dall'Ara ) 38 ° 9 ′ 9.96 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 32.19 '' E / 38.1527667 ° N 13.3422750 ° E / 38.1527667 ; 13.3422750 ( Stadio Renzo Barbera ) 44 ° 24 ′ 59.15 '' N 8 ° 57 ′ 8.74 '' E / 44.4164306 ° N 8.9524278 ° E / 44.4164306 ; 8.9524278 ( Stadio Luigi Ferraris ) Capacity : 35,238 Capacity : 34,520 Capacity : 33,288 Capacity : 31,823 Squads ( edit ) Further information : 1990 FIFA World Cup squads Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players , as for the previous tournament in 1986 . Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA 's discretion . Two goalkeepers -- Argentina 's Ángel Comizzo and England 's Dave Beasant -- entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players ( Nery Pumpido and David Seaman ) . Match officials ( edit ) 41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees . Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament . Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup ( a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts ) . show List of match officials Africa Mohamed Hansal Neji Jouini Jean - Fidèle Diramba Asia Jamal Al Sharif Jassim Mandi Shizuo Takada Europe Luigi Agnolin Emilio Soriano Aladrén George Courtney Pietro D'Elia Erik Fredriksson Siegfried Kirschen Helmut Kohl Tullio Lanese Michał Listkiewicz Rosario Lo Bello Carlo Longhi Pierluigi Magni Peter Mikkelsen Pierluigi Pairetto Zoran Petrović Joël Quiniou Kurt Röthlisberger Aron Schmidhuber Carlos Silva Valente George Smith Alan Snoddy Alexey Spirin Marcel Van Langenhove Michel Vautrot North and Central America Edgardo Codesal Vincent Mauro Berny Ulloa Morera Oceania Richard Lorenc South America Juan Daniel Cardellino Armando Pérez Hoyos Elías Jácome Juan Carlos Loustau Carlos Maciel Hernán Silva José Roberto Wright Groups ( edit ) Seedings ( edit ) The six seeded teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989 . The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank ( 1st seed to Group A , 2nd seed to Group B , etc . ) . The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations ' performance in , primarily , the 1986 World Cup with the 1982 World Cup also considered as a secondary influence . Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament , the missing nations being Mexico ( quarter - final in 1986 ) and France ( third place ) . Italy -- who were seeded first as hosts -- had not reached the final eight in 1986 and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three ( qualified ) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter - finals : Brazil , England or Spain . Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record , Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings . FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain . Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties , albeit by fourth - placed Belgium , while England had been defeated in 90 minutes by eventual winners Argentina ; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event , playing in the same group in the second group stage with England ending up ahead of Spain , but Spain had also appeared in the 1978 event , while England had failed to qualify . FIFA President João Havelange had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded . Spanish officials believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F , the group to be held off the Italian mainland , in a bid to contain England 's hooliganism problems . Their coach Luis Suárez said , `` We feel we 've been cheated ... they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs . So they invented this formula '' . FIFA countered that `` the formula was based on the teams ' respective showings during the previous two World Cups . England merited the sixth position . This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism '' . Meanwhile , the Netherlands also had an argument that on grounds of recent footballing form , they should be seeded , as the winners of the 1988 European Championship , in which both Spain and England had been eliminated in the group stages , while Belgium ( fourth in the 1986 World Cup after beating Spain , and thus seeded in 1990 ) had failed to even qualify : but this argument was countered by the fact that the Netherlands had themselves failed to qualify for both the 1982 and 1986 World Cups , which was considered the most important factor in the decision not to seed them . As it happened , the two teams considered the most unlucky not to be seeded , namely Spain and the Netherlands , were both drawn in groups against the two teams considered the weakest of the seeded nations , namely Belgium and England : and the arguments over the seeding positions fizzled out . England could be said to have justified their seeded position by narrowly winning their group ahead of the Netherlands : while Spain seemed to have made their own point about being worth a seeded position , by defeating Belgium to top their own group , in doing so gaining a measure of revenge for the fact that it was Belgium who had eliminated them in 1986 . Seeds Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Italy ( 1st ) Argentina ( 2nd ) Brazil ( 3rd ) West Germany ( 4th ) Belgium ( 5th ) England ( 6th ) Cameroon Costa Rica Egypt South Korea United Arab Emirates United States Colombia Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Romania Sweden Uruguay Austria Netherlands Scotland Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Final draw ( edit ) Ciao , a stick figure in the colours of the Italy Tricolore , was the mascot for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome , where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups . The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams . The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo , with Italian actress Sophia Loren and opera singer Luciano Pavarotti conducting the draw alongside FIFA general secretary Sepp Blatter . The draw show was FIFA 's most ambitious yet with Pelé , Bobby Moore and Karl - Heinz Rummenigge appearing , as well as a performance of the Italian version of the tournament 's official song `` To Be Number One '' by Giorgio Moroder , performed as `` Un'estate italiana '' by Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini . The event also featured the official mascot of this World Cup , Ciao , a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body that formed the word `` ITALIA '' when deconstructed and reconstructed . Its name is a greeting in Italian . Tournament review ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The finals tournament began in Italy on 8 June and concluded on 8 July . The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in 1986 : 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four . The top two teams and four best third - place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage , which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged . In total , 52 games were played . Negative tactics ( edit ) The tournament generated a record low goals - per - game average and a then - record of 16 red cards were handed out . In the knockout stage , many teams played defensively for 120 minutes , with the intention of trying their luck in the penalty shoot - out , rather than risk going forward . Two exceptions were the eventual champions West Germany and hosts Italy , the only teams to win three of their four knockout matches in normal time . There were four penalty shoot - outs , a record subsequently equalled in the 2006 , 2014 and 2018 tournaments . Eight matches went to extra time , a record equalled in the 2014 tournament . Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play ; the Irish team fell behind in two of their three group matches and only equalised late in both games . Losing finalists Argentina , meanwhile , scored only five goals in the entire tournament ( a record low for a finalist ) . Argentina also became the first team to advance twice on penalty shoot - outs and the first team to fail to score and have a player sent off in a World Cup final . Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the back - pass rule in time for the 1994 tournament to make it harder for teams to time - waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up . Three , rather than two points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play . Emergence of Cameroon ( edit ) Cameroon reached the quarter - finals , where they were narrowly defeated by England . They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina , before topping the group ahead of them , Romania and European Championship runners - up the Soviet Union . Their success was fired by the goals of Roger Milla , a 38 - year - old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President Paul Biya . Milla 's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament 's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight . Most of Cameroon 's squad was made up of players who played in France 's premier football league , Ligue 1 - French is one of the officially spoken languages in Cameroon , it being a former French territory . In reaching this stage , they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before ; a feat only equalled twice since ( by Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 ) . Their success was African football 's biggest yet on the world stage and FIFA subsequently decided to allocate the CAF qualifying zone an additional place for the next World Cup tournament . All - champion final four ( edit ) Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon , Colombia , Ireland , Romania and Costa Rica , the semi-finalists consisted of Argentina , England , Italy and West Germany , all previous World Cup winners , with eight previous titles between them . After the 1970 tournament , this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred . The teams which finished first , second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) All times are Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage In the following tables : Pld = total games played W = total games won D = total games drawn ( tied ) L = total games lost GF = total goals scored ( goals for ) GA = total goals conceded ( goals against ) GD = goal difference ( GF − GA ) Pts = total points accumulated The Group stage saw the twenty - four teams divided into six groups of four teams . Each group was a round - robin of six games , where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group . Teams were awarded two points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16 . The four best third - placed teams would also advance to the next stage . Typical of a World Cup staged in Europe , the matches all started at either 5 : 00 or 9 : 00 in the evening ; this allowed for the games to avoid being played in the heat of an Italian summer , which would soar past 86F ( 30C ) all over Italy . If teams were level on points , they were ranked on the following criteria in order : Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches If teams remained level after those criteria , a mini-group would be formed from those teams , who would be ranked on : Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie If teams remained level after all these criteria , FIFA would hold a drawing of lots Group a ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group A Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record . They beat Austria 1 -- 0 thanks to substitute Salvatore ' Totò ' Schillaci , who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament . A second 1 -- 0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovaks ended runners - up in the group , while the USA 's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Italy ( H ) 0 0 0 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Czechoslovakia 0 6 + 3 Austria 0 − 1 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 9 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 Austria Stadio Olimpico , Rome 10 June 1990 United States 1 -- 5 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 14 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 United States Stadio Olimpico , Rome 15 June 1990 Austria 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 19 June 1990 Italy 2 -- 0 Czechoslovakia Stadio Olimpico , Rome Austria 2 -- 1 United States Stadio Comunale , Florence Group B ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group B Cameroon defeated reigning champions Argentina . Despite ending the match with only nine men , the African team held on for a shock 1 -- 0 win , with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik : François Omam scoring the winning goal , shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul . In their second game the introduction of Roger Milla was the catalyst for a 2 -- 1 win over Romania , Milla scoring twice from the bench ( making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament ) . With progression assured , Cameroon slumped to a 4 -- 0 defeat in their final group game to the Soviet Union ( in what would be their last World Cup due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union ) , who were striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2 -- 0 defeats . Argentina lost their veteran goalkeeper , Nery Pumpido , to a broken leg during their victory over the USSR : his replacement , Sergio Goycochea , proved to be one of the stars of their tournament . In the final match , a 1 -- 1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through , equal on points and on goal difference but Romania having the advantage on goals scored : Romania were thus second , Argentina qualified as one of the best third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Cameroon 0 5 − 2 Advance to knockout stage Romania + 1 Argentina + 1 Soviet Union 0 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 8 June 1990 Argentina 0 -- 1 Cameroon San Siro , Milan 9 June 1990 Soviet Union 0 -- 2 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 13 June 1990 Argentina 2 -- 0 Soviet Union Stadio San Paolo , Naples 14 June 1990 Cameroon 2 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 18 June 1990 Argentina 1 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Paolo , Naples Cameroon 0 -- 4 Soviet Union Stadio San Nicola , Bari Group C ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group C Costa Rica beat Scotland 1 -- 0 in their first match , lost 1 -- 0 to Brazil in their second , then saw off Sweden 2 -- 1 to claim a place in the second round . Brazil took maximum points from the group . They began with a 2 -- 1 win over Sweden , then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1 -- 0 . Scotland 's 2 -- 1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest - ranked third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Costa Rica 0 + 1 Scotland 0 − 1 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 10 June 1990 Brazil 2 -- 1 Sweden Stadio delle Alpi , Turin 11 June 1990 Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 16 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Costa Rica Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 20 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Costa Rica Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Group D ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group D Group D featured the most goals of all the groups , most due to two large wins of West Germany and defensive inadequacies of a United Arab Emirates team that lost 2 -- 0 to Colombia , 5 -- 1 to West Germany and 4 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . The West Germans topped the group after a 4 -- 1 opening victory over group runners - up Yugoslavia . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification West Germany 0 10 + 7 5 Advance to knockout stage Yugoslavia 0 6 5 + 1 Colombia + 1 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 9 June 1990 United Arab Emirates 0 -- 2 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 10 June 1990 West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia San Siro , Milan 14 June 1990 Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 15 June 1990 West Germany 5 -- 1 United Arab Emirates San Siro , Milan 19 June 1990 West Germany 1 -- 1 Colombia San Siro , Milan Yugoslavia 4 -- 1 United Arab Emirates Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Group E ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group E The winners of Group E were Spain , for whom Michel hit a hat - trick as they beat South Korea 3 -- 1 in an unbeaten group campaign . Belgium won their first two games against South Korea and Uruguay to ensure their progress ; Uruguay 's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third - placed sides to remain in the tournament . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 5 + 3 5 Advance to knockout stage Belgium 0 6 + 3 Uruguay − 1 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 12 June 1990 Belgium 2 -- 0 South Korea Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona 13 June 1990 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 17 June 1990 Belgium 3 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 1 -- 3 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 21 June 1990 Belgium 1 -- 2 Spain Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 0 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Friuli , Udine Group F ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F , featured the Netherlands , England , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt . In the six group games , no team managed to score more than once in a match . England beat Egypt 1 -- 0 , the only match with a decisive result , and that was enough to win the group . The group containing England , Ireland and the Netherlands was remarkably similar to the group stage of the 1988 European Championship , which had eventually been won by the Netherlands , with England crashing out with three losses ( to Ireland , the Netherlands and the USSR ) and Ireland also narrowly failing to progress after losing to the Netherlands and drawing with the USSR . The results of the 1990 group , however , were different : England took the lead with an early goal for Lineker against Ireland , but Sheedy 's late equalizer gave them a share of the spoils . The Netherlands failed to replicate their form of two years earlier , only drawing against Egypt : they had taken a 1 - 0 lead , but without impressing , and Egypt were well worth their equalizer courtesy of a penalty by Abdelghani . England then had much the better of their goalless draw with the Netherlands : indeed they had the ball in the net once , from a free - kick by Pearce , but it was disallowed . For the second World Cup in succession , however , England lost their captain Bryan Robson to an injury which put him out of the tournament , just over halfway through their second match . Ireland and Egypt barely registered a shot on goal between them in the other 0 - 0 draw : after the first four matches all four teams had equal records with 2 draws , 1 goal for and 1 goal against . England 's victory over Egypt , thanks to a 58th - minute goal from Mark Wright , put them top of the group : in the other match , Gullit gave the Netherlands the lead against Ireland , but Niall Quinn scored a second - half equalizer and the two teams finished in second and third , still with identical records . Both teams qualified but they had to draw lots to place the teams in second and third place . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 + 1 Advance to knockout stage Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 Egypt 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records . With both teams assured of progressing , they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place . 11 June 1990 England 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 12 June 1990 Netherlands 1 -- 1 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 16 June 1990 England 0 -- 0 Netherlands Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 17 June 1990 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 21 June 1990 England 1 -- 0 Egypt Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Stadio La Favorita , Palermo Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina + 1 Advance to knockout stage Colombia + 1 Netherlands 0 0 0 Uruguay − 1 5 Austria 0 − 1 6 Scotland 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Ireland won the drawing of lots against the Netherlands for second place in Group F : the Netherlands were the only third - placed team not to have won any matches - or lost any : they progressed with three draws ( 3 points ) , ahead of Austria and Scotland who each had one win and two losses ( 2 points ) . Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were : round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , final . There was also a play - off to decide third / fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot - out ( five penalties each , if neither team already had a decisive advantage , and more if necessary ) to determine who progressed to the next round . Scores after extra time are indicated by ( aet ) and penalty shoot - outs are indicated by ( p ) . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 24 June -- Turin Brazil 0 30 June -- Florence Argentina Argentina ( p ) 0 ( 3 ) 26 June -- Verona Yugoslavia 0 ( 2 ) Spain 1 3 July -- Naples Yugoslavia ( aet ) Argentina ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 25 June -- Genoa Italy 1 ( 3 ) Republic of Ireland ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) 30 June -- Rome Romania 0 ( 4 ) Republic of Ireland 0 25 June -- Rome Italy Italy 8 July -- Rome Uruguay 0 Argentina 0 23 June -- Bari West Germany Czechoslovakia 1 July -- Milan Costa Rica 1 Czechoslovakia 0 24 June -- Milan West Germany West Germany 4 July -- Turin Netherlands 1 West Germany ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 23 June -- Naples England 1 ( 3 ) Third place Cameroon ( aet ) 1 July -- Naples 7 July -- Bari Colombia 1 Cameroon 2 Italy 26 June -- Bologna England ( aet ) England 1 England ( aet ) Belgium 0 All times listed are local ( UTC + 2 ) Round of 16 ( edit ) Two of the ties -- Brazil vs Argentina and Italy vs Uruguay -- pitted former champion countries against each other and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final . The all - South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea . It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquillisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time , to slow him down in the second half . Initially discredited by the press , Branco would be publicly proven right years later , when Maradona confessed the episode on a TV show in Argentina . As for Italy , a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2 -- 0 , thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena . The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan , and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs ( Germans Andreas Brehme , Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale , and Dutchmen Marco van Basten , Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan ) . After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents between the two players ( including Rijkaard spitting on Völler ) left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off . As the players walked off the pitch together , Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time . Early in the second half , Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left . A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2 -- 1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship . Meanwhile , the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia . Milla was introduced as a second - half substitute with the game goalless , eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time . Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper , René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal , leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net . Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2 -- 1 , Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter - finals . Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia , for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament 's second and final hat - trick . The Republic of Ireland 's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time and the Irish side won 5 -- 4 on penalties . David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland 's place in the quarter - finals . Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright . Yugoslavia beat Spain 2 -- 1 after extra time , with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs ' goals . England were the final qualifier against Belgium , as midfielder David Platt 's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot - out . 23 June 1990 17 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Colombia Milla 106 ' , 108 ' Report Redín 115 ' Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 50,026 Referee : Tullio Lanese ( Italy ) 23 June 1990 21 : 00 Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Costa Rica Skuhravý 12 ' , 63 ' , 82 ' Kubík 75 ' Report González 54 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 47,673 Referee : Siegfried Kirschen ( East Germany ) 24 June 1990 17 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 1 Argentina Report Caniggia 80 ' Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 61,381 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) 24 June 1990 21 : 00 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Klinsmann 51 ' Brehme 82 ' Report R. Koeman 89 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 74,559 Referee : Juan Carlos Loustau ( Argentina ) 25 June 1990 17 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Romania Report Penalties Sheedy Houghton Townsend Cascarino O'Leary 5 -- 4 Hagi Lupu Rotariu Lupescu Timofte Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Attendance : 31,818 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) 25 June 1990 21 : 00 Italy 2 -- 0 Uruguay Schillaci 65 ' Serena 83 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : George Courtney ( England ) 26 June 1990 17 : 00 Spain 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Salinas 83 ' Report Stojković 78 ' , 92 ' Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Aron Schmidhuber ( West Germany ) 26 June 1990 21 : 00 England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium Platt 119 ' Report Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Attendance : 34,520 Referee : Peter Mikkelsen ( Denmark ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side , reduced to 10 men after only half an hour , play out a goalless stalemate . The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 , despite Maradona having his penalty saved . A second Argentine miss ( by Pedro Troglio ) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea -- playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage -- rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs ' final two spotkicks . The Republic of Ireland 's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter - final with hosts Italy . West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty . The quarter - final between England and Cameroon was the only quarter - final to produce more than one goal . Despite Cameroon 's heroics earlier in the tournament , David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute . At half - time , Milla was brought on . In the second half , the game was turned on its head during a five - minute stretch : first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser ; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead . Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before they conceded a penalty , which Gary Lineker converted . Midway through extra time , England were awarded another penalty and Lineker again scored from the spot . England were through to the semi-finals for the first time since the days of Bobby Moore 24 years prior . 30 June 1990 17 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Report Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Maradona Troglio Dezotti 3 -- 2 Stojković Prosinečki Savićević Brnović Hadžibegić Stadio Comunale , Florence Attendance : 38,971 Referee : Kurt Röthlisberger ( Switzerland ) 30 June 1990 21 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Report Schillaci 38 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : Carlos Silva Valente ( Portugal ) 1 July 1990 17 : 00 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1 West Germany Report Matthäus 25 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 73,347 Referee : Helmut Kohl ( Austria ) 1 July 1990 21 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) England Kundé 61 ' ( pen . ) Ekéké 65 ' Report Platt 25 ' Lineker 83 ' ( pen . ) , 105 ' ( pen . ) Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 55,205 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final featured the host nation , Italy , and the world champions , Argentina in Naples . ' Toto ' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute , but Claudio Caniggia equalised midway through the second half , breaking Walter Zenga 's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament . There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona ( who played for Naples in Serie A at the time ) showing glimpses of magic , but there was a sending - off : Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time . Argentina went through on penalties , winning the shoot - out 4 -- 3 after more heroics from Goycochea . The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus 's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half - time . Then , in the 60th minute , a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net . England equalised with ten minutes left ; Gary Lineker was the scorer . The game ended 1 -- 1 . Extra time yielded more chances . Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post . England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside . The match went to penalties , and West Germany went on to win the shoot - out 4 -- 3 . 3 July 1990 20 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Caniggia 67 ' Report Schillaci 17 ' Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Olarticoechea Maradona 4 -- 3 Baresi Baggio De Agostini Donadoni Serena Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 59,978 Referee : Michel Vautrot ( France ) 4 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Brehme 60 ' Report Lineker 80 ' Penalties Brehme Matthäus Riedle Thon 4 -- 3 Lineker Beardsley Platt Pearce Waddle Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 62,628 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) Third - place play - off ( edit ) The game saw three goals in a 15 - minute spell . Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England 's goalkeeper Peter Shilton , in his final game before international retirement , presented a simple opportunity . A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later , leading to a penalty . Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament 's Golden Boot for his six - goal tally . Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later , but the hosts claimed third place . England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award , having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match . 7 July 1990 20 : 00 Italy 2 -- 1 England Baggio 71 ' Schillaci 86 ' ( pen . ) Report Platt 81 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 51,426 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Final The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest - quality of all World Cup Finals . In the 65th minute , Argentina 's Pedro Monzon - himself only recently on as a substitute - was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann . Monzon was the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final . Argentina , weakened by suspension and injury , offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans , who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities . The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany , after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini leading to Argentinian protests . Andreas Brehme converted the spot kick to settle the contest . In the closing moments , Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti , who had already been yellow carded earlier in the match , received a red card when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play . The 1 -- 0 scoreline provided another first : Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final . With its third title ( and three second - place finishes ) West Germany -- in its final tournament before national reunification -- became the most successful World Cup nation at the time . West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain ( in 1974 ) and manage a World Cup winning team , and only the second man ( after Mário Zagallo of Brazil ) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager . It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Goalscorers ( edit ) Salvatore Schillaci received the Golden Boot award for scoring six goals in the World Cup . This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour , after Paolo Rossi won the award in 1982 . In total , 115 goals were scored by 75 players ( none credited as own goals ) . 6 goals Salvatore Schillaci 5 goals Tomáš Skuhravý 4 goals Roger Milla Gary Lineker Míchel Lothar Matthäus 3 goals David Platt Andreas Brehme Jürgen Klinsmann Rudi Völler 2 goals Claudio Caniggia Careca Müller Bernardo Redín Michal Bílek Roberto Baggio Gabi Balint Marius Lăcătuș Davor Jozić Darko Pančev Dragan Stojković 1 goal Andreas Ogris Gerhard Rodax Jorge Burruchaga Pedro Monzón Pedro Troglio Jan Ceulemans Lei Clijsters Michel De Wolf Marc Degryse Enzo Scifo Patrick Vervoort Eugène Ekéké Emmanuel Kundé François Omam - Biyik Freddy Rincón Carlos Valderrama Juan Cayasso Róger Flores Rónald González Hernán Medford Ivan Hašek Luboš Kubík Milan Luhový Magdi Abdelghani Mark Wright Giuseppe Giannini Aldo Serena Ruud Gullit Wim Kieft Ronald Koeman Niall Quinn Kevin Sheedy Mo Johnston Stuart McCall Hwangbo Kwan Igor Dobrovolski Oleh Protasov Oleksandr Zavarov Andrei Zygmantovich Alberto Górriz Julio Salinas Tomas Brolin Johnny Ekström Glenn Strömberg Khalid Ismaïl Ali Thani Jumaa Paul Caligiuri Bruce Murray Pablo Bengoechea Daniel Fonseca Uwe Bein Pierre Littbarski Robert Prosinečki Safet Sušić Awards ( edit ) Golden Boot winner Golden Ball winner Best Young Player FIFA Fair Play Trophy Salvatore Schillaci Salvatore Schillaci Robert Prosinečki England All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann Final standings ( edit ) After the tournament , FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1990 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . Team GF GA GD Pts . West Germany 7 5 0 15 5 + 10 12 Argentina 7 5 + 1 7 Italy 7 6 0 10 + 8 13 England 7 8 6 + 2 9 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Yugoslavia 5 8 6 + 2 7 6 Czechoslovakia 5 0 10 5 + 5 6 7 Cameroon 5 0 7 9 - 2 6 8 Republic of Ireland 5 0 − 1 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Brazil 0 + 2 6 10 Spain 6 + 2 5 11 Belgium 0 6 + 2 12 Romania + 1 13 Costa Rica 0 6 − 2 14 Colombia 0 15 Netherlands 0 − 1 16 Uruguay 5 − 3 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Soviet Union 0 0 18 Austria 0 − 1 Scotland 0 − 1 20 Egypt 0 − 1 21 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 22 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 23 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 24 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Statistics ( edit ) Most wins : Italy ( 6 ) Most defeats : South Korea , Sweden , UAE , United States ( 3 ) First goal : François Omam Biyik ( for Cameroon vs Argentina ; Group B , 8 June ) Fastest goal in a match : 3 minutes 59 seconds -- Safet Sušić ( for Yugoslavia vs UAE ; Group D , 19 June ) Latest goal scored in a match ( apart from penalty shoot - outs ) : 119 minutes -- David Platt ( for England vs Belgium ; Round of 16 , 26 June ) Biggest win : 5 -- 1 -- by Czechoslovakia vs United States , and by West Germany vs UAE Most goals in the tournament ( team ) : West Germany ( 15 ) Most goals in the tournament ( player ) : Salvatore Schillaci ( Italy ) ( 6 ) Fewest goals in the tournament ( team ) : Egypt and South Korea ( 1 ) Most goals in a game : 6 ( United States 1 Czechoslovakia 5 ; West Germany 5 UAE 1 ) Most goals in a game ( player ) : 3 , by Míchel ( for Spain vs South Korea ) and Tomáš Skuhravý ( for Czechoslovakia vs Costa Rica ) Fewest goals conceded : Brazil , Egypt and Italy ( 2 ) Total goals scored : 115 ( average 2.21 goals per game , a record low in World Cup history ) Most clean sheets : Italy ( 5 ) Total penalties awarded : 18 ( 13 scored , 5 missed ) Most yellow cards in a game : 9 -- Austria vs United States ( Group A , 19 June ) Most yellow cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 22 ) Total yellow cards : 162 Most red cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 3 ) Total red cards : 16 ( a record high for a 24 team World Cup ) Highest attendance : 74,765 -- West Germany vs Yugoslavia ( Group D , 10 June ) Lowest attendance : 27,833 -- Yugoslavia vs UAE ( Group D , 19 June ) Average attendance : 48,391 ( 5th highest in World Cup history ) Oldest player : Peter Shilton ( England ) ( 40 years 292 days ) Youngest player : Rónald González Brenes ( Costa Rica ) ( 19 years 307 days ) Italy 's performance of 6 wins , 1 draw and 0 losses is the highest ever winning percentage for a team that did not win the World Cup . The Republic of Ireland became the second team in World Cup history to reach the last eight without winning a match ( Sweden progressed to the last eight by default in 1938 when Austria withdrew ) . See also ( edit ) Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match , a 2009 replay of the 1990 England Germany semi-final in honour of the England manager Bobby Robson References and footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 1990 '' . ESPN Soccernet. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup . HarperSport . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 722916 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Record -- Organisation '' . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup and Television '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Alta Definizione a Torino 1986 -- 2006 di Marzio Barbero e Natasha Shpuza '' . Crit.rai.it . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup TV viewing figures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy gain vote over Soviet rival '' . The Times . London . 21 May 1984 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 3 August 1983 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 2 September 1983 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup formats '' . The Times . London . 12 November 1983 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Romania could join the boycott '' . The Times . London . 22 May 1984 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico given ban in soccer '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/sports/world-cup-90-fan-violence-at-world-cup-finals.html Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-11/sports/sp-210_1_riot-police ^ Jump up to : `` WM 1990 Sonderheft '' . Kicker ( in German ) . May -- June 1990 . p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup ' 90 : The Complete Collection '' . Orbis . ^ Jump up to : `` England Is Seeded Sixth in 1990 World Cup in Italy '' . The New York Times . 8 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cup seedings revealed '' . The New York Times . 30 November 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times guide to the draw for the World Cup finals '' . The Times . London . 9 December 1989 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Paul ( 10 December 1989 ) . `` U.S. must face Italy in cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup Final Draw history '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mascots '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Como Maradona `` envenenou '' Branco na Copa de 90 `` . UOL . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England v West Germany at Italia ' 90 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 9 July 1990 ) . `` Winning Ugly , Losing Ugly , Just Plain Ugly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A poor display bare of class '' . The Times . London . 9 July 1990 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2018 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber and Faber . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 32556 - 6 . After half - time , the game grew harsher , when Klaus Augenthaler was blantanly tripped in the box by Goycoecha , Germany had far stronger claims for a penalty than that which won the match . Sensini bought down Völler in the area Codesal gave a penalty , Argentina protested furiously , and seemed to have a pretty good case . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1990 in Italy - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Figure does not include shoot - outs ; penalties were missed during games by : Michal Bílek ( Czechoslovakia v USA ) , Rubén Sosa ( Uruguay v Spain ) , Faruk Hadžibegić ( Yugoslavia v Colombia ) , Gianluca Vialli ( Italy v USA ) and Enzo Scifo ( Belgium v Spain ) Jump up ^ Figure does not include second yellow cards that led to a red card Jump up ^ Argentina defeated Italy in the semi-finals by a penalty shoot - out which , by FIFA regulations counts as a draw for statistical reasons . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1990 . 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) , ( Part 2 ) , ( Part 3 ) , ( Part 4 ) , ( Part 5 ) and ( Part 6 ) Planet World Cup -- Italy 1990 1990 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Cameroon v Colombia Final General information Qualification Squads Matches Discipline 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - finals Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1990 FIFA World Cup stadiums San Nicola ( Bari ) Renato Dall'Ara ( Bologna ) Sant'Elia ( Cagliari ) Comunale ( Florence ) Luigi Ferraris ( Genoa ) San Siro ( Milan ) San Paolo ( Napoli ) La Favorita ( Palermo ) Olimpico ( Rome ) Stadio delle Alpi ( Turin ) Friuli ( Udine ) Marcantonio Bentegodi ( Verona ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 2111663 - 5 SUDOC : 172044820 VIAF : 150781541 Association football portal 1990s portal Italy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854640519 '' Categories : 1990 FIFA World Cup 1990 in association football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Italy 1989 -- 90 in Italian football June 1990 sports events in Europe July 1990 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did england lose to in italia 90	[ "The tournament was won by West Germany, their third World Cup title. They beat Argentina 1–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, a rematch of the previous final four years earlier. Italy finished third and England fourth, after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts. This was the last tournament to feature a team from West Germany, with the country being reunified with East Germany a few months later in October, as well as teams from the Eastern Bloc prior to the end of the Cold War in 1991, as the Soviet Union, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia teams made appearances. Costa Rica, Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals. As of 2018, this was the last time the UAE qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals. The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico.\n" ]	[ "semi-finals" ]
2015851348364371245	Green River (Duwamish River)	Green River ( Duwamish River ) - wikipedia Green River ( Duwamish River ) Jump to : navigation , search Green River River Looking upriver from suspension bridge in Isaac Evans Park , Auburn , Washington Country United States State Washington County King Cities Auburn , Kent , Tukwila Source Cascade Range - elevation 3,283 ft ( 1,001 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 8 ′ N 121 ° 18 ′ W / 47.133 ° N 121.300 ° W / 47.133 ; - 121.300 Mouth Duwamish River - elevation 57 ft ( 17 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 28 ′ N 122 ° 15 ′ W / 47.467 ° N 122.250 ° W / 47.467 ; - 122.250 Coordinates : 47 ° 28 ′ N 122 ° 15 ′ W / 47.467 ° N 122.250 ° W / 47.467 ; - 122.250 Length 65 mi ( 105 km ) Basin 440 sq mi ( 1,140 km ) Discharge for Auburn , Washington - average 1,316 cu ft / s ( 37 m / s ) - max 28,100 cu ft / s ( 796 m / s ) - min 81 cu ft / s ( 2 m / s ) Map of the Duwamish / Green River watershed with the Green River highlighted The Green River is a 65 - mile ( 105 km ) long river in the state of Washington in the United States , arising on the western slopes of the Cascade Range south of Interstate 90 . The upper Green River valley forms the western approach to Stampede Pass , and was once home to many small railroad and logging towns such as Weston , Lester , Green River Hot Springs , Nagrom , Maywood , Humphreys , Eagle Gorge , Lemolo , and Kanaskat . Shortly before World War I , the City of Tacoma , Washington , filed for water rights on the Green River . Today , much of the upper valley has become a gated water supply watershed for Tacoma and access is heavily restricted , creating controversy among recreation enthusiasts . Between 1880 and 1888 , the Northern Pacific Railway explored and surveyed the Green River . The railway constructed the first direct rail link across Washington 's Cascade Range with the opening of their Stampede Tunnel in 1888 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Course 3 Green River Killer 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Maps showing the changes of course and nomenclature of rivers in the Duwamish Valley , 1899 - 1959 . Until 1906 , the Green River flowed into the White in downtown Auburn . In 1906 , however , the White River changed course above Auburn following a major flood and emptied into the Puyallup River as it does today . The lower portion of the historic White River -- from historic confluence of the White and Green Rivers to the historic confluence with the Black River at Tukwila that forms the Duwamish -- is now considered part of the Green River . Then , with the opening of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916 , the lake 's level dropped nearly nine feet and the Black River dried up . From that time forward , the point of the name change from Green to Duwamish is no longer a confluence of rivers , though it has not changed location . Thus , the Green River now becomes the Duwamish River , flowing into the industrialized estuary known as the Duwamish Waterway and thence Elliott Bay in Seattle . By contrast , the White turns south at Auburn , and flows into the Puyallup River and later Commencement Bay in Tacoma . In October 2009 , giant sandbags were placed along the levee from Fort Dent through Kent and the Green River Trail was closed to cyclists . The sandbags mitigated the flood potential due to a weakness discovered in the Howard A. Hanson Dam following a January 2009 storm . Repairs strengthening the partially earthen dam by the Army Corps of Engineers have reduced this flood threat significantly . In September 2012 , the Green River Trail was reopened following the removal of all giant sandbags . Course ( edit ) Most of the river above and including Eagle Gorge Reservoir are part of the Green River Watershed , which is closed to public access , creating controversy among recreation proponents for some time . West of the Green River Watershed at Kanaskat , the river passes through the Green River Gorge with cliffs rising sharply as much as 300 feet ( 91 m ) from the riverbed . Flaming Geyser State Park , Nolte State Park , and Kanaskat - Palmer State Park are located in this area . The river is a popular tubing spot in the Summer . Downstream from the Green River Gorge is the half - mile wide Green River Valley , where farmland has been protected from development . An attempt to locate a bike trail along the valley walls has encountered fierce resistance from farmers . As a result , bikes must share the road with autos as it winds through the pastoral landscape . At Auburn , the Green River emerges from the Green River Valley and enters the much larger Auburn / Kent Valley , which was created by glacial action during the Pleistocene ice ages , then filled in by river sediments and lahars from Mount Rainier . After flowing generally west from its source , at Auburn the river turns north , entering a zone of light - industrial and retail development . A public multiuse trail runs along the river through most of this valley . Green River killer ( edit ) Main article : Green River Killer The Green River is infamous as the location where the first victims of serial killer Gary Ridgway were found in the early 1980s . Most of these victims were prostitutes that worked an active `` stroll '' along Pacific Highway South . Although only a few bodies were found in the river , the unidentified killer was known as the `` Green River Killer '' . These murders went unsolved for over 20 years . For many years , Dave Reichert led the investigation as a detective of the King County Sheriff 's Office . Ridgway made a plea agreement with King County Prosecuting Attorney Norm Maleng to cooperate with police in order to escape execution . In November 2003 , Gary Ridgway pleaded guilty to 48 counts of Aggravated First Degree Murder . King County Superior Court Judge Richard A. Jones sentenced Ridgway to 48 consecutive life sentences . Ridgway will never be eligible for parole . See also ( edit ) List of rivers in Washington Patton Bridge ( Auburn , Washington ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for Green River source coordinates . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : USGS ; U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Green River ; retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for Green River mouth coordinates . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : USGS ; Water Data Report WA - 05 - 1 , file : Duwamish River Basin ; retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Green - Duwamish : A River System Re-Plumbed '' , The Green - Duwamish River : Connecting people with a diverse environment . Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition / TAG . No date , appears to be 2008 or 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Green River Trail in Kent to close -- making way for giant sandbags '' . Kent Reporter . October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All sandbags removed in Kent along Green River Trail '' . Kent Reporter . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green River Regional Trail '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Home of the Green River Killer Information Pages '' . Jump up ^ Guillen , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Green River Killings '' . Seattle Times . Jump up ^ `` Aggravated First Degree Murder : RCW 10.95. 020 '' . Jump up ^ `` Sentence for Aggravated First Degree Murder : RCW 10.95. 030 '' . Guillen , Tomas ( 2007 ) . `` Serial Killers : Issues Explored Through the Green River Murders '' , Pearson Prentice Hall , New Jersey , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green River ( Washington ) . Green River flows and forecasts Interurban / Green River Trail U.S. Army Corps of Engineers website : Howard A. Hanson Dam and Reservoir Historylink essay : Howard A. Hanson Dam Historylink essay : Howard A. Hanson Dam Howard Hanson Dam & the Green River : Depicting the Flood Risk ( video ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_River_(Duwamish_River)&oldid=814902071 '' Categories : Rivers of Washington ( state ) Rivers of King County , Washington Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Français 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the green river start in washington	[ "\n\nGreen River\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nLooking upriver from suspension bridge in Isaac Evans Park, Auburn, Washington\n\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nWashington\n\n\nCounty\nKing\n\n\n\n\n\nCities\nAuburn, Kent, Tukwila\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCascade Range\n\n\n - elevation\n3,283 ft (1,001 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n47°8′N 121°18′W / 47.133°N 121.300°W / 47.133; -121.300 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nDuwamish River\n\n\n - elevation\n57 ft (17 m) [3]\n\n\n - coordinates\n47°28′N 122°15′W / 47.467°N 122.250°W / 47.467; -122.250Coordinates: 47°28′N 122°15′W / 47.467°N 122.250°W / 47.467; -122.250 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n65 mi (105 km) [2]\n\n\nBasin\n440 sq mi (1,140 km2) [4]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Auburn, Washington\n\n\n - average\n1,316 cu ft/s (37 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n28,100 cu ft/s (796 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n81 cu ft/s (2 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Duwamish/Green River watershed with the Green River highlighted\n\n\n" ]	[ "Cascade Range" ]
-3632256782043892837	M (James Bond)	M ( James Bond ) - wikipedia M ( James Bond ) James Bond character First appearance Casino Royale ( 1953 ) Created by Ian Fleming Portrayed by Bernard Lee ( 1962 -- 1979 ) John Huston ( 1967 ) David Niven ( 1967 ) Edward Fox ( 1983 ) Robert Brown ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Judi Dench ( 1995 -- 2012 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2012 -- present ) Information Occupation Head of MI6 Nationality British M is a fictional character in Ian Fleming 's James Bond books and films ; the Head of the Secret Intelligence Service -- also known as MI6 -- and Bond 's superior . Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence . M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors , as well as in twenty - four films . In the Eon Productions series of films , M has been portrayed by four actors : Bernard Lee , Robert Brown , Judi Dench and Ralph Fiennes , the incumbent ; in the two independent productions , M was played by John Huston , David Niven and Edward Fox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Novels 3 Films 3.1 Eon Productions films 3.1. 1 Bernard Lee : 1962 -- 1979 3.1. 2 Robert Brown : 1983 -- 1989 3.1. 3 Judi Dench : 1995 -- 2012 3.1. 4 Ralph Fiennes : 2012 -- present 3.2 Non-Eon films 3.2. 1 John Huston / David Niven : 1967 3.2. 2 Edward Fox : 1983 4 Comics 5 Outside the James Bond series 6 References 7 Bibliography Background ( edit ) Rear Admiral John Henry Godfrey , Fleming 's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division and a basis for M . Fleming based much of M 's character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey , who was Fleming 's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War . After Fleming 's death , Godfrey complained `` He turned me into that unsavoury character , M . '' Other possible inspirations include Lieutenant Colonel Sir Claude Dansey , the deputy head of MI6 and head of the wartime Z network , who achieved different interpretations of his character from those who knew him : Malcolm Muggeridge thought him `` the only professional in MI6 '' , while Hugh Trevor - Roper considered Dansey to be `` an utter shit , corrupt , incompetent , but with a certain low cunning '' . A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight , the head of MI5 , who signed his memos as `` M '' and whom Fleming knew well . The tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith - Cumming , who would sign his initial `` C '' with green ink . Another possibility for the model of M was William Melville , an Irishman who became the head of the Secret Service Bureau , the forerunner to both MI5 and MI6 : Melville was referred to within government circles as M. Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled an assassination plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee . Fleming 's biographer John Pearson also hypothesised that Fleming 's characterisation of M reflects memories of his mother : There is reason for thinking that a more telling lead to the real identity of M lies in the fact that as a boy Fleming often called his mother M ... While Fleming was young , his mother was certainly one of the few people he was frightened of , and her sternness toward him , her unexplained demands , and her remorseless insistence on success find a curious and constant echo in the way M handles that hard - ridden , hard - killing agent , 007 . John Pearson , The Life of Ian Fleming Novels ( edit ) Fleming 's third Bond novel , Moonraker , establishes M 's initials as `` M * * * * M * * * * * * * '' and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles . In the final novel of the series , The Man with the Golden Gun , M 's full identity is revealed as Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG , CB , DSO , OBE ; Messervy had been appointed to head of MI6 after his predecessor had been assassinated at his desk . A naval theme runs throughout Fleming 's description of M and his surroundings , and his character was described by journalist and Bond scholar Ben Macintyre as `` every inch the naval martinet '' . Macintyre also notes that in his study of Fleming 's work , Kingsley Amis outlined the way Fleming had described M 's voice , being : angry ( three times ) ; brutal , cold ( seven times ) ; curt , dry ( five times ) ; gruff ( seven times ) ; stern , testy ( five times ) . Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of short stories , Fleming provided a number of details relating to M 's background and character . In On Her Majesty 's Secret Service it is revealed that M 's pay as head of the Secret Service is £ 6,500 a year , ( £ 124,910 in 2018 pounds ) £ 1,500 of which comes from retired naval pay . Although his pay is good for the 1950s and 1960s , it is never explained how M received or can afford his membership at Blades , an upscale private club for gentlemen he frequents in London to gamble and dine . Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £ 100,000 ( £ 1,921,689 in 2018 pounds ) in cash or gilt - edged securities . Kingsley Amis noted in his study , The James Bond Dossier , that on M 's salary his membership of the club would have been puzzling . As a personal favour to M , the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list . M refers to it as `` Infuriator '' and tends only to drink it in moderate quantities unless he is in a very bad mood . The academic Paul Stock argues that M 's office is a metonym for England and a stable point from which Bond departs on a mission , whilst he sees M as being an iconic representative of England and Englishness . In the first post-Fleming book , Colonel Sun , M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck , his home , and Bond goes to great lengths to rescue him . The later continuation books , written by John Gardner , retain Sir Miles Messervy as M , who protects Bond from the new , less aggressive climate in the Secret Service , saying that at some point Britain will need `` a blunt instrument '' . In Gardner 's final novel , COLD , M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6 . Continuation Bond author Raymond Benson 's 1998 novel The Facts of Death continued Messervy 's retirement , where he still resides in Quarterdeck . The book also introduces a new M , Barbara Mawdsley . Films ( edit ) Eon productions films ( edit ) Bernard Lee : 1962 -- 1979 ( edit ) Bernard Lee , who played M from 1962 to 1979 M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond film , Dr. No , until Moonraker ( 1979 ) . In Dr. No , M refers to his record of reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job , implying someone else held the job recently before him . The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7 ; Lee had originally said MI6 , but was overdubbed with the name MI7 prior to the film 's release . Earlier in the film , the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator . A number of Bond scholars have noted that Lee 's interpretation of the character was in line with the original literary representation ; Cork and Stutz observed that Lee was `` very close to Fleming 's version of the character '' , while Rubin commented on the serious , efficient , no - nonsense authority figure . Smith and Lavington , meanwhile , remarked that Lee was `` the very incarnation of Fleming 's crusty admiral . '' Lee died of cancer in January 1981 , four months into the filming of For Your Eyes Only and before any of his scenes could be filmed . Out of respect , no new actor was hired to assume the role and , instead , the script was re-written so that the character is said to be on leave , with his lines given to either his Chief of Staff Bill Tanner or the Minister of Defence , Sir Frederick Gray . Later films referred to Lee 's tenure as head of the service , with a painting of him as M in MI6 's Scottish headquarters during the 1999 instalment The World Is Not Enough . Featured in Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) The likeness of Lee was used in the 2005 James Bond video game adaptation of James Bond 007 : From Russia with Love for the role of M by EA Games . Robert Brown : 1983 -- 1989 ( edit ) Robert Brown , who played M from 1983 to 1989 After Lee 's death in 1981 , the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in Octopussy . Brown had previously played Admiral Hargreaves , Flag Officer Submarines , in the 1977 film , The Spy Who Loved Me . Bond scholars Steven Jay Rubin , John Cork , and Collin Stutz all consider Admiral Hargreaves would have been appointed to the role of M , rather than Brown playing a different character as M . Pfeiffer and Worrall considered that whilst Brown looks perfect , the role had been softened from that of Lee ; they also considered him `` far too avuncular '' , although in Licence to Kill they remarked that he came across as being very effective as he removed Bond 's double - 0 licence . Continuation author Raymond Benson agrees , noting that the M role was `` once again underwritten , and Brown is not allowed the opportunity to explore and reveal his character traits '' ; Benson also considered the character to be `` too nice '' . Featured in Octopussy ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) Judi Dench : 1995 -- 2012 ( edit ) Judi Dench , who played M from 1995 to 2012 After the long period between Licence to Kill and GoldenEye , the producers brought in Dame Judi Dench to take over as the new M replacing Robert Brown . The character is based on Stella Rimington , the real - life head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996 . For GoldenEye , Dench 's M is cold , blunt and initially dislikes Bond , whom she calls a `` sexist , misogynist dinosaur , a relic of the Cold War . '' Tanner , her Chief of Staff , refers to her during the film as `` the Evil Queen of Numbers '' , given her reputation at that stage for relying on statistics and analysis rather than impulse and initiative . Following Pierce Brosnan 's departure from the role , Dench continued playing M for the 2006 film Casino Royale , which rebooted the series with Daniel Craig playing Bond . In this new continuity , M has worked for MI6 for some time , at one point muttering , `` Christ , I miss the Cold War '' . According to Skyfall , M was previously in charge of MI6 's operations in Hong Kong during the 1990s . Her ability to run MI6 has been questioned several times ; in Casino Royale , she is the subject of a review when Bond is caught shooting an unarmed prisoner and blowing up a foreign embassy on camera ; in Quantum of Solace , the Foreign Secretary orders her to personally withdraw Bond from the field in Bolivia and to stop any investigations into Dominic Greene 's eco-terrorist organisation ; and in Skyfall , she is the subject of a public inquiry when MI6 loses a computer hard drive containing the identities of undercover agents around the world . Skyfall marks Dench 's seventh and final appearance as M , where she is targeted by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva , whom she turned over to the Chinese in order to save six other agents . She is shot and killed in the film , making her the only M to die in the Eon Bond films . Dench 's M makes a cameo appearance in Spectre in a video will , giving Bond a final order to hunt down and terminate someone , which ultimately leads him to the film 's titular criminal organisation . There have also been brief references to M 's family : in GoldenEye , she responds to Tanner calling her the `` Evil Queen of Numbers '' by telling him that when she wants to hear sarcasm she will listen to her children . Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster suggested that Dench 's casting gave the character maternal overtones in her relationship with Bond , overtones made overt in Skyfall , in which Silva repeatedly refers to her as `` Mother '' and `` Mommy '' . In Skyfall she is revealed to be a widow . Featured in GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 , cameo ) Dench also appeared in six James Bond video games : 007 : Everything or Nothing ( 2004 ) The World Is Not Enough - is a playable character GoldenEye : Rogue Agent ( 2004 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) GoldenEye 007 ( 2010 ) James Bond 007 : Blood Stone ( 2010 ) 007 Legends ( 2012 ) Ralph Fiennes : 2012 -- Present ( edit ) Ralph Fiennes , the incumbent actor in the role After the death of Judi Dench 's M at the end of Skyfall , she is succeeded by Gareth Mallory , played by Ralph Fiennes . Mallory had been the Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee prior to heading up MI6 , and is a former lieutenant colonel in the British Army . He served in Northern Ireland with the `` Hereford Regiment '' ( assumed by many commentators to mean the Special Air Service ) during the Troubles , where he had been held hostage by the Irish Republican Army for three months . In Spectre , the 00 Section of MI6 is briefly dismantled in addition to Mallory being demoted . He assists Bond in the field when it is revealed that the Nine Eyes initiative is part of Spectre 's plan for world domination . Featured in Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Bond 25 ( 2019 ) Non-eon films ( edit ) John Huston / David Niven : 1967 ( edit ) The 1967 satire Casino Royale featured not one but two Ms. The first is played by John Huston , who also co-directed . In this film , M 's real name is McTarry and he is accidentally killed when , in order to get Bond out of retirement , he orders the military to fire mortars at Bond 's mansion when the retired spy refuses to return to duty . The first quarter of the film features Bond 's subsequent visit to McTarry Castle in Scotland , on a quest to return the only piece of M 's remains recovered after the attack -- his bright red toupée . Subsequently , Bond -- played by David Niven -- becomes the new M and proceeds to order that all MI6 agents , male and female , be renamed `` James Bond 007 '' in order to confuse the enemy . Edward Fox : 1983 ( edit ) Edward Fox played M in Never Say Never Again In 1983 's Never Say Never Again , Edward Fox played M as a bureaucrat , contemptuous of Bond -- far removed from the relationship shared between Bernard Lee 's M and Sean Connery 's Bond ; the academic Jeremy Black notes that the contempt felt for the 00 section by Fox 's M was reciprocated by Connery 's Bond . Fox 's M is also younger than any of the previous incarnations . The media historian James Chapman notes that whilst M considers Bond to be an out - dated relic , the Foreign Secretary orders the 00 section to be re-activated . Comics ( edit ) M appeared in every James Bond comic book released from 1962 to 1995 . With the relaunch of the series in 2015 by Dynamite Entertainment , M is once again Bond 's superior . In a notable departure from both the original novels and the movies , M is black instead of white , and his identity is revealed to be none other than Miles Messervy when he was referred to by his first name in Hammerhead . M is scheduled to have his own one - shot comic book in which his backstory is explored while dealing with his past that comes back to haunt him , delivered by creators Declan Shalvey and P.J. Holden . Outside the James Bond series ( edit ) Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill 's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic series establishes that the 1898 - era League ( led by Mina Harker ) was directed by Campion Bond ( James Bond 's grandfather ) , who served under a master called M . This M was later revealed to be none other than James Moriarty in disguise , using the League to win a gang war against Fu Manchu . After the death of Moriarty , Sherlock Holmes 's older brother Mycroft Holmes assumed the role of M. In the sequel volume The Black Dossier , set during a moribund and dystopian 1950s post-war Britain , the head of the British secret service , M , is Harry Lime , from Graham Greene 's The Third Man . In the final volume of Century , spanning from 1910 to 2009 , the M of 2009 is an elderly Emma Peel from The Avengers . In the 2003 film adaptation of the series , M is once again Moriarty , and played by Richard Roxburgh . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Macintyre , Ben ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` Bond -- the real Bond '' . The Times . p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Macintyre 2008 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Macintyre 2008 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Sharrock , David ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` M : Britain 's first spymaster was an Irishman who played patriot game '' . The Times . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Macintyre 2008 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Pearson 1966 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ West 2010 , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Macintyre 2008 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Griswold 2006 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Amis 1966 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amis 1966 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Comentale , Watt & Willman 2005 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Lejeune 1979 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Stock 2009 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Lane & Simpson 2002 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Lane & Simpson 2002 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Simpson 2002 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Simpson 2002 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Lane & Simpson 2002 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2003 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Smith & Lavington 2002 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2003 , p. 227 - 228 . Jump up ^ Smith & Lavington 2002 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Mr Bernard Lee '' . The Times . 19 January 1981 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` From Russia With Love Tech Info '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 154 - 155 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2003 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Benson 1988 , p. 236 - 137 . Jump up ^ Benson 1988 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ West 2010 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Rimington 2008 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Black 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ McKay 2008 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Miller , Henry K. ( 26 October 2012 ) . `` Film of the week : Skyfall '' . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jütting 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Simpson 2002 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian ( October 2008 ) . `` Quantum 's Leap '' . Empire . p. 87 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Skyfall : Bond Is Older , Wiser , Better '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing Review '' . James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing Xbox . IGN Entertainment . 18 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GoldenEye : Rogue Agent '' . GoldenEye : Rogue Agent PlayStation 2 . IGN Entertainment . 22 November 2004 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ East , Tom ( 4 November 2008 ) . `` Making Of Quantum Of Solace '' . Nintendo magazine . Future plc . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2010 : GoldenEye Reimagined for Wii '' . GoldenEye 007 Wii . IGN Entertainment . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond 007 : Blood Stone Review '' . James Bond 007 : Blood Stone Xbox 360 . IGN Entertainment . 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Pande , Sophia ( 9 November 2012 ) . `` Skyfall '' . Nepali Times . Kathmandu . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` Skyfall -- review '' . The Observer . London . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . Allrovi . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2003 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Chapman 2009 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2003 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Benson 1988 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Chapman 2009 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ James Bond # 1 Jump up ^ James Bond : Hammerhead # 4 Jump up ^ `` Dynamite to explore backstory of ' M ' in new comic '' . The Book Bond . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2011 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Vice magazine 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : Century 1999 '' Review `` . The Comics Journal . 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Philip ( 27 October 2003 ) . `` In a league of its own '' . New Statesman . Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Amis , Kingsley ( 1966 ) . The James Bond Dossier . London : Pan Books . OCLC 752401390 . Benson , Raymond ( 1988 ) . The James Bond Bedside Companion . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 234 - 7 . Black , Jeremy ( 2005 ) . The politics of James Bond : from Fleming 's novel to the big screen . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6240 - 9 . Chapman , James ( 2009 ) . Licence to Thrill : A cultural history of the James Bond films . New York : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 515 - 9 . Comentale , Edward P ; Watt , Stephen ; Willman , Skip ( 2005 ) . Ian Fleming & James Bond : the cultural politics of 007 . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21743 - 1 . Cork , John ; Stutz , Collin ( 2007 ) . James Bond encyclopedia . London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 3427 - 3 . Griswold , John ( 2006 ) . Ian Fleming 's James Bond : annotations and chronologies for Ian Fleming 's Bond stories . AuthorHouse . ISBN 1 - 4259 - 3100 - 6 . Jütting , Kerstin ( 2007 ) . `` Grow Up , 007 ! '' -- James Bond over the decades : formula vs. innovation . GRIN Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 638 - 85372 - 9 . Lane , Andy ; Simpson , Paul ( 2002 ) . The Bond Files : An Unofficial Guide to the World 's Greatest Secret Agent . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0712 - 4 . Lejeune , Anthony ( 1979 ) . The gentlemen 's clubs of London . London : Mayflower Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8317 - 3800 - 6 . Lindner , Christoph ( 2009 ) . The James Bond Phenomenon : a Critical Reader . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6541 - 5 . Macintyre , Ben ( 2008 ) . For Your Eyes Only . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9527 - 4 . McKay , Sinclair ( 2008 ) . The man with the golden touch : how the Bond films conquered the world . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 355 - 9 . Morrison , Grant ( 2011 ) . Supergods . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 08996 - 8 . Pearson , John ( 1966 ) . The Life of Ian Fleming . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 02082 - X . Pfeiffer , Lee ; Worrall , Dave ( 1998 ) . The essential Bond . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2477 - 0 . Rimington , Stella ( 2008 ) . Open secret : the autobiography of the former Director - General of MI5 . London : Arrow Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 943672 - 0 . Rubin , Steven Jay ( 2003 ) . The complete James Bond movie encyclopedia . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 141246 - 8 . Simpson , Paul ( 2002 ) . The rough guide to James Bond . Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 142 - 5 . Smith , Jim ; Lavington , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Bond films . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0709 - 4 . Stock , Paul ( 2009 ) . `` Dial ' M ' for metonym : Universal Exports , M 's office space and empire '' . In Lindner , Christoph . The James Bond Phenomenon : a Critical Reader . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6541 - 5 . Vice magazine ( 2011 ) . The World According to Vice . Edinburgh : Canongate Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85786 - 024 - 8 . West , Nigel ( 2010 ) . Historical dictionary of Ian Fleming 's world of intelligence : fact and fiction . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2896 - 3 . hide James Bond characters James Bond as literary character and as film character Allies Miss Moneypenny Q Bill Tanner 00 Agents Felix Leiter Women Aki Anya Amasova Tracy Bond Tiffany Case Pussy Galore Jinx Johnson Wai Lin Vesper Lynd Camille Montes Honey Rider Tatiana Romanova Sévérine Natalya Simonova Stacey Sutton Kissy Suzuki Domino Vitali Villains and henchmen Julius No Rosa Klebb Ernst Stavro Blofeld Oddjob Auric Goldfinger Emilio Largo Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd Francisco Scaramanga Karl Stromberg Jaws Hugo Drax Max Zorin Brad Whitaker Necros Alec Trevelyan Xenia Onatopp Le Chiffre Raoul Silva Organisations SPECTRE SMERSH The Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M_(James_Bond)&oldid=844380057 '' Categories : America 's Best Comics characters Characters in British novels of the 20th century James Bond characters Fictional SIS agents Fictional British admirals Fictional spymasters Fictional characters introduced in 1953 Fictional contract bridge players Hidden categories : Good articles Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska ไทย 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does m stand for in james bond films	[ "Fleming's third Bond novel, Moonraker, establishes M's initials as \"M** M*****\"[7] and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles. In the final novel of the series, The Man with the Golden Gun, M's full identity is revealed as Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG, CB, DSO, OBE;[8] Messervy had been appointed to head of MI6 after his predecessor had been assassinated at his desk.[9]" ]	[ "Miles" ]
-6856103219192111668	Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)	Make Me Smile ( Come up and See Me ) - wikipedia Make Me Smile ( Come up and See Me ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' Artwork for Scandinavian vinyl release Single by Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel from the album The Best Years of Our Lives B - side `` Another Journey '' Released 31 January 1975 Format 7 - inch single Recorded Genre Glam rock Length 4 : 01 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harley Producer ( s ) Steve Harley Alan Parsons Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel singles chronology `` Big Big Deal '' ( 1974 ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' ( 1975 ) Audio sample file help `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' is a song by British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel , released as the lead single from the band 's 1975 album The Best Years of Our Lives . It was written by Harley , and produced by Harley and Alan Parsons . In February 1975 , the song reached the number - one spot on the UK chart and received a UK Silver certification . It spent nine weeks in the Top 50 , and as of 2015 , has sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide . More than 120 cover versions of the song have been recorded by other artists , most notably by Duran Duran and Erasure , although Harley has stated his favourite cover version is by The Wedding Present . Contents 1 Original version 1.1 Writing and composition 1.2 Recording 1.3 Release 1.4 Top Gear 1.5 Promotion 1.6 Critical reception 1.7 Track listing 1.8 Chart performance 1.9 Personnel 2 Duran Duran version 3 Erasure version 4 Other cover versions 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Original version ( edit ) Writing and composition ( edit ) The song was the first single to be released under the name `` Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel '' , as opposed to simply `` Cockney Rebel '' . In July 1974 , the original Cockney Rebel disbanded , and Harley then assembled a new line - up later in the year . `` Make Me Smile '' described Harley 's feelings on the band 's split . For many years , it was believed that Harley purposely chose to disband the original line - up and embark on a new career path . However , years later , Harley began to reveal the truth behind the band 's split . Between May and July 1974 , Cockney Rebel embarked on a major British tour to promote their second studio album The Psychomodo . As the tour progressed , the band began facing growing tensions , which ultimately led to their split at the end of the tour in late July . On 18 July , the band received a ' Gold Award ' for outstanding new act of 1974 , and a week later they had split up over their disagreements . Jean - Paul Crocker , Milton Reame - James and Paul Jeffreys had approached Harley , insisting they could also write material for the group . Harley , the band 's sole songwriter , felt this was unfair as he had been the one to originally hire the musicians for his group , and explained the deal to them at the time . After the band split , only the original line - up 's drummer , Stuart Elliott , would join the new line - up . In a television interview recorded in 2002 , Harley described how the lyrics were vindictively directed at the former band members who , he felt , had abandoned him . On The One Show in October 2010 , Harley called the lyric `` a finger - pointing piece of vengeful poetry . It 's getting off my chest how I felt about the guys splitting up a perfectly workable machine . I wrote it saying ' Look , you 'll learn how well we 're doing here , we 're doing well , why are you doing this ? ' '' He elaborated : `` Three of them came to me in a little posse with several ultimatums . They wanted to write songs for the third album , and I said ' Well you know I started the band , and I auditioned you , and I told you the deal at the time . We 're not moving the goal posts here . ' They knew this , and they came to me demanding that they could write songs too , and I just said ' Well go and do it then ' . '' Harley began writing the song only days after the band 's split . The original vision for the song was vastly different to the one that was recorded . Harley had written the piece as a slow blues track with a dark mood . In January 2012 , he told Uncut magazine that the first verse was probably written at four in the morning after a bottle of brandy , feeling sorry for himself . On The One Show Harley added , `` I was in distress , there 's no doubt at all , out of adversity I had to talk about it , I had to write about it . I had to say these things , I had to get it off my chest . '' In One Thousand UK Number One Hits by Jon Kutner and Spencer Leigh , Harley recalled the end of Cockney Rebel version 1 : `` We split up because they wanted to take my leadership away . They wanted to dilute it and `` Make Me Smile '' is saying ' Come back one day and I 'll laugh . ' It was arrogant but I knew they were wrong - they did n't understand the group like I did . '' Recording ( edit ) The new line - up of the band recorded The Best Years of Our Lives album in November -- December 1974 at Abbey Road Studios in London . On a day in November , Harley arrived at the studio and played the band the original slow blues version of the song for them to rehearse . Harley recalled to Uncut in 2012 : `` It was a little dirgy , slower and a little pedestrian , very on the beat '' . After producer Alan Parsons heard the song , he suggested speeding the song 's tempo up , as he felt it would suit the song better . Harley then developed the song further , introducing tacits , dead stops and gaps into it . Harley recalled in 2014 : `` Alan was great , he did n't try to dissuade me , he just said , ' Do it ' . '' On The One Show , Harley added : `` Suddenly it was swinging , and bopping , and ooh - la - la . We saw a hit record being built here , there was no doubt . '' In a 2015 interview for Songwriting Magazine , Parsons recalled : `` I think a good producer can transform a song . If you make a small change compositionally that really makes a song gel then you can say production is part of songwriting . For example I remember on Steve Harley 's `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) '' he was phrasing the chorus completely differently and I suggested that he made it more rhythmic and I think that is part of the hook of the whole record , so I take a bit of credit for that -- although I did n't get paid for it . '' A saxophone solo was originally planned for the song 's instrumental break . However , after hearing Harley 's idea for the solo , guitarist Jim Cregan began to play the idea on the guitar . Harley recalled in 2014 : `` The guitar solo was over a completely new chord sequence . The middle - eight is totally separate from the rest of the song , with no lyrics , so it 's an instrumental break that 's a little bit left field . We took ages getting the solo right . Some of the guys who play the guitar for me now have a lot of problems with it . It 's a tough solo to play properly . It was a composite of three separate takes . '' A number of backing singers contributed to the song , including future chart - topper Tina Charles , as well as Yvonne Keeley , Linda Lewis and Liza Strike . When the song was near completion , Harley played an early mix of the song to Bob Mercer , who was the head of A&R at EMI . Mercer was so blown away by what he heard that he immediately pronounced the song as a number - one hit . Harley remembered : `` We were all drinking Martini , it was late at night , and we were completely knackered . Bob came in and was absolutely blown away . I asked him what he thought and he said simply , `` Number one '' . By the time the song was finished , Harley and the band felt confident the song was a hit single . He recalled : `` We certainly smelled something cooking that was very special . We had a huge chorus on there . Once they 'd ( the backing vocalists ) had done their bit I came up with The Beatles bit - ' Ooh - la - la - la ' - kind of from their `` Rubber Soul '' period . I made the song really hooky because the lyrics are quite dark and cynical , frankly . '' Release ( edit ) The single was released by EMI Records on 7 '' vinyl in the UK , Ireland , Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain , Yugoslavia , Scandinavia , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , and Japan . Each release , except in the UK , Ireland , Australia and New Zealand , featured a different picture sleeve , usually featuring a photograph of Harley , or the band . The song 's B - Side was the non-album track `` Another Journey '' , which was written by Harley . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' became Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel 's biggest selling hit , selling over one million copies globally . It was also the band 's only number - one hit in their home country , topping both the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart in February 1975 . In addition to this , it was the band 's only chart entry in America , reaching No. 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1976 . `` Make Me Smile '' has been reissued a number of times in the UK . In October 1980 , EMI re-issued it on 7 '' vinyl by EMI , with `` Sebastian '' as the B - Side , to promote the compilation album The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel . In 1983 , it was issued again on 7 '' vinyl , by the Old Gold label , with `` Judy Teen '' as the B - Side . Both re-issues failed to chart . In 1992 , the song was released by EMI as a CD single and 7 '' vinyl . The re-issue reached No. 46 in the UK , and remained in the Top 100 for two weeks . In 1995 , the song was re-issued again on 7 '' vinyl and CD after it was used in a Carlsberg TV advertisement . This release reached No. 33 in the UK , spending three weeks in the chart . In June 2005 , a newly recorded 2005 version of the track was released , dubbed as the `` 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' of the song . The new version was released as a single on 7 '' vinyl and CD . The single reached No. 55 , spending two weeks on the chart . Following a request on Top Gear to download the song , `` Make Me Smile '' re-entered the UK charts at No. 72 in early February 2015 . The song has been used in the soundtracks of the films Rik Mayall Presents Dancing Queen ( 1993 ) , The Full Monty ( 1997 ) , Velvet Goldmine ( 1998 ) , Best - The George Best Story ( 2000 ) , Saving Grace ( 2000 ) , and Blackball ( 2003 ) . It was also used in a 2006 Marks & Spencer advertisement and during the opening of episode 3 of Phoenix Nights series 1 ( 2001 ) . The song also featured in adverts for Furniture Village . The song was also featured in the UK 's first broadcast advert for Viagra Connect drug for erectile dysfunction in 2018 . The song was later included as a playable song in Lego Rock Band ( 2009 ) for the seventh generation of games consoles . Top Gear ( edit ) In late 2014 , Harley received a speeding fine of £ 1,000 , and six points on his licence , after being caught by a speed camera doing 70 miles per hour on the M25 in Kent , in an area where the limit had been temporarily reduced to 40 mph . In January 2015 , this incident was discussed on the BBC television series Top Gear . The show 's presenters Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond and James May urged viewers to download the song in a bid to help him pay the fine . Clarkson had commented , `` He 's making a meagre living out of , let 's be honest , one hit single . Everybody loves that song - you ca n't trust someone who does n't like that song . '' Hammond added , `` Imagine if everybody did it - he would wake up tomorrow and think ' I 'm number one , where did that come from ? ' It would cheer him up . '' The campaign , dubbed the `` Make Me Smile Foundation '' by Clarkson , saw Harley respond with a message via Twitter : `` Thanks Jeremy Clarkson for kicking off the Make Me Smile Foundation , more than happy to subsidise the poor sods who drive down Swanley Way ! '' Additionally , Harley posted a YouTube video where he performed a forty - second version of the song acoustically , with a new set of lyrics relating to the speeding fine . In late January 2015 , the song entered the Top 30 on iTunes , the Top 15 on Amazon. co. uk 's Top 100 Bestsellers , and the number one best - seller under the Rock category on the same website . On 27 January , the song entered at No. 25 on the official UK mid-week chart , and No. 72 on the overall chart for the week . Promotion ( edit ) Upon its original release , the band performed the song on UK music show Top of the Pops . The performance on the show featured mimed instrumental backing , with Harley performing a live vocal . On the show , Harley was suffering from jet - lag , and subsequently forgot the lyrics to the majority of the second and third verses . According to the EMI producer of the single , Tony Clark , it was Marc Bolan who made the phone call to Top of the Pops , and had Harley in the BBC studio that same evening of the recording . The band also performed the song on the Russell Harty Show while it was at number one . Critical reception ( edit ) In a retrospective review of The Best Years of Our Lives , Donald A. Guarisco of AllMusic described the song as a `` romantic pop tune '' and a `` most impressive hit '' , adding that it `` pairs Harley 's clever wordplay with a clever pop tune that boasts an inventive stop - start arrangement and a lovely flamenco - styled acoustic guitar solo '' . Guarisco also spoke of the song in a retrospective review of the 1975 American compilation album A Closer Look . He described it as a `` catchy acoustic love song with a memorable flamenco guitar solo '' . In a review of the 1987 compilation Greatest Hits he noted `` Songs like ' Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) ' still sound fresh today thanks to their ability to mix insistent pop hooks into their mix of unconventional sounds and oblique lyrics '' . George Starostin reviewed The Best Years of Our Lives album for his website , and described the song as `` an excellent mid-tempo pop - rocker with a glammy multi-vocal chorus and great use of the stop - and - start structure ( as well as Beatlesque ooh - la - la - las all over the place ) '' . He added : `` It 's shorter , catchier and more concise than anything else on here , certainly chart - oriented at heart , but smart enough so as not to linger in the charts for too long '' . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Single `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 55 `` Another Journey '' - 2 : 47 7 '' Single ( 1982 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 55 `` Sebastian '' 7 '' Single ( 1983 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 58 `` Judy Teen '' - 3 : 41 7 '' Single ( 1992 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 19 CD Single ( 1992 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 19 `` Spaced Out '' - 3 : 02 `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' - 4 : 19 7 '' Single ( 1995 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 17 CD Single ( 1995 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 17 `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' - 4 : 07 `` Another Journey '' - 2 : 48 7 '' Single ( 2005 UK 30th Anniversary Re-mix ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' - 4 : 29 `` Judy Teen ( Live ) '' - 3 : 16 CD Single ( 2005 UK 30th Anniversary Re-mix ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' - 4 : 29 `` Judy Teen ( Live ) '' - 3 : 16 `` The Quality Of Mercy ( Taster ) '' - 1 : 58 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 France Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 South Africa 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 96 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 33 Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 72 Personnel ( edit ) Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel : Steve Harley -- vocals Jim Cregan -- guitar , backing vocals Duncan Mackay -- keyboards George Ford -- bass , backing vocals Stuart Elliott -- drums Additional personnel Tina Charles , Martin Jay , Yvonne Keeley , Linda Lewis , Liza Strike -- backing vocals Steve Harley , Alan Parsons - producers Alan Parsons - mixing , engineer Gary Edwards , Peter James -- tape operators Chris Blair - mastering Duran Duran version ( edit ) `` Come Up and See Me ( Make Me Smile ) '' B - side label of `` The Reflex '' UK vinyl release Single by Duran Duran A-side `` The Reflex '' Released 16 April 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 16 ) Recorded 16 November 1982 Venue Hammersmith Odeon , London Genre Rock Length 4 : 54 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harley A live cover version of `` Make Me Smile '' was released as the B - side to Duran Duran 's 1984 number one single `` The Reflex '' . On the label and sleeve , the song 's original title was reversed and listed as `` Come Up and See Me ( Make Me Smile ) '' . The band frequently covered the song during their early 1980s concerts , and this recording was made during a 16 November 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 16 ) live performance for the BBC College Concert series . The entire concert was released on the live CD / DVD Live at Hammersmith ' 82 ! in September 2009 . After dropping the song from their set list for over twenty years , the reunited Duran Duran brought the song back as a surprise encore at their 28 May 2005 homecoming gig at the Birmingham Football Ground to an audience of 25,000 fans . Harley was invited to perform with them , but was unable to attend . The Duran Duran version of the song appeared on the soundtrack to the movie Threesome ( 1994 ) , and as a bonus track on the double CD single for `` Perfect Day '' , from their 1995 covers album Thank You . Track Listing 7 '' single ( UK : EMI / DURAN2 ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Reflex '' Duran Duran 4 : 20 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Come Up and See Me ( Make Me Smile ) '' ( live ) Steve Harley 4 : 54 Erasure version ( edit ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' Single by Erasure from the album Other People 's Songs B - side `` Oh L'amour '' `` Walking in the Rain '' `` When Will I See You Again '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Released 7 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 07 ) Format CD single DVD single Recorded 2002 Genre Synthpop Length 3 : 58 Label Mute Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harley Producer ( s ) Gareth Jones Erasure Erasure singles chronology `` Solsbury Hill '' ( 2003 ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( 2003 ) `` Oh L'amour ( August Mix ) '' ( 2003 ) British pop duo Erasure included `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' on their cover versions album Other People 's Songs . After the UK Top 10 success of their previous single `` Solsbury Hill '' , Erasure charted well again when `` Make Me Smile '' hit number fourteen . A live performance recorded in Copenhagen on 9 June 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 09 ) is included on the DVD The Erasure Show - Live in Cologne . The music video sees Erasure members Vince Clarke and Andy Bell in the midst of computer - generated special effects and graphics . The statue in the video also appears in their 2005 video for `` Breathe '' . Erasure 's version appeared in the first episode of season one of the television show My Name Is Earl in 2005 . Track Listing CD single UK : Mute / CDMUTE292 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Dave Bascombe Edit Mix ) Steve Harley 3 : 27 2 . `` Oh L'amour '' ( Acoustic , recorded live at the Sirius National Broadcast Studios in New York on 14 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) ) Vince Clarke , Andy Bell 3 : 28 3 . `` Walking in the Rain '' ( 37b Remix ) Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil , Phil Spector 2 : 48 UK : Mute / LCDMUTE292 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Dan Frampton Radio Mix ) Harley 3 : 32 2 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Manhattan Clique Extended Remix ) Harley 7 : 30 3 . `` When Will I See You Again '' ( 37b Remix ) Gamble and Huff 2 : 26 DVD single UK : Mute / DVDMUTE292 Audio tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Album version ) Harley 3 : 56 2 . `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Acoustic , recorded live at the Sirius National Broadcast Studios in New York on 14 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) ) George David Weiss , Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore 3 : 12 Video tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 3 . `` Solsbury Hill '' ( Music video , directed by Vince Clarke ) Peter Gabriel 4 : 20 Other cover versions ( edit ) Suzi Quatro covered the song on her Aggro - Phobia album in 1977 . Australian group , Nick Barker & the Reptiles ' version reached the top 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Singles Chart in November 1989 . A version by The Wedding Present peaked in the UK Singles Chart at number 25 in 1990 , as a track on the 3 Songs EP . Steve Harley was very positive about this version , saying , `` There are 120 cover versions of ' Make Me Smile ' , but only the Wedding Present have done it differently . They did a punk version and made it kick . They understood the venom in the lyrics . '' Robbie Williams recorded a medley of `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) '' , `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' and `` Land of 1000 Dances '' as a B - side to `` Let Me Entertain You '' in 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Another Journey - EMI - UK - EMI 2263 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Steve Harley 's Make Me Smile turns 40 : ' It sounds fresh to this day ' '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kutner , Jon ; Leigh , Spencer . 1000 UK Number One Hits . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 283 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel Story '' . Steveharley.www.50megs.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( Come Up And See Me ) Make Me Smile - Steve Harley Interview '' . YouTube . 2010 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Alcantara in association with FosterCraig . `` pro-music / making music '' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2005 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Songfacts '' . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Steve Harley '' . The One Show . 26 October 2010 . BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Peter ( January 2012 ) . `` The Making of ... Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' . Uncut : 24 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) - Songs From The Shed Session '' . YouTube . 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Alan Parsons '' . Songwriting Magazine . 2015 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David , ed. ( 2001 ) . British Hit Singles ( 14th ed . ) . London , England : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 156 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , pp. 11 & 12 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel Discography - All Countries - 45cat '' . 45cat.com . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel * - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 - 76 '' . harleyfanzone.com . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat - Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Another Journey - EMI - UK - EMI 2263 '' . 45cat.com . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd . pp. 358 -- 359 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Sebastian - EMI - UK - EMI 5112 '' . 45cat.com. 2015 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Judy Teen '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Harley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Green , Harriet ( 1 December 1995 ) . `` NEWS : KHBB unveils Carlsberg Xmas ad '' . Campaign . London , England : Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . ^ Jump up to : McGeorge , Alistair ( 26 January 2015 ) . `` Top Gear presenters give pop classic new lease of life to help Steve Harley pay speeding fine '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley , Make Me Smile - Driving Penalty '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Steve Harley 's Make Me Smile re-enters Top 40 ... thanks to Top Gear '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up & See '' . YouTube . 28 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Russell Harty Show 1975 '' . YouTube . 1975 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Donald A. Guarisco . `` The Best Years of Our Lives - Steve Harley , Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Donald A. Guarisco . `` A Closer Look - Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Donald A. Guarisco . `` Greatest Hits ( EMI ) - Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley / Cockney Rebel '' . rinet.ru . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St. Ives , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Chart Books . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Year 1975 '' . tsort.info . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( H ) '' . rock.co.za . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Steve Harley - 2005 Diary Archive Archived 15 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Erasure : Artist Chart History -- Official Charts Company '' . Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . pp. 785 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Nick Barker & the Reptiles '' . Australian charts portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Present : Artist Chart History -- Official Charts Company '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Barton , Geoff ( 2014 ) . The Best Years of Our Lives -- Definitive Edition ( booklet ) . Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel . London , England : Parlophone Records . EMCDX 3068 . External links ( edit ) Top of the Pops performance by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography List of songs recorded by Steve Harley The Alan Parsons Project Erasure Andy Bell Vince Clarke Albums Wonderland The Circus The Innocents Wild ! Chorus I Say I Say I Say Erasure Cowboy Loveboat Other People 's Songs Nightbird Union Street Light at the End of the World Tomorrow 's World Snow Globe The Violet Flame World Be Gone EPs Crackers International Am I Right ? EP Abba-esque I Love Saturday EP Rain : Plus Moon and the Sky : Plus Boy EP Storm Chaser Pop ! Remixed Erasure. Club Phantom Bride EP Compilations The Two Ring Circus Pop ! The First 20 Hits Hits ! The Very Best of Erasure Pop ! Remixed Total Pop ! The First 40 Hits Pop2 ! The Second 20 Hits 10 Great Songs Always : The Very Best of Erasure Live album Acoustic Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall World Be Live Box sets EBX From Moscow to Mars Singles `` Who Needs Love Like That '' `` Heavenly Action '' `` Oh L'amour '' `` Sometimes '' `` It Does n't Have to Be '' `` Victim of Love '' `` The Circus '' `` Ship of Fools '' `` Chains of Love '' `` A Little Respect '' `` Stop ! '' `` Drama ! '' `` You Surround Me '' `` Blue Savannah '' `` Star '' `` Chorus '' `` Love to Hate You '' `` Am I Right ? '' `` Breath of Life '' `` Take a Chance on Me '' `` Always '' `` Run to the Sun '' `` I Love Saturday '' `` Stay with Me '' `` Fingers & Thumbs ( Cold Summer 's Day ) '' `` Rock Me Gently '' `` In My Arms '' `` Do n't Say Your Love Is Killing Me '' `` Rain '' `` Freedom '' `` Moon & the Sky '' `` Solsbury Hill '' `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Breathe '' `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' `` Here I Go Impossible Again '' `` All This Time Still Falling Out of Love '' `` Boy '' `` I Could Fall in Love with You '' `` Sunday Girl '' `` Storm in a Teacup '' `` Phantom Bride '' `` When I Start To ( Break It All Down ) '' `` Be with You '' `` Fill Us with Fire '' `` Gaudete '' Video Live at the Seaside Innocents Wild ! Abba-esque Pop ! The First 20 Hits Hits ! the Videos The Erasure Show - Live in Cologne Live at the Royal Albert Hall Related articles Discography Yazoo Depeche Mode The Assembly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_Me_Smile_(Come_Up_and_See_Me)&oldid=855873991 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1990 singles 1995 singles 2003 singles 2005 singles Erasure songs Duran Duran songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Mute Records singles 1975 singles Songs written by Steve Harley Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 11 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song come up and see me sometime	[ "\"Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)\" is a song by British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, released as the lead single from the band's 1975 album The Best Years of Our Lives. It was written by Harley, and produced by Harley and Alan Parsons. In February 1975, the song reached the number-one spot on the UK chart and received a UK Silver certification.[2] It spent nine weeks in the Top 50, and as of 2015, has sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide.[3]\n" ]	[ "British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel" ]
-4386318061740270962	List of Arrow characters	List of Arrow characters - wikipedia List of Arrow characters Jump to : navigation , search The main cast featured in a promotional image for the second season . From left to right , Laurel ( Cassidy ) , Slade ( Bennett ) , Felicity ( Rickards ) , Oliver ( Amell ) , John ( Ramsey ) , Thea ( Holland ) , and Roy ( Haynes ) . Arrow is an American television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . Many of the other characters appearing in the series are also based on DC Comics characters . The series premiered on October 10 , 2012 in the United States on The CW television network , and is currently in its sixth season . Arrow follows the story of billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) . He is discovered after being stranded for five years on an isolated island . When he returns home , Queen secretly becomes a bow - and - arrow - wielding vigilante in order to honor his father 's legacy and atone for his family 's sins . Throughout the series , he is joined by others in his quest to protect Starling City . The characters that eventually aid Queen 's vigilante efforts include : former soldier John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) , I.T. expert and skilled hacker Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , former assassin Sara Lance ( Caity Lotz ) , aspiring vigilante Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Oliver 's sister Thea / Speedy ( Willa Holland ) , and attorney - turned - vigilante Laurel Lance ( Katie Cassidy ) . The group also receives support from Quentin Lance ( Paul Blackthorne ) who works at the police department . During the first five seasons of the shows , characters from Oliver 's past appear in a separate story arc based on Oliver 's flashbacks , which highlight parallels from Oliver 's history that shape events in the main story . The following is a list of characters who have appeared in the television series . Many are named after ( or based on ) DC Comics characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Main characters 2.1 Oliver Queen / Green Arrow 2.2 Laurel Lance / Black Canary / Black Siren 2.3 Tommy Merlyn 2.4 John Diggle / Spartan 2.5 Thea Queen / Speedy 2.6 Moira Queen 2.7 Quentin Lance 2.8 Felicity Smoak / Overwatch 2.9 Roy Harper / Arsenal 2.10 Slade Wilson / Deathstroke 2.11 Malcolm Merlyn / Dark Archer 2.12 Curtis Holt / Mister Terrific 2.13 Adrian Chase / Prometheus 2.14 Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog 2.15 Dinah Drake / Black Canary 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in season one 3.2 Introduced in season two 3.3 Introduced in season three 3.4 Introduced in season four 3.5 Introduced in season five 3.6 Introduced in season six 4 Guest stars 4.1 Introduced in season one 4.2 Introduced in season two 4.3 Introduced in season three 4.4 Introduced in season four 4.5 Introduced in season five 4.6 Introduced in season six 5 See also 6 References Overview ( edit ) Character Portrayed by First appearance Seasons 5 6 Main characters Oliver Queen / Green Arrow Stephen Amell `` Pilot '' Main Laurel Lance / Black Canary ( Earth - 1 ) Laurel Lance / Black Siren ( Earth - 2 ) Katie Cassidy Main Guest Does not appear `` What We Leave Behind '' Does not appear Recurring Main Tommy Merlyn Colin Donnell `` Pilot '' Main Guest Does not appear John Diggle / Spartan David Ramsey Main Thea Queen / Speedy Willa Holland Main Moira Queen Susanna Thompson Main Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Quentin Lance Paul Blackthorne Main Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Emily Bett Rickards `` Lone Gunmen '' Recurring Main Roy Harper / Arsenal Colton Haynes `` Dodger '' Recurring Main Guest Does not appear Guest Slade Wilson / Deathstroke Manu Bennett `` Betrayal '' Recurring Main Guest Does not appear Guest Malcolm Merlyn / Dark Archer John Barrowman `` An Innocent Man '' Recurring Main Recurring Does not appear Curtis Holt / Mister Terrific Echo Kellum `` The Candidate '' Does not appear Recurring Main Adrian Chase / Prometheus Josh Segarra `` A Matter of Trust '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog Rick Gonzalez `` Legacy '' Does not appear Recurring Main Dinah Drake / Black Canary Juliana Harkavy `` Who Are You ? '' Does not appear Recurring Main Recurring characters Walter Steele Colin Salmon `` Pilot '' Recurring Does not appear Joanna De La Vega Annie Ilonzeh Recurring Guest Does not appear Lucas Hilton Roger Cross Recurring Guest Does not appear Sara Lance / The Canary / White Canary Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Guest Does not appear Caity Lotz `` City of Heroes '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Chien Na Wei / China White Kelly Hu `` Honor Thy Father '' Recurring Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Yao Fei Gulong Byron Mann `` Lone Gunmen '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Carly Diggle Christie Laing Recurring Does not appear Edward Fyers Sebastian Dunn `` Damaged '' Recurring Does not appear Bill `` Billy '' Wintergreen Jeffrey C. Robinson Recurring Does not appear Kate Spencer Chelah Horsdal Guest Recurring Does not appear McKenna Hall Janina Gavankar `` Vertigo '' Recurring Does not appear Frank Pike Adrian Holmes `` Betrayal '' Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Shado Celina Jade `` The Odyssey '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Guest Frank Chen Chin Han `` Dodger '' Recurring Does not appear Lyla Michaels / Harbinger Audrey Marie Anderson `` Unfinished Business '' Guest Recurring Guest Isabel Rochev / Ravager Summer Glau `` City of Heroes '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Adam Donner Dylan Bruce Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Sebastian Blood / Brother Blood Kevin Alejandro `` Identities '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jean Loring Teryl Rothery `` Broken Dolls '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Sin Bex Taylor - Klaus Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Daily Jesse Hutch `` Crucible '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Anatoli Knyazev David Nykl Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Recurring Guest Dr. Anthony Ivo Dylan Neal `` League of Assassins '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Amanda Waller / Mockingbird Cynthia Addai - Robinson `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Nyssa al Ghul Katrina Law `` Heir to the Demon '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Guest Does not appear Maseo Yamashiro / Sarab Karl Yune `` The Calm '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Tatsu Yamashiro / Katana Rila Fukushima Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Ted Grant / Wildcat J.R. Ramirez Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ray Palmer / The Atom Brandon Routh Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Sara Diggle Unknown Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Akio Yamashiro Brandon Nomura Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ra 's al Ghul Matt Nable `` The Magician '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Donna Smoak Charlotte Ross `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Guest Chase Austin Butler `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Matthew Schrieve Marc Singer `` The Return '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Andy Diggle Eugene Byrd Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Michael Amar / Murmur Adrian Glynn McMorran `` The Offer '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Damien Dahrk Neal McDonough `` Green Arrow '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Baron Reiter Jimmy Akingbola `` The Candidate '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Taiana Venediktov Elysia Rotaru Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Lonnie Machin / Anarky Alexander Calvert Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Conklin Ryan Robbins `` Restoration '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Alex Davis Parker Young `` Haunted '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear William Clayton Jack Moore `` Legends of Yesterday '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Ruvé Adams Janet Kidder `` Dark Waters '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Paul Holt Chernier Hundal Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Noah Kuttler / Calculator Tom Amandes `` Unchained '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Evelyn Sharp / Artemis Madison McLaughlin `` Canary Cry '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Tobias Church Chad L. Coleman `` Legacy '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Billy Malone Tyler Ritter Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Viktor Mike Dopud Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Rory Regan / Ragman Joe Dinicol `` The Recruits '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Susan Williams Carly Pope `` A Matter of Trust '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Konstantin Kovar Dolph Lundgren `` So It Begins '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ishmael Gregor David Meunier Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Vincent Sobel / Vigilante Clayton Chitty `` Vigilante '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Johann Urb `` Deathstroke Returns '' Does not appear Guest Talia Al Ghul Lexa Doig `` Who Are You ? '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Alena Kacey Rohl `` Second Chances '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Cayden James Michael Emerson `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Samanda Watson Sydelle Noel `` Tribute '' Does not appear Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Oliver Queen / Green Arrow ( edit ) Main article : Oliver Queen ( Arrow ) Stephen Amell Oliver Jonas `` Ollie '' Queen ( portrayed by Stephen Amell ) is the main protagonist of the series . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , Oliver returns to Starling City after being presumed dead for five years , shipwrecked on the remote island of Lian Yu following the loss of his family yacht . He lives a dual life -- rich playboy by day and vigilante by night , targeting individuals whose names appear in a notebook given to him by his now - deceased father , Robert Queen . He struggles to find a balance between his quest and reconnecting with his family ( his sister Thea Queen and mother Moira Queen ) and friends ( best friend Tommy Merlyn and ex-girlfriend Laurel Lance ) . In flashbacks set five years earlier , Oliver , Robert , and Sara Lance are aboard the Queen 's Gambit when bad weather causes it to sink . During the shipwreck , Sara is sucked out to sea . Oliver and his father escape on a life raft but Robert shoots himself to increase Oliver 's chances of survival , asking Oliver to `` right his wrongs '' . Oliver eventually lands the raft on an island called Lian Yu . He soon discovers that he is not alone on the island as he is hunted by a mercenary group . With the help of allies , Slade Wilson , Yao Fei , and Shado , he begins to learn the skills needed to survive . During season one , John Diggle and Felicity Smoak both become involved in his crusade . The vigilante team ultimately realizes the list of names is connected to a larger conspiracy called `` The Undertaking '' , a scheme orchestrated by Malcolm Merlyn to destroy the poor and crime - ridden neighborhood of the Glades . Oliver fights and supposedly kills Malcolm but The Undertaking succeeds , leaving the Glades largely destroyed and 503 dead including Tommy Merlyn . In season two , Oliver returns to Starling City after spending time at Lian Yu to work through his grief . He now goes by the alias `` Arrow '' and , in honor of Tommy , vows never to kill again . He fights criminals who take advantage of the Glades after its destruction , while trying to redeem himself as a hero , but is challenged when those closest to him are endangered . He co-administers Queen Consolidated with Isabel Rochev and becomes friends with Alderman Sebastian Blood . Oliver finds himself investigating a larger plot orchestrated by Slade Wilson , involving `` Mirakuru '' , a strength - enhancing drug . It is Slade 's intention to destroy everything and everyone Oliver cares for . Sebastian and Isabel are also working for Slade and help bankrupt Oliver , causing him to lose his home and business . Oliver gets help from Sara Lance , now the vigilante `` Canary '' , and takes Thea 's boyfriend , Roy Harper , as a protégé . After Felicity injects Slade with the Mirakuru cure , Oliver defeats Slade and locks him in an underground prison on Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver is hunted by Dr. Ivo 's armed crew who seek the Mirakuru and he accidentally causes the death of Shado , his lover on the island . Slade also loved Shado , which explains his vendetta against Oliver . A flashback before the shipwreck reveals that Oliver impregnated a college classmate named Samantha Clayton , and Moira paid Samantha to tell Oliver the child died and to move to Central City , leaving him unaware of his impending fatherhood . In season three , Oliver has become a public hero to the citizens of Starling City and has taken Roy on as a full sidekick . He lives in his foundry safe - house , having lost his mansion . Oliver is faced with the moral question of whether he can be Oliver Queen and live his life while the city needs the Arrow . This is further challenged when he realizes he is in love with Felicity . She has caught the attention of Ray Palmer , the new head of Queen Consolidated . After Thea returns to Starling City , they decide to reopen their nightclub together . Oliver is also inadvertently embroiled in a conflict with Raʾs al Ghul due to Malcolm 's manipulations . During a fight with Raʾs , he suffers a mortal wound and nearly dies , but is saved by Maseo and Tatsu Yamashiro . Raʾs demands that Oliver become his heir because he is the only man to survive a death match against him , fulfilling a prophecy of the League of Assassins . When Oliver rejects the offer , Raʾs tries to force him by killing people while posing as the Arrow . When Raʾs nearly kills Thea , Oliver chooses to join the League , abandoning his former identity to become Al Sah - him ( Arabic : سهم ‎ ; `` Arrow '' ) ; he pretends to be a darker and crueler version of himself in order to get closer to Raʾs and destroy the League from within . Raʾs has Oliver marry his daughter , Nyssa al Ghul , to keep his bloodline in charge of the League . Oliver later kills Raʾs and inherits the mantle but immediately passes it to Malcolm . He decides to retire from being the Arrow and live with Felicity , knowing that Laurel , Diggle , Ray , and Thea will protect the city in his absence . The season flashbacks explore Oliver 's time in Hong Kong where , after witnessing his combat capabilities on the island , Amanda Waller forces him to become an A.R.G.U.S. agent using the Yamashiros as his handlers . It is revealed that Oliver returned to Starling City while on a mission where he discovered Thea 's drug problems , witnessed the start of the relationship between Laurel and Tommy , and saw Felicity two years before they eventually met . In season four , Oliver is called from retirement to help Laurel and Thea stop a group known as `` The Ghosts '' led by Damien Darhk , leader of H.I.V.E. Oliver now goes by the name `` Green Arrow '' , ostensibly a new vigilante following in the footsteps of the Arrow , who Star City ( formerly Starling City ) believes to have died . He plans to propose to Felicity and run for mayor . While on a mission with Barry Allen in Central City , Oliver meets Samantha Clayton 's son , William , and ultimately learns that he is William 's father . Samantha refuses to grant Oliver full access because of his playboy past and her ill feelings toward his mother . The revelations of his fatherhood complicates Oliver 's relationship with Felicity and his duty as Green Arrow , and threatens to jeopardize his mayoral campaign . When a H.I.V.E. attack leaves Felicity permanently paraplegic , Oliver 's fight with Darhk becomes a vendetta . Oliver also discovers that Thea is dying because the Pit 's restorative effect on her is waning ; Nyssa offers a cure in exchange for killing Malcolm . In a fight , Oliver cuts off Malcolm 's left hand and gives the Demon 's Head ring to Nyssa in exchange for the cure . Nyssa disbands the League of Assassins , causing Malcolm to seek vengeance against Oliver . As a result , Darhk kidnaps William , Oliver 's relationship with Felicity becomes estranged , and Oliver is forced to resign from his mayoral campaign . After Darhk is successfully prosecuted , Malcolm , with help from Andy Diggle , aids Darhk 's escape by restoring his magic , and fatally stabs Laurel with Oliver 's arrow . Laurel dies of her injuries moments after admitting that she still loves Oliver , who is devastated . During his quest to stop Darhk , Oliver learns that the pure forces of light can counter Darhk 's powers and that H.I.V.E. plans to rule a post-apocalyptic world . At the end of the season Oliver stops Darhk 's plan to destroy the world and kills him . With the death of the previous mayor , Ruve Adams , Oliver becomes acting mayor of Star City . The season 's flashbacks explore Oliver 's training with A.R.G.U.S. and his infiltration of the Shadowspire organization on Lian Yu . In season five , Oliver initially returns to killing because he blames himself for Laurel 's death . He later recruits a team of vigilantes to help balance his double life as Green Arrow and Star City 's mayor . In the process , he meets metahuman vigilante Dinah Drake , and sees her as a candidate to succeed Laurel as Black Canary , inspired to continue Laurel 's legacy after encountering her evil Earth - 2 counterpart . Oliver is stalked by a mysterious archer , Prometheus , who seeks vengeance for the death of his father by `` The Hood '' . The season 's flashbacks examine Oliver 's time in Russia , where he joins the Bratva ( Russian mafia ) as part of an assassination plot against Konstantin Kovar and explores the criminal fraternity in the process . One of Raʾs al Ghul 's children , Talia al Ghul , trains Oliver and gives him green garb based on the League of Assassin 's uniforms . In the present , Talia seeks vengeance against Oliver for killing her father and allies with Prometheus , who was another of her students . After a series of battles with Prometheus , leading to the abductions of Oliver 's family and friends , including Samantha and William , Oliver defeats his enemy at Lian Yu , though Prometheus kills himself afterward . William also learns of his relation to Oliver and discovers his father 's secrets . In season six , despite Oliver 's victory , the final battle with Prometheus resulted in Samantha 's death and Thea 's coma . Oliver now struggles to raise William himself , whom he has now acknowledged publicly of his relation to him . However , William blames his father for his mother 's death and keeping his distance from him . Oliver also tries to rekindle his romance with Felicity , and hopes that William would accept her . Oliver 's secrets are also at risk when a photo of him unmasked is leaked by an unknown party and is broadcast throughout the media , putting both his career and family in danger . Oliver later appoints Diggle to the Green Arrow mantle in order to be more spend more time with his son . But , after Diggle is injured on a mission , Oliver decides to temporary take up the Green Arrow mantle again until Diggle recovered . During the events of Crisis on Eartn X , Oliver encounters his Earth X doppelgänger , the Dark Arrow , and after the events , Oliver and Felicity officially marry each other . A villainous parallel universe doppelgänger of Oliver , Dark Arrow from Earth - X , is introduced in season six , during the crossover event `` Crisis on Earth - X '' . He is the Führer of the Nazi - ruled Earth and married to Overgirl , Supergirl 's doppelgänger . He is enemies with General Winn Schott ( Supergirl 's friend Winn Schott 's doppelgänger ) , who is the resistance movement leader of the Freedom Fighters and heroes include Earth - X 's Guardian / James Olsen ( Supergirl 's friend James Olsen 's doppelgänger ) , Citizen Cold / Leonard Snart ( Leonard Snart 's Earth - X 's doppelgänger ) , and The Ray / Ray Terrill ( Earth - 1 's displaced superhero ) . This Oliver is also the leader of Earth - X 's supervillain team New Reichsmen , in which his wife , Tommy Merlyn 's doppelgänger as Prometheus , and a time remnant version of Eobard Thawne , Barry Allen 's archenemy , are also members . During the final battle with the Green Arrow and his allies , though both archers are equally matched in skills , the Dark Arrow was later killed by Green Arrow after being distracted from his wife 's explosive death , giving Oliver the chance to fire an arrow into his doppelgänger 's chest . Laurel Lance / Black Canary / Black Siren ( edit ) Further information : Black Canary Katie Cassidy Dinah Laurel Lance ( portrayed by Katie Cassidy ) is an assistant district attorney and Oliver Queen 's ex-girlfriend . She is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , she is a lawyer for legal aid firm CNRI and Tommy Merlyn 's girlfriend . When Oliver returns , she blames him for the death of her sister , Sara . She gradually comes to accept him upon learning of his suffering on Lian Yu , and remembering her sister 's rebellious faults . This puts Laurel at odds with her father , Quentin . She occasionally works with the Hood / Arrow -- unaware that he is Oliver -- with cases the courts are unwilling to move on . Oliver and Laurel eventually rekindle their relationship after Tommy breaks up with her . Tommy dies saving Laurel when CNRI is destroyed along with much of the Glades . In season two , Laurel is hired as an assistant district attorney , assigned to prosecute Moira Queen . Because of guilt over Tommy 's death , she and Oliver decide to remain friends , and Laurel begins taking drugs and drinking while pushing friends and family away . Laurel eventually chooses sobriety after an argument with Oliver . Inspired by Sara 's vigilante alter - ego , Canary , she regains her job as assistant district attorney . Learning from Slade Wilson that Oliver is the Arrow , Laurel confronts Oliver and decides to keep his secret , also deducing Sara 's secret . In season three , Laurel works to prosecute the criminals Oliver catches . Sara returns to Starling City and is killed in front of Laurel , who makes an amateurish attempt to replace her as the Canary . Oliver refuses to train her , so Laurel seeks former boxer and vigilante Ted Grant / Wildcat 's help with combat training . Laurel does not tell Quentin about Sara 's death until a near - death experience , resulting in their estrangement . She wears Sara 's Canary jacket and eventually becomes the `` Black Canary '' , partnering with Roy Harper . She learns that Malcolm is directly responsible for Sara 's murder and tries to avenge Sara and Tommy 's deaths . Nyssa saves her from Malcolm and furthers her training . Laurel gradually becomes a skilled combatant and Cisco Ramon provides her with an ultrasonic collar using components from both Sara 's and Hartley Rathaway 's weapons , improving Laurel 's tactics with sonic weaponry . This collar , dubbed the `` Canary Cry '' , becomes her primary weapon used to disorient enemies with an overwhelming scream , while Team Arrow use ear - pieces to shield them from the effect . After Raʾs al Ghul 's defeat and Oliver 's retirement , Laurel remains on Team Arrow defending Starling City . In season four , Laurel and Thea realize they are outmatched against H.I.V.E. and they bring Oliver back . Laurel hopes to revive Sara in the same way Thea was resurrected ; with help from Oliver and John Constantine , Laurel retrieves Sara 's soul from the afterlife . Laurel discovers that Damien Darhk is extorting her father to work with H.I.V.E. Laurel is further frustrated at Oliver when she learns that he cheated on her , resulting in his having a son named William , but has no ill feelings towards William 's mother , Samantha . During Darhk 's attempted breakout , Laurel is stabbed with an arrow by Darhk as revenge against her father 's betrayal . She later dies after making Oliver keep a promise to not let her be the last Canary , and confessing that she still loves him . Evelyn Sharp begins masquerading as Black Canary ; her actions brand Black Canary as a criminal . Oliver saves Laurel 's image by revealing her secret to the public . Laurel is later avenged when Oliver kills Darhk . In season five , when Oliver , John , Thea , Sara , and Ray are abducted by the Dominators , they are placed in a shared hallucination where Laurel is alive ; seeing `` Laurel '' allows Oliver and Sara to move on from her death . In the mid-season finale , Oliver discovers Laurel seemingly alive and well , but Felicity discovers she is actually Laurel 's Earth - 2 counterpart -- Laurel Lance / `` Black Siren '' , previously introduced in The Flash -- and is working with Prometheus . Oliver hopes to help this Laurel find redemption , believing it to be the only way to forgive himself for Earth - 1 Laurel 's death . This Laurel was in love with Oliver on Earth - 2 , until his death 10 years ago ; she moved to Central City to start a new life , only to become Black Siren when affected by Harrison Wells ' particle accelerator , and then fell under Zoom 's influence . Encountering Earth - 2 Laurel also motivates Oliver to keep his promise to Earth - 1 Laurel . Earth - 2 Laurel works with Evelyn to kidnap the members of Team Arrow including Quentin . Laurel reveals to Quentin that , while she helps Adrian out of gratitude for freeing her from A.R.G.U.S. , she is sentimental towards him as he is her father 's Earth - 1 counterpart . After the destruction of Lian Yu at the end of the season , Laurel 's fate is unknown . In season six , the Earth - 2 Laurel survived the Lian Yu explosions but was injured by Quentin and left for dead , but a mysterious figure subsequently found and rescued her from the island . Actress Katie Cassidy is again be a series regular during season six , portraying Laurel Lance / Black Siren , after appearing as the character in four guest appearances in season five . Tommy Merlyn ( edit ) Colin Donnell Thomas `` Tommy '' Merlyn ( portrayed by Colin Donnell ) is Oliver 's best friend and the son of Malcolm Merlyn . He shares his surname with the DC Comics character Merlyn . A version of Tommy was introduced as a former friend - turned - enemy of the titular character in the Green Arrow comics in The New 52 . In season one , Tommy is a spoiled playboy who lives off the financial support of his father . After his father cuts him off , Tommy manages Oliver 's nightclub , Verdant , and dates Laurel . He learns Oliver 's secret when Oliver , as the vigilante , saves Malcolm from assassins . Oliver and Tommy 's relationship becomes strained with Tommy seeing Oliver as a killer . Tommy later breaks up with Laurel thinking that she belongs with Oliver . Tommy is killed rescuing Laurel from a collapsing building damaged by Malcolm 's earthquake machine during the Undertaking . In season two , Oliver vows never to kill again in Tommy 's memory . During Oliver 's fight with Cyrus Gold , he sees an image of Tommy , who calls him a hero and urges him to defeat his enemy . It is also revealed that he is the paternal half - brother of Thea Queen . In season three , Tommy appears twice in flashbacks . In `` Sara '' , he travels to Hong Kong looking for Oliver , but fails to find him . In `` The Return '' , the episode shows him throwing himself a birthday party , trying to stop Thea from using drugs , and growing closer to Laurel . In season five , Tommy appears as a ghost in the Dominators 's dream world as Oliver leaves it . In season six , Earth - X 's version of Tommy Merlyn is revealed to be Earth - X 's version of Prometheus , introduced in Supergirl . Like his doppelgänger , he is friends with the Oliver Queen of his world , who is Dark Arrow . Merlyn is a member of the New Reichsmen with Dark Arrow , Overgirl , and the Reverse - Flash , and his parents are alive on Earth - X . After Sara Lance and Alex Danvers capture him , Merlyn cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to his deceased doppelgänger , and kills himself via cyanide capsule , leading Oliver later sees Tommy 's doppelgänger as a perversion to him . John Diggle / Spartan ( edit ) David Ramsey John Thomas Diggle , Sr. , ( portrayed by David Ramsey ) is a decorated former United States Army Special Forces soldier , honorably discharged with the rank of master sergeant , and Oliver 's friend and partner . While John Diggle was originally a character created for the show , his popularity led to a character of the same name modeled after Ramsey 's appearance to be created for the Green Arrow comics in The New 52 . While elements from the Arrow TV series were removed after issue 40 , John appeared again following the relaunching of the series as part of DC Rebirth . During season one , John is hired as Oliver 's bodyguard and becomes his confidant in his mission to save Starling City . John tries to help Oliver balance his normal life and vigilante life , and occasionally helps him in the field . John provides Oliver with medical assistance , limiting his need for hospital treatment . Already a skilled fighter , John receives additional training from Oliver . John has a grudge against Floyd Lawton / Deadshot who killed his brother , Andy . John dates his brother 's widow , Carly , and is a father figure to her son , A.J. , during this season . In season two , John and Felicity continue to help Oliver with his crusade and John continues to be Oliver 's adviser and field partner , along with Sara and Roy . John has a relationship with his ex-wife Lyla Michaels , is an unofficial member of A.R.G.U.S. , and is a member of the Suicide Squad under the codename `` Freelancer '' . He also develops an uneasy alliance with Amanda Waller who occasionally asks him for field assistance with A.R.G.U.S. missions . It is revealed that Lyla is pregnant with John 's child . In season three , John continues to help Oliver and his team , but has to devote more of his time to his new baby with Lyla , whom he names Sara after Sara Lance is killed . After Lyla is seriously injured in an attack , they decide to remarry . When Oliver is presumed dead at Raʾs al Ghul 's hands , John leads Felicity , Roy , and Laurel until his friend 's return . After Oliver 's return , John accompanies him to Nanda Parbat to help him free Malcolm , but the two are captured . John and Lyla marry after a near - death experience with the Suicide Squad , when Deadshot sacrifices himself for them . John and Lyla decide to quit Team Arrow and A.R.G.U.S. for their daughter 's sake . After Oliver leaves the team to join the League of Assassins as part of a deal to revive a deceased Thea , John becomes the team leader , though he is not yet ready to forgive Oliver for kidnapping Lyla as part of a deception to gain acceptance by the League . In season four , John , going by the codename `` Spartan '' , discovers that the organization that targets Star City is H.I.V.E. , who have hired Lawton to murder John 's brother , Andy . John eventually forgives Oliver after their fight with a H.I.V.E. metahuman operative named Jeremy Tell . With Quentin Lance 's help , John learns that Damien Darhk had Andy murdered , and that he was a drug cartel leader and Darhk 's territorial rival prior to his death . However , John discovers that Darhk actually faked Andy 's death and recruited him as a H.I.V.E. soldier , leading John and his brother to become enemies . Guilt - ridden over his brother 's role in causing Laurel 's death , John seeks revenge against Andy and Darhk . John kills his brother after Andy nearly causes Lyla and Sara to be killed . He initially lies to Lyla , saying that he killed Andy in self - defense , but Oliver encourages John to admit the truth to his wife . John rejoins the US Army after confiding to his wife and Darhk 's defeat . In season five , John is betrayed by his commanding officer , J.G. Walker , following a failed attempt to sell nuclear weapons . John is framed for Walker 's crimes ; Oliver and Lyla break him out of state prison , and John stays at H.I.V.E. 's former base until his innocence can be proven . John remains guilty about killing Andy and continues to serve as Spartan to redeem himself . Due to the events of The Flash episode `` Flashpoint '' , John 's family history is altered : his daughter Sara has been erased from existence and replaced by John `` J.J. '' Diggle , Jr. , as a result of a timeline change caused by Eobard Thawne , correcting the Flashpoint reality created by Barry . John eventually learns of the alteration of his life , his daughter 's erasure and his son 's status as a time aberration , and despite the hurt caused by these circumstances , he chooses to forgive Barry . Lyla , however , distrusts and possibly hates Barry for this . Felicity is able to prove John 's innocence by restoring the digital files that Walker had destroyed . However , Andy 's betrayal and death at John 's hands has taken a toll on him ; he struggles to control his rage and occasionally pulverizes criminals to vent it , fueling Oliver 's concern over his erratic behavior . John later befriends Oliver 's chosen successor to Laurel 's mantle , Dinah Drake , a Central City detective , and encourages her to set down roots in Star City . By the end of season five , John 's fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . In season six , John is revealed to have survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane like the others . However , he was wounded by bomb shrapnel and suffers a degenerative nerve injury that affects his motor control that requires taking daily medications , resulting him to develop a drug dependency . When Oliver decides to retire from being the Green Arrow , he appoints John as his successor , not knowing that John is not in condition to remain in action until later . Oliver returns to vigilantism until John is fully recovered from his injury . Thea Queen / Speedy ( edit ) Main article : Thea Queen Willa Holland Thea Dearden Queen ( portrayed by Willa Holland ) is the daughter of Moira Queen and Malcolm Merlyn , though both Malcolm and Thea were unaware of their relation to each other until season two , and the younger half - sister to Oliver Queen and Tommy Merlyn . Her brother 's nickname for her and later hero persona ( `` Speedy '' ) , her middle name of Dearden and the alias `` Mia '' she used during her time at Corto Maltese , are Easter egg connections to one of Green Arrow 's sidekicks in the comics . In season one , Thea is battling a drug and alcohol problem which she used to fill the pain of losing her brother . After court - ordered community service from taking `` Vertigo '' , she grows to be more responsible . Thea 's addiction with Vertigo causes a bitter animosity between Oliver 's vigilante alter - ego and the drug 's creator , The Count . She also falls in love with Roy Harper , a lifelong street criminal who she meets when he steals her purse . Though he initially has no romantic interest in Thea despite an obvious physical attraction to her , mainly out of resentment of her wealth , Roy later begins to genuinely fall in love with her . In season two , Thea runs the Verdant nightclub in Oliver and Tommy 's absences and continues seeing Roy , but is frustrated by Roy 's need to save people , though she gradually comes to accept it . She is the subject of exclusion as most characters keep secrets from her including her true paternity which she eventually discovers when Slade Wilson abducts her . She breaks up with Roy when he cheats on her , though he only does this to keep her away from him during his Mirakuru problem . Despite reconciling with Roy after having learned of his illness , she breaks up with him again after discovering his allegiance to the Arrow . After her mother 's death , she decides to leave Starling City . Malcolm comes to save her and convinces her to leave with him . In season three , Thea is in Corto Maltese receiving combat training from Malcolm , though she soon decides to return to Starling with Oliver . She reopens her nightclub after Malcolm secretly buys the foundry from Queen Consolidated for her . She learns Oliver 's secret identity as the Arrow when he shows her his hideout under the nightclub and begins to distrust Malcolm after learning that he already knew Oliver 's secret . After Thea is told that her father used her as a pawn against both Oliver and Raʾs al Ghul by drugging and manipulating her into killing Sara Lance , she arranges for him to be captured by the League in retaliation . She reconciles with Roy but is nearly killed by Raʾs and brought back to life in the Lazarus Pit in exchange for Oliver joining the League of Assassins . Thea blames herself for letting her brother join the League . Roy breaks up with her when he leaves Starling City after faking his death , hoping that Thea can make a life of her own without him . He also leaves her his red costume which she wears to become a vigilante herself as his successor . In season four , Thea works with Oliver and his friends in the fight against the terrorist organization H.I.V.E. as `` Speedy '' . Despite the enjoyment of being a vigilante , Thea 's behavior becomes increasingly volatile and reckless when in the field , which Oliver realizes is a side effect of being in the Lazarus Pit . Thea helps Laurel to bring Sara back from death in hopes of making amends towards the Lance family . Because of this , Thea becomes telepathically linked with Sara for a period after her resurrection in the Lazarus Pit . It is also revealed that Thea 's Lazarus Pit side effect is able to counteract Damien Darhk 's life force drain , temporarily relieving her bloodlust . Thea begins to die as the Pit 's restorative effect wanes . With Tatsu Yamashiro 's help , Nyssa al Ghul gives Oliver the `` Lotus '' , an elixir used by the Crescent Order that permanently reverses the effects of the Lazarus Pit , saving her life . Thea learns that Oliver is William 's father , and that her mother had known and kept it a secret from them all . Thea meets William after Darhk kidnaps him , but she and Oliver are unable to acknowledge their relation to William due to their mother 's actions and for the boy 's safety . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé Adams , eventually brainwashes Thea 's new boyfriend , Alex Davis , into kidnapping her to a miniaturized H.I.V.E. facility built from stolen technology belonging to Ray Palmer . In season five , Thea now works as Oliver 's mayoral chief - of - staff , and is adamant about retiring from being a vigilante after Oliver kills a number of Tobias Church 's thugs . She hires Quentin as deputy mayor and helps him beat his alcoholism . However , while working to help her brother politically she makes some ruthless decisions , including ruining the career of Oliver 's new love interest , reporter Susan Williams . Felicity is able to restore Susan 's credibility , and Thea , realizing she has gone too far , resigns from her position soon afterward , despite Oliver asking her to stay . She occasionally resumes her vigilante role when needed . She is abducted by Adrian Chase and brought to Lian Yu with the others on the team , and was on the island when Chase sets off the massive explosions at the end of the final episode . In season six , Thea is in the hospital , still in a coma five months after being critically injured in the destruction of Lian Yu . She later recovered during Thanksgiving Day and is greeted by her family and friends , including William , whom she finally acknowledged and begin to have a relationship with her nephew . Moira Queen ( edit ) Susanna Thompson Moira Queen ( portrayed by Susanna Thompson ) is the mother of Oliver and Thea , the former acting CEO of Queen Consolidated , mayoral candidate and wife of Robert Queen and later Walter Steele . She also had a brief affair with Malcolm Merlyn after his wife 's death , which resulted in Thea 's birth . She is based on the minor DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , Moira is involved in `` The Undertaking '' , a criminal conspiracy orchestrated by Malcolm to destroy the Glades , with him forcing Moira to handle all interference and supply him with the resources needed . Her involvement causes her to keep many secrets from her family which , when revealed , causes Walter to divorce her and her kids to become distant . Moira eventually confesses her involvement and Malcolm 's , which results in her arrest . In season two , Moira is put on trial but she is acquitted as Malcolm returns , alive . She makes Malcolm go on the run by informing Raʾs al Ghul of his survival . Moira eventually becomes a mayoral candidate against Sebastian Blood on Walter 's advice , but the secret of Thea 's parentage is revealed , causing a rift between Moira and her children . It is revealed that she had been aware of Oliver 's secret identity as the Arrow since the night of her arrest . She is murdered by Slade Wilson as part of his revenge plot against Oliver . In a flashback , Moira paid Samantha Clayton to tell Oliver she lost their baby and to move away to Central City . In season three , Moira 's voice is briefly heard when Oliver calls home from Hong Kong . In season four , Samantha reveals she never cashed Moira 's check , and the attempted bribe resulted in Samantha hating Moira ; as a result , Samantha denied Moira access to her grandson , William . Oliver is hurt when he finds out , and angry with Moira for the deception . In season five , Moira is seen as a figment of Oliver 's Dominators - induced hallucination . Quentin Lance ( edit ) Paul Blackthorne Quentin Larry Lance ( portrayed by Paul Blackthorne ) is a deputy mayor , former police detective and captain , the father of Laurel and Sara , and former husband of Dinah Lance . He is based on the DC Comics character Larry Lance , husband to Dinah Drake Lance and father to Dinah Laurel Lance . In season one , Quentin resents Oliver for causing Sara 's death , becoming an alcoholic who throws himself into his work to avoid the pain . After Oliver returns , he openly shows his hatred of him and also hates the Arrow for being against everything Quentin believes in . Quentin attempts numerous times to arrest him , one time using Laurel , which causes her to be distant for a time . He works with the Arrow from time to time and eventually comes to accept him . In season two , Quentin is demoted to officer ; an ally to the Arrow , Quentin becomes his informant and occasional field partner on cases . He struggles to recover from his alcoholism and repair the relationships with his family . After Quentin discovers Sara is alive and the vigilante `` Canary '' , he helps her adjust to life in Starling City . He helps Laurel cope with her pain over losing Tommy , and seeks to rekindle his relationship with Dinah , but she has moved on after their divorce . Quentin later regains his detective title . Following a battle with Slade 's forces , Quentin passes out from internal bleeding and falls into a coma . In season three , Quentin is in recovery , with frequent chest pains , and has been promoted to captain ; he uses this authority to disband the anti-vigilante task force . His condition is strained due to assisting the Arrow in the field , and he relies on his new political connections and his subordinates to continue serving the city . Although Laurel kept the information from him , he ultimately learns the truth about Sara 's death and Laurel becoming her vigilante successor . Quentin becomes estranged from Laurel and relapses in his alcoholism . He blames the Arrow for Sara 's death and is determined to bring him to justice ; he learns of Oliver 's secret identity from Raʾs al Ghul . Quentin supports Team Arrow when Raʾs plans to unleash the bio-weapon on Starling . In season four , Quentin is forced to work with H.I.V.E. after Darhk threatens the lives of his family . Oliver discovers this and persuades Lance to become a double agent and report information on Darhk . Darhk gradually becomes suspicious of Quentin , who discovers the source of Darhk 's supernatural powers : an ancient artifact . With this information , Mari McCabe destroys Darhk 's idol , leaving him powerless . Quentin publicly admits in court his association with H.I.V.E. under Darhk 's duress , determined to see justice served , despite endangering his career . He reconciles with Laurel and reunites with Sara after she is brought back from the dead . Quentin begins seeing Donna Smoak , Felicity 's mother . After Darhk murders Laurel , Quentin seeks to bring her back the same way Sara returned , only to learn from Nyssa that the Lazarus Pit was destroyed shortly after Sara 's return . With Donna 's support , Quentin copes with his loss without succumbing to alcoholism . After saving the city with Oliver , Quentin is fired and decides to leave Star City with Donna . By season five , Quentin has broken up with Donna and , now having no one left , returns to Star City and falls back into alcoholism . With encouragement from Oliver , Quentin begins reforming Star City 's police force as deputy mayor , working with the Green Arrow to reduce the city 's rising crime rate . Quentin also formed the Anti-Crime Unit to combat serious crimes prior to his dismissal from the police , and leads them under his new position when needed , though this puts him at odds with his former colleagues . However , after Evelyn Sharp 's fight with Prometheus , Felicity discovers that the shurikens Prometheus used were made from Oliver 's old arrow heads stolen from the police evidence lockup , and Quentin finds cuts on him that implicate him and raise doubts of his sanity . Quentin eventually learns that Adrian Chase is Prometheus and responsible for attempting to frame him . Thea convinces Quentin to seek help at rehab after realizing how much Laurel 's death is affecting him , and holds the position of deputy mayor for when he recovers . After resuming his position , Quentin befriends one of Oliver 's protégés , Rene Ramirez , after Quentin learns of his past encounter with a young Rene when Quentin was a beat officer , and offers Rene a job as his assistant . He also befriends Oliver 's chosen successor for the Black Canary mantle , Dinah Drake . When Dinah expresses her hesitance at accepting Laurel 's mantle , Quentin gives Dinah his blessing , saying it is what Laurel would want . Quentin later encounters the Earth - 2 Laurel and is disturbed to see what his own daughter could have potentially become . By the end of season five , Quentin 's fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . At the beginning of season six , it 's revealed that Quentin survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane like the others , but was left emotionally scarred following his encounter with Laurel 's doppelgänger . During the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' crossover , Quentin 's Earth - X doppelgänger is a Sturmbannführer of the Nazi 's paramilitary rank . This Quentin also killed his daughter after discovering that she was bisexual . Felicity Smoak / Overwatch ( edit ) Further information : Felicity Smoak Emily Bett Rickards Felicity Megan Smoak ( portrayed by Emily Bett Rickards ) is an I.T. expert , a partner ( and eventual love interest and later wife ) of Oliver Queen . Felicity is a MIT graduate with a master 's degree in cyber security and computer sciences , and ranked second in the National Information Technology Competition at age 19 . Felicity was raised by her mother , Donna Smoak , who left her father Noah Kuttler when Felicity was seven years old due to his life as a criminal . During season one , she is initially an employee of Queen Consolidated , asked by Walter to investigate the list and by Oliver for occasional favors . She learns Oliver 's secret when he is shot and has her take him to his lair where she and John patch him up . She stays on as Oliver 's computer expert in hopes of finding Walter Steele by helping Oliver , and becomes one of Oliver 's confidants . Felicity chooses to remain at Oliver 's side after Walter is rescued . In season two , she continues to serve as Oliver 's partner , upgrades his safehouse , and has a custom bow made for him . Felicity also helps in the field as a decoy or to field - hack a computer , but sometimes gets herself in deeper trouble . Felicity and Oliver also start to develop romantic feelings towards each other despite the fact that he is in a relationship with Sara Lance at the time . In season three , Felicity continues to be Oliver 's tech support but has been forced to work for another company after losing her Queen Consolidated job . She eventually returns to work at Queen Consolidated ( renamed Palmer Technologies ) under new CEO Ray Palmer as his vice president . Felicity becomes conflicted by her feelings towards both Oliver and Ray . While Ray and Felicity become a couple , many people , including her mother , see that Felicity is in love with Oliver . Felicity finally admits her love to Oliver and the two consummate their relationship . However , Oliver 's decision to join the League of Assassins causes a rift between them . At the end of the season , Oliver retires from being the Arrow and he and Felicity leave Starling City to start a new life . In flashbacks , it is revealed that she was a part of the cybergoth subculture and a member of a hacktivist group on her college campus . In season four , Felicity becomes Palmer Technologies ' acting CEO after Ray 's presumed death ; she becomes friends with one of its scientists , Curtis Holt . After living in Ivy Town for several months , she and Oliver return to Star City to help with the ' Ghost ' problem . Felicity is the first person -- before Laurel and Sara -- to find out that her mother is dating their father . She and Oliver become engaged , but are attacked by H.I.V.E , resulting in Felicity being shot and left permanently paralyzed from the waist down . After coming to terms with her paralysis and her rebellious past , Felicity is given the codename `` Overwatch '' by Oliver . Felicity is reunited with her father after eighteen years , but learning that he is cyber-criminal mastermind the Calculator , Felicity has Quentin arrest him . With Curtis 's help , Felicity 's mobility is restored after a chip is surgically implanted in her spine . She learns of that Oliver has been lying to her about his secret child with Samantha Clayton , leading to her breaking off their romantic relationship . Later , after an encounter with the villain `` Cupid '' , Felicity leaves the team until Laurel 's death motivates her to return . Felicity decides to dedicate Palmer Technologies ' innovations to help people , which causes her to lose her position as CEO . The season ends with Felicity and Oliver the only ones remaining in the destroyed lair . In season five , Felicity continues to assist Oliver , and convinces him to build a new team , recruiting Curtis Holt , Rene Ramirez , Evelyn Sharp , Rory Regan , and Dinah Drake . She also dates police detective Billy Malone . When Billy is killed by Oliver in an accident planned by Prometheus , she seeks revenge and joins a hacker group called Helix . When Prometheus traps both Felicity and Oliver under their lair , the pair begin to reconcile after Oliver admits he trusts her but not himself . Felicity comes to understand the complexity of the decisions Oliver has made , and apologizes to him for her own hypocrisy . By the end of season five , Felicity 's fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . In season six , Felicity , having survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane like the others , remains on the team . She and Oliver rekindle their relationship . She and Curtis also begin partnership in starting their own company . After the events of `` Crisis on Earth - X '' , Felicity and Oliver marry each other . A parallel universe doppelgänger of Felicity from Earth - X is also introduced , a concentration camp prisoner , during the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' crossover ; Oliver saves this Felicity when he was stranded in Earth - X with other heroes . Felicity learns that she has a lookalike and that her facsimile is romantically involves with the Führer 's before escaping from a Nazi facility . A character by the same name appeared in the comics as Ronnie Raymond 's step - mother who runs a software company . A version based on Rickards ' portrayal was introduced in the DC Comics universe in Green Arrow ( vol. 5 ) # 35 . Roy Harper / Arsenal ( edit ) Further information : Roy Harper ( comics ) Colton Haynes Roy William Harper Jr. ( portrayed by Colton Haynes ) is a former street criminal , Thea 's boyfriend and a supporter of the Arrow . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , Roy is a small - time criminal who falls in love with Thea after robbing her , and is arrested multiple times by Quentin Lance . He does not see any other way to live until the Arrow saves him from a kidnapping , after which Roy attempts to find the Arrow to help him . Roy later works as a waiter at Verdant . In season two , Roy often goes out to clean up the streets , until the Arrow convinces him to gather intelligence instead . After being injected with Mirakuru , Roy gains super strength but slowly loses his sanity . The Arrow reveals his identity when Oliver convinces Roy to stop Bronze Tiger . Roy trains with Oliver in order to control his strength , but is forced to break up with Thea . Slade kidnaps Roy to use his blood to create his army , leaving Roy completely insane and causing him to go on a rampage , killing a cop . Roy takes part in the season finale 's battle , with his own mask , but he is slightly amnesiac , not remembering anything after breaking up with Thea . In season three , Roy is Oliver 's partner and participates with him in the field . He takes on the alter - ego `` Arsenal '' , though the media also refers to him as `` Red Arrow '' . Thea makes Roy her assistant manager at Verdant , and they eventually get back together . Sara 's murder brings the repressed memories of his ramage to the surface and Roy supports the family of the police officer he killed . When Oliver is presumed dead , Roy takes his place as the team 's head archer , often teaming with Laurel on missions . After Quentin Lance resumes his manhunt against Arrow , Roy subsequently impersonates Oliver 's alter - ego and fakes his own death , leaving Starling City to assume that Arrow is dead so that Oliver can be free . Roy passes on his Arsenal suit to Thea after leaving town . In season four , after building a new life in Hub City , Roy returns to his vigilante role after the Calculator extorts him to steal technological components and Thea is out of commission . In season five , Roy appears as a hologram when Oliver is about to leave the Dominators ' simulated dream world . Slade Wilson / Deathstroke ( edit ) Further information : Deathstroke Manu Bennett Slade Wilson ( portrayed by Manu Bennett ) is one of the world 's deadliest assassins and mercenaries , a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) operative , and the mentor - turned - archenemy of Oliver Queen . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name and is the main antagonist of season two . In season one flashbacks , Slade is a combat mentor to Oliver on Lian Yu and teaches him to fight Edward Fyers and his mercenaries in their attempts to escape the island and stop Fyers ' plans . Though Slade openly doubts Oliver 's abilities to survive or fight , often giving him demeaning nicknames , the two become close friends and fight together well . He also becomes romantically drawn to Shado . In season two flashbacks , he is severely wounded by Dr. Ivo 's mortar attacks and Oliver injects him with Mirakuru , a strength - enhancing serum left on the island in WWII by Japan , in order to save his life . When Shado is killed , Slade blames Oliver for her death and turns on him . In the present , Slade is alive , now operating as the mercenary `` Deathstroke '' , and plots to destroy Starling City with an army of Mirakuru soldiers working with Sebastian Blood and Isabel Rochev . He undermines Oliver 's life by causing him to lose his money and his business , revealing some of Oliver 's secrets to Laurel and Thea and killing Moira before unleashing his army on the city . Oliver defeats him when Felicity injects him with the Mirakuru cure and he is imprisoned in an A.R.G.U.S. supermax prison on Lian Yu . In season three , having been temporarily released by Malcolm Merlyn , Slade attempts to imprison Oliver and Thea in the supermax and return to Starling but the two are able to beat him . In season five , Deathstroke appears in a hallucination created by the Dominators , where he serves as a countermeasure to prevent Oliver and his friends from escaping . Bennett did not portray the character in the episode . Bennett would later reprise the role for the final two episodes of the season , appearing in a cameo in `` Missing '' and appearing as a major character in the finale . By the time of the season five finale , Slade is revealed to have completely recovered from the effects of the Mirakuru and willingly helps Oliver in his quest to rescue his team and son from Adrian Chase . Slade 's fate is unknown due to Lian Yu 's destruction . In season six , Slade , having survived the explosion , returns to Star City to see Oliver and thank him for giving him information about where to find his son . Malcolm Merlyn / Dark archer ( edit ) Further information : Merlyn ( DC Comics ) John Barrowman Malcolm Merlyn ( portrayed by John Barrowman ) , born Arthur King , is a wealthy businessman , member of the League of Assassins , father of Tommy and Thea and one of the main antagonists of the series . During season one , Malcolm plots the Undertaking , the destruction of the Glades using an earthquake device , after his wife Rebecca was murdered there . When Robert Queen earlier threatened the Undertaking , Malcolm arranged to destroy Robert 's ship , Queen 's Gambit , resulting in Robert 's death and indirectly leading to Oliver and Sara becoming the Arrow and the Canary . In the main story of season one , he uses Moira to gain access to the resources needed for the Undertaking . He tries to reshape Tommy into a better person by cutting him off which works but causes tensions between them . When the Arrow interferes with his plan , Malcolm becomes a vigilante called `` Dark Archer '' to oppose him and proves to be far more skilled . He suspects Oliver to be the Arrow and is proven right after defeating him a second time . In the season finale , Malcolm is seemingly killed by Oliver though he manages to destroy much of the Glades , inadvertently kills Tommy , and is publicly exposed for his crime by Moira . In season two , Malcolm returns to suborn the jury in Moira 's trial to find her innocent of the Undertaking . He discovers that he is Thea 's biological father , following Adam Donner 's discovery of Malcolm 's affair with Moira . In an attempt to keep Malcolm from Thea , Moira informs Raʾs al Ghul of his survival , forcing Malcolm to flee Starling City . During Slade 's attack on the city , Malcolm returns to save Thea from the Mirakuru soldiers and convinces her to leave Starling with him . In season three , Malcolm is revealed to have trained Thea to be a warrior in Corto Maltese . Despite being both the League 's target and a fugitive of the law , Malcolm secretly returns to Starling City , using personal wealth and resources following the loss of his company . Under an alias , Malcolm purchases the foundry from Queen Consolidated , the site of Thea 's nightclub , Verdant . It is revealed that his name in the League of Assassins is `` Al Sa - Her '' ( Arabic : الساحر ) , which translates to `` The Magician '' . He continues to train Thea until she can defeat him in combat . Malcolm plots the death of Raʾs to eliminate his blood debt , and manipulates Thea into killing Sara so that Oliver will take the fall for her murder and challenge Raʾs to a duel ; this plan fails and almost gets Oliver killed . Malcolm learns that crime lord Danny Brickwell was responsible for the murder of his wife , but Oliver persuades him to choose justice over vengeance for Thea 's sake , allowing Brickwell to be tried for his crimes . Malcolm trains Oliver in swordplay in preparation of battling Raʾs together . When Oliver tells Thea that Malcolm brainwashed her into killing Sara , she betrays Malcolm to the League ; he is captured and tortured , but freed from Nanda Parbat when Oliver takes the place of Raʾs . After Thea is killed by Raʾs , Malcolm accompanies Oliver to Nanda Parbat to revive her but Oliver is forced to join the League . Malcolm secretly works with Oliver to cripple the League from within and stop the plan of Raʾs to unleash the Alpha / Omega bio-weapon on Starling City . Malcolm leads Team Arrow to save the city until Oliver 's return . After Raʾs is killed by Oliver in a final sword fight , he passes leadership of the League to Malcolm , which Nyssa suspects had been Malcolm 's scheme all along . Despite their renewed animosity , both Malcolm and Oliver harbor deep respect for each other : Malcolm regards Oliver as a surrogate son and Oliver himself remembers the man Malcolm was before the death of his wife . In season four , Malcolm helps Laurel resurrect Sara in order to settle his family 's blood debt with Laurel , and helps Thea control her bloodlust . He provides information to Oliver and Barry Allen about Vandal Savage . To keep Darhk from learning Oliver 's secret , Malcolm masquerades as Green Arrow . However , despite occasionally helping Oliver , Malcolm remains an amoral man and is despised by Oliver 's team and their allies . Malcolm 's aid to Oliver is either for protecting Thea or for his own agendas . Malcolm ultimately loses both his left hand and his power after Nyssa wins the League 's leadership with Oliver 's help , leading Malcolm to align himself with Darhk for revenge against Oliver . In the process , Malcolm reveals Oliver 's secrets to Darhk . As a result , Darhk makes Malcolm a H.I.V.E. member and provides a cybernetic prosthesis . In order to protect himself and Thea from Damien 's plans , Malcolm steals Damien 's idol , working with Andy Diggle , which results in Laurel 's death . Malcolm remains a leader to disbanded remnants of the League . Malcolm allies with Team Arrow again when Darhk tries to destroy the world without the means to survive it . In season five , an illusion of Malcolm appears in the Dominators ' dream world and opposes Oliver , Thea , John , Ray and Sara when they try to leave , but is swiftly killed by Thea . Malcolm appears in flashbacks working with Konstantin Kovar , giving him sarin gas in exchange for the means to acquire information on Unidac Industries to build the earthquake device . Malcolm returns in the penultimate episode of season five , offering Oliver his assistance in saving his friends , most importantly Thea . After Malcolm frees Thea , Felicity , Curtis and Samantha , Thea accidentally steps on a landmine . As Captain Boomerang approaches them , Malcolm takes Thea 's place , telling the others to run . As they run , the landmine is seen exploding in the distance , presumably killing Malcolm and Captain Boomerang . Malcolm Merlyn is based on the DC Comics character of the same birth name and is the main antagonist of season one . Curtis Holt / mister Terrific ( edit ) Further information : Mister Terrific ( Michael Holt ) Echo Kellum Curtis Holt ( portrayed by Echo Kellum ) is a technological savant , inventor , and bronze - medal - winning Olympic decathlete , who works with Felicity at Palmer Technologies . In season four , he helps her rescue Ray Palmer from Damien Darhk . He later learns Oliver 's secret identity and helps them defeat Brie Larvan . He then helps Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon to stop H.I.V.E. He officially joins the team in season five as part of Oliver 's efforts to expand and accept help after Diggle and Thea retired . While in the field , Curtis adopts a costume similar to his comic counterpart , including his ' Fair Play ' jacket and T - shaped mask . He alternates between field work and tech support depending on the crisis , such as helping Felicity devise a means of translating the extraterrestrial technology during the Dominators ' invasion . In the mid-season finale , `` What We Leave Behind '' , Curtis is hospitalized after he is shot with a tuberculosis vaccine by new villain Prometheus , aided by the treachery of apparent teammate Evelyn Sharp . Curtis 's husband Paul leaves him after discovering his vigilante activities , and they eventually divorce . At the end of season five , Curtis ' fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . In season six , Curtis has survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane with the others and is working with the team using his upgraded T spheres and other tech . He is revealed , that after leaving Palmer Technologies last year , he started an online business , which prompts Felicity propose partnership with him to form their own company . He based on the DC Comics character Mister Terrific Adrian Chase / Prometheus ( edit ) Josh Segarra Adrian Chase ( portrayed by Josh Segarra ) is the new Star City district attorney in season five who helps Mayor Oliver Queen clean up the streets through the justice system . Chase is also Prometheus , a ruthless and mysterious hooded archer who kills , and has a grudge against Oliver Queen / Green Arrow . He wears a black uniform almost identical to the Green Arrow 's . Prometheus is aware of Oliver 's identity , having deduced that the Green Arrow was the presumably - deceased Hood / Arrow , and begins a killing spree of innocent people with arrows and shurikens made from Oliver 's discarded bolts . Prometheus has no tolerance for anyone else targeting Green Arrow and kills Tobias Church when he ignores a warning to leave Green Arrow alone . He also targets those close to Oliver by framing Quentin Lance , manipulating Evelyn Sharp into betraying Oliver , staging Billy Malone in his uniform to be killed by Oliver , and sends Laurel Lance 's interdimensional doppelgänger Black Siren to tarnish Oliver 's memories of her . Prometheus is the illegitimate son of Justin Claybourne , a pharmaceutical owner on the List who was killed by Oliver during his first year as the Hood . It is eventually revealed that Adrian 's birth name is Simon Morrison , and that he was taught by Talia al Ghul to gain a skillset to match Oliver 's . Despite seeking revenge against Oliver , Adrian was never close to his father who realized that Adrian is psychopathic and wanted nothing to do with him . After Adrian and his allies kidnap Oliver 's friends and family to Lian Yu , Oliver 's party ultimately beats Adrian 's . Unwilling to accept defeat , Adrian kills himself , detonating the bombs throughout the island in an attempt to kill Oliver 's loved ones ; though most of them survived , but he succeeded in killing Oliver 's son 's mother Samantha Clayton . On why Adrian is not Vigilante , as in the comics , Guggenheim stated , We knew we were going to do Vigilante this year , we knew who the character of Prometheus was , we knew that the character of Prometheus was the son of one of Oliver 's early kills in season one , we knew that he was going to be someone who was going to indoctrinate himself into Oliver 's good graces in the mayor 's office and eventually betray him . One morning ... it occurred to me that if we called this character Adrian Chase , and we made him a district attorney , everyone would be so focused on when he becomes Vigilante that they would n't be expecting that he really was Prometheus . He is based on the DC Comics characters Adrian Chase and Prometheus and is the main antagonist of season five . Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog ( edit ) Main article : Wild Dog ( comics ) Rick Gonzalez Rene Ramirez ( portrayed by Rick Gonzalez ) is a vigilante in Star City whose reckless and cocksure actions prompt the Green Arrow to guide him . His vigilante attire consists of normal clothes , with a hockey mask to hide his identity ; the red dog image on the shirt of his uniform , led to his gaining the moniker of `` Wild Dog '' . Prior to becoming a vigilante , Rene kills a criminal in defense of his family , which led to his wife 's death during the altercation ; his daughter was put in a foster care due to the community deeming him unfit as he succumbs to alcohol blackouts . With Curtis Holt 's help , Rene seeks legal actions to get his daughter back . He later becomes Quentin Lance 's assistant to help him reform Star City politically and they become friends . Gonzalez has been promoted to the main cast for the sixth season , his character having survived the explosions on Lian Yu . He is based on the DC Comics character Wild Dog . Dinah Drake / Black Canary ( edit ) Main article : Black Canary Dinah Drake ( portrayed by Juliana Harkavy ) is a detective , formerly of the Central City Police Department . She went undercover in a drug ring with the alias `` Tina Boland '' , only for her partner to be murdered after they were both revealed to be cops . After the particle accelerator explosion , she receives the ability to produce sonic waves with her scream and hunts down the leader of the drug ring to get revenge for her partner 's death . Oliver and his team seek to recruit Drake as a candidate to succeed Laurel Lance as Black Canary . Dinah joined the Star City Police Department after she settled in the city . Harkavy has been promoted to the main cast for the sixth season , her character having survived the explosions on Lian Yu . She is based on the DC Comics character Black Canary . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of recurring actors who portrayed significant characters in multiple episodes , sometimes across multiple seasons . The characters are listed in alphabetical order by actor and grouped by the season in which they first appeared . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Audrey Marie Anderson portrays Lyla Michaels , an A.R.G.U.S. agent and John Diggle 's wife who served with him in Afghanistan where they first met . Within A.R.G.U.S. she uses the codename `` Harbinger '' and is the field leader of the Suicide Squad . Lyla and John also have a child , born in season three , who they name Sara in honor of Sara Lance ( The child is later changed to a son named John Jr. following the events of `` Flashpoint '' ) . Lyla and Sara are kidnapped by Oliver when he masquerades as a devoted League of Assassins member called Al Sah - Him . Though this strains the friendship between John and Oliver when the truth comes out , Lyla understands that it was necessary in his battle to destroy Raʾs al Ghul and the League . In season four , after Amanda Waller 's death , Lyla becomes her successor as leader of A.R.G.U.S. and works to reform the organization . While she primarily aids Team Arrow , Lyla occasionally makes appearances in The Flash to aid Team Flash when A.R.G.U.S. faces metahuman threats . However , due to the events of The Flash episode `` Flashpoint '' , Lyla learns of the alteration of her life with her husband , leading her to distrust the Flash . Jessica De Gouw portrays Helena Bertinelli / Huntress , a vigilante who seeks revenge against her mob boss father and his associates for murdering her fiancé . Oliver makes a connection with her and tries to help her . They develop feelings for each other until Helena realizes Oliver still has feelings for Laurel , causing a rift . Helena 's revenge is thwarted by Oliver , who puts her father in jail , making an enemy of her . Sebastian Dunn portrays Edward Fyers , a mercenary on Lian Yu seen during the season one flashbacks . He is killed in battle on the island . In season three , it is revealed that Fyers worked for Amanda Waller . Adrian Holmes portrays Franklin `` Frank '' Pike , a police lieutenant and Quentin Lance 's superior . By the fifth season , Pike has been promoted to captain of police . Kelly Hu portrays Chien Na Wei / China White , a Chinese Triad leader who seeks revenge against Arrow for defeating her in combat during their first encounter . However , Oliver actually met her in Hong Kong two years prior , shown during the season three flashbacks . He helps capture her when she comes to Starling City . In season five , she escaped from prison with Carrie Cutter and Liza Warner but is later recaptured by Green Arrow and his team ; she knows that that the Green Arrow is really her nemesis , the Arrow . Celina Jade portrays Shado , the daughter of Yao Fei . She helps train Oliver in archery and martial arts while on Lian Yu in the season one flashbacks ; they become lovers . She is killed by Ivo during the season two flashbacks . Slade , who had secretly been in love with her , blames Oliver for her death and vows revenge . She later appears in Slade 's hallucinations in the present time . Jade also portrayed Shado 's twin sister , Mei , who Oliver meets in Hong Kong during a season three flashback . She also appears as a hallucination in season four during Oliver 's second stay on Lian Yu . Alex Kingston portrays Dinah Lance , mother of Laurel and Sara , and former wife of Quentin . Dinah is a European history professor . Prior to Sara 's disappearance , Dinah learned of her youngest daughter 's relationship with Oliver , and is guilt - ridden for failing to stop her after the incident . After Sara 's presumed death , Dinah 's marriage with Quentin deteriorates and they divorce . She then leaves her family to find her daughter , correctly believing that she is alive . Dinah remarries after settling in Central City . Despite separating herself from Quentin after Sara 's return , Dinah remains close to him and their daughters , and encourages Quentin to move on from their past . Byron Mann portrays Yao Fei Gulong , a skilled former Chinese general who assists Oliver on Lian Yu during season one . Yao Fei was framed for the massacre of a Chinese village by his superiors and sent to Lian Yu as punishment . He was found there by Edward Fyers who used Yao Fei 's daughter Shado as leverage to extort his help bringing down a commercial airliner . During an escape attempt Yao Fei encountered Oliver who he sheltered and taught survival skills , and brought him to Slade Wilson and Shado to teach him combat and archery , respectively . Yao Fei is killed by Fyers in the season one finale . In the season five flashbacks it is revealed that Yao Fei was taught by Talia al Ghul . The character 's name was derived from a DC Comics superhero character . Michael Rowe portrays Floyd Lawton / Deadshot , a mercenary who killed Andy Diggle under H.I.V.E. 's orders . Lawton is also a member of the Suicide Squad , although he is killed on a mission in season three . In season four it is revealed that Lawton did not kill Andy , but was used by H.I.V.E. to fake Andy 's death . Colin Salmon portrays Walter Steele , Moira 's husband , Oliver 's step - father , and Felicity 's former employer . He was president of Queen Consolidated until he disappeared in episode 9 , but was found alive in episode 21 . He and Moira separate at the end of season one , and he returns in season two to help her run for mayor . It is revealed that Moira had confided in Walter about Thea 's true paternity at some point after they marry . He is currently the chief financial officer of Starling National Bank . Jamey Sheridan portrays Robert Queen , Moira 's late husband , Oliver 's father , and Thea 's legal father . Despite his marriage to Moira , Robert was not a faithful husband , having many illicit affairs outside of his marriage including with his company 's intern , Isabel Rochev . Robert is secretly aware that Thea is Malcolm Merlyn 's biological daughter , but accepted her and also acted as a surrogate father to Malcolm 's son , Tommy . As a young man , Robert gained his wealth through corrupted means including killing a local councilman , Henry Goodwin ; he gradually become remorseful of his greed , leading him to join Malcolm 's secret society , Tempest , to improve Starling City 's condition in hope of making amends . He and Oliver were both lost at sea when Malcolm sabotaged the Queen 's Gambit . Robert sacrifices his life by killing himself , increasing Oliver 's chances of survival and returning home to Starling City to right Robert 's wrongs . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Cynthia Addai - Robinson portrays Amanda Waller , leader of A.R.G.U.S. and commander of the Suicide Squad . In season two , Waller often forces John Diggle to work for her on missions other A.R.G.U.S. agents are unwilling to perform . She tries to have Starling City destroyed during Slade Wilson 's attack to contain the Mirakuru soldiers , only to be stopped by John and Lyla . She has used the codename `` Mockingbird '' . She is killed after the Shadowspire soldiers infiltrate A.R.G.U.S. in season four . In the season three flashbacks , she rescues Oliver from Lian Yu after witnessing his progressive skills in combat , and forces him to work for her and , in the process , furthers his trainings two years prior to his return to Starling City . Kevin Alejandro portrays Sebastian Blood / Brother Blood , a savvy politician who is working with Slade Wilson , a friend of Oliver Queen and romantic interest of Laurel Lance . He is a city alderman who is running for mayor to create his vision of Starling City . He leads a double life as a criminal , wearing a skull mask based on the nightmares he had of his late - father , called `` Brother Blood '' . Seemingly benign , over the course of season two Sebastian is gradually revealed to be narcissistic and directly responsible for the murders of his parents . When Oliver and Laurel are close to discovering his secret , he misdirects them by having Laurel kill a decoy in the skull mask . Laurel uncovers his secret and Oliver tries to reason with Sebastian . Sebastian is betrayed by Slade , causing him to give the Mirakuru cure to Oliver , for which he is killed by Isabel Rochev . Summer Glau portrays Isabel Rochev , a senior executive at Stellmoor International who acquires half of Queen Consolidated in the second - season premiere . She later secures full control of the company in a hostile takeover . It is revealed she was Oliver 's father 's mistress during her internship and had been working with Slade to get revenge . Like Oliver , Isabel was also trained by Slade in martial arts , but she was later injected with the same Mirakuru drug that was given to Slade . In the season two finale Isabel is killed by Nyssa al Ghul . The character shares her name with the DC Comics villain `` The Queen '' , who , in the comics , became CEO of Queen Industries following the death of founder Robert Queen . Grant Gustin portrays Barry Allen / Flash , a young crime scene investigator from the Central City Police Department . Oliver first meets Barry when the latter arrives to personally investigate a superhuman - related crime in Starling City . Barry discovers that Oliver is his vigilante idol , the Arrow , saves Oliver 's life and helps him to begin uncovering the Mirakuru plot orchestrated by Slade Wilson . Ultimately , both Barry and Oliver become good friends and they occasionally offer each other advice and support . Barry later gains the power of super-speed , and is inspired by Oliver 's example to become a hero known as the `` Flash '' . He occasionally joins Oliver on missions and remains a trusted friend and ally . Gustin stars as the character on The Flash . Katrina Law portrays Nyssa al Ghul , the daughter of Raʾs al Ghul . Nyssa is said to have encountered a dying Sara on Lian Yu after Oliver and Slade 's fight on the Amazo , and brought Sara to the League where they became lovers , though her father never approved of their relationship . In season two , when Sara leaves the League , Nyssa works to force her return , threatening her family , but ultimately accepts her departure and later helps Oliver fight Slade 's army when Sara decides to return to the League . In season three , when Sara is murdered , Nyssa goes on a vengeance quest to kill Malcolm , correctly assuming he is her killer though he claims otherwise . She befriends Sara 's sister , Laurel , but her animosity with Oliver intensifies because he is unwilling to let her execute Malcolm . Nyssa feels betrayed when Raʾs declares Oliver his successor and releases Malcolm , and she leaves Nanda Parbat for Starling City and begins training Laurel . Nyssa is later captured by Oliver , Maseo Yamashiro and a team of assassins to bring her back to Nanda Parbat by force , for stealing the Alpha / Omega virus from the League . Instead of having Oliver kill Nyssa for her betrayal , Raʾs decides that the two should marry , to her evident dismay . However , Nyssa aligns herself with Oliver and his team to save Starling City , defying her father . She later returns to the League under Malcolm 's leadership and bows to him despite making it clear that she intends to kill him one day . In season four Nyssa begs Laurel not to use the Lazarus Pit to bring Sara back to life , knowing Sara will return different . When Laurel does so regardlessly , Nyssa retaliates by using a potion Raʾs Al Ghul left to destroy the Pit . Nyssa later escapes and tries to manipulate Oliver into killing Malcolm by leveraging him with the cure to Thea 's condition , though this results in war between her and Malcolm . Eventually Nyssa succeeds when Oliver defeats Malcolm without killing him and Nyssa disbands the League to spite Malcolm and regain Team Arrow 's trust . She later returns to attend Laurel 's funeral . Caity Lotz portrays Sara Lance / Canary / White Canary , Laurel 's sister with whom Oliver had an affair . Sara , along with Laurel and their mother Dinah , is based on the DC Comics superheroine Black Canary . She was believed to have drowned with the sinking Queen 's Gambit , but she resurfaces in season two as another vigilante , the `` Canary '' , who is connected to the League of Assassins . She was originally portrayed by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood in the pilot . According to Kreisberg , she is `` the beginning of the Black Canary story '' . She eventually wins her freedom from the League and returns to Starling City , to become part of Oliver 's team in addition to working as a bartender at his nightclub . She breaks with Oliver over a dispute concerning Roy , and rejoins the League in order win their backing against Slade Wilson 's army . She returns to Starling City on a mission for the League , but is killed by a mysterious archer . It is revealed that Thea killed Sara while drugged and controlled by Malcolm , as part of a plot to force Oliver into combat with Raʾs al Ghul . Lotz dubs Cassidy 's lines when Laurel impersonates Sara as the Canary , and later appears as a hallucination of Laurel 's . In season four , Laurel , Thea , and Malcolm resurrect Sara using the Lazarus Pit , but she returns mentally fractured until Oliver brings in his old friend , John Constantine , to help restore her soul . However , Sara 's behavior remains volatile and she suffers an insatiable bloodlust , which prompts her to seek solitude away from home . Dylan Neal portrays Dr. Anthony Ivo during flashbacks in season two . He is the first character in the series who tells Oliver , Slade and Shado about the `` Mirakuru '' ; he later murders Shado . After one of his hands has been cut off by Slade , he is killed by Oliver on Lian Yu . David Nykl portrays Anatoli Knyazev , based on the character KGBeast . Anatoli was kidnapped by Dr. Ivo and is brought to Lian Yu where he meets Oliver Queen and becomes a friend and is instrumental in Slade 's defeat on the island . Sometime between the flashbacks and the present , Anatoli makes Oliver a Bratva captain and continues to assist him in the present . Danielle Panabaker portrays Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , a bioengineering expert from S.T.A.R. Labs and a metahuman with cryokinetic abilities . Caitlin helps Felicity in recreating the Mirakuru antidote , and occasionally helps Team Arrow on missions . Panabaker stars as the character on The Flash . Graham Shiels portrays Cyrus Gold , an acolye of Brother Blood who is the first to survive injection with Mirakuru in the present day . Oliver defeats him in the episode `` Three Ghosts '' . Bex Taylor - Klaus portrays Cindy a.k.a. `` Sin '' , a wayward youth who Sara takes under her wing in Starling City after Cindy 's father is killed on Lian Yu . Cindy later befriends Roy Harper and Thea Queen . Carlos Valdes portrays Cisco Ramon / Vibe , a mechanical engineering genius at S.T.A.R. Labs with known metahuman abilities to detect anomalies within reality and sonic manipulation . Cisco helps upgrade the arsenals of Oliver , Laurel , and Sara , aids Ray with his Atom suit , and designs a new safe house for Oliver . Valdes stars as the character on The Flash . Introduced in season three ( edit ) Eugene Byrd portrays Andrew `` Andy '' Diggle , the brother of John Diggle who is first seen as a bodyguard in a season three flashback , but was previously known to have been killed by the H.I.V.E. organization , which hired Floyd Lawton as their hitman . However , Andy led a double life in the military as a drug lord associated with the Shadowspire organization in Afghanistan ; H.I.V.E. faked Andy 's death and he eventually became one of Damien Darhk 's `` Ghosts '' . John suspects that Andy joined H.I.V.E. of his own free will , and tries to reconcile with his brother while saving him from damnation . Andy later helps John and Lyla stop Shadowspire from obtaining a weapon from A.R.G.U.S and is welcomed back into the family by John , but this proved to be a facade to get closer to Team Arrow . Later , he works with Malcolm Merlyn to get Darhk out of prison , and restore Darhk 's powers . Andy 's actions result in Laurel 's death at Darhk 's hands . As a result , John pursues and kills Andy to protect the rest of his family . Rila Fukushima portrays Tatsu Yamashiro / Katana , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . She is a mentor to Oliver during his time in Hong Kong . Devon Aoki was originally cast in the role but left due to a scheduling conflict . She is the wife of Maseo Yamashiro . In the present day , her relationship with her husband is estranged after the death of their son and she joins the Crescent Order after returning to Japan . She nurses Oliver back to health after he is nearly killed by Raʾs al Ghul . Tatsu supports Team Arrow during their war with the League of Assassins . After a short sword - fight with her husband , she kills Maseo and mourns him . She later helps Nyssa and Oliver in curing Thea from the effects of the Lazarus Pit . Vinnie Jones portrays Danny `` Brick '' Brickwell , a gang leader in Starling City . He earns the nickname `` Brick '' from being shot multiple times , without ever being put down . Brick organizes the takeover of the Glades in Oliver 's absence and is later revealed to have killed Malcolm 's wife , Rebecca , and thus is the indirect catalyst for the events of the series . Damien Darhk extorts Brick into joining H.I.V.E. after they escape from prison . Matt Nable portrays Raʾs al Ghul ( Arabic : رأس الغول ‎ ; `` The Demon 's Head '' ) , the main antagonist of the third season and leader of the League of Assassins who has lived for at least two centuries ( having been born some decades before 1854 ) due to the use of the Lazarus Pit , a pool which can heal wounds and bring the dead back to life . He is the father of Nyssa al Ghul . Raʾs has never acknowledged Sara as a member of the League and disapproves of Nyssa 's relationship with her . Oliver claims to have killed Sara and challenges Raʾs to a trial by combat which Raʾs easily wins , nearly killing Oliver by stabbing him through the chest . Raʾs wants to make Oliver his heir -- the new Raʾs al Ghul -- because Oliver is the only man to survive a death match against him , fulfilling a League prophecy regarding his destined successor . Raʾs become fixated with Oliver , neglecting other candidates , and becomes estranged with his daughter . When Oliver refuses his offer , Raʾs orders the League to kill the people of Starling City ; he stabs Thea and leaves her near death , with a cure via the Lazarus Pit available only if Oliver agrees to become his heir . Oliver accedes , and Raʾs names him `` Al Sah - Him '' . After Oliver captures Nyssa , Raʾs forces an engagement between them . He also orders Oliver to unleash the Alpha / Omega bioweapon on Starling City , oblivious that Oliver was working with Malcolm and Nyssa to take down the League from the inside . In the season finale , Oliver kills Raʾs . Malcolm becomes Raʾs successor of the League 's leadership , and thus its prophecy is fulfilled as Malcolm survived an assault by Raʾs during his captivity . J.R. Ramirez portrays Ted Grant / Wildcat , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Grant is a former boxer who runs a gym for underprivileged youth . He provides Laurel with combat training , and in the process becomes Laurel 's friend and confidant . He is also a former low - profile vigilante who watched over the Glades . Charlotte Ross portrays Donna Smoak , Felicity 's mother , and a former cocktail waitress from Las Vegas . Donna was previously married to cyber-criminal Noah Kuttler which led to Felicity 's conception prior to leaving him ; Donna claimed that Noah abandoned them , resulting in an estranged relationship with Felicity until they reconcile seventeen years later . Donna meets and dates Quentin Lance , but remains bitter over Noah and his criminal past . She helps Quentin to cope with the loss of his eldest daughter , Laurel . As of the season five premiere , Donna and Quentin have split up . Brandon Routh portrays Ray Palmer / Atom , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Ray is a scientist , inventor , minister and businessman who succeeds Isabel Rochev as CEO of Queen Consolidated after her crimes are posthumously exposed . Ray seeks to make improvements to Starling City after it survived terrorist attacks , and has the intention of renaming it `` Star City '' , involving himself with the city 's legislative body . After his fiancée , Anna Loring , is killed by one of Slade Wilson 's Mirakuru soldiers , Ray uses the company 's research and technical inventions to develop a suit powered by white dwarf matter , which , in his theory , can alter the wearer 's size down to the subatomic level . Ray seeks to use it to become a high - tech vigilante , named `` Atom '' . He renames Queen Consolidated `` Palmer Technologies '' and makes Felicity his Vice President . Ray and Felicity become lovers until Ray realizes that she is in love with Oliver . Ray assists Team Arrow 's fight against Raʾs al Ghul to stop him unleashing the Alpha / Omega bioweapon . In the season finale Ray is working on the suit with the intention of giving it the power to shrink but a malfunction causes the entire top floor of Palmer Technologies to blow up . It is revealed later that Ray is alive but was being held captive by Darhk until he is freed by Team Arrow to join their fight against H.I.V.E. Karl Yune portrays Maseo Yamashiro , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . He was Oliver 's handler , and later good friend , during his time in Hong Kong . He becomes estranged from his wife , Tatsu Yamashiro , after the death of their son , Akio , and joins the League of Assassins as `` Sarab '' . However he remains loyal to Oliver and covertly ensures his survival after his duel with Raʾs al Ghul , and still loves Tatsu . Despite this he is loyal to Raʾs and becomes a key leader in the League 's mission to force Oliver to take Raʾs place , going as far as to kill the Starling City mayor to frame him . He is eventually killed by Tatsu after a sword - fight . Introduced in season four ( edit ) Tom Amandes portrays Noah Kuttler / Calculator , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Kuttler is Felicity 's long - lost father , who is a career cyber-criminal whom Donna Smoak divorced from eighteen years previously . He has advanced computer science and hacking skills which surpasses his daughter 's , which he uses to blackmail Roy Harper out of hiding . Kuttler is ultimately arrested by Donna 's current romantic partner , Quentin Lance , after Felicity turns her father in . After escaping from prison , Kuttler finds himself being targeted by H.I.V.E. due to their awareness that he possibly can thwart their plans for world domination with his computer skills ; he helps his daughter in stopping H.I.V.E. after Felicity and her friends save him , but leaves Star City once more at Donna 's insistence . Jimmy Akingbola portrays Baron Reiter , based on the DC Comics character Baron Blitzkrieg . He is the leader of Shadowspire in the series flashbacks , when he was searching for magical artifacts on Lian Yu , specifically the idol that Damien Darhk later possesses . He is eventually killed by Oliver when Taiana gains control of the idol 's powers and weaken him long enough for Oliver to hurl a knife into Reiter 's back , killing him . Janet Kidder portrays Ruvé Adams , the wife of Damien Darhk , who shares his ambitions and campaigns against Oliver for mayor of Star City . She wins the election and becomes mayor after Oliver drops out of the race . She is held captive by Lonnie Machin , who stabs her in the chest with an arrow . Unable to move , she is crushed by falling debris from the destruction of Darhk 's nuclear bomb shelter . Before she dies , she asks Oliver to save her daughter . Neal McDonough portrays Damien Darhk , a former member of the League of Assassins and a friend - turned - adversary to Raʾs al Ghul . He is the main antagonist of the fourth season . Years ago , Darhk left the League after being denied its leadership , taking a sample of the Lazarus Pit and several League members with him after Raʾs failed orders to execute him . He leads his own clandestine group , H.I.V.E. , and plots to start a nuclear holocaust in order to rule a post-apocalyptic world in a plan known as `` Genesis '' . According to Raʾs , Darhk also orchestrated Bronze Tiger 's plot to steal Malcolm 's prototype earthquake machine and Mark Shaw 's attempt to acquire the A.R.G.U.S. file . In season four , he is introduced as the main antagonist , a formidable hand - to - hand combatant with mystical abilities -- he can remotely manipulate objects and people , and can drain the life force from a person through physical contact . Darhk becomes enemies of Green Arrow and Oliver , believing the two are working together and not the same man ( although he does express suspicions ) . Darhk also kidnapped Ray Palmer to steal his technology for Genesis . He ultimately deduces the true identities of the entire Arrow team . Despite being a sadistic terrorist leader , Darhk is also a loving father and husband ; his wife , Ruvé Adams , also shares her spouse 's cruelty and is supportive of his endeavors . Through Malcolm , Darhk learns that Oliver has fathered a son and uses him as a means to scuttle Oliver 's mayoral campaign . Quentin and Mari McCabe discover that a mystical idol in Darhk 's possession is the source of his supernatural powers , and Mari destroys it , leaving Darhk powerless and imprisoned . He later escapes with the assistance of Malcolm and Andy , regaining his powers from his rebuilt idol in the process , and kills Quentin 's daughter , Laurel , in retaliation for his imprisonment . Following the destruction of Genesis and his wife 's death , Darhk attempts to destroy all of Star City , but the idol is destroyed once more , nullifying his powers . Darhk fights Oliver but is overpowered , and taunts Oliver stating he spared Slade Wilson when he killed his mother . Oliver reminds Darhk of his crimes and kills him . Jack Moore portrays William Clayton , Oliver 's son . William learns of his relation to Oliver and discovers his father 's secrets at the end of season five . In season six , William 's faith with superheroes shattered after Oliver 's failure of saving his mother from Prometheus . Oliver now acknowledged William publicly and thus his part of the Queen family , but William struggles to accept Oliver as his father but it is improving , and he has not yet taking his father 's surname despite the revelation of his lineage . Ryan Robbins portrays Conklin , a member of Shadowspire in the series flashbacks . Conklin is highly suspicious of Oliver and his presence on Lian Yu , and regularly tries to convince his boss , Reiter , not to trust Oliver . He is later killed by Oliver when the two are left alone in a room and fight in hand - to - hand combat . In `` Taken '' , a primordial energy takes the form of Conklin and stands at the entrance of the cave , speaking in tongues , but disappears when it notices the spell tattoo on Oliver 's chest and deemed him worthy to pass . Elysia Rotaru portrays Taiana Venediktov , a woman whose life Oliver saves in the flashbacks , faking her death to protect her from Shadowspire . Oliver kills her brother , who Conklin had sent to attack him , and initially tries to hide it from Taiana . After they get caught by Conklin , Oliver is tortured , and they are both imprisoned . While Taiana is taking care of his wounds -- and after Shado appears in his dreams , telling Oliver to do the right thing -- he confesses . She later helps Oliver escape as they manage to steal the idol from Reiter , but the idol 's power begins to corrupt Taiana . Realizing she can not control it , she asks Oliver to kill her , and he does . Parker Young portrays Alex Davis , an employee of Oliver 's mayoral campaign and love interest for Thea . When Oliver drops out of the mayoral race , he starts to work for Ruvé Adams and it is later revealed that he is being controlled by her . Alex is killed by Lonnie Machin when he stumbles into a fight between Thea and Lonnie , due to Lonnie believing that Alex is clouding Thea 's mind . Alexander Calvert portrays Lonnie Machin / Anarky , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Lonnie is a deranged freelancing criminal who is willing to do whatever it takes to impress a potential employer . After his face was disfigured and burned by Thea , he becomes a rogue terrorist and plans on getting his revenge on Darhk for betraying him . Madison McLaughlin portrays Evelyn Crawford Sharp / Artemis , based on the DC Comics character Starling . She takes up the mantle of the Black Canary following Laurel 's death , eventually settling on the name Artemis . She becomes one of the new recruits of Team Arrow despite her moral ambiguity , but ultimately betrays the team to Prometheus after learning about the List and Oliver 's former identity as the Arrow . Chenier Hundal portrays Paul Holt , the husband of Curtis Holt until their divorce in season 5 and Felicity Smoak 's physiotherapist . Introduced in season five ( edit ) Chad Coleman portrays Tobias `` Charon '' Church , an imposing gangster looking to unite the various criminal enterprises in Star City under his own singular command . Church sought to eliminate Green Arrow to proceed with his plan to use Star City 's docks to ship drugs and weapons between the other city 's major crime families with ease , having frequent encounters with him . After capturing and torturing the Green Arrow 's sidekick , Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog , Church learns his identity is Oliver Queen , but is defeated by him . While being transferred to Iron Heights prison , Church is murdered by Prometheus for ignoring his warnings to not target Green Arrow . Tyler Ritter portrays Detective Billy Malone , a new member of the Star City Police Department and Felicity 's new boyfriend . He is inadvertently killed by Oliver due to a trap set by Prometheus . Joe Dinicol portrays Rory Regan / Ragman , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Regan arrives `` fresh from a personal tragedy '' hoping to find answers in Star City , where he ultimately crosses paths with Green Arrow . Carly Pope portrays Susan Williams , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Susan is a reporter from Coast City for Channel 52 news , who becomes interested in Oliver and the Green Arrow . She later becomes his love interest . David Meunier portrays Ishmael Gregor , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Gregor is the Pakhan ( `` Godfather '' ) of the Bratva ( Russian mafia ) , who takes a special interest in Oliver Queen . Dolph Lundgren portrays Konstantin Kovar , a member of the Russian government who appears in the season 's flashbacks . Oliver seeks to kill him to fulfill Taiana 's last request . A character of the same name appears in DC Comics as the father of the superhero Red Star . Johann Urb portrays Vincent Sobel / Vigilante , while Mick Wingert voices the character when masked . Despite belief that Josh Segarra voiced the character , thus implying that Segarra 's character Adrian Chase was also Vigilante , it was revealed that Chase was instead Prometheus . As such , Guggenheim indicated that the reveal of who Vigilante actually was would `` probably '' not be seen in season five and that Vigilante 's identity was someone already seen before . Sobel was originally portrayed by Clayton Chitty in season 5 . Lexa Doig portrays Talia al Ghul , based on the DC Comics character of the same name , a worldly and cultured elite warrior . Milli Wilkinson previously portrayed a younger version of the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Talia is Raʾs al Ghul 's daughter and Nyssa al Ghul 's eldest sister ; she trained one of Oliver 's mentors , Yao Fei Gulong , before training Oliver herself in Russia . She seeks revenge against Oliver for her father 's death by aligning herself with Adrian Chase . Talia is also enemies with Nyssa after the former left their family , and their feud is intensified after knowing Nyssa 's role of their father 's death . Talia also controls a League of Assassins remnant . Kacey Rohl portrays Alena , a member of the Helix hacking organization who attempts to recruit Felicity to their ranks after helping her clear Diggle 's name . Introduced in season six ( edit ) Sydelle Noel portrays Samandra Watson , an FBI agent investigating the vigilantes of Star City . Watson first arrives in Star City after a leaked photo of Oliver Queen as the Green Arrow is exposed to the media . Although the photo was proven to be a fake , Watson remains suspicious of Oliver Queen and chooses to stay behind in Star City to look further into Team Arrow as a whole . Michael Emerson portrays Cayden James , the former leader of the hacktivist organization Helix . Once incarcerated by A.R.G.U.S. , James is broken out of custody by Helix members with the aid of Felicity Smoak . Later , James reemerges in Star City after rescuing an injured Black Siren from Lian Yu . With Black Siren now under his employment , James and his followers Ricardo Diaz , Vincent Sobel , Anatoly Knyazev , and Boots are in the process of working on their latest unknown project known as Arclight and it is later revealed that Oliver as the Green Arrow played a role in the death of James ' son . Kirk Acevedo portrays Ricardo Diaz , a drug lord recently released from incarceration who leads a team street criminals and scientists in the development of an experimental steroid used by John Diggle to work around his tremors . He later sides with Cayden James . Guest stars ( edit ) The following is a supplementary list of guest stars , some recurring , who appear in lesser roles . The characters are listed , in alphabetical order by actor , by the season in which they first appeared . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Ben Browder portrays Ted Gaynor , Diggle 's former military commander who turns rogue and starts robbing cash from truck transfers only to be killed by the Arrow . Gaynor returns in flashbacks where his military history with Diggle is shown . Roger Cross portrays Detective Lucas Hilton , Quentin Lance 's partner who helps him primarily when he is a detective in season one . He is killed by Cyrus Gold . Andrew Dunbar portrays Garfield Lynns , a former firefighter who is killing other firefighters as revenge for being abandoned in a fire . Seth Gabel portrays The Count / Count Vertigo , dealer of the deadly drug known as Vertigo . Having already hated The Count for Thea 's Vertigo addiction , Oliver kills the drug lord in season two when The Count is holding Felicity hostage . Kathleen Gati portrays Raisa , a long - serving domestic worker in the Queen mansion when the series begins ; she has been close to Oliver since his childhood . She returns in the sixth season to help take care of William , Oliver 's son . Janina Gavankar portrays McKenna Hall , a vice cop who dates Oliver . Currie Graham portrays Derek Reston , leader of the gang consisting of his family members . Chelah Horsdal portrays Kate Spencer , the district attorney . She is killed in season two during Slade Wilson 's rampage on Starling City . Annie Ilonzeh portrays Joanna De La Vega , Laurel 's friend and co-worker at legal aid firm CNRI . Christie Laing portrays Carly Diggle , a love interest of John Diggle and widow of his brother , Andy . Eugene Lipinski portrays Alexi Leonov , a Russian Bratva member . He is killed by Slade Wilson in season two . Brian Markinson portrays Adam Hunt , a corrupt businessman who is the first person on `` The List '' stopped by Oliver . He was blackmailed into involvement with the Undertaking . Hunt is later killed by Malcolm Merlyn . Jeffrey Nordling portrays Frank Bertinelli , Helena 's mob boss father . He is killed in the episode `` Birds of Prey '' , but not by Helena . Tahmoh Penikett portrays Nick Salvati , the right - hand man of Frank Bertinelli . J. August Richards portrays Mr. Blank in the episode `` Home Invasion '' . Mr. Blank is an assassin hired to kill Laurel and a witness for a court case . Originally , the character would have been Onomatopoeia , but the producers found that the character could not be adapted for TV . Jeffrey Robinson portrays Billy Wintergreen , Slade Wilson 's partner in the ASIS , who betrays him and joins Fyers . He is later killed by Slade . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Dylan Bruce portrays Adam Donner , an assistant district attorney who becomes Laurel 's boss in season two . Adam is fired later in the season . Michael Eklund portrays Barton Mathis / Dollmaker , a misogynistic serial killer and an enemy of Quentin Lance , later killed by Sara Lance . Anna Hopkins portrays Samantha Clayton , the mother of Oliver 's son , William . Oliver dated Samantha while in his relationship with Laurel , and she became pregnant . Moira bribed her to tell Oliver that she miscarried , and she moved to Central City , where she had their son . Oliver did not find out about William 's existence for about a decade . A year after Oliver learned of his fatherhood , Samantha and William are abducted by Adrian Chase and his allies . After the Lian Yu explosion , Samantha was badly injured and later died in Oliver 's arms , asking him to look out for her son . Jimmy Jean - Louis portrays `` The Captain '' , an unnamed man who is the captain of the ship Amazo . Robert Knepper portrays William Tockman / Clock King . Nicholas Lea portrays Mark Francis , an associate of Walter Steele . Sean Maher portrays Mark Scheffer / Shrapnel , a former toy - shop owner who becomes a psychotic serial bomber and later a member of the Suicide Squad . He was killed during the first mission . Teryl Rothery portrays Jean Loring , Moira 's attorney for her murder trial . Michael Jai White portrays Ben Turner / Bronze Tiger , an assassin who uses metal claws as weapons and subsequently becomes a member of the Suicide Squad . Introduced in season three ( edit ) Austin Butler portrays Chase , a DJ who becomes Thea 's romantic interest . It is revealed that he is a spy for the League of Assassins , and he commits suicide rather than be captured . David Cubitt portrays Mark Shaw , based on the DC Comics character , Manhunter . Shaw is an A.R.G.U.S. operative in Corto Maltese who crosses paths with Diggle , and will eventually be known as `` Manhunter '' . Steven Culp portrays Senator Cray , the target of a rescue mission by the Suicide Squad . He works against his rescuers , since he had engineered a hostage crisis to bolster his presidential ambitions . Nolan Funk portrays Cooper Seldon , Felicity 's boyfriend during her time at MIT , and leader of the hackivist - turned - terrorist organization `` Brother Eye '' . He escapes in Darhk 's prison riot and joins H.I.V.E. as their hacker . Amy Gumenick portrays Carrie Cutter / Cupid , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Carrie is a lethal villain with a dangerously obsessive crush on the Arrow but is later enrolled into the Suicide Squad , where she forms a crush on Floyd Lawton / Deadshot . Doug Jones portrays Jake Simmons / Deathbolt , a metahuman from Opal City who receives his powers through unknown means , with the ability to harness and weaponize plasma energy . Adrian Glynn McMorran portrays Michael Amar / Murmur , a man whose mouth is sewn shut , who enacts a deadly revenge scheme on the Starling City police for imprisoning him in Iron Heights Penitentiary on a false confession . He escapes in Darhk 's prison riot and joins H.I.V.E. but is captured and returned to prison . Marc Singer portrays US Army General Matthew Shrieve , who is introduced in a flashback at the end of the episode `` The Return '' . Shrieve presents himself as a more reasonable counterpart to Amanda Waller , allowing Oliver and the Yamashiros to go free after their mission in Hong Kong is completed ; he is later revealed to be the one who ordered their deaths , betraying and framing Waller as he plots to use the virus they acquired to cripple China , which he sees as a growing threat to America . Shrieve is also responsible for causing Akio 's death and in vengeance he is brutally tortured by Oliver before being executed by Maseo . Peter Stormare portrays Werner Zytle / Vertigo based on the DC Comics character Count Vertigo that appears in The New 52 . Werner is the new purveyor of the drug Vertigo , after the death of The Count in season two . Zytle seeks to kill Arrow in a bid to raise his profile as a crime lord , but is defeated after encountering the Canary sisters ; he becomes their enemy and seeks reprisal against the Canaries . Nick E. Tarabay portrays Digger Harkness / Captain Boomerang , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Harkness is a former ASIS operative and Suicide Squad member who is highly skilled in martial arts and espionage , whose weapons of choice are custom - made boomerangs . Matt Ward portrays Simon Lacroix / Komodo , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Lacroix is a mercenary archer who uses the name Komodo and was originally suspected of killing Sara Lance / Canary . Introduced in season four ( edit ) JR Bourne portrays Jeremy Tell / Double Down , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . He is a metahuman who can turn his playing card tattoos into weapons . Casper Crump portrays Vandal Savage , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Savage is a 6,000 - year - old immortal , who has manipulated leaders throughout history in an attempt to gain dominion over the entire world . He becomes a main antagonist in the first season of Legends of Tomorrow . Megalyn Echikunwoke portrays Mari McCabe / Vixen , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Born in Africa but raised in the United States , Mari is orphaned at a young age and inherits her family 's mystical Tantu Totem , which allows her to access the powers of the animal kingdom , and becomes a Detroit - based superpowered vigilante . Mari is a friend and ally to both Oliver and Barry Allen . Echikunwoke reprises her role from the animated Arrowverse series Vixen . Falk Hentschel portrays Carter Hall / Hawkman , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Hall is the latest reincarnation of an Egyptian prince who is fated to reincarnate throughout time along with his soulmate , Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl . Carter stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Peter Francis James portrays Dr. Aldus Boardman , a classics professor at St. Roch University , who is an expert on the story of Vandal Savage , and of Hawkman and Hawkgirl . Emily Kinney portrays Brie Larvan , a female version of Bug - Eyed Bandit , a narcissistic technical genius and killer who becomes a rival to Felicity Smoak , reprising the role from The Flash . Ciara Renée portrays Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl , a young woman who is just beginning to learn that she has been repeatedly reincarnated over the centuries . When provoked , her ancient warrior persona manifests itself , along with wings that grow out of her back , earning her the name Hawkgirl . Renée stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Jeri Ryan portrays Jessica Danforth , a friend of the Queen family , and mayoral candidate for Star City , who drops out of the race after her daughter 's kidnapping . Matt Ryan reprises his role as John Constantine from Constantine , an enigmatic and irreverent former con man , who is now a reluctant supernatural detective . Ryan appears in the season 's fifth episode per a `` one - time - only - deal '' . Constantine is an associate of Oliver 's -- they met on Lian Yu -- and plays a pivotal role in completing Sara Lance 's resurrection . Rutina Wesley portrays Liza Warner , based on the DC Comics character `` Lady Cop '' . Warner is a member of the anti-vigilante task force which has gone rogue . Gabriella Wright portrays Esrin Fortuna , an immortal shaman Oliver consults on John Constantine 's recommendation to learn about Darhk 's powers . Introduced in season five ( edit ) Melissa Benoist portrays Kara Danvers / Supergirl , reprising her role from the series Supergirl . Supergirl is Barry Allen 's friend and ally from another universe , whom Oliver also ultimately befriends during an alien invasion crisis . In season six , Benoist portrays Kara 's Earth - X doppelgänger , Overgirl , who is Oliver 's doppelgänger 's Kryptonian bride . Garry Chalk portrays J.G. Walker , a corrupt US Army general who frames Diggle to conceal his own illegal arms dealing , which is ultimately exposed . Amy Pemberton voices Gideon , the on - board navigational assistant of the Waverider . Pemberton stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Cody Runnels portrays Derek Sampson , a drug dealer terrorizing Star City . Patrick Sabongui portrays David Singh , the Central City Police Captain who provided the Green Arrow and his team with information that lead to the location of Dinah Drake . Sabongui reprises his role from The Flash . Wil Traval portrays Christopher Chance / Human Target , based on the DC Comics character of the same name , who is hired by Oliver to serve as his body double when he is mayor . Nick Zano portrays Nate Heywood / Steel , a historian - turned - metahuman superhero who can transform himself into a steel - like form . Zano stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Introduced in season six ( edit ) Tom Cavanagh portrays Dr. Harrison `` Harry '' Wells , a renowned scientist from Earth - 2 and an ally of Team Flash . Wells is also a parallel universe counterpart of Earth - 1 's Dr. Harrison Wells , who was murdered by Eobard Thawne . Cavanagh also portrays Eobard Thawne / Reverse Flash . Franz Drameh as Jefferson `` Jax '' Jackson / Firestorm : A former high school athlete turned auto mechanic who is one half of the hero known as Firestorm with Martin Stein . Drameh reprises his role from Legends of Tomorrow . Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm : A nuclear physicist focused on transmutation who is second half of the hero known as Firestorm with Jefferson Jackson . Garber reprises his role from Legends of Tomorrow . Liam Hall portrays Joe Wilson , the son of Slade Wilson and a former ASIS operative who is the leader of a Russian gang known as the Jackals which specializes in the collection of powerful weapons . Chyler Leigh portrays Alex Danvers , the adoptive sister of Kara Danvers . Leigh reprises her role from Supergirl . Candice Patton portrays Iris West , a member of the S.T.A.R. Labs team and the wife of Barry Allen . Patton reprises her role from The Flash . Dominic Purcell portrays Mick Rory / Heat Wave , an arsonist , career criminal , and accomplice of Leonard Snart who , in contrast to his partner , uses a heat gun capable of burning almost anything . Purcell reprises his role from Legends of Tomorrow . See also ( edit ) List of The Flash characters List of Legends of Tomorrow characters List of Supergirl characters List of Arrowverse actors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` KATIE CASSIDY RETURNING TO ARROW AS A SERIES REGULAR IN SEASON 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow : Katie Cassidy returning as series regular for season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green Arrow ( vol. 5 ) # 0 ( November 2012 ) Jump up ^ Sydney Bucksbaum ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tommy Merlyn Is Returning to Arrow -- But There 's a Twist ! '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Jeff ( w ) , Sorrentino , Andrea ( a ) . Green Arrow v5 , # 24 ( October 2013 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Percy , Benjamin ( w ) , Schmidt , Otto ( a ) . Green Arrow v6 , # 2 ( July 2016 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` @ SmoaknArrow @ ARROWwriters Yes '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Smoak & Arrow : ( I ) s `` Spartan '' officially Diggle 's codename now ? / Marc Guggenheim : Yes . Jump up ^ `` Arrow 's Willa Holland could become his sidekick '' . Scifinow.co.uk . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Almalvez , Laurence ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Team on Green Lantern Rumors and Season 4 Surprises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim Talks Arrow , Vixen , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Overwatch Sequel '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow : Susanna Thompson returning for 100th episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow reveals Felicity 's codename '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stoute , Scott ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` 11 Confirmed DC Comic Characters Appearing in CW 's ' Arrow ' '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` Producers for CW show ' Arrow ' tapped to write super hero 's comic book adventures '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow EP Andrew Kreisberg Talks Deathstroke ; Slade Wilson & Oliver Queen 's Blossoming Bromance '' . Access Hollywood . February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow casts Mr. Terrific for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' What We Leave Behind '' -- Arrow S05E09 Review `` . TV.com . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Josh Segarra Cast As Adrian Chase , Vigilante , For Season 5 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow unveils Prometheus ' identity -- what 's next ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Harvy ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Season 5 Episode 2 Spoilers : ' The Recruits ' To Introduce New Green Vigilantes ; Who Is Prometheus ? '' . parentherald.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nemetz , Dave ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow Promotes Rick Gonzalez and Juliana Harkavy for Season 6 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Actress Juliana Harkavy Joining ' Arrow ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Megan ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ARROW : TINA BOLAND 'S REAL NAME WILL BE FAMILIAR TO DC COMICS FANS '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Amanda Waller Unleashes the Suicide Squad on `` Arrow '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Babos , John ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` CW Arrow Spoilers & Recap : Suicide Squad Makes TV Debut In Season 2 Episode 16 With Harley Quinn & Deathstroke ( CW Arrow S02 E16 News & Review ) '' . Inside Pulse . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` The CW 's ' Arrow ' casts The Huntress -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : New Photos Showcase Deathstroke , Eddie Fyers , John Barrowman '' . Comicbook.com . October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz ( writers ) Nick Copus ( director ) ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Identity '' . Arrow ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 2 . The CW . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Exclusive : Celina Jade on Shado 's New Partnership with Oliver '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' scoop : ' ER ' actress is Laurel 's mom -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Odette Annable To Recur On CBS 's ' Golden Boy ' , Byron Mann On CW 's ' Arrow ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` @ OwenDanes `` Is Yao Fei in Arrow the same Yao Fei from The Great Ten ? '' Intentionally the same name , but not the exact same character `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' & CBS 's Ben Falcone Add To Casts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' The River 's Paul Blackthorne Joins ' Arrow ' , Jamey Sheridan Set To Play Arrow 's Dad '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cynthia Addai - Robinson Cast As `` Arrow 's '' Amanda Waller `` . comicbookresources.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Derrick ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Bronze Tiger , Brother Blood coming to ' Arrow ' '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Summer Glau is ready for boardroom battle in latest Arrow images '' . io9.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Who Is Isabel Rochev , Summer Glau 's New Role On Arrow ? '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Star Set as CW 's Flash '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Casts Spartacus Alum as Daughter of Ra 's al Ghul '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Caity Lotz on Black Canary 's Secret , Oliver 's Dilemma and the Deadly League '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Black Canary On ' Arrow ' : CW President Mark Pedowitz Shares More On The Superhero 's Origin Story '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , Kevin ( 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Black Canary Revealed -- What Did You Think ? '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Nededog , Jethro ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` CW 's ' Arrow ' Casts ' The Pact 's ' Caity Lotz as Black Canary ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Boss Sets the Record Straight on Black Canary Casting '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Season 2 Exclusive : ' Percy Jackson ' Star Dylan Neal Joins as DC 's Dr. Anthony Ivo ! '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Adds Another Familiar DC Comics Villain '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Scoop : Which Flash Characters Are Heading to Starling City ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( November 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Season 2 to Feature Cyrus Gold & Possibly Solomon Grundy '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Scoop : Breakout Killing Co-Star Commits to ' Sin ' - ful Season 2 Arc '' . tvline . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' is resurrecting another character this season '' . Hitfix . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ . `` Arrow : Easter Eggs and DC Comics References In `` The Return '' `` . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rila Fukushima Joins ' Arrow ' , Riley Voelkel Cast In ' Point Of Honor ' '' . Deadline . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devon Aoki Joins CW 's ' Arrow ' ; Syfy 's ' Ascension ' Rounds Out Cast '' . Deadline . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Recruits Sin City 's Devon Aoki for ' Deadly ' Season 3 Role '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow ' Casts Vinnie Jones as Comicbook Villain Brick ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Finds Ra 's al Ghul '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` J.R. Ramirez To Play Wildcat On ' Arrow ' Season 3 '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Casts NYPD Blue Alum as Felicity 's Mom '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc . `` Okay , Internet , Felicity 's mom 's name is Donna . @ charlotteross @ EmilyBett '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Targets Brandon Routh to Play Major DC Comics Superhero in Season 3 '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng . `` ' Arrow ' Season 3 : Boss Tackles 10 Big Questions - The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Arrow Season 3 Scoop : Meet Oliver 's Hong Kong Handler '' . TV Line . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow Casts Everwood 's Tom Amandes as DC Comics Villain The Calculator '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Cast DC Villain Baron Blitzkrieg for Season 4 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow boss explains Baron Reiter casting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow Taps Falling Skies Alum as New Foe for Oliver Queen '' . Variety . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow Video : Oliver Prepares to Take Down Damien Darhk 's Wife - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow Season 4 : Neal McDonough Joins Cast as the Infamous Damien Darhk '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` DC TV Watch at Comic - Con : All the Highlights From ' Supergirl , ' ' Black Lightning , ' ' Arrow ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow casts Oliver 's new love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow 's David Ramsey shares his theories on who 's in the grave '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Arrow ' Lands ' Enlisted ' Star as Thea 's New Love Interest for Season 4 '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : `` Arrow '' Casts Its Anarky For Season 4 `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Adds Artemis for Season 5 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' : Season 4 , Episode 9 -- ' Dark Waters ' '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Echo Kellum as Curtis Holt , Chenier Hundal as Paul and Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Jump up ^ `` The Candidate '' . Arrow . Jump up ^ `` Taken '' . Arrow . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow : Season 5 Casts The Walking Dead Alum Chad L. Coleman '' . IGN . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ARROW : `` LEGACY '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Tyler Ritter to Recur ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow books Blindspot star as Ragman -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow Casts Popular Alum Carly Pope as Coast City Reporter in Season 5 '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : David Meunier Cast As Ishmael Gregor In Season 5 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow adds Dolph Lundgren as new villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Vigilante Is Black Canary 's Ex On ' Arrow ' & The Consequences Are Already Heartbreaking '' . Bustle . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Francisco , Eric ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Fans Are Pretty Sure They Know Vigilante 's Identity '' . Inverse . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ARROW : `` FIGHTING FIRE WITH FIRE '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Arrow ' Drops the Bombshell Prometheus Reveal in ' Fighting Fire With Fire ' '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Arrow , Supergirl , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Abrams ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' finally unmasks Vigilante '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow Casts Talia al Ghul With Continuum / Andromeda 's Lexa Doig '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` WonderCon : Legends of Tomorrow Footage Reveals Jonah Hex , Talia al Ghul and More '' . IGN . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Major BATMAN Character Debuts in DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW '' . Newsarama . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacob Bryant ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Exclusive Clip : Felicity Tours Helix 's Base '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Adds Sydelle Noel for Season 6 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/gallery/fall-tv-2017-season-premiere-spoilers/ Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : ' Lost ' Star Michael Emerson To Recur In Season 6 ; David Nykl Returns , Watch Trailer -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Kirk Acevedo Cast As Ricardo Diaz ( Richard Dragon ) In Season 6 '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow Exclusive : Farscape and Stargate SG - 1 's Ben Browder to Play DC Comics Character Ted Gaynor '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Finale Scoop : Will Oliver Be Able to Take Down the Dark Archer ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Firefly coming to ' Arrow ' -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stoute , Scott . `` ' Arrow ' Casts ' Fringe ' Alum Seth Gabel as Count Vertigo '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Pilot ( Series Premiere ) '' . Paley Center for Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kathleen Gati to reprise Raisa on CW 's Arrow '' . sheknows.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' casts ' True Blood 's ' Janina Gavankar in major recurring role '' . Zap2It . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow 's Royal Flush Gang Revealed '' . Superhero Hype . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tonight 's Arrow to Feature Kate Spencer '' . comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : CW superhero drama adds ' Charlie 's Angels ' star Annie Ilonzeh '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ilonzeh , Annie ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Joanna De La Vega . # Arrow # Lawyer # Swag # Tired # Canada # Vancouver # SunnyDay '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Jeffrey ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Ben Browder battles our hero in ' Trust But Verify ' '' . digitalspy.com . Jump up ^ West , Brian ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` WPR Previews the Upcoming Suicide Squad Episode of Arrow '' . WatchPlayRead . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Futon 's First Look : `` Arrow '' ( The CW ) `` . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Smash Adds Law & Order Vet , USA Orders Pilot From Numb3rs Creators and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Enlists ' Battlestar Galactica 's ' Tahmoh Penikett '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Exclusive First Look at Deathstroke '' . IGN . October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Deathstroke Makes His Much - Anticipated Debut in the Latest Flashback ( VIDEO ) '' . Entertainment / TV . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Targets Orphan Black Star '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Everyone Loves A Pretty Doll '' . IGN . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' drops a big ' Arrow ' bombshell '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallaway , Lauren ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` '' ARROW '' RECAP : EPIC `` THE FLASH '' CROSSOVER CONCLUDES WITH TIME TRAVEL AND TEAMWORK `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays oliver queen's father in arrow	[ "Jamey Sheridan portrays Robert Queen, Moira's late husband, Oliver's father, and Thea's legal father. Despite his marriage to Moira, Robert was not a faithful husband, having many illicit affairs outside of his marriage including with his company's intern, Isabel Rochev. Robert is secretly aware that Thea is Malcolm Merlyn's biological daughter, but accepted her and also acted as a surrogate father to Malcolm's son, Tommy. As a young man, Robert gained his wealth through corrupted means including killing a local councilman, Henry Goodwin; he gradually become remorseful of his greed, leading him to join Malcolm's secret society, Tempest, to improve Starling City's condition in hope of making amends. He and Oliver were both lost at sea when Malcolm sabotaged the Queen's Gambit. Robert sacrifices his life by killing himself, increasing Oliver's chances of survival and returning home to Starling City to right Robert's wrongs.[35]" ]	[ "Jamey Sheridan" ]
6243867540366432070	Stonehenge	Stonehenge - wikipedia Stonehenge Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stonehenge ( disambiguation ) . Stonehenge Stonehenge in 2007 Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge Location Wiltshire , England Coordinates 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W / 51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889 Coordinates : 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W / 51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889 Type Monument Height Each standing stone was around 13 foot ( 4.1 metres ) high History Material sarsen , bluestone Founded Bronze Age UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii Designated 1986 ( 10th session ) Reference no . 373 Region Europe and North America Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England , 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of Amesbury and 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Salisbury . It consists of a ring of standing stones , with each standing stone around 13 ft ( 4.1 metres ) high , 6 ft 11 in ( 2.1 metres ) wide and weighing around 25 tons . The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England , including several hundred burial mounds . Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC . The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch , which constitute the earliest phase of the monument , have been dated to about 3100 BC . Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC , although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC . One of the most famous landmarks in the UK , Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon . It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain . The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 . Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage ; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust . Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings . Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC , when the ditch and bank were first dug , and continued for at least another five hundred years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Early history 2.1 Before the monument ( 8000 BC forward ) 2.2 Stonehenge 1 ( ca . 3100 BC ) 2.3 Stonehenge 2 ( ca . 3000 BC ) 2.4 Stonehenge 3 I ( ca . 2,600 BC ) 2.5 Stonehenge 3 II ( 2600 BC to 2400 BC ) 2.6 Stonehenge 3 III ( 2400 BC to 2280 BC ) 2.7 Stonehenge 3 IV ( 2280 BC to 1930 BC ) 2.8 Stonehenge 3 V ( 1930 BC to 1600 BC ) 2.9 After the monument ( 1600 BC on ) 3 Function and construction 4 Modern history 4.1 Folklore 4.1. 1 `` Heel Stone '' , `` Friar 's Heel '' , or `` Sun - Stone '' 4.1. 2 Arthurian legend 4.2 Sixteenth century to present 4.2. 1 Neopaganism 4.2. 2 Setting and access 4.2. 3 Stonehenge Roundtable Access 4.3 Archaeological research and restoration 4.3. 1 1600 -- 1900 4.3. 2 1900 -- 2000 4.3. 3 2000s 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Videography 10 External links Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric 's tenth - century glossary , in which henge - cliff is given the meaning `` precipice '' , or stone , thus the stanenges or Stanheng `` not far from Salisbury '' recorded by eleventh - century writers are `` supported stones '' . William Stukeley in 1740 notes , `` Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire ... I doubt not , Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones . '' Christopher Chippindale 's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning `` stone '' , and either hencg meaning `` hinge '' ( because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones ) or hen ( c ) en meaning `` hang '' or `` gallows '' or `` instrument of torture '' ( though elsewhere in his book , Chippindale cites the `` suspended stones '' etymology ) . Like Stonehenge 's trilithons , medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them , rather than the inverted L - shape more familiar today . The `` henge '' portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges . Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch . As often happens in archaeological terminology , this is a holdover from antiquarian use , and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch . Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles , Stonehenge is in many ways atypical -- for example , at more than 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall , its extant trilithons supporting lintels held in place with mortise and tenon joints , make it unique . Early History Plan of Stonehenge in 2004 . After Cleal et al. and Pitts . Italicised numbers in the text refer to the labels on this plan . Trilithon lintels omitted for clarity . Holes that no longer , or never , contained stones are shown as open circles . Stones visible today are shown coloured Mike Parker Pearson , leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls , noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence : Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge 's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument 's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead . -- Mike Parker Pearson Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years . There is evidence of large - scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape 's time frame to 6500 years . Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing , poor quality early excavation records , and a lack of accurate , scientifically verified dates . The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below . Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan , right . Before the monument ( 8000 BC forward ) Archaeologists have found four , or possibly five , large Mesolithic postholes ( one may have been a natural tree throw ) , which date to around 8000 BC , beneath the nearby modern tourist car - park . These held pine posts around 0.75 metres ( 2 ft 6 in ) in diameter , which were erected and eventually rotted in situ . Three of the posts ( and possibly four ) were in an east - west alignment which may have had ritual significance ; no parallels are known from Britain at the time but similar sites have been found in Scandinavia . A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at Blick Mead , a reliable year round spring 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) from Stonehenge . Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later , during the earlier Neolithic , people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood 's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape . In approximately 3500 BC , a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area . A number of other adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , previously overlooked , may date as far back as 4000 BC . Charcoal from the ' Blick Mead ' camp 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) from Stonehenge ( near the Vespasian 's Camp site ) has been dated to 4000 BC . The University of Buckingham 's Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia , making it potentially `` one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape . '' Stonehenge 1 ( ca . 3100 BC ) Stonehenge 1 . After Cleal et al . The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous ( Santonian Age ) Seaford Chalk , measuring about 110 metres ( 360 ft ) in diameter , with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south . It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot . The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch , as well as some worked flint tools . The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch , and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial . The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections , like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area . The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank . This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC , after which the ditch began to silt up naturally . Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits , each about a metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in diameter , known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey , the seventeenth - century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them . The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle , although there is no excavated evidence of them . A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle . If this were the case , it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years . A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period . In 2013 a team of archaeologists , led by Mike Parker Pearson , excavated more than 50,000 cremated bones of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge . These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes , exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920 , been considered unimportant by him , and subsequently re-interred together in one hole , Aubrey Hole 7 , in 1935 . Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women , and included some children . As there was evidence of the underlying chalk beneath the graves being crushed by substantial weight , the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers . Radiocarbon dating of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated , to around 3000 BC . Analysis of animal teeth found at nearby Durrington Walls , thought to be the ' builders camp ' , suggests that as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals ; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around 9 months or 15 months after their spring birth . Strontium isotope analysis of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations . Stonehenge 2 ( ca . 3000 BC ) Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible . The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period . Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance , and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance . The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes , being only around 0.4 metres ( 16 in ) in diameter , and are much less regularly spaced . The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up . At least twenty - five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later , intrusive , cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument 's inception . It seems that whatever the holes ' initial function , it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2 . Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure 's ditch and at other points within the monument , mostly in the eastern half . Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time , the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles . Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch - fill . Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase . Stonehenge 3 I ( ca . 2,600 BC ) Graffiti on the sarsen stones include ancient carvings of a dagger and an axe Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC , the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes ( the Q and R Holes ) in the centre of the site . These stone sockets are only partly known ( hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming ' crescents ' ) ; however , they could be the remains of a double ring . Again , there is little firm dating evidence for this phase . The holes held up to 80 standing stones ( shown blue on the plan ) , only 43 of which can be traced today . It is generally accepted that the bluestones ( some of which are made of dolerite , an igneous rock ) , were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills , 150 miles ( 240 km ) away in modern - day Pembrokeshire in Wales . Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England . The long distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at Craig Rhos - y - felin , near Crymych in Pembrokeshire , which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained . Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens ( sandstone ) , used later as lintels . The stones , which weighed about two tons , could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles , as recorded in China , Japan and India . It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to `` merge two sacred centres into one , to unify two politically separate regions , or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another '' . Each monolith measures around 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) in height , between 1 and 1.5 m ( 3.3 and 4.9 ft ) wide and around 0.8 metres ( 2.6 ft ) thick . What was to become known as the Altar Stone is almost certainly derived from the Senni Beds , perhaps from 50 miles ( 80 kilometres ) east of Mynydd Preseli in the Brecon Beacons . The north - eastern entrance was widened at this time , with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period . This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished , however ; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled . Even so , the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase . The Heelstone , a Tertiary sandstone , may also have been erected outside the north - eastern entrance during this period . It can not be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3 . At first it was accompanied by a second stone , which is no longer visible . Two , or possibly three , large portal stones were set up just inside the north - eastern entrance , of which only one , the fallen Slaughter Stone , 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) long , now remains . Other features , loosely dated to phase 3 , include the four Station Stones , two of which stood atop mounds . The mounds are known as `` barrows '' although they do not contain burials . Stonehenge Avenue , a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles ( 3 km ) to the River Avon , was also added . Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone ( which was by then reduced to a single monolith ) were later dug around the Station Stones . Stonehenge 3 ii ( 2600 BC to 2400 BC ) Plan of the central stone structure today ; after Johnson 2008 During the next major phase of activity , 30 enormous Oligocene - Miocene sarsen stones ( shown grey on the plan ) were brought to the site . They may have come from a quarry around 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs , or they may have been collected from a `` litter '' of sarsens on the chalk downs , closer to hand . The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres ( 108 ft ) diameter circle of standing stones , with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top . The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method , the tongue and groove joint . Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres ( 13 ft ) high , 2.1 metres ( 6 ft 11 in ) wide and weighed around 25 tons . Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind ; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground , while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument . The inward - facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces . The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres ( 3 ft 7 in ) and the average distance between them is 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) . A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle ( 60 stones ) and the trilithon horseshoe ( 15 stones ) . It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete , but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of removed sarsens . The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres ( 10 ft ) long , 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) wide and 0.8 metres ( 2 ft 7 in ) thick . The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) above the ground . Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres ( 45 ft ) across with its open end facing north east . These huge stones , ten uprights and five lintels , weigh up to 50 tons each . They were linked using complex jointing . They are arranged symmetrically . The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) tall , the next pair a little higher , and the largest , single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall . Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands , of which 6.7 metres ( 22 ft ) is visible and a further 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) is below ground . The images of a ' dagger ' and 14 ' axeheads ' have been carved on one of the sarsens , known as stone 53 ; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3 , 4 , and 5 . The carvings are difficult to date , but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons . early 21st - century laser scanning of the carvings supports this interpretation . The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest , measuring around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in height ; the largest , which is in the south west of the horseshoe , is almost 7.5 metres ( 25 ft ) tall . This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC , slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer , discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978 , and the two sets of burials , known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen , discovered 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the west . At about the same time , a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles ( 3 km ) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon . The timber circle was oriented towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice , opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge . The avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle . Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked . They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year . Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a ' land of the living ' , whilst the stone circle represented a ' land of the dead ' , with the Avon serving as a journey between the two . Stonehenge 3 III ( 2400 BC to 2280 BC ) Later in the Bronze Age , although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear , the bluestones appear to have been re-erected . They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way . Like the sarsens , a few have timber - working style cuts in them suggesting that , during this phase , they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure . Stonehenge 3 IV ( 2280 BC to 1930 BC ) This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones . They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring . Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales . All the stones formed well - spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III . The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically . Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work , Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors , as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well - founded and began to fall over . However , only minor changes were made after this phase . Stonehenge 3 V. ( 1930 BC to 1600 BC ) Soon afterwards , the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed , creating a horseshoe - shaped setting ( the Bluestone Horseshoe ) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons . This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk . After the monument ( 1600 BC on ) Computer rendering of the overall site The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge , built about 1600 BC , and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age . Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond , or exactly how it would have been used . Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian 's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon . A decapitated seventh century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923 . The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups . Function and construction Main article : Theories about Stonehenge See also : Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records . Many aspects of Stonehenge , such as how it was built and which purposes it was used for , remain subject to debate . A number of myths surround the stones . The site , specifically the great trilithon , the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons , the heel stone , and the embanked avenue , are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice . A natural landform at the monument 's location followed this line , and may have inspired its construction . The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer . Further astronomical associations , and the precise astronomical significance of the site for its people , are a matter of speculation and debate . There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders . Over the years , various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used , usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size . However , conventional techniques , using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs , have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size . How the stones could be transported by a prehistoric people without the aid of the wheel or a pulley system is not known . The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs on which the large stones were rolled along . Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat . Such an experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40 - ton slab of stone was successful near Stonehenge in 1995 . A dedicated team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18 - mile ( 29 km ) journey from Marlborough Downs . Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site . More recently two major new theories have been proposed . Professor Geoffrey Wainwright , president of the Society of Antiquaries of London , and Timothy Darvill , of Bournemouth University , have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing -- the primeval equivalent of Lourdes . They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves . However , they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well . Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions . A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea ; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the `` Amesbury Archer '' grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany ; and the `` Boscombe Bowmen '' probably arrived from Wales or Brittany , France . On the other hand , Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon . He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living , whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead . A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death , to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased . Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth , who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument . Whatever religious , mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge , its design includes a celestial observatory function , which might have allowed prediction of eclipse , solstice , equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion . There are other hypotheses and theories . According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield , Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of `` peace and unity '' , indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction , Britain 's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification . Another idea has to do with a quality of the stones themselves . Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that some of the monument 's stones possess `` unusual acoustic properties '' -- when they are struck they respond with a `` loud clanging noise '' . According to Paul Devereux , editor of the journal Time and Mind : The Journal of Archaeology , Consciousness and Culture , this idea could explain why certain bluestones were hauled nearly 200 miles ( 320 km ) -- a major technical accomplishment at the time . In certain ancient cultures rocks that ring out , known as lithophones , were believed to contain mystic or healing powers , and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals . The presence of these `` ringing rocks '' seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a `` place for healing '' , as has been pointed out by Bournemouth University archaeologist Timothy Darvill , who consulted with the researchers . Some of the stones of Stonehenge were brought from near a town in Wales called Maenclochog , a name which means `` ringing rock '' . Modern History Folklore The Heel Stone `` Heel stone '' , `` Friar 's Heel '' , or `` sun - stone '' The Heel Stone lies north east of the sarsen circle , beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue . It is a rough stone , 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) above ground , leaning inwards towards the stone circle . It has been known by many names in the past , including `` Friar 's Heel '' and `` Sun - stone '' . At summer solstice an observer standing within the stone circle , looking north - east through the entrance , would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the heel stone , and the sun has often been photographed over it . A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar 's Heel reference . The Devil bought the stones from a woman in Ireland , wrapped them up , and brought them to Salisbury plain . One of the stones fell into the Avon , the rest were carried to the plain . The Devil then cried out , `` No - one will ever find out how these stones came here ! '' A friar replied , `` That 's what you think ! '' , whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel . The stone stuck in the ground and is still there . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable attributes this tale to Geoffrey of Monmouth , but though book eight of Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae does describe how Stonehenge was built , the two stories are entirely different . The name is not unique ; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset . Arthurian legend A giant helps Merlin build Stonehenge . From a manuscript of the Roman de Brut by Wace in the British Library ( Egerton 3028 ) . Dating back to the second quarter of the 14th century , this is the oldest known depiction of Stonehenge . In the twelfth century , Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his Historia Regum Britanniae ( `` History of the Kings of Britain '' ) that attributed the monument 's construction to the wizard Merlin . Geoffrey 's story spread widely , appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace 's Norman French Roman de Brut , Layamon 's Middle English Brut , and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd . According to Geoffrey the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks , called the Giant 's dance , which Giants had brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties . The fifth - century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3,000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury , and at Merlin 's advice chose Stonehenge . The king sent Merlin , Uther Pendragon ( King Arthur 's father ) , and 15,000 knights , to remove it from Ireland , where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by the Giants . They slew 7,000 Irish but , as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force , they failed . Then Merlin , using `` gear '' and skill , easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain , where Stonehenge was dedicated . After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury , Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus , then Uther Pendragon , and finally Constantine III , were buried inside the `` Giants ' Ring of Stonehenge '' . In another legend of Saxons and Britons , in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast , but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests , killing 420 of them . Hengist erected the stone monument -- Stonehenge -- on the site to show his remorse for the deed . Sixteenth century to present Farm carts near the site , ca . 1885 Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands . In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford . It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquess of Queensberry . The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824 . During World War I an aerodrome ( Royal Flying Corps `` No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping '' ) was built on the downs just to the west of the circle and , in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom , a main road junction was built , along with several cottages and a cafe . The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed in the fighting in France . The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included `` Lot 15 . Stonehenge with about 30 acres , 2 rods , 37 perches ( 12.44 ha ) of adjoining downland . '' Sunrise at Stonehenge on the summer solstice , 21 June 2005 Cecil Chubb bought the site for £ 6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later . Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of -- or even as a present for -- his wife , in fact he bought it on a whim , as he believed a local man should be the new owner . In the late 1920s a nationwide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to rise around it . By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations , and given to the National Trust to preserve . The buildings were removed ( although the roads were not ) , and the land returned to agriculture . More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme , returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland . Neopaganism 10th Battalion , CEF marches past the site , winter 1914 -- 15 ( WW I ) ; Background : Preservation work on stones , propped up by timbers During the twentieth century , Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance , this time by adherents of Neopaganism and New Age beliefs , particularly the Neo-druids . The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that `` it was a great , and potentially uncomfortable , irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it . '' The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids , who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905 , in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation . This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press , who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards . Between 1972 and 1984 , Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival . After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985 , this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted . Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world as a form of Druidist worship . Setting and access Stonehenge at sunset When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones , but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion . Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones , but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away . English Heritage does , however , permit access during the summer and winter solstice , and the spring and autumn equinox . Additionally , visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year . The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism , highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey . In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites , 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations , declaring it to be `` in moderate trouble '' . As motorised traffic increased , the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side -- the A344 to Shrewton on the north side , and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south . Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site . However , the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions . On 6 December 2007 , it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors ' centre had been cancelled . The visitors centre at Stonehenge On 13 May 2009 , the government gave approval for a £ 25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors ' centre and close the A344 , although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent . On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km ( 1.5 miles ) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available , supported by a £ 10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund . On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass . The centre , designed by Denton Corker Marshall , opened to the public on 18 December 2013 . Stonehenge Roundtable access Dancing inside the stones , 1984 Stonehenge Free Festival The earlier rituals were augmented by the Stonehenge Free Festival , loosely organised by the Politantric Circle , held between 1972 and 1984 , during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000 . However , in 1985 the site was closed to festivalgoers by English Heritage and the National Trust . A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and New Age travellers that became known as the Battle of the Beanfield when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge . Beginning in 1985 , the year of the Battle of the Beanfield , no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason . This ' exclusion zone ' policy continued for almost fifteen years and until just before the arrival of the twenty - first century , visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance : the two Solstices ( Winter and Summer ) and two Equinoxes ( Vernal and Autumnal ) . However , now due to the Roundtable process and the ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings gained by picketing by campaigners such as Brian `` Viziondanz '' Felstein and King Arthur Pendragon , some access had been gained four times a year . The ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings recognises that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church , and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids , Pagans and other ' Earth based ' or ' old ' religions . The Roundtable meetings include members of the Wiltshire Police force , National Trust , English Heritage , Pagans , Druids , Spiritualists and others . At the Summer Solstice 2003 which fell over a weekend over 30,000 people attended a gathering at and in the stones . The 2004 gathering was smaller ( around 21,000 people ) . Archaeological research and restoration ( ( ( annotations ) ) ) Post-World War I aerial photograph Seventeenth century depiction of Stonehenge from the Atlas van Loon 1600 -- 1900 Throughout recorded history , Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists . John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666 , and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name . William Stukeley continued Aubrey 's work in the early eighteenth century , but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well , identifying ( somewhat incorrectly ) the Cursus and the Avenue . He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area , and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids . Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids ' Barrows . The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740 . His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published . Importantly Wood 's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon , which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958 . William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century . He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood , animal bones , pottery and urns . He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood . Richard Colt Hoare supported Cunnington 's work and excavated some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain including on some 200 in the area around the Stones , some excavated in conjunction with William Coxe . To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened . Cunnington 's finds are displayed at the Wiltshire Museum . In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones , experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms . An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877 The monument from a similar angle in 2008 showing the extent of reconstruction A contemporary newspaper depiction of the 1920 restoration 1900 -- 2000 William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling . In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position . Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date , revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done . During the 1920 restoration William Hawley , who had excavated nearby Old Sarum , excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch . He also located a bottle of port in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington , helped to rediscover Aubrey 's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes . Richard Atkinson , Stuart Piggott and John F.S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley 's work in the 1940s and 1950s , and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones . Atkinson 's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument 's construction . In 1958 the stones were restored again , when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases . The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over . It was again re-erected , and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones . Later archaeologists , including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology , University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England , campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge : A History in Photographs . In 1966 and 1967 , in advance of a new car park being built at the site , the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher . They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC , as well as a 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) length of a palisade ditch -- a V - cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away . Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge , near the avenue . Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch , and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable - laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside , revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone . In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project , a detailed study of the surrounding landscape . The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus , Coneybury Henge and several other smaller features . In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called ' a national disgrace ' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee . Part of English Heritage 's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date . This two - year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape , which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site . It presented a rephasing of the monument . 2000s More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project , led by Mike Parker Pearson . This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones -- notably Durrington Walls , where another `` Avenue '' leading to the River Avon was discovered . The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated , and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones , most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue . In April 2008 Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries , began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars . They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC , although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge . They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC , which , along with the Mesolithic postholes , adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started . In August and September 2008 , as part of the Riverside Project , Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7 , removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s , and re-interred in 1935 . A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008 , in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008 . One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely , privately and decently . A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009 . A shallow mound , rising to about 40 cm ( 16 inches ) was identified between stones 54 ( inner circle ) and 10 ( outer circle ) , clearly separated from the natural slope . It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth - and nineteenth - century illustrations . Indeed , there is some evidence that , as an uncommon geological feature , it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset . A circular , shallow bank , little more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) high , was found between the Y and Z hole circles , with a further bank lying inside the `` Z '' circle . These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes , or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within . In July 2010 , the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a `` henge - like '' monument less than 1 km ( 0.62 miles ) away from the main site . This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located `` at the site of Amesbury 50 '' , a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group . On 26 November 2011 , archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway , aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone . The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010 . The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape . According to team leader Vince Gaffney , this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge . On 18 December 2011 , geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of some of the rhyolite fragments found in the Stonehenge debitage . These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps . The researchers have identified the source as a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos - y - Felin ( 51 ° 59 ′ 30.07 '' N 4 ° 44 ′ 40.85 '' W / 51.9916861 ° N 4.7446806 ° W / 51.9916861 ; - 4.7446806 ( Craig Rhos - y - Felin ) ) , near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire , located 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) from Stonehenge . On 10 September 2014 the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , overlooked previously , that may date as far back as 4000 BC . An area extending to 12 square kilometres ( 1,200 ha ) was studied to a depth of three metres with ground - penetrating radar equipment . As many as seventeen new monuments , revealed nearby , may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge . The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments . Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two five - meter wide extremely deep pits , whose purpose is still a mystery . In popular culture See also : Cultural depictions of Stonehenge `` Stonehenge '' from mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap `` Stonehenge '' , a 2013 song by Ylvis See also Historical context Prehistoric Britain Other monuments in the Stonehenge ritual landscape Bluestonehenge Bush Barrow Normanton Down Barrows Woodhenge About Stonehenge and replicas of Stonehenge Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Cultural depictions of Stonehenge Excavations at Stonehenge Manhattanhenge Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Stonehenge Free Festival Stonehenge Landscape Fiction Stonehenge ( novel ) Similar sites See also : Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Almendres Cromlech Arkaim Cahokia Carhenge Goloring Goseck circle List of largest monoliths in the world Maryhill Stonehenge Medicine wheel Newgrange Ring of Brodgar Zorats Karer Sites with similar sunrise or sunset alignments Manhattanhenge MIThenge Museums with collections from the World Heritage Site Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Wiltshire Museum References Jump up ^ Christopher Young , Amanda Chadburn , Isabelle Bedu ( July 2008 ) . `` Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan '' . UNESCO : 18 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Morgan , James ( 21 September 2008 ) . `` Dig pinpoints Stonehenge origins '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Stonehenge may have been burial site for Stone Age elite , say archaeologists '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Legge , James ( 9 March 2012 ) . `` Stonehenge : new study suggests landmark started life as a graveyard for the ' prehistoric elite ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stonehenge builders travelled from far , say researchers '' . BBC News . 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Julie ; Selwyn , Tom ( 2010 ) . Thinking Through Tourism . Berg . p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` History of Stonehenge '' . English Heritage . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . The monument remained in private ownership until 1918 when Cecil Chubb , a local man who had purchased Stonehenge from the Atrobus family at an auction three years previously , gave it to the nation . Thereafter , the duty to conserve the monument fell to the state , today a role performed on its behalf by English Heritage . Jump up ^ `` Ancient ceremonial landscape of great archaeological and wildlife interest '' . Stonehenge Landscape . National Trust . Retrieved 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Mike ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` Stonehenge : one of our largest excavations draws to a close '' . British Archaeology . York , England : Council for British Archaeology ( 102 ) : 13 . ISSN 1357 - 4442 . ^ Jump up to : Schmid , Randolph E. ( 29 May 2008 ) . `` Study : Stonehenge was a burial site for centuries '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stonehenge ; henge '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ See the English Heritage definition Archived 16 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Anon . `` Stonehenge : Wiltshire England What is it ? '' . Megalithic Europe . The Bradshaw Foundation . Archived from the original on 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Caroline . `` If the Stones Could Speak : Searching for the Meaning of Stonehenge '' . National Geographic Magazine . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The New Discoveries at Blick Mead : the Key to the Stonehenge Landscape '' . www.buckingham.ac.uk . University of Buckingham . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Professor David Jacques FSA ( 21 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Cradle of Stonehenge ' ? Blick Mead - a Mesolithic Site in the Stonehenge Landscape - Lecture Transcript '' . www.gresham.ac.uk . Gresham College . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Siciliano , Leon ; et al. ( 10 September 2014 ) . `` Technology unearths 17 new monuments at Stonehenge '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarah Knapton ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Stonehenge discovery could rewrite British pre-history '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New Discoveries at Blick Mead : the Key to the Stonehenge Landscape '' . University of Buckingham . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Field , David ; et al. ( March 2010 ) . `` Introducing Stonehedge '' . British Archaeology . York , England : Council for British Archaeology ( 111 ) : 32 -- 35 . ISSN 1357 - 4442 . Jump up ^ Parker Pearson , Mike ; Richards , Julian ; Pitts , Mike ( 9 October 2008 ) . `` Stonehenge ' older than believed ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Parker Pearson ( 20 August 2008 ) . `` The Stonehenge Riverside Project '' . Sheffield University . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ John , Brian ( 26 February 2011 ) . `` Stonehenge : glacial transport of bluestones now confirmed ? '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . University of Leicester . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parker Pearson , Michael ; et al. ( December 2015 ) . `` Craig Rhos - y - felin : a Welsh bluestone megalith quarry for Stonehenge '' . Antiquity . Antiquity Publications Ltd ,. 89 ( 348 ) : 1331 -- 1352 . doi : 10.15184 / aqy. 2015.177 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Banton , Simon ; Bowden , Mark ; Daw , Tim ; Grady , Damian ; Soutar , Sharon ( July 2013 ) . `` Patchmarks at Stonehenge '' . Antiquity. 88 ( 341 ) : 733 -- 739 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Mike ; Cleal , Ros ; Marshall , Peter ; Needham , Stuart ; Pollard , Josh ; Richards , Colin ; Ruggles , Clive ; Sheridan , Alison ; Thomas , Julian ; Tilley , Chris ; Welham , Kate ; Chamberlain , Andrew ; Chenery , Carolyn ; Evans , Jane ; Knüsel , Chris ( September 2007 ) . `` The Age of Stonehenge '' . Antiquity. 811 ( 313 ) : 617 -- 639 . ^ Jump up to : Pearson , M. Parker ( 2005 ) . Bronze Age Britain . pp. 63 -- 67 . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 8849 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton unearthed at Stonehenge was decapitated '' , BBC News ( 9 June 2000 ) , ABCE News ( 13 June 2000 ) , Fox News ( 14 June 2000 ) , New Scientist ( 17 June 2000 ) , Archeo News ( 2 July 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stonehenge a monument to unity , new theory claims -- CBS News '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Stonehenge : Two Explanations '' . DNews . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Schombert . `` Stonehenge revealed : Why Stones Were a `` Special Place '' `` . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 8 September 2013 ) . `` Stonehenge was built on solstice axis , dig confirms '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Pearson . `` Stonehenge '' . ^ Jump up to : Author not listed ( 2003 ) . `` Stonehenge '' . Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained . USA . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Satter , Raphael ( 2008 - 09 - 27 ) . `` UK experts say Stonehenge was place of healing '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Maev Kennedy ( 23 September 2008 ) . `` The magic of Stonehenge : new dig finds clues to power of bluestones '' . Guardian . UK . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge boy ' was from the Med ' '' . BBC News . 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , GS ( 1966 ) . Stonehenge Decoded . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 147 - 7 . Jump up ^ Williams , Thomas ; Koriech , Hana ( 2012 ) . `` Interview with Mike Parker Pearson '' . Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 22 : 39 -- 47 . doi : 10.5334 / pia. 401 . Jump up ^ Quenqua , Douglas . `` Older than the Rolling Stones '' . The New York Times . 17 June 2014. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Stanford , Peter ( 2011 ) . The Extra Mile : A 21st century Pilgrimage . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Edward ( July 1866 ) . `` Stonehenge and Abury '' . The Gentleman 's Magazine and Historical Review . Vol. 11 . London : Bradbury , Evans & Co. p. 69 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Measuring Time : Teacher 's Guide . Burlington , NC : National Academy of Sciences . 1994 . p. 173 . ISBN 0892787074 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Oliver , ed. ( 1972 ) . `` July 1776 '' . The Journal of Samuel Curwen , loyalist. 1 . Harvard University Press , . p. 190 . ISBN 0674483804 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeffery of Monmouth 's Account of Stonehenge '' . A Description of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain . Salisbury : J Easton. 1809 . p. 5 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Ebenezer Cobham . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . New York : Harper and Brothers . p. 380 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Warne , Charles , 1872 , Ancient Dorset . Bournemouth . Jump up ^ Historia Regum Britanniae , Book 8 , ch. 10 . Jump up ^ Drawing on the writings of Nennius , the tale is noted in Spenser 's Faerie Queene , and given further circulation in William Dugdale 's Monasticon Anglicanum of 1655 . Source : The illustrated guide to Old Sarum and Stonehenge . Salisbury , England : Brown and Company . 1868 . pp. 35 -- 39 . OCLC 181860648 . Jump up ^ Francis Stewart Briggs , S.H. Harris , `` Joysticks and Fiddlesticks : ( the Unofficial History of a Flying Kangaroo ) Or , The Flying Kangaroo '' , Hutchinson & Company Limited , 1938 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heffernan , T.H.J. `` The man who bought Stonehenge '' . This is Amesbury . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ The London Mercury Vol . XVII No. 98 1927 Jump up ^ `` The Future of Stonehenge : Public consultation '' ( PDF ) . English Heritage . 2008 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2009 . p. 323 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2009 . p. 321 - 322 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Nicola E. ; Aitchison , Cara ; Shaw , Stephen Joseph ( 2000 ) . Leisure and tourism landscapes : social and cultural geographies . New York : Routledge . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27166 - 5 . Jump up ^ LA air force pagans retrieved 12 October 2012 Jump up ^ Proposals for a tunnel at Stonehenge : an assessment of the alternatives Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... The World Archaeological Congress Jump up ^ Planning Your Visit to Stonehenge . English Heritage Jump up ^ Milmo , Cahal ( 3 November 2006 ) . `` Troubled Stonehenge ' lacks magic ' '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ A303 Stonehenge Road Scheme Hansard report of proceedings in the House of Commons 6 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge Centre gets Go - Ahead '' . BBC News . 13 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` Stonehenge development saved by lottery 's £ 10m '' . The Guardian . UK . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge permanent road closure work begins '' . UK : BBC . 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End in sight after ' decades of dithering ' as Government steps in to help secure future for Stonehenge '' ( Press release ) . Department of Culture , Media and Sport. 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge Visitor Centre by Denton Corker Marshall opens tomorrow '' . dezeen. 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivers , Julian ( 2010 ) . The Law of Organized Religions : Between Establishment and Secularism . Oxford University Press . p. 231 . Jump up ^ Hallett , Emma ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Summer solstice : How the Stonehenge battles faded '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Stukeley , William , 1740 , Stonehenge A Temple Restor 'd to the British Druids . London Jump up ^ Wood , John , 1747 , Choir Guare , Vulgarly called Stonehenge , on Salisbury Plain . Oxford ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Anthony ( 2008 ) . Solving Stonehenge : The New Key to an Ancient Enigma . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05155 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Cleal , Rosamund ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Y and Z holes '' . Archaeometry and Stonehenge . English Heritage . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Young , Emma . `` Concrete Evidence '' . New Scientist . No. 9 January 2001 . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Taverner , Roger ( 8 January 2001 ) . `` How they rebuilt Stonehenge '' . Western Daily Press , quoted in Cosmic Conspiracies : How they rebuilt Stonehenge . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Julian C. ( 2004 ) . Stonehenge : A History in Photographs . London : English Heritage . ISBN 1 - 85074 - 895 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge execution revealed '' . BBC News . 9 June 2000 . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Whittle , Alasdair ( 1996 ) . `` Eternal stones : Stonehenge completed '' . Antiquity ( 70 ) : 463 -- 465 . Jump up ^ Anon ( 29 September 2009 ) . `` StonehengeBones -- epetition response '' . The prime minister 's office epetitions . Crown copyright : Ministry of Justice . Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Anon ( April 2008 ) . `` Statement on burial law and archaeology '' ( PDF ) . Review of Burial Legislation . Crown copyright : Ministry of Justice . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A new ' henge ' discovered at Stonehenge '' . University of Birmingham . 22 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , C. ; Gaffney , V. ; Neubauer , W. ; Baldwin , E. ; Chapman , H. ; Garwood , P. ; Moulden , H. ; Sparrow , T. ; Bates , R. ; Löcker , K. ; Hinterleitner , A. ; Trinks , I. ; Nau , E. ; Zitz , T. ; Floery , S. ; Verhoeven , G. ; Doneus , M. ( 2012 ) . `` The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project '' . Archaeological Prospection. 19 ( 2 ) : 147 . doi : 10.1002 / arp. 1422 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Alan , Pits Add to Stonehgenge Mystery Archived 1 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , msnbc.com Cosmic Log , 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Discoveries Provide Evidence of a Celestial Procession at Stonehenge , University of Birmingham Press Release , 26 November 2011 Jump up ^ Birmingham Archaeologists Turn Back Clock at Stonehenge , University of Birmingham Press Release , 5 July 2010 Jump up ^ Keys , David ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Scientists discover source of rock used in Stonehenge 's first circle '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Discovery in Stonehenge Bluestone Mystery '' . National Museum of Wales . Jump up ^ `` What Lies Beneath Stonehenge ? '' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stonehenge on YouTube , 13 December 2013 Bibliography Atkinson , RJC , Stonehenge ( Penguin Books , 1956 ) Bender , B , Stonehenge : Making Space ( Berg Publishers , 1998 ) Burl , A , Great Stone Circles ( Yale University Press , 1999 ) Aubrey Burl , Prehistoric Stone Circles ( Shire , 2001 ) ( In Burl 's Stonehenge ( Constable , 2006 ) , he notes , cf . the meaning of the name in paragraph two above , that `` the Saxons called the ring ' the hanging stones ' , as though they were gibbets . '' ) Chippindale , C , Stonehenge Complete ( Thames and Hudson , London , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 500 - 28467 - 9 Chippindale , C , et al. , Who owns Stonehenge ? ( BT Batsford Ltd , 1990 ) Cleal , R.M.J. , Walker , K.E. & Montague , R. , Stonehenge in its landscape ( English Heritage , London , 1995 ) Cunliffe , B , & Renfrew , C , Science and Stonehenge ( The British Academy 92 , Oxford University Press , 1997 ) Godsell , Andrew `` Stonehenge : Older Than the Centuries '' in `` Legends of British History '' ( 2008 ) Hall , R , Leather , K , & Dobson , G , Stonehenge Aotearoa ( Awa Press , 2005 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , The Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 1 , Oxford University Press , 19 -- 41 ) . 1921 . Hawley , Lt - Col W , Second Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 2 , Oxford University Press , 1922 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Third Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 3 , Oxford University Press , 1923 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Fourth Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 4 , Oxford University Press , 1923 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1923 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 5 , Oxford University Press , 1925 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1924 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 6 , Oxford University Press , 1926 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1926 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 8 , Oxford University Press , 1928 ) Hutton , R , From Universal Bond to Public Free For All ( British Archaeology 83 , 2005 ) John , Brian , `` The Bluestone Enigma : Stonehenge , Preseli and the Ice Age '' ( Greencroft Books , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 905559 - 89 - 6 Johnson , Anthony , Solving Stonehenge : The New Key to an Ancient Enigma ( Thames & Hudson , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05155 - 9 Legg , Rodney , `` Stonehenge Antiquaries '' ( Dorset Publishing Company , 1986 ) Mooney , J , Encyclopedia of the Bizarre ( Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2002 ) Newall , RS , Stonehenge , Wiltshire - Ancient monuments and historic buildings - ( Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , London , 1959 ) North , J , Stonehenge : Ritual Origins and Astronomy ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) Pitts , M , Hengeworld ( Arrow , London , 2001 ) Pitts , MW , On the Road to Stonehenge : Report on Investigations beside the A344 in 1968 , 1979 and 1980 ( Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48 , 1982 ) Richards , J , English Heritage Book of Stonehenge ( BT Batsford Ltd , 1991 ) Julian Richards Stonehenge : A History in Photographs ( English Heritage , London , 2004 ) Stone , JFS , Wessex Before the Celts ( Frederick A Praeger Publishers , 1958 ) Worthington , A , Stonehenge : Celebration and Subversion ( Alternative Albion , 2004 ) English Heritage : Stonehenge : Historical Background Videography SPENCER , Christopher ( dir . ) `` Stonehenge decoded '' , New York City : National Geographic , 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stonehenge . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stonehenge Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Stonehenge . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stonehenge . Stonehenge English Heritage official site : access and visiting information ; research ; future plans 360 ° panoramic English Heritage : A stunning interactive view from the center . Stonehenge Landscape The National Trust -- Information about the surrounding area . Stonehenge Today and Yesterday By Frank Stevens , at Project Gutenberg . The History of Stonehenge BBC animation of the monument 's construction . Stonehenge , a Temple Restor 'd to the British Druids By William Stukeley , at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge , and Other British Monuments Astronomically Considered By Norman Lockyer , at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge Laser Scans English Heritage report about the evidence of stone - working and carvings revealed after scanning of the stones . Glaciers and the bluestones of Wales British Archaeology essay about the bluestones as glacial deposits . Stonehenge Twentieth Century Excavations Databases An English Heritage commissioned report by Wessex Archaeology on the twentieth century excavations . Stonehenge : Stones being repositioned during restoration work in 1914 Reconstruction work in the 1950s World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom England Bath Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral , St. Augustine 's Abbey and St. Martin 's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian 's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City Maritime Greenwich Saltaire Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Westminster Palace , Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret 's Church Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St. Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Northern Ireland Giant 's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham 's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St. George and Related Fortifications European megaliths Armenia Metsamor Zorats Karer Azerbaijan Gobustan Rocks Bulgaria Beglik Tash Garlo England Arbor Low Avebury Barbrook One Birkrigg Boscawen - Un Boskednan Brown Willy Cairns The Bull Ring Burnmoor stone circles Castlerigg Craddock Moor Devil 's Arrows Doll Tor Drizzlecombe Duloe Fernacre Gardom 's Edge Goodaver Grey Wethers Hoarstones Hordron Edge Hurlers Leper Stone Long Meg and Her Daughters Mên - an - Tol The Merry Maidens Mitchell 's Fold Nine Ladies Nine Stones , Altarnun Pipers Rollright Rudston Monolith Scorhill Stannon Stanton Drew Stonehenge Stripple Swinside Trippet France Barnenez Tumulus of Bougon Caixa de Rotllan Carnac Menhir de Champ - Dolent Dolmen de Bagneux Broken Menhir of Er Grah Filitosa Gallardet Dolmen Gavrinis Harrespil Kerzerho Locmariaquer megaliths Mane Braz Paddaghju Peyre - Brune Tremeca Verziau of Gargantua Germany Altendorf Denghoog Fraubillen cross Harhoog Lancken - Granitz dolmens Lohra Megaliths in Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Niedertiefenbach Oldendorfer Totenstatt Riesenstein Route of Megalithic Culture Sieben Steinhäuser Wotanstein Züschen Ireland Ardgroom Beltany stone circle Bohonagh Brownshill Dolmen Brú na Bóinne Carrigagulla Carrowmore Castlestrange stone Creevykeel Court Tomb Drombeg Gaulstown Portal Tomb Glantane East Grange stone circle High cross Knocknakilla Meehambee Dolmen Piper 's Stones Poulnabrone dolmen Reask Templebryan Stone Circle Turoe stone Uragh Stone Circle Jersey Jersey Dolmens La Hougue Bie Malta Megalithic Temples ( Borġ l - Imramma Borġ in - Nadur Buġibba Debdieba Ġgantija Ħaġar Qim Ħal - Ġinwi Kordin Mnajdra Qortin l - Imdawwar Santa Verna Skorba Ta ' Ħaġrat Ta ' Marżiena Ta ' Raddiena Tal - Qadi Tarxien Tas - Silġ Xemxija Xrobb l - Għaġin ) Hypogeum of Ħal - Saflieni Xagħra Stone Circle Netherlands Hunebed Northern Ireland Aughlish Ballynoe Beaghmore Corick Drumskinny Legananny Giant 's Ring Poland Brąchnówko Grzybnica Odry Węsiory Portugal Almendres Cromlech Anta Grande do Zambujeiro Cunha Baixa Dolmen Russia Dolmens of North Caucasus Thunder Stone Megaliths in the Urals Russian Geoglyph Scandinavia Picture stones Runestones Stone circles Stone ships Scotland Balquhain Callanish II III IV VIII X Carlin Cat Stane Clach an Trushal Colmeallie Drybridge Easter Aquhorthies Lochmaben Stone Pictish Ring of Brodgar Sheldon Stenness Steinacleit Strichen Yonder Bognie Ukraine Boundary stones Wales Barclodiad y Gawres Bedd Arthur Bedd Taliesin Bodowyr Bryn Cader Faner Bryn Celli Ddu Bryn Gwyn stones Capel Garmon Carreg Coetan Arthur Carreg Samson Coetan Arthur Foel Chwern Llanfechell Lligwy Burial Chamber Maen Llia Maen Madoc Meini Hirion Moel Tŷ Uchaf Parc Cwm long cairn Penrhos Feilw Pentre Ifan St Lythans burial chamber Trefignath Tinkinswood Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber Whetstones General articles Standing stone Dolmen Henge Menhir Stone circle Stone row Concentric stone circle Recumbent stone circle Chambered cairn Harrespil Photographs of stone circles Middle Eastern megaliths Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - 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Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism VIAF : 137120591 LCCN : sh85128337 GND : 4057736 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stonehenge&oldid=802661543 '' Categories : Stonehenge 4th - millennium BC architecture Archaeological sites in Wiltshire Bronze Age sites in England Bronze Age sites in Wiltshire Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Buildings and structures in Wiltshire English Heritage sites in Wiltshire Henges History of Wiltshire Locations associated with Arthurian legend Locations in Celtic mythology Megalithic monuments in England National Trust properties in Wiltshire Ruins in Wiltshire Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Wiltshire Stone Age sites in England Stone circles in England Tourist attractions in Wiltshire World Heritage Sites in England Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the stones come from to build stonehenge	[ "Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the Q and R Holes) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming 'crescents'); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. It is generally accepted that the bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite, an igneous rock), were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills, 150 miles (240 km) away in modern-day Pembrokeshire in Wales. Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier[23] although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England.[24]", "Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the Q and R Holes) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming 'crescents'); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. It is generally accepted that the bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite, an igneous rock), were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills, 150 miles (240 km) away in modern-day Pembrokeshire in Wales. Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier[23] although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England.[24]", "Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the Q and R Holes) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming 'crescents'); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. It is generally accepted that the bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite, an igneous rock), were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills, 150 miles (240 km) away in modern-day Pembrokeshire in Wales. Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier[23] although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England.[24]" ]	[ "Preseli Hills", "glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier", "modern-day Pembrokeshire in Wales" ]
-5120684193511370931	Economy of Romania	Economy of Romania - Wikipedia Economy of Romania Jump to : navigation , search Economy of Romania Bucharest , Romania Currency Leu ( Leu or RON ) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organisations European Union , WTO Statistics GDP $204,943 billion ( nominal , 2017 ) $467.436 billion ( PPP , 2017 ) GDP rank 41st ( PPP , 2017 ) GDP growth 7.0 % ( 2017 ) GDP per capita $23,709.349 ( PPP ; 2017 ) GDP by sector agriculture : 4.2 % ; industry : 33.2 % ; services : 64.4 % ( 2017 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 1.1 % Population below poverty line 25.4 % ( 2015 est . ) Gini coefficient 34 ( 2014 ) Labour force 9.133 million ( 2016 est . ) Labour force by occupation industry : 28.9 % services : 42.8 % agriculture : 28.3 % ( 2014 est . ) Unemployment 4.6 % ( January 2018 ) Average gross salary 4,143 RON / 1097 $ , monthly ( January 2018 ) Average net salary 533 € / 658 $ , monthly ( January 2018 ) Main industries electric machinery and equipment , textiles and footwear , light machinery and auto assembly , mining , timber , construction materials , metallurgy , chemicals , food processing , petroleum refining Ease - of - doing - business rank 45th ( 2018 ) External Exports $64.92 billion ( 2017 est . ) Export goods machinery and equipment , metals and metal products , textiles and footwear , chemicals , agricultural products , minerals and fuels Main export partners Germany 21.5 % Italy 11.6 % France 7.2 % Hungary 5.2 % United Kingdom 4.3 % ( 2016 est . ) Imports $78.12 billion ( 2017 est . ) Import goods machinery and equipment , chemicals , fuels and minerals , textile and products , agricultural products Main import partners Germany 20.5 % Italy 10.3 % Hungary 7.5 % France 5.6 % Poland 5.1 % China 5.1 % Netherlands 4.1 % ( 2016 est . ) FDI stock $70.113 billion ( 31 December 2016 est . ) Gross external debt € 93.954 billion ( 31 December 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 39.3 % of GDP ( 2016 est . ) Revenues $56.86 billion ( 2016 est . ) Expenses $62.14 billion ( 2016 est . ) Economic aid $100 billion EU structural funds ( 2007 -- 13 ) $100 billion EU structural funds ( 2014 -- 20 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB - ( Domestic ) BBB - ( Foreign ) A - ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa3 Outlook : Positive Fitch : BBB - Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves US $42.96 billion ( 31 December 2014 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . Romania , as part of the European Union single market , is a fast developing , upper - middle income mixed economy with a very high Human Development Index and a skilled labour force , the 16th largest in the European Union by total nominal GDP and the 13th largest based on purchasing power parity . The Romanian economy is the 41st - largest economy in the world ( out of 188 countries measured by IMF ) with $435,454 million annual output , and ranks 41st in the world in terms of GDP per capita measured by purchasing power parity . Romanian economy is expected to grow by + 6 % in 2017 . Based on current economic growth it 's expected to hit 1 trillion of USD PPP before 2035 . Romania continues to be one of the leading nations in Central and Eastern Europe for attracting foreign direct investment : the inward FDI in the country with a cumulative FDI totaling more than $170 billion since 1989 . Romania is the largest electronics producer in Central and Eastern Europe . Electronics manufacturing and research are among the main drivers of innovation and economic growth in the country . In the past 20 years Romania has also grown into a major center for mobile technology , information security , and related hardware research Dacia automobiles . Up until the late 2000s financial crisis , the Romanian economy had been referred to as a `` Tiger '' due to its high growth rates and rapid development . Until 2009 , Romanian economic growth was among the fastest in Europe ( officially 8.4 % in 2008 and more than three times the EU average ) . Romania is rich in iron ore , oil , salt , uranium , nickel , copper and natural gas . The country is a regional leader in multiple fields , such as IT and motor vehicle production . Bucharest , the capital city , is one of the largest financial and industrial centres in Eastern Europe . According to Eurostat Romania posted the biggest economic growth in EU in 2016 by more than 6 % increase of GDP . According to the IMF , Romania will have the highest economic growth in Europe in 2016 and 2017 . The top 10 exports of Romania are vehicles , machinery , chemical goods , electronic products , electrical equipment , pharmaceuticals , transport equipment , basic metals , food products , and rubber and plastics . Imports of goods and services increased 9.3 % , while exports grew 7.6 % in 2016 , as compared to 2015 . Exports of goods and services are expected to grow by 5.6 % in 2017 , while imports are seen increasing by 8.5 % , according to the latest CNP ( National Prognosis Commission ) projections . The projections for economic growth in Romania for 2018 and 2019 were both lifted to 4.5 % and 4.1 % , respectively , the World Bank said in its January 2018 Global Economic Prospects ( GEP ) report . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before World War II 1.2 Economy during 1944 -- 1989 1.3 Free market transition 1.4 Investments in Romania 1.5 EU membership ( 2007 ) 2 Economy 2.1 National budget 2.2 Economic growth 2.3 Growing middle class 2.4 Neighbors 3 Currency 3.1 Fulfillment of the Maastricht criteria 4 Natural resources 4.1 Energy 5 Physical infrastructure 6 Sectors of the economy 6.1 Gas and natural resources 6.2 Agriculture 6.2. 1 Fishing 6.3 Industry 6.3. 1 Car industry 6.3. 2 IT and other Industry 6.4 Services 7 Biotechnology industry 8 Regional variation 9 Foreign trade 10 Miscellaneous data 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References History ( edit ) Before World War II ( edit ) The GDP of Romania between 1870 and 2008 in 1990 International dollars After World War I , the application of radical agricultural reforms and the passing of a new constitution created a democratic framework and allowed for quick economic growth ( industrial production doubled between 1923 -- 1938 , despite the effects of the Great Depression ) . With oil production of 7.2 million tons in 1937 , Romania ranked second in Europe and seventh in the world . The oil extracted from Romania was essential for the German war campaigns . Before World War II , Romania was Europe 's second - largest food producer . Economy during 1944 -- 1989 ( edit ) After the Second World War , Romania became a member of the Eastern Bloc , and switched to a socialist - style command economy . During this period the country experienced rapid industrialization in an attempt to create a `` multilaterally developed socialist society '' . Economic growth was further fueled by foreign credits in the 1970s , but this eventually led to a growing foreign debt , which peaked at $11 -- 12 billion . Romania 's debt was largely paid off during the 1980s by implementing severe austerity measures which deprived Romanians of basic consumer goods . In 1989 , before the Romanian Revolution , Romania had a GDP of about 800 billion lei , or $53.6 billion . Around 58 % of the country 's gross national income came from industry , and another 15 % came from agriculture . The minimum wage was 2,000 lei , or $135 . Free market transition ( edit ) Romania 's GDP drop during the 1990s . Privatization of industry was pursued with the 1992 transfer of 30 % of the shares of some 6,000 state - owned enterprises to five private ownership funds , in which each adult citizen received certificates of ownership . The remaining 70 % ownership of the enterprises was transferred to a state ownership fund , with a mandate to sell off its shares at the rate of at least 10 % per year . The privatization law also called for direct sale of some 30 specially selected enterprises and the sale of `` assets '' ( i.e. , commercially viable component units ) of larger enterprises . As of 2008 , inflation stood at 7.8 % , up from 4.8 % in 2007 estimated by the BNR at coming within 6 % for the year 2006 ( the year - on - year CPI , published in March 2007 , is 3.66 % ) . Also , since 2001 , the economy has grown steadily at around 6 -- 8 % . Therefore , the PPP per capita GDP of Romania in 2008 was estimated to be between $12,200 and $14,064 . Financial and technical assistance continued to flow in from the U.S. , European Union , other industrial nations , and international financial institutions facilitating Romania 's reintegration into the world economy . The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank ( IBRD ) , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , and the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) all had programs and resident representatives in Romania . Romania also attracted foreign direct investment , which in 2008 rose to $72 billion . Romania was the largest U.S. trading partner in Central - Eastern Europe until Ceauşescu 's 1988 renunciation of Most Favored Nation ( non-discriminatory ) trading status , the latter of which resulted in high U.S. tariffs on Romanian products . Congress approved restoration of the MFN status effective 8 November 1993 , as part of a new bilateral trade agreement . Tariffs on most Romanian products dropped to zero in February 1994 with the inclusion of Romania in the Generalized System of Preferences ( GSP ) . Major Romanian exports to the U.S. include shoes and clothing , steel , and chemicals . Romania signed an Association Agreement with the EU in 1992 and a free trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) in 1993 , codifying Romania 's access to European markets and creating the basic framework for further economic integration . At the Helsinki Summit in December 1999 , the European Union invited Romania to formally begin accession negotiations . In 2002 , the target date of 2007 was set for Romania , along with Bulgaria , for its accession efforts . This was confirmed in 2003 at the Thessaloniki Summit and then in early 2005 Romania and Bulgaria signed the adherence treaty to EU . They formally joined the EU on 1 January 2007 . During the latter part of the Ceauşescu period , Romania earned significant credits from several Arab countries , notably Iraq , for work related to the oil industry . In August 2005 , Romania agreed to forgive 43 % of the US $1.7 billion debt owed by an Iraq still largely occupied by the military forces of the U.S. - led `` Coalition of the Willing '' , making Romania the first country outside of the Paris Club of wealthy creditor nations to forgive Iraqi debts . Growth in 2000 -- 07 was supported by exports to the EU , primarily to Italy and Germany , and a strong recovery of foreign and domestic investment . Domestic demand is playing an ever more important role in underpinning growth as interest rates drop and the availability of credit cards and mortgages increases . Current account deficits of around 2 % of GDP are beginning to decline as demand for Romanian products in the European Union increases . Accession to the EU gives further impetus and direction to structural reform . In early 2004 the government passed increases in the value - added tax ( VAT ) and tightened eligibility for social benefits with the intention to bring the public finance gap down to 4 % of GDP by 2006 , but more difficult pension and healthcare reforms will have to wait until after the next elections . Privatization of the state - owned bank Banca Comercială Română took place in 2005 . Intensified restructuring among large enterprises , improvements in the financial sector , and effective use of available EU funds is expected to accelerate economic growth . However , the Romanian economy was affected by the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and contracted in 2009 . Investments in Romania ( edit ) The level of investment remains above EU average . Investment accounts for almost 25 % of GDP in Romania as opposed to 19 % of GDP in the EU , in 2016 . EU membership ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Romania and the euro Eurozone participation European Union ( EU ) member states 19 in the eurozone . 7 not in ERM II , but obliged to join the eurozone on meeting convergence criteria ( Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , Romania , and Sweden ) . 1 in ERM II , with an opt - out ( Denmark ) . 1 not in ERM II with an opt - out ( United Kingdom ) . Non-EU member states 4 using the euro with a monetary agreement ( Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and Vatican City ) . 2 using the euro unilaterally ( Kosovo and Montenegro ) . On 1 January 2007 Romania entered the EU . This led to some immediate international trade liberalization . Romania is part of the European single market which represents more than 508 million consumers . Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union members and by EU legislation . This is to be contrasted with enormous current account deficits . Low interest rates guarantee availability of funds for investment and consumption . For example , a boom in the real estate market started around 2000 and has not subsided yet . At the same time annual inflation in the economy is variable and during the mid-2000s ( 2003 -- 2008 ) has seen a low of 2.3 % and high of 7.8 % . In the winter of 2004 the government introduced a flat tax of 16 % that was introduced on 1 January 2005 . This is done in hope for higher GDP growth and greater tax collection rates . The reform , which some called a `` revolution '' in taxation , was met with mild discussions and some protests by affected working classes . Romania subsequently enjoyed the lowest fiscal burden in the European Union , until Bulgaria also switched to a flat tax of 10 % in 2007 . The accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union has given the Union access to the Black Sea . Major industries include food processing , pharmaceuticals , motor vehicles , information technology , chemicals , metallurgy , machinery , electrical goods , and tourism . Romania posted an economic growth of 6 percent in 2016 , the biggest among European Union member states . According to Bloomberg , the country 's economic growth advanced at the fastest pace since 2008 . It is now considered the next tech - startup hub country in EU . Nowadays , that Romania 's digital infrastructure ranks higher than other eastern and central European countries makes it an attractive place to start a tech business . Economy ( edit ) Romania 's GDP per capita per county in 2013 Romania 's net salary per county in 2016 In the Romanian press the economy has been referred to as the `` Tiger of the East '' during the 2000s . Romania is a country of considerable economic potential : over 10 million hectares of agricultural land , diverse energy sources ( coal , oil , natural gas , hydro , nuclear and wind ) , a substantial , if aging , manufacturing base and opportunities for expanded development in tourism on the Black Sea and in the mountains . National budget ( edit ) The planned national budget for 2017 is 422 billion lei ( $103 billion ) , with an estimated budget deficit to GDP of 1.1 % . Economic growth ( edit ) GDP growth reached 8.3 % in 2006 according to the statistical office of the Romania ( the year - to - year growth amounted to unexpected 9.8 % in the 3rd quarter of 2006 and stayed high at 9.5 % year - to - year change in the 4th quarter of 2006 ) , and 8.0 % in 2007 . In the first nine months of the year 2017 , the Romanian GDP grew by 7 % on gross series and by 6.9 percent on seasonally adjusted series . Growing middle class ( edit ) Romania has growing middle and upper classes with relatively high per capita incomes . World Bank estimated that in 2002 99 % of the urban and 94 % of the rural population had access to electricity . In 2004 , 91 % of the urban and only 16 % of the rural population had access to improved water supply and 94 % of the urban population had access to improved sanitation . In 2017 there were about 22.5 million mobile phone users in Romania and about 18 million with internet access . In March 2017 , the gross average monthly wage was RON 3,256 ( € 716 ) , and the net average monthly wage was RON 2,342 ( € 515 ) . Neighbors ( edit ) Countries tend to benefit from sharing borders with developed markets as this facilitates trade and development . Below is a table of Romania 's neighboring countries , their GDP per capita , and trade values between the pairs . In 2010 , as little as 10.94 pc of Romanian exports went to its neighbors ; while 14.06 pc of imports came from these five countries . For comparison , Germany alone accounted for 16.83 pc of Romania 's exports and 15.91 pc of its imports . Country GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) 2017 Difference in GDP PPP ( % ) Exports to US billions ( 2010 ) Percentage of total exports Imports from US billions ( 2010 ) Percentage of total imports Hungary 26,457.6 13 1.984 4.04 3.113 8.47 Romania 23,709.34 Bulgaria 18,248.8 - 18 1.770 3.60 1.890 3.13 Serbia 14,111.9 - 36 0.473 0.96 0.536 0.89 Ukraine 7,939.6 - 64 0.711 1.45 0.725 1.20 Moldova 5,049.0 - 77 0.438 0.89 0.223 0.37 Currency ( edit ) Main articles : Romanian leu and Romania and the euro One new leu bank - note The leu ( pronounced ( ˈlew ) ) , plural : lei ( ( ˈlej ) ) ; ISO 4217 code RON ; numeric code 946 ) , `` leo '' ( lion ) in English is the currency of Romania . It is subdivided into 100 bani ( singular : ban ) . On 1 July 2005 , Romania underwent a currency reform , switching from the previous leu ( ROL ) to a new leu ( RON ) . 1 RON is equal to 10,000 ROL . Romania joined the European Union on 1 January 2007 and initially hoped to adopt the euro in 2014 , but with the deepening of the Euro crisis and with its own problems , such as a low workforce productivity , postponed its adoption plans indefinitely . According to Bloomberg , the Romanian currency is the third - best performer against the euro in 2016 among currencies in CEE area gaining 1.4 percent . Fulfillment of the Maastricht criteria ( edit ) Romania , as a member state of the European Union , is required to adopt the common European currency , the Euro . For this reason Romania must fulfil the five Maastricht criteria , of which it met three as of June 2016 . Convergence criteria Assessment month Country HICP inflation rate Excessive deficit procedure Exchange rate Long - term interest rate Compatibility of legislation Budget deficit to GDP Debt - to - GDP ratio ERM II member Change in rate 2012 ECB Report Reference values Max . 3.1 % ( as of 31 Mar 2012 ) None open ( as of 31 March 2012 ) Min. 2 years ( as of 31 Mar 2012 ) Max . ± 15 % ( for 2011 ) Max . 5.80 % ( as of 31 Mar 2012 ) Yes ( as of 31 Mar 2012 ) Max . 3.0 % ( Fiscal year 2011 ) Max . 60 % ( Fiscal year 2011 ) Romania 4.6 % Open No - 0.6 % 7.25 % No 5.2 % 33.3 % 2013 ECB Report Reference values Max . 2.7 % ( as of 30 Apr 2013 ) None open ( as of 30 Apr 2013 ) Min. 2 years ( as of 30 Apr 2013 ) Max . ± 15 % ( for 2012 ) Max . 5.5 % ( as of 30 Apr 2013 ) Yes ( as of 30 Apr 2013 ) Max . 3.0 % ( Fiscal year 2012 ) Max . 60 % ( Fiscal year 2012 ) Romania 4.1 % Open ( Closed in June 2013 ) No - 5.2 % 6.36 % Unknown 2.9 % 37.8 % 2014 ECB Report Reference values Max . 1.7 % ( as of 30 Apr 2014 ) None open ( as of 30 Apr 2014 ) Min. 2 years ( as of 30 Apr 2014 ) Max . ± 15 % ( for 2013 ) Max . 6.2 % ( as of 30 Apr 2014 ) Yes ( as of 30 Apr 2014 ) Max . 3.0 % ( Fiscal year 2013 ) Max . 60 % ( Fiscal year 2013 ) Romania 2.1 % None No 0.9 % 5.26 % No 2.3 % 38.4 % 2016 ECB Report Reference values Max . 0.7 % ( as of 30 Apr 2016 ) None open ( as of 18 May 2016 ) Min. 2 years ( as of 18 May 2016 ) Max . ± 15 % ( for 2015 ) Max . 4.0 % ( as of 30 Apr 2016 ) Yes ( as of 18 May 2016 ) Max . 3.0 % ( Fiscal year 2015 ) Max . 60 % ( Fiscal year 2015 ) Romania - 1.3 % None No 0.0 % 3.6 % No 0.7 % 38.4 % Criterion fulfilled Criterion potentially fulfilled : If the budget deficit exceeds the 3 % limit , but is `` close '' to this value ( the European Commission has deemed 3.5 % to be close by in the past ) , then the criteria can still potentially be fulfilled if either the deficits in the previous two years are significantly declining towards the 3 % limit , or if the excessive deficit is the result of exceptional circumstances which are temporary in nature ( i.e. one - off expenditures triggered by a significant economic downturn , or by the implementation of economic reforms that are expected to deliver a significant positive impact on the government 's future fiscal budgets ) . However , even if such `` special circumstances '' are found to exist , additional criteria must also be met to comply with the fiscal budget criterion . Additionally , if the debt - to - GDP ratio exceeds 60 % but is `` sufficiently diminishing and approaching the reference value at a satisfactory pace '' it can be deemed to be in compliance . Criterion not fulfilled Notes Jump up ^ The rate of increase of the 12 - month average HICP over the prior 12 - month average must be no more than 1.5 % larger than the unweighted arithmetic average of the similar HICP inflation rates in the 3 EU member states with the lowest HICP inflation . If any of these 3 states have a HICP rate significantly below the similarly averaged HICP rate for the eurozone ( which according to ECB practice means more than 2 % below ) , and if this low HICP rate has been primarily caused by exceptional circumstances ( i.e. severe wage cuts or a strong recession ) , then such a state is not included in the calculation of the reference value and is replaced by the EU state with the fourth lowest HICP rate . Jump up ^ The arithmetic average of the annual yield of 10 - year government bonds as of the end of the past 12 months must be no more than 2.0 % larger than the unweighted arithmetic average of the bond yields in the 3 EU member states with the lowest HICP inflation . If any of these states have bond yields which are significantly larger than the similarly averaged yield for the eurozone ( which according to previous ECB reports means more than 2 % above ) and at the same time does not have complete funding access to financial markets ( which is the case for as long as a government receives bailout funds ) , then such a state is not be included in the calculation of the reference value . Jump up ^ The change in the annual average exchange rate against the euro . Jump up ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of May 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweden , Ireland and Slovenia were the reference states . ^ Jump up to : The maximum allowed change in rate is ± 2.25 % for Denmark . Jump up ^ Sweden and Slovenia were the reference states , with Ireland excluded as an outlier . Jump up ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sweden , Latvia and Ireland were the reference states . Jump up ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Latvia , Portugal and Ireland were the reference states . Jump up ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bulgaria , Slovenia and Spain were the reference states . Natural resources ( edit ) Main article : Mining industry in Romania Romania is an oil producer , but the current level of production is not enough to make the country self - sufficient . Although at one time it was Europe 's largest producer of oil , most of its reserves were used and squandered during the Nicolae Ceauşescu period . As a result , it is today a net oil and gas importer . The pipeline network in Romania included 2,427 km for crude oil , 3,850 km for petroleum products , and 3,508 km for natural gas in 2006 . Several major new pipelines are planned , especially the Nabucco Pipeline for Caspian oilfields , the longest one in the world . Romania could cash in four billion dollars from the Constanta - Trieste pipeline . Romania has considerable natural resources for a country of its size , including coal , iron ore , copper , chromium , uranium , antimony , mercury , gold , barite , borate , celestine ( strontium ) , emery , feldspar , limestone , magnesite , marble , perlite , pumice , pyrites ( sulfur ) , clay , arable land and hydropower . Romania 's mineral production is adequate to supply its manufacturing output . Energy needs are also met by importing bituminous and anthracite coal and crude petroleum . In 2007 approximately 34 million tons of coal , approximately 4,000 tons of tungsten , 565,000 tons of iron ore , and 47,000 tons of zinc ore were mined . Lesser amounts of copper , lead , molybdenum , gold , silver , kaolin , and fluorite also were mined . Energy ( edit ) Main article : Energy industry in Romania The Iron Gate I Hydro Power Plant , a joint venture between Romania and Serbia The energy sector is dominated by state - owned companies such as Termoelectrica , Hidroelectrica and Nuclearelectrica . Fossil fuels are the country 's primary source of energy , followed by hydroelectric power . Due to dependency on oil and gas imports from Russia , the country has placed an increasingly heavy emphasis on nuclear energy since the 1980s . The Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant is the only one of its kind in Romania , although there are plans to build a second one in Transylvania , possibly after 2020 . For domestic heating and cooking 48 % of rural and small - town households use directly burned solid fuel ( almost exclusively domestically produced wood ) as the main energy source . Wind power had an installed capacity of 76 MW in 2008 , and the country has the largest wind power potential in Southeast Europe , with Dobruja listed as the second - best place in Europe to construct wind farms . As a result , there are currently investor connection requests for over 12,000 MW . There are also plans to build a number of solar power stations , such as the Covaci Solar Park , which will be one of the largest in the world . Of the electricity generated in 2007 , 13.1 percent came from nuclear plants then in operation , 41.69 percent from thermal plants ( oil and coal ) , and 25.8 percent from hydroelectric sites . Physical infrastructure ( edit ) A1 motorway near Orăștie Main articles : Transport in Romania and Highways in Romania The volume of traffic in Romania , especially goods transportation , has increased in recent years due to its strategic location in South - East Europe . In the past few decades , much of the freight traffic shifted from rail to road . A further strong increase of traffic is expected in the future . As of June 2015 , 694 km of motorways are in use with Timisoara - Lugoj 26 km also to be finished in 2015 , Lugoj - Deva to be finished in 2016 while Sibiu - Pitesti is still tendering . The railway network , which was significantly expanded during the Communist years , is the fourth largest in Europe . Bucharest is the only city in Romania which has an underground railway system , comprising both the Bucharest Metro and the light rail system managed by Regia Autonomă de Transport Bucureşti . Although construction was planned to begin in 1941 , due to geo - political factors , the Bucharest Metro was only opened in 1979 . Now it is one of the most accessed systems of the Bucharest public transport network with an average ridership of 800,000 passengers during the workweek . In total , the network is 67 km long and has 49 stations . Sectors of the economy ( edit ) Gas and natural resources ( edit ) Romania has become a natural gas exporter . Romanian Scientist , Lazar Edeleanu , had managed , for the first time in the world , to refine oil based products with sulphur dioxide , in other words separation from the oil of some hydrocarbon groups , without their chemical alteration . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Romania Agriculture employs about 29 % of the population ( one of the highest rates in Europe ) , and contributes about 8.1 % of GDP . The Bărăgan is characterized by large wheat farms . Dairy products , pork , poultry , and apple production are concentrated in the western region . Beef production is located in central Romania , while the production of fruits , vegetables , and wine ranges from central to southern Romania . Romania is a large producer of many agricultural products and is currently expanding its forestry and fishery industries . The implementation of the reforms and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) have resulted in reforms in the agricultural sector of the economy . Fishing ( edit ) Fishing is an economic mainstay in parts of the East of Romania and along the Black Sea coast , with important fish markets in places such as Constanta , Galati and Tulcea . Fish such as european anchovy , sprat , pontic shad , mullet , goby , whiting , garfish , Black - Sea Turbot or horse mackerel are landed at ports such as Constanta . There has been a large scale decrease in employment in the fishing industry within Romania due to the EU 's Common Fisheries Policy , which places restrictions on the total tonnage of catch that can be landed , caused by overfishing in the Black Sea . In tandem with the decline of sea - fishing , commercial fish farms -- especially in salmon , have increased in prominence in the rivers and lochs of the east of Romania . Inland waters are rich in fresh water fish such as salmon , trout , and in particular , carp which traditionally has been the most popular fish , including its eggs ( icre ) , fresh or canned . Industry ( edit ) Main article : Industry in Romania Car industry ( edit ) 2014 Dacia Logan MCV It and other industry ( edit ) Romania has been successful in developing its industrial sector in recent years . Industry and construction accounted for 32 % of gross domestic product ( GDP ) in 2003 , a comparatively large share even without taking into account related services . The sector employed 26.4 % of the workforce . Romania excels in the production of automobiles , machine tools , and chemicals . In 2013 , some 410,997 automobiles were produced in Romania , up from 78,165 in 2000 . In 2004 Romania enjoyed one of the largest world market share in machine tools ( 5.3 % ) . Romanian - based companies such as Dacia , Petrom , Rompetrol , Bitdefender , Romstal and Mobexpert have expanded operations throughout the region . However , small - to medium - sized manufacturing firms form the bulk of Romania 's industrial sector . Romania 's industrial output is expected to advance 9 % in 2007 , while agriculture output is projected to grow 12 % . Final consumption is also expected to increase by 11 % overall -- individual consumption by 14.4 % and collective consumption by 10.4 % . Domestic demand is expected to go up 12.7 % . Industrial output growth was 6.9 % year - on - year in December 2009 , making it the highest in the EU - 27 zone which averaged − 1.9 % . Romania has the third - highest percentage of women working in information and communications technologies ( ICT ) in Europe . 29 % of their workforce is made up of women . Services ( edit ) Main article : Services in Romania In 2003 service sector constituted 55 % of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , and the sector employed 51.3 % of the workforce . The subcomponents of services are financial , renting , and business activities ( 20.5 % ) ; trade , hotels and restaurants , and transport ( 18 % ) ; and other service activities ( 21.7 % ) . The service sector in Romania has expanded in recent years , employing some 47 % of Romanians and accounting for slightly more than half of GDP . The largest employer is the retail sector , employing almost 12 % of Romanians . The retail industry is mainly concentrated in a relatively small number of chain stores clustered together in shopping malls . In recent years the rise of big - box stores , such as Cora ( hypermarket ) ( of the France ) and Carrefour ( a subsidiary of the French ) , have led to fewer workers in this sector and a migration of retail jobs to the suburbs . Biotechnology industry ( edit ) Romania is aggressively promoting and developing its biotechnology industry . Hundred of millions of dollars were invested into the sector to build up infrastructure , fund research and development and to recruit top international scientists to Romania . Romania features one of the world 's newest competitive bio-industries , in key areas as pharmacogenomics , protein engineering , glyco - engineering , tissue engineering , bio-informatics , genome medicine and preventive medicine . Romania is devoting substantial resources to developing universities and R&D facilities , increasing bioventure startups , growing bio-clusters ( communities of biotechnology companies and institutions ) and developing human resources , all with the goal of making it one of the world 's most advanced biotechnology regions . Regional variation ( edit ) The strength of the Romanian economy varies from region to region . GDP , and GDP per capita is highest in Bucharest . The following table shows the GDP ( 2015 ) per capita of the 4 counties and the capital city , with data supplied by CNP . Rank Place GDP per capita ( EUR ) Bucharest 26,652 Cluj 21,253 Timiş 20,301 Constanţa 19,782 5 Ilfov 18,648 The highest GDP per capita is found in Bucharest and surrounding Ilfov County . Values well above the national average are found in Timiş , Argeş , Braşov , Cluj , Constanţa , Sibiu and Prahova . Values well below the national average are found in : Vaslui , Botoşani , Călăraşi , Neamţ , Vrancea , Suceava , Giurgiu , Mehedinţi , Olt and Teleorman . Foreign trade ( edit ) Main article : Foreign trade of Romania A chart of Romania 's export products . Italy is Romania 's largest trading partner ; two - way trade totaled some $22.6 billion in 2007 . The principal exports from Italy to Romania include computers , integrated circuits , aircraft parts and other defense equipment , wheat , and automobiles , along with remittances . Romania 's chief exports to Italy include cut diamonds , jewelry , integrated circuits , printing machinery , and telecommunications equipment . 2.8 % of the country 's GDP is derived from Agricultural activity . While Romania imports substantial quantities of grain , it is largely self - sufficient in other agricultural products and food stuffs , due to the fact that food must be regulated for sale in the Romania retail market , and hence imports almost no food products from other countries . Romania imported in 2006 food products of 2.4 billion euros , up almost 20 % versus 2005 , when the imports were worth slightly more than 2 billion euros . The EU is Romania 's main partner in the trade with agri - food products . The exports to this destination represent 64 % , and the imports from the EU countries represent 54 % . Other important partners are the CEFTA countries , Turkey , Republic of Moldova and the USA . Despite a decline of the arms industry in the post-communist era , Romania is a significant exporter of military equipment , accounting for 3 -- 4 % of the world total in 2007 . EU members are represented by a single official at the World Trade Organization . During the first trimester of 2010 , Romanian exports increased by 21 % , one of the largest rates in the European Union , surpassed only by Malta . The trade deficit currently stands at roughly 2 billion EUR , the eighth largest in the EU . Miscellaneous data ( edit ) Households with access to fixed and mobile telephone access landline telephone -- 76 % ( 2017 ) mobile telephone -- 115 % ( 2017 ) Broadband penetration rate 63 % ( 2017 ) Individuals using computer and internet computer -- 74 % ( 2017 ) internet -- 87 % ( 2017 ) See also ( edit ) List of companies of Romania General : Economy of Europe Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects ( PPP valuation of country GDP ) '' . IMF . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://think.ing.com/snaps/romania-2017-gdp-growth-confirmed-at-70-yoy/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ World Economic Outlook Database , February 2017 , International Monetary Fund . Database updated on 4 February 2017 . Accessed on 18 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - Statistics Explained '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ANALIZA Familia Ionescu si rata saraciei la romani . Distributia saraciei in functie de zona , de numarul copiilor , dupa forma de proprietate ( proprietar vs. chiriasi ) . Una peste alta , Statistica a numarat saracii Romaniei : sunt 4 , 77 milioane - Hotnews Mobile '' . m.HotNews.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.zf.ro/profesii/salariul-mediu-net-a-ajuns-in-ianuarie-la-2484-lei-in-scadere-fata-de-decembrie-dar-cu-8-peste-nivelul-din-ianuarie-2017-17061281 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ease of Doing Business in Romania '' . DoingBusiness.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.CIA.gov . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Export Partners of Romania '' . CIA World Factbook. 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Import Partners of Romania '' . CIA World Factbook. 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Direct Investment in Romania in 2016 '' . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Banca Naţională a României '' . BNR.ro . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereigns rating list '' . Standard & Poor 's . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Simon ; Sedghi , Ami ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` How Fitch , Moody 's and S&P rate each country 's credit rating '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moody 's changes outlook on Romania 's Baa3 ratings to positive ; affirms ratings '' . Moody 's . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database October 2009 -- WEO Groups and Aggregates Information '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romania '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's economic outlook in 2017 : Growth to fall back to 4.1 pct of GDP , says Nomura '' . Business-Review.eu. 29 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` aaaa '' . www.Business-Arena.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Universities/EUs-tiger-economy-is-tapped-by-university.htm ^ Jump up to : Adevarul Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Romania , the European Tiger - Invest Romania '' . InvestRomania.gov.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poland and Romania : Two tigers of Eastern Europe - Nine O ` Clock '' . www.NineOclock.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . PIB - ul a crescut cu 7.5 % in T1 , iar anul agricol bun ar putea duce cresterea la peste 8 % . Jump up ^ http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/10691/ The 8.2 percent growth in Romania 's economy in the first three months of 2008 was more than three times higher than the EU average Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistic definitions '' ( PDF ) . OICA.net . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BCR : Romania poate adopta euro in 2014 23904 '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurostat : Romania posts biggest economic growth in EU in 2016 Q2 '' . Business-Review.eu. 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMF : Romania to have highest economic growth in Europe in 2016 and 2017 -- AGERPRES '' . www.AgerPres.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://seenews.com/news/romanias-economy-grows-by-48-yy-in-q4-2016-14-qq-revised-data-564500 Jump up ^ `` Romanian finmin analysts keep 2017 GDP growth forecast at 5.2 % '' . SeeNews.com . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank ups Romania economic growth estimation '' . https://www.romania-insider.com/ . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` his1 '' . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO Înregistrare senzaţională cu Hitler : `` Fără petrolul din România nu aş fi atacat niciodată URSS - ul '' `` . adevarul.ro . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Business in Romania : a country that 's fast off the Bloc -- Two years of EU membership have transformed the business face of Romania and savvy UK firms are reaping the rewards . Paul Bray reports '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Klepper , Nicolae . ROMANIA An Illustrated History . NY : Hippocrene Books , Inc. , 2002 , page 230 ^ Jump up to : După douăzeci de ani . Economia României în 1989 Archived 24 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , 21 decembrie 2009 , standard.ro , accesat la 2 ianuarie 2010 Jump up ^ `` GDP -- per capita ( PPP ) '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Data refer to the year 2008 . PPP GDP 2008 & Population 2008 , World Development Indicators database , World Bank , 15 September 2009 . Note : Per capita values were obtained by dividing the PPP GDP data by the Population data . Jump up ^ `` Romania isi va recupera datoriile din Irak -- BloomBiz.ro -- Your Business Community '' . BloomBiz.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Index of / '' . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The European Semester '' ( PDF ) . European Commission - European Commission . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostat : Romania posts biggest economic growth in EU in 2016 Q2 '' . Business-Review.eu. 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` One of the poorest countries in the EU could be its next tech - startup hub '' . QZ.com . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See Table 4.1 '' ( PDF ) . WorldBank.org . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings - since 1991 , the monthly series '' . Romanian National Institute of Statistics . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Import origins of Romania ( 2010 ) '' . The Observatory of Economic Complexity . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Export destinations of Romania ( 2010 ) '' . The Observatory of Economic Complexity . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) - Data '' . data.WorldBank.org . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romania hopes to introduce euro in 2014 '' . Hotnews.ro. 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Banking News ( 22 June 2012 ) . `` Croitoru ( BNR ) : Adoptarea monedei euro , un orizont indepartat '' . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HICP ( 2005 = 100 ) : Monthly data ( 12 - month average rate of annual change ) '' . Eurostat. 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The corrective arm '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Long - term interest rate statistics for EU Member States ( monthly data for the average of the past year ) '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Government deficit / surplus data '' . Eurostat. 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What is ERM II ? '' . European Commission . 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro / ECU exchange rates - annual data ( average ) '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former euro area national currencies vs. euro / ECU - annual data ( average ) '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Convergence Report May 2012 '' ( PDF ) . European Central Bank . May 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Convergence Report - 2012 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . March 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` European economic forecast - spring 2012 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Convergence Report '' ( PDF ) . European Central Bank . June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Convergence Report - 2013 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . March 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` European economic forecast - spring 2013 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . February 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Convergence Report '' ( PDF ) . European Central Bank . June 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Convergence Report - 2014 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` European economic forecast - spring 2014 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . March 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Convergence Report '' ( PDF ) . European Central Bank . June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Convergence Report - June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` European economic forecast - spring 2016 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . May 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Report prepared in accordance with Article 126 ( 3 ) of the Treaty '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EMI Annual Report 1994 '' ( PDF ) . European Monetary Institute ( EMI ) . April 1995 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Progress towards convergence - November 1995 ( report prepared in accordance with article 7 of the EMI statute ) '' ( PDF ) . European Monetary Institute ( EMI ) . November 1995 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Romania could cash in four billion dollars from the Constanta - Trieste pipeline . Pumping oil could pay off in Romania as benefits from the Constanta - Trieste pipeline could amount to more than four billion dollars . The benefits could range from 2.27 to 4.39 billion dollars over 20 years , depending on the capacity of the new oleo duct , according to Hill International 's feasibility study . Jump up ^ `` Romania contruieste a doua centrala nucleara '' . Euractiv.ro . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves '' . CleanCookstoves.org . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avalansa portugheza : Martifer pregateste o achizitie de 7 mil . euro pe eolian si un parc propriu , EDP primeste deja turbinele '' ( in Romanian ) . Business Standard . 1 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dobrogea , pe locul doi în Europa ca potenţial eolian '' . Dobrogea , pe locul doi în Europa ca potenţial eolian ( in Romanian ) . Evenimentul Zilei. 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Potential de investitii in eolian de peste 4 mld . euro '' . Potential de investitii in eolian de peste 4 mld . euro ( in Romanian ) . Business Standard . 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CJ Timis vrea sa construiasca un parc cu panouri solare , pe o suprafata de 60 de hectare '' ( in Romanian ) . Business Standard . 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Portalul national de Administratie Publica '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Report from state power company Jump up ^ `` RAD - Network Access & Telecommunications Solutions '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bucharest Metrorex - Railway Technology '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` METROREX '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's Black Sea natural gas production to start in 2018 ( official ) -- AGERPRES '' . www.AgerPres.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oil and Gas Industry in Romania - ROPEPCA - Romanian Petroleum Exploration and Production Companies Association '' . www.Ropepca.ro . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romania reports highest December 2009 industrial output growth in EU27 - FINANCIARUL - ultimele stiri din Finante , Banci , Economie , Imobiliare si IT '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOPUL celor mai bogate 5 judete din Romania dupa PIB - ul pe cap de locuitor '' . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOPUL celor mai bogate 5 judete din Romania dupa PIB - ul pe cap de locuitor '' . March 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romania imports agri - food products of 2.4 bn euros in 2006 -- Danmarks ambassade Bukarest Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` România ocupă locul doi în UE după creşterea exporturilor din primul trimestru - Mediafax '' . Mediafax.ro . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IT and telecommunications in Central and Eastern Europe '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Romania . 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About Wikipedia	what type of money is used in romania	[ "\nEconomy of Romania\n\n\nBucharest, Romania\n\n\n\nCurrency\nLeu (Leu or RON)\n\n\n\nFiscal year\n\nCalendar year\n\n\n\nTrade organisations\n\nEuropean Union, WTO\n\n\nStatistics\n\n\nGDP\n\n $204,943 billion (nominal, 2017)[1]\n $467.436 billion (PPP, 2017)[1]\n\n\nGDP rank\n41st (PPP, 2017)\n\n\n\nGDP growth\n\n 7.0% (2017)[2]\n\n\n\nGDP per capita\n\n $23,709.349 (PPP; 2017)[3]\n\n\n\nGDP by sector\n\nagriculture: 4.2%; industry: 33.2%; services: 64.4% (2017 est.)\n\n\n\nInflation (CPI)\n\n 1.1%[4]\n\n\n\nPopulation below poverty line\n\n25.4 % (2015 est.)[5]\n\n\n\nGini coefficient\n\n34 (2014)[6]\n\n\n\nLabour force\n\n9.133 million (2016 est.)[4]\n\n\n\nLabour force by occupation\n\nindustry: 28.9%\nservices: 42.8%\nagriculture: 28.3% (2014 est.)[4]\n\n\nUnemployment\n4.6% (January 2018)[4]\n\n\n\nAverage gross salary\n\n4,143 RON / 1097 $, monthly (January 2018)[7]\n\n\n\nAverage net salary\n\n533 € / 658 $, monthly (January 2018)[7]\n\n\n\nMain industries\n\nelectric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining\n\n\n\nEase-of-doing-business rank\n\n45th (2018)[8]\n\n\nExternal\n\n\nExports\n $64.92 billion (2017 est.)[9]\n\n\n\nExport goods\n\nmachinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels\n\n\n\nMain export partners\n\n Germany 21.5%\n Italy 11.6%\n France 7.2%\n Hungary 5.2%\n United Kingdom 4.3% (2016 est.)[10]\n\n\nImports\n $78.12 billion (2017 est.)[9]\n\n\n\nImport goods\n\nmachinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, textile and products, agricultural products\n\n\n\nMain import partners\n\n Germany 20.5%\n Italy 10.3%\n Hungary 7.5%\n France 5.6%\n Poland 5.1%\n China 5.1%\n Netherlands 4.1% (2016 est.)[11]\n\n\n\nFDI stock\n\n $70.113 billion (31 December 2016 est.)[12]\n\n\n\nGross external debt\n\n€93.954 billion (31 December 2017)[13]\n\n\nPublic finances\n\n\n\nPublic debt\n\n 39.3% of GDP (2016 est.)\n\n\nRevenues\n$56.86 billion (2016 est.)\n\n\nExpenses\n$62.14 billion (2016 est.)\n\n\nEconomic aid\n$100 billion EU structural funds (2007–13)\n$100 billion EU structural funds (2014–20)\n\n\n\nCredit rating\n\n\n\nStandard & Poor's:[14]\nBBB- (Domestic)\nBBB- (Foreign)\nA- (T&C Assessment)\nOutlook: Stable[15]\nMoody's:[16]\nBaa3\nOutlook: Positive\nFitch:[15]\nBBB-\nOutlook: Stable\n\n\n\n\n\nForeign reserves\n\nUS$42.96 billion (31 December 2014)\n\n\n\nMain data source: CIA World Fact Book\nAll values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.\n\n\n" ]	[ "Leu (Leu or RON)" ]
-425194203213713887	Bennie and the Jets	Bennie and the Jets - wikipedia Bennie and the Jets Jump to : navigation , search `` Bennie and the Jets '' Single by Elton John from the album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road B - side `` Harmony '' Released 4 February 1974 Recorded May 1973 at Château d'Hérouville , France Genre Glam rock Length 5 : 23 Label MCA DJM Songwriter ( s ) Elton John Bernie Taupin Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( also titled as `` Benny & the Jets '' ) is a song composed by Elton John and Bernie Taupin . The song first appeared on the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album in 1973 . `` Bennie and the Jets '' has been one of John 's most popular songs and was performed during John 's appearance at Live Aid . The track is spelled Benny on the sleeve of the single and in the track listing of the album , but Bennie on the album vinyl disc label . Contents ( hide ) 1 Single release 2 Song composition 3 Personnel 4 Music video 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Covers 7 Mondegreens in the Song 8 References in popular culture 9 References 10 External links Single release ( edit ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' was featured on side one of the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album , and Elton John was set against releasing it as a single , believing it would fail . CKLW in Windsor , Ontario , began heavy airplay of the song and it became the # 1 song in the Detroit market . This attention caused other American and Canadian Top 40 stations to add it to their playlists as well and as a result , the song peaked at # 1 on the US singles chart in 1974 . In the US , it was certified Gold on 8 April 1974 and Platinum on 13 September 1995 by the RIAA , and had sold 2.8 million copies by August 1976 . `` Bennie and the Jets '' was also John 's first Top 40 hit on what at the time was called the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart , where it peaked at # 15 , the highest position out of the three of his singles which reached that chart . The acceptance of `` Bennie '' on R&B radio helped land John , a huge soul music fan , a guest appearance on the 17 May 1975 edition of Soul Train , where he played `` Bennie and the Jets '' and `` Philadelphia Freedom '' . In Canada , it held the # 1 spot on the RPM national singles chart for two weeks ( 13 -- 20 April ) , becoming his first # 1 single of 1974 and his fourth overall . Song composition ( edit ) The song tells of `` Bennie and the Jets '' , a fictional band of whom the song 's narrator is a fan . The song is written in the key of G major . In interviews , Taupin has said that the song 's lyrics are a satire on the music industry of the 1970s . The greed and glitz of the early 1970s music scene is portrayed by Taupin 's words : We 'll kill the fatted calf tonight , so stick around , you 're gon na hear electric music , solid walls of sound . Taupin also goes on to describe the flashy wardrobe of `` Bennie '' , the leader of the band : She 's got electric boots , a mohair suit You know I read it in a magazine Ohh ... See also : History_of_Benzedrine § Elton John - Bennie and the Jets Produced by Gus Dudgeon , the song was recorded during the `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' sessions in France at Château d'Hérouville 's Strawberry Studios , where John and Taupin had recorded their previous two albums , Honky Château and Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player . After recording the song in the studio , John and the band worried that it was too plain and unoriginal . In the Eagle Vision documentary on the making of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road , John recalled , `` I fought tooth and nail against ' Bennie ' coming out as a single . '' According to guitarist Davey Johnstone , `` ' Bennie and the Jets ' was one of the oddest songs we ever recorded . We just sat back and said , ' This is really odd . ' '' While mixing the album , Dudgeon came up with the idea of creating a `` live from Playhouse Theatre '' sound for the track . He added reverb effects , applause and other audience sounds from John 's previous concerts and a loop from the Jimi Hendrix live album Isle of Wight , plus whistles , giving it the `` live concert recording '' feel that has since become a sort of trademark . John rarely plays the song verbatim to the studio version , and often makes subtle or even drastic changes . Live , the piano solo in the middle of the song has been played in all sorts of variations , from very close to the original to wildly improvised and extended versions , such as the elaborate version during a Central Park concert in 1980 and another memorable take on it during the `` Elton and his band '' part of the show recorded for what would become Live in Australia in December 1986 . ( It can be seen on various Laserdisc releases of the show . ) He has also been known to end the song in a wide range of styles , including classical , swing , boogie - woogie and even using the signature five - note phrase from John Williams ' score for Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- piano , Farfisa organ , vocals Davey Johnstone -- acoustic and electric guitars Dee Murray -- bass Nigel Olsson -- drums Music video ( edit ) In May 2017 , an official music video for `` Bennie and the Jets '' premiered at the Cannes Film Festival as a winner of Elton John : The Cut , a competition organized in partnership with AKQA , Pulse Films , and YouTube in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of his songwriting relationship with Bernie Taupin . The competition called upon independent filmmakers to submit treatments for music videos for one of three Elton John songs from the 1970s , with each song falling within a specific concept category . `` Bennie and the Jets '' was designated for the choreography category , and was directed by Jack Whiteley and Laura Brownhill . The video was influenced by early cinema and the work of Busby Berkeley , portraying characters as participants on a talent show auditioning for Bennie . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia 5 Canada France ( SNEP ) 175 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 New Zealand 13 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 37 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 34 Canada 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box 12 Covers ( edit ) In 1991 CKBE - FM David Tyler . Pyotr Mamonov and Vasily Shumov recorded a cover of this song on their Russkie poyut ( Russians are Singing ) album ( 1994 ) . The NFL 's New York Jets used a parody of the song called `` Vinny and the Jets '' during quarterback Vinny Testaverde 's first run with the team from 1998 to 2003 . Parodies relating to New York Mets players Lenny Dykstra and later Benny Agbayani were mainstays on New York City radio stations . Ray Castoldi , the longtime organist for the NBA 's New York Knicks , is often heard playing this song at Knicks home games . The song has also been played on the organ at Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings home games . The Beastie Boys released a cover of this song on their The Sounds of Science album in 1999 . The song , titled `` Benny and the Jets '' , was sung by frequent Beastie Boys collaborator Biz Markie . This recording was first released in 1995 as a flexi disc inside of issue two of the Beastie Boys ' Grand Royal magazine . Biz Markie performed his own humorous rendition of `` Bennie and the Jets '' on The Chris Rock Show in 2000 . Katherine Heigl and James Marsden sing along with the song , karaoke - style , while dancing on a bar in the 2008 film 27 Dresses . Both of them make many mistakes in the lyrics . Mary J. Blige sampled the melody for her song `` Deep Inside '' . When Blige asked Elton John for permission to sample the piano line , he ended up agreeing to actually play the line on the track instead . Ashanti 's 2008 single `` Good Good '' also sampled the melody . Mister G included a recording of himself playing Elton John 's `` Benny and the Jets '' at the age of nine as the last track on his album BUGS Cher performed the song in a duet on The Cher Show with Elton John on piano in 1975 . In 2006 Christina Aguilera with Elton John performed this song at Fashion Rocks . American Idol Season 10 finalist Haley Reinhart performed a cover of `` Bennie and the Jets '' during the Top 11 ( 2nd Week ) finalist performances on 30 March 2011 . She performed it again after her elimination during the Top 3 Results Show , on 19 May . It was covered by The Hickoids on Kicking It With the Twits , a 2011 mini LP of British Invasion era covers . Covered by Victoria Vox on her 2012 Under the Covers CD . In 2013 Brandy Moss - Scott released a cover of `` Bennie and the Jets '' . In 2013 James Sayer announced a cover of `` Bennie and the Jets '' would be released in December . In 2013 Lady Gaga with Elton John performed this song on Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular . In 2014 Miguel with Wale performed this song on Goodbye Yellow Brick Road : 40th Anniversary Celebration . Indie Pop artist BØRNS performs his own cover of `` Bennie and The Jets '' during live shows . At times he adds a verse from Frank Ocean 's `` Super Rich Kids '' towards the end , as `` Super Rich Kids '' has samples of `` Bennie and The Jets '' within it . The song was sampled by rap group A Tribe Called Quest for the song `` Solid Wall of Sound '' on their 2016 album , We Got It from Here ... Thank You 4 Your Service . Mondegreens in the song ( edit ) The song contains the line `` She 's got electric boots , a mohair suit '' , which is often misheard as `` She 's got electric boobs , and mohair shoes '' . References in popular culture ( edit ) The original Winnipeg Jets NHL team 's mascot was named Benny , partially in reference to this song , but primarily after the original owner of the ( WHA ) team , Ben Hatskin . The band TV Girl released an EP on 25 July 2011 , entitled `` Benny and the Jetts '' . It features four songs , the first of which is also titled `` Benny and the Jetts '' , which describes a girl that the singer once knew who was always listening to the song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill Janovitz . `` Bennie & the Jets - Elton John Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John - Goodbye Yellow Brick Road ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Karen Bliss ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) . `` The Legacy of Rosalie Trombley , Radio Pioneer Immortalized in Bob Seger 's ' Rosalie ' and Breaker of ' Bennie and the Jets ' Billboard '' . Readability.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- John , Elton -- Bennie _ the Jets '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Jahr , Cliff . `` Elton John , Lonely at the Top : Rolling Stone 's 1976 Cover Story '' . Rolling Stonedate = 2011 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Allmusic . `` Elton John : Charts and Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road at '' . Entertainment Weekly . 19 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Elton John and Bernie Taupin 's ' Tiny Dancer , ' ' Rocket Man ' and ' Bennie and the Jets ' Just Got New Music Videos '' . People.com . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Premieres Three Music Videos for His ' 70s Classics '' . Out Magazine . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Elton John -- Bennie and the Jets '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Bennie and the Jets '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Elton John . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Elton John . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Sounds of Science at Beastie Boys store '' . Sammerch.com . Archived from the original on 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Dearmore , Kelly ( 28 May 1998 ) . `` He got game -- Page 1 -- Music -- Dallas '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Video on YouTube . Early 1970s performance on the Sonny and Cher Show '' . Youtube. 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BØRNS covers Elton John : Bennie and the Jets . Independent SF , 3 / 12 / 15 - YouTube '' . M.youtube.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` mondegreens - misunderstood song lyrics '' . Corsinet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lawrence DiStasi ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) . `` DiStasiblog : Mondegreens '' . Distasiblog.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Photo of Benny , Winnipeg Jets mascot '' . Winnipegjetsonline.com . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Girl Bandcamp Site for ' Benny and the Jetts ' '' . Tvgirl.bandcamp.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Hooked on a Feeling '' by Blue Swede US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 13 April 1974 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' by MFSB featuring The Three Degrees Preceded by `` Sunshine On My Shoulders '' by John Denver Canadian RPM 100 number - one single 13 April 1974 - 20 April 1974 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' by MFSB featuring The Three Degrees ( hide ) Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bennie_and_the_Jets&oldid=806228677 '' Categories : Elton John songs 1974 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Recorded music characters Mondegreens Fictional musical groups Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon 1973 songs MCA Records singles DJM Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Use British English from December 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did bennie and the jets come out	[ "\"Bennie and the Jets\" (also titled as \"Benny & the Jets\") is a song composed by Elton John and Bernie Taupin.[1] The song first appeared on the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album in 1973. \"Bennie and the Jets\" has been one of John's most popular songs and was performed during John's appearance at Live Aid. The track is spelled Benny on the sleeve of the single and in the track listing of the album, but Bennie on the album vinyl disc label.[2]" ]	[ "1973" ]
-2391814030758282947	List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees	List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees - wikipedia List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees in the award categories `` acting '' and `` directing '' . This list is based on `` statistics valid through the nomination announcement for the 2015 ( 88th Academy Awards ) , announced on January 14 , 2016 '' , as documented in The Official Academy Awards Database . Contents ( hide ) 1 Superlatives 2 Best Director 2.1 Oldest winners 2.2 Oldest nominees 2.3 Youngest winners 2.4 Youngest nominees 3 Best Actor in a Leading Role 3.1 Oldest winners 3.2 Oldest nominees 3.3 Youngest winners 3.4 Youngest nominees 4 Best Actress in a Leading Role 4.1 Oldest winners 4.2 Oldest nominees 4.3 Youngest winners 4.4 Youngest nominees 5 Best Actor in a Supporting Role 5.1 Oldest winners 5.2 Oldest nominees 5.3 Youngest winners 5.4 Youngest nominees 6 Best Actress in a Supporting Role 6.1 Oldest winners 6.2 Oldest nominees 6.3 Youngest winners 6.4 Youngest nominees 7 Honorary Awards 7.1 Academy Honorary Award 7.1. 1 Oldest honorees 7.1. 2 Oldest acting honorees 7.2 Honorary Juvenile Award 7.2. 1 Youngest honorees 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Superlatives ( edit ) Among the oldest and youngest winners and nominees of Academy Awards in standard competitive categories , the following superlatives emerge : Superlative Overall Director Actor Actress Oldest Nominee Plummer , Christopher Christopher Plummer Age 88 Huston , John John Huston Age 79 Plummer , Christopher Christopher Plummer Age 88 Stuart , Gloria Gloria Stuart Age 87 Oldest Winner Plummer , Christopher Christopher Plummer Age 82 Eastwood , Clint Clint Eastwood Age 74 Plummer , Christopher Christopher Plummer Age 82 Tandy , Jessica Jessica Tandy Age 80 Youngest Nominee Henry , Justin Justin Henry Age 8 Singleton , John John Singleton Age 24 Henry , Justin Justin Henry Age 8 Wallis , Quvenzhané Quvenzhané Wallis Age 9 Youngest Winner O'Neal , Tatum Tatum O'Neal Age 10 Chazelle , Damien Damien Chazelle Age 32 Hutton , Timothy Timothy Hutton Age 20 O'Neal , Tatum Tatum O'Neal Age 10 Best Director ( edit ) Oldest winners ( edit ) Source : `` Academy Award Statistics : Directing : Oldest / Youngest Directing Nominees / Winners : AMPAS Awards Database Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004273010000000000 ♠ 74 years , 272 days Eastwood , Clint Clint Eastwood Million Dollar Baby 000000001930 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1930 000000002005 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2005 Has held record for 13 years ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 7004254190000000000 ♠ 69 years , 217 days Polanski , Roman Roman Polanski The Pianist 2002 000000001933 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1933 000000002003 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2003 Held record for 2 years ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 7004240130000000000 ♠ 65 years , 272 days Cukor , George George Cukor My Fair Lady 1964 000000001899 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1899 000000001965 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1965 Held record for 38 years ( 1965 -- 2003 ) 7004234760000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days Scorsese , Martin Martin Scorsese The Departed 2006 000000001942 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 1942 000000002007 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2007 5 7004229480000000000 ♠ 62 years , 302 days Eastwood , Clint Clint Eastwood Unforgiven 1992 000000001930 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1930 000000001993 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1993 6 7004227510000000000 ♠ 62 years , 105 days Reed , Carol Carol Reed Oliver ! 1968 000000001906 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1906 000000001969 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1969 7 7004218960000000000 ♠ 59 years , 346 days Zinnemann , Fred Fred Zinnemann A Man for All Seasons 1966 000000001907 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1907 000000001967 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1967 8 7004217750000000000 ♠ 59 years , 225 days Attenborough , Richard Richard Attenborough Gandhi 1982 000000001923 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1923 000000001983 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1983 9 7004215950000000000 ♠ 59 years , 46 days Ford , John John Ford The Quiet Man 1952 000000001894 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1894 000000001953 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1953 Held record for 12 years ( 1953 -- 1965 ) 10 7004213090000000000 ♠ 58 years , 124 days Lee , Ang Ang Lee Life of Pi 2012 000000001954 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1954 000000002013 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2013 Oldest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7004290390000000000 ♠ 79 years , 184 days Huston , John John Huston Prizzi 's Honor 1985 000000001906 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1906 000000001986 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1986 Has held record for 32 years ( 1986 -- 2018 ) 7004286830000000000 ♠ 78 years , 193 days Crichton , Charles Charles Crichton A Fish Called Wanda 1988 000000001910 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1910 000000001989 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1989 7004281160000000000 ♠ 76 years , 357 days Altman , Robert Robert Altman Gosford Park 2001 000000001925 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1925 000000002002 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2002 7004280770000000000 ♠ 76 years , 318 days Lean , David David Lean A Passage to India 1984 000000001908 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1908 000000001985 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1985 Held record for 1 year ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 5 7004279960000000000 ♠ 76 years , 237 days Eastwood , Clint Clint Eastwood Letters from Iwo Jima 2006 000000001930 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1930 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 6 7004278130000000000 ♠ 76 years , 54 days Allen , Woody Woody Allen Midnight In Paris 2011 000000001935 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1935 000000002012 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2012 7 7004277130000000000 ♠ 75 years , 319 days Kurosawa , Akira Akira Kurosawa Ran 1985 000000001910 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1910 000000001986 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1986 8 7004272680000000000 ♠ 74 years , 239 days Eastwood , Clint Clint Eastwood Million Dollar Baby 000000001930 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1930 000000002005 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2005 Winner 9 7004269040000000000 ♠ 73 years , 241 days Mystic River 2003 000000002004 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2004 10 7004261130000000000 ♠ 71 years , 181 days DeMille , Cecil B. Cecil B. DeMille The Greatest Show on Earth 1952 000000001881 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1881 000000001953 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1953 Held record for 32 years ( 1953 -- 1985 ) Youngest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004117260000000000 ♠ 32 years , 38 days Chazelle , Damien Damien Chazelle La La Land 2016 000000001985 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1985 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2017 Has held record for 1 year ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 7004119470000000000 ♠ 32 years , 260 days Taurog , Norman Norman Taurog Skippy 1930 / 31 000000001899 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1899 000000001931 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1931 Held record for 86 years ( 1931 -- 2017 ) 7004122810000000000 ♠ 33 years , 228 days Milestone , Lewis Lewis Milestone Two Arabian Knights 1927 / 28 000000001895 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1895 000000001929 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1929 Held record for 2 years ( 1929 -- 1931 ) 7004126560000000000 ♠ 34 years , 238 days Mendes , Sam Sam Mendes American Beauty 1999 000000001965 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1965 000000002000 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2000 5 7004128060000000000 ♠ 35 years , 23 days Borzage , Frank Frank Borzage 7th Heaven 1927 / 28 000000001894 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1894 000000001929 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1929 6 7004128190000000000 ♠ 35 years , 36 days Milestone , Lewis Lewis Milestone All Quiet on the Western Front 1929 / 30 000000001895 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1895 000000001930 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1930 7 7004130960000000000 ♠ 35 years , 313 days Richardson , Tony Tony Richardson Tom Jones 1963 000000001928 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1928 000000001964 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1964 8 7004131500000000000 ♠ 36 years , 1 day Coppola , Francis Ford Francis Ford Coppola The Godfather Part II 000000001939 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1939 000000001975 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1975 9 7004132000000000000 ♠ 36 years , 51 days Mann , Delbert Delbert Mann Marty 1955 000000001920 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1920 000000001956 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1956 10 7004132150000000000 ♠ 36 years , 66 days Costner , Kevin Kevin Costner Dances with Wolves 1990 000000001955 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1955 000000001991 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1991 Youngest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7003881000000000000 ♠ 24 years , 44 days Singleton , John John Singleton Boyz n the Hood 1991 000000001968 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1968 000000001992 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1992 Has held record for 26 years ( 1992 -- 2018 ) 7003977600000000000 ♠ 26 years , 279 days Welles , Orson Orson Welles Citizen Kane 1941 000000001915 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1915 000000001942 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1942 Held record for 50 years ( 1942 -- 1992 ) 7004106580000000000 ♠ 29 years , 66 days Branagh , Kenneth Kenneth Branagh Henry V 1989 000000001960 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1960 000000001990 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1990 7004107050000000000 ♠ 29 years , 113 days Lelouch , Claude Claude Lelouch A Man and a Woman 1966 000000001937 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1937 000000001967 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1967 5 7004107850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 193 days Shyamalan , M. Night M. Night Shyamalan The Sixth Sense 1999 000000001970 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1970 000000002000 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2000 6 7004108730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 281 days Lucas , George George Lucas American Graffiti 1973 000000001944 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1944 000000001974 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1974 7 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 88 days Zeitlin , Benh Benh Zeitlin Beasts of the Southern Wild 2012 000000001982 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1982 000000002013 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2013 8 7004110520000000000 ♠ 30 years , 95 days Reitman , Jason Jason Reitman Juno 2007 000000001977 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1977 000000002008 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2008 9 7004110730000000000 ♠ 30 years , 116 days Jonze , Spike Spike Jonze Being John Malkovich 1999 000000001969 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1969 000000002000 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2000 10 7004113880000000000 ♠ 31 years , 65 days Spielberg , Steven Steven Spielberg Close Encounters of the Third Kind 1977 000000001946 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1946 000000001978 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1978 Best Actor in a Leading Role ( edit ) Source : `` Academy Award Statistics : Acting : Oldest / Youngest Winners and Nominees for Acting , By Category : Actor ( in a Leading Role ) '' , AMPAS Awards Database Oldest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004280760000000000 ♠ 76 years , 317 days Fonda , Henry Henry Fonda On Golden Pond 1981 000000001905 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1905 000000001982 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1982 Has held record for 36 years ( 1982 -- 2018 ) 7004229620000000000 ♠ 62 years , 316 days Wayne , John John Wayne True Grit 1969 000000001907 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1907 000000001970 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1970 Held record for 12 years ( 1970 -- 1982 ) 7004228530000000000 ♠ 62 years , 209 days Arliss , George George Arliss Disraeli 1929 / 30 000000001868 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1868 000000001930 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1930 Held record for 40 years ( 1930 -- 1970 ) 7004227080000000000 ♠ 62 years , 63 days Newman , Paul Paul Newman The Color of Money 1986 000000001925 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1925 000000001987 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1987 5 7004222500000000000 ♠ 60 years , 335 days Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson As Good as It Gets 1997 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001998 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1998 6 7004220960000000000 ♠ 60 years , 181 days Finch , Peter Peter Finch Network 1976 000000001916 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1916 000000001977 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1977 Posthumous award 7 7004220080000000000 ♠ 60 years , 93 days Bridges , Jeff Jeff Bridges Crazy Heart 2009 000000001949 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1949 000000002010 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2010 8 7004218980000000000 ♠ 59 years , 348 days Oldman , Gary Gary Oldman Darkest Hour 2017 000000001958 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1958 000000002018 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2018 9 7004208580000000000 ♠ 57 years , 40 days Colman , Ronald Ronald Colman A Double Life 1947 000000001891 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1891 000000001948 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1948 10 7004208500000000000 ♠ 57 years , 31 days Harrison , Rex Rex Harrison My Fair Lady 1964 000000001908 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1908 000000001965 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1965 Oldest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7004290210000000000 ♠ 79 years , 167 days Farnsworth , Richard Richard Farnsworth The Straight Story 1999 000000001920 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1920 000000002000 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2000 Has held record for 18 years ( 2000 -- 2018 ) 7004283500000000000 ♠ 77 years , 226 days Dern , Bruce Bruce Dern Nebraska 2013 000000001936 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1936 000000002014 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2014 7004280300000000000 ♠ 76 years , 271 days Fonda , Henry Henry Fonda On Golden Pond 1981 000000001905 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1905 000000001982 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1982 Winner Held record for 18 years ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 7004272680000000000 ♠ 74 years , 239 days Eastwood , Clint Clint Eastwood Million Dollar Baby 000000001930 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1930 000000002005 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2005 5 7004272020000000000 ♠ 74 years , 174 days O'Toole , Peter Peter O'Toole Venus 2006 000000001932 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1932 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 6 7004265440000000000 ♠ 72 years , 246 days Freeman , Morgan Morgan Freeman Invictus 2009 000000001937 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1937 000000002010 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2010 7 7004262070000000000 ♠ 71 years , 274 days Olivier , Laurence Laurence Olivier The Boys from Brazil 1978 000000001907 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1907 000000001979 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1979 Held record for 3 years ( 1979 -- 1982 ) 8 7004259540000000000 ♠ 71 years , 21 days Langella , Frank Frank Langella Frost / Nixon 2008 000000001938 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1938 000000002009 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2009 9 7004255860000000000 ♠ 70 years , 19 days Newman , Paul Paul Newman Nobody 's Fool 1994 000000001925 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1925 000000001995 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1995 10 7004255360000000000 ♠ 69 years , 334 days Caine , Michael Michael Caine The Quiet American 2002 000000001933 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1933 000000002003 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2003 Youngest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004109350000000000 ♠ 29 years , 343 days Brody , Adrien Adrien Brody The Pianist 2002 000000001973 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1973 000000002003 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2003 Has held record for 15 years ( 2003 -- 2018 ) 7004111140000000000 ♠ 30 years , 156 days Dreyfuss , Richard Richard Dreyfuss The Goodbye Girl 1977 000000001947 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1947 000000001978 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1978 Held record for 25 years ( 1978 -- 2003 ) 7004113180000000000 ♠ 30 years , 361 days Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando On the Waterfront 1954 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001955 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1955 Held record for 23 years ( 1955 -- 1978 ) 7004114450000000000 ♠ 31 years , 122 days Schell , Maximilian Maximilian Schell Judgment at Nuremberg 1961 000000001930 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1930 000000001962 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1962 5 7004117660000000000 ♠ 32 years , 78 days Cage , Nicolas Nicolas Cage Leaving Las Vegas 1995 000000001964 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1964 000000001996 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1996 6 7004119710000000000 ♠ 32 years , 283 days Stewart , James James Stewart The Philadelphia Story 1940 000000001908 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1908 000000001941 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1941 Held record for 14 years ( 1941 -- 1955 ) 7 7004120190000000000 ♠ 32 years , 331 days Day - Lewis , Daniel Daniel Day - Lewis My Left Foot 1989 000000001957 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1957 000000001990 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1990 8 7004121000000000000 ♠ 33 years , 47 days Redmayne , Eddie Eddie Redmayne The Theory of Everything 2014 000000001982 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1982 000000002015 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2015 9 7004124440000000000 ♠ 34 years , 26 days Gable , Clark Clark Gable It Happened One Night 1934 000000001901 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1901 000000001935 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1935 Held record for 6 years ( 1935 -- 1941 ) 10 7004126760000000000 ♠ 34 years , 258 days Laughton , Charles Charles Laughton The Private Life of Henry VIII 1932 / 33 000000001899 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1899 000000001934 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1934 Held record for 1 year ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Youngest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7003330700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 20 days Cooper , Jackie Jackie Cooper Skippy 1930 / 31 000000001922 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1922 000000001931 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1931 Has held record for 87 years ( 1931 -- 2018 ) 7003708100000000000 ♠ 19 years , 142 days Rooney , Mickey Mickey Rooney Babes in Arms 1939 000000001920 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1920 000000001940 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1940 7003806300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 27 days Chalamet , Timothée Timothée Chalamet Call Me by Your Name 2017 000000001995 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1995 000000002018 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2018 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days Rooney , Mickey Mickey Rooney The Human Comedy 1943 000000001920 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1920 000000001944 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1944 5 7003876900000000000 ♠ 24 years , 3 days Travolta , John John Travolta Saturday Night Fever 1977 000000001954 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1954 000000001978 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1978 6 7003914100000000000 ♠ 25 years , 10 days Dean , James James Dean East of Eden 1955 000000001931 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1931 000000001956 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1956 Posthumous nomination 7 7003950700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 10 days Giant 1956 000000001957 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1957 8 7003956800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 72 days Gosling , Ryan Ryan Gosling Half Nelson 2006 000000001980 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1980 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 9 7003977600000000000 ♠ 26 years , 279 days Welles , Orson Orson Welles Citizen Kane 1941 000000001915 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1915 000000001942 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1942 10 7003979900000000000 ♠ 26 years , 302 days Ledger , Heath Heath Ledger Brokeback Mountain 2005 000000001979 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1979 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 Best Actress in a Leading Role ( edit ) Source : `` Academy Award Statistics : Acting : Oldest / Youngest Winners and Nominees for Acting , By Category : Actress ( in a Leading Role ) '' , AMPAS Awards Database Oldest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004295120000000000 ♠ 80 years , 292 days Tandy , Jessica Jessica Tandy Driving Miss Daisy 1989 000000001909 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1909 000000001990 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1990 Has held record for 28 years ( 1990 -- 2018 ) 7004273500000000000 ♠ 74 years , 321 days Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn On Golden Pond 1981 000000001907 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1907 000000001982 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1982 Held record for 8 years ( 1982 -- 1990 ) 7004230100000000000 ♠ 63 years , 1 day Dressler , Marie Marie Dressler Min and Bill 1930 / 31 000000001868 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1868 000000001931 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1931 Held record for 51 years ( 1931 -- 1982 ) 7004228940000000000 ♠ 62 years , 249 days Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep The Iron Lady 2011 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000002012 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2012 5 7004226180000000000 ♠ 61 years , 337 days Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn The Lion in Winter 1968 000000001907 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1907 000000001969 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1969 6 7004224940000000000 ♠ 61 years , 214 days Mirren , Helen Helen Mirren The Queen 2006 000000001945 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1945 000000002007 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2007 7 7004224020000000000 ♠ 61 years , 122 days Page , Geraldine Geraldine Page The Trip to Bountiful 1985 000000001924 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1924 000000001986 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1986 8 7004222490000000000 ♠ 60 years , 334 days Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner 1967 000000001907 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1907 000000001968 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1968 9 7004221690000000000 ♠ 60 years , 254 days McDormand , Frances Frances McDormand Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri 2017 000000001957 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1957 000000002018 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2018 10 7004199240000000000 ♠ 54 years , 201 days Booth , Shirley Shirley Booth Come Back , Little Sheba 1952 000000001898 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1898 000000001953 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1953 Oldest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7004313670000000000 ♠ 85 years , 321 days Riva , Emmanuelle Emmanuelle Riva Amour 2012 000000001927 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1927 000000002013 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2013 Has held record for 5 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) 7004294720000000000 ♠ 80 years , 252 days Tandy , Jessica Jessica Tandy Driving Miss Daisy 1989 000000001909 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1909 000000001990 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1990 Winner Held record for 23 years ( 1990 -- 2013 ) 7004292300000000000 ♠ 80 years , 11 days Evans , Edith Edith Evans The Whisperers 1967 000000001888 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1888 000000001968 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1968 Held record for 22 years ( 1968 -- 1990 ) 7004288930000000000 ♠ 79 years , 38 days Dench , Judi Judi Dench Philomena 2013 000000001934 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1934 000000002014 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2014 5 7004277060000000000 ♠ 75 years , 313 days Robson , May May Robson Lady for a Day 1932 / 33 000000001858 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1858 000000001934 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1934 Held record for 34 years ( 1934 -- 1968 ) 6 7004273040000000000 ♠ 74 years , 275 days Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn On Golden Pond 1981 000000001907 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1907 000000001982 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1982 Winner 7 7004263430000000000 ♠ 72 years , 45 days Dench , Judi Judi Dench Notes on a Scandal 2006 000000001934 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1934 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 8 7004259860000000000 ♠ 71 years , 53 days Mrs Henderson Presents 2005 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 9 7004255450000000000 ♠ 69 years , 343 days Rampling , Charlotte Charlotte Rampling 45 Years 2015 000000001946 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1946 000000002016 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2016 10 7004253180000000000 ♠ 69 years , 116 days Montenegro , Fernanda Fernanda Montenegro Central Station 1998 000000001929 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1929 000000001999 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1999 Youngest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7003788800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 218 days Matlin , Marlee Marlee Matlin Children of a Lesser God 1986 000000001965 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1965 000000001987 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1987 Has held record for 31 years ( 1987 -- 2018 ) 7003822900000000000 ♠ 22 years , 193 days Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence Silver Linings Playbook 2012 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002013 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2013 7003825800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 222 days Gaynor , Janet Janet Gaynor 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise 1927 / 28 000000001906 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1906 000000001929 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1929 Held record for 58 years ( 1929 -- 1987 ) 7003889300000000000 ♠ 24 years , 127 days Fontaine , Joan Joan Fontaine Suspicion 1941 000000001917 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1917 000000001942 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1942 5 7003909100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 325 days Hepburn , Audrey Audrey Hepburn Roman Holiday 1953 000000001929 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1929 000000001954 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1954 6 7003913200000000000 ♠ 25 years , 0 days Jones , Jennifer Jennifer Jones The Song of Bernadette 1943 000000001919 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1919 000000001944 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1944 7 7003926900000000000 ♠ 25 years , 138 days Kelly , Grace Grace Kelly The Country Girl 1954 000000001929 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1929 000000001955 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1955 8 7003937100000000000 ♠ 25 years , 240 days Swank , Hilary Hilary Swank Boys Do n't Cry 1999 000000001974 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1974 000000002000 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2000 9 7003950000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 4 days Christie , Julie Julie Christie Darling 1965 000000001940 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1940 000000001966 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1966 10 7003961200000000000 ♠ 26 years , 116 days Leigh , Vivien Vivien Leigh Gone with the Wind 1939 000000001913 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1913 000000001940 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 1940 Youngest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7003342300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 135 days Wallis , Quvenzhané Quvenzhané Wallis Beasts of the Southern Wild 2012 000000002003 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2003 000000002013 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2013 Has held record for 5 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) 7003505700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 309 days Castle - Hughes , Keisha Keisha Castle - Hughes Whale Rider 2003 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 000000002004 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2004 Held record for 9 years ( 2004 -- 2013 ) 7003746800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 163 days Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence Winter 's Bone 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002011 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2011 7003754000000000000 ♠ 20 years , 235 days Adjani , Isabelle Isabelle Adjani The Story of Adele H . 000000001955 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1955 000000001976 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1976 Held record for 28 years ( 1976 -- 2004 ) 5 7003761600000000000 ♠ 20 years , 311 days Knightley , Keira Keira Knightley Pride & Prejudice 2005 000000001985 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1985 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 6 7003764000000000000 ♠ 20 years , 335 days Page , Ellen Ellen Page Juno 2007 000000001987 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1987 000000002008 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2008 7 7003784100000000000 ♠ 21 years , 171 days Matlin , Marlee Marlee Matlin Children of a Lesser God 1986 000000001965 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1965 000000001987 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1987 Winner 8 7003794700000000000 ♠ 21 years , 277 days Ronan , Saoirse Saoirse Ronan Brooklyn 2015 000000001994 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1994 000000002016 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2016 9 7003809600000000000 ♠ 22 years , 60 days Hartman , Elizabeth Elizabeth Hartman A Patch of Blue 1965 000000001943 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1943 000000001966 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1966 Held record for 10 years ( 1966 -- 1976 ) 10 7003816400000000000 ♠ 22 years , 128 days Winslet , Kate Kate Winslet Titanic 1997 000000001975 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1975 000000001998 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1998 Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( edit ) Source : `` Academy Award Statistics : Acting : Oldest / Youngest Winners and Nominees for Acting , By Category : Actor ( in a Supporting Role ) '' , AMPAS Awards Database Oldest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004300250000000000 ♠ 82 years , 75 days Plummer , Christopher Christopher Plummer Beginners 2011 000000001929 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1929 000000002012 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2012 Oldest winner in any acting category Has held record for 6 years ( 2012 -- 2018 ) 7004292880000000000 ♠ 80 years , 69 days Burns , George George Burns The Sunshine Boys 000000001896 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1896 000000001976 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1976 Held record for 36 years ( 1976 -- 2012 ) 7004288640000000000 ♠ 79 years , 9 days Douglas , Melvyn Melvyn Douglas Being There 1979 000000001901 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1901 000000001980 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1980 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days Gielgud , John John Gielgud Arthur 1981 000000001904 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1904 000000001982 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1982 5 7004284210000000000 ♠ 77 years , 297 days Ameche , Don Don Ameche Cocoon 1985 000000001908 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1908 000000001986 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1986 6 7004267040000000000 ♠ 73 years , 41 days Palance , Jack Jack Palance City Slickers 1991 000000001919 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1919 000000001992 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1992 7 7004266340000000000 ♠ 72 years , 336 days Arkin , Alan Alan Arkin Little Miss Sunshine 2006 000000001934 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1934 000000002007 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2007 8 7004261250000000000 ♠ 71 years , 192 days Houseman , John John Houseman The Paper Chase 1973 000000001902 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1902 000000001974 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1974 Held record for 2 years ( 1974 -- 1976 ) 9 7004257690000000000 ♠ 70 years , 202 days Coburn , James James Coburn Affliction 1998 000000001928 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1928 000000001999 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1999 10 7004257420000000000 ♠ 70 years , 176 days Gwenn , Edmund Edmund Gwenn Miracle on 34th Street 1947 000000001877 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1877 000000001948 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1948 Held record for 26 years ( 1948 -- 1974 ) Oldest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7004321830000000000 ♠ 88 years , 41 days Plummer , Christopher Christopher Plummer All the Money in the World 2017 000000001929 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1929 000000002018 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2018 Oldest nominee in any category Has held record for 0 years ( 2018 - ) 7004306910000000000 ♠ 84 years , 10 days Duvall , Robert Robert Duvall The Judge 2014 000000001931 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1931 000000002015 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2015 Held the record for 3 years ( 2015 - 2018 ) 7004302890000000000 ♠ 82 years , 339 days Holbrook , Hal Hal Holbrook Into the Wild 2007 000000001925 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1925 000000002008 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2008 Held the record for 7 years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) 7004302390000000000 ♠ 82 years , 289 days von Sydow , Max Max von Sydow Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close 2011 000000001929 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1929 000000002012 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2012 5 7004300000000000000 ♠ 82 years , 49 days Richardson , Ralph Ralph Richardson Greystoke : The Legend of Tarzan , Lord of the Apes 1984 000000001902 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1902 000000001985 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1985 Posthumous nomination Held record for 23 years ( 1985 -- 2008 ) 6 7004299920000000000 ♠ 82 years , 42 days Plummer , Christopher Christopher Plummer Beginners 2011 000000001929 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1929 000000002012 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2012 Winner 7 7004292710000000000 ♠ 80 years , 51 days The Last Station 2009 000000002010 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2010 8 7004292470000000000 ♠ 80 years , 28 days Burns , George George Burns The Sunshine Boys 000000001896 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1896 000000001976 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1976 Winner Held record for 9 years ( 1976 -- 1985 ) 9 7004288150000000000 ♠ 78 years , 326 days Douglas , Melvyn Melvyn Douglas Being There 1979 000000001901 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1901 000000001980 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1980 Winner 10 7004287800000000000 ♠ 78 years , 290 days Arkin , Alan Alan Arkin Argo 2012 000000001934 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1934 000000002013 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2013 Youngest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7003753200000000000 ♠ 20 years , 227 days Hutton , Timothy Timothy Hutton Ordinary People 1980 000000001960 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1960 000000001981 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1981 Has held record for 37 years ( 1981 -- 2018 ) 7004100670000000000 ♠ 27 years , 205 days Chakiris , George George Chakiris West Side Story 1961 000000001934 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1934 000000001962 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1962 Held record for 19 years ( 1962 -- 1981 ) 7004106740000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Gooding , Jr. , Cuba Cuba Gooding , Jr . Jerry Maguire 000000001968 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1968 000000001997 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1997 7004109170000000000 ♠ 29 years , 324 days Ledger , Heath Heath Ledger The Dark Knight 2008 000000001979 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1979 000000002009 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2009 Posthumous award 5 7004113640000000000 ♠ 31 years , 42 days Lemmon , Jack Jack Lemmon Mister Roberts 1955 000000001925 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1925 000000001956 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1956 Held record for 6 years ( 1956 -- 1962 ) 6 7004115570000000000 ♠ 31 years , 234 days De Niro , Robert Robert De Niro The Godfather Part II 000000001943 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1943 000000001975 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1975 7 7004117690000000000 ♠ 32 years , 81 days Heflin , Van Van Heflin Johnny Eager 1942 000000001910 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1910 000000001943 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1943 Held record for 13 years ( 1943 -- 1956 ) 8 7004121110000000000 ♠ 33 years , 58 days Russell , Harold Harold Russell The Best Years of Our Lives 1946 000000001914 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1914 000000001947 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1947 Sole winner of two Academy Awards for same performance 9 7004124530000000000 ♠ 34 years , 34 days del Toro , Benicio Benicio del Toro Traffic 2000 000000001967 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1967 000000002001 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2001 10 7004128720000000000 ♠ 35 years , 88 days Washington , Denzel Denzel Washington Glory 1989 000000001954 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1954 000000001990 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1990 Youngest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7003319800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 276 days Henry , Justin Justin Henry Kramer vs. Kramer 1979 000000001971 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1971 000000001980 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1980 Youngest nominee in any category Has held record for 38 years ( 1980 -- 2018 ) 7003432800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 311 days Osment , Haley Joel Haley Joel Osment The Sixth Sense 1999 000000001988 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1988 000000002000 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2000 7003433000000000000 ♠ 11 years , 312 days deWilde , Brandon Brandon deWilde Shane 1953 000000001942 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1942 000000001954 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1954 Held record for 26 years ( 1954 -- 1980 ) 7003599100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 147 days Wild , Jack Jack Wild Oliver ! 1968 000000001952 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1952 000000001969 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1969 5 7003624800000000000 ♠ 17 years , 39 days Mineo , Sal Sal Mineo Rebel Without a Cause 1955 000000001939 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1939 000000001956 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1956 6 7003675100000000000 ♠ 18 years , 176 days Phoenix , River River Phoenix Running on Empty 1988 000000001970 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 1970 000000001989 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1989 7 7003703000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 90 days DiCaprio , Leonardo Leonardo DiCaprio What 's Eating Gilbert Grape 1993 000000001974 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1974 000000001994 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1994 8 7003734800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 43 days Hedges , Lucas Lucas Hedges Manchester by the Sea 2016 000000001996 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1996 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 9 7003749000000000000 ♠ 20 years , 185 days Hutton , Timothy Timothy Hutton Ordinary People 1980 000000001960 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1960 000000001981 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1981 Winner 10 7003808400000000000 ♠ 22 years , 48 days Mineo , Sal Sal Mineo Exodus 1960 000000001939 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1939 000000001961 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1961 Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( edit ) Source : `` Academy Award Statistics : Acting : Oldest / Youngest Winners and Nominees for Acting , By Category : Actress ( in a Supporting Role ) '' , AMPAS Awards Database Oldest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004282180000000000 ♠ 77 years , 93 days Ashcroft , Peggy Peggy Ashcroft A Passage to India 1984 000000001907 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1907 000000001985 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1985 Has held record for 33 years ( 1985 -- 2018 ) 7004271120000000000 ♠ 74 years , 85 days Hull , Josephine Josephine Hull Harvey 1950 000000001877 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1877 000000001951 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1951 Held record for 34 years ( 1951 -- 1985 ) 7004264630000000000 ♠ 72 years , 166 days Gordon , Ruth Ruth Gordon Rosemary 's Baby 1968 000000001896 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1896 000000001969 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1969 7004262690000000000 ♠ 71 years , 338 days Rutherford , Margaret Margaret Rutherford The V.I.P.s 1963 000000001892 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1892 000000001964 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1964 5 7004257540000000000 ♠ 70 years , 187 days Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes Airport 1970 000000001900 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1900 000000001971 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1971 6 7004239530000000000 ♠ 65 years , 212 days Barrymore , Ethel Ethel Barrymore None But the Lonely Heart 1944 000000001879 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1879 000000001945 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1945 Held record for 6 years ( 1945 -- 1951 ) 7 7004234780000000000 ♠ 64 years , 102 days Dench , Judi Judi Dench Shakespeare in Love 1998 000000001934 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1934 000000001999 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1999 8 7004228840000000000 ♠ 62 years , 238 days Straight , Beatrice Beatrice Straight Network 1976 000000001914 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1914 000000001977 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1977 9 7004224150000000000 ♠ 61 years , 135 days Darwell , Jane Jane Darwell The Grapes of Wrath 1940 000000001879 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1879 000000001941 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1941 Held record for 4 years ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 10 7004217720000000000 ♠ 59 years , 222 days Bergman , Ingrid Ingrid Bergman Murder on the Orient Express 000000001915 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1915 000000001975 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1975 Oldest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7004319980000000000 ♠ 87 years , 221 days Stuart , Gloria Gloria Stuart Titanic 1997 000000001910 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1910 000000001998 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1998 Has held record for 20 years ( 1998 - 2018 ) 7004311330000000000 ♠ 85 years , 87 days Dee , Ruby Ruby Dee American Gangster 2007 000000001922 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1922 000000002008 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2008 7004307520000000000 ♠ 84 years , 71 days Squibb , June June Squibb Nebraska 2013 000000001929 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 1929 000000002014 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2014 7004302070000000000 ♠ 82 years , 257 days Tandy , Jessica Jessica Tandy Fried Green Tomatoes 1991 000000001909 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1909 000000001992 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1992 Held record for 6 years ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 5 7004299870000000000 ♠ 82 years , 37 days Le Gallienne , Eva Eva Le Gallienne Resurrection 1980 000000001899 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1899 000000001981 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1981 Held record for 11 years ( 1981 -- 1992 ) 6 7004288800000000000 ♠ 79 years , 26 days Sothern , Ann Ann Sothern The Whales of August 000000001909 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1909 000000001988 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1988 7 7004283570000000000 ♠ 77 years , 234 days Whitty , May May Whitty Mrs. Miniver 1942 000000001865 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1865 000000001943 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1943 Held record for 38 years ( 1943 -- 1981 ) 8 7004281710000000000 ♠ 77 years , 46 days Ashcroft , Peggy Peggy Ashcroft A Passage to India 1984 000000001907 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1907 000000001985 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1985 Winner 9 7004281390000000000 ♠ 77 years , 15 days Evans , Edith Edith Evans The Chalk Garden 1964 000000001888 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1888 000000001965 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1965 10 7004278250000000000 ♠ 76 years , 67 days Cooper , Gladys Gladys Cooper My Fair Lady 1964 000000001888 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1888 000000001965 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1965 Youngest winners ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7003380100000000000 ♠ 10 years , 148 days O'Neal , Tatum Tatum O'Neal Paper Moon 1973 000000001963 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1963 000000001974 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1974 Youngest winner in any category Has held record for 44 years ( 1974 -- 2018 ) 7003425800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 240 days Paquin , Anna Anna Paquin The Piano 1993 000000001982 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1982 000000001994 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1994 7003595900000000000 ♠ 16 years , 115 days Duke , Patty Patty Duke The Miracle Worker 1962 000000001946 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1946 000000001963 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1963 Held record for 11 years ( 1963 -- 1974 ) 7003871100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 310 days Baxter , Anne Anne Baxter The Razor 's Edge 1946 000000001923 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1923 000000001947 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1947 Held record for 16 years ( 1947 -- 1963 ) 5 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Wright , Teresa Teresa Wright Mrs. Miniver 1942 000000001918 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1918 000000001943 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1943 Held record for 4 years ( 1943 -- 1947 ) 6 7003890300000000000 ♠ 24 years , 137 days Hawn , Goldie Goldie Hawn Cactus Flower 1969 000000001945 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1945 000000001970 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1970 7 7003906200000000000 ♠ 24 years , 296 days Jolie , Angelina Angelina Jolie Girl , Interrupted 1999 000000001975 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1975 000000002000 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2000 8 7003929700000000000 ♠ 25 years , 166 days Hudson , Jennifer Jennifer Hudson Dreamgirls 2006 000000001981 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1981 000000002007 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2007 9 7003987900000000000 ♠ 27 years , 17 days Jones , Shirley Shirley Jones Elmer Gantry 1960 000000001934 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1934 000000001961 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1961 10 7004100090000000000 ♠ 27 years , 148 days Vikander , Alicia Alicia Vikander The Danish Girl 2015 000000001988 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1988 000000002016 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 2016 Youngest nominees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Nomination Notes 7003375900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 106 days O'Neal , Tatum Tatum O'Neal Paper Moon 1973 000000001963 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1963 000000001974 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1974 Winner Has held record for 44 years ( 1974 -- 2018 ) 7003379300000000000 ♠ 10 years , 141 days Badham , Mary Mary Badham To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 000000001952 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1952 000000001963 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1963 Held record for 11 years ( 1963 -- 1974 ) 7003384500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 192 days Cummings , Quinn Quinn Cummings The Goodbye Girl 1977 000000001967 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1967 000000001978 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1978 7003393600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 284 days Breslin , Abigail Abigail Breslin Little Miss Sunshine 2006 000000001996 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1996 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 5 7003419900000000000 ♠ 11 years , 181 days McCormack , Patty Patty McCormack The Bad Seed 1956 000000001945 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1945 000000001957 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1957 Held record for 6 years ( 1957 -- 1963 ) 6 7003421800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 200 days Paquin , Anna Anna Paquin The Piano 1993 000000001982 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1982 000000001994 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1994 Winner 7 7003503300000000000 ♠ 13 years , 285 days Ronan , Saoirse Saoirse Ronan Atonement 2007 000000001994 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1994 000000002008 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2008 8 7003511900000000000 ♠ 14 years , 5 days Granville , Bonita Bonita Granville These Three 1936 000000001923 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1923 000000001937 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1937 Held record for 20 years ( 1937 -- 1957 ) 9 7003515800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 45 days Steinfeld , Hailee Hailee Steinfeld True Grit 000000001996 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1996 000000002011 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2011 10 7003519700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 83 days Foster , Jodie Jodie Foster Taxi Driver 1976 000000001962 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1962 000000001977 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1977 Honorary Awards ( edit ) Source : `` Academy Award Statistics : Acting : Oldest / Youngest Winners and Nominees for Acting , By Category : Acting Honorary Award Winners '' , AMPAS Awards Database Academy Honorary Award ( edit ) Oldest honorees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004359310000000000 ♠ 98 years , 137 days Boyle , Robert F. Robert F. Boyle 2007 000000001909 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1909 000000002008 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2008 Has held record for 10 years ( 2008 -- 2018 ) 7004346750000000000 ♠ 94 years , 341 days Wallach , Eli Eli Wallach 000000001915 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1915 000000002010 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2010 7004344160000000000 ♠ 94 years , 83 days O'Hara , Maureen Maureen O'Hara 2014 000000001920 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1920 000000002014 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2014 7004336880000000000 ♠ 92 years , 86 days Roach , Hal Hal Roach 000000001892 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1892 000000001984 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1984 Held record for 24 years ( 1984 -- 2008 ) 5 7004332080000000000 ♠ 90 years , 336 days Coates , Anne V. Anne V. Coates 2016 000000001925 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1925 000000002016 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2016 6 7004327020000000000 ♠ 89 years , 195 days Kazan , Elia Elia Kazan 1998 000000001909 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1909 000000001999 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1999 7 7004326720000000000 ♠ 89 years , 165 days Varda , Agnès Agnès Varda 2017 000000001928 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1928 000000002017 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2017 8 7004326460000000000 ♠ 89 years , 139 days Smith , Dick Dick Smith 2011 000000001922 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1922 000000002011 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2011 9 7004325030000000000 ♠ 88 years , 361 days Stalmaster , Lynn Lynn Stalmaster 2016 000000001927 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 1927 000000002016 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2016 10 7004321730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 31 days Lansbury , Angela Angela Lansbury 2013 000000001925 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1925 000000002013 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2013 Oldest acting honorees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7004346750000000000 ♠ 94 years , 341 days Wallach , Eli Eli Wallach 000000001915 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1915 000000002010 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2010 Has held record for 8 years ( 2010 -- 2018 ) 7004344160000000000 ♠ 94 years , 83 days O'Hara , Maureen Maureen O'Hara 2014 000000001920 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1920 000000002014 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2014 7004321730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 31 days Lansbury , Angela Angela Lansbury 2013 000000001925 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1925 000000002013 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2013 7004312810000000000 ♠ 85 years , 235 days Loy , Myrna Myrna Loy 1990 000000001905 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1905 000000001991 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1991 Held record for 19 years ( 1991 -- 2010 ) 5 7004311940000000000 ♠ 85 years , 148 days Rowlands , Gena Gena Rowlands 2015 000000001930 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1930 000000002015 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2015 6 7004311050000000000 ♠ 85 years , 59 days Bacall , Lauren Lauren Bacall 2009 000000001924 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1924 000000002009 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2009 7 7004304970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 182 days Marx , Groucho Groucho Marx 1973 000000001890 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1890 000000001974 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1974 Held record for 17 years ( 1974 -- 1991 ) 8 7004303090000000000 ♠ 82 years , 360 days Chaplin , Charlie Charlie Chaplin 1971 000000001889 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1889 000000001972 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1972 Held record for 2 years ( 1972 -- 1974 ) 9 7004303050000000000 ♠ 82 years , 356 days Pickford , Mary Mary Pickford 000000001893 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1893 000000001976 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1976 10 7004302360000000000 ♠ 82 years , 286 days Bellamy , Ralph Ralph Bellamy 1986 000000001904 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1904 000000001987 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1987 Honorary Juvenile Award ( edit ) Youngest honorees ( edit ) Rank Age Name Film Year in Film Date of Birth Date of Award Notes 7003250100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 310 days Temple , Shirley Shirley Temple 1934 000000001928 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1928 000000001935 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1935 Has held record for 83 years ( 1935 -- 2018 ) 7003264800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 91 days Winter , Vincent Vincent Winter The Little Kidnappers 1954 000000001947 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1947 000000001955 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1955 7003298100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 59 days O'Brien , Margaret Margaret O'Brien Meet Me in St. Louis 1944 000000001937 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1937 000000001945 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1945 7003369100000000000 ♠ 10 years , 39 days Whiteley , Jon Jon Whiteley The Little Kidnappers 1954 000000001945 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1945 000000001955 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1955 5 7003444200000000000 ♠ 12 years , 59 days Jandl , Ivan Ivan Jandl The Search 1948 000000001937 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1937 000000001949 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1949 6 7003455000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 167 days Jarman , Jr. , Claude Claude Jarman , Jr . The Yearling 1946 000000001934 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1934 000000001947 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1947 7 7003476800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 20 days Driscoll , Bobby Bobby Driscoll 1949 000000001937 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1937 000000001950 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1950 8 7003514600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 32 days Garner , Peggy Ann Peggy Ann Garner A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 1945 000000001932 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1932 000000001946 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1946 9 7003547800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 364 days Mills , Hayley Hayley Mills Pollyanna 1960 000000001946 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1946 000000001961 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1961 10 7003629000000000000 ♠ 17 years , 81 days Durbin , Deanna Deanna Durbin 1938 000000001921 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1921 000000001939 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1939 See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal Film portal Academy Award Academy Juvenile Award Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) List of Best Actor winners by age List of Best Actress winners by age List of Best Director winners by age List of Best Supporting Actor winners by age List of Best Supporting Actress winners by age List of earliest surviving Academy Award winners and nominees List of oldest living Academy Award winners and nominees List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) . `` The Official Academy Awards Database '' . oscars.org ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . The ( searchable ) Academy Awards Database contains the record of past Academy Award winners and nominees . The data is complete through the 2008 ( 81st ) Academy Awards ... The ( `` Academy Award Statistics '' in the `` Directing '' and `` Acting '' sections of the Awards Database ) are based on the most reliable birthdate information available to us at the time of publishing . We welcome any information from primary sources that might indicate a different birthdate for an individual . Such sources might be birth or death certificates or databases based on such records , published interviews with the individual or published documents that cite their sources . This would not include the Internet Movie Database or other web sites that do not cite primary sources for their information . N.B. : Ages ( including for those persons receiving nominations and / or awards posthumously ) are computed by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) ; for nominations , all ages are computed `` from date of birth to date of nominations announcement '' ; for awards won , all ages are computed `` from date of birth to date of awards ceremony . '' Jump up ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( March 2008 ) . `` Oldest / Youngest Directing Nominees / Winners '' . Awards Database . oscars.org ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Statistics are valid through the 2007 ( 80th ) Awards , presented on February 24 , 2008 . ( document last updated 3 / 08 ) ... ( indicates a win ) . ^ Jump up to : Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( March 2008 ) . `` Oldest / Youngest Winners and Nominees for Acting , By Category '' . Awards Database . oscars.org ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Statistics are valid through the 2007 ( 80th ) Awards , presented on February 24 , 2008 . ( document last updated 3 / 08 ) ... ( indicates a win ) . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Plummer becomes oldest acting Oscar winner '' . CBS News . 2012 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . External links ( edit ) `` Academy Award Statistics '' -- Index ( `` Statistics Menu '' ) published in The Official Academy Awards Database ( Awards Database ) , on the official AMPAS website . ( `` Statistics are arranged by award category and represent eighty years of Academy Awards history through the 80th Academy Awards , presented on February 24 , 2008 . '' ( Documents for `` Directing '' and `` Acting '' both last updated March 2008 . ) ) Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) -- Official website . Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees&oldid=841109357 '' Categories : Academy Awards Academy Awards lists Lists of oldest people Lists of superlatives Lists of the youngest people United States - related lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the youngest winner of the best actress in a leading role academy award	[ "\n\nRank\nAge\nName\nFilm\nYear in Film\nDate of Birth\nDate of Award\nNotes\n\n\n1\n7003788800000000000♠21 years, 218 days\nMatlin, MarleeMarlee Matlin\nChildren of a Lesser God\n1986\n000000001965-08-24-0000August 24, 1965\n000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987\nHas held record for 31 years (1987–2018)\n\n\n2\n7003822900000000000♠22 years, 193 days\nLawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence\nSilver Linings Playbook\n2012\n000000001990-08-15-0000August 15, 1990\n000000002013-02-24-0000February 24, 2013\n\n\n\n3\n7003825800000000000♠22 years, 222 days\nGaynor, JanetJanet Gaynor\n7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise\n1927/28\n000000001906-10-06-0000October 6, 1906\n000000001929-05-16-0000May 16, 1929\nHeld record for 58 years (1929–1987)\n\n\n4\n7003889300000000000♠24 years, 127 days\nFontaine, JoanJoan Fontaine\nSuspicion\n1941\n000000001917-10-22-0000October 22, 1917\n000000001942-02-26-0000February 26, 1942\n\n\n\n5\n7003909100000000000♠24 years, 325 days\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\nRoman Holiday\n1953\n000000001929-05-04-0000May 4, 1929\n000000001954-03-25-0000March 25, 1954\n\n\n\n6\n7003913200000000000♠25 years, 0 days\nJones, JenniferJennifer Jones\nThe Song of Bernadette\n1943\n000000001919-03-02-0000March 2, 1919\n000000001944-03-02-0000March 2, 1944\n\n\n\n7\n7003926900000000000♠25 years, 138 days\nKelly, GraceGrace Kelly\nThe Country Girl\n1954\n000000001929-11-12-0000November 12, 1929\n000000001955-03-30-0000March 30, 1955\n\n\n\n8\n7003937100000000000♠25 years, 240 days\nSwank, HilaryHilary Swank\nBoys Don't Cry\n1999\n000000001974-07-30-0000July 30, 1974\n000000002000-03-26-0000March 26, 2000\n\n\n\n9\n7003950000000000000♠26 years, 4 days\nChristie, JulieJulie Christie\nDarling\n1965\n000000001940-04-14-0000April 14, 1940\n000000001966-04-18-0000April 18, 1966\n\n\n\n10\n7003961200000000000♠26 years, 116 days\nLeigh, VivienVivien Leigh\nGone with the Wind\n1939\n000000001913-11-05-0000November 5, 1913\n000000001940-02-29-0000February 29, 1940\n\n\n" ]	[ "Marlee Matlin" ]
3643093465010420057	Fort Davis, Texas	Fort Davis , Texas - wikipedia Fort Davis , Texas Jump to : navigation , search Fort Davis , Texas CDP Location of Fort Davis , Texas Coordinates : 30 ° 35 ′ 34 '' N 103 ° 53 ′ 31 '' W / 30.59278 ° N 103.89194 ° W / 30.59278 ; - 103.89194 Coordinates : 30 ° 35 ′ 34 '' N 103 ° 53 ′ 31 '' W / 30.59278 ° N 103.89194 ° W / 30.59278 ; - 103.89194 Country United States State Texas County Jeff Davis Area Total 5.6 sq mi ( 14.5 km ) Land 5.6 sq mi ( 14.5 km ) Water 0.0 sq mi ( 0.0 km ) Elevation 4,892 ft ( 1,491 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 1,201 Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP code 79734 Area code ( s ) 432 FIPS code 48 - 26688 GNIS feature ID 1357584 See also : Fort Davis ( Washington , D.C. ) Fort Davis is a census - designated place ( CDP ) in Jeff Davis County , Texas , United States . The population was 1,201 at the 2010 US Census . It is the county seat of Jeff Davis County . It was the site of Fort Davis established in 1854 on the San Antonio - El Paso Road through west Texas and named after Jefferson Davis , who was then the Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Climate 4 Points of interest 5 Education 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) Fort Davis is located at 30 ° 35 ′ 34 '' N 103 ° 53 ′ 31 '' W / 30.59278 ° N 103.89194 ° W / 30.59278 ; - 103.89194 ( 30.592880 , - 103.891996 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 5.6 square miles ( 15 km ) , all land . Fort Davis has the highest elevation above sea level of any county seat in Texas ; the elevation is 5,050 feet . Demographics ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 1,050 people , 415 households , and 298 families residing in the CDP . The population density was 188.2 people per square mile ( 72.7 / km2 ) . There were 525 housing units at an average density of 94.1 per square mile ( 36.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.29 % White , 0.19 % African American , 0.48 % Native American , 7.62 % from other races , and 3.43 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 49.33 % of the population . There were 415 households out of which 32.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 57.6 % were married couples living together , 10.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 28.0 % were non-families. 24.3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.02 . In the CDP , the population was spread out with 24.7 % under the age of 18 , 7.4 % from 18 to 24 , 26.9 % from 25 to 44 , 25.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 39 years . For every 100 females there were 102.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 97.3 males . The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,882 , and the median income for a family was $27,955 . Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $20,000 for females . The per capita income for the CDP was $14,249 . About 20.7 % of families and 21.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 26.3 % of those under age 18 and 26.0 % of those age 65 or over . Climate ( edit ) Fort Davis experiences a semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ) with cool , dry winters and hot , dry summers . Coordinates : 30 ° 35 ′ 59 '' N 103 ° 53 ′ 13 '' W / 30.59972 ° N 103.88694 ° W / 30.59972 ; - 103.88694 Elevation : 4,864 feet ( 1,483 m ) ( hide ) Climate data for Fort Davis , Texas ( Jan 1 , 1902 -- Mar 31 , 2013 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 81 ( 27 ) 85 ( 29 ) 90 ( 32 ) 97 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 107 ( 42 ) 103 ( 39 ) 101 ( 38 ) 101 ( 38 ) 100 ( 38 ) 85 ( 29 ) 79 ( 26 ) 107 ( 42 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 64.4 ( 18 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 78.9 ( 26.1 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 87.4 ( 30.8 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 74.2 ( 23.4 ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 61.3 ( 16.3 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 45.2 ( 7.3 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.8 ( − 1.8 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 37.3 ( 2.9 ) 45.0 ( 7.2 ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 61.0 ( 16.1 ) 55.3 ( 12.9 ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 35.9 ( 2.2 ) 29.7 ( − 1.3 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) ( − 17 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 33 ( 1 ) 42 ( 6 ) 47 ( 8 ) 51 ( 11 ) 36 ( 2 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 0 ( − 18 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 0.46 ( 11.7 ) 0.38 ( 9.7 ) 0.54 ( 13.7 ) 1.31 ( 33.3 ) 1.98 ( 50.3 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 2.27 ( 57.7 ) 1.35 ( 34.3 ) 0.54 ( 13.7 ) 0.55 ( 14 ) 15.64 ( 397.3 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) ( 3 ) 0.7 ( 1.8 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 3.9 ( 9.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.001 in ) 2.66 2.23 2.14 2.15 4.49 6.48 8.69 8.27 6.88 4.20 2.35 2.60 54.30 Source : Western Regional Climate Center , Desert Research Institute Points of interest ( edit ) Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens at the Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute ( 1 ) Fort Davis National Historic Site The McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin ( 2 ) Fort Davis is home to one of ten dishes comprising the Very Long Baseline Array ( VLBA ) Davis Mountains State Park ( 3 ) Education ( edit ) Dirks - Anderson Elementary School Fort Davis is served by the Fort Davis Independent School District . Dirks - Anderson Elementary School Fort Davis High School Gallery ( edit ) Hotel Limpia ( c. 1912 ) Masonic Lodge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-45.pdf Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Davis Mountains of Texas '' , accessed September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` US COOP Station Map '' . Western Regional Climate Center , Desert Research Institute . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FORT DAVIS , TEXAS ( 413262 ) , Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center , Desert Research Institute . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Davis , Texas . Handbook of Texas : Fort Davis , TX Fort Davis Chamber of Commerce West Texas Weekly - a local weekly newspaper . Municipalities and communities of Jeff Davis County , Texas , United States County seat : Fort Davis Town Valentine CDP Fort Davis Unincorporated communities Madera Springs State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas County seats of Texas Abilene Albany Alice Alpine Amarillo Anahuac Anderson Andrews Angleton Anson Archer City Aspermont Athens Austin Baird Ballinger Bandera Bastrop Bay City Beaumont Beeville Bellville Belton Benjamin Big Lake Big Spring Boerne Bonham Boston Brackettville Brady Breckenridge Brenham Brownfield Brownsville Brownwood Bryan Burnet Caldwell Cameron Canadian Canton Canyon Carrizo Springs Carthage Center Centerville Channing Childress Clarendon Clarksville Claude Cleburne Coldspring Coleman Colorado City Columbus Comanche Conroe Cooper Corpus Christi Corsicana Cotulla Crane Crockett Crosbyton Crowell Crystal City Cuero Daingerfield Dalhart Dallas Decatur Del Rio Denton Dickens Dimmitt Dumas Eagle Pass Eastland Edinburg El Paso Eldorado Emory Fairfield Falfurrias Farwell Floresville Floydada Fort Davis Fort Stockton Fort Worth Franklin Fredericksburg Gail Gainesville Galveston Garden City Gatesville George West Georgetown Giddings Gilmer Glen Rose Goldthwaite Goliad Gonzales Graham Granbury Greenville Groesbeck Groveton Guthrie Hallettsville Hamilton Haskell Hebbronville Hemphill Hempstead Henderson Henrietta Hereford Hillsboro Hondo Houston Huntsville Jacksboro Jasper Jayton Jefferson Johnson City Jourdanton Junction Karnes City Kaufman Kermit Kerrville Kingsville Kountze La Grange Lamesa Lampasas Laredo Leakey Levelland Liberty Linden Lipscomb Littlefield Livingston Llano Lockhart Longview Lubbock Lufkin Madisonville Marfa Marlin Marshall Mason Matador McKinney Memphis Menard Mentone Meridian Mertzon Miami Midland Monahans Montague Morton Mount Pleasant Mount Vernon Muleshoe Nacogdoches New Braunfels Newton Odessa Orange Ozona Paducah Paint Rock Palestine Palo Pinto Pampa Panhandle Paris Pearsall Pecos Perryton Pittsburg Plains Plainview Port Lavaca Post Q Quanah Quitman Rankin Raymondville Refugio Richmond Rio Grande City Robert Lee Roby Rockport Rocksprings Rockwall Rusk San Angelo San Antonio San Augustine San Diego San Marcos San Saba Sanderson Sarita Seguin Seminole Seymour Sherman Sierra Blanca Silverton Sinton Snyder Sonora Spearman Stanton Stephenville Sterling City Stinnett Stratford Sulphur Springs Sweetwater Tahoka Throckmorton Tilden Tulia Tyler U Uvalde V Van Horn Vega Vernon Victoria Waco Waxahachie Weatherford Wellington Wharton Wheeler Wichita Falls Woodville Z Zapata VIAF : 139408513 LCCN : n81129569 GND : 4269718 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Davis,_Texas&oldid=803737036 '' Categories : Census - designated places in Jeff Davis County , Texas Census - designated places in Texas County seats in Texas Butterfield Overland Mail in Texas 1854 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 09 : 08 . 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3901011790442880219	French colonization of the Americas	French colonization of the Americas - wikipedia French colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Map of North America ( 1750 ) - France ( blue ) , Britain ( pink ) , and Spain ( orange ) The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century , and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere . France founded colonies in much of eastern North America , on a number of Caribbean islands , and in South America . Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish , sugar , and furs . As they colonized the New World , the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada ; Detroit , Green Bay , St. Louis , Cape Girardeau , Mobile , Biloxi , Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States ; and Port - au - Prince , Cap - Haïtien ( founded as Cap - Français ) in Haiti , Cayenne in French Guiana and São Luís ( founded as Saint - Louis de Maragnan ) in Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Background 1.2 Colonization 1.3 French Florida 1.4 Canada and Acadia 1.5 Louisiana 1.5. 1 The Mississippi Bubble 1.6 Dissolution 2 West Indies 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.1. 1 1557 Calvinist arrival 3.1. 2 Portuguese intervention 3.2 Equinoctial France 3.3 History of France Équinoxiale 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 In French North America ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The French first came to the New World as explorers , seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth . Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I , King of France . In 1524 , Francis sent Italian - born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland , thus promoting French interests . Colonization ( edit ) Main article : New France Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , arr. 1844 In 1534 , Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River . He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula . The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed , due to weather , disease , or conflict with other European powers . Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap - Rouge ( Quebec City ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area . A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island , South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort , but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France . Fort Caroline established in present - day Jacksonville , Florida , in 1564 , lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine . An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time . In 1599 , a sixteen - person trading post was established in Tadoussac ( in present - day Quebec ) , of which only five men survived the first winter . In 1604 Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain founded a short - lived French colony , the first in Acadia , on Saint Croix Island , presently part of the state of Maine , which was much plagued by illness , perhaps scurvy . The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal , located in present - day Nova Scotia . Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec ( 1608 ) and explored the Great Lakes . In 1634 , Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants ( present - day Green Bay ) , which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America . In 1634 , Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois - Rivières . In 1642 , Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve , founded Fort Ville - Marie which is now known as Montreal . Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie ( 1668 ) and Saint Ignace ( 1671 ) and explored the Mississippi River . At the end of the 17th century , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685 , but was gone by 1688 . Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( modern - day Detroit ) in 1701 and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans ( New Orleans ) in 1718 . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719 . Governor Frontenac performing a tribal dance with Indian allies . The French were eager to explore North America but New France remained largely unpopulated . Due to the lack of women , intermarriages between French and Indians were frequent , giving rise to the Métis people . Relations between the French and Indians were usually peaceful . As the 19th - century historian Francis Parkman stated : `` Spanish civilization crushed the Indian ; English civilization scorned and neglected him ; French civilization embraced and cherished him '' -- Francis Parkman . To boost the French population , Cardinal Richelieu issued an act declaring that Indians converted to Catholicism were considered as `` natural Frenchmen '' by the Ordonnance of 1627 : `` The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country ( New France ) , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it , shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen , and as such may come to live in France when they want , and acquire , donate , and succeed and accept donations and legacies , just as true French subjects , without being required to take no letters of declaration of naturalization . '' Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See also : Franco - Indian alliance French Florida ( edit ) Map of French Florida In 1562 , Charles IX , under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny sent Jean Ribault and a group of Huguenot settlers in an attempt to colonize the Atlantic coast and found a colony on a territory which will take the name of the French Florida . They discovered the probe and Port Royal Island , which will be called by Parris Island in South Carolina , on which he built a fort named Charlesfort . The group , led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière , moved to the south where they founded the Fort Caroline on the Saint John 's river in Florida on June 22 , 1564 . This irritated the Spanish who claimed Florida and opposed the Protestant settlers for religious reasons . In 1565 , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés led a group of Spaniards and founded Saint Augustine , 60 kilometers south of Fort Caroline . Fearing a Spanish attack , Ribault planned to move the colony but a storm suddenly destroyed his fleet . On 20 September 1565 the Spaniards , commanded by Menéndez de Avilés , attacked and massacred all the Fort Caroline occupants including Jean Ribault . Canada and Acadia ( edit ) Political map of the Northeastern part of North America in 1664 . The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . However , at the beginning of the 17th century , France was more interested in fur from North America . The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600 . Four years later , Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur . Although he had no formal mandate on this trip , he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing , on his return to France , a report entitled Savages ( Relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac ) . Champlain needed to report his findings to Henry IV . He participated in another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 , conducted by Pierre Du Gua de Monts . It helped the foundation of a settlement on Saint Croix Island , the first French settlement in the New World , which would be given up the following winter . The expedition then founded the colony of Port - Royal . In 1608 , Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec , which would become the capital of New France . In Quebec , Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies , the Iroquois . Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America , with canoes made from Birch bark , to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries . In 1634 , the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin . Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers , the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632 . Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates . Following the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , France took possession of the colony in 1632 . The city of Trois - Rivières was founded in 1634 . In 1642 , the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville - Marie ( later Montreal ) which was at that time , a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks ( the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667 ) . A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France in 1720 , according to the London cartographer Herman Moll . Despite this rapid expansion , the colony developed very slowly . The Iroquois wars and diseases were the leading causes of death in the French colony . In 1663 when Louis XIV provided the Royal Government , the population of New France was only 2500 European inhabitants . That year , to increase the population , Louis XIV sent between 800 and 900 ' King 's Daughters ' to become the wives of French settlers . The population of New France reached subsequently 7000 in 1674 and 15000 in 1689 . From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana before 1736 On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . In 1682 , the Normand Cavelier de la Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti came down the Mississippi to its Delta . They left from Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River , along with 23 French and 18 Native Americans . In April 1682 , they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi ; they planted a cross and a column bearing the arms of the king of France . La Salle returned to France and won over the Secretary of State of the Navy to give him the command of Louisiana . He believed that it was close to New Spain by drawing a map on which the Mississippi seemed much further west than its actual rate . He set up a maritime expedition with four ships and 320 emigrants , but it ended in disaster when he failed to find the Mississippi Delta and was killed in 1687 . In 1698 , Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi . He stopped between Isle - aux - Chats ( now Cat Island ) and Isle Surgeres ( renamed Isle - aux - Vascular or Ship Island ) on February 13 , 1699 and continued his explorations to the mainland , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to Biloxi . He built a precarious fort , called ' Maurepas ' ( later ' Old Biloxi ' ) , before returning to France . He returned twice in the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702 . From 1699 to 1702 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana . His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713 . He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743 . In 1718 , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana . He founded the city of New Orleans , in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans . The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square . The Mississippi bubble ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Company In Weigel 's map ( 1719 ) intended to promote sales of the Mississippi Company in Germany ; most of the present - day United States appears under the name `` Louisiana '' . In 1718 , there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana . The Mississippi Company arranged for ships to bring 800 more , who landed in Louisiana in 1718 , doubling the European population . John Law encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to emigrate . Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 . Dissolution ( edit ) The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France , with Canada going to Great Britain and Louisiana going to Spain . Only the islands of Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon are still in French hands . In 1802 Spain returned Louisiana to France , but Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803 . The French left many toponyms ( Illinois , Vermont , Bayous ... ) and ethnonyms ( Sioux , Coeur d'Alene , Nez Percé ... ) in North America . West indies ( edit ) Further information : French West Indies A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic . During the 17th and 18th centuries , France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times . Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Marie - Galante , Martinique , St. Barthélemy , St. Croix , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , St. Martin , St. Vincent and Tobago . Control of many of these islands was contested between the French , the British and the Dutch ; in the case of St. Martin , the island was divided in two , a situation that persists to this day . Great Britain captured some of France 's islands during the Seven Years ' War and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the latter conflict , France retained control of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Marie - Galante , St. Barthélemy , and its portion of St. Martin ; all remain part of France today . Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante and other nearby islands ) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France , while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007 . South America ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Wording , and the need to add more relevant wikilinks to newly added material Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brazil ( edit ) France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557 calvinist arrival ( edit ) Unchallenged by the Portuguese , who initially took little notice of his landing , Villegaignon endeavoured to expand the colony by calling for more colonists in 1556 . He sent one of his ships , the Grande Roberge , to Honfleur , entrusted with letters to King Henry II , Gaspard de Coligny and according to some accounts , the Protestant leader John Calvin . After one ship was sent to France to ask for additional support , three ships were financed and prepared by the king of France and put under the command of Sieur De Bois le Comte , a nephew of Villegagnon . They were joined by 14 Calvinists from Geneva , led by Philippe de Corguilleray , including theologians Pierre Richier and Guillaume Chartrier . The new colonists , numbering around 300 , included 5 young women to be wed , 10 boys to be trained as translators , as well as 14 Calvinists sent by Calvin , and also Jean de Léry , who would later write an account of the colony . They arrived in March 1557 . The relief fleet was composed of : The Petite Roberge , with 80 soldiers and sailors was led by Vice Admiral Sieur De Bois le Comte . The Grande Roberge , with about 120 on board , captained by Sieur de Sainte - Marie dit l'Espine . The Rosée , with about 90 people , led by Captain Rosée . Doctrinal disputes arose between Villegagnon and the Calvinists , especially in relation to the Eucharist , and in October 1557 the Calvinists were banished from Coligny island as a result . They settled among the Tupinamba until January 1558 , when some of them managed to return to France by ship together with Jean de Léry , and five others chose to return to Coligny island where three of them were drowned by Villegagnon for refusing to recant . Portuguese intervention ( edit ) In 1560 Mem de Sá , the new Governor - General of Brazil , received from the Portuguese government the command to expel the French . With a fleet of 26 warships and 2,000 soldiers , on 15 March 1560 , he attacked and destroyed Fort Coligny within three days , but was unable to drive off their inhabitants and defenders , because they escaped to the mainland with the help of the Native Brazilians , where they continued to live and to work . Admiral Villegaignon had returned to France in 1558 , disgusted with the religious tension that existed between French Protestants and Catholics , who had come also with the second group ( see French Wars of Religion ) . Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá , named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios , Mem de Sá ordered his nephew , Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force . Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1 , 1565 , and fought the Frenchmen for two more years . Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle , on January 20 , 1567 , he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil , but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle . Coligny 's and Villegaignon 's dream had lasted a mere 12 years . Equinoctial France ( edit ) Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America , around the line of Equator , before `` tropical '' had fully gained its modern meaning : Equinoctial means in Latin `` of equal nights '' , i.e. , on the Equator , where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round . The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France ( Nouvelle France ) in North America , particularly in what is today the province of Quebec , Canada , and for a very short period ( 12 years ) also Antarctic France ( France Antarctique , in French ) , in present - day Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493 , which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal . This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas . History of France Équinoxiale ( edit ) France Équinoxiale started in 1612 , when a French expedition departed from Cancale , Brittany , France , under the command of Daniel de la Touche , Seigneur de la Ravardière , and François de Razilly , admiral . Carrying 500 colonists , it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão . De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization . The colonists soon founded a village , which was named `` Saint - Louis '' , in honor of the French king Louis IX . This later became São Luís in Portuguese , ( 1 ) the only Brazilian state capital founded by France . On 8 September , Capuchin friars prayed the first mass , and the soldiers started building a fortress . An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants ( see French Wars of Religion ) . The colony did not last long . A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco , under the command of Alexandre de Moura , was able to mount a military expedition , which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615 , less than four years after their arrival in the land . Thus , it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique , in 1567 . A few years later , in 1620 , Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop , with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery . French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North , in what is today French Guiana , in 1626 , 1635 ( when the capital , Cayenne , was founded ) and 1643 . Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded , in 1643 and 1645 , but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement . It was only after 1674 , when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office , that France Équinoxiale became a reality . To this day , French Guiana is a department of France . French Guiana located in the South American continent . French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604 , although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostilities from the indigenous population and tropical diseases . The settlement of Cayenne was established in 1643 , but was abandoned . It was re-established in the 1660s . Except for brief occupations by the English and Dutch in the 17th century , and by the Portuguese in the 19th century , Guiana has remained under French rule ever since . From 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony , Devil 's Island ( Île du Diable ) . Since 1946 , French Guiana has been an overseas department of France . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Atlantic World History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada French and Indian Wars Franco - Indian alliance French colonial empire French in Canada French in the United States French intervention in Mexico Illinois Country List of French possessions and colonies List of French forts in North America Military of New France Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Canadian French Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas B. Costain , The white and the gold : the French regime in Canada ( Doubleday , 2012 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/ Jump up ^ Francis PArkman , The Pioneers of France in the New World ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Cave , p. 42 Jump up ^ Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada , contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu , le 29 avril 1627 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter N. Moogk , La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath , The French in early Florida : in the eye of the hurricane ( U Press of Florida , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bartolome Barrientos , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés : Founder of Florida ( University of Florida Press , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Des sauvages , ou , Voyage de Samuel Champlain , de Brouage , fait en la France Nouuelle , l'an mil six cens trois , A Paris : Chez Claude de Monstr'œil , tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais , au nom de Iesus , 1603 . OCLC 71251137 Jump up ^ James MacPherson Le Moine , Quebec , Past and Present : a history of Quebec , 1608 - 1876 ( 1876 ) . online Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Hubert , et al. Charbonneau , `` The population of the St - Lawrence Valley , 1608 -- 1760 . '' in A population history of North America ( 2000 ) : 99 - 142 . Jump up ^ R. Cole Harris , Historical Atlas of Canada : Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 ( University of Toronto Press , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett H Wall and John C. Rodrigue , Louisiana : A History ( 2014 ( ch 1 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , La Salle and the discovery of the Great West ( 1891 ) . online Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cat Island : The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island , By John Cuevas Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ As the French and Indian War started two years earlier , and continued until the signing of the peace treaty , the name Seven Years ' War is more properly applied to the European phase of the war . Jump up ^ Philip Boucher , `` French Proprietary Colonies In The Greater Caribbean , 1620s -- 1670s . '' in Constructing Early Modern Empires ( Brill , 2007 ) pp. 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Joshua R. Hyles ( 2013 ) . Guiana and the Shadows of Empire : Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World . Lexington Books . References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § Prior to 1763 Brecher , Frank W. Losing a Continent : France 's North American Policy , 1753 - 1763 ( 1998 ) Dechêne , Louise Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth - Century Montreal ( 2003 ) Eccles , W.J. The Canadian Frontier , 1534 - 1760 ( 1983 ) Eccles , W.J. Essays on New France ( 1988 ) Eccles , W.J. The French in North America , 1500 - 1783 ( Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , 1998 . ) , a standard scholarly survey Havard , Gilles , and Cécile Vidal , `` Making New France New Again : French historians rediscover their American past , '' Common - Place ( July 2007 ) v 7 # 4 Holbrook , Sabra ( 1976 ) , The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage , New York : Atheneum , ISBN 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0 Katz , Ron . French America : French Architecture from Colonialization to the Birth of a Nation . Editions Didier Millet , 2004 . McDermott , John Francis . The French in the Mississippi Valley ( University of Illinois Press , 1965 ) McDermott , John F. , ed . Frenchmen and French ways in the Mississippi Valley ( 1969 ) Moogk , Peter N. La Nouvelle France : The Making of French Canada - A Cultural History ( 2000 ) . 340 pp . Trudel , Marcel . The Beginnings of New France 1524 - 1663 ( 1973 ) White , Sophie . Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians : Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) In French ( edit ) Balvay , Arnaud . L'épée et la plume : Amérindiens et soldats des troupes de la marine en Louisiane et au Pays d'en Haut ( 1683 - 1763 ) ( Presses Université Laval , 2006 ) Balvay , Arnaud . La Révolte des Natchez ( Editions du Félin , 2008 ) Halford , Peter Wallace , and Pierre - Philippe Potier . Le français des Canadiens à la veille de la conquête : témoignage du père Pierre Philippe Potier , SJ . ( Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa , 1994 ) Moussette , Marcel & Waselkov , Gregory A. : Archéologie de l'Amérique coloniale française . Lévesque éditeur , Montréal 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 38 - 1 ( print ) ; ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 39 - 8 ( eBook ) Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	reasons for french exploration of the new world	[ "The French first came to the New World as explorers, seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth. Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I, King of France. In 1524, Francis sent Italian-born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean. Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland, thus promoting French interests.[1]" ]	[ "a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth" ]
-5295388763354705142	Battle of Buxar	Battle of Buxar - wikipedia Battle of Buxar Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of Buxar Part of The Bengal Wars Date 22 October 1764 Location Near Buxar Result British East India Company victory Belligerents Mughal Empire Nawab of Awadh Mir Qasim Durrani and Rohilla Factions British East India Company Commanders and leaders Shah Alam II Shuja - ud - Daula Mirza Najaf Khan Mir Qasim Hector Munro of Novar Strength 40,000 140 cannons 7,072 30 cannons Casualties and losses Disputed British claim : 2,000 killed 733 -- 847 killed , wounded or missing Seven years War Bengal War Battle of Plassey Battle of Patna ( 1760 ) Battle of Gaya ( 1760 ) Battle of Sirpur Battle of Birpur Battle of Siwan Battle of Gheria Battle of Katwa Battle of Patna Battle of Udaynala ( 1763 ) Battle of Buxar Battle of Patna ( 1764 ) Battle of Kora ( 1765 ) The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined armies of Mir Qasim , Nawab of Bengal till 1763 ; the Nawab of Awadh ; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . The battle fought at Buxar , a `` small fortified town '' within the territory of Bengal , located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) west of Patna , was a decisive victory for the British East India Company . Shuja - ud - Daulah and Shah Alam surrendered and the war came to an end by the `` Treaty of Allahabad '' in 1765 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Battle 2 Aftermath 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Battle ( edit ) The British army engaged in the fighting numbered 7,071 comprising 859 British , 5,297 Indian sepoys and 918 Indian cavalry . The alliance army 's numbers were estimated to be over 40,000 . According to other sources , the combined army of the Mughals , Awadh and Mir Qasim consisting of 40,000 men was defeated by a British army comprising 10,000 men. The Nawabs had virtually lost their military power after the battle of Buxar . The lack of basic co-ordination among the three disparate allies was responsible for their decisive defeat . Mirza Najaf Khan commanded the right flank of the Mughal imperial army and was the first to advance his forces against Major Hector Munro at daybreak ; the British lines formed within twenty minutes and reversed the advance of the Mughals . According to the British , Durrani and Rohilla cavalry were also present and fought during the battle in various skirmishes . But by midday , the battle was over and Shuja - ud - Daula blew up large tumbrils and three massive magazines of gunpowder . Munro divided his army into various columns and particularly pursued the Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja - ud - Daula the Nawab of Awadh , who responded by blowing up his boat - bridge after crossing the river , thus abandoning the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and members of his own regiment . Mir Qasim also fled with his 3 million rupees worth of Gemstones and later committed suicide . Mirza Najaf Khan reorganised formations around Shah Alam II , who retreated and then chose to negotiate with the victorious British . Historian John William Fortescue claimed that the British casualties totalled 847 : 39 killed and 64 wounded from the European regiments and 250 killed , 435 wounded and 85 missing from the East India Company 's sepoys . He also claimed that the three Indian allies suffered 2,000 dead and that many more were wounded . Another source says that there were 69 European and 664 sepoy casualties on the British side and 6,000 casualties on the Mughal side . The victors captured 133 pieces of artillery and over 1 million rupees of cash . Immediately after the battle Munro decided to assist the Marathas , who were described as a `` warlike race '' , well known for their relentless and unwavering hatred towards the Mughal Empire and its Nawabs and the Sultanate of Mysore . Aftermath ( edit ) The British victory at Buxar had `` at one fell swoop , disposed of the three main scions of Mughal power in Upper India . Mir Kasim ( Qasim ) disappeared into an impoverished obscurity . Shah Alam realigned himself with the British , and Shah Shuja ( Shuja - ud - Daula ) fled west hotly pursued by the victors . The whole Ganges valley lay at the Company 's mercy ; Shah Shuja eventually surrendered ; henceforth Company troops became the power - brokers throughout Oudh as well as Bihar '' . Gallery ( edit ) The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , as a prisoner of the British East India Company , 1781 The Nawab of Bengal , Mir Qasim Shuja - ud - Daula served as the leading Nawab Vizier of the Mughal Empire , he was a lifelong of Shah Alam II . Mirza Najaf Khan Baloch , the commander - in - chief of the Mughal Army . Political map of the Indian Subcontinent in the year 1765 . See also ( edit ) Battle of Plassey References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : History of the Freedom Movement in India ( 1857 -- 1947 ) , p. 2 , at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Fortescue , John William . ( 2004 ) . A History of the British Army : Volume III . p. 102 . The Naval and Military Press . Uckfield , Sussex . ISBN 978 - 1843427155 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy and Wyse , Liz . ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare : Renaissance to Revolution , 1492 - 1792 . p. 160 . The Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521470339 . Jump up ^ Parshotam Mehra ( 1985 ) . A Dictionary of Modern History ( 1707 -- 1947 ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 561552 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sir Edward Cust , Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century , Vol. 3 , p. 113 , at Google Books , Mitchell 's Military Library ( 1858 ) . ISBN 1235663922 Jump up ^ Keay , John . ( 1993 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Paperback edition . p. 374 . HarperCollins Publishers . London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 638072 - 6 . External links ( edit ) A detailed description of the Battle of Buxar ( hide ) Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Patna division topics General Azimabad Battle of Buxar Kaimur Range Nalanda Pataliputra Takht Sri Patna Sahib Tourism in Patna Districts Bhojpur Buxar Kaimur Nalanda Patna Rohtas Rivers Ganges Durgavati Karmanasa Punpun Son Dams , barrages Indrapuri Barrage Transport NH 2 NH 30 NH 31 NH 82 NH 83 NH 84 NH 110 Ganga rail -- road bridge Koilwar Bridge Howrah -- Delhi main line Grand Chord Gaya -- Mughalsarai section Bakhtiyarpur -- Tilaiya line Mahatma Gandhi Setu Mokama -- Barauni section Nehru Setu Jawahar Setu Rajendra Setu Railway stations Bakhtiyarpur Junction Barh Bhabua Road Danapur Terminal Dehri - on - Sone Fatuha Junction Gulzarbagh Hathidah Junction Harnaut Khusropur Mokama Junction Patliputra Junction Patna Junction Patna Sahib Rajendra Nagar Terminal Rajgir Lok Sabha constituencies Arrah Buxar Jahanabad Karakat Nalanda Pataliputra Patna Sahib Sasaram See also People from Patna People from Rhotas district Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Buxar&oldid=839143350 '' Categories : British East India Company Battles involving the Mughal Empire Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Battles involving Bengal Battles involving the British East India Company 1764 in India Conflicts in 1764 History of Bihar 1764 in the Mughal Empire Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Bihar articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the battle of buxar take place	[ "The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.[4] The battle fought at Buxar, a \"small fortified town\" within the territory of Bengal, located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 kilometres (81 mi) west of Patna, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam surrendered and the war came to an end by the \"Treaty of Allahabad\" in 1765." ]	[ "22 October 1764" ]
-5554953777821055178	Ross Geller	Ross Geller - wikipedia Ross Geller This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ross Geller Friends character First appearance `` The Pilot '' Last appearance `` The Last One '' Created by David Crane Marta Kauffman Portrayed by David Schwimmer Information Full name Dr. Ross Eustace Geller , Ph. D . Occupation Paleontologist at New York Museum of Prehistoric History ( season 1 - 6 ) College professor at New York University ( season 6 - 10 ) Title Doctor Professor Family Jack Geller ( father ) Judy Geller ( mother ) Monica Geller ( younger sister ) Spouse ( s ) Carol Willick ( 1987 - 1994 ) Emily Waltham ( 1998 ) Rachel Green ( 1999 , 2004 - ) Children Ben Geller ( son ) Emma Geller - Green ( daughter ) Religion Judaism Nationality American Ross Eustace Geller , Ph. D. , is a fictional character from the NBC sitcom Friends , portrayed by David Schwimmer . Ross is considered by many to be the most intelligent member of the group and is noted for his goofy but lovable demeanor . His relationship with Rachel Green was included in TV Guide 's list of the best TV couples of all time , as well as Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . Kevin Bright , one of the executive producers of the show had worked with Schwimmer before , so the writers were already developing Ross 's character in Schwimmer 's voice . And hence , Schwimmer was the first person to be cast on the show . Contents 1 Appearances 2 Relationships 2.1 Rachel Green 2.2 Carol Willick 2.3 Emily Waltham 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References Appearances ( edit ) Ross is a paleontologist and has a Ph. D. from Columbia University . An ongoing theme of his narrative arc is his romantic feelings toward Rachel Green , an infatuation that began in high school . A theme of Friends is their on - again , off - again romantic relationship . Born on October 18 , 1967 , and raised on Long Island , Ross is the elder brother of Monica Geller . Ross and Monica are Jewish and see themselves as at least cultural Jews , with Ross taking a more active role in wanting to teach his son , Ben , about the faith . Ross gets divorced and is newly single in the very first episode because his wife , Carol , has realized she 's a lesbian . Later he dates Rachel but it results in a break - up . Afterward , Ross gets married to Emily which does n't last long . Also , he marries Rachel in Las Vegas when the two are drunk and then ultimately that too results in a divorce . In the whole series , Ross gets divorced 3 times . A running theme in Ross ' narrative is his competition with his younger sister , manifested through wrestling and paranoia . As children , they took part in an American football match for the Geller Cup every Thanksgiving . This ended in its sixth year after Monica `` accidentally '' broke Ross ' nose . The siblings came up with a dance in primary school called `` The Routine '' , which later on allowed them to perform in a New Year 's Eve TV broadcast . When they were kids , Monica used to hate Ross because he always had his way and he was loved more than her as he was their parents ' first child . But eventually as the time passed and they grew up , she started loving him more than she used to and they also grew closer to each other though the competition between them was still visible as seen in `` The One with the Football '' . Ross often comes into conflict with his close friend , Phoebe Buffay . His rationality and Phoebe 's eccentricity lead to conflict over evolution , gravity , and whether Phoebe 's mother was reincarnated as a cat . It is also revealed that Phoebe once mugged Ross ( stealing a copy of the comic book Science Boy that Geller had created ) when they were teenagers . The two are roommates for a few weeks when a fire forces Phoebe to move into Chandler Bing and Monica 's apartment and Phoebe want to give the newly engaged couple some privacy . In a `` flashback '' episode , they are alone at the bar and start kissing , but the moment quickly passes when Ross keeps bumping his head . Phoebe also helps Ross on numerous occasions , ultimately making him realize that he loves Rachel and they both are meant to be together . Ross ' best friend since college is Chandler . In college , they were in a band called Way / No Way , and Ross blamed Chandler when he was caught smoking marijuana . Chandler becomes Ross ' brother - in - law after he marries Monica . Though they are best friends , at times Chandler gets annoyed with Ross ' geeky behavior . Ross is friends with Rachel Green , whom he has a crush on since high school . Rachel viewed Ross as ' Monica 's geeky older brother ' during high school . Despite having a huge crush on her , he never told her and eventually let go of his feelings for her . But he again discovers feelings for her in the first episode of the series . They get close to each other and have on and off relationship . In the final season of the show , Rachel tells him that he means more to her than any other member of their group . He is also close friends with Joey Tribbiani and helps him with movie and stage auditions . He kisses Joey once in order to help him practice a role as a gay man , only to find out that Joey had already done the audition and did n't get the part . Joey and Ross also briefly try to cut Chandler out of their friend group after he ignores them . Joey and Ross fall asleep together on the couch after watching Die Hard . Toward the end of the series , however , Ross and Joey are seen to become closer friends , often hanging out together after Chandler gets married . Ross often tries to bring out the best of his friends in difficult situations . For instance , in season 2 , he encourages Joey to audition for Another World after being fired from Days of Our Lives , despite Joey 's refusal to present himself for a two - line part of a secondary character , in season 7 , he buys Phoebe the bike of her dreams but threatens to take it away from her because of her reluctance to learn how to ride it . Also , when he discovers that Joey has a crush on Rachel , he tells him to tell her about it and go for it instead of hiding it , even though he has problems with the idea of Joey and Rachel being together . Above all Ross is a very sweet , loving and adorable guy who is always looking out for everyone 's best interests and often the most mature compared to the rest of the gang , despite his ego , outbursts , and paranoia . He has two children . Ross ' son , Ben , was conceived while Ross and Carol were still married and born at the end of Season 1 . Ross shares joint custody of Ben with his ex-wife Carol and her wife Susan . Ben appeared in a total 16 ( 17 ) episodes and was played chronologically : as an infant by Michael Gunderson Season 1 to 2 , by brothers Charles Thomas Allen and John Christopher Allen from Season 3 to 5 , and by Cole Sprouse from Season 6 to 8 . Ross ' daughter with Rachel , Emma Geller - Green , was born at the end of Season 8 . Rachel 's pregnancy was originally revealed in the season finale of Season 7 . The conception of Emma was predominantly the result of a one - night stand , which was later revealed in the Season 8 episode , `` The One With The Videotape '' . Ross claims to have `` given up a career in basketball '' to become a paleontologist , and claims to have had the idea for Jurassic Park and Die Hard stolen from him . He also had major interest in music when he used to play keyboard for hours in the basement of their house in Long Island . Ross had a pet in the earlier seasons of the show ; a White - headed capuchin monkey named `` Marcel '' . Relationships ( edit ) Over the course of the show , Ross dates a considerable number of women . He married three times and is divorced three times . His proclivity to marry and divorce is a running gag within the series . Julie . An old graduate school colleague , portrayed by Lauren Tom . She first appears in the final scene of the season 1 finale , returning with Ross from an archeological dig in China . They start dating in season 2 but break up after Ross discovers Rachel 's feelings for him and he decides he wants to be with her instead . Bonnie . A love interest ( played by Christine Taylor ) introduced to Ross by Phoebe , Bonnie is formerly a militant bald woman who no longer shaves her head . She enjoyed a sex - filled relationship with Ross , until a conniving Rachel broke them up by first setting Bonnie up to shave her head again , and later by revealing she was interested in reuniting with Ross . Mona . A love interest he met at Monica and Chandler 's wedding ( portrayed by Bonnie Somerville ) , who later broke up with him when she found out that his roommate , Rachel Green , was pregnant with Ross 's child . Ross becomes paranoid after Mona proposes to send out Christmas cards together , and in a panic decides to give her a key to his apartment . It is later revealed that Mona is unable to say `` I love you '' yet , and delivers what the female friends refer to as `` an emotional slap in the face '' with `` I love spending time with you '' . Chloe . Ross 's only relationship with Chloe ( referred to in a few prior episodes as `` The cute girl from the copy place with the belly button ring '' ) was a one - night stand during a `` break '' with his relationship with Rachel , which interferes with their attempt to get back together . Although only covered over two episodes in season 3 , Ross ' fling with Chloe would be the basis of the `` We were on a break ! '' running joke that would last until the very end of the series . Janice . Ross has a brief fling with Janice , Chandler 's ex-girlfriend , in season 5 . Phoebe said they would have very hairy children . Janice ironically dumps Ross because he whines too much . Ross , worried about how he would react , tells Chandler , who laughs . Elizabeth Stevens . A pretty 20 - year - old student who Ross teaches during his first year as a professor . The two go through a tremendous amount of effort to keep their relationship a secret from the faculty , as Ross would get fired for dating a student . He even tries to get on good terms with Elizabeth 's father Paul ( Bruce Willis ) , who in turn threatens to report him to the university . Ross eventually manages to blackmail Paul into pretending to like him by threatening to reveal Paul 's embarrassing mirror dance routine to Rachel ( who dates him briefly ) . Despite Paul no longer being a threat , Ross eventually realizes he sees no future in his relationship with Elizabeth and decides to break up with her due to her immaturity . Charlie Wheeler . Ross meets Charlie ( Aisha Tyler ) in `` The One With The Soap Opera Party '' . She is a paleontologist who has recently joined Ross 's department . She initially dates Joey before breaking up with him and gravitating toward Ross , after realizing she has more things in common with Ross . She eventually reconciles with her ex-boyfriend and breaks up with Ross . Cheryl . A very attractive woman that Ross briefly dates . He decides he wants to pursue a relationship with her , but is stifled by her incredibly filthy apartment . Despite her own living quarters being littered with garbage and infested with all kinds of pests , she ca n't stand the `` weird smell '' of Ross ' apartment , which is why she does n't like being there . After Ross breaks off the relationship after being covered in all kinds of trash in an attempt to make out with Cheryl , Monica later visits her and offers to clean her apartment , revealing she `` could n't sleep '' after Ross told her about it . Jill Green . Ross very briefly dates Rachel 's spoiled younger sister Jill ( played by Reese Witherspoon ) after her father sends her to New York to take lessons from Rachel in self - sufficiency . Although Jill actually finds Ross a geek , she dates him out of spite because Rachel is uncomfortable with it and tells her `` she 's always wanted what she could n't have '' . Rachel Green ( edit ) Rachel is Ross 's most significant relationship during the series . His attraction to her is established early on ; Ross met Rachel through his sister Monica , who was Rachel 's best friend in high school . He developed an unrequited crush on her , but never followed through on it . After leaving college , Ross married Carol , whom he had met at college , and had seemingly put his feelings for Rachel aside before he met her again in The Pilot . They have an on - again , off - again dynamic throughout most of the show . In the Season 1 finale , Ross has to go to China for his work so he asks Chandler to give Rachel a present on her birthday which he had bought for her . Chandler does give the present to Rachel during her birthday celebration while Ross is in China but also lets out that Ross loves Rachel , prompting Rachel to panic and start thinking about Ross in a romantic way . After Ross arrives back from China , Rachel goes to the airport to receive him on realising that she likes him , but she sees him with Julie and reluctantly backs off . In Season 2 episode The One Where Ross Finds Out , Rachel is on a date with a guy when she confesses to Ross over the phone in a drunken state that she had feelings for him but now she is over him . Ross hears this message the next day at Monica 's apartment with Rachel begging him not to check his messages . Later , in the same episode they share a passionate kiss at the doors of Central Perk . Later he breaks up with Julie but Rachel decides she does n't want to be with him after finding out that he had made a list , on the insistence of Chandler , comparing the good and bad qualities about her and Julie . The two begin dating each other only from Episode 15 of Season 2 after in the earlier episode The One with the Prom Video it is revealed that Ross despite being two years senior to Rachel had decided to be her date on her and Monica 's prom , as Rachel 's date had not arrived , only to be left disappointed as her date arrives and they both along with Monica and her date take off for the prom . Rachel famously kisses Ross on learning this revelation . However , they take a break from their relationship on their one - year anniversary together . That night , Ross cheats on Rachel , officially ending the relationship . They get together again at the end of Season 3 but again break up at the start of Season 4 . Some of the later episodes show them to be still in love with each other such as when Ross cancels his Discovery channel show appearance to be with Rachel when she breaks her rib or when Rachel flies to London to tell Ross before his wedding with Emily , that she 's still in love with him , only to realize that it would be better not to tell . Ross and Rachel also marry each other after getting heavily drunk in Las Vegas . This marriage ends in a divorce after a failed application for an annulment . In the 7th season premiere , after the news of Monica and Chandler 's engagement , Ross and Rachel kiss , and Monica is hurt by this as she believed that Rachel was trying to `` steal her thunder '' . The kiss is later revealed to have happened because Rachel was upset thinking about the fact that she was `` not even close '' to being engaged . In the 8th season finale , Ross 's daughter with Rachel named Emma Geller - Green is born , as a result of their one night stand prior to Chandler and Monica 's wedding . In the final episode of the show , when Rachel is moving to Paris for her job with a new fashion brand , Ross tells her at the airport that he loves her and asks not to leave . Rachel initially does n't heed his feelings , but when the plane is about to take off , she realizes that she loves him too and gets off the plane . They profess their love for each other and decide to be together once and for all . Ross and Rachel eventually got married shortly after the series finale . Carol willick ( edit ) Carol ( Anita Barone for pilot episode , Jane Sibbett thereafter ) is Ross 's first wife and the mother of his son Ben . In the very first episode , Carol has just moved out of their apartment after coming out of the closet as a lesbian and leaving Ross for a woman named Susan Bunch , who she later marries . In the early days , however , Ross and Carol seemed to have had a very passionate relationship . Carol is the only woman he 's ever had sex with ( and hence lost his virginity to ) at the start of the series . It is also revealed they shared a steamy session at Disneyland behind the `` Dutch children '' in It 's a Small World , which got them a lifetime ban from the theme park . Ross maintains a fairly healthy relationship with Carol after their divorce and both decide to raise Ben together through shared parenting , but he does n't hide his contempt for Susan as he believes she destroyed their marriage . He briefly considers getting back together with Carol and they even share a kiss at a sushi restaurant , but Carol makes it clear that she ca n't reciprocate his feelings and has chosen to be with Susan . Carol 's lack of romantic feelings towards Ross is reinforced in the flashback episode `` The One that Could have Been '' ( season 6 ) . Exploring what could have happened if Ross and Carol never got divorced , it is revealed that they have been on a sexual dry spell that 's lasted for months . Carol is very excited when Ross proposes they have a threesome with another woman . Picking Susan , whom she met at her gym just like in the `` real life scenario '' , the two girls end up mostly having sex without Ross . While explaining to Joey that he felt like a third wheel and ended up being so bored he made himself a sandwich , Ross realizes his wife is a lesbian all the same . Emily Waltham ( edit ) During the fourth season , Ross meets and falls in love with Emily Waltham ( Helen Baxendale ) , a British woman who is set up with Ross by Rachel . Ross spontaneously asks Emily to move in with him . This escalates into a marriage proposal . The two plan a wedding in London , to which Rachel is invited . During the ceremony , Ross , upon seeing Rachel , has a slip of the tongue and says Rachel 's name instead of Emily 's during his vows . Emily is furious and exits her own marriage . Emily however decides to forgive Ross , and reaches the airport but is annoyed to see Rachel and Ross boarding the plane together . She flees away again , and Ross follows her only to lose her and also Rachel goes to the place alone . Emily , later , calls Ross only to confront him by saying that he has to stop calling / harassing her relatives , but Ross makes her reveal her love for him . She said that she will return only if Ross stops being friends with Rachel . Unable to do so , Ross ends his marriage with Emily . Reception ( edit ) Ross Geller has become a well - known figure in pop culture , in particular due to his relationship with Rachel Green , his neurotic nature and his love for dinosaurs . In 2015 , a play titled Ross & Rachel debuted at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . In October 2016 , Ross Geller was voted `` the Best Friends Character '' in an international poll held by Comedy Central , during six weeks of `` FriendsFest '' on the channel . See also ( edit ) List of Friends characters References ( edit ) Friends portal Jump up ^ Galindo , Buzz ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` 25 Fascinating Facts You Might Not Know About `` Friends '' `` . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . The full names of the characters are ... Ross Eustace Geller . Jump up ^ Couric , Katie ( May 5 , 2004 ) . `` Dateline NBC - Newsmakers - NBCNews.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 24 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anonymous . `` Plot Summary for `` Friends '' The One with the Routine ( 1999 ) `` . Jump up ^ Sonia Saraiya . `` David Schwimmer puts in the work : On learning wine , waiting tables and why he `` campaigned for years for a black girlfriend '' for Ross Geller `` . Salon . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ross & Rachel - Assembly Festival -- Edinburgh Fringe '' . www.assemblyfestival.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Ross Geller Is The Best Friend '' . Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy '' ( 3.01 ) `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_Geller&oldid=854740000 '' Categories : Friends characters Fictional professors Fictional paleontologists Fictional characters from New York City Fictional American Jews Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Male characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does jack geller do for a living	[ "Ross is a paleontologist and has a Ph.D. from Columbia University. An ongoing theme of his narrative arc is his romantic feelings toward Rachel Green, an infatuation that began in high school. A theme of Friends is their on-again, off-again romantic relationship.\n" ]	[ "paleontologist" ]
-534956058691987986	Lake Titicaca	Lake Titicaca - wikipedia Lake Titicaca Jump to : navigation , search For the archaeological site in the Cusco Region , Peru , see Titiqaqa ( Cusco ) . Lake Titicaca View of the lake from the lake 's Isla del Sol Coordinates 15 ° 45 ′ S 69 ° 25 ′ W / 15.750 ° S 69.417 ° W / - 15.750 ; - 69.417 Coordinates : 15 ° 45 ′ S 69 ° 25 ′ W / 15.750 ° S 69.417 ° W / - 15.750 ; - 69.417 Type Mountain lake Primary inflows 27 rivers Primary outflows Desaguadero River Evaporation Catchment area 58,000 km ( 22,400 sq mi ) Basin countries Bolivia Peru Max. length 190 km ( 118 mi ) Max . width 80 km ( 50 mi ) Surface area 8,372 km ( 3,232 sq mi ) Average depth 107 m ( 351 ft ) Max . depth 281 m ( 922 ft ) Water volume 893 km ( 214 cu mi ) Residence time 1343 years Shore length 1,125 km ( 699 mi ) Surface elevation 3,812 m ( 12,507 ft ) Frozen never Islands 42 + ( see article ) Sections / sub-basins Wiñaymarka Settlements Copacabana , Bolivia Puno , Peru References Ramsar Wetland Designated 26 August 1998 Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Titicaca ( Spanish : Lago Titicaca , Quechua : Titiqaqa Qucha ) is a large , deep lake in the Andes on the border of Bolivia and Peru . By volume of water and by surface area , it is the largest lake in South America . Lake Maracaibo has a larger surface area , but it is a tidal bay , not a lake . It is often called the `` highest navigable lake '' in the world , with a surface elevation of 3,812 metres ( 12,507 ft ) . Although this refers to navigation by large boats , it is generally considered to mean commercial craft . For many years the largest vessel afloat on the lake was the 2,200 - ton , 79 - metre ( 259 ft ) SS Ollanta . Today the largest vessel is most likely the similarly sized , but broader , train barge / float Manco Capac , operated by PeruRail ( berthed , as of 17 June 2013 , at 15 ° 50 ′ 11 '' S 70 ° 00 ′ 53 '' W / 15.8364 ° S 70.0147 ° W / - 15.8364 ; - 70.0147 , across the pier from the Ollanta ) . Numerous smaller bodies of water around the world are at higher elevations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Temperature 3 Name 4 Ecology 5 Geology 6 Climate 7 Islands 7.1 Uros 7.2 Amantani 7.3 Taquile 7.4 Isla del Sol 7.5 Isla de la Luna 7.6 Suriki 8 Transport 8.1 History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) The lake is located at the northern end of the endorheic Altiplano basin high in the Andes on the border of Peru and Bolivia . The western part of the lake lies within the Puno Region of Peru , and the eastern side is located in the Bolivian La Paz Department . The lake is composed of two nearly separate sub-basins connected by the Strait of Tiquina , which is 800 m ( 2,620 ft ) across at the narrowest point . The larger sub-basin , Lago Grande ( also called Lago Chucuito ) , has a mean depth of 135 m ( 443 ft ) and a maximum depth of 284 m ( 932 ft ) . The smaller sub-basin , Wiñaymarka ( also called Lago Pequeño , `` little lake '' ) , has a mean depth of 9 m ( 30 ft ) and a maximum depth of 40 m ( 131 ft ) . The overall average depth of the lake is 107 m ( 351 ft ) . Map of Lake Titicaca Five major river systems feed into Lake Titicaca . In order of their relative flow volumes these are Ramis , Coata , Ilave , Huancané , and Suchez . More than twenty other smaller streams empty into Titicaca . The lake has 41 islands , some of which are densely populated . Having only a single season of free circulation , the lake is monomictic , and water passes through Lago Huiñaimarca and flows out the single outlet at the Río Desaguadero , which then flows south through Bolivia to Lake Poopó . This only accounts for about 10 % of the lake 's water balance . Evapotranspiration , caused by strong winds and intense sunlight at high altitude , balances the remaining 90 % of the water loss . It is nearly a closed lake . Since 2000 Lake Titicaca has experienced constantly receding water levels . Between April and November 2009 alone the water level dropped by 81 cm ( 32 in ) , reaching the lowest level since 1949 . This drop is caused by shortened rainy seasons and the melting of glaciers feeding the tributaries of the lake . Water pollution is also an increasing concern because cities in the Titicaca watershed grow , sometimes outpacing solid waste and sewage treatment infrastructure . According to the Global Nature Fund ( GNF ) , Titicaca 's biodiversity is threatened by water pollution and the introduction of new species by humans . Already in 2012 , the GNF nominated the lake `` Threatened Lake of the Year '' . Temperature ( edit ) The cold sources and winds over the lake give it an average surface temperature of 10 to 14 ° C ( 50 to 57 ° F ) . In the winter ( June -- September ) , mixing occurs with the deeper waters , which are always between 10 to 11 ° C ( 50 to 52 ° F ) . Name ( edit ) A view of Lake Titicaca taken from the city of Puno A reed boat on Lake Titicaca Neither the protohistoric nor prehistoric name for Lake Titicaca is currently known . Given the various Native American groups that occupied the Lake Titicaca region , it is likely that it lacked a single , commonly accepted name in prehistoric times and at the time the Spaniards arrived . The terms titi and caca can be translated in multiple ways . In Aymara , titi can be translated as either puma , lead , or a heavy metal . The word caca ( kaka ) can be translated as white or gray hairs of the head and the term k'ak'a can be translated as either crack or fissure or , alternatively , comb of a bird . According to Weston La Barre , the Aymara considered in 1948 that the proper name of the lake is titiq'aq'a , which means gray discolored , lead - colored puma . This phrase refers to the sacred carved rock found on the Island of the Sun . In addition to names including the term titi and / or caca , Lake Titicaca was also known as Chuquivitu in the sixteenth century . This name can be loosely translated as lance point . This name survives in modern usage in which the large lake is occasionally referred to as Lago Chucuito . Stanish argues that the logical explanation for the origin of the name Titicaca is a corruption of the term thakhsi cala , which is the fifteenth - to sixteenth - century name of the sacred rock on the Island of the Sun . Given the lack of a common name for Lake Titicaca in the sixteenth century , it is argued that the Spaniards used the name of the site of the most important indigenous shrine in the region , thakhsi cala on the Island of the Sun , as the name for the lake . In time and with usage , this name developed into Titicaca . Locally , the lake goes by several names . The small lake to the south is called Huiñamarca . The large lake also is occasionally referred to as Lago Mayor , and the small lake as Lago Menor . In addition , the southeast quarter of the lake is separate from the main body ( connected only by the Strait of Tiquina ) , and the Bolivians call it Lago Huiñaymarca ( also Wiñay Marka , which in Aymara means The Eternal City ) and the larger part Lago Chucuito . In Peru , these smaller and larger parts are referred to as Lago Pequeño and Lago Grande , respectively . Ecology ( edit ) There are two Telmatobius species in the lake : The smaller , more coastal marbled water frog ( pictured , at Isla del Sol ) and the larger , more deep - water Titicaca water frog . Lake Titicaca is home to more than 530 aquatic species . The lake holds large populations of water birds and was designated as a Ramsar Site on August 26 , 1998 . Several threatened species such as the huge Titicaca water frog and the flightless Titicaca grebe are largely or entirely restricted to the lake , and the Titicaca orestias has likely become extinct ( last seen in 1938 ) due to competition and predation by the introduced rainbow trout and the silverside Odontesthes bonariensis . In addition to the Titicaca orestias , native fish species in the lake 's basin are other species of Orestias , and the catfish Trichomycterus dispar , T. rivulatus and Astroblepus stuebeli ( the last species not in the lake itself , but in associated ecosystems ) . The many Orestias species in Lake Titicaca differ significantly in both habitat preference and feeding behavior . About 90 % of the fish species in the basin are endemic , including 23 species of Orestias that only are found in the lake . In addition to the threatened Titicaca grebe , some of the birds associated with water at Titicaca are the white - tufted grebe , Puna ibis , Chilean flamingo , Andean gull , Andean lapwing , white - backed stilt , greater yellowlegs , snowy egret , black - crowned night - heron , Andean coot , common gallinule , plumbeous rail , various ducks , wren - like rushbird , many - colored rush - tyrant and yellow - winged blackbird . Andean coot among totora reeds Titicaca is home to 24 described species of freshwater snails ( 15 endemics , including several tiny Heleobia ) and less than half a dozen bivalves ( all in family Sphaeriidae ) , but in general these are very poorly known and their taxonomy is in need of a review . The lake also has an endemic species flock of amphipods consisting of 11 Hyalella ( an additional Titicaca Hyalella species is non-endemic ) . Reeds and other aquatic vegetation is widespread in Lake Titicaca . Totora reeds grow in water shallower than 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) , less frequently to 5.5 m ( 18 ft ) , but macrophytes , notably Chara and Potamogeton , occur down to 10 m ( 33 ft ) . In sheltered shallow waters , such as the harbour of Puno , Azolla , Elodea , Lemna and Myriophyllum are common . Geology ( edit ) Further information : Altiplano Basin View from space , May 1985 ( north at right ) View of Lake Titicaca during sunrise The Tinajani Basin , in which Lake Titicaca lies , is an intermontane basin . This basin is a pull - apart basin created by strike - slip movement along regional faults starting in the late Oligocene and ending in the late Miocene . The initial development of the Tinajani Basin is indicated by volcanic rocks , which accumulated between 27 and 20 million years ago within this basin . They lie upon an angular unconformity which cuts across pre-basin strata . Lacustrine sediments of the Lower Tinajani Formation , which are exposed within the Tinajani Basin , demonstrate the presence of a pre-Quaternary , ancestral Lake Titicaca within it between 18 and 14 million years ago . Little is known about the prehistory of Lake Titicaca between 14 million years ago and 370,000 BP because the lake sediments dating to this period lie buried beneath the bottom of Lake Titicaca and have not yet been sampled by continuous coring . The Lake Titicaca drilling project recovered a 136 - m - long drill core of sediments from the bottom of Lake Titicaca at a depth of 235 m and at a location just east of Isla del Sol . This core contains a continuous record of lake sedimentation and paleoenvironmental conditions for Lake Titicaca back to about 370,000 BP . For this period of time , Lake Titicaca was typically fresher and had higher lake levels during periods of expanded regional glaciation that corresponded to global glacial periods . During periods of reduced regional glaciation that corresponded to global interglacial periods , Lake Titicaca had typically low lake levels . Lacustrine sediments and associated terraces provide evidence for the past existence of five major prehistoric lakes that occupied the Tinajani Basin during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . Within the northern Altiplano ( Tinajani Basin ) , these prehistoric lakes were Lake Mataro at an elevation of 3,950 m , Lake Cabana at an elevation of 3,900 m , Lake Ballivián at an elevation of 3,860 m , Lake ( North ) Minchin at an elevation of 3,825 m , and Lake ( North ) Tauca at an elevation 3,815 m . The age of Lake Mataro is uncertain -- it may date back to the Late Pliocene . Lake Cabana possibly dates to the Middle Pleistocene . Lake Ballivián existed between 120,000 and 98,000 BP . Two high lake stands , between 72,000 -- 68,000 BP and 44,000 -- 34,000 BP , have been discerned for Lake Minchin within the Altiplano . Another ancient lake in the area is Ouki . The high lake levels of Lake Tauca have been dated as having occurred between 18,100 and 14,100 BP . Climate ( edit ) Lake Titicaca has a borderline Subtropical highland / Alpine climate with cool to cold temperatures for most of the year . The average annual precipitation is 610 mm ( 24 in . ) mostly falling in summer thunderstorms . Winters are dry with very cold nights and mornings and warm afternoons . Below are the average temperatures of the town Juliaca in the northern part of the lake . ( hide ) Climate data for Puno , Peru ( 1961 -- 1990 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 17.08 ( 62.76 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 3.2 ( 37.8 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) − 3.8 ( 25.2 ) − 7.0 ( 19.4 ) − 7.5 ( 18.5 ) − 5.4 ( 22.3 ) − 1.4 ( 29.5 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 0.78 ( 30.6 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 133.3 ( 5.248 ) 108.7 ( 4.28 ) 98.5 ( 3.878 ) 43.3 ( 1.705 ) 9.9 ( 0.39 ) 3.1 ( 0.122 ) 2.4 ( 0.094 ) 5.8 ( 0.228 ) 22.1 ( 0.87 ) 41.1 ( 1.618 ) 55.3 ( 2.177 ) 85.9 ( 3.382 ) 609.4 ( 23.992 ) Source : Hong Kong Observatory , Islands ( edit ) Uros ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Uru people . Raft of totora on Lake Titicaca in the island of the Sun ( Bolivia ) Uros The `` Floating Islands '' are small manmade islands constructed by the Uros ( or Uru ) people from layers of cut totora , a thick buoyant reed that grows abundantly in the shallows of Lake Titicaca . The Uros harvest the reeds that naturally grow on the lake 's banks to make the islands by continuously adding reeds to the surface . According to legend , the Uru people originated in the Amazon and migrated to the area of Lake Titicaca in the pre-Columbian era , where they were oppressed by the local population and were unable to secure land of their own . They built the reed islands , which could be moved into deep water or to different parts of the lake as necessary , for greater safety from their hostile neighbors on land . Golden in color , many of the islands measure about 15 by 15 metres ( 50 by 50 ft ) , and the largest are approximately half the size of a football field . Each island contains several thatched houses , typically belonging to members of a single extended family . Some of the islands have watchtowers and other buildings , also constructed of reeds . Historically , most of the Uros islands were located near the middle of the lake , about 14 km ( 9 mi ) from the shore ; however , in 1986 , after a major storm devastated the islands , many Uros rebuilt closer to shore . As of 2011 , about 1,200 Uros lived on an archipelago of 60 artificial islands , clustering in the western corner of the lake near Puno , Titicaca 's major Peruvian port town . The islands have become one of Peru 's tourist attractions , allowing the Uros to supplement their hunting and fishing by conveying visitors to the islands by motorboat and selling handicrafts . Amantani ( edit ) Amantani island as seen from Taquile island Amantani is another small island on Lake Titicaca populated by Quechua speakers . About 4,000 people live in ten communities on the roughly circular 15 square kilometers ( 6 sq mi ) island . There are two mountain peaks , called Pachatata ( Father Earth ) and Pachamama ( Mother Earth ) , and ancient ruins on the top of both peaks . The hillsides that rise up from the lake are terraced and planted with wheat , potatoes , and vegetables . Most of the small fields are worked by hand . Long stone fences divide the fields , and cattle and sheep graze on the hillsides . There are no cars on the island and no hotels . Since machines are not allowed on the island , all agriculture is done by hand . A few small stores sell basic goods , and there is a health clinic and 6 schools . Electricity was produced by a generator and provided limited power a couple of hours each day , but with the rising price of the petroleum , they no longer use the generator . Most families use candles or flashlights powered by batteries or hand - cranks . Small solar panels have recently been installed on some homes . Some of the families on Amantani open their homes to tourists for overnight stays and provide cooked meals , arranged through tour guides . The families who do so are required to have a special room set aside for the tourists and must fit a code by the tourist companies that help them . Guests typically take food staples ( cooking oil , rice , etc. but no sugar products , as they have no dental facilities ) as a gift or school supplies for the children on the island . They hold nightly traditional dance shows for the tourists where they offer to dress them up in their traditional clothes and participate . Taquile ( edit ) Taquile Island View from Taquile Island Taquile is a hilly island located 45 kilometers east of Puno . It is narrow and long and was used as a prison during the Spanish Colony and into the 20th century . In 1970 it became property of the Taquile people , who have inhabited the island since then ( current population around 2,200 ) . The taquiean Island is 5.5 by 1.6 km in size ( maximum measurements ) , with an area of 5.72 km2 . The highest point of the island is 4,050 meters above sea level and the main village is at 3,950 m . Pre-Inca ruins are found on the highest part of the island , and agricultural terraces on hillsides . From the hillsides of Taquile you have a view over the white snow tops of the Bolivian mountains . The inhabitants , known as Taquileños , are southern Quechua speakers . Life on Taquile is still largely unchanged by mainland modernities . There are no cars on the island and no hotels and a few small stores sell basic goods . Most families use candles or flashlights powered by batteries or hand - cranks . Small solar panels have recently been installed on some homes . On clear nights , Taquile is a perfect place for star gazing and you furthermore experience much lightning in the horizon due to electric activity in the area . Culture is very much alive on Taquile , which can be seen in the traditional clothes everyone wears . Taquile is especially known for its handicraft tradition which is regarded as among the highest quality handicrafts not only in Peru but in the world . `` Taquile and Its Textile Art '' were honored by being proclaimed `` Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity '' by UNESCO . Knitting is exclusively performed by males , starting at age eight . The women exclusively make yarn and weave . Taquileans are also known for having created an innovative , community - controlled tourism model , offering home stays , transportation , and restaurants to tourists . Ever since tourism started coming to Taquile in the seventies the taquleans have slowly lost control over the mass day - tourism operated by non-Taquileans . The Taquileans have thus developed alternative tourism models , including lodging for groups , cultural activities and local guides , who have recently completed a 2 - year training program . Furthermore , the local Travel Agency Munay Taquile has been established to regain control over tourism . The people in Taquile run their society based on community collectivism and on the Inca moral code ama sua , ama llulla , ama qhilla , ( do not steal , do not lie , do not be lazy ) . The island is divided into six sectors or suyus for crop rotation purposes . The economy is based on fishing , terraced farming horticulture based on potato cultivation , and tourist - generated income from the approximately 40,000 tourists who visit each year . Isla del Sol ( edit ) Copacabana , Bolivia Situated on the Bolivian side of the lake with regular boat links to the Bolivian town of Copacabana , Isla del Sol ( `` Island of the sun '' ) is one of the largest islands of the lake . Geographically , the terrain is harsh ; it is a rocky , hilly island . There are no motor vehicles or paved roads on the island . The main economic activity of the approximately 800 families on the island is farming , with fishing and tourism augmenting the subsistence economy . There are over 180 ruins on the island . Most of these date to the Inca period circa the 15th century AD . Many hills on the island contain agricultural terraces , which adapt steep and rocky terrain to agriculture . Among the ruins on the island are the Sacred Rock , a labyrinth - like building called Chicana , Kasa Pata , and Pilco Kaima . In the religion of the Incas , it was believed that the sun god was born here . During 1987 - 92 Johan Reinhard directed underwater archaeological investigations off of the Island of the Sun , recovering Inca and Tiahuanaco offerings . These artifacts are currently on display in the site museum of the village of Challapampa . Isla de La Luna ( edit ) Isla de la Luna and Cordillera Real Isla de la Luna is situated east from the bigger Isla del Sol . Both islands belong to the La Paz Department of Bolivia . According to legends that refer to Inca mythology Isla de la Luna ( Spanish for `` island of the moon '' ) is where Viracocha commanded the rising of the moon . Ruins of a supposed Inca nunnery ( Mamakuna ) occupy the oriental shore . Archaeological excavations indicate that the Tiwanaku peoples ( ca . AD 650 - 1000 ) built a major temple on the Island of the Moon . Pottery vessels of local dignitaries dating from this period have been excavated on islands in Lake Titicaca . Two of them were found in the nineteenth century and are now in the British Museum in London . The structures seen on the island today were built by the Inca ( ca . 1450 -- 1532 ) directly over the earlier Tiwanaku ones . Suriki ( edit ) Chelleca island on the Bolivian side Amantani Island -- Peru . In the background Capachica Peninsula . Suriki lies in the Bolivian part of lake Titicaca ( in the southeastern part also known as lake Wiñaymarka ) . Suriki is thought to be the last place where the art of reed boat construction survives , at least as late as 1998 . Craftsmen from Suriqui helped Thor Heyerdahl in the construction of several of his projects , such as the reed boats Ra II and Tigris , and a balloon gondola . Transport ( edit ) The dual gauge car float Manco Capac links PeruRail 's 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge line at Puno with the Bolivian railways ' 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) meter gauge line at Guaqui . History ( edit ) The lake has had a number of steamships , each of which was built in the United Kingdom in `` knock down '' form with bolts and nuts , disassembled into many hundreds of pieces , transported to the lake , and then riveted together and launched . SS Yavari in Puno , 2002 In 1862 Thames Ironworks on the River Thames built the iron - hulled sister ships SS Yavari and SS Yapura under contract to the James Watt Foundry of Birmingham . The ships were designed as combined cargo , passenger and gunboats for the Peruvian Navy . After several years ' delay in delivery from the Pacific coast to the lake , Yavari was launched in 1870 and Yapura in 1873 . Yavari was 30 metres ( 100 ft ) long but in 1914 her hull was lengthened for extra cargo capacity and she was re-engined as a motor vessel . During the last days of the War of the Pacific Chile was sending a warship on railroad to Titicaca Lake in order to disrupt trade . In 1892 William Denny and Brothers at Dumbarton on the River Clyde in Scotland built SS Coya . She was 52 metres ( 170 ft ) long and was launched on the lake in 1893 . In 1905 Earle 's Shipbuilding at Kingston upon Hull on the Humber built SS Inca . By now a railway served the lake so the ship was delivered in kit form by rail . At 67 metres ( 220 ft ) long and 1,809 tons Inca was the lake 's largest ship thus far . In the 1920s Earle 's supplied a new bottom for the ship , which also was delivered in kit form . Trade continued to grow , so in 1930 Earle 's built SS Ollanta . Her parts were landed at the Pacific Ocean port of Mollendo and brought by rail to the lake port of Puno . At 79 metres ( 260 ft ) long and 2,200 tons she was considerably larger than the Inca , so first a new slipway had to be built to build her . She was launched in November 1931 . In 1975 Yavari and Yapura were returned to the Peruvian Navy , who converted Yapura into a hospital ship and renamed her BAP Puno . The Navy discarded Yavari but in 1987 charitable interests bought her and started restoring her . She is now moored at Puno Bay and provides static tourist accommodation while her restoration continues . Coya was beached in 1984 but restored as a floating restaurant in 2001 . Inca survived until 1994 when she was broken up . Ollanta is no longer in scheduled service but PeruRail has been leasing her for tourist charter operations . See also ( edit ) Chiripa Taraco Peninsula Titicaca National Reservation Tourism in Peru Yampupata Peninsula References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Data Summary : Lago Titicaca ( Lake Titicaca ) '' . International Lake Environment Committee Foundation - ILEC . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , M.J. , P.A. Baker , S.L. Cross , C.A. Rigsby and G.O. Seltzer 2003 Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano , Bolivia - Peru . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology 194 : 281 - 297 . Jump up ^ Rigsby , C. , P.A. Baker and M.S. Aldenderfer 2003 Fluvial History of the Rio Ilave Valley , Peru , and Its Relationship to Climate and Human History . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology 194 : 165 - 185 Jump up ^ Questions Unlimited ( 2003 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Judge at the National Academic Championship ? '' . National Academic Championship . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Lake Elevations in the World '' . About.com Education . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Highest Lake in the World '' . highestlake.com . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dejoux , C. and A. Iltis ( editors ) 1992 Lake Titicaca : A Synthesis of Limnological Knowledge . 68 . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Boston . Jump up ^ Roche , M.A. , J. Bourges , J. Cortes and R. Mattos 1992 Climatology and Hydrology of the Lake Titicaca Basin . In Lake Titicaca : A Synthesis of Limnological Knowledge , edited by C. Dejoux and A. Iltis , pp. 63 - 88 . Monographiae Biologicae . vol. 68 , H.J. Dumont and M.J.A. Werger , general editor . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Boston . Jump up ^ Cross , S.L. , P.A. Baker , G.O. Seltzer , S.C. Fritz and R.B. Dunbar 2001 Late Quaternary Climate and Hydrology of Tropical South America Inferred from an Isotopic and Chemical Model of Lake Titicaca , Bolivia and Peru . Quaternary Research 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mourguiart , P. , T. Corrége , D. Wirrmann , J. Argollo , M.E. Montenegro , M. Pourchet and P. Carbonel 1998 Holocene Palaeohydrology of Lake Titicaca Estimated from an Ostracod - Based Transfer Function . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology 143 : 51 - 72 . Jump up ^ Baucom , P.C. and C.A. Rigsby 1999 Climate and Lake Level History of the Northern Altiplano , Bolivia , as Recorded in Holocene Sediments of the Rio Desaguadero . Journal of Sedimentary Research 69 ( 3 ) : 597 - 611 . Jump up ^ Talbi , A. , A. Coudrain , P. Ribstein and B. Pouyaud 1999 Computation of the Rainfall of Lake Titicaca Catchment During the Holocene . Géosciences de Surface 329 : 197 - 203 . Jump up ^ Carlos Valdez : Lake Titicaca at dangerously low level - website of the Sydney Morning Herald ( accessed 2009 - 11 - 28 ) Jump up ^ Lake Titicaca evaporating away ( video ) - report by al Jazeera ( accessed 2009 - 11 - 28 ) Jump up ^ Shahriari , Sara ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Pollution threatens South America 's Lake Titicaca '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.globalnature.org/35193/Living-Lakes/America/Lake-Titicaca/resindex.aspx Jump up ^ `` GNF - Threatened Lake of the Year 2012 '' . GNF. 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Standish , C. ( 2005 ) Ancient Titicaca : The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia . Oakland , California , University of California Press . 338 pp. ISBN 978 - 0520232457 Jump up ^ La Barre , W. ( 1948 ) The Aymara Indians of the Lake Titicaca Plateau , Bolivia . American Anthropological Association Memoir . no . 68 , pp. 208 - 210 . Jump up ^ Bauer , B. , and Stanish , C. ( 2001 ) Ritual and Pilgrimage in the Ancient Andes . Austin , Texas , University of Texas Press . 314 pp. ISBN 978 - 0292708907 ^ Jump up to : Cossel , Lindquist , Craig , and Luthman ( 2014 ) . Pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in marbled water frog Telmatobius marmoratus : first record from Lake Titicaca , Bolivia . Dis Aquat Organ. 112 ( 1 ) : 83 - 7 . doi : 10.3354 / dao02778 ^ Jump up to : Kroll ; Hershler ; Albrecht ; Terrazas ; Apaza ; Fuentealba ; Wolff ; and Wilke ( 2012 ) . The endemic gastropod fauna of Lake Titicaca : correlation between molecular evolution and hydrographic history . Ecol Evol . Jul 2012 ; 2 ( 7 ) : 1517 -- 1530 . ^ Jump up to : Fjeldså , J. ; & Krabbe , N. ( 1990 ) . Birds of the High Andes : A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia , South America . ISBN 978 - 8788757163 Jump up ^ Parenti , Lynne R. ( 1984 ) . A taxonomic revision of the Andean Killifish Genus Orestias ( Cyprinodontiformes , Cyprinodontidae ) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178 : 107 - 214 . ^ Jump up to : Hales , J. , and P. Petry ( 2013 ) . Titicaca . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . Retrieved 11 February 2013 Jump up ^ Lauzanne , L. ( 1992 ) . Fish Fauna . Pp. 405 - 448 in : Dejoux , C. , eds. ( 1992 ) . Lake Titicaca : a synthesis of limnological knowledge . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 1663 - 0 Jump up ^ Maldonado , E.E. , Hubert , N.N. , Sagnes , P.P. , & De MÉrona , B.B. ( 2009 ) . Morphology -- diet relationships in four killifishes ( Teleostei , Cyprinodontidae , Orestias ) from Lake Titicaca . Journal of Fish Biology , 74 ( 3 ) , 502 - 520 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2008. 02140. x Jump up ^ Vila , Morales , Scott , Poulin , Veliz , Harrod and Mendez ( 2013 ) . Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of the genus Orestias ( Teleostei : Cyprinodontidae ) in the southern Chilean Altiplano : the relevance of ancient and recent divergence processes in speciation . Journal of Fish Biology 82 , 927 -- 943 . Jump up ^ Segers , H. ; and Martens , K ; editors ( 2005 ) . The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems . p. 46 . Developments in Hydrobiology . Aquatic Biodiversity . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3745 - 7 Jump up ^ Slugina , Z.V. ( 2006 ) . Endemic Bivalvia in ancient lakes . Hydrobiologia 568 ( S ) : 213 -- 217 . Jump up ^ González , E.R. ; and Watling , L. ( 2003 ) . Two new species of Hyalella from Lake Titicaca , and redescriptions of four others in the genus ( Crustacea : Amphipoda ) . Hydrobiologia 497 ( 1 - 3 ) : 181 - 204 . ^ Jump up to : Iltis , A. , and P. Mourguiart ( 1992 ) . Higher Plants : Distribution and biomass . Pp. 242 - 253 in : Dejoux , C. , eds. ( 1992 ) . Lake Titicaca : a synthesis of limnological knowledge . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 1663 - 0 Jump up ^ Pull - apart basins , also called strike - slip basins , are regional topographic depressions created by lateral movement at a bend or discontinuity within a strike slip fault . Jump up ^ Marocco , R. , R. Baudino , and A. Lavenu , 1995 , Intermontane Late Paleogene -- Neogene Basins of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru : Sedimentologic and Tectonic Characteristics. in A.J. Tankard , R. Suárez Soruco , and H.J. Welsink , eds. , pp. 597 - 613 , Petroleum basins of South America : Memoir no . 62 . American Association of Petroleum Geologists , Tulsa , Oklahoma . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , S.C. , P.A. Baker , G.O. Seltzer , A. Ballantyne , P. Tapia , H. Cheng , and R.L. Edwards , 2007 , Quaternary glaciation and hydrologic variation in the South American tropics as reconstructed from the Lake Titicaca drilling project . Quaternary Research 68 ( 3 ) : 410 - 420 . Jump up ^ Fritz , S.C. , P.A. Baker , P. Tapia , T. Spanbauer , and K. Westover ( 2012 ) Evolution of the Lake Titicaca basin and its diatom flora over the last ~ 370,000 years . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology 317 - 318 : 93 - 103 . Jump up ^ Clapperton , C.M. , 1993 , Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology of South America . Elsevier Science , Amsterdam , 779 pp . Jump up ^ Rouchy , J.M. , M. Servant , M. Fournier , and C. Causse , 1996 , Extensive carbonate algal bioherms in Upper Pleistocene saline lakes of the central Altiplano of Bolivia : Sedimentology 43 ( 6 ) : 973 -- 993 . Jump up ^ Placzek , C. , J. Quade , and P.J. Patchett , 2006 , Geochronology and stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene lake cycles on the Southern Bolivian Altiplano : implications for causes of tropical climate change . Geological Society of America Bulletin 118 ( 5 - 6 ) : 515 -- 532 . Jump up ^ `` ClClimatological Information for Juliaca , Peru '' . Hong Kong Observatory . ^ Jump up to : Foer , Joshua ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Island People : The seventh hidden wonder of South America '' . Slate . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Istvan , Zoltan ( July 3 , 2003 ) . `` Rough Waters for Peru 's Floating Islands '' . National Geographic Channel . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reinhard , Johan ( 1992 ) `` Underwater Archaeological Research in Lake Titicaca , Bolivia . '' In Ancient America : Contributions to New World Archaeology , N. Saunders ( ed . ) , Oxford : Oxbow Books , pp. 117 - 143 . Jump up ^ Bolivia , Lonely Planet 2007 , ISBN 1 - 74104 - 557 - 6 Jump up ^ Bauer , Brian and Charles Stanish 2001 Ritual and Pilgrimage in the Ancient Andes University of Texas press , Austin Jump up ^ British Museum Collection ^ Jump up to : Box , Ben ( 1998 ) . South American Handbook . Footprint Handbooks . p. 292 . ISBN 0 - 8442 - 4886 - X . Jump up ^ Southern Peru Railroads ^ Jump up to : `` The Yavari Story '' . Yavari - Lake Titicaca - Peru . The Yavari Project . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sater , William F. ( 2007 ) . Andean Tragedy : Fighting the War of the Pacific , 1879 -- 1884 . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4334 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron , Stuart ; Robinson , George ; Strathdee , Paul . `` SS Coya '' . Clyde - built Database . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lake Steamers - Post 1900 '' . Yavari - Lake Titicaca - Peru . The Yavari Project . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Grace , Michael L ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` The SS Ollanta '' . Cruising the Past . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Rob . `` Steam in Peru 2001 '' . International Steam Pages . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Titicaca . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lake Titicaca . Lake Titicaca - The Highest Navigable Lake in the World Bolivian Navy and Naval Ensign Management issues in the Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo system : Importance of developing a water budget Peru Cultural Society - Lake Titicaca History ( hide ) Lakes on the Altiplano Present - day lakes and salt pans Lake Titicaca Lake Poopó Salar de Uyuni Salar de Coipasa Lake expansions of Lake Titicaca Lake Ballivián Cabana Mataro Ancient lakes Lake Tauca Sajsi Lake Minchin Salinas Inca Huasi Ouki Lake Escara Other paleolakes and lake expansions in the region Cancosa paleolake VIAF : 315149284 NDL : 00628770 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Titicaca&oldid=815623177 '' Categories : Mountain lakes Ramsar sites in Bolivia Ramsar sites in Peru Lake Titicaca Lakes of Peru Lakes of La Paz Department ( Bolivia ) Bolivia -- Peru border International lakes of South America Lakes of Puno Region Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Quechua - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . 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About Wikipedia	where is lake titicaca located on a map	[ "\n\nLake Titicaca\n\n\n\nView of the lake from the lake's Isla del Sol\n\n\n\nCoordinates\n15°45′S 69°25′W / 15.750°S 69.417°W / -15.750; -69.417Coordinates: 15°45′S 69°25′W / 15.750°S 69.417°W / -15.750; -69.417\n\n\nType\nMountain lake\n\n\nPrimary inflows\n27 rivers\n\n\nPrimary outflows\nDesaguadero River\nEvaporation\n\n\nCatchment area\n58,000 km2 (22,400 sq mi)[1]\n\n\nBasin countries\nBolivia\nPeru\n\n\n\n\n\nMax. length\n190 km (118 mi)\n\n\nMax. width\n80 km (50 mi)\n\n\nSurface area\n8,372 km2 (3,232 sq mi)[1]\n\n\nAverage depth\n107 m (351 ft)[1]\n\n\nMax. depth\n281 m (922 ft)[1]\n\n\nWater volume\n893 km3 (214 cu mi)[1]\n\n\nResidence time\n1343 years[1]\n\n\nShore length1\n1,125 km (699 mi)[1]\n\n\nSurface elevation\n3,812 m (12,507 ft)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nFrozen\nnever[1]\n\n\nIslands\n42+ (see article)\n\n\nSections/sub-basins\nWiñaymarka\n\n\nSettlements\nCopacabana, Bolivia\nPuno, Peru\n\n\nReferences\n[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRamsar Wetland\n\n\n\nDesignated\n26 August 1998\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.\n\n" ]	[ "15°45′S 69°25′W / 15.750°S 69.417°W" ]
-8128757500231447174	Pacific War	Pacific War - wikipedia Pacific War This article is about the Pacific theatres of World War II . For other uses , see Pacific War ( disambiguation ) . `` War in the Pacific '' redirects here . For the war between Chile , Bolivia , and Peru in 1879 -- 84 , see War of the Pacific . `` Pacific Theater of World War II '' redirects here . For the US military area of operations , see Pacific Ocean theater of World War II . For other uses , see Pacific Theatre ( disambiguation ) . Pacific War Part of World War II Map showing the main areas of the conflict and Allied landings in the Pacific , 1942 -- 45 Date 7 December 1941 -- 2 September 1945 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 5 days ) Location East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Western Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Result Allied victory End of World War II Fall of the Japanese Empire Continuation of the Chinese Civil War Substantial weakening of European colonial powers and the gradual decolonization of Asia 1951 Treaty of San Francisco 1956 Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration Territorial changes Allied occupation of Japan Removal of all Japanese troops occupying parts of the Republic of China and the retrocession of Taiwan to China Liberation of Korea and Manchuria from Japanese rule , followed by the division of Korea Cession of all Japanese - held islands in the Central Pacific Ocean to the United Nations Removal of all Japanese troops from the Australian - governed Solomon Islands and the territories of New Guinea and Papua Seizure and annexation of South Sakhalin and of the Kuril Islands by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands is placed under the authority of the United States of America . When the territory fell apart the US gained the territory of the Northern Mariana Islands . Belligerents Allies United States Philippines China Chinese Communist Party United Kingdom India Burma Malaya Australia Canada New Zealand Netherlands Dutch East Indies Mexico Soviet Union and others Axis Japan Thailand Client states ( show ) Manchukuo Mengjiang Nanjing Regime Azad Hind State of Burma Philippine Republic and others Commanders and leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1941 -- 45 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Chiang Kai - shek Winston Churchill John Curtin W.L. Mackenzie King Peter Fraser A.T. van S. Stachouwer Joseph Stalin Hirohito Hideki Tōjō Plaek Phibunsongkhram Strength 14,000,000 3,621,383 + ( 1945 ) 2,000,000 1,669,500 ( 1945 ) 600,000 400,000 140,000 7,800,000 -- 7,900,000 ( 1945 ) 126,500 , , and others : ~ 1,000,000 + ( 1945 ) Casualties and losses Military 4,000,000 + dead ( 1937 -- 45 ) Breakdown ( show ) Allied casualties 1937 -- 1945 : 3,237,000 + ( not including allied irregulars ) 584,267 425,588 235,000 140,000 100,000 + 68,612 + 45,841 20,000 + 753 578 + Civilian deaths 26,000,000 + ( 1937 -- 45 ) Military 2,500,000 + dead ( 1937 -- 45 ) Civilian deaths 1,000,000 + Including its islands and neighboring countries Partially and briefly Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese colonial campaigns Meiji period Korea ( 1894 -- 95 ) Liaodong Peninsula ( 1895 ) China ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Manchuria / Korea ( 1904 -- 05 ) Korea ( 1910 ) Taishō period Tsingtao ( 1914 ) Siberia ( 1918 -- 22 ) Shōwa period Manchuria ( 1931 -- 32 ) Soviet Union ( 1932 -- 39 ) China ( 1937 -- 45 ) Vietnam ( 1940 ) Thailand ( 1941 ) Asia - Pacific ( 1941 - 1945 ) History of Japan Periods ( show ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline The Pacific War , sometimes called the Asia - Pacific War , was the theater of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and Asia . It was fought over a vast area that included the Pacific Ocean and islands , the South West Pacific , South - East Asia , and in China ( including the 1945 Soviet -- Japanese conflict ) . The Second Sino - Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China had been in progress since 7 July 1937 , with hostilities dating back as far as 19 September 1931 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria . However , it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself began on 7 / 8 December 1941 , when Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong as well as the United States military and naval bases in Hawaii , Wake Island , Guam and the Philippines . The Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against Japan , the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by the Axis allied Germany and Italy . The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and other large aerial bomb attacks by the Allies , accompanied by the Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria on 9 August 1945 , resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945 . The formal surrender of Japan ceremony took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 . Japan 's Shinto Emperor was forced to relinquish much of his authority and his divine status through the Shinto Directive in order to pave the way for extensive cultural and political reforms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Names for the war 1.2 Participants 1.3 Theaters 2 Historical background 2.1 Conflict between China and Japan 2.2 Tensions between Japan and the West 2.3 Japanese preparations 3 Japanese offensives , 1941 -- 42 3.1 Attack on Pearl Harbor 3.2 South - East Asian campaigns of 1941 -- 42 3.3 Threat to Australia 4 Allies re-group , 1942 -- 43 4.1 Coral Sea 4.2 Midway 4.3 New Guinea and the Solomons 4.3. 1 Guadalcanal 4.4 Allied advances in New Guinea and the Solomons 5 Stalemate in China and Southeast Asia 5.1 China 1942 -- 1943 5.2 Burma 1942 -- 1943 6 Allied offensives , 1943 -- 44 6.1 Cairo Conference 6.2 Submarine warfare 7 Japanese counteroffensives in China , 1944 8 Japanese offensive in India , 1944 9 Beginning of the end in the Pacific , 1944 9.1 The Marianas and the Philippine Sea 9.2 Leyte Gulf , 1944 9.3 Philippines , 1944 -- 45 10 Final stages 10.1 Iwo Jima , February 1945 10.2 Allied offensives in Burma , 1944 -- 45 10.3 Borneo , 1945 10.4 China , 1945 10.5 Okinawa 10.6 Landings in the Japanese home islands 10.7 Atomic bombs 10.8 Soviet invasion of Manchuria 10.9 Surrender 11 Casualties 11.1 Allied 11.2 Axis 11.3 War crimes 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Names for the War ( edit ) Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Allied Commander - in - Chief in the China theatre from 1942 to 1945 In Allied countries during the war , the `` Pacific War '' was not usually distinguished from World War II in general , or was known simply as the War against Japan . In the United States , the term Pacific Theater was widely used , although this was a misnomer in relation to the British campaign in Burma , the war in China and other activities within the Southeast Asian Theater . Japan used the name Greater East Asia War ( 大東亜戦争 , Dai Tō - A Sensō ) , as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941 , to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China . This name was released to the public on 12 December , with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan -- China Incident ( 日支事変 , Nisshi Jihen ) into the Greater East Asia War . During the Allied military occupation of Japan ( 1945 -- 52 ) , these Japanese terms were prohibited in official documents , although their informal usage continued , and the war became officially known as the Pacific War ( 太平洋戦争 , Taiheiyō Sensō ) . In Japan , the Fifteen Years ' War ( 十五年戦争 , Jūgonen Sensō ) is also used , referring to the period from the Mukden Incident of 1931 through 1945 . Participants ( edit ) Political map of the Asia - Pacific region , 1939 Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek and General Joseph Stilwell , Allied Commander - in - Chief in the China theatre from 1942 -- 1945 The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand , which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941 , as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand . The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma , which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier . The official policy of the US government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis , and that the United States was not at war with Thailand . The policy of the US government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy , but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail , before being occupied by Japanese troops . Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis - occupied countries as Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Greece , Norway , Poland , and the Netherlands . Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang ( consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively ) , and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime ( which controlled the coastal regions of China ) . In preparation for the war against the United States , which would be decided at sea and in the air , Japan increased its naval budget as well as putting large formations of the Army and its attached air force under navy command . While formerly the IJA consumed the lion 's share of the state 's military budget due to the secondary role of the IJN in Japan 's campaign against China ( with a 73 / 27 split in 1940 ) , from 1942 to 1945 there would instead be a roughly 60 / 40 split in funds between the army and the navy . Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa ( Taiwan ) . To a small extent , some Vichy French , Indian National Army , and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War . Collaborationist units from Hong Kong ( reformed ex-colonial police ) , Philippines , Dutch East Indies ( the PETA ) and Dutch Guinea , British Malaya and British Borneo , Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina ( after the overthrow of Vichy French regime ) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts . Germany and Italy both had limited involvement in the Pacific War . The German and the Italian navies operated submarines and raiding ships in the Indian and Pacific Oceans . The Italians had access to `` concession territory '' naval bases in China , while the Germans did not . After Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent declarations of war , both navies had access to Japanese naval facilities . The major Allied participants were the United States , China , the United Kingdom ( including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc . ) , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands ( as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea ) , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council . Mexico , Free France and many other countries also took part , especially forces from other British colonies . The Soviet Union fought two short , undeclared border conflicts with Japan in 1938 and 1939 , then remained neutral until August 1945 , when it joined the Allies and invaded the territory of Manchukuo , China , Inner Mongolia , the Japanese protectorate of Korea and Japanese - claimed islands such as Sakhalin . Theaters ( edit ) The Pacific War Council as photographed on 12 October 1942 . Pictured are representatives from the United States ( seated ) , China , the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and the Philippine Commonwealth . Between 1942 and 1945 , there were four main areas of conflict in the Pacific War : China , the Central Pacific , South - East Asia and the South West Pacific . US sources refer to two theaters within the Pacific War : the Pacific theater and the China Burma India Theater ( CBI ) . However these were not operational commands . In the Pacific , the Allies divided operational control of their forces between two supreme commands , known as Pacific Ocean Areas and Southwest Pacific Area . In 1945 , for a brief period just before the Japanese surrender , the Soviet Union and its Mongolian ally engaged Japanese forces in Manchuria and northeast China . Historical background ( edit ) Conflict between China and Japan ( edit ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Chinese casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese aerial bombing of Chongqing By 1937 , Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China . The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full - scale war between China and Japan . The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan , and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops . In August 1937 , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and conducted the Nanking Massacre . In March 1938 , Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang . but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by the Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October . The Japanese achieved major military victories , but world opinion -- in particular in the United States -- condemned Japan , especially after the Panay incident . In 1939 , Japanese forces tried to push into the Soviet Far East from Manchuria . They were soundly defeated in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol by a mixed Soviet and Mongolian force led by Georgy Zhukov . This stopped Japanese expansion to the north , and Soviet aid to China ended as a result of the signing of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact at the beginning of its war against Germany . In September 1940 , Japan decided to cut China 's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina , which was controlled at the time by Vichy France . Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out , ending in a Japanese victory . On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy , becoming one of the three Axis Powers . In practice , there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944 , by which time the US was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence . The war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at Battle of Suixian -- Zaoyang , 1st Battle of Changsha , Battle of Kunlun Pass and Battle of Zaoyi . After these victories , Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 ; however , due to its low military - industrial capacity , it was repulsed by the Imperial Japanese Army in late March 1940 . In August 1940 , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted the `` Three Alls Policy '' ( `` Kill all , Burn all , Loot all '' ) in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate . Although Japan had occupied much of northern , central , and coastal China , the Nationalist Government had retreated to the interior with a provisional capital set up at Chungking while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi . In addition , Japanese control of northern and central China was somewhat tenuous , in that Japan was usually able to control railroads and the major cities ( `` points and lines '' ) , but did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside . The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line . Japan sponsored several puppet governments , one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei . However , its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population , of not yielding any real power to these regimes , and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai - shek . Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . Japanese strategic bombing efforts mostly targeted large Chinese cities such as Shanghai , Wuhan , and Chongqing , with around 5,000 raids from February 1938 to August 1943 in the later case . Japan 's strategic bombing campaigns devastated Chinese cities extensively , killing 260,000 -- 350,934 non-combatants . Tensions between Japan and the West ( edit ) From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were , because of their oil reserves , of considerable importance to Japan . By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indochina , Malaya , and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . Japanese troop build ups in Hainan , Taiwan , and Haiphong were noted , Imperial Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war , and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary . In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism , Western powers including Australia , the United States , Britain , and the Dutch government in exile , which controlled the petroleum - rich Dutch East Indies , stopped selling oil , iron ore , and steel to Japan , denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina . In Japan , the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression ; imported oil made up about 80 % of domestic consumption , without which Japan 's economy , let alone its military , would grind to a halt . The Japanese media , influenced by military propagandists , began to refer to the embargoes as the `` ABCD ( '' American - British - Chinese - Dutch `` ) encirclement '' or `` ABCD line '' . Faced with a choice between economic collapse and withdrawal from its recent conquests ( with its attendant loss of face ) , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters began planning for a war with the western powers in April or May 1941 . Japanese preparations ( edit ) Japan 's key objective during the initial part of the conflict was to seize economic resources in the Dutch East Indies and Malaya which offered Japan a way to escape the effects of the Allied embargo . This was known as the Southern Plan . It was also decided -- because of the close relationship between the UK and United States , and the belief the US would inevitably become involved -- Japan would also require taking the Philippines , Wake and Guam . Japanese planning was for fighting a limited war where Japan would seize key objectives and then establish a defensive perimeter to defeat Allied counterattacks , which in turn would lead to a negotiated peace . The attack on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , with carrier - based aircraft of the Combined Fleet was to give the Japanese time to complete a perimeter . The early period of the war was divided into two operational phases . The First Operational Phase was further divided into three separate parts in which the major objectives of the Philippines , British Malaya , Borneo , Burma , Rabaul and the Dutch East Indies would be occupied . The Second Operational Phase called for further expansion into the South Pacific by seizing eastern New Guinea , New Britain , Fiji , Samoa , and strategic points in the Australian area . In the Central Pacific , Midway was targeted as were the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific . Seizure of these key areas would provide defensive depth and deny the Allies staging areas from which to mount a counteroffensive . By November these plans were essentially complete , and were modified only slightly over the next month . Japanese military planners ' expectation of success rested on the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union being unable to effectively respond to a Japanese attack because of the threat posed to each by Germany ; the Soviet Union was even seen as unlikely to commence hostilities . The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the US was impossible ; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories , which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia . In fact , the Imperial GHQ noted , should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans , the attacks were to be canceled -- even if the order to attack had already been given . The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China ( 1894 -- 95 ) and Russia ( 1904 -- 05 ) , in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives , not by total conquest . They also planned , should the United States transfer its Pacific Fleet to the Philippines , to intercept and attack this fleet en route with the Combined Fleet , in keeping with all Japanese Navy prewar planning and doctrine . If the United States or Britain attacked first , the plans further stipulated the military were to hold their positions and wait for orders from GHQ . The planners noted attacking the Philippines and Malaya still had possibilities of success , even in the worst case of a combined preemptive attack including Soviet forces . Japanese offensives , 1941 -- 42 ( edit ) Following prolonged tensions between Japan and the Western powers , units of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army launched simultaneous surprise attacks on Australian , British , Dutch and US forces on 7 December ( 8 December in Asia / West Pacific time zones ) . The locations of this first wave of Japanese attacks included : Hawaii , Malaya , Kingdom of Sarawak , Guam , Wake Island , Hong Kong , and the Philippines . Japanese forces also simultaneously invaded southern and eastern Thailand and were resisted for several hours , before the Thai government signed an armistice with Japan . Attack on Pearl Harbor ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor USS Arizona burned for two days after being hit by a Japanese bomb in the attack on Pearl Harbor . In the early hours of 7 December ( Hawaiian time ) , Japan launched a major surprise carrier - based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning , which crippled the US Pacific Fleet , leaving eight American battleships out of action , 188 American aircraft destroyed , and 2,403 American citizens dead . At the time of the attack , the US was not officially at war anywhere in the world as the Japanese embassy failed to decipher and deliver the Japanese ultimatum to the American government before noon December 7 ( Washington time ) , which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status . The Japanese had gambled that the United States , when faced with such a sudden and massive blow , would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia . This gamble did not pay off . American losses were less serious than initially thought : The American aircraft carriers , which would prove to be more important than battleships , were at sea , and vital naval infrastructure ( fuel oil tanks , shipyard facilities , and a power station ) , submarine base , and signals intelligence units were unscathed . Japan 's fallback strategy , relying on a war of attrition to make the US come to terms , was beyond the IJN 's capabilities . Before the attack on Pearl Harbor , the 800,000 - member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict , even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend - Lease program . Opposition to war in the US vanished after the attack . On 8 December , the United States , the United Kingdom , Canada , and the Netherlands declared war on Japan , followed by China and Australia the next day . Four days after Pearl Harbor , Germany and Italy declared war on the United States , drawing the country into a two - theater war . This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder , as it abrogated both the benefit Germany gained by Japan 's distraction of the US and the reduction in aid to Britain , which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation , which would otherwise have resulted . South - East Asian campaigns of 1941 -- 42 ( edit ) HMS Prince of Wales ( left , front ) and HMS Repulse ( left , rear ) under attack by Japanese aircraft . A destroyer is in the foreground . British , Australian , and Dutch forces , already drained of personnel and matériel by two years of war with Germany , and heavily committed in the Middle East , North Africa , and elsewhere , were unable to provide much more than token resistance to the battle - hardened Japanese . The Allies suffered many disastrous defeats in the first six months of the war . Two major British warships , HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales , were sunk by a Japanese air attack off Malaya on 10 December 1941 . Thailand , with its territory already serving as a springboard for the Malayan Campaign , surrendered within 5 hours of the Japanese invasion . The government of Thailand formally allied with Japan on 21 December . To the south , the Imperial Japanese Army had seized the British colony of Penang on 19 December , encountering little resistance . Hong Kong was attacked on 8 December and fell on 25 December 1941 , with Canadian forces and the Royal Hong Kong Volunteers playing an important part in the defense . American bases on Guam and Wake Island were lost at around the same time . Following the Declaration by United Nations ( the first official use of the term United Nations ) on 1 January 1942 , the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to American - British - Dutch - Australian Command ( ABDACOM ) , a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia . This gave Wavell nominal control of a huge force , albeit thinly spread over an area from Burma to the Philippines to northern Australia . Other areas , including India , Hawaii , and the rest of Australia remained under separate local commands . On 15 January , Wavell moved to Bandung in Java to assume control of ABDACOM . Japanese battleships Yamashiro , Fusō and Haruna ( more distant ) In January , Japan invaded Burma , the Dutch East Indies , New Guinea , the Solomon Islands and captured Manila , Kuala Lumpur and Rabaul . After being driven out of Malaya , Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore , but were forced to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 ; about 130,000 Indian , British , Australian and Dutch personnel became prisoners of war . The pace of conquest was rapid : Bali and Timor also fell in February . The rapid collapse of Allied resistance left the `` ABDA area '' split in two . Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February , handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of Commander - in - Chief , India . The Bombing of Darwin , Australia , 19 February 1942 Meanwhile , Japanese aircraft had all but eliminated Allied air power in Southeast Asia and were making attacks on northern Australia , beginning with a psychologically devastating but militarily insignificant attack on the city of Darwin on 19 February , which killed at least 243 people . At the Battle of the Java Sea in late - February and early - March , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) inflicted a resounding defeat on the main ABDA naval force , under Admiral Karel Doorman . The Dutch East Indies campaign subsequently ended with the surrender of Allied forces on Java and Sumatra . In March and April , a powerful IJN carrier force launched a raid into the Indian Ocean . British Royal Navy bases in Ceylon were hit and the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes and other Allied ships were sunk . The attack forced the Royal Navy to withdraw to the western part of the Indian Ocean . This paved the way for a Japanese assault on Burma and India . Surrender of US forces at Corregidor , Philippines , May 1942 In Burma , the British , under intense pressure , made a fighting retreat from Rangoon to the Indo - Burmese border . This cut the Burma Road , which was the western Allies ' supply line to the Chinese Nationalists . In March 1942 , the Chinese Expeditionary Force started to attack Japanese forces in northern Burma . On 16 April , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division , led by Sun Li - jen . Cooperation between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists had waned from its zenith at the Battle of Wuhan , and the relationship between the two had gone sour as both attempted to expand their areas of operation in occupied territories . The Japanese exploited this lack of unity to press ahead in their offensives . Filipino and US forces resisted in the Philippines until 8 May 1942 , when more than 80,000 soldiers were ordered to surrender . By this time , General Douglas MacArthur , who had been appointed Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific , had been withdrawn to Australia . The US Navy , under Admiral Chester Nimitz , had responsibility for the rest of the Pacific Ocean . This divided command had unfortunate consequences for the commerce war , and consequently , the war itself . Threat to Australia ( edit ) In late 1941 , as the Japanese struck at Pearl Harbor , most of Australia 's best forces were committed to the fight against Hitler in the Mediterranean Theatre . Australia was ill - prepared for an attack , lacking armaments , modern fighter aircraft , heavy bombers , and aircraft carriers . While still calling for reinforcements from Churchill , the Australian Prime Minister John Curtin called for American support with a historic announcement on 27 December 1941 : The Australian Government ... regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies ' fighting plan . Without inhibitions of any kind , I make it clear that Australia looks to America , free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom . -- Prime Minister John Curtin Dutch and Australian PoWs at Tarsau , in Thailand in 1943 . 22,000 Australians were captured by the Japanese ; 8,000 died as prisoners of war . Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and Fall of Singapore in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war . Curtin predicted the `` battle for Australia '' would now follow . The Japanese established a major base in the Australian Territory of New Guinea in early 1942 . On 19 February , Darwin suffered a devastating air raid , the first time the Australian mainland had been attacked . Over the following 19 months , Australia was attacked from the air almost 100 times . US General Douglas MacArthur , Commander of Allied forces in the South - West Pacific Area , with Australian Prime Minister John Curtin Two battle - hardened Australian divisions were steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore . Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma , but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia . In early 1942 elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed an invasion of Australia . The Imperial Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in favour of a policy of isolating Australia from the United States via blockade by advancing through the South Pacific . The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby , capital of the Australian Territory of Papua which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft . President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942 . Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur who became Supreme Commander , South West Pacific . MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia . Enemy naval activity reached Sydney in late May 1942 , when Japanese midget submarines launched a daring raid on Sydney Harbour . On 8 June 1942 , two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney 's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle . Allies re-group , 1942 -- 43 ( edit ) Japanese advance until mid-1942 In early 1942 , the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia - Pacific war council , based in Washington , D.C. A council was established in London , with a subsidiary body in Washington . However , the smaller powers continued to push for an American - based body . The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington , on 1 April 1942 , with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , his key advisor Harry Hopkins , and representatives from Britain , China , Australia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and Canada . Representatives from India and the Philippines were later added . The council never had any direct operational control , and any decisions it made were referred to the US -- UK Combined Chiefs of Staff , which was also in Washington . Allied resistance , at first symbolic , gradually began to stiffen . Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor . American troops marching through snow and ice during the Battle of Attu Having accomplished their objectives during the First Operation Phase with ease , the Japanese now turned to the second . The Second Operational Phase planned to expand Japan 's strategic depth by adding eastern New Guinea , New Britain , the Aleutians , Midway , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , and strategic points in the Australian area . However , the Naval General Staff , the Combined Fleet , and the Imperial Army , all had different strategies on the next sequence of operations . The Naval General Staff advocated an advance to the south to seize parts of Australia . However , with large numbers of troops still engaged in China combined with those stationed in Manchuria facing the Soviet Union , the Imperial Japanese Army declined to contribute the forces necessary for such an operation , this quickly led to the abandonment of the concept . The Naval General Staff still wanted to cut the sea links between Australia and the United States by capturing New Caledonia , Fiji , and Samoa . Since this required far fewer troops , on March 13 the Naval General Staff and the Army agreed to operations with the goal of capturing Fiji and Samoa . The Second Operational Phase began well when Lae and Salamaua , located in eastern New Guinea , were captured on March 8 . However , on March 10 , American carrier aircraft attacked the invasion forces and inflicted considerable losses . The raid had major operational implications since it forced the Japanese to stop their advance in the South Pacific , until the Combined Fleet provided the means to protect future operations from American carrier attack . Concurrently , the Doolittle Raid occurred in April 1942 , where 16 bombers took off from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet , 600 miles ( 970 km ) from Japan . The raid inflicted minimal material damage on Japanese soil but was a huge morale boost for the United States , it also had major psychological repercussions in Japan , in exposing the vulnerabilities of the Japanese homeland . As the raid was mounted by a carrier task force , it consequently highlighted to the dangers the Japanese home islands could face until the destruction of the American carrier forces was achieved . With only Marcus Island and a line of converted trawlers patrolling the vast waters that separate Wake and Kamchatka , the Japanese east coast was left open to attack . Admiral Yamamoto now perceived that was it was essential to complete the destruction of the United States Navy , which had begun at Pearl Harbor . His proposal to achieve this was by attacking and occupying Midway Atoll an objective , which he assessed , the Americans would sure be certain to fight for as they would be forced to contest a Japanese invasion there since it was close enough to Hawaii . During a series of meetings held from April 2 - 5 , between the Naval General Staff and representatives of the Combined Fleet reached a compromise . Yamamoto got his Midway operation , but only after he had threatened to resign . In return , however , Yamamoto had to agree to two demands from the Naval General Staff both of which had implications for the Midway operation . In order to cover the offensive in the South Pacific , Yamamoto agreed to allocate one carrier division to the operation against Port Moresby . Yamamoto also agreed to include an attack to seize strategic points in the Aleutian Islands simultaneously with the Midway operation , these were enough to remove the Japanese margin of superiority in the coming Midway attack . Coral Sea ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Coral Sea The aircraft carrier USS Lexington explodes on 8 May 1942 , several hours after being damaged by a Japanese carrier air attack . The attack on Port Moresby was codenamed the MO Operation and was divided into several parts or phases . In the first , Tulagi would be occupied on May 3 , the carriers would then conduct a wide sweep through the Coral Sea to find and attack and destroy Allied naval forces , with the landings conducted to capture Port Moresby scheduled for May 10 . The MO Operation featured a force of 60 ships led by the two carriers : Shōkaku and Zuikaku , one light carrier ( Shōhō ) , six heavy cruisers , three light cruisers , and 15 destroyers . Additionally , some 250 aircraft were assigned to the operation including 140 aboard the three carriers . However , the actual battle did not go according to plan , although Tulagi was seized on May 3 , the following day , aircraft from the American carrier Yorktown struck the invasion force . The element of surprise , which had present at Pearl Harbor , was now lost due to the success of Allied codebreakers who had discovered the attack would be against Port Moresby . From the Allied point of view if Port Moresby fell , the Japanese would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country . An Allied task force under the command of Admiral Fletcher , with the carriers USS Lexington and USS Yorktown was assembled to stop the Japanese advance . For the next two days , both the American and Japanese carrier forces tried unsuccessfully to locate each other . On May 7 , the Japanese carriers launched a full strike on a contact reported to be enemy carriers , the report though turned out to be false . The strike force found and struck only an oiler , the Neosho and the destroyer Sims . The American carriers also launched a strike with incomplete reconnaissance , instead of finding the main Japanese carrier force , they only located and sank the Shōhō . On May 8 , the opposing carrier forces finally found each other and exchanged air strikes . The 69 aircraft from the two Japanese carriers succeeded in sinking the carrier Lexington and damaging Yorktown , in return the Americans damaged the Shōkaku . Although Zuikaku was the left undamaged , aircraft and personnel losses to Zuikaku were heavy and the Japanese were unable to support a landing on Port Moresby . As a result , the MO Operation was cancelled , and the Japanese were subsequently forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia . Although they managed to sink a carrier , the battle was a disaster for the Japanese . Not only was the attack on Port Moresby halted , which constituted the first strategic Japanese setback of the war , but all three carriers that were committed to the battle would now be unavailable for the operation against Midway . The Battle of the Coral Sea was the first naval battle fought in which ships involved never sighted each other , with attacks solely by aircraft . After Coral Sea , the Japanese had four fleet carriers operational -- Sōryū , Kaga , Akagi and Hiryū -- and believed that the Americans had a maximum of two -- Enterprise and Hornet . Saratoga was out of action , undergoing repair after a torpedo attack , while Yorktown had been damaged at Coral Sea and was believed by Japanese naval intelligence to have been sunk . She would , in fact , sortie for Midway after just three days ' of repairs to her flight deck , with civilian work crews still aboard , in time to be present for the next decisive engagement . Midway ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Midway Hiryū under attack by B - 17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers Admiral Yamamoto viewed the operation against Midway as the potentially decisive battle of the war which could would lead to the destruction of American strategic power in the Pacific , and subsequently open the door for a negotiated peace settlement with the United States , favorable to Japan . For the operation , the Japanese had only four carriers ; Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū and Hiryū . Through strategic and tactical surprise , the Japanese would knock out Midway 's air strength and soften it for a landing by 5,000 troops . After the quick capture of the island , the Combined Fleet would lay the basis for the most important part of the operation . Yamamoto hoped that the attack would lure the Americans into a trap , Midway was to be bait for the USN which would depart Pearl Harbor to counterattack after Midway had been captured . When the Americans arrived , he would concentrate his scattered forces to defeat them . An important aspect of the scheme was Operation AL , which was the plan to seize two islands in the Aleutians , concurrently with the attack on Midway . Contradictory to persistent myth , the Aleutian operation was not a diversion to draw American forces from Midway , the Japanese wanted the Americans to be drawn to Midway , rather than away from it . However , in May , Allied codebreakers discovered the planned attack on Midway . Yamamoto 's complex plan had no provision for intervention by the American fleet before the Japanese had expected them . Planned surveillance of the American fleet in Pearl Harbor by long - ranged seaplane did not happen as a result of an abortive identical operation in March . Planned detection of the American departure by submarine patrol line faltered on their late departure , a product of Nagumo 's hasty sortie . The battle began on June 3 , when American aircraft from Midway spotted and attacked the Japanese transport group 700 miles ( 1,100 km ) west of the atoll . On June 4 , the Japanese launched a 108 - aircraft strike on the island , the attackers brushing aside Midway 's defending fighters but failing to deliver a decisive blow to the island 's facilities . Most importantly , the strike aircraft based on Midway had already departed to attack the Japanese carriers , which had been spotted . This information was passed to the three American carriers and a total of 116 carrier aircraft , in addition to those from Midway , were on their way to attack the Japanese . The aircraft from Midway attacked , but failed to score a single hit on the Japanese . In the middle of these uncoordinated attacks , a Japanese scout aircraft reported the presence of an American task force , but it was not until later that the presence of an American carrier was confirmed . Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo , was put in a difficult tactical situation in which he had to counter continuous American air attacks and prepare to recover his Midway strike , while deciding whether to mount an immediate strike on the American carrier or wait to prepare a proper attack . After quick deliberation , he opted for a delayed but better - prepared attack on the American task force after recovering his Midway strike and properly arming aircraft . However , beginning at 10.22 am , American SBD Dauntlesses surprised and successfully attacked three of the Japanese carriers . With their decks laden with fully fueled and armed aircraft , Sōryū , Kaga , and Akagi were turned into blazing wrecks . A Japanese single carrier , Hiryū , remained operational , and launched an immediate counterattack . Both of her attacks hit Yorktown and put her out of action . Later in the afternoon , aircraft from the two remaining American carriers found and destroyed Hiryū . The crippled Yorktown , along with the destroyer Hammann , were both sunk by the Japanese submarine I - 168 . With the striking power of the Kido Butai having been destroyed , Japan 's offensive power was blunted . Early on the morning of June 5 , with the battle lost , the Japanese cancelled the Midway operation and the initiative in the Pacific was in the balance . Although losing four carriers , Parshall and Tully note losses at Midway did not radically degrade the fighting capabilities of Japanese naval aviation as a whole . New Guinea and the solomons ( edit ) Main articles : New Guinea campaign and Solomon Islands campaign Japanese land forces continued to advance in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea . From July 1942 , a few Australian reserve battalions , many of them very young and untrained , fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea , against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track , towards Port Moresby , over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges . The militia , worn out and severely depleted by casualties , were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force , returning from action in the Mediterranean theater . In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay , near the eastern tip of New Guinea . They were beaten back by Allied ( primarily Australian Army ) forces . Guadalcanal ( edit ) Main article : Guadalcanal Campaign US Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign in November 1942 . At the same time as major battles raged in New Guinea , Allied forces identified a Japanese airfield under construction at Guadalcanal . Sixteen thousand Allied infantry , primarily US Marines , made an amphibious landing to capture the airfield in August . With Japanese and Allied forces occupying various parts of the island , over the following six months both sides poured resources into an escalating battle of attrition on land , at sea , and in the sky . Most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal . Many were lost in numerous engagements with the Allied air forces based at Henderson Field as well as carrier based aircraft . Meanwhile , Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended US positions around Henderson Field , in which they suffered appalling casualties . To sustain these offensives , resupply was carried out by Japanese convoys , termed the `` Tokyo Express '' by the Allies . The convoys often faced night battles with enemy naval forces in which they expended destroyers that the IJN could ill - afford to lose . Later fleet battles involving heavier ships and even daytime carrier battles resulted in a stretch of water near Guadalcanal becoming known as `` Ironbottom Sound '' from the multitude of ships sunk on both sides . However , the Allies were much better able to replace these losses . Finally recognizing that the campaign to recapture Henderson Field and secure Guadalcanal had simply become too costly to continue , the Japanese evacuated the island and withdrew in February 1943 . In the six month war of attrition , the Japanese had lost as a result of failing to commit enough forces in sufficient time . Allied advances in New Guinea and the solomons ( edit ) Australian commandos in New Guinea during July 1943 By late 1942 , Japanese headquarters decided to make Guadalcanal their priority . They ordered the Japanese on the Kokoda Track , within sight of the lights of Port Moresby , to retreat to the northeastern coast of New Guinea . Australian and US forces attacked their fortified positions and after more than two months of fighting in the Buna -- Gona area finally captured the key Japanese beachhead in early 1943 . In June 1943 , the Allies launched Operation Cartwheel , which defined their offensive strategy in the South Pacific . The operation was aimed at isolating the major Japanese forward base at Rabaul and cutting its supply and communication lines . This prepared the way for Nimitz 's island - hopping campaign towards Japan . Stalemate in China and Southeast Asia ( edit ) China 1942 -- 1943 ( edit ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Chinese troops during the Battle of Changde in November 1943 In mainland China , the Japanese 3rd , 6th , and 40th Divisions , a grand total of around 120,000 troops , massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns , attempting again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha . In January 1942 , Chinese forces scored a victory at Changsha , the first Allied success against Japan . After the Doolittle Raid , the Japanese army conducted the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign , with the goal of searching out the surviving American airmen , applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them , and destroying air bases . This operation started on 15 May 1942 with 40 infantry and 15 -- 16 artillery battalions , but was repelled by Chinese forces in September . During this campaign , the Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and also spread cholera , typhoid , plague and dysentery pathogens . Chinese estimates put the death toll at 250,000 civilians . Around 1,700 Japanese troops died , out of a total 10,000 who fell ill when their biological weapons rebounded on their own forces . On 2 November 1943 , Isamu Yokoyama , commander of the Imperial Japanese 11th Army , deployed the 39th , 58th , 13th , 3rd , 116th and 68th Divisions , a total of around 100,000 troops , to attack Changde of China . During the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly campaign of attrition . Although the Imperial Japanese Army initially successfully captured the city , the Chinese 57th Division was able to pin them down long enough for reinforcements to arrive and encircle the Japanese . The Chinese then cut Japanese supply lines , provoking a retreat and Chinese pursuit . During the battle , Japan used chemical weapons . Burma 1942 -- 1943 ( edit ) Main article : Burma Campaign 1942 -- 1943 In the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of Burma , there was widespread disorder and pro-Independence agitation in eastern India and a disastrous famine in Bengal , which ultimately caused up to 3 million deaths . In spite of these , and inadequate lines of communication , British and Indian forces attempted limited counter-attacks in Burma in early 1943 . An offensive in Arakan failed , ignominiously in the view of some senior officers , while a long distance raid mounted by the Chindits under Brigadier Orde Wingate suffered heavy losses , but was publicized to bolster Allied morale . It also provoked the Japanese to mount major offensives themselves the following year . In August 1943 the Allies formed a new South East Asia Command ( SEAC ) to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the British India Command , under Wavell . In October 1943 Winston Churchill appointed Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as its Supreme Commander . The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to face the Japanese in Burma . Under Lieutenant General William Slim , its training , morale and health greatly improved . The American General Joseph Stilwell , who also was deputy commander to Mountbatten and commanded US forces in the China Burma India Theater , directed aid to China and prepared to construct the Ledo Road to link India and China by land . Allied offensives , 1943 -- 44 ( edit ) The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theaters : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference in 1943 Allied attack routes against the Empire of Japan Midway proved to be the last great naval battle for two years . The United States used the ensuing period to turn its vast industrial potential into increased numbers of ships , planes , and trained aircrew . At the same time , Japan , lacking an adequate industrial base or technological strategy , a good aircrew training program , or adequate naval resources and commerce defense , fell further and further behind . In strategic terms the Allies began a long movement across the Pacific , seizing one island base after another . Not every Japanese stronghold had to be captured ; some , like Truk , Rabaul , and Formosa , were neutralized by air attack and bypassed . The goal was to get close to Japan itself , then launch massive strategic air attacks , improve the submarine blockade , and finally ( only if necessary ) execute an invasion . In November 1943 US Marines sustained high casualties when they overwhelmed the 4,500 - strong garrison at Tarawa . This helped the Allies to improve the techniques of amphibious landings , learning from their mistakes and implementing changes such as thorough pre-emptive bombings and bombardment , more careful planning regarding tides and landing craft schedules , and better overall coordination . The US Navy did not seek out the Japanese fleet for a decisive battle , as Mahanian doctrine would suggest ( and as Japan hoped ) ; the Allied advance could only be stopped by a Japanese naval attack , which oil shortages ( induced by submarine attack ) made impossible . Cairo Conference ( edit ) On 22 November 1943 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and ROC Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , met in Cairo , Egypt , to discuss a strategy to defeat Japan . The meeting was also known as the Cairo Conference and concluded with the Cairo Declaration . Submarine warfare ( edit ) Main article : Allied submarines in the Pacific War US submarines , as well as some British and Dutch vessels , operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines ( 1941 -- 42 ) ; Fremantle and Brisbane , Australia ; Pearl Harbor ; Trincomalee , Ceylon ; Midway ; and later Guam , played a major role in defeating Japan , even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies -- less than two percent in the case of the US Navy . Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet , intercepting many troop transports , and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations . By early 1945 , Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded . The Japanese military claimed its defenses sank 468 Allied submarines during the war . In reality , only 42 American submarines were sunk in the Pacific due to hostile action , with 10 others lost in accidents or as the result of friendly fire . The Dutch lost five submarines due to Japanese attack or minefields , and the British lost three . The torpedoed Yamakaze , as seen through the periscope of an American submarine , Nautilus , in June 1942 American submarines accounted for 56 % of the Japanese merchantmen sunk ; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest . American submariners also claimed 28 % of Japanese warships destroyed . Furthermore , they played important reconnaissance roles , as at the battles of the Philippine Sea ( June 1944 ) and Leyte Gulf ( October 1944 ) ( and , coincidentally , at Midway in June 1942 ) , when they gave accurate and timely warning of the approach of the Japanese fleet . Submarines also rescued hundreds of downed fliers , including future US president George H.W. Bush . Allied submarines did not adopt a defensive posture and wait for the enemy to attack . Within hours of the Pearl Harbor attack , in retribution against Japan , Roosevelt promulgated a new doctrine : unrestricted submarine warfare against Japan . This meant sinking any warship , commercial vessel , or passenger ship in Axis - controlled waters , without warning and without aiding survivors . At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific , the Dutch admiral in charge of the naval defense of the East Indies , Conrad Helfrich , gave instructions to wage war aggressively . His small force of submarines sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and US navies together , an exploit which earned him the nickname `` Ship - a-day Helfrich '' . While Japan had a large number of submarines , they did not make a significant impact on the war . In 1942 , the Japanese fleet submarines performed well , knocking out or damaging many Allied warships . However , Imperial Japanese Navy ( and pre-war US ) doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles , not guerre de course ( commerce raiding ) could win naval campaigns . So , while the US had an unusually long supply line between its west coast and frontline areas , leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack , Japan used its submarines primarily for long - range reconnaissance and only occasionally attacked US supply lines . The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little . As the war turned against Japan , IJN submarines increasingly served to resupply strongholds which had been cut off , such as Truk and Rabaul . In addition , Japan honored its neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union and ignored American freighters shipping millions of tons of military supplies from San Francisco to Vladivostok , much to the consternation of its German ally . The I - 400 class , the largest non-nuclear submarines ever constructed The US Navy , by contrast , relied on commerce raiding from the outset . However , the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines , during the early part of 1942 , led to diversion of boats to `` guerrilla submarine '' missions . Basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas , reducing their effectiveness , and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of enemy bases . Furthermore , the standard - issue Mark 14 torpedo and its Mark VI exploder both proved defective , problems which were not corrected until September 1943 . Worst of all , before the war , an uninformed US Customs officer had seized a copy of the Japanese merchant marine code ( called the `` maru code '' in the USN ) , not knowing that the Office of Naval Intelligence ( ONI ) had broken it . The Japanese promptly changed it , and the new code was not broken again by OP - 20 - G until 1943 . Thus , only in 1944 did the US Navy begin to use its 150 submarines to maximum effect : installing effective shipboard radar , replacing commanders deemed lacking in aggression , and fixing the faults in the torpedoes . Japanese commerce protection was `` shiftless beyond description , '' and convoys were poorly organized and defended compared to Allied ones , a product of flawed IJN doctrine and training -- errors concealed by American faults as much as Japanese overconfidence . The number of American submarines patrols ( and sinkings ) rose steeply : 350 patrols ( 180 ships sunk ) in 1942 , 350 ( 335 ) in 1943 , and 520 ( 603 ) in 1944 . By 1945 , sinkings of Japanese vessels had decreased because so few targets dared to venture out on the high seas . In all , Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 merchant ships -- about five million tons of shipping . Most were small cargo carriers , but 124 were tankers bringing desperately needed oil from the East Indies . Another 320 were passenger ships and troop transports . At critical stages of the Guadalcanal , Saipan , and Leyte campaigns , thousands of Japanese troops were killed or diverted from where they were needed . Over 200 warships were sunk , ranging from many auxiliaries and destroyers to one battleship and no fewer than eight carriers . Underwater warfare was especially dangerous ; of the 16,000 Americans who went out on patrol , 3,500 ( 22 % ) never returned , the highest casualty rate of any American force in World War II . The Joint Army -- Navy Assessment Committee assessed US submarine credits . The Japanese losses , 130 submarines in all , were higher . Japanese counteroffensives in China , 1944 ( edit ) Main article : Operation Ichi - Go In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi - Go , their largest offensive of World War II , with the goal of connecting Japanese - controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based . During this time , about 250,000 newly American - trained Chinese troops under Joseph Stilwell and Chinese expeditionary force were forcibly locked in the Burmese theater by the terms of the Lend - Lease Agreement . Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties , these attacks , the biggest in several years , gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi . Despite major tactical victories , the operation overall failed to provide Japan with any significant strategic gains . A great majority of the Chinese forces were able to retreat out of the area , and later come back to attack Japanese positions at the Battle of West Hunan . Japan was not any closer to defeating China after this operation , and the constant defeats the Japanese suffered in the Pacific meant that Japan never got the time and resources needed to achieve final victory over China . Operation Ichi - go created a great sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected . Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi - go . Japanese offensive in India , 1944 ( edit ) Main article : Burma Campaign 1944 Chinese forces on M3A3 Stuart tanks on the Ledo Road British Indian troops during the Battle of Imphal After the Allied setbacks in 1943 , the South East Asia command prepared to launch offensives into Burma on several fronts . In the first months of 1944 , the Chinese and American troops of the Northern Combat Area Command ( NCAC ) , commanded by the American Joseph Stilwell , began extending the Ledo Road from India into northern Burma , while the XV Corps began an advance along the coast in the Arakan Province . In February 1944 the Japanese mounted a local counter-attack in the Arakan . After early Japanese success , this counter-attack was defeated when the Indian divisions of XV Corps stood firm , relying on aircraft to drop supplies to isolated forward units until reserve divisions could relieve them . The Japanese responded to the Allied attacks by launching an offensive of their own into India in the middle of March , across the mountainous and densely forested frontier . This attack , codenamed Operation U-Go , was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi , the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army ; Imperial General Headquarters permitted it to proceed , despite misgivings at several intervening headquarters . Although several units of the British Fourteenth Army had to fight their way out of encirclement , by early April they had concentrated around Imphal in Manipur state . A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal , but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima . During April , the Japanese attacks against Imphal failed , while fresh Allied formations drove the Japanese from the positions they had captured at Kohima . As many Japanese had feared , Japan 's supply arrangements could not maintain her forces . Once Mutaguchi 's hopes for an early victory were thwarted , his troops , particularly those at Kohima , starved . During May , while Mutaguchi continued to order attacks , the Allies advanced southwards from Kohima and northwards from Imphal . The two Allied attacks met on 22 June , breaking the Japanese siege of Imphal . The Japanese finally broke off the operation on 3 July . They had lost over 50,000 troops , mainly to starvation and disease . This represented the worst defeat suffered by the Imperial Japanese Army to that date . Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal , the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma , aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication . In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded northern Burma from Yunnan . They captured a fortified position at Mount Song . By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon rains , the NCAC had secured a vital airfield at Myitkyina ( August 1944 ) , which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over `` The Hump '' . Beginning of the end in the Pacific , 1944 ( edit ) The Marianas and the Philippine Sea ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Saipan and Battle of the Philippine Sea The Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku and two destroyers under attack in the Battle of the Philippine Sea On 15 June 1944 , 535 ships began landing 128,000 US Army and Marine Corps personnel on the island of Saipan in the Northern Marianas . The Allies aimed to establish airfields near enough the Japanese Home Islands , including Honshu , the location of Tokyo , to allow their bombing with the new Boeing B - 29 Superfortress . The ability to plan and execute such a complex operation in the space of 90 days was indicative of Allied logistical superiority . Japanese commanders saw holding Saipan as imperative . The only way to do so involved destroying the U.S. Fifth Fleet , which had 15 fleet carriers and 956 planes , 7 battleships , 28 submarines , and 69 destroyers , as well as several light and heavy cruisers . Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa attacked with nine - tenths of Japan 's fighting fleet , which included nine carriers with 473 planes , 5 battleships , several cruisers , and 28 destroyers . Ozawa 's pilots were outnumbered 2 : 1 and their aircraft were becoming or were already obsolete . The Japanese had considerable antiaircraft defenses but lacked proximity fuzes or good radar . With the odds against him , Ozawa devised an appropriate strategy . His planes had greater range because they were not weighed down with protective armor ; they could attack at about 480 km ( 300 mi ) , and could search a radius of 900 km ( 560 mi ) . U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters could attack only within 200 miles ( 320 km ) and search only within a 325 - mile ( 523 km ) radius . Ozawa planned to use this advantage by positioning his fleet 300 miles ( 480 km ) out . The Japanese planes would hit the U.S. carriers , land at Guam to refuel , then hit the enemy again when returning to their carriers . Ozawa also counted on about 500 land - based planes at Guam and other islands . Admiral Raymond A. Spruance had overall command of the U.S. Fifth Fleet . The Japanese plan would have failed if the much larger U.S. fleet had closed on Ozawa and attacked aggressively ; Ozawa correctly inferred Spruance would not attack . U.S. Admiral Marc Mitscher , in tactical command of Task Force 58 , with its 15 carriers , was aggressive , but Spruance vetoed Mitscher 's plan to hunt down Ozawa because Spruance 's orders made protecting the landings on Saipan his first priority . Marines fire captured mountain gun during the attack on Garapan , Saipan , 21 June 1944 . The forces converged in the largest sea - battle of World War II up to that point - the Battle of the Philippine Sea ( 19 -- 20 June 1944 ) . Over the previous month American destroyers had destroyed 17 of 25 submarines out of Ozawa 's screening force . Repeated US raids destroyed the Japanese land - based planes . Ozawa 's main attack lacked coordination , with the Japanese planes arriving at their targets in a staggered sequence . Following a directive from Nimitz , the US carriers all had combat - information centers , which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the Hellcats . The result was later dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot . The few attackers to reach the US fleet encountered massive AA fire with proximity fuzes . Only one American warship was slightly damaged . On the second day , US reconnaissance planes located Ozawa 's fleet , 275 miles ( 443 km ) away , and submarines sank two Japanese carriers . Mitscher launched 230 torpedo planes and dive bombers . He then discovered the enemy was actually another 60 miles ( 97 km ) further off , out of aircraft range ( based on a roundtrip flight ) . Mitscher decided this chance to destroy the Japanese fleet was worth the risk of aircraft losses due to running out of fuel on the return flight . Overall , the US lost 130 planes and 76 aircrew ; however , Japan lost 450 planes , three carriers , and 445 aircrew . US aircraft had effectively destroyed the Imperial Japanese Navy 's carrier force . A month after the invasion of Saipan , the US recaptured Guam and captured Tinian . Once captured , the islands of Saipan and Tinian were used extensively by the United States military as they finally put mainland Japan within round - trip range of American B - 29 bombers . In response , Japanese forces attacked the bases on Saipan and Tinian from November 1944 to January 1945 . At the same time and afterwards , the United States Army Air Forces based out of these islands conducted an intense strategic bombing campaign against the Japanese cities of military and industrial importance , including Tokyo , Nagoya , Osaka , Kobe and others . Leyte Gulf , 1944 ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Leyte Gulf The Battle of Leyte Gulf was arguably the largest naval battle in history and was the largest naval battle of World War II . It was a series of four distinct engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte from 23 to 26 October 1944 . Leyte Gulf featured the largest battleships ever built , was the last time in history that battleships engaged each other , and was also notable as the first time that kamikaze aircraft were used . Allied victory in the Philippine Sea established Allied air and sea superiority in the western Pacific . Nimitz favored blockading the Philippines and landing on Formosa . This would give the Allies control of the sea routes to Japan from southern Asia , cutting off substantial Japanese garrisons . MacArthur favored an invasion of the Philippines , which also lay across the supply lines to Japan . Roosevelt adjudicated in favor of the Philippines . Meanwhile , Japanese Combined Fleet Chief Toyoda Soemu prepared four plans to cover all Allied offensive scenarios . On 12 October Nimitz launched a carrier raid against Formosa to make sure that planes based there could not intervene in the landings on Leyte . Toyoda put Plan Sho - 2 into effect , launching a series of air attacks against the US carriers . However the Japanese lost 600 planes in three days , leaving them without air cover . The four engagements in the Battle of Leyte Gulf Sho - 1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburō Ozawa 's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the US 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces , which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces : V. Adm. Takeo Kurita 's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attack the landing forces ; R. Adm. Shōji Nishimura 's force and V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima 's force would act as mobile strike forces . The plan was likely to result in the destruction of one or more of the Japanese forces , but Toyoda justified it by saying that there would be no sense in saving the fleet and losing the Philippines . Kurita 's `` Center Force '' consisted of five battleships , 12 cruisers and 13 destroyers . It included the two largest battleships ever built : Yamato and Musashi . As they passed Palawan Island after midnight on 23 October the force was spotted , and US submarines sank two cruisers . On 24 October , as Kurita 's force entered the Sibuyan Sea , USS Intrepid and USS Cabot launched 260 planes , which scored hits on several ships . A second wave of planes scored many direct hits on Musashi . A third wave , from USS Enterprise and USS Franklin hit Musashi with 11 bombs and eight torpedoes . Kurita retreated but in the evening turned around to head for San Bernardino Strait . Musashi sank at about 19 : 30 . Meanwhile , V. Adm. Onishi Takijiro had directed his First Air Fleet , 80 land - based planes , against US carriers , whose planes were attacking airfields on Luzon . The carrier USS Princeton was hit by an armor - piercing bomb and suffered a major explosion which killed 108 crew ( out of 1,569 ) and 233 on the cruiser USS Birmingham which was fire - fighting alongside . Princeton sank , and Birmingham was forced to retire . Nishimura 's force consisted of two battleships , one cruiser and four destroyers . Because they were observing radio silence , Nishimura was unable to synchronize with Shima and Kurita . Nishimura and Shima had failed to even coordinate their plans before the attacks -- they were long - time rivals and neither wished to have anything to do with the other . When he entered the narrow Surigao Strait at about 02 : 00 , Shima was 22 miles ( 40 km ) behind him , and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea , several hours from the beaches at Leyte . As they passed Panaon Island , Nishimura 's force ran into a trap set for them by the US - Australian 7th Fleet Support Force . R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf had six battleships , four heavy cruisers , four light cruisers , 29 destroyers and 39 PT boats . To pass the strait and reach the landings , Nishimura had to run the gauntlet . At about 03 : 00 the Japanese battleship Fusō and three destroyers were hit by torpedoes and Fusō broke in two . At 03 : 50 the US battleships opened fire . Radar fire control meant they could hit targets from a much greater distance than the Japanese . The battleship Yamashiro , a cruiser and a destroyer were crippled by 16 - inch ( 406 mm ) shells ; Yamashiro sank at 04 : 19 . Only one of Nishimura 's force of seven ships survived the engagement . At 04 : 25 Shima 's force of two cruisers and eight destroyers reached the battle . Seeing Fusō and believing her to be the wrecks of two battleships , Shima ordered a retreat , ending the last battleship - vs - battleship action in history . Ozawa 's `` Northern Force '' had four aircraft carriers , two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers , three cruisers and nine destroyers . The carriers had only 108 planes . The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16 : 40 on 24 October . At 20 : 00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack . Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force . The US Third Fleet was formidable -- nine large carriers , eight light carriers , six battleships , 17 cruisers , 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes -- and completely outgunned Ozawa 's force . Halsey 's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight . US commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait . They had taken the bait set by Ozawa . On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes . Most were shot down by US fighter patrols . By 08 : 00 US fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships . By evening , they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku , Zuihō , and Chiyoda , and a destroyer . The fourth carrier , Chitose , and a cruiser were disabled and later sank . The Japanese aircraft carriers Zuikaku , left , and ( probably ) Zuihō come under attack by dive bombers early in the battle off Cape Engaño . Kurita passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03 : 00 on 25 October and headed along the coast of Samar . The only thing standing in his path were three groups ( Taffy 1 , 2 and 3 ) of the Seventh Fleet , commanded by Admiral Thomas Kinkaid . Each group had six escort carriers , with a total of more than 500 planes , and seven or eight destroyers or destroyer escorts ( DE ) . Kinkaid still believed that Lee 's force was guarding the north , so the Japanese had the element of surprise when they attacked Taffy 3 at 06 : 45 . Kurita mistook the Taffy carriers for large fleet carriers and thought he had the whole Third Fleet in his sights . Since escort carriers stood little chance against a battleship , Adm. Clifton Sprague directed the carriers of Taffy 3 to turn and flee eastward , hoping that bad visibility would reduce the accuracy of Japanese gunfire , and used his destroyers to divert the Japanese battleships . The destroyers made harassing torpedo attacks against the Japanese . For ten minutes Yamato was caught up in evasive action . Two US destroyers and a DE were sunk , but they had bought enough time for the Taffy groups to launch planes . Taffy 3 turned and fled south , with shells scoring hits on some of its carriers and sinking one of them . The superior speed of the Japanese force allowed it to draw closer and fire on the other two Taffy groups . However , at 09 : 20 Kurita suddenly turned and retreated north . Signals had disabused him of the notion that he was attacking the Third Fleet , and the longer Kurita continued to engage , the greater the risk of major air strikes . Destroyer attacks had broken the Japanese formations , shattering tactical control . Three of Kurita 's heavy cruisers had been sunk and another was too damaged to continue the fight . The Japanese retreated through the San Bernardino Strait , under continuous air attack . The Battle of Leyte Gulf was over ; and a large part of the Japanese surface fleet destroyed . The battle secured the beachheads of the US Sixth Army on Leyte against attack from the sea , broke the back of Japanese naval power and opened the way for an advance to the Ryukyu Islands in 1945 . The only significant Japanese naval operation afterwards was the disastrous Operation Ten - Go in April 1945 . Kurita 's force had begun the battle with five battleships ; when he returned to Japan , only Yamato was combat - worthy . Nishimura 's sunken Yamashiro was the last battleship in history to engage another in combat . Philippines , 1944 -- 45 ( edit ) Main article : Philippines Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) General Douglas MacArthur wading ashore at Leyte On 20 October 1944 the US Sixth Army , supported by naval and air bombardment , landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte , north of Mindanao . The US Sixth Army continued its advance from the east , as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island . While the Sixth Army was reinforced successfully , the US Fifth Air Force was able to devastate the Japanese attempts to resupply . In torrential rains and over difficult terrain , the advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north . On 7 December US Army units landed at Ormoc Bay and , after a major land and air battle , cut off the Japanese ability to reinforce and supply Leyte . Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months , the US Army was in control . On 15 December 1944 landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro , a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations , in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon . On 9 January 1945 , on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf on the western coast of Luzon , General Krueger 's Sixth Army landed his first units . Almost 175,000 men followed across the twenty - mile ( 32 km ) beachhead within a few days . With heavy air support , Army units pushed inland , taking Clark Field , 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Manila , in the last week of January . US troops approaching Japanese positions near Baguio , Luzon , 23 March 1945 Two more major landings followed , one to cut off the Bataan Peninsula , and another , that included a parachute drop , south of Manila . Pincers closed on the city and , on 3 February 1945 , elements of the 1st Cavalry Division pushed into the northern outskirts of Manila and the 8th Cavalry passed through the northern suburbs and into the city itself . As the advance on Manila continued from the north and the south , the Bataan Peninsula was rapidly secured . On 16 February paratroopers and amphibious units assaulted the island fortress of Corregidor , and resistance ended there on 27 February . In all , ten US divisions and five independent regiments battled on Luzon , making it the largest campaign of the Pacific war , involving more troops than the United States had used in North Africa , Italy , or southern France . Forces included the Mexican Escuadrón 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM -- `` Mexican Expeditionary Air Force '' ) , with the squadron attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces that flew tactical support missions . Of the 250,000 Japanese troops defending Luzon , 80 percent died . The last Japanese soldier in the Philippines to surrender was Hiroo Onoda on 9 March 1974 . Palawan Island , between Borneo and Mindoro , the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island , was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa . The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan , but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April , as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles , dispersed as small units . Throughout the Philippines , US forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts . The US Eighth Army then moved on to its first landing on Mindanao ( 17 April ) , the last of the major Philippine Islands to be taken . Mindanao was followed by invasion and occupation of Panay , Cebu , Negros and several islands in the Sulu Archipelago . These islands provided bases for the US Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces to attack targets throughout the Philippines and the South China Sea . Final stages ( edit ) See also : End of World War II in Asia and Aftermath of World War II Iwo Jima location map Iwo Jima , February 1945 ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Iwo Jima The Battle of Iwo Jima ( `` Operation Detachment '' ) in February 1945 was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans in the Pacific War . Iwo Jima is an 8 sq mile ( 21 km ) island situated halfway between Tokyo and the Mariana Islands . Holland Smith , the commander of the invasion force , aimed to capture the island and prevent its use as an early - warning station against air raids on the Japanese Home Islands , and to use it as an emergency landing field . Lt. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi , the commander of the defense of Iwo Jima , knew that he could not win the battle , but he hoped to make the Americans suffer far more than they could endure . From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion , Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers , hidden guns , and 11 mi ( 18 km ) of underground tunnels . The heavy American naval and air bombardment did little but drive the Japanese further underground , making their positions impervious to enemy fire . Their pillboxes and bunkers were all connected so that if one was knocked out , it could be reoccupied again . The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender . Starting in mid-June 1944 , Iwo Jima came under sustained aerial bombardment and naval artillery fire . However , Kuribayashi 's hidden guns and defenses survived the constant bombardment virtually unscathed . On 19 February 1945 , some 30,000 men of the 3rd , 4th , and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the southeast coast of Iwo , just under Mount Suribachi ; where most of the island 's defenses were concentrated . For some time , they did not come under fire . This was part of Kuribayashi 's plan to hold fire until the landing beaches were full . As soon as the Marines pushed inland to a line of enemy bunkers , they came under devastating machine gun and artillery fire which cut down many of the men . By the end of the day , the Marines reached the west coast of the island , but their losses were appalling ; almost 2,000 men killed or wounded . On 23 February , the 28th Marine Regiment reached the summit of Suribachi , prompting the now famous Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima picture . Navy Secretary James Forrestal , upon seeing the flag , remarked `` there will be a Marine Corps for the next 500 years '' . The flag raising is often cited as the most reproduced photograph of all time and became the archetypal representation not only of that battle , but of the entire Pacific War . For the rest of February , the Americans pushed north , and by 1 March , had taken two - thirds of the island . But it was not until 26 March that the island was finally secured . The Japanese fought to the last man , killing 6,800 Marines and wounding nearly 20,000 more . The Japanese losses totaled well over 20,000 men killed , and only 1,083 prisoners were taken . Historians debate whether it was strategically worth the casualties sustained . Allied offensives in Burma , 1944 -- 45 ( edit ) Main article : Burma Campaign 1944 -- 45 British Royal Marines landing at Ramree In late 1944 and early 1945 , the Allied South East Asia Command launched offensives into Burma , intending to recover most of the country , including Rangoon , the capital , before the onset of the monsoon in May . The Indian XV Corps advanced along the coast in Arakan province , at last capturing Akyab Island after failures in the two previous years . They then landed troops behind the retreating Japanese , inflicting heavy casualties , and captured Ramree Island and Cheduba Island off the coast , establishing airfields on them which were used to support the offensive into Central Burma . The Chinese Expeditionary Force captured Mong - Yu and Lashio , while the Chinese and American Northern Combat Area Command resumed its advance in northern Burma . In late January 1945 , these two forces linked up with each other at Hsipaw . The Ledo Road was completed , linking India and China , but too late in the war to have any significant effect . The Japanese Burma Area Army attempted to forestall the main Allied attack on the central part of the front by withdrawing their troops behind the Irrawaddy River . Lieutenant General Heitarō Kimura , the new Japanese commander in Burma , hoped that the Allies ' lines of communications would be overstretched trying to cross this obstacle . However , the advancing British Fourteenth Army under Lieutenant General William Slim switched its axis of advance to outflank the main Japanese armies . During February , Fourteenth Army secured bridgeheads across the Irrawaddy on a broad front . On 1 March , units of IV Corps captured the supply centre of Meiktila , throwing the Japanese into disarray . While the Japanese attempted to recapture Meiktila , XXXIII Corps captured Mandalay . The Japanese armies were heavily defeated , and with the capture of Mandalay , the Burmese population and the Burma National Army ( which the Japanese had raised ) turned against the Japanese . During April , Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles ( 480 km ) south towards Rangoon , the capital and principal port of Burma , but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Rangoon at the end of the month . Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon house - to - house during the monsoon , which would commit his army to prolonged action with disastrously inadequate supplies , and in March he had asked that a plan to capture Rangoon by an amphibious force , Operation Dracula , which had been abandoned earlier , be reinstated . Dracula was launched on 1 May , to find that the Japanese had already evacuated Rangoon . The troops that occupied Rangoon linked up with Fourteenth Army five days later , securing the Allies ' lines of communication . The Japanese forces which had been bypassed by the Allied advances attempted to break out across the Sittaung River during June and July to rejoin the Burma Area Army which had regrouped in Tenasserim in southern Burma . They suffered 14,000 casualties , half their strength . Overall , the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma . Only 1,700 prisoners were taken . The Allies were preparing to make amphibious landings in Malaya when word of the Japanese surrender arrived . Borneo , 1945 ( edit ) Main article : Borneo campaign ( 1945 ) US LVTs land Australian soldiers at Balikpapan on 7 July 1945 The Borneo campaign of 1945 was the last major campaign in the South West Pacific Area . In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July , the Australian I Corps , under General Leslie Morshead , attacked Japanese forces occupying the island . Allied naval and air forces , centered on the US 7th Fleet under Admiral Thomas Kinkaid , the Australian First Tactical Air Force and the US Thirteenth Air Force also played important roles in the campaign . The campaign opened with a landing on the small island of Tarakan on 1 May . This was followed on 1 June by simultaneous assaults in the north west , on the island of Labuan and the coast of Brunei . A week later the Australians attacked Japanese positions in North Borneo . The attention of the Allies then switched back to the central east coast , with the last major amphibious assault of World War II , at Balikpapan on 1 July . Although the campaign was criticized in Australia at the time , and in subsequent years , as pointless or a `` waste '' of the lives of soldiers , it did achieve a number of objectives , such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the Dutch East Indies , capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war , who were being held in deteriorating conditions . At one of the very worst sites , around Sandakan in Borneo , only six of some 2,500 British and Australian prisoners survived . China , 1945 ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of West Hunan and Second Guangxi Campaign By April 1945 , China had already been at war with Japan for more than seven years . Both nations were exhausted by years of battles , bombings and blockades . After Japanese victories in Operation Ichi - Go , Japan was losing the battle in Burma and facing constant attacks from Chinese Nationalist forces and Communist guerrillas in the country side . The Imperial Japanese Army began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945 . Japanese mobilized 34th , 47th , 64th , 68th and 116th Divisions , as well as the 86th Independent Brigade , for a total of 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April . In response , the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with He Yingqin as commander - in - chief . At the same time , it airlifted the entire Chinese New 6th Corps , an American - equipped corps and veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force , from Kunming to Zhijiang . Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men in 20 divisions . They were supported by about 400 aircraft from Chinese and American air forces . Chinese forces achieved a decisive victory and launched a large counterattack in this campaign . Concurrently , the Chinese managed to repel a Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei . Afterwards , Chinese forces retook Hunan and Hubei provinces in South China . Chinese launched a counter offensive to retake Guangxi which was the last major Japanese stronghold in South China . In August 1945 , Chinese forces successfully retook Guangxi . Okinawa ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Okinawa USS Bunker Hill burns after being hit by two kamikazes . At Okinawa , the kamikazes caused 4,900 American deaths . The largest and bloodiest American battle came at Okinawa , as the US sought airbases for 3,000 B - 29 bombers and 240 squadrons of B - 17 bombers for the intense bombardment of Japan 's home islands in preparation for a full - scale invasion in late 1945 . The Japanese , with 115,000 troops augmented by thousands of civilians on the heavily populated island , did not resist on the beaches -- their strategy was to maximize the number of soldier and Marine casualties , and naval losses from Kamikaze attacks . After an intense bombardment the Americans landed on 1 April 1945 and declared victory on 21 June . The supporting naval forces were the targets for 4,000 sorties , many by Kamikaze suicide planes . US losses totaled 38 ships of all types sunk and 368 damaged with 4,900 sailors killed . The Americans suffered 75,000 casualties on the ground ; 94 % of the Japanese soldiers died along with many civilians . The British Pacific Fleet operated as a separate unit from the American task forces in the Okinawa operation . Its objective was to strike airfields on the chain of islands between Formosa and Okinawa , to prevent the Japanese reinforcing the defences of Okinawa from that direction . Landings in the Japanese home Islands ( edit ) Main article : Japan campaign Hard - fought battles on the Japanese home islands of Iwo Jima , Okinawa , and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides but finally produced a Japanese defeat . Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa , 94 percent died . Faced with the loss of most of their experienced pilots , the Japanese increased their use of kamikaze tactics in an attempt to create unacceptably high casualties for the Allies . The US Navy proposed to force a Japanese surrender through a total naval blockade and air raids . The mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 60,000 feet ( 18 km ) into the air on the morning of 9 August 1945 Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important , a new command for the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all US strategic bombing in the hemisphere , under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay . Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built - up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B - 29 firebombing raids . On 9 -- 10 March 1945 alone , about 100,000 people were killed in a conflagration caused by an incendiary attack on Tokyo . LeMay also oversaw Operation Starvation , in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air , which disrupted the small amount of remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic . On 26 July 1945 , the President of the United States Harry S. Truman , the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai - shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference . This ultimatum stated that , if Japan did not surrender , it would face `` prompt and utter destruction . '' Atomic bombs ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki On 6 August 1945 , the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history . In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , Truman warned Japan to surrender or `` ... expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Three days later , on 9 August , the US dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki , the last nuclear attack in history . More than 140,000 -- 240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings . The necessity of the atomic bombings has long been debated , with detractors claiming that a naval blockade and aerial bombing campaign had already made invasion , hence the atomic bomb , unnecessary . However , other scholars have argued that the bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender , with Emperor finally indicating his wish to stop the war . Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall , or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign , any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians . Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaidō . Soviet invasion of Manchuria ( edit ) Main articles : Soviet -- Japanese War and Soviet invasion of Manchuria Pacific Fleet marines of the Soviet Navy hoist the Soviet naval ensign in Port Arthur , on 1 October 1945 . On 3 February 1945 the Soviet Union agreed with Roosevelt to enter the Pacific conflict . It promised to act 90 days after the war ended in Europe and did so exactly on schedule on 9 August by invading Manchuria . A battle - hardened , one million - strong Soviet force , transferred from Europe , attacked Japanese forces in Manchuria and landed a heavy blow against the Japanese Kantōgun ( Kwantung Army ) . The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945 , with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet -- Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace . Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo , Mengjiang ( Inner Mongolia ) and northern Korea . The USSR 's entry into the war was a significant factor in the Japanese decision to surrender as it became apparent the Soviets were no longer willing to act as an intermediary for a negotiated settlement on favorable terms . Surrender ( edit ) Main article : Surrender of Japan Douglas MacArthur signs the formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender on the USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 . The effects of the `` Twin Shocks '' -- the Soviet entry and the atomic bombings -- were profound . On 10 August the `` sacred decision '' was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition : the `` prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler '' . At noon on 15 August , after the American government 's intentionally ambiguous reply , stating that the `` authority '' of the emperor `` shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers '' , the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender , ending the Second World War . Should we continue to fight , it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . -- Emperor Hirohito , The Voice of the Crane : The Imperial Rescript of 15 August 1945 In Japan , 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended . However , as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August , this day became known in the English - speaking countries as `` V-J Day '' ( Victory in Japan ) . The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945 , on the battleship USS Missouri , in Tokyo Bay . The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers , with representatives of several Allied nations , from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijirō Umezu . Following this period , MacArthur went to Tokyo to oversee the postwar development of the country . This period in Japanese history is known as the occupation . Casualties ( edit ) Allied ( edit ) United States There were some 426,000 American casualties : 161,000 dead ( including 111,914 in battle and 49,000 non-battle ) , 248,316 wounded , and 16,358 captured ( not counting POWs who died ) . Material losses were 188 + warships including 5 battleships , 11 aircraft carriers , 25 cruisers , 84 destroyers and destroyer escorts , and 63 submarines , plus 21,255 aircraft . This gave the USN a 2 - 1 exchange ratio with the IJN in terms of ships and aircraft . The US protectorate in the Philippines suffered considerable losses . Military losses were 27,000 dead ( including POWs ) , 75,000 living POWs , and an unknown number wounded , not counting irregulars that fought in the insurgency . Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died due to either war - related shortages or Japanese war crimes . China According to official Chinese Nationalist statistics , losses to the regular National Revolutionary Army totaled 3,237,000 , with 1,320,000 killed 1,797,000 wounded 120,000 missing . The soldiers of the Chinese Communist Party suffered 584,267 casualties , of which 160,603 were killed , 133,197 missing , and 290,467 wounded . This would equate to a total of 3.82 million combined NRA / CCP casualties , of which 1.74 million were killed or missing . Neither total includes the considerable number of irregular guerrilla fighters sworn to regional warlords who fought the Japanese . Including them , an academic study published in the United States estimates Chinese military casualties at 6.75 million with 3.75 million killed or missing . The casualties break down as 1.5 million killed in battle , 750,000 missing in action , 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded . China suffered enormous civilian losses in the war . Estimates vary wildly , though there is a general consensus that civilian deaths were in the 17 to 22 million range , mostly from war - related causes such as famine . A large number of deaths were caused directly by Japanese war crimes . For instance , 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed in the `` Three Alls '' campaign . Commonwealth Between the Malayan Campaign ( 130,000 discounting some 20,000 Australians ) , Burma Campaign ( 86,600 ) , Battle of Hong Kong ( 15,000 ) , and various naval encounters , British Empire forces incurred some 235,000 casualties in the Pacific Theater , including roughly 82,000 killed ( 50,000 in combat and 32,000 as POWs ) The Royal Navy lost 23 warships in the Pacific and Indian oceans : 1 battleship , 1 battlecruiser , 1 aircraft carrier , 3 cruisers , 8 destroyers , 5 submarines , and 4 escorts . There were significant indirect losses to the British Empire territories of India and Burma as a result of the war . These included 3 million deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943 and 0.25 to 1 million deaths in British Burma . Australia incurred losses of 45,841 not including deaths and illnesses from natural causes such as disease : 17,501 killed ( including POW deaths in captivity ) , 13,997 wounded , and 14,345 living POWs . New Zealand lost 578 men killed , with an unknown number wounded or captured . 6 warships of the Royal Australian Navy totaling 29,391 tons were sunk : 3 cruisers ( Canberra , Perth , and Sydney ) , 2 destroyers ( Vampire and Voyager ) , and 3 corvettes ( Armidale , Geelong , and Wallaroo , the latter two in accidents ) . Other Between Lake Khasan , Khalkin Gol , advisors deployed to China , and the 1945 operations in Manchuria and the Kuriles , Soviet casualties against Japan totaled 68,612 : 22,731 killed / missing and 45,908 wounded . Material losses included some 1,000 tanks and AFVs , 5 landing ships , and 300 aircraft . Mongolian casualties were 753 . The entire 140,000 - strong Royal Dutch East Indies Army was killed , captured , or missing by the conclusion of the East Indies Campaign . 1,500 colonial and 900 Dutch soldiers were killed in action . Most of the colonial soldiers were freed on the spot or deserted . Of the ethnic Dutch troops , 900 were killed in action and 37,000 became prisoners . 8,500 of these POWs would die in Japanese captivity . Dutch naval losses in the Pacific numbered 14 major warships and 14 minor ones totaling some 40,427 tons : 2 cruisers ( Java and De Ruyter ) , 7 destroyers ( Evertsen , Kortenaer , Piet Hein , Witte de With , Banckert , Van Nes , and Van Ghent ) , 5 submarines ( K XVIII , K XVII , K XIII , KX , and K VII ) , 7 minelayers ( Prins van Oranje , Pro Patria , Bangkalan , Rigel , Soemenep , Krakatau , and Gouden Leeuw , most of which were scuttled ) , and 7 minesweepers ( A , B , D , C , Pieter de Bitter , Eland Dubois , and Jan van Amstel ) . About 30,000 Dutch and 300,000 Indonesia forced laborers died during the Japanese occupation of the East Indies , while 3 million Indonesian civilians perished in famines . Similar to the Dutch , the 65,000 - strong French colonial army in French Indochina ( 16,500 European French and 48,500 colonial ) disintegrated at the end of the Japanese invasion . 2,129 European French and 2,100 Indochinese colonial troops were killed , while 12,000 French and 3,000 colonial troops were kept as prisoners . 1 - 2 million deaths occurred under Japanese occupation in French Indochina , mostly due to the 1945 Vietnamese famine . Axis ( edit ) 800,000 Japanese civilians and over 2 million Japanese soldiers died during the war . According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 , combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war ( 1937 -- 45 ) numbered approximately 2,121,000 men , mostly against either the Americans ( 1.1 + million ) in places such as the Solomons , Japan , Taiwan , the Central Pacific , and the Philippines , or against various Chinese factions ( 500,000 + ) , predominantly the NRA and CCP , during the war on the Chinese mainland , the Chinese resistance movement in Manchuria and Burma campaign . The losses were broken down as follows : Key : Location , Army dead , Navy dead , ( Total dead ) Japan Proper : 58,100 , 45,800 , ( 103,900 ) Bonin Islands : 2,700 , 12,500 , ( 15,200 ) Okinawa : 67,900 , 21,500 , ( 89,400 ) Formosa ( Taiwan ) : 28,500 , 10,600 , ( 39,100 ) Korea : 19,600 , 6,900 , ( 26,500 ) Sakhalin , the Aleutian , and Kuril Islands : 8,200 , 3,200 , ( 11,400 ) Manchuria : 45,900 , 800 , ( 46,700 ) China ( inc . Hong Kong ) : 435,600 , 20,100 , ( 455,700 ) Siberia : 52,300 , 400 , ( 52,700 ) Central Pacific : 95,800 , 151,400 , ( 247,200 ) Philippines : 377,500 , 121,100 , ( 498,600 ) French Indochina : 7,900 , 4,500 , ( 12,400 ) Thailand : 6,900 , 100 , ( 7,000 ) Burma ( inc . India ) : 163,000 , 1,500 , ( 164,500 ) Malaya & Singapore : 8,500 , 2,900 , ( 11,400 ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands : 900 , 1,500 , ( 2,400 ) Sumatra : 2,700 , 500 , ( 3,200 ) Java : 2,700 , 3,800 , ( 6,500 ) Lesser Sundas : 51,800 , 1,200 , ( 53,000 ) Borneo : 11,300 , 6,700 , ( 18,000 ) Celebes : 1,500 , 4,000 , ( 5,500 ) Moluccas : 2,600 , 1,800 , ( 4,400 ) New Guinea : 112,400 , 15,200 , ( 127,600 ) Bismarck Archipelago : 19,700 , 10,800 , ( 30,500 ) Solomon Islands : 63,200 , 25,000 , ( 88,200 ) Total : 1,647,200 , 473,800 , ( 2,121,000 ) The IJN lost over 341 warships , including 11 battleships , 25 aircraft carriers , 39 cruisers , 135 destroyers , and 131 submarines , almost entirely in action against the United States Navy . The IJN and IJA together lost some 45,125 aircraft . Japan 's ally Germany lost 10 submarines and four auxiliary cruisers ( Thor , Michel , Pinguin , and Kormoran ) in the Indian and Pacific oceans . These four alone sank 420,467 gross tons of Allied shipping . War crimes ( edit ) Further information : List of war crimes § 1939 -- 1945 : World War II , Japanese war crimes , International Military Tribunal for the Far East , and Allied war crimes during World War II § Asia and the Pacific War Australian POW moments before his execution On 7 December 1941 , 2,403 non-combatants ( 2,335 neutral military personnel and 68 civilians ) were killed and 1,247 wounded during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor . Because the attack happened without a declaration of war or explicit warning , it was judged by the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime . During the Pacific War , Japanese soldiers killed millions of non-combatants , including prisoners of war , from surrounding nations . At least 20 million Chinese died during the Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) . Unit 731 was one example of wartime atrocities committed on a civilian population during World War II , where experiments were performed on thousands of Chinese and Korean civilians as well as Allied prisoners of war . In military campaigns , the Imperial Japanese Army used biological weapons and chemical weapons on the Chinese , killing around 400,000 civilians . The Nanking Massacre is another example of atrocity committed by Japanese soldiers on a civilian population . Chinese corpses in a ditch after being killed by the Imperial Japanese Army , Hsuchow According to the findings of the Tokyo Tribunal , the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 % , some seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the Burma -- Thailand `` Death Railway . '' Around 1,536 U.S. civilians were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment in Japanese internment camps in the Far East ; in comparison , 883 U.S. civilians died in German internment camps in Europe . A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are `` comfort women '' , a euphemism for the 200,000 women , mostly from Korea and China , who served in the Imperial Japanese Army 's camps during World War II . Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948 . In 1993 , Chief Cabinet Secretary Yōhei Kōno said that women were coerced into brothels run by Japan 's wartime military . Other Japanese leaders have apologized , including former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in 2001 . In 2007 , then - Prime Minister Shinzō Abe asserted : `` The fact is , there is no evidence to prove there was coercion . '' The Three Alls Policy ( Sankō Sakusen ) was a Japanese scorched earth policy adopted in China , the three alls being : `` Kill All , Burn All and Loot All '' . Initiated in 1940 by Ryūkichi Tanaka , the Sankō Sakusen was implemented in full scale in 1942 in north China by Yasuji Okamura . According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta , the scorched earth campaign was responsible for the deaths of `` more than 2.7 million '' Chinese civilians . The collection of skulls and other remains of Japanese soldiers by Allied soldiers was shown by several studies to have been widespread enough to be commented upon by Allied military authorities and US wartime press . Following the surrender of Japan , the International Military Tribunal for the Far East took place in Ichigaya , Tokyo from 29 April 1946 to 12 November 1948 to try those accused of the most serious war crimes . Meanwhile , military tribunals were also held by the returning powers throughout Asia and the Pacific for lesser figures . See also ( edit ) World War II portal War portal Japan portal Military of the United States portal European theatre of World War II Japanese holdouts Operation Downfall Pacific War campaigns Post -- World War II economic expansion Timeline WW II -- Pacific Theater Yasukuni Shrine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At war since 1937 Jump up ^ Complete list of nations that fought on the Allied side in the Pacific War : China , the United States , the United Kingdom ( including the Fiji Islands , the Straits Settlements and other colonial forces ) , Tonga ( a British protectorate ) , Australia ( including the Territory of New Guinea ) , the Commonwealth of the Philippines ( a United States protectorate ) , British India , the Netherlands ( including Dutch East Indies colonial forces ) , the Soviet Union , New Zealand , Canada , Mexico , and Mongolia . Free French Naval Forces contributed several warships , such as the Le Triomphant . After the Liberation of France , the French battleship Richelieu was sent to the Pacific . From 1943 , the commando group Corps Léger d'Intervention took part in resistance operations in Indochina . French Indochinese forces faced Japanese forces in a coup in 1945 . The commando corps continued to operate after the coup until liberation . Guerrilla organizations that fought for the Allies include the Chinese Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army , the Hukbalahap , the Malayan Peoples ' Anti-Japanese Army , the Manchurian Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies , the Korean Liberation Army , the Free Thai Movement and the Việt Minh . Jump up ^ Complete list of nations and groups that fought on the Axis side in the Pacific War : Japan ( including Thailand , the puppet government of Manchukuo , Mengjiang , Wang Jingwei regime , and other Chinese collaborationist governments and organizations , the State of Burma , the Provisional Government of Free India , the puppet Second Philippine Republic , and other states in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ) . The Vichy French allowed the Japanese to use bases in French Indochina beginning in 1941 following invasion . In addition , Germany and Italy both contributed small naval forces . Jump up ^ Strength of the US Military in Asia and the Pacific as of war 's end : Army : 1,770,036 , Navy ( excluding Coast Guard and Marines ) : 1,366,716 , and Marine Corps : 484,631 . These figures do not include the Coast Guard or naval personnel in the China - Burma - India theater . Jump up ^ These numbers do not include the Royal Netherlands Navy . Jump up ^ 111,914 battle deaths ( including 13,395 who died as POWs and 5,707 who died of wounds ) , 49,000 + non-battle deaths , 248,316 wounded , 16,358 captured and returned ) Jump up ^ Over 17 million Chinese civilian deaths ( 1937 -- 45 ) ; around 4 million civilian deaths from the Dutch East Indies ; 1 -- 2 million Indochinese civilians ; around 3 million Indian civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943 ; 0.5 to 1 million Filipino civilian deaths ; 250,000 to 1,000,000 Burmese civilian deaths ; 50,000 East Timorese civilian deaths ; and hundreds of thousands of Malayan , Pacific and other civilian deaths Jump up ^ 2,133,915 Japanese military deaths 1937 -- 45 , 1.18 million Chinese collaborator casualties 1937 -- 45 ( 432,000 dead ) , 22,000 Burmese casualties , 5,600 Thai troops killed , and 2,615 Indian National Army ( Azad Hind ) killed / missing Jump up ^ 460,000 Japanese civilian deaths ( 338,000 in the bombings of Japan , 100,000 in the Battle of Okinawa , 22,000 in the Battle of Saipan ) , 543,000 Korean civilian deaths ( mostly due to Japanese forced labor projects ) , 2,000 -- 8,000 Thai civilian deaths Jump up ^ `` For fifty - three long months , beginning in July 1937 , China stood alone , single - handedly fighting an undeclared war against Japan . On 9 December 1941 , after Japan 's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , China finally declared war against Japan . What had been for so long a war between two countries now became part of a much wider Pacific conflict . '' Jump up ^ : `` It was not an official term , but a term of incitement used by the Japanese media , under the guidance of the military , in order to stir up the Japanese people 's sense of crisis ... '' Jump up ^ The Neutrality Patrol had US destroyers fighting at sea , but no state of war had been declared by Congress . Jump up ^ The US thereby reversed its opposition to unrestricted submarine warfare . After the war , when moralistic doubts about Hiroshima and other raids on civilian targets were loudly voiced , no one criticized Roosevelt 's submarine policy . ( Two German admirals , Erich Raeder and Karl Dönitz , faced charges at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials of violating international law through unrestricted submarine warfare ; the court acquitted them after they proved that Allied merchant ships were legitimate military targets under the rules in force at the time . ) Jump up ^ Chihaya went on to note that when the IJN belatedly improved its ASW methods , the US submarine force responded by increasing Japanese losses . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941 -- 1949 Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers , Moscow Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Hastings p. 205 Jump up ^ Coakley and Leighton ( 1989 ) . Global Logistics and Strategy 1943 -- 1945 p. 836 Jump up ^ US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics , Naval History and Heritage Command Table 9 . Jump up ^ King , Ernest J. ( 1945 ) . Third Report to the Secretary of the Navy p. 221 Jump up ^ US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics , Naval History and Heritage Command Footnote 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Beevor : The Second World War p. 776 . Total involved in Manchuria Jump up ^ `` Chapter 10 : Loss of the Netherlands East Indies '' . The Army Air Forces in World War II : Vol. 1 -- Plans & Early Operations . HyperWar . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cook ( 1992 ) . Japan at War : an Oral History . New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 039 - 3 . p. 403 . Japanese strength is given at 4,335,500 in the Home Islands and 3,527,000 abroad . Jump up ^ Harrison p. 29 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Jump up ^ Australia - Japan Research Project , `` Dispositions and Deaths '' Retrieved 10 March 2016 Jump up ^ Meyer , Milton Walter ( 1997 ) . Asia : A Concise History . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 309 . ISBN 9780847680634 . Jump up ^ Jowett , pp. 72 Jump up ^ Hsu Long - hsuen `` History of the Sino - Japanese war ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' Taipei 1972 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Michael `` Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference '' , Vol. 2 , pp. 956 . Jump up ^ C.E. Albertson , `` Beneath the Southern Cross '' p. xv Jump up ^ `` United States Dept. of the Army , Army Battle Casualties and Non Battle Deaths in World War II '' . Cgsc.cdmhost.com . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd Ed . 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 585 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese People Contribute to WWII '' . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dower , John William ( 1987 ) , War Without Mercy : Race and Power in the Pacific War . Pantheon Jump up ^ `` Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945 '' . Mailman.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Amartya Sen ( 1981 ) . Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation . London : Oxford University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 9780195649543 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . pp. 143 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 556 Jump up ^ McLynn , The Burma Campaign : Disaster into Triumph , 1942 -- 1945 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Ruas , Óscar Vasconcelos , `` Relatório 1946 -- 47 '' , AHU Jump up ^ Bren , John ( 3 June 2005 ) `` Yasukuni Shrine : Ritual and Memory '' Japan Focus . Retrieved on 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . China 's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ISBN 0 - 88738 - 417 - X . Table 5A Jump up ^ Eiji Murashima , `` The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography : The 1942 -- 43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence '' Modern Asian Studies , v40 , n4 ( 2006 ) pp. 1053 -- 96 , p. 1057n : Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd Ed . 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 556 . Jump up ^ Statistics of Democide : Chapter 13 : Death By American Bombing , RJ Rummel , University of Hawaii . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 p. 19 Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds , `` Aftermath of Alliance : The Wartime Legacy in Thai - Japanese Relations '' , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , v21 , n1 , March 1990 , pp. 66 -- 87 . `` An OSS document ( XL 30948 , RG 226 , USNA ) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944 -- 45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings , most of them totally destroyed . However , an account by M.R. Seni Pramoj ( a typescript entitled ' The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain ' and filed under Papers on World War II , at the Thailand Information Center , Chulalongkorn University , p. 12 ) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids . '' Jump up ^ Williamson Murray , Allan R. Millett A War to be Won : Fighting the Second World War , Harvard University Press , 2001 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Roy M. MacLeod , Science and the Pacific War : Science and Survival in the Pacific , 1939 -- 1945 , Kluwer Academic Publishing , p. 1 , 1999 Jump up ^ Hsi - sheng Ch'i , in James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine , China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan 1937 -- 1945 , M.E. Sharpe , 1992 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Youli Sun , China and the Origins of the Pacific War , 1931 -- 41 , Palgrave MacMillan , p. 11 Jump up ^ Drea 1998 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ John Costello , The Pacific War : 1941 -- 1945 , Harper Perennial , 1982 Jump up ^ Japan Economic Foundation , Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry , Volume 16 , 1997 Jump up ^ `` MacArthur orders end of Shinto as Japanese state religion '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Jansen 2002 , p. 626 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan 's War Economy '' , United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Washington December 1946 , Table B - 2 . 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Rummel ( 31 August 2007 ) . China 's Bloody Century : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 . Transaction Publishers . Jump up ^ `` Japans desperate gamble '' . Aberdeen Journal . 18 November 1940 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kokushi Daijiten ( `` Historical Dictionary '' ) , 1980 Jump up ^ Cited by Christopher Barnard , 2003 , Language , Ideology and Japanese History Textbooks , London & New York , Routledge Curzon , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Stille 2014 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Peattie & Evans , Kaigun Jump up ^ Willmott , Barrier and the Javelin ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1983 ) . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Boog et al ( 2006 ) `` Germany and the Second World War : The Global War '' , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Evans & Peattie 1997 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Khan , David ( 1996 ) . The Codebreakers , The Story of Secret Writing ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Scribner . 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Inter-Allied Review . 15 December 1941 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 -- via Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc . Jump up ^ Peattie 2007 , pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Brecher , Michael ; Wilkenfeld , Jonathan ( 1997 ) . A Study of Crisis . University of Michigan Press . p. 407 . ISBN 978 - 0472108060 . Jump up ^ Barber , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914 -- 1945 . AB&B . ISBN 9789834337230 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering 1942 , The fall of Singapore , 15 February 1942 '' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` The capture of Bali Island , February 1942 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` The Japanese Invasion of Dutch West Timor Island , February 1942 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . See Battle of Timor . ^ Jump up to : Peattie 2007 , pp. 170 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` The Java Sea Battle , February 1942 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` The conquest of Java Island , March 1942 '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ Womack , Tom ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` An Abandoned Army -- The KNIL and The Japanese Invasion of Northern Dutch Sumatra '' . Dutch East Indies Campaign website . Jump up ^ Peattie 2007 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 377 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Silent Victory Jump up ^ `` In office -- John Curtin -- Australia 's PMs -- Australia 's Prime Ministers '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Cited in Frank Crowley ( 1973 ) Vol 2 , p. 51 Jump up ^ `` Remembering the war in New Guinea -- Rabaul '' . Ajrp.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the war in New Guinea -- Were the Japanese going to invade ? '' . Ajrp.awm.gov.au. 19 February 1942 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Midget Submarines history at '' . Home.st.net.au . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stille 2014 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Jansen 2002 , p. 648 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Stille 2014 , pp. 31 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Stille 2014 , pp. 32 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 19 - 38 . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Willmott , Barrier and the Javelin ( Annapolis , 1983 ) . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2014 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 417 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997 , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Schoppa , R. Keith ( 2011 ) . In a Sea of Bitterness , Refugees during the Sino - Japanese War . Harvard University Press . p. 28 . ISBN 9780674059887 . Jump up ^ Yuki Tanaka , Hidden Horrors , Westviewpres , 1996 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Croddy & Wirtz 2005 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chinese Victory : Changteh is Lost and Won in Battle Called Most Decisive in Three Years '' . LIFE : 45 . 21 February 1944 . Jump up ^ Philip J. Jaffe ( 1943 ) . Amerasia , Volume 7 . Amerasia , inc . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Agar , Jon Science in the 20th Century and Beyond , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Allen , Louis ( 1984 ) . Burma : The longest War . Dent Publishing . pp. 112 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 02474 - 4 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Theodore Roscoe , United States Submarine Operations in World War II ( US Naval Institute Press , 1949 ) . Jump up ^ Prange et al. Pearl Harbor Papers ^ Jump up to : Roscoe , Theodore . Pig Boats ( Bantam Books , 1958 ) ; Blair , Silent Victory , pp. 991 -- 992 . Jump up ^ `` Boats , '' www.dutchsubmarines.com Jump up ^ Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis , U.S. Submarines in World War II Jump up ^ TIME , Monday , 23 February 1942 ( 23 February 1942 ) . `` World Battlefronts : Dutchman 's Chance '' . Time . Jump up ^ David Stevens . Japanese submarine operations against Australia 1942 -- 1944 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Carl Boyd , `` The Japanese Submarine Force and the Legacy of Strategic and Operational Doctrine Developed Between the World Wars '' , in Larry Addington ed . Selected Papers from the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy : 1978 ( Charleston , 1979 ) 27 -- 40 ; Clark G. Reynolds , Command of the Sea : The History and Strategy of Maritime Empires ( 1974 ) 512 . Jump up ^ Farago , Ladislas . Broken Seal . Jump up ^ Chihaya Masataka , in Pearl Harbor Papers , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Blair , Silent Victory , pp. 359 -- 360 , 551 -- 552 , 816 . Jump up ^ RD Designs ( 7 December 1941 ) . `` Sinkings By Boat '' . Pigboats.com . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Naval and Merchant Vessels Sunk During World War II By All U.S. Submarines '' . Valoratsea.com . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Roscoe , op . cit . Jump up ^ Blair , p. 877 . Jump up ^ The Joint Army - Navy Assessment Committee ( February 1947 ) , Transcribed and formatted for HTML by Larry Jewell & Patrick Clancey , ed. , Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes NAVEXOS P - 468 , Hyperwar project ed . Patrick Clancey Jump up ^ `` Operation Ichi - Go '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davison , John The Pacific War : Day By Day , pp. 37 , 106 Jump up ^ 新聞記者が語りつぐ戦争 16 中国慰霊読売新聞社 ( 1983 / 2 ) p. 187 . Jump up ^ China at War : An Encyclopedia . Ed . Li Xiaobing . United States of America : ABC - CLIO. 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 415 - 3 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bond , Tachikawa , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Stevens , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Blair , Clay , Jr . Silent Victory ( New York : Bantam , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Morison , S.E. U.S. Navy in World War Two . Jump up ^ Peattie 2007 , pp. 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ L , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Rear - Admiral Takeo Kurita '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997 , p. 492 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron '' . The Netherlands East Indies 1941 -- 1942 . 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron ^ Jump up to : `` Creating military power : the sources of military effectiveness '' . Risa Brooks , Elizabeth A. Stanley ( 2007 ) . Stanford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5399 - 7 Jump up ^ Powers , D. ( 2011 ) : Japan : No Surrender in World War Two BBC History ( 17 February 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Robert S. Burrell , `` Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology : A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment , '' Journal of Military History Volume 68 , Number 4 , October 2004 , pp. 1143 -- 1186 and rebuttal in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Slim , William ( 1956 ) . Defeat into Victory . Cassell . pp. 468 -- 469 . ISBN 0 - 552 - 08757 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese prisoners of war '' . Philip Towle , Margaret Kosuge , Yōichi Kibata ( 2000 ) . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 47 -- 48 . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 192 - 9 . Jump up ^ Grey , Jeffrey ( 1999 ) . A Military History of Australia . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64483 - 6 ... pp. 184 -- 186 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Dick . When Tigers Fight . New York , NY : The Viking Press , 1982 . p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 452 -- 457 . Jump up ^ `` National Revolutionary Army Order of Battle for the Battle of West Hunan '' . China Whampoa Academy Net . 11 September 2007 < http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0106.htm > . Jump up ^ Joseph H. Alexander , The final campaign : Marines in the victory on Okinawa ( 1996 ) short official history online Jump up ^ Hiromichi Yahara , The Battle For Okinawa ( 1997 ) , Japanese perspective excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Skates , James . Invasion of Japan . Jump up ^ `` Potsdam Declaration : Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender Issued , at Potsdam , July 26 , 1945 '' . National Science Digital Library . Jump up ^ `` PBS : Statement By The President '' . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Professor Duncan Anderson , 2005 , `` Nuclear Power : The End of the War Against Japan '' ( World War Two , BBC History website ) Access date : 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Alperowitz , G. , The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ; New York , Knopf ; ISBN 0 - 679 - 44331 - 2 ) for this argument . Jump up ^ Frank , Richard B. ( 2007 ) . Tsuyoshi Hasegawa , ed . The End of the Pacific War : Reappraisals . Stanford University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5427 - 9 . Jump up ^ Battlefield S4 / E3 -- The Battle of Manchuria -- The Forgotten Victory . YouTube . 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Raymond L. Garthoff . The Soviet Manchurian Campaign , August 1945 . Military Affairs , Vol. 33 , No. 2 ( Oct. 1969 ) , pp. 312 -- 336 Jump up ^ Toland , John ( 2003 ) . The Rising Sun : the Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire . New York : Random House . p. 806 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6858 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sadao Asada . `` The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan 's Decision to Surrender : A Reconsideration '' . The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 67 , No. 4 ( Nov. 1998 ) , pp. 477 -- 512 . Jump up ^ Patrick Clancey . `` The Voice of the Crane : The Imperial Rescript of 15Aug45 '' . ibiblio . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Japanese Holdouts '' . Wanpela.com . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Dept. of the Army , Army Battle Casualties and Non Battle Deaths in World War II '' . Cgsc.cdmhost.com . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Clofelter , p. 585 Jump up ^ Hara , p. 299 Jump up ^ www.navsource.org Retrieved 25 July 2015 ; www.uboat.net Retrieved 25 July 2015 ; Major British Warship Losses in World War II . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruhl , Werner ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers . p. 65 . ISBN 9780765803528 . Jump up ^ Gruhl , p. 143 - 144 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 956 Jump up ^ Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan , 1995 . `` 关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题 '' . Jump up ^ Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 956 Jump up ^ Himeta , Mitsuyoshi ( 1995 ) . 日本軍による『三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって ( Concerning the Three Alls Strategy / Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces ) . Iwanami Bukkuretto . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 00 - 003317 - 6 . Jump up ^ Corfield , Justin & Robin ( 2012 ) . The Fall of Singapore . Singapore : Talisman Books . ISBN 978 - 981 - 07 - 0984 - 6 . Page 743 . Jump up ^ Nesbit , The Battle for Burma pp. 240 Jump up ^ Banham , Tony ( 2005 ) . Not the Slightest Chance : The Defence of Hong Kong , 1941 . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . Page 317 . Jump up ^ Kevin Blackburn , Karl Hack . `` Forgotten Captives in Japanese - Occupied Asia '' . 2007 . p. 4 . British Empire POWs are given a death rate of 25 % . Jump up ^ BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES . National Museum of the Royal Navy . Retrieved Feb. 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLynn , The Burma Campaign : Disaster into Triumph , 1942 -- 1945 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Long ( 1963 ) , pp. 633 -- 34 Jump up ^ `` Honouring NZ 's Pacific War dead '' . Beehive. 15 August 2005 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES . National Museum of the Royal Navy . Retrieved Feb. 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 12,031 killed and 24,425 wounded in the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria , 10,495 killed and 21,456 wounded in the 1938 Battle of Lake Khasan and 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol ) , 205 advisors killed in China . Jump up ^ Per `` Soviet Losses in the Khalkhin Gol Battle '' , losses at Khalkin Gol were : 30 BT - 7s , 27 BT - 7RTs , 2 BT - 7As , 127 BT - 5s , 30 BT - 5RTs , 8 T - 26s , 10 KhT - 26 S , 2 KhT - 130 S , 17 T - 37s , and 133 BA - 6 / BA - 10 armored cars . This does not include tanks that only sustained light to moderate damage , or ones lost due to mechanical failure . Jump up ^ Japanese Monograph no . 154 : Record of Operations against Soviet Russia , Eastern Front August 1945 Page 39 . Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( July 1973 ) . `` The Lake Khasan Affair of 1938 : Overview and Lessons '' . Soviet Studies . 25 ( 1 ) : 53 . Jump up ^ `` Russia and USSR in Wars of the 20th Century '' . И. И. Ивлев . Archived from the original on 5 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD WAR II : THE DEFENSIVE PHASE '' , US Army Center Of Military History , p. 87 Jump up ^ Kevin Blackburn , Karl Hack . `` Forgotten Captives in Japanese - Occupied Asia '' . 2007 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Allied War Losses . uboat.net . Retrieved Feb. 24 2018 . Jump up ^ United Nations , Economic and Social Council , Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East , Supp. 10 . 1947 pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , pp 19 , 143 Jump up ^ Marr , David G. ( 1995 ) . Vietnam 1945 : The Quest for Power . University of California Press . Page 61 . Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0595350636 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 '' . Australia - Japan Research Project . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hara p. 297 - 299 Jump up ^ BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES . National Museum of the Royal Navy . Retrieved Feb. 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yuma Totani ( 1 April 2009 ) . The Tokyo War Crimes Trial : The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II . Harvard University Asia Center . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Stephen C. McCaffrey ( 22 September 2004 ) . Understanding International Law . AuthorHouse . pp. 210 -- 229 . Jump up ^ `` Rummel , R.J. ' ' ' Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 ' ' ' Chapter 3 . LIT Verlag Münster - Hamburg - Berlin - Wien - London - Zürich ( 1999 ) '' . Hawaii.edu . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- World Wars : Nuclear Power : The End of the War Against Japan '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remember role in ending fascist war '' . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hudson ( 2 March 2007 ) . `` Doctors of Depravity '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Chapel , Joseph ( 2004 ) . `` Denial of the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking '' . Jump up ^ U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II : The Issue of Compensation by Japan . Jump up ^ de Brouwer , Anne - Marie ( 2005 ) . Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence . Intersentia . p. 8 . ISBN 90 - 5095 - 533 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` No government coercion in war 's sex slavery : Abe '' , The Japan Times , 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Himeta , Mitsuyoshi ( 姫田光義 ) ( 日本軍による『三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって』 ) ( Concerning the Three Alls Strategy / Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces ) , Iwanami Bukkuretto , 1996 , Bix , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Harrison , Dark Trophies : hunting and the enemy body in modern war , Berghahn Booksl , 2012 Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 576 -- 577 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , pp. 580 -- 581 . Sources ( edit ) Bergerud , Eric M. ( 2000 ) . Fire in the Sky : The Air War in the South Pacific . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3869 - 7 . Blair , Jr. , Clay . Silent Victory . Philadelphia : Lippincott , 1975 ( submarine war ) . Bond , Brian ; Tachikawa , Kyoichi ( 2004 ) . British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War , 1941 -- 1945 Volume 17 of Military History and Policy Series . Routledge . ISBN 9780714685557 . Buell , Thomas . Master of Seapower : A Biography of Admiral Ernest J. King Naval Institute Press , 1976 . Buell , Thomas . The Quiet Warrior : A Biography of Admiral Raymond Spruance. 1974 . Ch'i , Hsi - Sheng ( 1992 ) . `` The Military Dimension , 1942 -- 1945 '' . In James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine . China 's Bitter Victory : War with Japan , 1937 -- 45 . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 246 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Channel 4 ( UK ) . Hell in the Pacific ( television documentary series ) . 2001 . Costello , John . The Pacific War . 1982 , overview Craven , Wesley , and James Cate , eds . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Vol. 1 , Plans and Early Operations , January 1939 to August 1942 . University of Chicago Press , 1958 . Official history ; Vol. 4 , The Pacific : Guadalcanal to Saipan , August 1942 to July 1944 . 1950 ; Vol. 5 , The Pacific : Matterhorn to Nagasaki. 1953 . Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey ; Morris , Ewan ; Prior , Robin ; Bou , Jean ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( Second ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195517849 . Drea , Edward J. ( 1998 ) . In the Service of the Emperor : Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army . Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1708 - 0 . Dunnigan , James F. , and Albert A. Nofi . The Pacific War Encyclopedia . Facts on File , 1998 . 2 vols . 772p . Evans , David C ; Peattie , Mark R ( 1997 ) . Kaigun : strategy , tactics , and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1887 -- 1941 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 192 - 7 . Gailey , Harry A. ( 2011 ) . The War in the Pacific : From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay ( reprint , 1995 ed . ) . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 307 - 80204 - 3 . Goldman , Stuart ( 2012 ) . Nomonhan , 1939 : The Red Army 's Victory That Shaped World War II . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 61251 - 098 - 1 . Gordon , David M. `` The China - Japan War , 1931 -- 1945 '' Journal of Military History ( January 2006 ) v 70 # 1 , pp 137 -- 82 . Historiographical overview of major books Seki , Eiji. ( 2006 ) . Mrs. Ferguson 's Tea - Set , Japan and the Second World War : The Global Consequences Following Germany 's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 . London : Global Oriental . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905246 - 28 - 1 ( cloth ) ( reprinted by University of Hawaii Press ) , Honolulu , 2007 . previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy : A New Interpretation . Hara , Tameichi ( 2011 ) . Japanese Destroyer Captain . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 384 - 0 . Harrison , Simon ( 2012 ) . Dark Trophies . Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War . New York City : Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85745 - 499 - 7 . Hastings , Max ( 2008 ) . Retribution . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0307263513 . Saburo Hayashi and Alvin Coox . Kogun : The Japanese Army in the Pacific War . Quantico , Virginia : Marine Corps Assoc. , 1959 . Hopkins , William B. ( 2010 ) . The Pacific War : The Strategy , Politics , and Players that Won the War . Zenith Press . ISBN 0 - 76033 - 975 - 9 . Hsiung , James C. and Steven I. Levine , eds . China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan , 1937 -- 1945 M.E. Sharpe , 1992 Hsi - sheng , Ch'i . Nationalist China at War : Military Defeats and Political Collapse , 1937 -- 1945 University of Michigan Press , 1982 Hsu Long - hsuen and Chang Ming - kai , History of The Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , 2nd Ed. , 1971 . Translated by Wen Ha - hsiung , Chung Wu Publishing ; 33 , 140th Lane , Tung - hwa Street , Taipei , Taiwan Republic of China . Inoguchi , Rikihei , Tadashi Nakajima , and Robert Pineau . The Divine Wind . Ballantine , 1958 . Kamikaze . James , D. Clayton . The Years of MacArthur . Vol. 2 . Houghton Mifflin , 1972 . Jansen , Marius B. ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Japan . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00334 - 9 . Jowett , Phillip ( 2005 ) . Rays of the Rising Sun : Japan 's Asian Allies 1931 -- 1945 Volume 1 : China and Manchukuo . Helion and Company Ltd . ISBN 1 - 874622 - 21 - 3 . Kirby , S. Woodburn The War Against Japan . 4 vols . London : H.M.S.O. , 1957 -- 1965 . Official Royal Navy history . L , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 '' . Leary , William M . We Shall Return : MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan . University Press of Kentucky , 1988 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Lundstrom , John B. ( 2005 ) . The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign : Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942 ( New ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : US Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 472 - 8 . McCarthy , Dudley ( 1959 ) . South - West Pacific Area -- First Year . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 5 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 3134247 . McGibbon , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History . Auckland : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 558376 - 0 . Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941 -- 1942 , United States Army Center of Military History , Washington , D.C. , 1990 Stille , Mark ( 2014 ) . The Imperial Japanese Navy in the Pacific War . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 47280 - 146 - 6 . Stevens , Keith ( 2005 ) . `` A Token Operation : 204 Military Mission to China , 1941 -- 1945 '' . Asian Affairs . Risk Management Reference Center , EBSCOhost. 36 ( 1 ) : 66 , 74 . doi : 10.1080 / 03068370500039151 . Miller , Edward S. ( 2007 ) . War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 . US Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 500 - 7 . Peattie , Mark R ( 2007 ) . Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power , 1909 -- 1941 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X . Samuel Eliot Morison , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Vol. 3 , The Rising Sun in the Pacific . Boston : Little , Brown , 1961 ; Vol. 4 , Coral Sea , Midway and Submarine Actions. 1949 ; Vol. 5 , The Struggle for Guadalcanal. 1949 ; Vol. 6 , Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. 1950 ; Vol. 7 , Aleutians , Gilberts , and Marshalls. 1951 ; Vol. 8 , New Guinea and the Marianas. 1962 ; Vol. 12 , Leyte . 1958 ; vol. 13 , The Liberation of the Philippines : Luzon , Mindanao , the Visayas. 1959 ; Vol. 14 , Victory in the Pacific . 1961 . Takemae , Eiji ( 2003 ) . The Allied Occupation of Japan . Continuum Press . ISBN 0 - 82641 - 521 - 0 . Masatake Okumiya , and Mitso Fuchida . Midway : The Battle That Doomed Japan . Naval Institute Press , 1955 . Potter , E.B. and Chester W. Nimitz . Triumph in the Pacific . Prentice Hall , 1963 . Naval battles Potter , E.B. Bull Halsey Naval Institute Press , 1985 . Potter , E.B. Nimitz . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , 1976 . Potter , John D. Yamamoto 1967 . Prange , Gordon W. Donald Goldstein , and Katherine Dillon . At Dawn We Slept . Penguin , 1982 . Pearl Harbor -- -- , et al. Miracle at Midway . Penguin , 1982 . -- -- , et al. Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Sarantakes , Nicholas Evan . Allies against the Rising Sun : The United States , the British Nations , and the Defeat of Imperial Japan ( 2009 ) . 458pp . Seki , Eiji ( 2007 ) . Sinking of the SS Automedon And the Role of the Japanese Navy : A New Interpretation . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 1 - 905246 - 28 - 5 . Shaw , Henry , and Douglas Kane . History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II . Vol. 2 , Isolation of Rabaul . Washington , D.C. : Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps , 1963 Shaw , Henry , Bernard Nalty , and Edwin Turnbladh . History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II . Vol. 3 , Central Pacific Drive . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , 1953 . E.B. Sledge , With the Old Breed : At Peleliu and Okinawa . Presidio , 1981 . Memoir . Smith , J. Douglas , and Richard Jensen . World War II on the Web : A Guide to the Very Best Sites. ( 2002 ) Ronald Spector , Eagle Against the Sun : The American War with Japan Free Press , 1985 . John Toland , The Rising Sun . 2 vols . Random House , 1970 . Japan 's war . Ian W. Toll . Pacific Crucible : War at Sea in the Pacific , 1941 -- 1942 ( 2011 ) Parshall , Jonathan ; Tully , Anthony ( 2005 ) . Shattered Sword : The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway . Dulles , Virginia : Potomac Books . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 923 - 0 . Willmott , H.P. ( 2014 ) . Empires in the Balance : Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 ( reprint , 1982 ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 612 - 51728 - 5 . Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) . The Barrier and the Javelin . Annapolis , Maryland : United States Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 092 - 0 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44317 - 2 . ( 2005 ) . Y'Blood , William . Red Sun Setting : The Battle of the Philippine Sea . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , 1980 . Yenne , Bill ( 2014 ) . The Imperial Japanese Army : The Invincible Years 1941 -- 42 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 78200 - 982 - 5 . Harries , Meirion ; Harries , Susie ( 1994 ) . Soldiers of the Sun : The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75303 - 6 . Tsuyoshi Hasegawa , The Soviet factor in ending the Pacific War ( 2003 ) Primary sources United States War Department . TM 30 - 480 Handbook On Japanese Military Forces , 1942 ( 1942 ) online ; 384pp ; highly detailed description of wartime IJA by U.S. Army Intelligence . Further reading ( edit ) Dean , Peter J. McArthur 's Coalition : US and Australian operations in the Southwest Pacific Area , 1942 - 1945 ( University Press of Kansas , 2018 ) Werner Gruhl ( 31 December 2011 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two : 1931 -- 1945 . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 0926 - 9 . Judge , Sean M. et al . The Turn of the Tide in the Pacific War : Strategic Initiative , Intelligence , and Command , 1941 - 1943 ( University Press of Kansas , 2018 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pacific War . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pacific War . `` The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia '' compiled by Kent G. Budge , 4000 short articles Film Footage of the Pacific War Animated History of the Pacific War The Pacific War Series -- at The War Times Journal Morinoske : Japanese Pilot testimonials -- and more Imperial Japanese Navy Page `` Japan 's War in Colour '' on YouTube World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Portal States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II State of Burma Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1945 ) Provisional Government of China Reformed Government of China Occupied Hong Kong Shanghai Great Way Government East Hebei Autonomous Council Provisional Government of Free India Karafuto Prefecture Korea under Japanese rule South Pacific Mandate Kingdom of Laos ( 1945 ) Manchukuo Mengjiang Second Philippine Republic Taiwan under Japanese rule Kingdom of Thailand Empire of Vietnam Reorganized National Government of China Occupied Guam French Indochina ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Occupied Dutch East Indies Occupied Malaya Occupied Nauru Occupied Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan and British North Borneo Occupied Singapore Portuguese Timor Greater East Asia Conference Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Pacific War Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Policies Constitution Charter Oath Foreign relations Imperial Rescript on Education Kokutai National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Taisei Yokusankai Tokkō Tonarigumi Greater East Asia Conference Government Administration ( Ministries ) Imperial Household Home Ministry War Army Navy Treasury Foreign Affairs Agriculture and Commerce Commerce and Industry Munitions Colonial Affairs Greater East Asia East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Legislative & Deliberative Bodies Daijō - 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About Wikipedia	when did world war 2 end in pacific	[ "\n\nPacific War\n\n\nPart of World War II\n\n\n\nMap showing the main areas of the conflict and Allied landings in the Pacific, 1942–45\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n\n7 December 1941 – 2 September 1945\n(3 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)\n\n\n\nLocation\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEast Asia\nSouth Asia\nSoutheast Asia\nOceania\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWestern Pacific Oceana\nIndian Oceanb\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nResult\n\nAllied victory\n\nEnd of World War II\nFall of the Japanese Empire\nContinuation of the Chinese Civil War\nSubstantial weakening of European colonial powers and the gradual decolonization of Asia\n1951 Treaty of San Francisco\n1956 Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration\n\n\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\nAllied occupation of Japan\n\nRemoval of all Japanese troops occupying parts of the Republic of China and the retrocession of Taiwan to China\nLiberation of Korea and Manchuria from Japanese rule, followed by the division of Korea\nCession of all Japanese-held islands in the Central Pacific Ocean to the United Nations\nRemoval of all Japanese troops from the Australian-governed Solomon Islands and the territories of New Guinea and Papua\nSeizure and annexation of South Sakhalin and of the Kuril Islands by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\nTrust Territory of the Pacific Islands is placed under the authority of the United States of America. When the territory fell apart the US gained the territory of the Northern Mariana Islands.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\nAllies[1]\n United States\n\n Philippines\n\n China[a]\n\n Chinese Communist Party\n\n United Kingdom\n\n India\n Burma\n Malaya\n\n Australia\n Canada\n New Zealand\n Netherlands\n\n Dutch East Indies\n\n Mexico\n Soviet Union\nand others [b]\n\nAxis\n Japan\n Thailand\n\nClient states[show]\n\n Manchukuo\n Mengjiang\n Nanjing Regime\n Azad Hind\n State of Burma\n Philippine Republic\n\n\nand others [c]\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941–45)\n Harry S. Truman (1945)\n Chiang Kai-shek\n Winston Churchill\n John Curtin\n W. L. Mackenzie King\n Peter Fraser\n A. T. van S. Stachouwer\n Joseph Stalin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Hirohito\n Hideki Tōjō\n Plaek Phibunsongkhram\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n 14,000,000[2]\n 3,621,383+ (1945)[d]\n 2,000,000[7]\n 1,669,500 (1945)[8]\n 600,000\n 400,000[7]\n 140,000[9][e]\n 7,800,000–7,900,000 (1945)[10][11][12]\n 126,500[13]\n, , and others: ~1,000,000+ (1945)[14]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n\n\nMilitary\n4,000,000+ dead (1937–45)\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nAllied casualties 1937–1945:\n\n 3,237,000+[15][16]\n(not including allied irregulars)\n 584,267\n 425,588[f]\n 235,000\n 140,000\n 100,000+\n 68,612+\n 45,841\n 20,000+\n 753\n 578+\n\n\n\n\n\nCivilian deaths\n26,000,000+ (1937–45)[g]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMilitary\n2,500,000+ dead (1937–45)[h]\nCivilian deaths\n1,000,000+[i]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\na Including its islands and neighboring countries\nb Partially and briefly\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "2 September 1945" ]
-7565558573397360426	Coral bleaching	Coral bleaching - wikipedia Coral bleaching Bleached corals Healthy corals Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues . Normally , coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with this algae crucial for the health of the coral and the reef . The algae provides up to 90 % of the coral 's energy . Bleached corals continue to live but begin to starve after bleaching . Some corals recover . Above - average sea water temperatures caused by global warming is the leading cause of coral bleaching . According to the United Nations Environment Programme , between 2014 and 2016 the longest recorded global bleaching events killed coral on an unprecedented scale . In 2016 , bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef 's coral . In 2017 , the bleaching extended into the central region of the reef . The average interval between bleaching events has halved between 1980 and 2016 . Contents 1 Causes 2 Triggers 2.1 List of triggers 3 Mass bleaching events 4 Impact 4.1 Pacific Ocean 4.1. 1 Great Barrier Reef 4.1. 2 Hawaii 4.1. 3 Japan 4.2 Indian Ocean 4.2. 1 Maldives 4.2. 2 Thailand 4.2. 3 Indonesia 4.3 Atlantic Ocean 4.3. 1 United States 4.3. 2 Belize 4.3. 3 Caribbean 4.4 Other areas 4.5 Economic and political impact 4.6 Monitoring reef sea surface temperature 4.7 Changes in ocean chemistry 4.8 Infectious disease 5 Coral adaptation 6 Recovery and macroalgal regime shifts 7 Rebuilding coral reefs 8 Economic value of coral reefs 9 Cost benefit analysis of reducing loss of coral reefs 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Causes ( edit ) Coral and microscopic algae have a symbiotic relationship . When water temperatures get too high , the algae leave the coral tissue and the coral begins to starve . The corals that form the great reef ecosystems of tropical seas depend upon a symbiotic relationship with algae - like single - celled flagellate protozoa called zooxanthellae that live within their tissues and give the coral its coloration . The zooxanthellae provide the coral with nutrients through photosynthesis , a crucial factor in the clear and nutrient - poor tropical waters . In exchange , the coral provide the zooxanthellae with the carbon dioxide and ammonium needed for photosynthesis . Negative environmental conditions thwart the coral 's ability to provide for the zooxanthellae 's needs . To ensure short - term survival , the coral - polyp then expels the zooxanthellae . This leads to a lighter or completely white appearance , hence the term `` bleached '' . As the zooxanthellae provide up to 90 % of the coral 's energy needs through products of photosynthesis , after expelling , the coral may begin to starve . Healthy coral at left and bleached , but still living , coral to right Coral can survive short - term disturbances , but if the conditions that lead to the expulsion of the zooxanthellae persist , the coral 's chances of survival diminish . In order to recover from bleaching , the zooxanthellae have to re-enter the tissues of the coral polyps and restart photosynthesis to sustain the coral as a whole and the ecosystem that depends on it . If the coral polyps die of starvation after bleaching , they will decay . The hard coral species will then leave behind their calcium carbonate skeletons , which will be taken over by algae , effectively blocking coral re-growth . Eventually , the coral skeletons will erode , causing the reef structure to collapse . Triggers ( edit ) Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors . While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching , the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by increased sea surface temperatures . Coral reefs located in warm , shallow water with low water flow have been more affected than reefs located in areas with higher water flow . List of triggers ( edit ) Bleached coral - partially overgrown with algae increased water temperature ( most commonly due to global warming ) , or reduced water temperatures oxygen starvation caused by an increase in zooplankton levels as a result of overfishing increased solar irradiance ( photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet light ) increased sedimentation ( due to silt runoff ) bacterial infections changes in salinity herbicides extreme low tide and exposure cyanide fishing elevated sea levels due to global warming ( Watson ) mineral dust from African dust storms caused by drought pollutants such as oxybenzone , butylparaben , octyl methoxycinnamate , or enzacamene : four common sunscreen ingredients that are nonbiodegradable and can wash off of skin ocean acidification due to elevated levels of CO caused by air pollution being exposed to Oil or other chemical spills Mass bleaching events ( edit ) Bleached Acropora coral ( foreground ) and normal colony ( background ) , Keppel Islands , Great Barrier Reef Elevated sea water temperatures are the main cause of mass bleaching events . Sixty major episodes of coral bleaching have occurred between 1979 and 1990 , with the associated coral mortality affecting reefs in every part of the world . In 2016 , the longest coral bleaching event was recorded . The longest and most destructive coral bleaching event was because of the El Niño that occurred from 2014 - 2017 . During this time , over 70 % of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged . Factors that influence the outcome of a bleaching event include stress - resistance which reduces bleaching , tolerance to the absence of zooxanthellae , and how quickly new coral grows to replace the dead . Due to the patchy nature of bleaching , local climatic conditions such as shade or a stream of cooler water can reduce bleaching incidence . Coral and zooxanthellae health and genetics also influence bleaching . Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks , while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change . Corals consistently exposed to low stress levels may be more resistant to bleaching . Scientists believe that the oldest known bleaching was that of the Late Devonian ( Frasnian / Famennian ) , also triggered by the rise of sea surface temperatures . It resulted in the demise of the largest coral reefs in the Earth 's history . Impact ( edit ) Two images of the Great Barrier Reef showing that the warmest water ( top picture ) coincides with the coral reefs ( lower picture ) , setting up conditions that can cause coral bleaching In the 2012 -- 2040 period , coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) sees this as the greatest threat to the world 's reef systems . Coral reefs worldwide were lost by 19 % , and 60 % of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost . There are a few ways to tell the impacts of coral bleaching on reefs . First by the coral cover , the more coral that is covering the ground the less of an impact bleaching had . Second , coral abundance , which is the number of different living species on the coral reef . ( Shidqi et al. 2017 ) Pacific ocean ( edit ) Great Barrier reef ( edit ) The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980 , 1982 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2016 and 2017 . Some locations suffered severe damage , with up to 90 % mortality . The most widespread and intense events occurred in the summers of 1998 and 2002 , with 42 % and 54 % respectively of reefs bleached to some extent , and 18 % strongly bleached . However coral losses on the reef between 1995 and 2009 were largely offset by growth of new corals . An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7 % from 1985 to 2012 , but with only about 10 % of that decline attributable to bleaching , and the remaining 90 % caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown - of - thorns starfishes . A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans . These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef . The most severe bleaching in 2016 occurred near Port Douglas . In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29 % loss of shallow water coral . The highest coral death and reef habitat loss was inshore and mid-self reefs around Cape Grenville and Princess Charlotte Bay . The IPCC 's moderate warming scenarios ( B1 to A1T , 2 ° C by 2100 , IPCC , 2007 , Table SPM. 3 , p. 13 ) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching . Hawaii ( edit ) Major bleaching occurred in Hawaiian coral reefs in 1996 and in 2002 . In 2014 , biologists from the University of Queensland observed the first mass bleaching event , and attributed it to The Blob . In 2014 and 2015 , a survey in Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve on Oahu found 47 % of the corals suffering from coral bleaching and close to 10 % of the corals dying . Japan ( edit ) According to a 2017 Japanese government report , almost 75 % of Japan 's largest coral reef in Okinawa has died from bleaching . Indian ocean ( edit ) Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures , most severely in the Indian Ocean . Up to 90 % of coral cover has been lost in the Maldives , Sri Lanka , Kenya and Tanzania and in the Seychelles during the massive 1997 - 98 bleaching event . Maldives ( edit ) More than 60 % of the coral in the Maldives has suffered from bleaching in 2016 . Thailand ( edit ) Thailand experienced a severe mass bleaching in 2010 which affected 70 % of the coral in the Andaman Sea . Between 30 % and 95 % of the bleached coral died . Indonesia ( edit ) In 2017 there was a study done on two islands in Indonesia to see how their coral cover was . One of the places was Melinjo Islands and the other was Saktu Islands . In Saktu Island the lifeform conditions were categorized as bad , with an average coral cover of 22.3 % . In Melinjo Islands the lifeform conditions were categorized as bad , with an average coral cover of 22.2 % . ( Shidqi et al. 2017 ) Atlantic ocean ( edit ) United States ( edit ) In South Florida , a 2016 survey of large corals from Key Biscayne to Fort Lauderdale found that about 66 % of the corals were dead or reduced to less than half of their live tissue . Belize ( edit ) The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998 , where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 ° C ( 88.7 ° F ) from 10 August to 14 October . For a few days , Hurricane Mitch brought in stormy weather on October 27 but only reduced temperatures by 1 degree or less . During this time period , mass bleaching in the fore - reef and lagoon occurred . While some fore reef colonies suffered some damage , coral mortality in the lagoon was catastrophic . The most prevalent coral in the reefs of Belize in 1998 was the lettuce coral , Agaricia tenuifolia . On 22 and 23 October , surveys were conducted at two sites and the findings were devastating . Virtually all the living coral was bleached white and their skeletons indicated that they had died recently . At the lagoon floor , complete bleaching was evident among Agaricia tenuifolia . Furthermore , surveys done in 1999 and 2000 showed a near total mortality of Agaricia tenuifolia at all depths . Similar patterns occurred in other coral species as well . Measurements on water turbidity suggest that these mortalities were attributed to rising water temperatures rather than solar radiation . Caribbean ( edit ) Hard coral cover on reefs in the Caribbean have declined by an estimated 80 % , from an average of 50 % cover in the 1970s to only about 10 % cover in the early 2000s . A 2013 study to follow up on a mass bleaching event in Tobago from 2010 showed that after only 1 year , the majority of the dominant species declined by about 62 % while coral abundance declined by about 50 % . However , between 2011 and 2013 , coral cover increased for 10 of the 26 dominant species but declined for 5 other populations . Other areas ( edit ) Coral in the south Red Sea does not bleach despite summer water temperatures up to 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) . Coral bleaching in the Red Sea is more common in the northern section of the reefs , the southern part of the reef has been plagued by coral eating starfish , dynamite fishing and human impacts on the environment . In 1988 there was a massive bleaching event that affected the reefs in Saudi Arabia and in Sudan , the southern reefs were more resilient and affected them very little . Previously it was thought that the North suffers more from coral bleaching but they show a fast turnover of coral and the southern reef was thought to not suffer from bleaching as harshly , they show more consistency . However , new research shows where the south reef should be bigger and healthier than the north it was not . This is believed to be because of major disturbances in recent history from bleaching events , and coral eating starfish . In 2010 , coral bleaching occurred in Saudi Arabia and Sudan , where the temperature rose 10 to 11 degrees . Certain taxa experienced 80 % to 100 % of their colonies bleaching , while some showed on average 20 % of that taxa bleaching . Economic and political impact ( edit ) According to Brian Skoloff of The Christian Science Monitor , `` If the reefs vanished , experts say , hunger , poverty and political instability could ensue . '' Since countless sea life depend on the reefs for shelter and protection from predators , the extinction of the reefs would ultimately create a domino effect that would trickle down to the many human societies that depend on those fish for food and livelihood . There has been a 44 % decline over the last 20 years in the Florida Keys , and up to 80 % in the Caribbean alone . Coral reefs provide various ecosystem services , one of which is being a natural fishery , as many frequently consumed commercial fish spawn or live out their juvenile lives in coral reefs around the tropics . Thus , reefs are a popular fishing site and are an important source of income for fishers , especially small , local fisheries . As coral reef habitat decreases due to bleaching , reef associated fish populations also decrease , which affects fishing opportunities . A model from one study by Speers et al. calculated direct losses to fisheries from decreased coral cover to be around $49 -- $69 billion , if human societies continue to emit high levels of greenhouse gases . But , these losses could be reduced for a consumer surplus benefit of about $14 -- $20 billion , if societies chose to emit a lower level of greenhouse gases instead . These economic losses also have important political implications , as they fall disproportionately on developing countries where the reefs are located , namely in Southeast Asia and around the Indian Ocean . It would cost more for countries in these areas to respond to coral reef loss as they would need to turn to different sources of income and food , in addition to losing other ecosystem services such as ecotourism . A study completed by Chen et al. suggested that the commercial value of reefs decreases by almost 4 % every time coral cover decreases by 1 % because of losses in ecotourism and other potential outdoor recreational activities . Coral reefs also act as a protective barrier for coastlines by reducing wave impact , which lowers the damage from storms , erosions , and flooding . Countries that lose this natural protection will lose more money because of the increased susceptibility of storms . This indirect cost , combined with the lost revenue in tourism , will result in enormous economic effects . Monitoring reef sea surface temperature ( edit ) The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) monitors for bleaching `` hot spots '' , areas where sea surface temperature rises 1 ° C or more above the long - term monthly average . The `` hot spots '' are the location in which thermal stress is measured and with the development of Degree Heating Week ( DHW ) , the coral reef 's thermal stress is monitored . Global coral bleaching is being detected earlier due to the satellite remote sensing the rise of sea temperatures . It is necessary to monitor the high temperatures because coral bleaching events are affecting coral reef reproduction and normal growth capacity , as well as it weakening corals , eventually leading to their mortality . This system detected the worldwide 1998 bleaching event , that corresponded to the 1997 -- 98 El Niño event . Currently , 190 reef sites around the globe are monitored by the NOAA , and send alerts to research scientists and reef managers via NOAA Coral Reef Watch ( CRW ) website . By monitoring the warming of sea temperatures , the early warnings of coral bleaching , alerts reef managers to prepare and draw awareness to future bleaching events . The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010 , which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions . The 2014 - 2017 El Niño was recorded to be the longest and most damaging to the corals , which harmed over 70 % of our coral reefs . Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead . Changes in ocean chemistry ( edit ) Increasing ocean acidification due to rises in carbon dioxide levels exacerbates the bleaching effects of thermal stress . Acidification affects the corals ' ability to create calcareous skeletons , essential to their survival . This is because ocean acidification decreases the amount of carbonate ion in the water , making it more difficult for corals to absorb the calcium carbonate they need for the skeleton . As a result , the resilience of reefs goes down , while it becomes easier for them to erode and dissolve . In addition , the increase in CO allows herbivore overfishing and nutrification to change coral - dominated ecosystems to algal - dominated ecosystems . A recent study from the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future found that with the combination of acidification and temperature rises , the levels of CO could become too high for coral to survive in as little as 50 years . Infectious disease ( edit ) Infectious bacteria of the species Vibrio shiloi are the bleaching agent of Oculina patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea , causing this effect by attacking the zooxanthellae . V. shiloi is infectious only during warm periods . Elevated temperature increases the virulence of V. shiloi , which then become able to adhere to a beta - galactoside - containing receptor in the surface mucus of the host coral . V. shiloi then penetrates the coral 's epidermis , multiplies , and produces both heat - stable and heat - sensitive toxins , which affect zooxanthellae by inhibiting photosynthesis and causing lysis . During the summer of 2003 , coral reefs in the Mediterranean Sea appeared to gain resistance to the pathogen , and further infection was not observed . The main hypothesis for the emerged resistance is the presence of symbiotic communities of protective bacteria living in the corals . The bacterial species capable of lysing V. shiloi had not been identified as of 2011 . Coral adaptation ( edit ) In 2010 , researchers at Penn State discovered corals that were thriving while using an unusual species of symbiotic algae in the warm waters of the Andaman Sea in the Indian Ocean . Normal zooxanthellae can not withstand temperatures as high as was there , so this finding was unexpected . This gives researchers hope that with rising temperatures due to global warming , coral reefs will develop tolerance for different species of symbiotic algae that are resistant to high temperature , and can live within the reefs . In 2010 , researchers from Stanford University also found corals around the Samoan Islands that experience a drastic temperature increase for about four hours a day during low tide . The corals do not bleach or die regardless of the high heat increase . Studies showed that the corals off the coast of Ofu Island near America Samoa have become trained to withstand the high temperatures . Researchers are now asking a new question : can we condition corals , that are not from this area , in this manner and slowly introduce them to higher temperatures for short periods of time and make them more resilient against rising ocean temperatures . Recovery and macroalgal regime shifts ( edit ) After corals experience a bleaching event to increased temperature stress some reefs are able to return to their original , pre-bleaching state . Reefs either recover from bleaching , where they are recolonized by zooxanthellae , or they experience a regime shift , where previously flourishing coral reefs are taken over by thick layers of macroalgae . This inhibits further coral growth because the algae produces antifouling compounds to deter settlement and competes with corals for space and light . As a result , macroalgae forms stable communities that make it difficult for corals to grow again . Reefs will then be more susceptible to other issues , such as declining water quality and removal of herbivore fish , because coral growth is weaker . Discovering what causes reefs to be resilient or recover from bleaching events is of primary importance because it helps inform conservation efforts and protect coral more effectively . Corals have shown to be resilient to short - term disturbances . Recovery has been shown in after storm disturbance and crown of thorns starfish invasions . Fish species tend to fare better following reef disturbance than coral species as corals show limited recovery and reef fish assemblages have shown little change as a result of short - term disturbances . In contrast , fish assemblages in reefs that experience bleaching exhibit potentially damaging changes . One study by Bellwood et al. notes that while species richness , diversity , and abundance did not change , fish assemblages contained more generalist species and less coral dependent species . Responses to coral bleaching are diverse between reef fish species , based on what resources are affected . Rising sea temperature and coral bleaching do not directly impact adult fish mortality , but there are many indirect consequences of both . Coral - associated fish populations tend to be in decline due to habitat loss ; however , some herbivorous fish populations have seen a drastic increase due to the increase of algae colonization on dead coral . Studies note that better methods are needed to measure the effects of disturbance on the resilience of corals . The lemon damselfish ( Pomacentrus moluccensis ) is a coral associated species that has been shown to decline dramatically following coral bleaching . Until recently , the factors mediating the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching were not well studied . Research by Graham et al. ( 2005 ) studied 21 reefs around Seychelles in the Indo - Pacific in order to document the long - term effects of coral bleaching . After the loss of more than 90 % of corals due to bleaching in 1998 around 50 % of the reefs recovered and roughly 40 % of the reefs experienced regime shifts to macroalgae dominated compositions . After an assessment of factors influencing the probability of recovery , the study identified five major factors : density of juvenile corals , initial structural complexity , water depth , biomass of herbivorous fishes , and nutrient conditions on the reef . Overall , resilience was seen most in coral reef systems that were structurally complex and in deeper water . The ecological roles and functional groups of species also play a role in the recovery of regime shifting potential in reef systems . Coral reefs are affected by bioeroding , scraping , and grazing fish species . Bioeroding species remove dead corals , scraping species remove algae and sediment to further future growth , grazing species remove algae . The presence of each type of species can influence the ability for normal levels of coral recruitment which is an important part of coral recovery . Lowered numbers of grazing species after coral bleaching in the Caribbean has been likened to sea - urchin - dominated systems which do not undergo regime shifts to fleshy macroalgae dominated conditions . There is always the possibility of unobservable changes , or cryptic losses or resilience , in a coral community 's ability to perform ecological processes . These cryptic losses can result in unforeseen regime changes or ecological flips . More detailed methods for determining the health of coral reefs that take into account long - term changes to the coral ecosystems and better - informed conservation policies are necessary to protect coral reefs in the years to come . Rebuilding coral reefs ( edit ) Research is being done to help slow down the mortality rate of corals . Worldwide Projects are being completed to help replenish and restore our coral reefs . The population of corals is rapidly declining , so scientists are doing experiments in coral growth and research tanks to help replenish the population of corals . These research tanks mimic the coral reefs natural environment in the ocean . They are growing corals in these tanks to use for their experiments , so no more corals are being harmed or taken from the ocean . They are also transplanting the successfully grown corals from the research tanks and putting them into the areas of the ocean where the reefs are dying out . An experiment is being done in some coral growth and research tanks by Ruth Gates and Madelaine Van Oppen . They are trying to make `` super corals '' that can withstand some of the environmental factors that the corals are currently dying from . Van Oppen is also working on developing a type of algae that will have a symbiotic relationship with corals and can withstand water temperature fluctuations for long periods of time . This project may be helping to replenish our reefs , but the growing process of corals in research tanks is very time consuming . It can take at least 10 years for the corals to fully grow and mature enough to where they will be able to breed . Economic value of coral reefs ( edit ) Coral reefs provide goods and services to an estimated quarter of all ocean species . Experts estimate that coral reef services are worth up to $1.2 million per hectare which translates to an average of $172 billion per year . The benefits of coral reefs include providing physical structures such as coastal shoreline protection , biotic services within and between ecosystems , biogeochemical services such as maintaining nitrogen levels in the ocean , climate records , and recreational and commercial ( tourism ) services . Coral reefs are one of the best marine ecosystems to use to as a food source . The coral reefs are also the perfect habitat for rare and economically important species of tropical fish , as they provide the perfect area for fish to breed and create nurseries in . If the populations of the fish and corals in the reef are high , then we can use the area as a place to gather food and things with medicinal properties , which also helps create jobs for people who can collect these specimens . The reefs also have some cultural importance in specific regions around the world . Cost benefit analysis of reducing loss of coral reefs ( edit ) In 2010 , the Convention on Biological Diversity 's ( CBD ) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 - 2020 created twenty distinct targets for sustainable development for post-2015 . Target 10 indicates the goal of minimizing `` anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs '' . Two programs were looked at , one that reduces coral reef loss by 50 % that has a capital cost of $684 million and a recurrent cost of $81 million . The other program reduces coral reef loss by 80 % and has a capital cost of $1,036 million with recurring costs of $130 million . CBD acknowledges that they may be underestimating the costs and resources needed to achieve this target due to lack of relevant data but nonetheless , the cost - benefit analysis shows that the benefits outweigh the costs by a great enough amount for both programs ( Benefit Cost Ratio of 95.3 and 98.5 ) that `` there is ample scope to increase outlays on coral protection and still achieve a benefit to cost ratio that is well over one '' . See also ( edit ) Climate change Coral Point Count ( CPe ) Coral reef Ove Hoegh - Guldberg ( biologist ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dove SG , Hoegh - Guldberg O ( 2006 ) . `` Coral bleaching can be caused by stress . The cell physiology of coral bleaching '' . In Ove Hoegh - Guldberg , Jonathan T. Phinney , William Skirving , Joanie Kleypas . Coral Reefs and Climate Change : Science and Management . ( Washington ) : American Geophysical Union . pp. 1 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 87590 - 359 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Barrier Reef : a catastrophe laid bare '' . The Guardian . 2016 - 06 - 06 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Coral bleaching on Great Barrier Reef worse than expected , surveys show '' . The Guardian . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations just released a warning that the Great Barrier Reef is dying '' . The Independent . 2017 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hughes TP , Kerry JT , Álvarez - Noriega M , Álvarez - Romero JG , Anderson KD , Baird AH , et al. ( March 2017 ) . `` Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals '' . Nature . 543 ( 7645 ) : 373 -- 377 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 543 ... 373H . doi : 10.1038 / nature21707 . PMID 28300113 . 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Marine and Freshwater Research . 50 ( 8 ) : 839 -- 66 . doi : 10.1071 / MF99078 . Jump up ^ Nir O , Gruber DF , Shemesh E , Glasser E , Tchernov D ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Seasonal mesophotic coral bleaching of Stylophora pistillata in the Northern Red Sea '' . PLOS One . 9 ( 1 ) : e84968 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 984968N . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0084968 . PMC 3893136 . PMID 24454772 . ^ Jump up to : Hoegh - Guldberg O , Mumby PJ , Hooten AJ , Steneck RS , Greenfield P , Gomez E , et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification '' . Science . 318 ( 5857 ) : 1737 -- 42 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318.1737 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1152509 . PMID 18079392 . Jump up ^ Baker A , Glynn P , Riegl B ( 2008 ) . `` Climate change and coral reef bleaching : An ecological assessment of long - term impacts , recovery trends and future outlook '' . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 80 : 435 -- 471 . 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The impacts of sunscreens on our coral reefs '' ( PDF ) . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Than , Ker . `` Swimmers ' Sunscreen Killing Off Coral '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic News . Retrieved 29 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coral Reef Safe Sunscreen '' . badgerbalm.com . Jump up ^ Danovaro R , Bongiorni L , Corinaldesi C , Giovannelli D , Damiani E , Astolfi P , Greci L , Pusceddu A ( April 2008 ) . `` Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 ( 4 ) : 441 -- 7 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 10966 . PMC 2291018 . PMID 18414624 . Jump up ^ Downs CA , Kramarsky - Winter E , Fauth JE , Segal R , Bronstein O , Jeger R , Lichtenfeld Y , Woodley CM , Pennington P , Kushmaro A , Loya Y ( March 2014 ) . `` Toxicological effects of the sunscreen UV filter , benzophenone - 2 , on planulae and in vitro cells of the coral , Stylophora pistillata '' . 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Jump up ^ Brian Skoloff , ( 1 ) , `` The Christian Science Monitor '' , 26 March 2010 Jump up ^ PBS Newshour , `` Endangered Coral Reefs Die as Ocean Temperatures Rise and Water Turns Acidic '' , `` PBS Newshour '' , 5 December 2012 ^ Jump up to : Speers AE , Besedin EY , Palardy JE , Moore C ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on coral reef fisheries : An integrated ecological -- economic model '' . Ecological Economics . 128 : 33 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2016.04. 012 . ^ Jump up to : Chen P , Chen C , Chu L , McCarl B ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Evaluating the economic damage of climate change on global coral reefs '' . Global Environmental Change . 30 : 12 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gloenvcha. 2014.10. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Teh LS , Teh LC , Sumaila UR ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` A Global Estimate of the Number of Coral Reef Fishers '' . PLOS One . 8 ( 6 ) : e65397 . Bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 865397T . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0065397 . PMC 3686796 . PMID 23840327 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff NH , Donner SD , Cao L , Iglesias - Prieto R , Sale PF , Mumby PJ ( November 2015 ) . `` Global inequities between polluters and the polluted : climate change impacts on coral reefs '' . Global Change Biology . 21 ( 11 ) : 3982 -- 94 . Bibcode : 2015GCBio ... 21.3982 W . doi : 10.1111 / gcb. 13015 . PMID 26234736 . ^ Jump up to : Liu G , Strong AE , Skirving W ( 2003 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Remote sensing of sea surface temperatures during 2002 Barrier Reef coral bleaching '' . Eos , Transactions American Geophysical Union . 84 ( 15 ) : 137 -- 141 . Bibcode : 2003EOSTr ... 84 ... 137L . doi : 10.1029 / 2003EO150001 . ISSN 2324 - 9250 . Jump up ^ McClanahan TR , Ateweberhan M , Sebastián CR , Graham NJ , Wilson SK , Bruggemann JH , Guillaume MM ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Predictability of coral bleaching from synoptic satellite and in situ temperature observations '' . Coral Reefs. 26 ( 3 ) : 695 -- 701 . doi : 10.1007 / s00338 - 006 - 0193 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of NOAA coral reef watch program 's near - real time satellite global coral bleaching monitoring activities ( PDF Download Available ) '' . ResearchGate . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA Hotspots '' . Jump up ^ `` Pro-opinion of NOAA Hotspots '' . Jump up ^ NOAA Coral Reef Watch . `` Methodology , Product Description , and Data Availability of Coral Reef Watch Operational and Experimental Satellite Coral Bleaching Monitoring Products '' . NOAA . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard JA , Johnson JE , Marshall PA , Eakin CM , Goby G , Schuttenberg H , Spillman CM ( July 2009 ) . `` A strategic framework for responding to coral bleaching events in a changing climate '' . Environmental Management . 44 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . Bibcode : 2009EnMan ... 44 ... 1M . doi : 10.1007 / s00267 - 009 - 9295 - 7 . 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References ( edit ) Watson ME ( 2011 ) . `` Coral Reefs '' . In Allin CW . Encyclopedia of environmental issues . 1 . Pasadena , Calif. : Salem Press . pp. 317 -- 318 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 735 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coral bleaching . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority information on bleaching . ReefBase : a global information system on coral reefs . More details on coral bleaching , causes and effects . Travellers Impressions The Link between Overfishing and Mass Coral Bleaching Discussion on Overfishing and Coral Bleaching Social & Economic Costs of Coral Bleaching from `` NOAA Socioeconomics '' website initiative Microdocs : Coral bleaching Coral Bleaching at Maro Reef , September 2004 Corals and coral reefs Stony corals Blue Brain Elegance Elkhorn Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Staghorn Table Soft corals Bamboo Black Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs Deep - water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros , Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease Protection Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline algae Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa ( extinct ) Symbiodinium Tabulata LCCN : sh2007002332 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching&oldid=856702560 '' Categories : Coral reefs Effects of global warming Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 01 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the main cause of coral reef bleaching	[ "Above-average sea water temperatures caused by global warming is the leading cause of coral bleaching.[2] According to the United Nations Environment Programme, between 2014 and 2016 the longest recorded global bleaching events killed coral on an unprecedented scale. In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.[3][4][5] In 2017, the bleaching extended into the central region of the reef.[6][7] The average interval between bleaching events has halved between 1980 and 2016.[8]\n" ]	[ "Above-average sea water temperatures caused by global warming" ]
852836678165413294	Limestone	Limestone - wikipedia Limestone Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Limestone ( disambiguation ) . Limestone Sedimentary rock Limestone outcrop in the Torcal de Antequera nature reserve of Málaga , Spain Composition Calcium carbonate : inorganic crystalline calcite or organic calcareous material Limestone is a sedimentary rock , composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , forams and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO ) . About 10 % of sedimentary rocks are limestones . The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes , in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years . Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock . Limestone has numerous uses : as a building material , an essential component of concrete ( Portland cement ) , as aggregate for the base of roads , as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints , as a chemical feedstock for the production of lime , as a soil conditioner , or as a popular decorative addition to rock gardens . The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Classification 2.1 Folk classification 2.2 Dunham classification 3 Limestone landscape 4 Uses 4.1 Occupational safety and health 4.1. 1 United States 5 Degradation by organisms 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Description ( edit ) Limestone quarry at Cedar Creek , Virginia , USA Cutting limestone blocks at a quarry in Gozo , Malta Limestone as building material La Zaplaz formations in the Piatra Craiului Mountains , Romania . Like most other sedimentary rocks , most limestone is composed of grains . Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera . These organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite , and leave these shells behind when they die . Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids , peloids , intraclasts , and extraclasts . Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert ( chalcedony , flint , jasper , etc . ) or siliceous skeletal fragment ( sponge spicules , diatoms , radiolarians ) , and varying amounts of clay , silt and sand ( terrestrial detritus ) carried in by rivers . Some limestones do not consist of grains at all , and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite , i.e. travertine . Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters ( groundwater that precipitates the material in caves ) . This produces speleothems , such as stalagmites and stalactites . Another form taken by calcite is oolitic limestone , which can be recognized by its granular ( oolite ) appearance . The primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms . Some of these organisms can construct mounds of rock known as reefs , building upon past generations . Below about 3,000 meters , water pressure and temperature conditions cause the dissolution of calcite to increase nonlinearly , so limestone typically does not form in deeper waters ( see lysocline ) . Limestones may also form in lacustrine and evaporite depositional environments . Calcite can be dissolved or precipitated by groundwater , depending on several factors , including the water temperature , pH , and dissolved ion concentrations . Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility , in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases . Impurities ( such as clay , sand , organic remains , iron oxide , and other materials ) will cause limestones to exhibit different colors , especially with weathered surfaces . Limestone may be crystalline , clastic , granular , or massive , depending on the method of formation . Crystals of calcite , quartz , dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock . When conditions are right for precipitation , calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together , or it can fill fractures . Travertine is a banded , compact variety of limestone formed along streams ; particularly where there are waterfalls and around hot or cold springs . Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the water leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite . Tufa , a porous or cellular variety of travertine , is found near waterfalls . Coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells . During regional metamorphism that occurs during the mountain building process ( orogeny ) , limestone recrystallizes into marble . Limestone is a parent material of Mollisol soil group . Classification ( edit ) See also : List of types of limestone Two major classification schemes , the Folk and the Dunham , are used for identifying limestone and carbonate rocks . Folk classification ( edit ) Main article : Folk classification Robert L. Folk developed a classification system that places primary emphasis on the detailed composition of grains and interstitial material in carbonate rocks . Based on composition , there are three main components : allochems ( grains ) , matrix ( mostly micrite ) , and cement ( sparite ) . The Folk system uses two - part names ; the first refers to the grains and the second is the root . It is helpful to have a petrographic microscope when using the Folk scheme , because it is easier to determine the components present in each sample . Dunham classification ( edit ) Main article : Dunham classification The Dunham scheme focuses on depositional textures . Each name is based upon the texture of the grains that make up the limestone . Robert J. Dunham published his system for limestone in 1962 ; it focuses on the depositional fabric of carbonate rocks . Dunham divides the rocks into four main groups based on relative proportions of coarser clastic particles . Dunham names are essentially for rock families . His efforts deal with the question of whether or not the grains were originally in mutual contact , and therefore self - supporting , or whether the rock is characterized by the presence of frame builders and algal mats . Unlike the Folk scheme , Dunham deals with the original porosity of the rock . The Dunham scheme is more useful for hand samples because it is based on texture , not the grains in the sample . Limestone landscape ( edit ) Main article : Karst topography The Cudgel of Hercules , a tall limestone rock ( Pieskowa Skała Castle in the background ) About 10 % of all sedimentary rocks are limestones . Limestone is partially soluble , especially in acid , and therefore forms many erosional landforms . These include limestone pavements , pot holes , cenotes , caves and gorges . Such erosion landscapes are known as karsts . Limestone is less resistant than most igneous rocks , but more resistant than most other sedimentary rocks . It is therefore usually associated with hills and downland , and occurs in regions with other sedimentary rocks , typically clays . Karst topography and caves develop in limestone rocks due to their solubility in dilute acidic groundwater . The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes . Regions overlying limestone bedrock tend to have fewer visible above - ground sources ( ponds and streams ) , as surface water easily drains downward through joints in the limestone . While draining , water and organic acid from the soil slowly ( over thousands or millions of years ) enlarges these cracks , dissolving the calcium carbonate and carrying it away in solution . Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock . Cooling groundwater or mixing of different groundwaters will also create conditions suitable for cave formation . Coastal limestones are often eroded by organisms which bore into the rock by various means . This process is known as bioerosion . It is most common in the tropics , and it is known throughout the fossil record ( see Taylor and Wilson , 2003 ) . Bands of limestone emerge from the Earth 's surface in often spectacular rocky outcrops and islands . Examples include the Burren in Co . Clare , Ireland ; the Verdon Gorge in France ; Malham Cove in North Yorkshire and the Isle of Wight , England ; the Great Orme in Wales ; on Fårö near the Swedish island of Gotland , the Niagara Escarpment in Canada / United States , Notch Peak in Utah , the Ha Long Bay National Park in Vietnam and the hills around the Lijiang River and Guilin city in China . The Florida Keys , islands off the south coast of Florida , are composed mainly of oolitic limestone ( the Lower Keys ) and the carbonate skeletons of coral reefs ( the Upper Keys ) , which thrived in the area during interglacial periods when sea level was higher than at present . Unique habitats are found on alvars , extremely level expanses of limestone with thin soil mantles . The largest such expanse in Europe is the Stora Alvaret on the island of Öland , Sweden . Another area with large quantities of limestone is the island of Gotland , Sweden . Huge quarries in northwestern Europe , such as those of Mount Saint Peter ( Belgium / Netherlands ) , extend for more than a hundred kilometers . The world 's largest limestone quarry is at Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company in Rogers City , Michigan . Uses ( edit ) The Megalithic Temples of Malta such as Ħaġar Qim are built entirely of limestone . They are among the oldest free - standing structures in existence . Limestone is very common in architecture , especially in Europe and North America . Many landmarks across the world , including the Great Pyramid and its associated complex in Giza , Egypt , were made of limestone . So many buildings in Kingston , Ontario , Canada were , and continue to be , constructed from it that it is nicknamed the ' Limestone City ' . On the island of Malta , a variety of limestone called Globigerina limestone was , for a long time , the only building material available , and is still very frequently used on all types of buildings and sculptures . Limestone is readily available and relatively easy to cut into blocks or more elaborate carving . Ancient American sculptors valued limestone because it was easy to work and good for fine detail . Going back to the Late Preclassic period ( by 200 -- 100 BCE ) , the Maya civilization ( Ancient Mexico ) created refined sculpture using limestone because of these excellent carving properties . The Maya would decorate the ceilings of their sacred buildings ( known as lintels ) and cover the walls with carved limestone panels . Carved on these sculptures were political and social stories , and this helped communicate messages of the king to his people . Limestone is long - lasting and stands up well to exposure , which explains why many limestone ruins survive . However , it is very heavy , making it impractical for tall buildings , and relatively expensive as a building material . The Great Pyramid of Giza , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World had an outside cover made entirely from limestone . Riley County Courthouse built of limestone in Manhattan , Kansas , USA A limestone plate with a negative map of Moosburg in Bavaria is prepared for a lithography print . Limestone was most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Train stations , banks and other structures from that era are normally made of limestone . It is used as a facade on some skyscrapers , but only in thin plates for covering , rather than solid blocks . In the United States , Indiana , most notably the Bloomington area , has long been a source of high quality quarried limestone , called Indiana limestone . Many famous buildings in London are built from Portland limestone . Limestone was also a very popular building block in the Middle Ages in the areas where it occurred , since it is hard , durable , and commonly occurs in easily accessible surface exposures . Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of limestone . Beer stone was a popular kind of limestone for medieval buildings in southern England . Limestone and ( to a lesser extent ) marble are reactive to acid solutions , making acid rain a significant problem to the preservation of artifacts made from this stone . Many limestone statues and building surfaces have suffered severe damage due to acid rain . Likewise limestone gravel has been used to protect lakes vulnerable to acid rain , acting as a pH buffering agent . Acid - based cleaning chemicals can also etch limestone , which should only be cleaned with a neutral or mild alkaline - based cleaner . Other uses include : It is the raw material for the manufacture of quicklime ( calcium oxide ) , slaked lime ( calcium hydroxide ) , cement and mortar . Pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidic soils ( agricultural lime ) . Is crushed for use as aggregate -- the solid base for many roads as well as in asphalt concrete . Geological formations of limestone are among the best petroleum reservoirs ; As a reagent in flue - gas desulfurization , it reacts with sulfur dioxide for air pollution control . Glass making , in some circumstances , uses limestone . It is added to toothpaste , paper , plastics , paint , tiles , and other materials as both white pigment and a cheap filler . It can suppress methane explosions in underground coal mines . Purified , it is added to bread and cereals as a source of calcium . Calcium levels in livestock feed are supplemented with it , such as for poultry ( when ground up ) . It can be used for remineralizing and increasing the alkalinity of purified water to prevent pipe corrosion and to restore essential nutrient levels . Used in blast furnaces , limestone binds with silica and other impurities to remove them from the iron . It is often found in medicines and cosmetics . It is used in sculptures because of its suitability for carving . Occupational Safety and Health ( edit ) People can be exposed to limestone in the workplace by inhalation of and eye contact with the dust . United States ( edit ) The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for limestone exposure in the workplace as 15 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 10 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . Degradation by organisms ( edit ) The cyanobacterium Hyella balani can bore through limestone ; as can the green alga Eugamantia sacculata and the fungus Ostracolaba implexa . Gallery ( edit ) A stratigraphic section of Ordovician limestone exposed in central Tennessee , U.S. The less - resistant and thinner beds are composed of shale . The vertical lines are drill holes for explosives used during road construction . Thin - section view of a Middle Jurassic limestone in southern Utah , U.S. The round grains are ooids ; the largest is 1.2 mm in diameter . This limestone is an oosparite . Photo and etched section of a sample of fossiliferous limestone from the Kope Formation ( Upper Ordovician ) near Cincinnati , Ohio , U.S. Biosparite limestone of the Brassfield Formation ( Lower Silurian ) near Fairborn , Ohio , U.S. , showing grains mainly composed of crinoid fragments . A concretionary nodular ( septarian ) limestone at Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark , Dalian , China . Limestone from Lake Tai , used in gongshi , a Chinese stone art See also ( edit ) Chalk Coral sand Kurkar In Praise of Limestone Sandstone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kranjc , Andrej ( 2006 ) . `` Balthasar Hacquet ( 1739 / 40 - 1815 ) , the Pioneer of Karst Geomorphologists '' . Acta Carsologica . Institute for the Karst Research , Scientific Research Centre , Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts . 35 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0583 - 6050 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeser , Patricia ; Franz , Sven O. ; Litt , Thomas ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Aragonite and calcite preservation in sediments from Lake Iznik related to bottom lake oxygenation and water column depth '' . Sedimentology. 63 ( 7 ) : 2253 -- 2277 . doi : 10.1111 / sed. 12306 . ISSN 1365 - 3091 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Trewin , N.H. ; Davidson , R.G. ( 1999 ) . `` Lake - level changes , sedimentation and faunas in a Middle Devonian basin - margin fish bed '' . Journal of the Geological Society . 156 ( 3 ) : 535 -- 548 . doi : 10.1144 / gsjgs. 156.3. 0535 . Jump up ^ Oilfield Glossary : Term ' evaporite ' Archived 31 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Glossary.oilfield.slb.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Folk , R.L. ( 1974 ) . Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks . Austin , Texas : Hemphill . Jump up ^ Dunham , R.J. ( 1962 ) . `` Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures '' . In Ham , W.E. Classification of carbonate rocks . Am. Assoc . Petroleum Geologists Mem. 1 . pp. 108 -- 121 . Jump up ^ `` Calcite '' . mine-engineer.com . Archived from the original on 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Limestone ( mineral ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight , Minerals '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 November 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Michigan Markers Archived 19 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Michmarkers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cassar , Joann ( 2010 ) . ' The use of limestone in historic context '. in Smith , Bernard J. ( ed . ) , `` Limestone in the Built Environment : Present - day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past '' Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Geographical Society of London . pp. 16 -- 18 . ISBN 1862392943 . ISBN 9781862392946 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Limestone City '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Cassar , Joann ( 2010 ) . ' The use of limestone in historic context '. in Smith , Bernard J. ( ed . ) , `` Limestone in the Built Environment : Present - day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past '' Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Geographical Society of London . pp. 13 -- 23 . ISBN 1862392943 . ISBN 9781862392946 . Jump up ^ Linda Schele and Mary Ellen Miller , `` The Blood of Kings : Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art , '' Kimbell Art Museum . Page 41 . Jump up ^ Kogel , Jessica Elzea ( 2006 ) . Industrial Minerals & Rocks : Commodities , Markets , and Uses . SME . ISBN 9780873352338 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to Giving Your Layer Hens Enough Calcium '' . PoultyOne . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrient minerals in drinking - water and the potential health consequences of consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking - water : Consensus of the meeting '' . World Health Organization report . Archived from the original on 24 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -- Limestone '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Henry Lutz Ehrlich ; Dianne K Newman ( 2009 ) . Geomicrobiology , Fifth Edition . pp. 181 -- 182 . ISBN 9780849379079 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Taylor , P.D. and Wilson , M.A. , 2003 . Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities . Earth - Science Reviews 62 : 1 -- 103. ( 1 ) Folk RL , ( 1974 ) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks , Hemphill Publishing , Austin , Texas Dunham , R.J. , 1962 , Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures , in Ham W.E. ( ed . ) , Classification of carbonate rocks : Am. Assoc . Petroleum Geologists Mem. 1 , p. 108 -- 121 Robert S. Boynton -- Chemistry and technology of lime and limestone -- Wiley ( 1980 ) -- 578 pages -- ISBN 0471027715 External links ( edit ) Media related to Limestone at Wikimedia Commons GND : 4163107 - 9 LCCN : sh85077017 NDL : 00570623 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limestone&oldid=843487942 '' Categories : Limestone Industrial minerals Sedimentary rocks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the carbon in limestone come from	[ "Like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. These organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts.", "Like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. These organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts.", "Like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. These organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts.", "Like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. These organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts." ]	[ "ooids", "peloids", "intraclasts", "extraclasts" ]
4658775966644883184	Triple bottom line	Triple bottom line - wikipedia Triple bottom line Graphic describing the three types of bottom lines The triple bottom line ( or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL ) is an accounting framework with three parts : social , environmental ( or ecological ) and financial . Some organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value . Business writer John Elkington claims to have coined the phrase in 1994 . Contents 1 Background 2 Definition 2.1 The three bottom lines 2.1. 1 People , the social equity bottom line 2.1. 2 Planet , the environmental bottom line 2.1. 3 Profit , the economic bottom line 3 Subsequent development 4 Supporting arguments 5 Criticism 6 Legislation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) In traditional business accounting and common usage , the `` bottom line '' refers to either the `` profit '' or `` loss '' , which is usually recorded at the very bottom line on a statement of revenue and expenses . Over the last 50 years , environmentalists and social justice advocates have struggled to bring a broader definition of bottom line into public consciousness by introducing full cost accounting . For example , if a corporation shows a monetary profit , but their asbestos mine causes thousands of deaths from asbestosis , and their copper mine pollutes a river , and the government ends up spending taxpayer money on health care and river clean - up , how do we perform a full societal cost benefit analysis ? The triple bottom line adds two more `` bottom lines '' : social and environmental ( ecological ) concerns . With the ratification of the United Nations and ICLEI TBL standard for urban and community accounting in early 2007 , this became the dominant approach to public sector full cost accounting . Similar UN standards apply to natural capital and human capital measurement to assist in measurements required by TBL , e.g. the EcoBudget standard for reporting ecological footprint . Use of the TBL is fairly widespread in South African media , as found in a 1990 -- 2008 study of worldwide national newspapers . An example of an organization seeking a triple bottom line would be a social enterprise run as a non-profit , but earning income by offering opportunities for handicapped people who have been labelled `` unemployable '' , to earn a living by recycling . The organization earns a profit , which is controlled by a volunteer Board , and ploughed back into the community . The social benefit is the meaningful employment of disadvantaged citizens , and the reduction in the society 's welfare or disability costs . The environmental benefit comes from the recycling accomplished . In the private sector , a commitment to corporate social responsibility ( CSR ) implies a commitment to transparent reporting about the business ' material impact for good on the environment and people . Triple bottom line is one framework for reporting this material impact . This is distinct from the more limited changes required to deal only with ecological issues . The triple bottom line has also been extended to encompass four pillars , known as the quadruple bottom line ( QBL ) . The fourth pillar denotes a future - oriented approach ( future generations , intergenerational equity , etc . ) . It is a long - term outlook that sets sustainable development and sustainability concerns apart from previous social , environmental , and economic considerations . The challenges of putting the TBL into practice relate to the measurement of social and ecological categories . Despite this , the TBL framework enables organizations to take a longer - term perspective and thus evaluate the future consequences of decisions . Definition ( edit ) Sustainable development was defined by the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations in 1987 . Triple bottom line ( TBL ) accounting expands the traditional reporting framework to take into account social and environmental performance in addition to financial performance . In 1981 , Freer Spreckley first articulated the triple bottom line in a publication called ' Social Audit - A Management Tool for Co-operative Working ' . In this work , he argued that enterprises should measure and report on financial performance , social wealth creation , and environmental responsibility . The phrase `` triple bottom line '' was articulated more fully by John Elkington in his 1997 book Cannibals with Forks : the Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business A Triple Bottom Line Investing group advocating and publicizing these principles was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Rubinstein . For reporting their efforts companies may demonstrate their commitment to corporate social responsibility ( CSR ) through the following : Top - level involvement ( CEO , Board of Directors ) Policy Investments Programs Signatories to voluntary standards Principles ( UN Global Compact - Ceres Principles ) Reporting ( Global Reporting Initiative ) The concept of TBL demands that a company 's responsibility lies with stakeholders rather than shareholders . In this case , `` stakeholders '' refers to anyone who is influenced , either directly or indirectly , by the actions of the firm . Examples of stakeholders include employees , customers , suppliers , local residents , government agencies , and creditors . According to the stakeholder theory , the business entity should be used as a vehicle for coordinating stakeholder interests , instead of maximizing shareholder ( owner ) profit . A growing number of financial institutions incorporate a triple bottom line approach in their work . It is at the core of the business of banks in the Global Alliance for Banking on Values , for example . The Detroit - based Avalon International Breads interprets the triple bottom line as consisting of `` Earth '' , `` Community '' , and `` Employees '' . The three bottom lines ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The triple bottom line consists of social equity , economic , and environmental factors . The phrase , `` people , planet , and profit '' to describe the triple bottom line and the goal of sustainability , was coined by John Elkington in 1994 while at Sustain Ability , and was later used as the title of the Anglo - Dutch oil company Shell 's first sustainability report in 1997 . As a result , one country in which the 3P concept took deep root was The Netherlands . People , the social equity bottom line ( edit ) The people , social equity , or human capital bottom line pertains to fair and beneficial business practices toward labour and the community and region in which a corporation conducts its business . A TBL company conceives a reciprocal social structure in which the well - being of corporate , labour and other stakeholder interests are interdependent . An enterprise dedicated to the triple bottom line seeks to provide benefit to many constituencies and not to exploit or endanger any group of them . The `` upstreaming '' of a portion of profit from the marketing of finished goods back to the original producer of raw materials , for example , a farmer in fair trade agricultural practice , is a common feature . In concrete terms , a TBL business would not use child labour and monitor all contracted companies for child labour exploitation , would pay fair salaries to its workers , would maintain a safe work environment and tolerable working hours , and would not otherwise exploit a community or its labour force . A TBL business also typically seeks to `` give back '' by contributing to the strength and growth of its community with such things as health care and education . Quantifying this bottom line is relatively new , problematic and often subjective . The Global Reporting Initiative ( GRI ) has developed guidelines to enable corporations and NGOs alike to comparably report on the social impact of a business . Planet , the environmental bottom line ( edit ) The planet , environmental bottom line , or natural capital bottom line refers to sustainable environmental practices . A TBL company endeavors to benefit the natural order as much as possible or at the least do no harm and minimize environmental impact . A TBL endeavour reduces its ecological footprint by , among other things , carefully managing its consumption of energy and non-renewables and reducing manufacturing waste as well as rendering waste less toxic before disposing of it in a safe and legal manner . `` Cradle to grave '' is uppermost in the thoughts of TBL manufacturing businesses , which typically conduct a life cycle assessment of products to determine what the true environmental cost is from the growth and harvesting of raw materials to manufacture to distribution to eventual disposal by the end user . Currently , the cost of disposing of non-degradable or toxic products is borne financially by governments and environmentally by the residents near the disposal site and elsewhere . In TBL thinking , an enterprise which produces and markets a product which will create a waste problem should not be given a free ride by society . It would be more equitable for the business which manufactures and sells a problematic product to bear part of the cost of its ultimate disposal . Ecologically destructive practices , such as overfishing or other endangering depletions of resources are avoided by TBL companies . Often environmental sustainability is the more profitable course for a business in the long run . Arguments that it costs more to be environmentally sound are often specious when the course of the business is analyzed over a period of time . Generally , sustainability reporting metrics are better quantified and standardized for environmental issues than for social ones . A number of respected reporting institutes and registries exist including the Global Reporting Initiative , CERES , Institute 4 Sustainability and others . The ecological bottom line is akin to the concept of eco-capitalism . Profit , the economic bottom line ( edit ) The profit or economic bottom line deals with the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs , including the cost of the capital tied up . It therefore differs from traditional accounting definitions of profit . In the original concept , within a sustainability framework , the `` profit '' aspect needs to be seen as the real economic benefit enjoyed by the host society . It is the real economic impact the organization has on its economic environment . This is often confused to be limited to the internal profit made by a company or organization ( which nevertheless remains an essential starting point for the computation ) . Therefore , an original TBL approach can not be interpreted as simply traditional corporate accounting profit plus social and environmental impacts unless the `` profits '' of other entities are included as a social benefit . Subsequent development ( edit ) Following the initial publication of the triple bottom line concept , students and practitioners have sought greater detail in how the pillars can be evaluated . The people concept for example can be viewed in three dimensions -- organisational needs , individual needs , and community issues . Equally , profit is a function of both a healthy sales stream , which needs a high focus on customer service , coupled with the adoption of a strategy to develop new customers to replace those that die away . And planet can be divided into a multitude of subdivisions , although reduce , reuse and recycle is a succinct way of steering through this division . Supporting arguments ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following business - based arguments support the concept of TBL : Reaching untapped market potential : TBL companies can find financially profitable niches which were missed when money alone was the driving factor . Examples include : Adding ecotourism or geotourism to an already rich tourism market such as the Dominican Republic Developing profitable methods to assist existing NGOs with their missions such as fundraising , reaching clients , or creating networking opportunities with multiple NGOs Providing products or services which benefit underserved populations and / or the environment which are also financially profitable . Adapting to new business sectors : While the number of social enterprises is growing , and with the entry of the B Corp movement , there is more demand from consumers and investors for an accounting for social and environmental impact . For example , Fair Trade and Ethical Trade companies require ethical and sustainable practices from all of their suppliers and service providers . Fiscal policy of governments usually claims to be concerned with identifying social and natural deficits on a less formal basis . However , such choices may be guided more by ideology than by economics . The primary benefit of embedding one approach to measurement of these deficits would be first to direct monetary policy to reduce them , and eventually achieve a global monetary reform by which they could be systematically and globally reduced in some uniform way . The argument is that the Earth 's carrying capacity is at risk , and that in order to avoid catastrophic breakdown of climate or ecosystems , there is need for comprehensive reform of global financial institutions similar in scale to what was undertaken at Bretton Woods in 1944 . With the emergence of an externally consistent green economics and agreement on definitions of potentially contentious terms such as full - cost accounting , natural capital and social capital , the prospect of formal metrics for ecological and social loss or risk has grown less remote since the 1990s . In the United Kingdom in particular , the London Health Observatory has undertaken a formal programme to address social deficits via a fuller understanding of what `` social capital '' is , how it functions in a real community ( that being the City of London ) , and how losses of it tend to require both financial capital and significant political and social attention from volunteers and professionals to help resolve . The data they rely on is extensive , building on decades of statistics of the Greater London Council since World War II . Similar studies have been undertaken in North America . Studies of the value of Earth have tried to determine what might constitute an ecological or natural life deficit . The Kyoto Protocol relies on some measures of this sort , and actually relies on some value of life calculations that , among other things , are explicit about the ratio of the price of a human life between developed and developing nations ( about 15 to 1 ) . While the motive of this number was to simply assign responsibility for a cleanup , such stark honesty opens not just an economic but political door to some kind of negotiation -- presumably to reduce that ratio in time to something seen as more equitable . As it is , people in developed nations can be said to benefit 15 times more from ecological devastation than in developing nations , in pure financial terms . According to the IPCC , they are thus obliged to pay 15 times more per life to avoid a loss of each such life to climate change -- the Kyoto Protocol seeks to implement exactly this formula , and is therefore sometimes cited as a first step towards getting nations to accept formal liability for damage inflicted on ecosystems shared globally . Advocacy for triple bottom line reforms is common in Green Parties . Some of the measures undertaken in the European Union towards the Euro currency integration standardize the reporting of ecological and social losses in such a way as to seem to endorse in principle the notion of unified accounts , or unit of account , for these deficits . To address financial bottom line profitability concerns , some argue that focusing on the TBL will indeed increase profit for the shareholders in the long run . In practice , John Mackey , CEO of Whole Foods , uses Whole Foods 's Community Giving Days as an example . On days when Whole Foods donates 5 % of their sales to charity , this action benefits the community , creates goodwill with customers , and energizes employees -- which may lead to increased , sustainable profitability in the long - run . Criticism ( edit ) While many people agree with the importance of good social conditions and preservation of the environment , there are also many who disagree with the triple bottom line as the way to enhance these conditions . The following are the reasons why : Reductive method : Concurrently the environment comes to be treated as an externality or background feature , an externality that tends not to have the human dimension build into its definition . Thus , in many writings , even in those critical of the triple - bottom - line approach , the social becomes a congeries of miscellaneous considerations left over from the other two prime categories . Alternative approaches , such as Circles of Sustainability , that treat the economic as a social domain , alongside and in relation to the ecological , the political and the cultural are now being considered as more appropriate for understanding institutions , cities and regions . Inertia : The difficulty of achieving global agreement on simultaneous policy may render such measures at best advisory , and thus unenforceable . For example , people may be unwilling to undergo a depression or even sustained recession to replenish lost ecosystems . Application : According to Fred Robins ' The Challenge of TBL : A Responsibility to Whom ? one of the major weaknesses of the TBL framework is its ability to be applied in the practical world . Equating ecology with environment : TBL is seen to be disregarding ecological sustainability with environmental effects , where in reality both economic and social viability is dependent on environmental well being . While greenwashing is not new , its use has increased over recent years to meet consumer demand for environmentally friendly goods and services . The problem is compounded by lax enforcement by regulatory agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission in the United States , the Competition Bureau in Canada , and the Committee of Advertising Practice and the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice in the United Kingdom . Critics of the practice suggest that the rise of greenwashing , paired with ineffective regulation , contributes to consumer skepticism of all green claims , and diminishes the power of the consumer in driving companies toward greener solutions for manufacturing processes and business operation . Time dimension : While the triple bottom line incorporates the social , economical and environmental ( People , Planet , Profit ) dimensions of sustainable development , it does not explicitly address the fourth dimension : time . The time dimension focuses on preserving current value in all three other dimensions for later . This means assessment of short term , longer term and long term consequences of any action . `` One problem with the triple bottom line is that the three separate accounts can not easily be added up . It is difficult to measure the planet and people accounts in the same terms as profits -- that is , in terms of cash . '' This has led to TBL being augmented with cost - benefit analysis in Triple Bottom Line Cost Benefit Analysis ( TBL - CBA ) . Elkington himself has called for a rethink on TBL and a `` product recall '' on use of the concept . He argues that the original idea was to encourage businesses to manage the wider economic , social and environmental impacts of their operations , but its practical use as an accounting tool has now undermined its value . This is summarised below as : attempting to divert the attention of regulators and deflating pressure for regulatory change ; seeking to persuade critics , such as non-government organisations , that they are both well - intentioned and have changed their ways ; seeking to expand market share at the expense of those rivals not involved in greenwashing ; this is especially attractive if little or no additional expenditure is required to change performance ; alternatively , a company can engage in greenwashing in an attempt to narrow the perceived ' green ' advantage of a rival ; reducing staff turnover and making it easier to attract staff in the first place ; making the company seem attractive for potential investors , especially those interested in ethical investment or socially responsive investment . inability to add up the three accounts unless tools such as cost - benefit analysis are added to put social and environmental externalities in monetary terms . Legislation ( edit ) A focus on people , planet and profit has led to legislation changes around the world , often through social enterprise or social investment or through the introduction of a new legal form , the Community Interest Company . In the United States , the BCorp movement has been part of a call for legislation change to allow and encourage a focus on social and environmental impact , with BCorp a legal form for a company focused on `` stakeholders , not just shareholders '' . In Western Australia , the triple bottom line was adopted as a part of the State Sustainability Strategy , and accepted by the Government of Western Australia but its status was increasingly marginalised by subsequent premiers Alan Carpenter and Colin Barnett . See also ( edit ) Sustainable development portal Business portal B Corporation ( certification ) Bottom of the pyramid Circles of Sustainability Community interest company Conscious business Double bottom line , a similar concept predating the UN standard EC3 Global Grassroots Business Fund Impact investing Institute for Sustainable Communication Low - profit limited liability company Permaculture ethics Social entrepreneurship Triple top line Value network Value network analysis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Slaper , Timothy F. and Hall , Tanya J. ( 2011 ) . `` The Triple Bottom Line : What Is It and How Does It Work ? '' Indiana Business Review . Spring 2011 , Volume 86 , No. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Elkington , J. ( 2018 ) , `` 25 Years Ago I Coined the Phrase `` Triple Bottom Line . '' Here 's Why It 's Time to Rethink It `` , Harvard Business Review , 25 June 2018 Jump up ^ `` Triple Bottom Line '' . The Economist . November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sustainability -- From Principle To Practice Goethe - Institut , March 2008 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://www.unep.org/delc/Portals/119/industrryRoleOfIndclean.pdf%7Ctitle=Enhancing the role of industry through for example , private - public partnerships ) , May 2011 . ( ( United Nations Environment Programme ) publisher = ) ) Jump up ^ Barkemeyer , Ralf ; Figge , Frank ; Hahn , Tobias ; Holt , Diane L. ( March 2009 ) . `` What the Papers Say : Trends in Sustainability . A Comparative Analysis of 115 Leading National Newspapers Worldwide ( PDF Download Available ) '' . ResearchGate . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Waite , Marilyn ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) . `` SURF Framework for a Sustainable Economy '' . Journal of Management and Sustainability. 3 ( 4 ) : 25 . doi : 10.5539 / jms. v3n4p25 . ISSN 1925 - 4733 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's sustainable finance trailblazer '' . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Spreckley , Freer ( 1981 ) . Social Audit : A Management Tool for Co-operative Working . Beechwood College . ^ Jump up to : Elkington , John ( 1999 ) . Cannibals with forks : the triple bottom line of 21st century business . Oxford : Capstone . ISBN 9780865713925 . OCLC 963459936 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Devin . `` One Key To Impact Investing : Start Big '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Bottom Line : Earth , Community , Employees '' . Avalon International Breads . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ekins , Paul ( 1992 ) . The Gaia Atlas of Green Economics . Anchor Books . p. 191 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41914 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Business 2013 '' . Social Enterprise UK . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trapp , Roger ( 2015 ) . `` Business Leaders Urged To Find A Purpose In Life '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mind the gaps . The 2015 Deloitte Millennial survey '' ( PDF ) . Deloitt. 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Mackey : The conscious capitalist '' . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , Andy ; James , Paul ( 2010 ) . `` Accounting for sustainability : Combining qualitative and quantitative research in developing ' indicators ' of sustainability '' . International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 13 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Paul James and Andy Scerri , ' Auditing Cities through Circles of Sustainability ' , Mark Amen , Noah J. Toly , Patricia L. Carney and Klaus Segbers , eds , Cities and Global Governance , Ashgate , Farnham , 2011 , pp. 111 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Scerri , A. ( 2012 ) . `` Ends in view : The capabilities approach in ecological / sustainability economics '' . Ecological Economics . 77 : 7 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2012.02. 027 . Jump up ^ Liam Magee , & Andy Scerri ( 2012 ) ' From Issues to Indicators : A Response to Grosskurth and Rotmans ' , Local Environment 17 ( 8 ) : 915 - 933 . Jump up ^ Lozano , R. ( 2012 ) . `` Towards better embedding sustainability into companies ' systems : an analysis of voluntary corporate initiatives , '' Journal of Cleaner Production 25 pp. 14 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Triple bottom line - It consists of three Ps : profit , people and planet '' . The Economist . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Community Interest Companies '' . UK Government . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Becoming a Legal BCorp '' . BCorp . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Government of Western Australia . ( 2003 , September ) . `` Hope for the Future : The Western Australia State Sustainability Strategy '' , accessed August 30 , 2013 Further reading ( edit ) Social Audit - A Management Tool for Co-operative Working 1981 by Freer Spreckley Local Livelihoods Publications The Gaia Atlas of Green Economics ( Gaia Future Series ) ( Paperback ) , by Paul Ekins , Anchor Books Harvard Business Review on Corporate Responsibility by Harvard Business School Press The Soul of a Business : Managing for Profit and the Common Good by Tom Chappell Capitalism at the Crossroads : The Unlimited Business Opportunities in Solving the World 's Most Difficult Problems by Professor Stuart L. Hart The Triple Bottom Line : How Today 's Best - Run Companies Are Achieving Economic , Social and Environmental Success -- and How You Can Too by Andrew W. Savitz and Karl Weber The Sustainability Advantage : Seven Business Case Benefits of a Triple Bottom Line ( Conscientious Commerce ) by Bob Willard , New Society Publishers ISBN 978 - 0 - 86571 - 451 - 9 SURF Framework for a Sustainable Economy by Marilyn Waite Journal of Management and Sustainability External links ( edit ) Explainer : what is the triple bottom line ? - The Conversation The Triple Bottom Line : What Is It and How Does It Work ? - Indiana Business Review Balancing Act - A Triple Bottom Line Analysis of the Australian Economy Citizens for Corporate Redesign ( Minnesota ) Triple Pundit - Blog on Triple Bottom Line ( United States ) Corporate Responsibility ( United Kingdom ) TBL Accounting without boundaries - Australian corporate and government experiences Social and environmental accountability Ethics and principles Aarhus Convention Corporate accountability / behaviour / social responsibility Ethical banking Ethical code Extended producer responsibility Organizational ethics Organizational justice Principles for Responsible Investment Social responsibility Stakeholder theory Sullivan principles Transparency ( behavioral social ) UN Global Compact Social accounting Double bottom line Ethical positioning index Higg Index Impact assessment ( environmental equality social ) ISO 26000 ISO 45001 Genuine progress indicator Performance indicator SA8000 Social return on investment Whole - life cost Environmental accounting Carbon accounting Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Emission inventory Environmental full - cost accounting / impact assessment / management system / profit - and - loss account ISO 14000 ISO 14031 Life - cycle assessment Pollutant release and transfer register Sustainability accounting / measurement / metrics and indices / standards and certification / supply chain Toxics Release Inventory Triple bottom line Reporting Global Reporting Initiative GxP guidelines Sustainability reporting Auditing Community - based monitoring Environmental ( certification ) Fair trade ( certification ) ISO 19011 Related Bangladesh Accord Benefit corporation Child labour Community interest company Conflict of interest Disasters Disinvestment Eco-labeling Environmental pricing reform Environmental , social and corporate governance Ethical consumerism Euthenics Health impact assessment Market governance mechanism Product certification Public participation Social enterprise Socially responsible investing Stakeholder ( engagement ) Supply chain management Environment portal Commons Organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_bottom_line&oldid=863620359 '' Categories : Welfare economics Sustainable business Corporate social responsibility Accounting terminology Accountability Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Nederlands Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who came up with the triple bottom line	[ "The triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial. Some organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value.[1] Business writer John Elkington claims to have coined the phrase in 1994.[2][3]\n" ]	[ "John Elkington" ]
-79309291357348103	The Iron Giant	The Iron Giant - wikipedia The Iron Giant Jump to : navigation , search The Iron Giant Theatrical release poster Directed by Brad Bird Produced by Allison Abbate Des McAnuff Screenplay by Tim McCanlies Story by Brad Bird Based on The Iron Man by Ted Hughes Starring Jennifer Aniston Harry Connick , Jr . Vin Diesel James Gammon Cloris Leachman Christopher McDonald John Mahoney Eli Marienthal M. Emmet Walsh Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography Steven Wilzbach Edited by Darren T. Holmes Production company Warner Bros. Feature Animation Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date August 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 06 ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 -- 80 million Box office $31.3 million The Iron Giant is a 1999 American animated science fiction film using both traditional animation and computer animation , produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation and directed by Brad Bird in his directorial debut . It is based on the 1968 novel The Iron Man by Ted Hughes ( which was published in the United States as The Iron Giant ) and was scripted by Tim McCanlies from a story treatment by Bird . The film stars the voices of Eli Marienthal , Christopher McDonald , Jennifer Aniston , Harry Connick , Jr. , John Mahoney , and Vin Diesel . Set during the Cold War in 1957 , the film is about a young boy named Hogarth Hughes , who discovers a giant metallic robot who fell from space . With the help of beatnik artist Dean McCoppin , they attempt to prevent the U.S. military and Kent Mansley , a paranoid federal agent , from finding and destroying the Giant . The film 's development phase began in 1994 as a musical with the involvement of The Who 's Pete Townshend , though the project took root once Bird signed on as director and hired McCanlies to write the screenplay in 1996 . The film was created traditionally , with computer - generated imagery used to animate the title character and other effects . The understaffed crew of the film completed it with half of the time and budget of other animated features . Michael Kamen produced the film 's score , recorded with the Czech Philharmonic . The Iron Giant premiered at Mann 's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles on July 31 , 1999 , and was released worldwide on August 6 . Upon its release , the film significantly under - performed at the box office , making $31.3 million worldwide against a budget of $70 -- 80 million , which was blamed on an unusually poor marketing campaign . However , the film received widespread critical acclaim with praise directed at the story , animation , characters , the portrayal of the title character , and the voice performances of Aniston , Connick , Jr. , Diesel , McDonald , Mahoney , and Marienthal . The film was nominated for several awards , winning nine Annie Awards out of 15 nominations . Through home video releases and television syndication , the film gathered a cult following and is now widely regarded as a modern animated classic . In 2015 , an extended , remastered version of the film was re-released theatrically , which saw a home video release the following year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Animation 3.4 Music 3.5 Post-production 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Box office 5.3 Home media and television syndication 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 Legacy 7.1 Signature Edition 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Shortly after the Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1 in October 1957 , an object from space crashes in the ocean just off the Maine coast , then enters the forest near Rockwell , Maine . Nine - year - old Hogarth Hughes goes to investigate and finds a giant robot being electrocuted as it tries to eat the transmission lines of an electrical substation . Hogarth turns off the station , and the Giant runs off . Hogarth tracks down and befriends the Giant , finding it docile and curious . When it eats the railroad tracks in the path of an oncoming train , Hogarth tries to have the robot repair the damage , but the train collides with its head and derails . Hogarth helps usher the Giant away from the scene , discovering that its ' damaged parts are drawn to the Giant and can undergo self - repair . Hogarth hides it in his family 's barn . After dinner with his widowed mother , Annie , Hogarth reads comics to the Giant . It is impressed with the adventures of Superman , but agitated by how the villainous `` Atomo the Metal Menace '' is depicted . Hogarth calms the Giant by telling it `` you are who you choose to be '' . The recent incidents lead U.S. government agent Kent Mansley to town . He discovers evidence of Hogarth 's involvement and rents a room in their house to stay close to the boy . Hogarth ditches Kent long enough to move the Giant to a junkyard owned by beatnik artist Dean McCoppin , where they are able to pretend the Giant is one of Dean 's scrap metal sculptures . Nevertheless , the easily spooked Kent issues orders for the military , led by General Shannon Rogard , to move into town . Hogarth enjoys his time with the Giant but is forced to explain the nature of death when they witness hunters kill a deer . One day , Hogarth is playing with the Giant using a toy gun , which unintentionally activates The Giant 's weapons system , and Dean rescues Hogarth before one strikes him . The Giant reverts to its docile form and Dean orders it away for Hogarth 's safety , but Hogarth gives chase . Dean realizes the Giant was acting in self - defense and quickly catches up to Hogarth as they follow the Giant into town . The Giant saves two boys falling from a roof when it arrives , winning over the townspeople . Kent convinces Rogard to start an attack against the robot . The Giant exposes its ' weapons again , and readily overpowers the military . Dean and Hogarth arrive and calm the Giant , but the military continues to fight it . Hogarth is knocked unconscious , and the Giant , believing Hogarth to be dead , becomes enraged and enters an automatic living weapon status , continuing its retaliation . Kent convinces Rogard to prepare to launch a nuclear missile from the USS Nautilus offshore if they can not stop it . Dean and Annie revive Hogarth , and he helps return the Giant to its ' docile state , while Dean explains the situation to the military . Rogard is ready to stand down when Kent panics and orders the missile launch . Rogard furiously reminds Kent that the missile is locked onto the Giant 's current position and they will all be killed in the blast radius . Kent tries to escape but the Giant stops him , and Rogard 's men hold him at gun point . Hogarth explains to the Giant what will happen when the missile strikes . The Giant says farewell to Hogarth and flies off to intercept the missile , remembering Hogarth 's words about being who one chooses to be , and the Giant says , `` Superman '' just before collision . The missile explodes harmlessly in the atmosphere . As the townspeople and military are relieved to be alive , Hogarth is saddened by the robot 's apparent destruction . Some months later , the town has constructed a statue of the Giant in its memory , and Dean and Annie are starting a relationship . Hogarth receives a package from Rogard , a bolt from the Giant being the only remnant they could find . That night , Hogarth sees the bolt trying to move on its own , and he opens the window , letting the bolt roll free . The bolt joins many other parts as they converge on the Giant 's head on the Langjökull glacier in Iceland . The Giant 's head activates , and it smiles as it begins putting itself back together . Cast ( edit ) Christopher McDonald , Brad Bird and Eli Marienthal in March 2012 at the Iron Giant screening at the LA Animation Festival Eli Marienthal as Hogarth Hughes , an intelligent , energetic and curious 9 - year - old boy with an active imagination . Marienthal 's performances were videotaped and given to animators to work with , which helped develop expressions and acting for the character . Vin Diesel as the Iron Giant , a fifty - foot , metal - eating robot . Created for an unknown purpose , the Giant involuntarily reacts defensively if he recognizes anything as a weapon , immediately attempting to destroy it . The Giant 's voice was originally to be electronically modulated but the filmmakers decided they `` needed a deep , resonant and expressive voice to start with , '' so they hired Vin Diesel . Christopher McDonald as Kent Mansley , a government agent sent to investigate sightings of the Iron Giant . The logo on his official government car says he is from the `` Bureau of Unexplained Phenomena '' . Harry Connick , Jr. as Dean McCoppin , a beatnik artist and junkyard owner . Bird felt it appropriate to make the character a member of the beat generation , as they were viewed as mildly threatening to small - town values during that time . An outsider himself , he is among the first to recognize the Giant as no threat . Jennifer Aniston as Annie Hughes , the widow of a military pilot and Hogarth 's mother . John Mahoney as General Shannon Rogard , the military leader in Washington , D.C. who strongly dislikes Mansley . M. Emmet Walsh as Earl Stutz , a sailor and the first man to see the robot . James Gammon as Marv Loach , a foreman who follows the robot 's trail after it destroys the power station . James Gammon also voices Floyd Toubeaux Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Lynley Tensedge , Hogarth 's schoolteacher Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas as the train engineers . Johnston and Thomas were animators and members of Disney 's Nine Old Men . Bird cited them as inspirations for his career and incorporated their voices and likenesses into the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The origins of the film lie in the book The Iron Man ( 1968 ) , by poet Ted Hughes , who wrote the novel for his children . In the 1980s , rock musician Pete Townshend chose to adapt the book for a concept album ; it was released as The Iron Man : A Musical in 1989 . In 1991 , Richard Bazley , who later became the film 's lead animator , pitched a version of The Iron Man to Don Bluth while working at his studio in Ireland . He created a story outline and character designs but Bluth passed on the project . After a stage musical was mounted in London , Des McAnuff , who had adapted Tommy with Townshend for the stage , believed that The Iron Man could translate to the screen , and the project was ultimately acquired by Warner Bros. Entertainment . In late 1996 , while developing the project on its way through , the studio saw the film as a perfect vehicle for Brad Bird , who at the time was working for Turner Feature Animation developing Ray Gunn . Turner Entertainment had recently merged with Warner Bros. parent company Time Warner , and Bird was allowed to transfer to the Warner Bros. Animation studio to direct The Iron Giant . After reading the original Iron Man book by Hughes , Bird was impressed with the mythology of the story and in addition , was given an unusual amount of creative control by Warner Bros . This creative control involved introducing two new characters not present in the original book , Dean and Kent , setting the film in America , and discarding Townshend 's musical ambitions ( who did not care either way , reportedly remarking , `` Well , whatever , I got paid '' ) . Bird 's pitch to Warner Bros. was based around the idea `` What if a gun had a soul ? '' He expanded upon his desire to set the film in America in the 1950s in a later interview : The Maine setting looks Norman Rockwell idyllic on the outside , but inside everything is just about to boil over ; everyone was scared of the bomb , the Russians , Sputnik -- even rock and roll . This clenched Ward Cleaver smile masking fear ( which is really what the Kent character was all about ) . It was the perfect environment to drop a 50 - foot - tall robot into . Bird 's sister , Susan , was shot and killed by her estranged husband before the film 's story was completed . This motivated Bird to emphasize the anti-gun message of the film and the moralistic quote by Dean : `` You are who you choose to be . '' The film was dedicated to Susan 's memory . Ted Hughes , the original story 's author , died before the film 's release . His daughter , Frieda Hughes , did see the finished film on his behalf and loved it . Pete Townshend , who this project originally started with , enjoyed the final film as well . Writing ( edit ) Tim McCanlies was hired to write the script , though Bird was somewhat displeased with having another writer on board , as he wanted to write the screenplay himself . He later changed his mind after reading McCanlies ' then - unproduced screenplay for Secondhand Lions . In Bird 's original story treatment , America and the USSR were at war at the end , with the Giant dying . McCanlies decided to have a brief scene displaying his survival , stating , `` You ca n't kill E.T. and then not bring him back . '' McCanlies finished the script within two months . McCanlies was given a three - month schedule to complete a script , and it was by way of the film 's tight schedule that Warner Bros. `` did n't have time to mess with us '' as McCanlies said . The question of the Giant 's backstory was purposefully ignored as to keep the story focused on his relationship with Hogarth . Bird considered the story difficult to develop due to its combination of unusual elements , such as `` paranoid fifties sci - fi movies with the innocence of something like The Yearling . '' Hughes himself was sent a copy of McCanlies ' script and sent a letter back , saying how pleased he was with the version . In the letter , Hughes stated , `` I want to tell you how much I like what Brad Bird has done . He 's made something all of a piece , with terrific sinister gathering momentum and the ending came to me as a glorious piece of amazement . He 's made a terrific dramatic situation out of the way he 's developed The Iron Giant . I ca n't stop thinking about it . '' Bird combined his knowledge from his years in television to direct his first feature . He credited his time working on Family Dog as essential to team - building , and his tenure on The Simpsons as an example of working under strict deadlines . He was open to others on his staff to help develop the film ; he would often ask crew members their opinions on scenes and change things accordingly . One of his priorities was to emphasize softer , character - based moments , as opposed to more frenetic scenes -- something Bird thought was a problem with modern filmmaking . `` There has to be activity or sound effects or cuts or music blaring . It 's almost as if the audience has the remote and they 're going to change channels , '' he commented at the time . Storyboard artist Teddy Newton played an important role in shaping the film 's story . Newton 's first assignment on staff involved being asked by Bird to create a film within a film to reflect the `` hygiene - type movies that everyone saw when the bomb scare was happening . '' Newton came to the conclusion that a musical number would be the catchiest alternative , and the `` Duck and Cover sequence '' came to become one of the crew members ' favorites of the film . Nicknamed `` The X-Factor '' by story department head Jeffery Lynch , the producers gave him artistic freedom on various pieces of the film 's script . Animation ( edit ) The financial failure of Warner 's previous animated effort , Quest for Camelot , which made the studio reconsider animated films , helped shape The Iron Giant 's production considerably . `` Three - quarters '' of the animation team on that team helped craft The Iron Giant . By the time it entered production , Warner Bros. informed the staff that there would be a smaller budget as well as time - frame to get the film completed . Although the production was watched closely , Bird commented `` They did leave us alone if we kept it in control and showed them we were producing the film responsibly and getting it done on time and doing stuff that was good . '' Bird regarded the trade - off as having `` one - third of the money of a Disney or DreamWorks film , and half of the production schedule , '' but the payoff as having more creative freedom , describing the film as `` fully - made by the animation team ; I do n't think any other studio can say that to the level that we can . '' A small part of the team took a weeklong research trip to Maine , where they photographed and videotaped five small cities . They hoped to accurately reflect its culture down to the minutiae ; `` we shot store fronts , barns , forests , homes , home interiors , diners , every detail we could , including the bark on trees , '' said production designer Mark Whiting . Bird stuck to elaborate scene planning , such as detailed animatics , to make sure there were no budgetary concerns . The team initially worked with Macromedia 's Director software , before switching to Adobe After Effects full - time . Bird was eager to use the then - nascent software , as it allowed for storyboard to contain indications of camera moves . The software became essential to that team -- dubbed `` Macro '' early on -- to help the studio grasp story reels for the film . These also allowed Bird to better understand what the film required from an editing perspective . In the end , he was proud of the way the film was developed , noting that `` We could imagine the pace and the unfolding of our film accurately with a relatively small expenditure of resources . '' The group would gather in a screening room to view completed sequences , with Bird offering suggestions by drawing onto the screen with a marker . Lead animator Bazley suggested this led to a sense of camaraderie among the crew , who were unified in their mission to create a good film . Bird cited his favorite moment of the film 's production as occurring in the editing room , when the crew gathered to test a sequence in which the Giant learns what a soul is . `` People in the room were spontaneously crying . It was pivotal ; there was an undeniable feeling that we were really tapping into something , '' he recalled . He opted to give the film 's animators portions to animate entirely , rather than the standard process of animating one character , in a throwback to the way Disney 's first features were created . The exception were those responsible for creating the Giant himself , who was created using computer - generated imagery due to the difficulty of creating a metal object `` in a fluid - like manner . '' They had additional trouble with using the computer model to express emotion . The Giant was designed by filmmaker Joe Johnston ( best known for designing the Star Wars trilogy ) , which was refined by production designer Mark Whiting and Steve Markowski , head animator for the Giant . Using software , the team would animate the Giant `` on twos '' ( every other frame , or twelve frames per second ) when interacting with other characters , to make it less obvious it was a computer model . Bird brought in students from CalArts to assist in minor animation work due to the film 's busy schedule . He made sure to spread out the work on scenes between experienced and younger animators , noting , `` You overburden your strongest people and underburden the others ( if you let your top talent monopolize the best assignments ) . '' Hiroki Itokazu designed all of the film 's CGI props and vehicles , which were created in a variety of software , including Alias Systems Corporation 's Maya , Alias ' PowerAnimator , a modified version of Pixar 's RenderMan , Cambridge Animation 's Animo ( now part of Toon Boom Animation ) , Avid Elastic Reality , and Adobe Photoshop . The art of Norman Rockwell , Edward Hopper and N.C. Wyeth inspired the design . Whiting strove for colors both evocative of the time period in which the film is set and also representative of its emotional tone ; for example , Hogarth 's room is designed to reflect his `` youth and sense of wonder . '' That was blended with a style reminiscent of 1950s illustration . Animators studied Chuck Jones , Hank Ketcham , Al Hirschfeld and Disney films from that era , such as 101 Dalmatians , for inspiration in the film 's animation . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen . Bird 's original temp score , `` a collection of Bernard Herrmann cues from ' 50s and ' 60s sci - fi films , '' initially scared Kamen . Believing the sound of the orchestra is important to the feeling of the film , Kamen `` decided to comb eastern Europe for an `` old - fashioned '' sounding orchestra and went to Prague to hear Vladimir Ashkenazy conduct the Czech Philharmonic in Strauss 's An Alpine Symphony . '' Eventually , the Czech Philharmonic was the orchestra used for the film 's score , with Bird describing the symphony orchestra as `` an amazing collection of musicians . '' The score for The Iron Giant was recorded in a rather unconventional manner , compared to most films : recorded over one week at the Rudolfinum in Prague , the music was recorded without conventional uses of syncing the music , in a method Kamen described in a 1999 interview as `` ( being able to ) play the music as if it were a piece of classical repertoire . '' Kamen 's score for The Iron Giant won the Annie Award for Music in an Animated Feature Production on November 6 , 1999 . Post-production ( edit ) Bird opted to produce The Iron Giant in widescreen -- specifically the wide 2.39 : 1 CinemaScope aspect ratio -- but was warned against doing so by his advisers . He felt it was appropriate to use the format , as many films from the late 1950s were produced in such widescreen formats . He hoped to include the CinemaScope logo on a poster , partially as a joke , but 20th Century Fox , owner of the trademark , refused . Bird later recalled that he clashed with executives who wished to add characters , such as a sidekick dog , set the film in the present day , and include a soundtrack of hip hop . This was due to concerns that the film was not merchandisable , to which Bird responded , `` If they were interested in telling the story , they should let it be what it wants to be . '' The film was also initially going to released under the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment banner , the logo for which featured mascot Bugs Bunny in a tuxedo . Bird was against this for a multitude of reasons , and eventually got confirmation that executives Bob Daley and Terry Semel agreed . Instead , Bird and his team developed another version of the logo to resemble the classic studio logo in a circle , famously employed in Looney Tunes shorts . He credited executives Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Courtney Vallenti with helping him achieve his vision , noting that they were open to his opinion . According to a report from the time of its release , The Iron Giant cost $50 million to produce with an additional $30 million going towards marketing , though Box Office Mojo later calculated its budget as $70 million . It was regarded as a lower - budget film , in comparison to the films distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . Themes ( edit ) The Iron Giant primarily deals with the concept of existentialism , as well as the nature of humanity . This is exemplified when Hogarth says to the Giant `` You are who you choose to be '' . McCanlies commented that `` At a certain point , there are deciding moments when we pick who we want to be . And that plays out for the rest of your life . '' McCanlies added that films can provide viewers with a sense of right and wrong , and expressed a wish that The Iron Giant would `` make us feel like we 're all part of humanity ( which ) is something we need to feel . '' When some critics compared the film to E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , Bird responded by saying `` E.T. does n't go kicking ass . He does n't make the Army pay . Certainly you risk having your hip credentials taken away if you want to evoke anything sad or genuinely heartfelt . '' Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) `` We had toy people and all of that kind of material ready to go , but all of that takes a year ! Burger King and the like wanted to be involved . In April we showed them the movie , and we were on time . They said , `` You 'll never be ready on time . '' No , we were ready on time . We showed it to them in April and they said , `` We 'll put it out in a couple of months . '' That 's a major studio , they have 30 movies a year , and they just throw them off the dock and see if they either sink or swim , because they 've got the next one in right behind it . After they saw the reviews they ( Warner Bros . ) were a little shamefaced . '' -- Writer Tim McCanlies on Warner Bros . ' marketing approach The Iron Giant was a commercial failure during its theatrical release , resulting from poor promotion from Warner Bros . This was largely attributable to the reception of Quest for Camelot ; after its release , Warner would not give Bird and his team a release date for their film until April 1999 . After wildly successful test screenings , the studio was shocked by the response : the test scores were their highest for a film in 15 years , according to Bird . They had neglected to prepare a successful marketing strategy for the film -- such as cereal and fast food tie - ins -- with little time left before its scheduled release . Bird remembered that the studio produced only one teaser poster for the film , which became its eventual poster . Brad Ball , who had been assigned the role of marketing the film , was candid after its release , noting that the studio did not commit to a planned Burger King toy plan . In an interview with IGN , Bird stated that it was `` a mis - marketing campaign of epic proportions at the hands of Warner Bros. , they simply did n't realize what they had on their hands . '' The studio needed an $8 million opening to ensure success , but they were unable to properly promote it preceding the release . They nearly delayed the film by several months to better prepare . `` They said , ' we should delay it and properly lead up to its release , ' and I said ' you guys have had two and a half years to get ready for this , ' '' recalled Bird . Press outlets took note of its absence of marketing , with some reporting that the studio had spent more money on marketing for the intended summer blockbuster Wild Wild West instead . Warner Bros. scheduled Sunday sneak preview screenings for the film prior to its release , as well as a preview of the film on the online platform Webcastsneak . Box Office ( edit ) The Iron Giant premiered at Mann 's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles on July 31 , 1999 , with a special ceremony preceding the screening in which a concrete slab bearing the title character 's footprint was commemorated . The film opened in Los Angeles and New York on August 4 , 1999 , with a wider national release occurring on August 6 in the United States . It opened in 2,179 theaters in the U.S. , ranking at number nine at the box office accumulating $5,732,614 over its opening weekend . It was quick to drop out of the top ten ; by its fourth week , it had accumulated only $18.9 million -- far under its reported $70 million budget . According to Dave McNary of the Los Angeles Daily News , `` Its weekend per - theater average was only $2,631 , an average of $145 or perhaps 30 tickets per showing '' -- leading theater owners to quickly discard the film . At the time , Warner Bros. was shaken by the resignations of executives Bob Daly and Terry Semel , making the failure much worse . T.L. Stanley of Brandweek cited it as an example of how media tie - ins were now essential to guaranteeing a film 's success . The film went on to gross $23,159,305 domestically and $8,174,612 internationally for a total of $31,333,917 worldwide . Analysts deemed it a victim of poor timing and `` a severe miscalculation of how to attract an audience . '' Lorenzo di Bonaventura , president of Warner Bros. at the time , explained , `` People always say to me , ' Why do n't you make smarter family movies ? ' The lesson is , Every time you do , you get slaughtered . '' Home Media and television syndication ( edit ) Stung by criticism that it mounted an ineffective marketing campaign for its theatrical release , Warner Bros. revamped its advertising strategy for the video release of the film , including tie - ins with Honey Nut Cheerios , AOL and General Motors and secured the backing of three U.S. congressmen ( Ed Markey , Mark Foley and Howard Berman ) . Awareness of the film was increased by its February 2000 release as a pay - per - view title , which also increased traffic to the film 's web site . The Iron Giant was released on VHS and DVD on November 23 , 1999 , with a laserdisc release following on December 6 . The VHS edition came in three versions -- pan and scan , pan and scan with an affixed Giant toy to the clamshell case , and a widescreen version . All of the initial widescreen home video releases were in 1.85 : 1 , the incorrect aspect ratio for the film . In 2000 , television rights to the film were sold to Cartoon Network and TNT for three million dollars . Cartoon Network showed the film continuously for 24 consecutive hours in the early 2000s for such holidays as the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving . The Special Edition DVD was released on November 16 , 2004 . In 2014 , Bird entered discussions with Warner Bros. regarding the possibility of releasing The Iron Giant on Blu - ray . On April 23 , he wrote on Twitter that `` WB & I have been talking . But they want a bare - bones disc . I want better , '' and encouraged fans to send tweets to Warner Bros. Home Entertainment in favor of a Special Edition Blu - ray of the film . On September 6 , 2016 , the film was released on Blu - ray for the first time , titled the Signature Edition . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Iron Giant received widespread critical acclaim . Based on 135 reviews collected by the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , The Iron Giant received an overall 96 % approval rating ; the average score is 8.2 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` The endearing Iron Giant tackles ambitious topics and complex human relationships with a steady hand and beautifully animated direction from Brad Bird . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 85 out of 100 based on 27 reviews , signifying `` universal acclaim '' . In addition to its response from film critics , CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an `` A '' grade . The Reel Source forecasting service calculated that `` 96 -- 97 % '' of audiences that attended recommended the film . As of 2015 , Rotten Tomatoes ranks it the third most positively reviewed animated film made in the 1990s . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called it `` straight - arrow and subversive , ( and ) made with simplicity as well as sophistication , '' writing , `` it feels like a classic even though it 's just out of the box . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared it , both in story and animation , to the works of Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki , summarizing the film as `` not just a cute romp but an involving story that has something to say . '' The New Yorker reviewer Michael Sragow dubbed it a `` modern fairy tale , '' writing , `` The movie provides a master class in the use of scale and perspective -- and in its power to open up a viewer 's heart and mind . '' Time 's Richard Schickel deemed it `` a smart live - and - let - live parable , full of glancing , acute observations on all kinds of big subjects -- life , death , the military - industrial complex . '' Lawrence Van Gelder , writing for The New York Times , deemed it a `` smooth , skilled example of animated filmmaking . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal felt it `` beautiful , oh so beautiful , as a work of coherent art , '' noting , `` be assured that the film is , before anything else , deliciously funny and deeply affecting . '' Both Hollywood trade publications were positive : David Hunter of The Hollywood Reporter predicted it to be a sleeper hit and called it `` outstanding , '' while Lael Loewenstein of Variety called it `` a visually appealing , well - crafted film ( ... ) an unalloyed success . '' Bruce Fretts of Entertainment Weekly commented , `` I have long thought that I was born without the gene that would allow me to be emotionally drawn in by drawings . That is , until I saw The Iron Giant . '' Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle agreed that the storytelling was far superior to other animated films , and cited the characters as plausible and noted the richness of moral themes . Jeff Millar of the Houston Chronicle agreed with the basic techniques as well , and concluded the voice cast excelled with a great script by Tim McCanlies . Amid the positive reviews , a mildly negative review came from The Washington Post 's Stephen Hunter , who opined , `` The movie -- as beautifully drawn , as sleek and engaging as it is -- has the annoyance of incredible smugness . '' WatchMojo.com ranked The Iron Giant number 6 on its Top 10 Animated Movies of the 1990s . Accolades ( edit ) The Hugo Awards nominated The Iron Giant for Best Dramatic Presentation , while the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America honored Brad Bird and Tim McCanlies with the Nebula Award nomination . The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film a Children 's Award as Best Feature Film . In addition The Iron Giant won nine Annie Awards and was nominated for another six categories , with another nomination for Best Home Video Release at The Saturn Awards . IGN ranked The Iron Giant as the fifth favorite animated film of all time in a list published in 2010 . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated The Iron Giant for its Top 10 Animated Films list . Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Annie Awards November 6 , 1999 Best Animated Feature Film Allison Abbate , Des McAnuff , and John Walker Warner Bros. Pictures ; Warner Bros. Feature Animation Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Effects Animation Allen Foster Michel Gagné Nominated Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Animation Jim Van der Keyl Steve Markowski Won Dean Wellins Nominated Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production Brad Bird Won Outstanding Individual Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production Michael Kamen Outstanding Individual Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Alan Bodner Mark Whiting Nominated Outstanding Individual Achievement in Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Mark Andrews Won Kevin O'Brien Nominated Dean Wellins Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Eli Marienthal For playing `` Hogarth Hughes '' . Won Outstanding Individual Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production Tim McCanlies ( screenplay ) and Brad Bird ( story ) BAFTA Children 's Award April 9 , 2000 Best Feature Film Brad Bird , Allison Abbate , Des McAnuff , and Tim McCanlies Florida Film Critics Circle January 9 , 2000 Best Animated Film Brad Bird Won Genesis Awards March 18 , 2000 Best Feature Film - Animated Hugo Award September 2 , 2000 Best Dramatic Presentation Brad Bird ( screen story and directed by ) , Tim McCanlies ( screenplay by ) , and Ted Hughes ( based on the book The Iron Man by ) Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society January 18 , 2000 Best Animated Film Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association January 20 , 2000 Best Animated Film Brad Bird Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards March 25 , 2000 Best Sound Editing - Animated Feature Best Sound Editing - Music - Animation Nominated New York Film Critics Circle January 10 , 2000 Best Animated Film 2nd place Santa Fe Film Critics Circle Awards January 9 , 2000 Best Animated Film Won Saturn Awards June 6 , 2000 Best Home Video Release Nominated Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America May 20 , 2000 Best Script Brad Bird and Tim McCanlies Young Artist Awards March 19 , 2000 Best Family Feature Film - Animated Best Performance in a Voice - Over ( TV or Feature Film ) - Young Actor Eli Marienthal Won Legacy ( edit ) The film has gathered a cult following since its original release . The Iron Giant appeared in Steven Spielberg 's 2018 film Ready Player One , once again voiced by Vin Diesel and replacing Ultraman from the book , where he fights alongside the RX - 78 - 2 Gundam against the antagonists Mechagodzilla . Signature Edition ( edit ) A remastered and extended cut of the film , named the Signature Edition , was shown in one - off screenings across the United States and Canada on September 30 , 2015 , and October 4 , 2015 . The edition is approximately two minutes longer than the original cut , and features a brief scene with Annie and Dean and the sequence of the Giant 's dream . Both scenes were storyboarded by Bird during the production on the original film but never finished due to time and budget constraints . Before they were fully completed for this new version , they were available as deleted storyboards on the 2004 DVD bonus features . They were animated in 2015 by Duncan Studio , which employed several animators that worked on the original film . The film 's Signature Edition was released on DVD and for digital download on February 16 , 2016 . An official Blu - ray release was available on September 6 , 2016 . Along with the additional scene , it also showcases abandoned ideas that were not initially used due to copyright reasons , specifically a nod to Disney via a Tomorrowland commercial , which was also a reference to his then - recently released film of the same name , and a reference regarding the film being shot with CinemaScope cameras . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Iron Giant ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 26 , 1999 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Giant '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , T.L. ( September 13 , 1999 ) . `` Iron Giant 's Softness Hints Tie - ins Gaining Make - or - Break Importance '' . Brandweek. 40 ( 34 ) . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Iron Giant '' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flores , Terry ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Duncan Studios Adds New ' Iron Giant ' Scenes for Remastered Re-release '' . Variety . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Brad Bird 's 1999 animated classic The Iron Giant ... Jump up ^ Rich , Jamie S. ( January 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Iron Giant , ' a modern classic of animation returns : Indie & art house films '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Released in 1999 , this modern classic of hand - drawn animation Jump up ^ Lyttelton , Oliver ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Things You Might Not Know About Brad Bird 's ' The Iron Giant ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . is now widely recognized as a modern classic ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Richard Bazley '' . Animation Artist . August 20 , 1999 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Iron Giant - Making the Movie '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . What he does find is a 50 - foot giant with an insatiable appetite for metal and a childlike curiosity about its new world . ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of The Iron Giant '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on March 21 , 2006 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The Iron Giant : Special Edition ( DVD commentary ) ( Media notes ) . Brad Bird , Jeffrey Lynch . Warner Bros. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Lewis ( September 19 , 2003 ) . `` More McCanlies , Texas '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Brad Bird Talks ' Iron Giant ' 10th Anniversary '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blackwelder , = Rob ( July 19 , 1999 ) . `` A `` Giant '' Among Animators `` . SplicedWire . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Townshend , Pete . ( 2012 ) Who I Am : A Memoir , New York City : Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 212724 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Holleran , Scott ( October 16 , 2003 ) . `` Iron Lion : An Interview with Tim McCanlies '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , = Bob ( August 1999 ) . `` Lean , Mean Fighting Machine : How Brad Bird Made The Iron Giant '' . Animation World Magazine ( 4.5 ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ward Biederman , Patricia ( October 29 , 1999 ) . `` Overlooked Film 's Animators Created a Giant '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brad Bird ( 2004 ) . DVD commentary for The Iron Giant ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . Jump up ^ Brad Bird , Jeffery Lynch et al. ( 2004 ) . The Iron Giant Special Edition . Special Features : Teddy Newton `` The X-Factor '' ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Mark Whiting '' . Animation Artist . August 31 , 1999 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , Brad ( November 1998 ) . `` Director and After Effects : Storyboarding Innovations on The Iron Giant '' . Animation World Magazine ( 3.8 ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Tony Fucile '' . Animation Artist . August 24 , 1999 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with ... Scott Johnston - Artistic Coordinator for The Iron Giant '' . Animation Artist . August 10 , 1999 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldwasser , Dan ( September 4 , 1999 ) . `` Interview with Michael Kamen '' . SoundtrackNet . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gill , Kevin ( Director , Writer ) , Diesel , Vin ( Presenter ) , Bird , Brad ( Presenter ) ( 10 July 2000 ) . The Making of ' The Iron Giant ' ( DVD ) . KG Productions . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Biederman , Patricia ( November 8 , 1999 ) . `` Giant Towers Over Its Rivals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sragow , Michael ( August 5 , 1999 ) . `` Iron Without Irony '' . Salon Media Group . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animation World News - Some Additional Announcements About The Iron Giant DVD '' . Animation World Magazine ( 4.8 ) . November 1999 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bumbray , Chris ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Brad Bird Talks Iron Giant , Tomorrowland Flop , & More ! '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Bates , James ( June 24 , 1999 ) . `` Animators ' Days of Drawing Big Salaries Are Ending '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Charles ( August 27 , 1999 ) . `` It 's Here , Why Are n't You Watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick . `` That 'll Be 2 Adults And 50 Million Children ; Family Films Are Hollywood 's Hot Tickets '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Otto , Jeff ( November 4 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Brad Bird '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spelling , Ian ( July 27 , 1999 ) . `` He 's Big on Giant '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . There 's very little `` Iron Giant '' merchandise ( no Happy Meals ! ) ... ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( August 15 , 1999 ) . `` Giant Disappointment : Warner Bros. Blew a Chance to Market ' Terrific ' Film While Iron Was Still Hot '' . Los Angeles Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Kilmer , David ( August 4 , 1999 ) . `` Fans get another chance to preview THE IRON GIANT '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Lisa D. ( August 5 , 1999 ) . `` ' Iron Giant ' takes whammo , concrete steps '' . Variety . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fessler , Karen ( September 5 , 1999 ) . `` Warner Bros. takes Giant hit '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Irwin , Lew ( August 30 , 1999 ) . `` The Iron Giant Produces A Thud '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Lew ( November 23 , 1999 ) . `` Warner Revamps Ad Campaign For The Iron Giant '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Giant Lands on Capital Hill '' . Time Warner . November 4 , 1999 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Umstead , R. Thomas ( February 14 , 2000 ) . `` Warner Bros. Backs ' Iron Giant ' on Web '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Leigh ( July 2 , 2002 ) . `` Iron Giant Marathon On Cartoon Network '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( November 2 , 2004 ) . `` The Iron Giant : Special Edition - DVD Review at IGN '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Giant SE Delayed '' . IGN . July 22 , 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Brad Bird Fighting For Iron Giant Blu - ray '' . Slash Film . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R. Kinsey , Lowe ( October 7 , 2005 ) . `` Filmmakers push to rescue ' Duma ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Some publications have compared the film 's studio experience to `` A Little Princess '' and `` Iron Giant , '' two other Warner Bros. family releases that famously failed to reach a broad audience in theaters despite widespread critical acclaim . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Giant , The ( 1999 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( August 12 , 1999 ) . `` The Iron Giant wins over kids and adults alike '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 animation movies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( August 4 , 1999 ) . `` A Friend in High Places '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 6 , 1999 ) . `` The Iron Giant review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sragow , Michael ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Film File : The Iron Giant '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( August 16 , 1999 ) . `` Cinema : The Iron King '' . Time . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( August 4 , 1999 ) . `` ' The Iron Giant ' : Attack of the Human Paranoids '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( August 6 , 1999 ) . `` Money Ca n't Spark Passion In ' Thomas Crown Affair ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , David ( July 21 , 1999 ) . `` Iron Giant '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Lael ( July 21 , 1999 ) . `` The Iron Giant '' . Variety . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Peter ( August 6 , 1999 ) . `` ' Giant ' Towers Above Most Kid Adventures '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Millar , Jeff ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` The Iron Giant '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( August 6 , 1999 ) . `` ' Iron Giant ' : Shaggy Dogma '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TOP 10 ANIMATED MOVIES : 1990S Rebecca Beyton . Watchmojo.com Jump up ^ `` Hugo Awards : 2000 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nebula Award : 2000 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Awards : 2000 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards : 1999 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Saturn Awards : 2000 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Animated Movies of All Time '' . IGN . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg : Iron Giant Is Major Part of ' Ready Player One ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Jennifer ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Duncan Studio Provides Animation for New ' Iron Giant ' Sequences '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Giant : Signature Edition '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bill ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office Buz : DVD and Blu - ray releases for February 16 , 2016 '' . Box Office Buz . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Giant Ultimate Collector 's Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Giant Commentary '' . Warner Home Video . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Hughes , Ted ( March 3 , 2005 ) . The Iron Man ( Paperback ) . Reprinting of novel on which this film is based . Faber Children 's Books . ISBN 0571226124 . Hughes , Ted ; Moser , Barry ( August 31 , 1995 ) . The Iron Woman ( Hardcover ) . Sequel to The Iron Man . Amazon Remainders Account . ISBN 0803717962 . James Preller The Iron Giant : A Novelization . Scholastic Paperbacks ( August 1999 ) . ISBN 0439086345 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Iron Giant Official website The Iron Giant on IMDb The Iron Giant at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Iron Giant at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Brad Bird filmography Directed The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Tomorrowland ( 2015 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Short films Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Music videos `` Do the Bartman '' ( 1991 ) TV series created Family Dog ( 1993 ) Warner Bros. 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The Movie : Pyramid of Light ( 2004 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) The Little Polar Bear 2 -- The Mysterious Island ( 2005 ) The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Happy Feet ( 2006 ) TMNT ( 2007 ) Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters ( 2007 ) Lottie and Lisa ( 2007 ) Appleseed Ex Machina ( 2007 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Top Cat : The Movie ( 2011 ) Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) Top Cat Begins ( 2015 ) Regular Show : The Movie ( 2015 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Green Eggs and Ham Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! 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( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash ( 2018 ) Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay ( 2018 ) Batman Ninja ( 2018 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High ( 2018 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See also Warner Animation Group Warner Bros. 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About Wikipedia	who does the voice of hogarth in the iron giant	[ "Eli Marienthal as Hogarth Hughes, an intelligent, energetic and curious 9-year-old boy with an active imagination. Marienthal's performances were videotaped and given to animators to work with, which helped develop expressions and acting for the character.[9]" ]	[ "Eli Marienthal" ]
-2468594188797716011	Molly's Game	Molly 's Game - wikipedia Molly 's Game Jump to : navigation , search For the book on which the film is based , see Molly 's Game : The True Story of the 26 - Year - Old Woman Behind the Most Exclusive , High - Stakes Underground Poker Game in the World . Molly 's Game Theatrical release poster Directed by Aaron Sorkin Produced by Mark Gordon Amy Pascal Steven Segal Matt Jackson Screenplay by Aaron Sorkin Based on Molly 's Game : The True Story of the 26 - Year - Old Woman Behind the Most Exclusive , High - Stakes Underground Poker Game in the World by Molly Bloom Starring Jessica Chastain Idris Elba Kevin Costner Michael Cera Jeremy Strong Chris O'Dowd Bill Camp Music by Daniel Pemberton Cinematography Charlotte Bruus Christensen Edited by Alan Baumgarten Elliot Graham Josh Schaeffer Production company The Mark Gordon Company Pascal Pictures Ciwen Pictures Huayi Brothers Pictures Distributed by STXfilms Release date September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( TIFF ) December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $53.4 million Molly 's Game is a 2017 American crime drama film written and directed by Aaron Sorkin ( in his directorial debut ) , based on the memoir Molly 's Game : The True Story of the 26 - Year - Old Woman Behind the Most Exclusive , High - Stakes Underground Poker Game in the World by Molly Bloom . It stars Jessica Chastain , Idris Elba , Kevin Costner , Michael Cera , Brian d'Arcy James , Chris O'Dowd , Bill Camp , Graham Greene , Claire Rankin , Joe Keery , and Jeremy Strong . The film follows Bloom ( Chastain ) , who becomes the target of an FBI investigation of the underground poker empire she runs for Hollywood celebrities , athletes , business tycoons , and the Russian mob . Principal photography began in November 2016 in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The film premiered on September 8 , 2017 , at the Toronto International Film Festival , and began a limited theatrical release in the United States on December 25 , 2017 , by STXfilms , before expanding wide on January 5 , 2018 . Molly 's Game received positive reviews , with particular praise for Sorkin 's screenplay , as well as Chastain and Elba 's performances , with Chastain 's being called one of the best of her career by some critics . The film earned Chastain a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress -- Drama while Sorkin earned nominations for his screenplay at the Academy Awards , Golden Globes , Writers Guild of America Awards and BAFTA Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Molly Bloom is world - class mogul skier with Olympic aspirations , the result of years of enforced training from her overbearing father . In a qualifying event for the 2002 Winter Olympics , Molly is severely injured , ending her career . Instead of following her original plan of attending law school , Molly decides to take a year off and move to Los Angeles . Once she arrives , she becomes a bottle - service waitress at a club , where she meets Dean , an ostentatious but unsuccessful real estate developer . She becomes his office manager , and he soon involves her in running his underground poker games . Many famous and wealthy individuals , such as movie stars , investment bankers , and sports players are involved in Dean 's game . Molly earns large sums of money on tips alone . Molly is initially uninformed on poker topics , but quickly learns how to appeal to the players to gain tips . In particular , she hopes to please the most successful player , Player X , by attracting new players to the game . Dean , upon seeing that Molly is becoming increasingly independent in running the games , attempts to control her , and then fires her . Molly , having gained the contacts through years of running the game , decides to create her own poker games . She rents a penthouse at a hotel , and hires a staff to help her run games . Additionally , she contacts employees at clubs and casinos to try and spread word about her poker games . Player X , along with many other players , decide to leave Dean 's games to play for Molly . Molly becomes increasingly successful , gaining more money while being pressured by Player X to raise the stakes for her games . Harlan Eustice , a skilled , conservative and successful player , joins Molly 's table . One night , after accidentally losing a hand to the notorious worst player in Molly 's circle , Harlan becomes increasingly compulsive , suffering heavy losses ; later , Molly finds out that Player X , who enjoys ruining people 's lives more than the game itself , has been funding Harlan to keep him in the game . After Molly berates him for his unethical actions , Player X decides to change venue for his games , and the other players join him , leaving Molly . Molly moves to New York , with the hope of beginning a new underground poker game . After reaching out to many wealthy New Yorkers , Molly finds enough players for several weekly games . Despite continuous success , she is unable to cover her losses when players can not pay . Her dealer convinces her to begin taking a percentage of large pots , allowing her to recuperate her potential losses . One of her Los Angeles players is indicted for running a Ponzi scheme ; Molly is investigated and questioned as to who attended her games . At this time , Molly becomes increasingly addicted to drugs as the games have increasingly taken their toll . Her players also begin to include wealthy individuals from the Russian mafia , among others . She is approached by several Italian mafia members , who offer their services to extort money from non-paying players . After she declines , she is attacked in her home , where she is held at gunpoint and her mother 's life is threatened . As she is about to return to her poker games , the FBI conducts a raid , a result of Douglas Downey , one of her players , acting as an informant . Molly 's assets are seized , and she returns home to live with her mother . Two years later , Molly has published a book where she names few individuals that played in her games , and has recently moved out . She is arrested by the FBI , and indicted for involvement in illegal gambling with the mafia . She enlists the help of Charlie Jaffey , a high - profile and expensive lawyer in New York , who agrees to help after he learns that Molly has been protecting innocent people who were affected by her poker games . While in New York awaiting trial , Molly 's father , Larry , seeks her out , and attempts to reconcile with her . He admits that he was overbearing , and that he treated Molly differently than her brothers because she had known about his affairs . Charlie reads Molly 's book , and becomes interested in helping her case , as he feels she has not committed serious enough wrongdoing to merit a prison term . Charlie negotiates a deal for Molly to receive no sentence and her money returned in exchange for her hard drives and digital records from gambling . Molly declines this deal , fearing for the information about her players that would be released , and pleads guilty . The judge , arguing that she had committed no serious crimes , sentences her to community service , probation , and a $200,000 fine . Cast ( edit ) Jessica Chastain as Molly Bloom Samantha Isler as teenage Molly Piper Howell as 7 - year - old Molly Idris Elba as Charlie Jaffey , Molly 's lawyer . Kevin Costner as Larry Bloom , Molly 's father and a clinical psychologist . Michael Cera as Player X , a composite of several Hollywood celebrity gamblers from Molly 's ring , most notably Tobey Maguire . Brian d'Arcy James as Brad , a hedge fund manager . Chris O'Dowd as Douglas Downey , the man who introduces Molly to the Russian mob and brings them to the table . J.C. MacKenzie as Harrison Wellstone Bill Camp as Harlan Eustice , a card sharp who gets in over his head . Graham Greene as Judge Foxman Jeremy Strong as Dean Keith , the real estate developer who brings Molly into the world of underground poker . Matthew D. Matteo as Bobby Joe Keery as Cole Natalie Krill as Winston Claire Rankin as Charlene Bloom , Molly 's mother and Larry 's wife . Madison McKinley as Shelby Angela Gots as B Khalid Klein as Neal Victor Serfaty as Diego Jon Bass as Shelly Habib Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Screenwriter Aaron Sorkin , who made his directorial debut on the film On November 12 , 2014 , Mark Gordon 's The Mark Gordon Company bought the feature film adaptation rights to Molly Bloom 's memoir , Molly 's Game , which Gordon produced . Aaron Sorkin was hired to adapt the memoir into a screenplay . Bloom had already approached Sorkin , as he was her `` favorite writer '' . On January 7 , 2016 , it was announced that Sorkin would make his directorial debut on the film , for Sony Pictures Entertainment , while Amy Pascal also produced . On February 18 , 2016 , Sony exited the project , and on May 13 , 2016 , STX Entertainment came on board , and subsequently bought the film 's US and Chinese distribution rights for $9 million . Casting ( edit ) On February 18 , 2016 , Sorkin offered Jessica Chastain the lead role in the film , but the negotiations between them had then not yet begun . On May 6 , 2016 , Idris Elba joined the film to star alongside Chastain . Sorkin stated that `` the casting of Jessica and Idris in the two lead roles is any filmmaker 's dream come true , they 're two of the greatest actors of their generation , paired for the first time , and their chemistry will be electric . '' On September 7 , 2016 , Michael Cera joined the cast as Player X , a celebrity poker player . On October 17 , 2016 , Kevin Costner joined as Molly Bloom 's father , and on October 21 , 2016 , Brian d'Arcy James was added . On November 9 , 2016 , Chris O'Dowd , Jeremy Strong , Bill Camp , and Graham Greene joined the cast as well . Molly Bloom herself discussed Chastain 's portrayal of her character with ET Canada stating , `` We spent a little time together . She did n't have much time for prep or research , '' Bloom tells ET Canada 's Matte Babel . `` I was blown away by her performance by how right it was and how deep and understood I felt by her performance . '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on November 9 , 2016 , in Toronto . Production concluded on February 9 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Molly 's Game premiered on September 8 , 2017 , at the Toronto International Film Festival . It was also the closing film at AFI Fest on November 16 , 2017 , replacing All the Money in the World . It began a limited release in North America on December 25 , 2017 , before expanding wide on January 5 , 2018 . The film was previously slated to be released on November 22 , 2017 , before being moved to the Christmas date in October 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Molly 's Game grossed $28.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $24.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $53.4 million . On Christmas Day , the film debuted with $1.04 million from 271 theaters . In its first full weekend , the film grossed $2.3 million , finishing 13th at the box office . The film expanded wide on January 5 , 2018 , alongside the opening of Insidious : The Last Key , and was projected to gross around $6 million from 1,608 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to $6.9 million , finishing 7th at the box office . The following weekend it dropped 44 % to $3.9 million , finishing 11th . In its third week of wide release the film grossed $1.7 million , finishing 19th . The film also grossed a total of $4.5 million in France and $5.3 million in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 82 % based on 241 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Powered by an intriguing story and a pair of outstanding performances from Jessica Chastain and Idris Elba , Molly 's Game marks a solid debut for writer - director Aaron Sorkin . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Debruge of Variety praised Sorkin 's script , saying , `` ... Molly 's Game delivers one of the screen 's great female parts -- a dense , dynamic , compulsively entertaining affair , whose central role makes stunning use of Chastain 's stratospheric talent . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film 9 / 10 , writing , `` Molly 's Game is a perfect story for Sorkin . There 's poker , the Russian mafia , the Italian mafia , celebrities , and sports . The only thing missing for Sorkin 's wheelhouse is President Bartlet . And at over two hours long , the film still feels tight and never fails to entertain . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying , `` Molly 's Game bristles with fun zingers , electric energy and Sorkin 's brand of verbal fireworks -- all of which help enormously when the movie falters in fleshing out its characters . Still , in his first film with a female protagonist , the writer - director has hit on a timely theme : the tribulations of being a woman in a man 's world . '' Chastain 's portrayal of Molly Bloom was praised by The Hollywood Reporter , for `` Chastain roars through the performance with a force and take - no - prisoners attitude that keeps one rapt . '' The Hollywood Reporter also stated : `` Sorkin keeps things rolling relentlessly and gets fine results from the actors down the line ( ... ) . ( ... ) The film looks sharp and a trio of editors keeps thing pacey despite the 140 - minute running time . '' It concluded : `` One strong woman and many rich men make for a good show . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Screenwriter Aaron Sorkin Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists January 9 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated American Cinema Editors January 26 , 2018 Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Alan Baumgarten , Elliot Graham and Josh Schaeffer Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Actress Jessica Chastain Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Denver International Film Festival November 13 , 2017 Career Achievement Award Aaron Sorkin Won Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Best Actress Jessica Chastain Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle December 23 , 2017 Best Screenplay -- Adapted Aaron Sorkin Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Actress Jessica Chastain Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama Jessica Chastain Nominated Best Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Mill Valley Film Festival October 17 , 2017 Audience Favorite U.S. Cinema -- Gold Award Molly 's Game Won Palm Springs International Film Festival January 2 , 2018 Chairman 's Award Jessica Chastain Won Producers Guild of America Awards January 20 , 2018 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Mark Gordon , Amy Pascal and Matt Jackson Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 10 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Actress Jessica Chastain Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated USC Scripter Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Screenplay Aaron Sorkin and Molly Bloom Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards February 11 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Aaron Sorkin Nominated Zurich Film Festival October 4 , 2017 Career Achievement Award Aaron Sorkin Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Molly 's Game '' . TIFF . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Insidious : The Last Key ' To Scare Up Biz In Strong Holiday Holdover Period -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Molly 's Game ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Insidious : The Last Key Unlocks Few Scares '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water leads Bafta nominations '' . BBC News . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewi , Hilary ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Molly 's Game ' Team Talks Making Timely Tale of Female Empowerment '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magaziner Steinfield , Jordan ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jon Bass : From Bellaire to ' Baywatch ' '' . TheBuzzMagazines.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Gordon & Aaron Sorkin Team On Molly Bloom High - Stakes Poker Memoir '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Poker princess ' Molly Bloom on her stranger - than - fiction life '' . BBC . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ransome , Noel ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` The true story behind `` Molly 's Game '' is wild `` . Vice . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Aaron Sorkin to Make Directorial Debut With Underground Poker Drama ' Molly 's Game ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Drops Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game , ' Film to Be Shopped at Cannes '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` STX Circles Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game ' Rights for $9 Million '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Chastain Offered Lead in Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Idris Elba in Talks to Join Jessica Chastain in Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Cera in talks for Aaron Sorkin 's poker biopic Molly 's Game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Costner Eyes Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game ' With Jessica Chastain , Idris Elba '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Molly 's Game ' Adds Brian d'Arcy James ; Andrew J. West Cast In ' Antiquities ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Chris O'Dowd joins Jessica Chastain and Idris Elba in Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game ' '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ West , Rachel ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Molly Bloom Talks Jessica Chastain 's Performance In ' Molly 's Game ' , Incident With Tobey Maguire '' . Jump up ^ `` PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY BEGINS ON AARON SORKIN 'S MOLLY 'S GAME STARRING JESSICA CHASTAIN AND IDRIS ELBA '' . Entertainment One . November 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Molly 's Game '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game ' Replaces Kevin Spacey Film At AFI Fest '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Molly 's Game ' To Open Christmas Day Instead Of Thanksgiving Stretch '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` STX Sets Dates for ' Molly 's Game , ' ' Happytime Murders ' With Melissa McCarthy '' . Variety . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Roars To $34 M ; ' The Post ' Still The Most With $22 M+ ; ' The Commuter ' Punches $16 M : MLK Weekend Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Molly 's Game - International Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Molly 's Game ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Molly 's Game Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto Film Review : ' Molly 's Game ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` TIFF Review : Jessica Chastain Absolutely Owns Aaron Sorkin 's ' Molly 's Game ' '' . Uproxx . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Molly 's Game ' Review : Jessica Chastain Turns Poker Biopic Into Royal Flush '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Molly 's Game ' : Film Review TIFF 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . AARP . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DFF40 : 40th Denver Film Festival Announces Award Winners '' . Awards Circuit . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Film Critics Society announce 2017 film nominations '' . Film Obsession . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' Leads 2017 Florida Film Critics Awards Nominations '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FFCC Winners '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mill Valley Film Festival Names Mudbound and Molly 's Game among its Audience Favorites '' . awardsdaily . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Chastain Honored by Palm Springs Film Festival for ' Molly 's Game ' '' . Variety . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 SAN FRANCISCO FILM CRITICS CIRCLE AWARDS '' . San Francisco Film Critics Circle . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Disaster Artist , ' ' Logan , ' ' Wonder Woman ' Among USC Scripter Award Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AARON SORKIN TO RECEIVE ZFF CAREER ACHIEVEMENT AWARD / MOLLY 'S GAME AS GALA PREMIERE '' . Zurich Film Festival . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Molly 's Game on IMDb Molly 's Game at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Works by Aaron Sorkin Television series Sports Night ( 1998 -- 2000 ) The West Wing ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Newsroom ( 2012 -- 14 ) Feature films A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) Malice ( 1993 ) The American President ( 1995 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) Molly 's Game ( 2017 ) Stage plays Hidden in This Picture ( 1988 ) A Few Good Men ( 1989 ) The Farnsworth Invention ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molly%27s_Game&oldid=837034040 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American crime drama films Directorial debut films Films based on biographies Films shot in Toronto Entertainment One films Nonlinear narrative films STX Entertainment films Screenplays by Aaron Sorkin 2010s crime drama films Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Gambling films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 09 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the characters in molly's game based on	[ "Molly's Game is a 2017 American crime drama film written and directed by Aaron Sorkin (in his directorial debut), based on the memoir Molly's Game: The True Story of the 26-Year-Old Woman Behind the Most Exclusive, High-Stakes Underground Poker Game in the World by Molly Bloom. It stars Jessica Chastain, Idris Elba, Kevin Costner, Michael Cera, Brian d'Arcy James, Chris O'Dowd, Bill Camp, Graham Greene, Claire Rankin, Joe Keery, and Jeremy Strong. The film follows Bloom (Chastain), who becomes the target of an FBI investigation of the underground poker empire she runs for Hollywood celebrities, athletes, business tycoons, and the Russian mob." ]	[ "the memoir Molly's Game: The True Story of the 26-Year-Old Woman Behind the Most Exclusive, High-Stakes Underground Poker Game in the World by Molly Bloom" ]
-8757861839296241958	P. V. Sindhu	PV Sindhu - Wikipedia PV Sindhu Jump to : navigation , search P.V. Sindhu Sindhu in 2016 Birth name Pusarla Venkata Sindhu Country India ( 1995 - 07 - 05 ) 5 July 1995 ( age 22 ) Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India Residence Hyderabad , Telangana , India Height 1.79 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Weight 65 kg ( 143 lb ) Years active 2009 -- present Handedness Right Coach Pullela Gopichand Mulyo Handoyo Women 's Singles Highest ranking 2 ( 4 April 2017 ) Current ranking 2 ( 2 / 11 / 2017 ) Medal record ( hide ) Women 's badminton Representing India Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Women 's singles World Championships 2017 Glasgow Women 's Singles 2013 Guangzhou Women 's Singles 2014 Copenhagen Women 's Singles Uber Cup 2014 New Delhi Team 2016 Kunshan Team Asian Games 2014 Incheon Women 's team Commonwealth Games 2014 Glasgow Women 's Singles Asia Championships 2014 Gimcheon Women 's Singles South Asian Games 2016 Guwahati Women 's Team 2016 Guwahati Women 's Singles Asian Junior Championships 2012 Gimcheon Girls ' Singles 2011 Lucknow Girls ' Singles 2011 Lucknow Mixed Team Commonwealth Youth Games 2011 Douglas Girls ' Singles BWF profile Updated on 27 August 2017 . Pusarla Venkata Sindhu ( born 5 July 1995 ) is an Indian professional badminton player , who is currently world no 2 in the BWF World Ranking . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , she became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic silver medal . She is one of the two Indian badminton players to ever win an Olympic medal -- other being Saina Nehwal . She was also a silver medalist at the 2017 BWF World Championships and , in 2017 , became first Indian ever to win Korea Open Super Series . Sindhu came to international attention when she broke into the top 20 of the BWF World Ranking in September 2012 at the age of 17 . In 2013 , she became the first ever Indian women 's singles player to win a medal at the Badminton World Championships . In March 2015 , she is the recipient of India 's fourth highest civilian honor , the Padma Shri . Her silver medal win in the women 's singles event of the 2016 Summer Olympics made her the first Indian shuttler to reach the final of an Olympics badminton event and the youngest Indian to make a podium finish in an individual event at the Olympics . She is one among the top five shuttlers in women ' s singles category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood and early training 2 Career 2.1 2012 2.2 2013 2.3 2014 2.4 2015 2.5 2016 2.5. 1 Rio Olympics 2016 2.6 2017 3 Honours 4 Achievements 4.1 Individual titles 4.2 Individual runners - up 5 Career overview 5.1 Singles performance timeline 5.2 Record against selected players 5.3 Summer Olympics 5.3. 1 2016 Summer Olympics 6 Personal life 7 Awards and recognition 7.1 National 7.2 Others 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Childhood and early training ( edit ) Pusarla Venkata Sindhu was born to P.V. Ramana of Eluru , West Godavari district and P. Vijaya of Vijayawada , Krishna district . She lives in Hyderabad . In 2000 , Ramana was awarded Arjuna Award for his sport . Though her parents played professional volleyball , Sindhu chose badminton over it because she drew inspiration from the success of Pullela Gopichand , the 2001 All England Open Badminton Champion . She eventually started playing badminton from the age of eight . Sindhu first learned the basics of the sport with the guidance of Mehboob Ali at the badminton courts of Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications in Secunderabad . Soon after , she joined Pullela Gopichand 's Gopichand Badminton Academy . While profiling Sindhu 's career , a correspondent with The Hindu wrote : The fact that she reports on time at the coaching camps daily , travelling a distance of 56 km from her residence , is perhaps a reflection of her willingness to complete her desire to be a good badminton player with the required hard work and commitment . Gopichand seconded this correspondent 's opinion when he said that `` the most striking feature in Sindhu 's game is her attitude and the never - say - die spirit . '' After joining Gopichand 's badminton academy , Sindhu won several titles . In the under - 10 years category , she won the 5th Servo All India ranking championship in the doubles category and the singles title at the Ambuja Cement All India ranking . In the under - 13 years category , Sindhu won the singles title at the Sub-juniors in Pondicherry , doubles titles at the Krishna Khaitan All India Tournament , IOC All India Ranking , the Sub-Junior Nationals and the All India Ranking in Pune . She also won the under - 14 team gold medal at the 51st National School Games in India . Career ( edit ) In the international circuit , Sindhu was a bronze medallist at the 2009 Sub-Junior Asian Badminton Championships held in Colombo . At the 2010 Iran Fajr International Badminton Challenge , she won the silver medal in the singles category . Sindhu reached the quarterfinals of the 2010 Junior World Badminton Championships that was held in Mexico . She was a team member in India 's national team at the 2010 Uber Cup. . 2012 ( edit ) On 14 June 2012 , Sindhu lost to Germany 's Juliane Schenk in Indonesia Open , 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 14 . On 7 July 2012 , she won Asia Youth Under 19 Championship beating Japanese Player Nozomi Okuhara in final by 18 -- 21 , 21 -- 17 , 22 -- 20 . In the 2012 Li Ning China Masters Super Series tournament she stunned London 2012 Olympics gold medallist Li Xuerui of China , beating her 21 -- 19 , 9 -- 21 , 21 -- 16 and entered the semifinals but lost to 4th seeded Jiang Yanjiao of China by 10 -- 21 , 21 -- 14 , 19 -- 21 in the semifinals . A lot was expected from Sindhu in the Japan Open after her exploits in the China Open , given China pulled many of its players out of the tournament citing security reasons . But she bowed out in the second round to Korean shuttler Bae Yeon Ju for 21 -- 10 , 12 -- 21 , 18 -- 21 . Sindhu then went on to participate in the 77th Senior National Badminton Championships held at Srinagar . She was defeated in the finals by Sayali Gokhale for 15 -- 21 , 21 -- 15 , 15 -- 21 . It was later revealed that Sindhu injured her knee in the China Open and she carried this injury through the Japan Open and the nationals . She decided to skip the World Junior Championships so as not to aggravate the injury . Sindhu finished runner - up in the Syed Modi India Grand Prix Gold event held in Lucknow in December 2012 . She did n't lose a single set coming into the final , but was upset by the Indonesian Linda Weni Fanetri for 21 -- 15 , 18 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 . She reached her career best ranking of 15 . 2013 ( edit ) She won Malaysian open title 2013 , beating her opponent from Singapore , Gu Juan , by 21 -- 17 , 17 -- 21 , 21 -- 19 . This was Sindhu 's first Grand Prix Gold title . PV Sindhu on 8 August 2013 defeated the defending champion , second - seeded Wang Yihan of China , to enter the women 's quarterfinals at the BWF World Championships . The 18 - year - old , 10th - seeded Sindhu won 21 -- 18 , 23 -- 21 in 54 minutes to set - up a meeting with another Chinese player , Wang Shixian . She beat Wang Shixian 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 17 to become India 's first medalist in women 's singles at the World Championships . In the 2013 Indian Badminton League , Sindhu was the captain of the team Awadhe Warriors . Her team qualified for the semifinal , where they beat Mumbai Marathas , but lost in the final to Hyderabad HotShots . She won Macau Open Grand Prix Gold title by defeating Canada 's Michelle Li on December 1 , 2013 . The top - seeded 18 - year - old won the match 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 12 in 37 minutes . She was awarded Arjun Award by Government of India . 2014 ( edit ) PV Sindhu reached the semifinal stage of 2014 Commonwealth Games in the women 's singles competition , which she lost to Michelle Li of Canada . PV Sindhu later created history by becoming the first Indian to win two back - to - back medals in the BWF World Badminton Championships after her bronze medal finish in 2014 BWF World Championships held in Denmark . Sindhu defeated Wang Shixian in three sets 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 15 , with the match lasting more than an hour . She had earlier defeated Bae Yeon - ju in the third round with 19 -- 21 , 22 -- 20 , and 25 -- 23 . However , she lost to the eventual gold medalist , Carolina Marin , in straight sets and had to settle with bronze medal together with Minatsu Mitani . 2015 ( edit ) In October , playing at the Denmark Open , Sindhu reached to her maiden final of a Super Series event . On her route to the final , she defeated three seeded players , namely Tai Tzu - ying , Wang Yihan and Carolina Marin . In the final , she lost to the defending champion Li Xuerui in straight games by 19 -- 21 , 12 -- 21 . In November , defending champion P.V. Sindhu won her third successive women 's singles title at the Macau Open Grand Prix Gold after defeating Japan 's Minatsu Mitani in the final by 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 23 , 21 -- 14 . 2016 ( edit ) In January , Sindhu won the Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold women 's singles title after beating Scotland 's Kirsty Gilmour in the final . She had also won this tournament in 2013 . In the 2016 Premier Badminton league , Sindhu was the captain of Chennai Smashers team . In the group league , she won all of the five matches to help her team qualify for the semifinal . However , in the semifinal . her team was beaten by Delhi Acers . Rio Olympics 2016 ( edit ) At the women 's singles event , Sindhu was drawn with Hungarian Laura Sárosi and Canadian Michelle Li in Group M. During the group stage matches , she beat Laura Sárosi ( 2 -- 0 ) and Michelle Li ( 2 -- 1 ) . Further she ousted Chinese Taipei 's Tai Tzu - ying ( 2 -- 0 ) in the round of 16 to meet the second seed Wang Yihan in the quarterfinals , whom she defeated in straight sets . Sindhu later faced the Japanese Nozomi Okuhara in the semifinals , won in straight sets , and ensuring her a podium finish . This set the stage for her final showdown with top seed from Spain , Carolina Marín . Marin managed to beat Sindhu in three sets in the 83 - minute match . With that result , Sindhu clinched the silver medal . She charted history of achieving the feat as she is youngest and first women individual to bag an Olympic Silver medal representing India . This was the second instance of podium finish at the Olympics by any Indian badminton player . 2017 ( edit ) In the India Open superseries , Sindhu won the title by defeating Carolina Marin in straight games . In the BWF World Championships held from 21 to 27 August 2017 at Emirates Arena in Glasgow , Scotland , Sindhu had to settle for silver after losing to Japan 's Nozomi Okuhara in the finals with scores 19 - 21 , 22 - 20 , 20 - 22 . Sindhu avenged her world championships loss to Okuhara by beating her in the final of the Victor Korea Open superseries , winning 22 - 20 , 11 - 21 , 21 - 18 . In August , she took charges as Deputy Collector in Krishna District in the Chief Commissioner of Land Administration ( CCLA ) office under the Revenue Department of the Government of Andhra Pradesh . Honours ( edit ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award for badminton in 2016 Arjuna Award for badminton in 2013 Padma Shri Award , the fourth highest civilian honor in 2015 Achievements ( edit ) Individual titles ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score Result 2011 Indonesia International Fransisca Ratnasari 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 11 Won 2013 Malaysia Masters Gu Juan 21 -- 17 , 17 -- 21 , 21 -- 19 Won 2013 Macau Open Michelle Li 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 12 Won 2014 Macau Open Kim Hyo - min 21 -- 12 , 21 -- 17 Won 5 2015 Macau Open Minatsu Mitani 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 23 , 21 -- 14 Won 6 2016 Malaysia Masters Kirsty Gilmour 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 9 Won 7 2016 China Open Sun Yu 21 -- 11 , 17 -- 21 , 21 -- 11 Won 8 2017 Syed Modi International Gregoria Mariska 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 14 Won 9 2017 India Open Carolina Marin 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 16 Won 10 2017 Korea Open Nozomi Okuhara 22 -- 20 , 11 - 21 , 21 -- 18 Won Super Series Premier Super Series Grand Prix Gold International Challenge Individual runners - up ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2011 Dutch Open Yao Jie 16 -- 21 , 17 -- 21 2012 Syed Modi International Lindaweni Fanetri 15 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 , 18 -- 21 2014 Syed Modi International Saina Nehwal 14 -- 21 , 17 -- 21 2015 Denmark Open Li Xuerui 19 -- 21 , 12 -- 21 6 2016 Hong Kong Open Tai Tzu - ying 15 -- 21 , 17 -- 21 7 2016 Olympics Carolina Marin 21 - 19 , 12 -- 21 , 15 - 21 8 2017 World Championships Nozomi Okuhara 19 - 21 , 22 -- 20 , 20 - 22 BWF Event Super Series Premier Super Series Grand Prix Gold Grand Prix Career overview ( edit ) Singles Played Wins Losses Balance Total * 326 227 99 + 128 Current year ( 2017 ) * 32 25 7 + 22 Doubles Played Wins Losses Balance Total * 17 9 8 + 1 Current year ( 2017 ) * 0 0 0 0 * Statistics were last updated on 16 September 2017 . Singles performance timeline ( edit ) Key SF QF # R RR Q # SF - B NH N / A Tournament 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR Best BWF events BWF World Junior Championships 2R QF 3R N / A 0 / 3 QF ( ' 10 ) BWF World Championships NH QF NH 0 / 4 F ( ' 17 ) Olympics NH DNQ NH NH 0 / 2 F ( ' 16 ) BWF Super Series All England Super Series Premier 1R 2R 1R 1R QF 0 / 5 QF ( ' 17 ) India Open Super Series N / A 1R QF SF 1R QF 1 / 6 W ( ' 17 ) Malaysia Super Series Premier Q1 1R 2R QF 1R 0 / 5 QF ( ' 16 ) Singapore Open Super Series 1R QF 2R QF 0 / 4 QF ( ' 14 , ' 17 ) Indonesia Super Series Premier 2R 1R 1R 2R 0 / 4 2R ( ' 12 , ' 17 ) Australian Open Super Series N / A QF 1R 1R QF 0 / 4 QF ( ' 14 , ' 17 ) Japan Open Super Series 2R 2R 1R 2R 0 / 4 2R ( ' 12 , ' 13 , ' 17 ) Korea Open Super Series Q2 2R 2R 1 / 4 W ( ' 17 ) Denmark Super Series Premier 1R QF 2R 0 / 4 F ( ' 15 ) French Open Super Series 2R 1R 1R 2R 0 / 4 2R ( ' 13 , ' 16 ) China Open Super Series Premier Q2 1R 2R 1 / 4 W ( ' 16 ) Hong Kong Open Super Series Q2 1R 1R 2R 1R 0 / 6 F ( ' 16 ) China Masters Super Series SF N / A 0 / 1 SF ( ' 12 ) BWF Super Series Masters Finals DNQ SF 0 / 1 SF ( ' 16 ) BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold SF SF 2 / 4 W ( ' 13 , ' 16 ) Syed Modi Grand Prix Gold QF SF 2R NH SF 2R 1 / 8 W ( ' 17 ) German Open Grand Prix Gold 1R QF 0 / 2 QF ( ' 16 ) Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold N / A 1R 2R SF QF 0 / 4 SF ( ' 14 ) China Masters Grand Prix Gold N / A QF 0 / 1 QF ( ' 16 ) Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold 2R 0 / 1 2R ( ' 15 ) Vietnam Open Grand Prix QF 0 / 1 QF ( ' 11 ) Indonesian Masters Grand Prix Gold QF 0 / 1 QF ( ' 15 ) Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold 2R 0 / 1 2R ( ' 12 ) Dutch Open Grand Prix 0 / 1 F ( ' 12 ) Macau Open Grand Prix Gold 3 / 3 W ( ' 13 , ' 14 , ' 15 ) India Open Grand Prix Gold Q2 2R N / A 0 / 2 2R ( ' 10 ) Year - end Ranking 255 151 31 19 11 11 12 6 Record against selected players ( edit ) Record against the Super Series finalists , the World Championships semifinalists , and the Olympic quarterfinalists ( as of 20 November 2016 ) : Opponent Record Opponent Record Opponent Record Opponent Record He Bingjiao 4 -- 5 Jiang Yanjiao 0 -- 2 Li Xuerui 2 -- 3 Sun Yu 4 -- 4 Wang Lin 0 -- 1 Wang Shixian 4 -- 6 Wang Yihan 3 -- 4 Yao Xue 1 -- 1 Tai Tzu - ying 3 -- 6 Tine Baun 0 -- 1 Juliane Schenk 0 -- 2 Yip Pui Yin 2 -- 0 Saina Nehwal 1 -- 1 Lindaweni Fanetri 8 -- 2 Akane Yamaguchi 2 -- 1 Eriko Hirose 1 -- 3 Minatsu Mitani 3 -- 2 Nozomi Okuhara 4 -- 5 Yui Hashimoto 1 -- 1 Bae Yeon - ju 1 -- 3 Sung Ji - hyun 7 -- 4 Carolina Marin 5 -- 6 Porntip Buranaprasertsuk 5 -- 4 Ratchanok Intanon 1 -- 4 Summer Olympics ( edit ) 2016 Summer Olympics ( edit ) See also : Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics -- Women 's singles Stage Opponent Result Games Points Group Stage Michelle Li ( CAN ) Won 2 -- 1 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 17 Group Stage Laura Sárosi ( HUN ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 4 , 21 -- 9 Pre-Quarter Finals Tai Tzu - ying ( TPE ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 15 Quarter Finals Wang Yihan ( CHN ) Won 2 -- 0 22 -- 20 , 21 -- 19 Semi-finals Nozomi Okuhara ( JPN ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 10 Finals Carolina Marín ( ESP ) Lost 1 -- 2 21 -- 19 , 12 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 Personal life ( edit ) P.V. Sindhu has been employed with Bharat Petroleum since July 2013 , as an assistant sports manager with their Hyderabad office . Following her silver - medal win at the Rio Olympics , she was promoted to deputy sports manager. She was appointed as first brand amabassador of Bridgestone India . Also , Andhra Pradesh Government appointed P.V. Sindhu as Deputy Collector ( Group - I ) . Awards and recognition ( edit ) National ( edit ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , highest sporting honour of India ( 2016 ) Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award of India ( 2015 ) Arjuna Award ( 2013 ) Others ( edit ) FICCI Breakthrough Sportsperson of the Year 2014 NDTV Indian of the Year 2014 ₹ 10 lakh ( US $16,000 ) from the Badminton Association of India , for her victory in the 2015 Macau Open Badminton Championships . ₹ 5 lakh ( US $7,800 ) from the Badminton Association of India , for her victory in the 2016 Malaysia Masters Rewards for winning the silver medal at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics ₹ 5 crore ( US $780,000 ) , and a land grant from the Government of Telangana . ₹ 3 crore ( US $470,000 ) , a Group A cadre job ( Deputy Collector of Andhra Pradesh ) and 1000 yd land grant from the Government of Andhra Pradesh . ₹ 2 crore ( US $310,000 ) from the Government of Delhi . ₹ 75 lakh ( US $120,000 ) from her employer , Bharat Petroleum Corporation , with promotion from assistant to deputy sports manager . ₹ 50 lakh ( US $78,000 ) from the Government of Haryana . ₹ 50 lakh ( US $78,000 ) from the Government of Madhya Pradesh . ₹ 50 lakh ( US $78,000 ) from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . ₹ 50 lakh ( US $78,000 ) from Badminton Association of India ₹ 50 lakh ( US $78,000 ) from NRI businessman , Mukkattu Sebastian ₹ 30 lakh ( US $47,000 ) from the Indian Olympic Association . ₹ 5 lakh ( US $7,800 ) from All India Football Federation . BMW car from the Hyderabad District Badminton Association and as well as Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar ₹ 1.01 lakh ( US $1,600 ) from Salman Khan , for qualifying as an Olympic participant . Miniature badminton racquet memento with gold and diamond from Kirtilals . Appointed as Deputy Collector of Andhra Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Badminton in India India national badminton team Gopichand Badminton Academy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` bwf world superseries -- PV Sindhu Profile '' . Jump up ^ `` Badminton '' . Olympic Gold Quest . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://bwfcontent.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/player.aspx?id=12552&player=108519 Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings '' . bwfbadminton.org . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BWF - BWF World Rankings - Overview '' . bwf.tournamentsoftware.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sindhu breaks into world top 20 ranking '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who is PV Sindhu -- India 's badminton heroine in Rio '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu Scripts History , Becomes First Indian Woman To Win Olympic Silver Medal '' . indiatimes.com . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boys and girls with golden dreams '' . Deccan Chronicle. 30 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu will keep hopes of all Indians high , says her father PV Ramana '' . 2016 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : V.V. , Subrahmanyam ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` Aiming for the stars '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ V.V. , Subrahmanyam ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Shuttler Sindhu is the star to watch out for '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ N , Jagannath Das ( 3 September 2009 ) . `` Sindhu , a smash hit at 14 '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SAI badminton coach returns with glory '' . The Tribune . 13 February 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India won two bronze in Junior World Badminton c'ships '' . Zee News . 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sindhu , emerging star on badminton horizon '' . Deccan Chronicle. 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ratnakar , M ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Kashyap upsets World No. 3 Chen at Indonesia Open '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` P.V. Sindhu -- Result '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu stuns Olympic gold medallist Xuerui in China Masters '' . ZeeNews . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fighter PV Sindhu bows out of China Masters '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` China pull out players from Japan Open '' . NDTV. 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sindhu falls in Japan Open '' . Times of India . 2012 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sayali stuns Sindhu '' . Hindustan Times . 2012 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sindhu injured '' . Daily News and Analysis . 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sindhu loses in finals of India GPG '' . Business Standard . 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 India Grand Prix Gold Women 's Singles results '' . tournamentsoftware.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kashyap becomes world No. 6 '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sindhu wins Malaysia Grand Prix '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This year has been good for Sindhu , says father '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glasgow 2014 : PV Sindhu lost in semifinal '' . Patrika Group ( 2 August 2014 ) . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sindhu ends runner - up at Denmark Open Super Series '' . The Times of India . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu completes hat - trick of Macau Open titles '' . Hindustan Times . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu starts 2016 with a bang , wins Malaysia Masters '' . SportsCafe.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal seeded fifth , PV Sindhu gets ninth seed for Rio Games '' . Indian Express . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu wins first group game : As it happened '' . Indian Express . 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu , Rio 2016 Olympics : PV Sindhu clinches win in second group clash '' . Indian Express . 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu enters badminton quarter - final : As it happened '' . Indian Express . 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sukhwant , Basra ( 17 August 2016 ) . `` PV Sindhu enters Rio 2016 semis , defeats World No. 2 Wang Yihan '' . Hindustan Times . Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shirish , Nadkarni ( 19 August 2016 ) . `` Rio Olympics 2016 : How PV Sindhu stunned Nozomi Okuhara with a badminton blitzkrieg '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll give my heart for gold : PV Sindhu after her Rio 2016 semifinal victory '' . Hindustan Times . Rio de Janeiro. 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Marin stamps class as the World No. 1 '' . DD News . Doordarshan. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As it happened : Sindhu first Indian woman to win Olympic silver '' . The Hindu . 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashim , Sunam ( 19 August 2016 ) . `` Rio Olympics 2016 badminton final as it happened : PV Sindhu wins silver , Marin clinches gold in thrilling contest '' . IB Times . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 : Sindhu becomes first Indian woman to win Olympic silver '' . Hindustan Times . Rio de Janeiro. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Himanshu , Kapoor ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` PV Sindhu Did n't Lose Gold , She Became the First Indian to Win an Olympic Silver in Badminton '' . Daily Bhaskar . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kamesh , Srinivasan ( 19 August 2016 ) . `` Sindhu lends a silver lining to India 's Olympic campaign '' . The Hindu . Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Open Superseries : PV Sindhu Outlasts Nozomi Okuhara To Clinch Title -- NDTV Sports '' . NDTVSports.com . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sindhu-takes-charge-as-deputy-collector/article19459741.ece Jump up ^ `` VICTOR INDONESIA INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGE 2011 : Matches '' . www.tournamentsoftware.com . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PUSARLA V. Sindhu -- Career overview '' . bwfbadminton.com . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAYBANK Malaysia Open Presented by PROTON : Draws : WS -- Qualification '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Korea Open 2012 : Draws : WS -- Qualification '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Li Ning China Open 2011 : Draws : WS -- Qualification '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yonex Sunrise Hong Kong Open 2011 : Draws : WS -- Qualification '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAYPEE CUP SYED MODI MEMORIAL INDIA GRAND PRIX 2009 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Grand Prix 2010 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yonex -- Sunrise Syed Modi Memorial India Open Grand Prix Gold : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YONEX German Open GPG 2012 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yonex Sunrise Vietnam Grand Prix Open 2011 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yonex Dutch Open 2011 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yonex Sunrise India Open 2009 : Draws : WS -- Qualification '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA GRAND PRIX GOLD 2010 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/profile/selectheadtohead.aspx?id=0BF2D10A-66EB-4B90-BB4B-3F70D4ADAD99 ^ Jump up to : `` BPCL announces Rs 75 lakh cash award , promotion for PV Sindhu '' . Business Standard . 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv khel ratna '' . news 18.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards 2015 '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arjuna Award for Virat Kohli , PV Sindhu ; Ronjan Sodhi gets Khel Ratna '' . NDTV Sports . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FICCI announces the Winners of India Sports Awards for 2014 '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amjad Ali Khan , Satish Gujral honored with NDTV Indian of the Year Award '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BAI announces cash award of Rs. 10 lakh for Sindhu '' . The Hindu . 30 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton Association of India Awards PV Sindhu Rs 5 lakh for winning Malaysia Masters '' . NDTV Sports . 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sakshipost.com/telangana/2016/08/20/telangana-govt-announces-rs-5-cr-to-pv-sindhu-rs-1-cr-to-gopichand Jump up ^ http://www.deccanherald.com/content/625014/p-v-sindhu-appointed-dy.html Jump up ^ http://zeenews.india.com/sports/rio-olympics-2016/andhra-pradesh-government-to-reward-sindhu-with-rs-3-cr-cash-prize-and-government-job_1920794.html ^ Jump up to : `` How rivalry between Andhra and Telangana has enriched PV Sindhu by crores '' . Hindustan Times . 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/from-bmw-to-rs-1-60-crore-and-land-its-raining-gifts-for-rio-star-pv-sindhu-2985893/ Jump up ^ http://www.abplive.in/sports/rio-olympics-madhya-pradesh-government-announces-reward-for-pv-sindhu-silver-medal-401636 ^ Jump up to : `` PV Sindhu lauded with gifts : From BMW to Rs 2.05 crore and land '' . 2016 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 : Dubai based indian man announces cash prize '' . 2016 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics 2016 : Salman Khan to present Rs 1 lakh cheque to each Indian athelete '' . The Indian Express . 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu honoured with miniature gold , diamond racquet '' . Oneindia.in . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PV Sindhu appointed as Deputy Collector '' . https://sports.ndtv.com/ . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . External link in publisher = ( help ) External links ( edit ) P.V. Sindhu at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com P.V. Sindhu at Olympic Gold Quest P.V. Sindhu at Gopichand Badminton Academy P.V. Sindhu at tournamentsoftware.com ( hide ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._V._Sindhu&oldid=810531913 '' Categories : 1995 births Living people Asian Games bronze medalists for India Asian Games medalists in badminton Badminton players at the 2014 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India Commonwealth Games competitors for India Indian female badminton players Olympic badminton players of India Olympic silver medalists for India Recipients of the Arjuna Award Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Sportswomen from Hyderabad , India Telugu people Recipients of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton 21st - century Indian sportswomen 21st - century Indian sportspeople Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use Indian English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English BWF template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won silver medal in world badminton championship	[ "Pusarla Venkata Sindhu (born 5 July 1995) is an Indian professional badminton player, who is currently world no 2[5] in the BWF World Ranking. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic silver medal. She is one of the two Indian badminton players to ever win an Olympic medal – other being Saina Nehwal. She was also a silver medalist at the 2017 BWF World Championships and, in 2017, became first Indian ever to win Korea Open Super Series." ]	[ "Pusarla Venkata Sindhu" ]
4195749532257619299	The End of the F***ing World	The End of the F * * * ing World - wikipedia The End of the F * * * ing World The End of the F * * * ing World Title card from the premiere episode Genre Dark comedy Comedy - drama Based on The End of the Fucking World by Charles S. Forsman Written by Charlie Covell Directed by Jonathan Entwistle Lucy Tcherniak Starring Alex Lawther Jessica Barden Gemma Whelan Wunmi Mosaku Steve Oram Christine Bottomley Navin Chowdhry Barry Ward Composer ( s ) Graham Coxon Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ed Macdonald Murray Ferguson Andy Baker Petra Fried Dominic Buchanan Jonathan Entwistle Producer ( s ) Kate Ogborn Cinematography Justin Brown Ben Fordesman Running time 19 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Clerkenwell Films Dominic Buchanan Productions Release Original network Channel 4 All 4 Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Stereo 5.1 Original release 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The End of the F * * * ing World is a British dark comedy - drama television programme , based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman . The eight - part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017 , after which all eight episodes were released on All 4 . It was a co-production with Netflix , who released it internationally on 5 January 2018 . The programme follows James ( Alex Lawther ) , a 17 - year - old who believes himself to be a psychopath , and Alyssa ( Jessica Barden ) , a rebellious classmate who sees in James a chance to escape from her tumultuous home life . The show is based on Forsman 's mini-comics The End of the Fucking World , which were collected into a book in 2013 . Series creator Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about making a film , and a short was made in 2014 . Instead , an eight - part serial was commissioned , with filming beginning in April 2017 . It was written by Charlie Covell , and episodes were directed by Entwistle and Lucy Tcherniak . In August 2018 , Netflix renewed the programme for a second series . The programme has been met with critical acclaim , and has been praised for its writing , execution and subject matter , as well as for Lawther and Barden 's performances . It was nominated for the 2018 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 4.3 Continuation 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) James is a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath . He kills animals as a hobby , but grows bored of the practice . He decides he wants to try killing a human . He settles on Alyssa , a mouthy , rebellious 17 - year - old classmate with issues of her own . She proposes they run away together , hoping for an adventure away from her turbulent home - life , and James agrees with the intention of finding an opportunity to kill her . They embark on a road trip across England , and begin to develop a relationship after a series of mishaps . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alex Lawther as James , a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath ; the disturbed love interest of Alyssa . Jack Veal portrays a young James . Jessica Barden as Alyssa , a rebellious teenage girl . Initially James ' intended victim but later his love interest . Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa . Gemma Whelan as DC Eunice Noon , Darego 's police partner . Wunmi Mosaku as DC Teri Darego , Noon 's stern police partner . Steve Oram as Phil , James ' caring father . Christine Bottomley as Gwen , Alyssa 's mother . Navin Chowdhry as Tony , Alyssa 's abusive stepfather . Barry Ward as Leslie Foley , Alyssa 's estranged drug - dealing father . Guest ( edit ) Kierston Wareing as Debbie , Leslie 's ex-girlfriend with whom he has a child . Geoff Bell as Martin , a family man and creep who gives Alyssa and James a ride . Alex Sawyer as Topher , a young man Alyssa meets and attempts to engage in sexual activity with . Jonathan Aris as Dr. Clive Koch , an author , professor , serial killer and James ' first human victim . Eileen Davies as Flora , Clive 's mother . Earl Cave as Frodo , a miserable petrol station employee . Felicity Montagu as the manager of the petrol station . Alex Beckett as Jonno , one of Leslie 's buyers . Leon Annor as Emil , an imposing store security guard whom Alyssa is caught by . Matt King as DC Eddie Onslow . Kelly Harrison as James ' dead mother . Zerina Imsirovic as Alyssa 's baby sister . Episodes ( edit ) No . Episode Directed by Written by Original release date Episode 1 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James is a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath , having once intentionally burned his hand in a deep fryer in order to feel something , and has been killing animals since he was 8 years old . At school , he encounters Alyssa , a rebellious new schoolmate and decides that he will kill her next . He gets closer to her by feigning romantic interest and the two start dating . When Alyssa asks James to perform cunnilingus on her the next day , he begins preparing his knife and working out how he will kill her . However she arrives late as she was stuck at a party at her house where her stepfather tells her how it will be better if she just left . After this incident , she reaches James 's home later than planned , and blurts out her desire to leave town with or without him and asks if he is in , wanting him to say yes . Resolving that he could kill her later , he accepts and steals his father Phil 's car and punches him in the face , something he has always wanted to do . Episode 2 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) With their newfound freedom , Alyssa and James go play laser tag but end up having to dine and dash at a restaurant after realising they have spent all their money . After crashing their car , they hitchhike in the van of Martin , a middle - aged man who Alyssa does not take kindly to . While in the toilets of the restaurant they have stopped at for food , Martin follows James and asks about his burnt hand , before smelling it and putting it on his crotch ; James is submissive , despite being disgusted by it . Alyssa sees this and blackmails Martin into giving her his wallet . After booking a hotel room , Alyssa goes to the bathroom and cries , while James waits with his knife by the door , hesitantly . He does not try to kill her . Alyssa calls home and her stepfather Tony answers . He denies her request to speak to her mother , Gwen , implying his dominance over her mother . Alyssa asks James whether he wants her or just goes along with her ; he replies that he wants her . She decides to go see her biological father , Leslie , who she has not seen since she was 8 years old and James agrees to join her . Episode 3 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) After leaving the hotel , Alyssa argues against buying train tickets to her father 's house , internally fearing that he will not recognise or welcome her . The duo break into the spacious and empty house of author Clive Koch . Later that day , Alyssa attempts to give James a blowjob but leaves , angrily , when a picture of Koch puts him off . During her walk , Alyssa meets Topher and brings him to the house , vindictively announcing to James that she will have sex with Topher . Distraught , he looks around the house and finds Polaroids and a camcorder with footage of victims , revealing Koch to be a serial rapist . Meanwhile , Alyssa becomes disinterested in Topher and stops before intercourse . Topher leaves angrily . While Alyssa is asleep , James tries to kill her , but he can not because he knows he is falling in love with her . Koch returns home and suspecting a break - in , arms himself ; James hides under the bed . When Koch questions Alyssa upon finding her in bed , she lies and says she is alone . Koch becomes malevolent , attempting to rape her . James stabs him in the neck with a knife , killing Koch , and saving Alyssa . Episode 4 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) After unsuccessfully trying to move Koch 's body out of the bedroom , James and Alyssa meticulously clean the house to remove evidence of their stay . James shows Alyssa the Polaroids and footage proving that Koch might have hurt her , and they resolve to leave the evidence by his body . James hides the knife in the pool drain . When she questions him about the knife , he does not answer . Koch 's mother , Flora , arrives at the house and discovers his body ; she destroys the Polaroids but not the footage . The police , led by detective constables Eunice Noon and Teri Darego , investigate and later question Topher where he reveals Alyssa 's and James 's identity and presence at the house . They decide to put out a request for sightings or crimes `` involving two teenagers '' while putting Alyssa and James on the Missing Persons list . Despite James 's attempts , Alyssa becomes distrustful of him and deserts him . He begins to realise the increasing influence of his emotions . Paying a group of teenagers to beat him up , he also realises his growing interest in her . James decides to report a murder to police , coming to the realization that he is not in fact a psychopath . 5 Episode 5 Jonathan Entwistle & Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) At the police station , James changes his mind about reporting Koch 's murder and instead describes his mother 's suicide as the `` murder '' he was referring to . In a flashback , his mother , Vanessa , killed herself in front of him eleven years before by driving her car into a pond . Thinking of Alyssa , James leaves the police station and returns to the cafe . Meanwhile , Phil is questioned by Noon and Darego about James , as well as informed about his car . He also confirms the inclusion of Alyssa . They also question Tony , who is rather nonchalant and self - absorbed , before moving to Gwen about Alyssa . Concurrently , Alyssa is caught by Emil , a security officer , while attempting to shoplift clean underwear , but is eventually let go . She returns to the cafe to find James waiting . Although without money , both reconcile and decide to go to Leslie . Meanwhile , investigators find James 's knife at Koch 's house . 6 Episode 6 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James hotwires a car and the duo begin making their way to Alyssa 's father 's house . They stop at a petrol station after running low on fuel . When Jocelyn , the petrol station manager , begins suspecting that they stole the car and have no money , James fakes carrying a gun to lock her in the toilet with the help of Jocelyn 's co-worker , Frodo . However , when he wants to join , they wait until he is distracted to dash . Noon and Donaghue question Flora again about Clive , this time with years - old accusations of sexual assault against him . She rejects the allegations as lies and insists that the two leave . On their way to Leslie 's , Alyssa calls Gwen and tells her that she will never return home . At the police station , Flora gives Noon the camcorder , having a change of heart . When Noon raises the possibility that the killing was in self - defence , Darego says that this would result in a count of manslaughter instead . After finding Leslie has moved out of his previous home , James and Alyssa eventually make it to his coastside mobile home . 7 Episode 7 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James gives Alyssa and Leslie space while they reconcile with each other . Leslie is revealed to be a drug dealer , as well as a non-conforming individual himself . Meanwhile , Tony , Gwen and Phil are emotionally shaken after being shown CCTV footage of the petrol station robbery . Both Darego and Noon plan for the police to stakeout Leslie 's former residence , assuming that both have not arrived . On the drive to Leslie 's former residence , it becomes clear that Darego 's law - abiding morality and stubbornness are clashing against Noon 's open - minded and sympathetic morals . As Alyssa and Leslie reconnect at a nearby bar , James begins feeling distant to Alyssa . At Leslie 's former residence , Debbie denies seeing the duo or knowing Leslie 's whereabouts to Noon and Darego . She goes to the bar to demand support for their illegitimate son , Milton . When questioned by Alyssa , Leslie takes off in his truck , running over a dog in the process . Although he has killed many animals before , James is unable to euthanise it with a rock ; Alyssa does it instead . Bitter , Debbie reveals to Noon Leslie 's location , later , and she drives there without Darego . Leslie sees a news report about Alyssa and James on the television . 8 Episode 8 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James and Alyssa bury the dog at the beach , then passionately and sincerely make out . At dawn , ruminating about their current situation , they decide to take the boat owned by Leslie and leave the country . When they ask Leslie for the boat keys , he reveals to them his knowledge of their crime then secretly calls 999 and tries to induce their confession . James deduces this and confesses while taking the blame upon himself . Noon , listening in , arrives at the scene and tries to convince both to be willingly arrested for manslaughter while Leslie tries to convince Alyssa to let James be arrested instead . Alyssa asks Noon if she were to go with her idea , would James and her still be together . When Noon tells that that would be unlikely , Alyssa knocks her out with Leslie 's shotgun , takes his boat keys and runs to the boat with James , only to find that the tide had gone out . With the police armed response unit closing in , James knocks Alyssa down with the gun in an attempt to take all the blame and runs across the beach . In a voiceover , James claims that he has realized what people mean to each other . A gunshot is heard as the episode then fades to black . Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on Channel 4 alongside its release on All 4 with the rest of the programme . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman . Originally self - published as a series of mini-comics , the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013 . It was republished in hardback in 2017 , in anticipation of the television series . While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics , Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format -- the original idea was to make an American film , and later a web series was considered . A film was pitched to Film4 , and Entwistle was given funding for a short . Made in 2014 , it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series . Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer ; Jessica Barden played Alyssa . However , instead of Alex Lawther , James was played by Craig Roberts . Though the short was well - received , no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full - length film . Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films , following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved . Forsman had no official role in the show 's production , wanting to continue working on his comics , though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated . The programme 's plot differs from that of Forsman 's comics . In print , the two kill a satanist serial killer , whose wife was a police officer ; instead the television series features police officers Eunice Noon and Teri Darego , and does not show the serial killer to be a satanist . Another major difference is the ending of the graphic novel : the satanist police officer chases after James , and the two begin to attack each other , while police try to break up the fight . There is then a gunshot . In the final scene , Alyssa 's mother talks about her daughter being safe from James , while Alyssa is seen carving the name `` JAMES '' into her arm . Some critics interpreted this to mean that James was dead , but Forsman sees the ending as ambiguous . Filming ( edit ) The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show 's release in October 2017 . Though filmed in England , the programme has an American tone to it ; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo . Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey , with locations such as Woking , Bracknell and Longcross Studios . Another filming location was Leysdown - on - Sea on the Isle of Sheppey . Entwistle uses mostly close - up shots , particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character . He uses this for deadpan humour , by moving from face to face to get shots of characters ' reactions . The series is set in the present day , but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set `` any time from 1988 to 2006 '' . Additionally , diners have a 1970s - style design , and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s , 60s and 70s , along with original music from Graham Coxon , the founding member of Blur . Entwistle describes Coxon 's scores as `` guitar - based suburban noir '' , and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers . Continuation ( edit ) The first series covered the entirety of the storyline in Forsman 's original comics . On 25 January 2018 , Jonathan Entwistle spoke of the potential for a second series . He confirmed that `` We 're exploring and we 're seeing what we can do to expand the world and see where we get to . '' Entwistle then went on to say that Netflix was enthusiastic about a second series of the show if one could be conceived . Writer Charlie Covell said `` I think there are a number of stories we could tell '' and that she would `` love to write more '' . Actor Alex Lawther stated in an interview that he would be `` very excited '' for a second series , as it would give Covell `` a chance to explore something from her imagination '' . A second series was announced on 21 August 2018 on the official Channel 4 Twitter account . Release ( edit ) The eight - part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017 , after which all eight episodes were released on All 4 . The End of the F * * * ing World was a co-production with Netflix who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018 . On that weekend , sales of the graphic novel rose considerably , with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The End of the F * * * ing World currently holds an approval rating of 98 % on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 44 reviews , with an average rating of 8.21 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Misanthropy and humor blend perfectly in this romantically nihilistic show that proves that falling in love can feel like The End of the F * * * ing World . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Reviewer Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the programme 's writing , characters , and soundtrack , as well as praising the performances of Alex Lawther and Jessica Barden , calling it a `` pitch - black , eight - episode comedy gem of a UK import '' . Kelly Lawler of USA Today called it `` batty fun '' , also praising Lawther and Barden 's performances while praising the programme 's surreal concept and execution . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2018 British Academy Television Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( Half - Hour ) Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2018 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` E4 and Netflix cast Black Mirror 's Alex Lawther in dark teen thriller The End of the F * * * ing World '' . Digital Spy. 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The End of the F * * * ing World press pack '' . Channel 4 . 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of The F * * * ing World -- Reprinted ! '' . Fantagraphics Books . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Steven , Rachael ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Making The End of the F * * * ing World '' . Creative Review . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's the End Of The F * * * ing World for E4 '' . Chortle. 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World Star Jessica Barden on Paying Homage to the Pulp Fiction Dance '' . Vulture . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` Did you know that The End of the F * * * ing World on Netflix is based on a short film ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riesman , Abraham ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World 's Charles Forsman on His Indie Comic Turning Into a Netflix Hit '' . Vulture . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( 9 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World had a darker alternate ending in the original comic '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office The End of the F * * * ing World Article '' . ^ Jump up to : Houghton , Rianne ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World season 2 IS possible , says star Alex Lawther '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' Creator on Season 2 Conversations and Expanding the Story '' . Collider . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * king World 's Alyssa May Be the Best Teen Heroine of 2018 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' Renewed for Second Season '' . Variety . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Joest , Mick ( 2 January 2018 ) . `` The End Of The F * * * ing World Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's New Dark Comedy '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the F * * ing World : Series 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the F * * * ing World '' , Metacritic , retrieved 6 January 2018 Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 9 January 2018 ) . `` Critics are in love with a new Netflix show that its CEO calls the ' most engaging addictive original ' in a long time '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Review : Why Netflix 's ' The End of the ... World ' is batty fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Television Drama Series in 2018 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End Of The F * * * Ing World '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . 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Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services All About the Washingtons Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment The Innocents Ghoul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_End_of_the_F***ing_World&oldid=856429042 '' Categories : 2010s British black comedy television series 2010s British comedy - drama television series 2010s British teen television series 2017 British television programme debuts British teen drama television series Channel 4 comedy Channel 4 television dramas English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television programs based on comics Television series by Clerkenwell Films Hidden categories : EngvarB from February 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 03 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the end of the effing world come out	[ "The End of the F***ing World is a British dark comedy-drama television programme, based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman. The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4. It was a co-production with Netflix, who released it internationally on 5 January 2018. The programme follows James (Alex Lawther), a 17-year-old who believes himself to be a psychopath, and Alyssa (Jessica Barden), a rebellious classmate who sees in James a chance to escape from her tumultuous home life.\n" ]	[ "24 October 2017" ]
4491776832530681227	Flash (Barry Allen)	Flash ( Barry Allen ) - wikipedia Flash ( Barry Allen ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of Barry Allen , see Barry Allen ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Barry Allen Barry Allen , the second Flash , on the cover of Flash vol. 4 , # 30 ( June 2014 ) . Art by Brett Booth . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Showcase # 4 ( October 1956 ) Created by Robert Kanigher Carmine Infantino In - story information Alter ego Bartholomew Henry `` Barry '' Allen Species Lit - Human Place of origin Central City Team affiliations Justice League Partnerships Kid Flash / Flash ( Wally West ) Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Batman Green Arrow Supergirl Abilities Immense superhuman speed , agility , and stamina Accelerated human physiology Body vibration to phase through objects Time travel via cosmic treadmill The Flash ( Barry Allen ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Barry Allen is the second character to be known as the Flash . The character first appeared in Showcase # 4 ( October 1956 ) , created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino . His name combines talk show hosts Barry Gray and Steve Allen . Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash that had appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick . His power consists mainly of superhuman speed . Various other effects such as intangibility are also attributed to his ability to control the speed of molecular vibrations . The Flash wears a distinct red and gold costume treated to resist friction and wind resistance , traditionally storing the costume compressed inside a ring . Barry Allen 's classic stories introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics , and this concept played a large part in DC 's various continuity reboots over the years . The Flash has traditionally always had a significant role in DC 's major company - wide reboot stories , and in 1985 's crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths , Barry Allen died saving the Multiverse , removing the character from the regular DC lineup for 23 years . His return to regular comics occurred subsequently in 2008 within the pages of Grant Morrison 's Final Crisis crossover story and Geoff Johns ' accompanying The Flash : Rebirth limited series . He has since played a pivotal role in the crossover stories Blackest Night ( 2009 ) , Flashpoint ( 2011 ) , Convergence ( 2015 ) , and DC Rebirth ( 2016 ) . The character has appeared in various adaptations in other media . John Wesley Shipp played Barry Allen in the 1990 CBS television series and Grant Gustin currently plays him in the 2014 The CW television series . The character is played by Ezra Miller in the DC Extended Universe , beginning with Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad in 2016 , followed by Justice League in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character biography 1.1 Justice League 1.2 Tragedy 1.3 Crisis on Infinite Earths 1.3. 1 After death 1.4 Legacy 1.5 JLA / Avengers 1.6 Post-Crisis appearances 1.6. 1 Infinite Crisis 1.7 Return 1.7. 1 Final Crisis 1.7. 2 The Flash : Rebirth 1.7. 3 Blackest Night 1.8 The Flash Volume 3 1.8. 1 Flashpoint 1.9 The New 52 1.10 DC Rebirth 2 Powers and abilities 3 Rogues gallery 4 Other versions 5 In other media 5.1 Film 5.1. 1 Animation 5.2 Television 5.2. 1 Cartoons 5.2. 2 Live - action 5.2. 2.1 Arrowverse 5.2. 3 Abandoned Developments 5.3 Video games 5.3. 1 LEGO series 5.3. 2 Injustice series 5.4 Music 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Character biography ( edit ) Showcase # 4 ( Oct. 1956 ) : First appearance of the Silver Age Flash . Art by Carmine Infantino and Joe Kubert . Barry Allen is a police scientist ( his job title was changed to a forensic scientist in The Flash : Iron Heights one - shot ) with a reputation for being very slow , and frequently late , which frustrates his fiancee , Iris West , as the result of being absent - minded and his devotion to crime - solving . One night , as he is working late , a lightning bolt shatters a case full of chemicals and spills all over Barry . As a result , Allen finds that he can run extremely fast and has matching reflexes and senses . He dons a set of red tights sporting a lightning bolt ( reminiscent of the original Fawcett Comics Captain Marvel ) , dubs himself the Flash ( after his childhood comic book hero , Jay Garrick ) , and becomes Central City 's resident costumed crimefighter . Central City University professor Ira West ( Iris ' adoptive father ) designed Allen 's costume and the ring which stores it while Allen is in his civilian identity . The ring can eject the compressed clothing when Allen needs it and suck it back in with the aid of a special gas that shrinks the suit . In addition , Allen invented the cosmic treadmill , a device that allowed for precise time travel and was used in many stories . Allen was so well liked that nearly all speedsters that come after him are often compared to him . Batman once said `` Barry is the kind of man that I would 've hoped to become if my parents had not been murdered . '' Justice League ( edit ) As presented in Justice League of America # 9 , when the Earth is infiltrated by alien warriors sent to conquer the planet , some of the world 's greatest heroes join forces , Allen among them . While the superheroes individually defeat most of the invaders , they fall prey to a single alien and only by working together are they able to defeat the warrior . Afterwards , the heroes decide to find the Justice League . During the years , he is depicted as feeling slightly attracted to Black Canary and Zatanna , but he never pursues a relationship because he feels his real love is Iris West , whom he ultimately marries . Allen also becomes a good friend with Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , which would later be the subject of the limited series Flash and Green Lantern : The Brave and the Bold . In The Flash # 123 -- `` Flash of Two Worlds '' -- Allen is transported to Earth - Two where he meets Jay Garrick , the original Flash in DC Continuity ; it is revealed that Jay Garrick 's adventures were captured in comic book form on Earth - One . This storyline initiated DC 's multiverse and was continued in issues of Flash and in team - ups between the Justice League of America of Earth - One and the Justice Society of America of Earth - Two . In the classic story from Flash # 179 -- `` The Flash -- Fact or Fiction ? '' -- Allen is thrown into the universe eventually called Earth Prime , a representation of `` our '' universe , where he seeks the aid of the Flash comic book 's editor Julius Schwartz to build a cosmic treadmill so that he can return home . He also gains a sidekick and protégé in Iris ' nephew , Wally West , who gains super-speed in an accident similar to that which gave Allen his powers . Tragedy ( edit ) In time , he married his girlfriend Iris , who learned of his double identity because Allen talked in his sleep . She kept this secret , and he eventually revealed his identity to her of his own free will . Iris was eventually revealed to have been sent as a child from the 30th century and adopted . In the 1980s , Flash 's life begins to collapse . Iris is murdered by Professor Zoom ( a supervillain from the 25th century who had long loved her and been jealous of Allen ) , and when Allen prepares to marry another woman , Zoom tries the same trick again . Allen stops him , killing Zoom in the process by breaking his neck . Unfortunately , when Barry is unable to make an appearance at his own wedding , his fiancée eventually descends into madness . Placed on trial for murder in connection with Zoom 's death , Allen is found guilty by the jury . When he is told by a juror , who is being possessed by a mind from the future , that Reverse Flash ( whom Allen knows to be dead ) brainwashed the jury into this verdict , Flash flees his trial . The Flash is then attacked by Reverse Flash , and realizes that the answers to this mystery , and restoring his good name , lie in the future , so the juror uses a time device to send them forward . They discover that Abra Kadabra was disguised as Reverse Flash to ruin the Flash 's good name . Defeating Kadabra , he retreats to the future to be reunited with Iris , having learned that Iris ' spirit was in fact drawn to the 30th century , and given a new body ( and was in fact the mind inhabiting the juror ) . The final issue of The Flash ends with Flash and Iris kissing passionately and the caption `` And they lived happily ever after ... for a while '' . There are a few references in the final issue ( The Flash # 350 ) to the upcoming events , and Flash 's impending death . In the controversial storyline Identity Crisis ( sets within the post-Zero Hour continuity ) , it is revealed that Barry voted to allow Zatanna to edit Doctor Light 's mind with four of the members of the Justice League six months after Iris 's death , essentially lobotomizing him . When Batman discovers what the League was doing , they have his memories edited as well despite the opposition from Green Arrow . Both Doctor Light and Batman would eventually recover from their respective mindwipe , leading Doctor Light to swear vengeance to all heroes and Batman 's distrust towards his allies . Crisis on Infinite Earths ( edit ) Main article : Crisis on Infinite Earths Following the trial , Allen retires and joins Iris in the 30th century . However , after only a few weeks of happiness , the Crisis on Infinite Earths intervenes , and Allen is captured by the Anti-Monitor and brought to 1985 ; according to the Anti-Monitor , the Flash was the only being capable of traveling to other universes at will , so the Anti-Monitor could not allow him to stay free . Allen escapes and foils the Anti-Monitor's plan to destroy the Earth with an anti-matter cannon , creating a speed vortex to draw the power in , but dies in the process as the power becomes too much for his body . It has been said that Allen travels back through time and becomes the very same lightning bolt that gives him his powers , but later it is also strongly implied that the soul of Barry resides in the Speed Force , the mystical source and Valhalla open to all dead speedsters , and from which the living ones draw their amazing powers . After Allen 's death , Kid Flash Wally West , his nephew and sidekick , takes up the mantle of the Flash . After death ( edit ) Marv Wolfman , scribe for the Crisis on Infinite Earths , has repeatedly stated ( first hinted at in his introduction to the original Crisis collected edition hardcover ) , then fully explained on his website that he left a loophole in the script wherein the Barry Allen Flash could be reintroduced , without a retcon , into DC Universe continuity . This loophole would allow a writer to pull Barry out of his desperate run to annihilate the anti-matter cannon . However , Barry would know he must someday finish his death run , and would become more determined to use his speed to help others . It should also be noted that the way Barry Allen seemed to have `` died '' in Crisis on Infinite Earths , was that he ran so fast that he was able to stop the Anti-Monitor's anti-matter cannon from firing by catching the tachyon beam at the heart of the weapon . After this act , according to Secret Origins Annual # 2 ( 1988 ) , Barry Allen turns into a lightning bolt , goes back in time , becoming the lightning bolt that hit his lab , splashing his past - self with chemicals and transforming him into the Flash . In Deadman : Dead Again , Barry is one of the heroes whose spirit Deadman helps to enter Heaven , and the Green Arrow storyline `` Quiver '' depicts Barry Allen in Heaven . His spirit , however , seems to still be alive within the Speed Force , along with Max Mercury and other speedsters . Then he re appeares in DC Rebirth after escaping the speed force . Legacy ( edit ) Iris is pregnant , and she has two children who have super-speed powers , the Tornado Twins , who later meet the Legion of Super-Heroes . In the multiversal variant known as Earth - 247 , each of her children themselves have children with speed - based abilities . One , Jenni Ognats , grows up to become the Legionnaire XS , while the other , Bart Allen , is born with an accelerated metabolism that rapidly ages him , and is sent back to the 20th century where he is cured by Wally West . He remains there as the superhero Impulse under the tutelage of Max Mercury , and later becomes the second Kid Flash as a member of the Teen Titans . One year after the events of Infinite Crisis , Bart becomes the fourth Flash until he is abruptly killed by his clone Inertia and the Rogues . Wally then retook the identity of the Flash . Bart would later be resurrected as Kid Flash by the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 31st century to combat Superboy - Prime . JLA / avengers ( edit ) Barry Allen appears in issue 3 as the Flash in the JLA when the two realities start changing , along with Hal Jordan . When the two teams see their real futures , Barry witnesses his death during Crisis on Infinite Earths as the Grandmaster shows the heroes how reality should be , but nevertheless resolves to help restore the timeline as it is not his place to play God . He talks with Hal Jordan over the similarity of their situation , stating that dying could not be so bad so long as they have left a legacy for others ( Wally West and Kyle Rayner , in their cases ) to fight for what they believe . He helps the team get into Krona 's base by using his running on a treadmill to pass the ship through the dimensional barrier . With the Wasp , he is ordered by Captain America to find ways through Krona 's defences , and alerts the group to a probably lethal force field . During the final battle , Barry saves Hawkeye from being killed when the Absorbing Man breaks the ground beneath him , but both of them are blasted and apparently killed by Dreamslayer . At the end , it is revealed that Barry got the two of them out alive and at Captain America 's suggestion they laid low and because of this , Hawkeye is able to destroy Krona 's machine with a TNT arrow while Barry distracts him , then Barry takes the 12 items of power . As a result , reality is restored , Barry disappears and Wally returns . Post-Crisis appearances ( edit ) Wally West , wracked by grief for the loss of his unborn twins at the hands of Zoom , regrets the public knowledge of his identity . Barry appears from somewhere in time -- stating that he is from a period shortly before his death -- counseling his nephew , and talking the Spectre into granting his wish , erasing all public knowledge of Wally and Barry 's identities as the Flash ( Although Wally himself also loses his memory of his identity for a time ) . Barry then disappears , telling his nephew that he will come to his aid three times , on the three most difficult days of his life of which this is the first . In fact , when Zoom enlists the aid of the original Professor Zoom to make Wally relive the loss of his beloved twins , Barry is already there , trying to stop his own Reverse Flash ; Zoom apparently retrieved Eobard Thawne from the day that he attempted to kill Fiona Webb , with Barry following his nemesis . For the second time , he helps Wally to undo the damage dealt by Zoom , also allowing Wally to save his twins , and then he returns to his proper time , dragging his Zoom with him and breaking his enemy 's neck in his timeline . Infinite Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Infinite Crisis In the fourth issue of Infinite Crisis , Barry Allen comes out from the Speed Force , along with Johnny Quick and Max Mercury , to help his grandson Bart deal with Superboy - Prime , taking the villainous teen with him in the Speed Force . Bart Allen appears wearing Barry Allen 's costume in Tokyo near the end of Infinite Crisis # 5 to tell the heroes that Superboy - Prime has escaped the Speed Force . Bart again reappears in Infinite Crisis # 7 in Barry Allen 's costume to combat Superboy - Prime once more . In Flash : The Fastest Man Alive # 6 ( 2006 ) ( with a portion taking place shortly before Infinite Crisis # 5 ) it is told how Barry spent four years in an alternate Keystone City along with Max Mercury , Johnny Quick , and an alternate Jay Garrick , until he met Bart and Wally West , joining him after the battle against Superboy - Prime . After Superboy escapes , Barry suggests that someone has to absorb the whole Speed Force and cross the dimensional bridge back to Post-Crisis Earth . As Bart volunteers , Barry gives him his suit as a last gift , to keep the Force contained , and stays behind . Wally West did not go because of his wife and kids . Bart says he knows Barry would go if he could , but why Barry Allen could not make the journey himself is not stated . Return ( edit ) Barry Allen returns to the DC Universe , fleeing from the Black Racer . Art from Final Crisis # 2 by J.G. Jones . Twenty three years after his death in Crisis on Infinite Earths , Barry Allen 's essence made a return to the present DC Universe proper in DC Universe # 0 , preceding his full - time return in the pages of writer Grant Morrison 's Final Crisis . DC Universe # 0 features an unnamed narrator who initially associates himself with `` everything '' . As the story progresses , he begins to recall his past and association with Justice League members , particularly Hal Jordan and Superman . The lettering in which he speaks to the reader is yellow on backgrounds that are initially black . As the story moves forward , the background slowly begins turning red . In the final pages , the narration boxes feature a yellow lightning bolt . Over time , as he recalls friendships and connections with other people , his mind begins to narrow , remarking `` I ... know him . I am no longer everything . I am a shaft of light split through a prism '' . Yet he is still the only one able to see `` the shadow falling over everything '' , in the form of Darkseid . On the final page , the moon appears in front of a red sky , as a yellow lightning bolt strikes diagonally in front of it creating the logo of the Flash , as he remarks `` and now I remember '' . The title of the story is revealed to be `` Let There Be Lightning '' . A Daily News story released on the same day proclaimed that Barry Allen has returned to life , with issue co-writer Geoff Johns stating , `` When the greatest evil comes back to the DC Universe , the greatest hero needed to return . '' Final Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Final Crisis Barry makes his corporeal return in Final Crisis # 2 . On the second to last page , Jay Garrick and Wally West feel vibrations to which Jay remarks , `` but , do n't you recognize those vibrations ? It ca n't be ... Not after all these years ... Not after all this time . '' On the final page , Barry Allen is seen in hot pursuit of the bullet which kills Orion , outrunning the Black Racer and shouting to Jay and Wally to `` Run ! '' During Final Crisis # 3 , Jay Garrick speaks to Barry 's wife , Iris , and tells her that her husband is truly alive . Meanwhile , Wally and Barry run a few weeks into the future . When they come to rest , Wally asks Barry if it is really him . Lamenting on Orion 's death , which he was unable to stop , Barry wonders why he is now alive after being dead for so long . It is then that Barry and Wally are confronted by Wonder Woman , Batwoman , Catwoman , and Giganta , who have all been transformed into the new Female Furies following the release of the Anti-Life Equation . Despite the fact that this new version of the Female Furies is equipped with the ability to track down speedsters , perceived by Libra and Darkseid as the only obstacle left between them and world domination , Barry 's expertise allows him to overcome their foes and run through the ruined Earth . Barry stops to see his wife Iris and save her from the slavery of the Anti-Life Equation . Seeing his wife again for the first time in years , Barry is overcome with emotion and gives his brainwashed wife a deep kiss . While kissing her , the Speed Force sparkles out of his body , enveloping Iris and freeing her from the Equation . The Allens and Wally West are left to fend in a conquered world . In the seventh and final issue of Final Crisis , Barry and Wally lead the Black Racer to Darkseid , dealing the cosmic tyrant a blow that , coupled with Batman shooting him in the shoulder with the god - bullet , would facilitate his ultimate defeat . The Flash : Rebirth ( edit ) Main article : The Flash : Rebirth In 2009 , writer Geoff Johns and artist Ethan Van Sciver created The Flash : Rebirth , a 6 - issue miniseries bringing Barry Allen back to a leading role in the DC Universe as the Flash , much in the same vein as Green Lantern : Rebirth . When asked what Flashes would appear in the series , Johns and Van Sciver said , `` All of them . '' The series begins with the cities of Central and Keystone celebrating the return of , `` Central City 's Flash '' , Wonder Woman having used her government contacts to create the story that Barry was in witness protection to account for his resurrection . Avoiding the parades , parties , and other celebrations of his return , Barry instead contemplates why he is alive again . A visit to the Flash Museum and from his friend Hal Jordan is not enough to put his mind at ease as he runs off as the Flash . `` I ca n't be late , '' he says . When asked by Hal late for what , Flash replies , `` For whatever the rest of the world needs me for . '' It is then revealed that Flash 's mother was murdered when he was a child , and his father was arrested for the crime ( this is pointedly contrary to previous Flash stories , in which both his parents appear alive ) . Flash describes this as `` the only one open case I left behind . '' Before he can contemplate this any further , the speedster villain Savitar escapes the Speed Force through Flash . When Flash manages to put his hand on Savitar 's shoulder , the villain screams in agony and crumbles into dust , not before telling Flash , `` ... You were the beginning , Allen ... and you 're the end . '' At that moment , Wally West , West 's children Iris and Jai , Liberty Belle , Jay Garrick , and Kid Flash all experience painful convulsions and are engulfed in lightning . Barry 's conflict with the speed cult culminates in the death of their new leader who was attempting to avenge Savitar 's death . It causes pain once again to all the speedsters , though Wally West manages to catch a glimpse of Allen directly afterwards , and sees him as the new Black Flash . When he realizes that his presence could damage or kill other innocents , Barry flees back into the Speed Force , where he encounters old friends Johnny Quick and Max Mercury . Max attempts to tell Allen that his becoming the Black Flash is not his fault . When Max and Barry are pulled into another pocket of the Speed Force , the real culprit reveals himself : Professor Zoom . Zoom reveals his plan : after Barry briefly aided Kid Flash against Superboy - Prime during the Infinite Crisis , Thawne was able to send a subliminal pulse into the Speed Force to draw back what was left of Barry 's self - awareness . This led to the hero 's reappearance during the Final Crisis . Afterward , Zoom transformed himself into `` a new kind of speedster and created his negative Speed Force to contaminate Barry and the other heroic speedsters . Before Barry can fight any further , Zoom fades away . Wally enters the Speed Force to retrieve his uncle , and after venturing deeper into the Speed Force , Max reveals to Barry that it was Allen himself who created the Speed Force . Meanwhile , Wally manages to reach Barry and Max , and the three begin their escape . As the heroic speedsters are recharged with energy , Barry , Wally , Jay , Max , and Bart charge towards Zoom . The seven speedsters ( the 5 men plus Jesse Chambers and Iris West - Park ) battle against Zoom , and despite being outnumbered , Zoom pulls Barry away . He reveals that everything horrible that happened to Barry , including the murder of Barry 's mother , was caused by Zoom . Zoom then decides to destroy everything by killing Barry 's wife , Iris , before they met . Barry chases after Zoom , and is joined by Wally , who tells Barry to push as hard as he can to break the time barrier . They reach Thawne , becoming the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Zoom from killing Iris . As the two Flashes push Zoom back through time to the present , they see that the Justice League , the Justice Society , and the Outsiders have built a device specifically for Thawne . Barry tosses him in and activates the device , severing his connection to the negative Speed Force . The Flashes tie Zoom up to stop him from running . With the threat ended , everyone celebrates by welcoming Barry back and the speedsters in general . Later , Barry closes the case on his mother 's death and opts to take all the other cold cases they had after his death . Barry spends some time with Iris before racing to Washington to celebrate his return with the Justice League , apologizing for being late . Blackest Night ( edit ) Main article : Blackest Night Barry Allen as a member of the Blue Lantern Corps during the Blackest Night event . Cover art to Blackest Night : The Flash # 3 by Scott Kolins . Barry Allen is one of the main characters in Blackest Night alongside Hal Jordan . Allen appears alongside Jordan in the Free Comic Book Day issue Blackest Night # 0 that acts as a prologue to the July company crossover . At the grave of Bruce Wayne in Gotham City , Hal and Barry reflect on Batman 's death and how the hero community is avoiding linking Wayne and Batman . This reflection turns to the pair looking at their own deaths , comparing the sadness that Barry 's death engendered in others while Hal 's death produced anger . Hal sums it up by telling Barry , `` I died a sinner . You died a saint . '' ( though he admits he 's not and reflecting of his past sins . ) The conversation moves on to the world becoming `` more dangerous '' after Barry 's death and observing that the deaths of Arthur Curry and Martian Manhunter cost the Justice League its `` heart and soul '' . As they leave the cemetery , Barry expresses hope that their dead comrades will be returned to them . He specifically cites Batman noting , `` If there 's an escape , you can bet Batman 's already planning it . '' Barry also appears alongside Hal in the July issues of Green Lantern tying into the event . Recently , in a fight with Black Lantern J'onn J'onzz , he found a mysterious black residue at Bruce Wayne 's grave -- a black form coagulating much like blood that started corrupting him by partly decaying his skin and muscle during the fight against his former friend , who is intent on killing both Hal and Barry , seeing how they both died , and in the eyes of the Black Lanterns , must return to that state to keep the universe in balance . After fighting off the undead Martian and the subsequent Black Lanterns with Hal and the arriving Atom , Mera , Firestorm , and two of the Indigo Tribe members , Barry , along with Wally and Bart , races across the globe to warn every superhero community across the planet . His message also inadvertently warns the Rogues . They all realize that their deceased members would come after them and decide to strike first at Iron Heights Penitentiary , unaware that the undead Rogues are ready for them . While doing so , Barry meets a Black Lantern version of Professor Zoom for a brief battle . Barry decides to go to Gorilla City to seek aid from its ruler Solovar , unaware the gorilla leader had been killed years before . Finding the city attacked , Barry assumed Grodd had struck only to be horrified to learn Solovar was now a Black Lantern . Their fight was shortened by Barry racing to Coast City . He stops at the city 's memorial , where he witnesses the arrival of the Black Lanterns ' demonic lord , Nekron , and his disciples Scar and Black Hand . The Justice League , the Titans , Wally , and Bart arrive to aid Barry to take a stand against Nekron . Nekron reveals however that all the resurrected heroes are tied to him , because he allowed them to rise again . As such they belong to him . Nekron then used a series of black rings to turn Superman , Wonder Woman , Troia , Green Arrow , Bart , and several other resurrected heroes into Black Lanterns . Barry and Hal find themselves being targeted by black rings and are forced to flee or risk joining the others as Black Lanterns . Barry manages to save himself and Hal through time travel two seconds forward , leaving the rings with no present targets . As Barry and Hal rejoin the heroes against Nekron and his army , Ganthet , one of the Guardians of the Universe and a leader of the Blue Lantern Corps , summons a blue power ring and Barry is chosen as a Blue Lantern so he would be more effective during the battle . After being chosen as a Blue Lantern , Barry joins forces with the veteran Blue Corps member Saint Walker to continue battling the Black Lanterns alongside the understanding of the potentials and limitations of his new power ring . During the battle , Barry is forced to fight his own grandson , who his ring detects is still alive but would eventually die if not free from the black ring soon . Barry is shown to be skilled with his ring in creating energy constructs based on his imagination and an ability of flight ( possibly because of the understanding with Hal 's ring ) , as he is able to create images of Bart as Impulse and Kid Flash against him in order to make him feel again . Barry 's plan almost works as Bart reacts to the images of his past and the constructs begin to attempt to take the black ring from him , but later is interrupted by the Black Lantern Professor Zoom and Solovar . Wally and Walker later join Barry to fight against them . Barry and Bart temporarily joined the White Lantern Corps during the final events of Blackest Night . The Flash volume 3 ( edit ) Main article : The Flash ( comic book ) # Volume 3 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) The new Flash series begins after the completion of Blackest Night and the beginning of Brightest Day . After the events of The Flash : Rebirth , Barry Allen is reintegrating himself into life in Central City . Under the cover of having been in witness protection , Allen returns to the Central City Police Department 's crime lab and returns to the streets as the Flash . While readjusting to life as the Flash , a man appears out of thin air in the costume of Flash rogue the Mirror Master , and promptly dies on the street . When Barry arrives on the scene to investigate , he sees the man is neither original Mirror Master Sam Scudder , or the current Rogue , Evan McCulloch . Hearing of another portal appearing , Barry transforms into the Flash and runs to investigate . When he arrives , a group of people in costumes similar to the Rogues , called The Renegades appear and tell Barry that they are from the 25th century , and that he is under arrest for murdering the `` Mirror Monarch '' . Barry tells the crew that he has not killed anyone , to which their leader , `` Commander Cold '' , tells him , `` Not yet . But you will . '' After a brief struggle , where Weather Warlock 's time disc was damaged , the Renegades were forced back to the 25th century , which also caused the destruction of an apartment building due to their uncontrolled jump back . Barry saves everyone in the building , even rebuilding the building in minutes , and goes on to search for the true killer of Mirror Monarch . He is attacked again by the Renegades , but only before Captain Boomerang shows up , now wielding explosive energy boomerangs . Boomerang fights both the Flash and the Renegades , and a confused Top ( one of the Renegades from the 25th century ) questions his teammates on whether or not Barry Allen is the man they are looking for , pointing out that in their timeline , Boomerang never showed up . The Renegades finally corner Captain Boomerang when the Rogues arrive with a giant mirror left by the previous Mirror Master that says `` In Case The Flash Returns Break Glass '' . An all out brawl ensues as the Rogues battle the Renegades . Meanwhile , Flash is confronted by Top who warns him that the reason he will eventually kill Mirror Monarch is because of Iris 's death , which he claims will be caused when the giant mirror breaks , releasing the Mirror Lords . Top tells Barry that one of the Mirror Lords will possess Iris and take her away from him . Barry races to stop the mirror from breaking , with Top at his side . However , when the White Lantern entity reaches out to Captain Boomerang , telling him to `` Throw the Boomerang '' , Boomerang responds by throwing dozens of boomerangs in every direction . One of them hits the glass and it begins to break . Top tells Flash to stop the Mirror Lords , while he goes and protects Iris . Flash questions does not make sense , but Top throws him into the mirror and flees . In the mirror , Flash is exposed to strange visions of his mother . Outside , the Rogue Mirror Master tells the others that the mirror is actually a slow acting poison and they flee . Barry escapes the mirror confused and asks , `` Where are the Mirror Lords ? '' He is then arrested by the Renegades , who realize that this was all a setup by Top to frame the Flash for his own personal gains . Barry is transported to a 25th - century court , while Top confronts Iris . The story concludes with Barry escaping the 25th century court and going after Top . Top reveals that the reason for all of his crimes is because Barry reopened a previously closed case . Barry felt that the person convicted was actually innocent . The person who is actually guilty of the crime is one of Top 's ancestors . Top reveals that they do not allow anyone in the Renegades who has any ancestors with a criminal record . The Flash is able to beat Top , and convict the right man for murder , letting go the innocent man who was sent to prison . Afterward , the 25th century court and the Renegades go over the facts , realizing that the Flash was right and that their entire record of history is wrong . This alludes to the upcoming Flash event , Flashpoint . Meanwhile , a man on a Speed Force - powered motorcycle ( later revealed to be a Speed Force police officer under the name of Hot Pursuit ) moves through the desert and says that if Barry does not find the flashpoint , it will destroy the world . As he continues through the desert , Speed Force lightning strikes in the distance . In a Green Lantern storyline , Barry becomes the latest host for the embodiment of fear , Parallax , after he joins Hal Jordan 's quest of locating all of the entities who each represent aspects of the power of the emotional spectrum . Barry was susceptible to the entity 's attacks due to his fear for Jordan 's safety . Barry is eventually freed after the embodiment of compassion , Proselyte , helps him remember his capability for benevolence over his fear . DC has also announced via the Flashpoint Friday Blog that Flash # 12 will be the last in the series despite a thirteenth issue originally having been announced for sale on May 25 , 2011 , but which has since been withdrawn . Flashpoint ( edit ) Main article : Flashpoint ( comics ) As the story begins , Barry Allen wakes up in his office and discovers that his mother is alive , with no trace of Superman , Wonder Woman and Aquaman leading their respective nations in a war , his wife Iris West is unmarried and himself currently powerless . Barry seeks the aid of Batman , driving to Gotham City and entering a run - down Wayne Manor . He explores what turns out to be a small Batcave until he is attacked by Batman . Barry tries to explain who he is by saying he knows Batman is Bruce Wayne , only to find that in this reality , Batman is Thomas Wayne . While Barry is being beat up by Batman , he explains about his secret identity as the Flash and his relation to Bruce Wayne . Barry 's memories spontaneously change and he realizes that the world of Flashpoint is not an alternate dimension , but his own . Barry uses his ring , which he uses to contain his Flash outfit , but the ring instead ejects Professor Zoom 's costume . Barry tells Batman that Zoom is taunting him with it . Barry explains that both he and Zoom have the ability to alter time , leading Batman to ask him about how Bruce was to have lived in his place and if he can really change the world . Barry states that he needs his speed first . Later , Barry and Batman create an electric chair - like device to try and recreate the accident that gave him his speed ; however , the first attempt meets with failure , leaving Barry severely burned . Barry awakes on an operating table in the Batcave and is covered in bandages and third degree burns . Despite Thomas ' advice , Barry sits back down in the electric chair device . When lightning strikes a second time , Barry 's super-speed returns , and he then saves the Batman from being impaled on a fence . Barry 's injuries are healing rapidly due to his speed - enhanced regeneration . He also makes a new copy of his Flash costume . The Flash researches the incarnations of heroes of the DC timeline , believing that Zoom deliberately changed their lives to prevent the Flash from creating a Justice League , and learns of a rocket that crashed into Metropolis which carried the infant Superman , who instead of being raised in Kansas was taken in by the government . They then contact Cyborg for his help in sneaking into the government bunker of `` Project : Superman '' that is ' raising ' Superman after his rocket destroyed Metropolis upon its arrival , only to be disappointed at Superman 's frail appearance . They head towards Project : Superman 's underground base via the sewer . The group comes across a giant vault door bearing the Superman logo . After they open the door , the three see a pale , weakened Kal - El . Despite his appearance , Barry says that no matter what , Superman will always be a good person . When the arrival of guards forces them to escape , Superman 's powers begin to manifest and he flies off leaving them at the hands of the guards . While they fend off the guards , they are rescued by Element Woman . Barry 's memories begin to change much more drastically , altering his past . He states that he is running out of time and soon he will not be able to restore the timeline to normal . After Barry is recovering , he asks the heroes to stop the Atlantean / Amazon war from creating more casualties , although the heroes are not willing to unless Batman wants to join them . Cyborg explains to him that they believe Batman was invincible . However , Barry convinces him that no one is invincible ; the Marvel Family and Batman agree to join him . The heroes arrive at New Themyscira to stop the Atlantean / Amazon war , and appear to be winning until Enchantress reveals herself as the Amazon spy and uses her magic to separate the Marvel Family and restore them to their mortal forms . Penthesilea kills Billy Batson just as Professor Zoom reveals himself to Barry . Professor Zoom reveals to him that the `` Flashpoint '' timeline was actually created by Barry himself , after he traveled back in time to stop Zoom from killing his mother , but the timeline diverted into the near - apocalyptic world they find themselves in . He continues to taunt Barry with this knowledge , but is suddenly stabbed in the back by Batman wielding an Amazonian sword . Before Barry returns the timeline to normal , Batman thanks him for all he 's done and gives him a letter addressed to his son . After this , Barry bids a farewell to his mother , knowing he must travel back in time to stop his younger self from altering time . Through the fusions of the time stream , Barry seemingly hears a voice explaining that the three timelines and worlds , need to become one again and would need his help to do this . After the ordeals , he visits the real Bruce Wayne and gives him the letter from his alternate father . Bruce is grateful to Barry of informing him of the events of the `` Flashpoint '' before the timeline was apparently returned to normal . The new 52 ( edit ) DC Comics relaunched The Flash with issue # 1 in September 2011 , with writing and art chores handled by Francis Manapul and Brian Buccellato as part of DC 's company - wide title relaunch , The New 52 . As with all of the books associated with the DC relaunch , Barry Allen appears to be about five years younger than the previous incarnation of the character . He gains his powers after getting frustrated and throwing a small machine at the window of his lab . The machine broke through the window , leaving a hole big enough for a bolt of lightning to charge through the hole and strike him . In the second issue of the new Justice League title ( the first released comic series of the New 52 initiative and `` opening shot '' of the new DC Universe ) , Flash is called to assist Green Lantern and Batman in wrangling an out - of - control Superman , and later assists with the pursuit of an alien , revealed to be an agent of Darkseid . In this new continuity , Barry 's marriage to Iris West never took place , and he is instead in a relationship with longtime co-worker Patty Spivot . In this new series , the Flash draws deeper into the Speed Force , enhancing his mental abilities while still trying to get a full grasp on his powers , which he does not yet exert total control over . As revealed in issue # 0 of the current series , Barry Allen 's father was placed in prison for the murder of his mother . The murder occurred shortly after Barry returned victorious from a school spelling bee , and Barry placed the trophy he won on his mother 's grave in her memory . While the evidence seems to indicate his father 's guilt , Barry makes proving his father 's innocence a priority . Barry is also part of the main cast of the relaunched Justice League series , making his debut in the series ' second issue . Following Convergence , Barry has a new suit in issue # 41 , which has a darker shade and features more streaks . DC Rebirth ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) During DC Rebirth , Barry is no longer the only Flash . It is revealed that Wally West has been lost in the Speed Force for ten years , realizing during this time that Barry is not responsible of changing the timeline after the Flashpoint crisis , the unknown entity used Barry 's time travelling as an opportunity to fundamentally alter reality . The fallout of the recent Darkseid War allowed Wally to try and reach out to his former friends in the hopes of either returning or warning them of the truth , but each attempt caused him to fall further into the Speed Force . After realizing not even Linda ( his traditional `` lightning rod '' ) could remember him , Wally sank into desolation and chose to appear before Barry one last time to thank him for the life he had given him . Just before Wally disappeared , Barry remembered him and dragged him free of the Speed Force . Following a tearful reunion , Wally gave Barry his warning of the true source of the universal change and the dangers to come . Because of Wally , Barry is now aware that the timeline is not reset correctly after Flashpoint and thus another alternate timeline . However , he still can not remember his pre-Flashpoint life , such as people like Jay Garrick and the details of his feuds with the Reverse - Flash / Eobard Thawne ( who now remembers their pre-Flashpoint history ) , and remembers Wally from their new DC Rebirth timeline history . Despite being informed by Wally that another party is responsible , Barry remains in guilt over his mistakes , and seeks to find and stop them in hopes of making amends . Although the two decide to keep Wally 's return secret from Iris based on Wally 's own experience with Linda , Barry encourages him to return to the Teen Titans , but also recommends that he don a new costume to reflect that he is the Flash rather than ' Kid Flash ' . While Wally considers his options , Barry visits Batman to discuss the new evidence of some outside force attacking them , musing on how personal this assault appears , but despite the potential danger , Batman and Barry agree to keep their investigation to themselves until they know what they are up against . Later , when Eobard Thawne attacks Iris and Wally II , Iris had glimpses of her pre-Flashpoint life with Barry and learns his secrets as the Flash in the process . Knowing from Thawne that her entire life has been drastically altered and that Barry is indirectly responsible for it as the result of his time - traveling actions , Iris now distrusts Barry . To make matters worse for Barry , while he 's entering the Negative Speed Force , he becomes the Negative - Flash which is so lethal than the original , and mostly dangerous to control . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Barry Allen has the ability to run at super-human velocities . He was at times during the Silver Age described as faster than the speed of thought . He is also the fastest man to ever live , even defeating Wally West with no strain even though West was at his fastest . Flash # 150 , `` straining every muscle '' , he ran at ten times the speed of light . In Flash Rebirth # 6 is shown that after his ressurecrion Barry has become faster the Wally West . However , when he pushed himself further ( during the Crisis on Infinite Earths ) he appeared to waste away as he was converted into pure energy , traveled back in time , and was revealed in Secret Origins Annual # 2 to be the very bolt of lightning that gave him his powers . This was later retconned in The Flash : Rebirth # 1 , where Barry stated that he `` ran into the Speed Force '' , and that , `` When he stopped the Anti-Monitor , when ( he ) ran into the ' Speed Force ' and joined it , it was like shedding ( his ) identity . '' Allen possesses abilities that original Flash Jay Garrick has not always been able to duplicate , and most notably the ability to `` vibrate '' in such a way as to pass through solid matter . Allen regularly engaged in time travel by using his Cosmic Treadmill device ; however , on several occasions he has been able to time travel without using the Cosmic Treadmill . His speed also allows him , in certain circumstances , to `` vibrate '' between dimensions . Barry is unique among Flashes and most characters in the DC Universe in that he has complete control over every molecule in his body . In Grant Morrison 's Final Crisis , using the Speed Force , Allen was able to undo the effects of the Anti-Life Equation upon an individual : an ability he used on his wife Iris to free her from the bondage of Darkseid 's mind control. Barry has also shown the ability to fly by creating mini vortexes . Barry 's speed has numerous secondary applications . He can use it to generate cyclones by spinning his arms quickly , and in some depictions he can even channel the electric energy generated by the Speed Force into arcs of lightning . Barry is also immune to telepathic attacks and control as he can shift his thoughts at a speed faster than normal thought . Through `` speed - reading '' , he can absorb large amounts of information into his short - term memory , which remain in his mind just long enough for him to make use of it . Using this technique , Barry was able to learn enough about building work to rebuild a destroyed apartment building . Other aspects of Barry 's powers include an enhanced metabolism and faster - than - normal healing from injuries . In the New 52 Barry learned that his body is using the speed force to its full extent but his brain is not . With the help of Dr. Elias he was able to learn how to use the Speed Force to process more information , and make even quicker decisions , to the point where he feels like he can see everything before it happens . In terms of DC 's internal lexicon , Barry is classified as a metahuman : a human being who possesses extranormal abilities either through birth or ( as in Barry 's case ) as the result of some external event. . In The New 52 and DC Rebirth , Barry Allen is the fastest Flash . Rogues gallery ( edit ) Main article : Rogues ( comics ) The Flash has acquired a colorful rogues gallery of villains . Their number includes ( but is not limited to ) several who formed a loose association and refer to themselves as the Rogues , disdaining the use of the term `` supervillain '' or `` super-criminal '' . These criminals typically have unusually modest goals for their power level ( robbery or other petty crimes ) , and each have adopted a specific theme in his or her equipment and methods . Other versions ( edit ) Barry Allen is a supporting character in Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Strikes Again . He has been kept by Lex Luthor as a power source for most of the East Coast , constantly running on a treadmill to provide cheap electrical power or else Iris will be executed . After being rescued , Barry wears a black version of his original Flash costume which Batman 's young assistants deemed as `` old '' -- `` Kids , these days , ca n't tell the difference between just plain old and classic '' , he mutters . He then aids Batman and other heroes in restoring order , though they clash when Barry wants to save people in danger while Batman is prepared to let them die for the sake of his long - term strategy . Barry Allen appears in JLA : Age of Wonder as a scientist working with Superman and a consortium of early twentieth - century scientists such as Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla . His uniform incorporates the Silver Age look with the Mercury - style helmet worn by Jay Garrick . In League of Justice , a Lord of the Rings - type story , Barry is recast as `` Phaeton '' , who wears a mystical brooch resembling Flash 's lightning - bolt chest emblem , and has bathed in dragon 's blood in order to protect himself from speed friction . In Batman : Holy Terror , Barry is one of a number of metahumans imprisoned by a theocratic state , discovered and released by Batman during a raid on the government . He then shows Batman some of the attempts to recreate his powers in others , ranging from a man who can not control his ability to vibrate to a woman whose brain operates at lightspeed while her body is still at normal speed or a man rapidly aging to death . While Barry and Batman are able to defeat the brainwashed Zatanna , Barry is then killed when his captor reveals that his research has included discovering how to deactivate the aura that protects Barry from being destroyed by the friction he generates while running . A version of Barry Allen aka Hot Pursuit appeared in the lead into Flashpoint . Little is known about the exact origins of Hot Pursuit , or how he came to be . The only thing known is the fact that he is a version of Barry Allen from the future , who goes back in time to warn himself about the upcoming events of Flashpoint . Hot Pursuit 's history is assumed to be the same as Barry Allen 's up until the single point in time , where a great anomaly altered the reality of the future all together . The unknown event that made Barry Allen don the role of Hot Pursuit is the same event he travels back in time to warn himself about , as well as the event that causes Flashpoint . With Flashpoint 's widespread time - altering effects , it is possible that Barry Allen lost his connection to the Speed Force , thus needing the cosmic motorcycle Hot Pursuit is seen riding to access the Speed Force and travel back in time . This motorcycle also needs to be charged constantly with mass amounts of electricity in order for it to continue to be able to access the Speed Force , thus it is unable to naturally access the Speed Force like Barry Allen or the rest of the Flash Family . `` Buried Alien '' A story in the Marvel comic book series Quasar , written four years after Crisis on Infinite Earths , has the Marvel Universe speedsters facing off in a competition set up by a being called the Runner . The contest is a race from the Earth to the Moon . During the race , a surge of energy hits the track , leaving a being with blonde hair and dressed in the remains of a red outfit with yellow boots . This being has no memory , but an enormous desire to run . He goes on to win the race , passing Marvel speedsters such as Quicksilver and Speed Demon in the process . When asked what his name is , the man replies , `` I 'm not sure . `` Buried Alien '' ... Something like that . '' When asked how it felt to be the fastest man alive , he replied , `` It feels ... right . '' The racer goes on to take the name Fast - Forward , disappearing into the universe in an attempt to help Makkari , who is stuck at hyper speed . In the Elseworlds tale Superman & Batman : Generations , Barry 's life is still the same , but heroes age in real time . This reality shows no sign of the Crisis ever happening , so an elderly Barry is seen to be alive and well in 2008 . The Elseworlds story Flashpoint shows an alternate reality where Barry Allen becomes the Flash in 1956 , the year he first appeared in comics . He is more involved in government affairs . By 1963 , he has ended the Cold War and pushed the communists out of Vietnam . However , his career is cut short as he takes a bullet aimed at John F. Kennedy . He is paralyzed from the neck down , but he still has the fastest mind on Earth and forms Allen Industries . By 1988 , he and Vandal Savage 's Immortality , Inc. have begun an exploration of Mars . In 1998 , Wally West leads an expedition to Mars , during which he finds the flashpoint , an object which killed all life on Mars . Savage reveals he is the one who shot Allen . Barry makes contact with Wally , who is going on a super speed rampage . Barry is cured and defeats Savage . He then enters the flashpoint , going into the Speed Force . In The Flash Annual # 7 , an alternate universe is shown where shortly after Wally West became Kid Flash , he became a superstar celebrity . However , Barry was tragically killed while battling Captain Cold . Ten years later , Wally is now a paraplegic and Captain Cold has written a supposedly `` true '' story about Barry that paints him as arrogant and incompetent . Wally decides to make a movie about his mentor that portrays the genuine Barry Allen . The resulting film is a success . Recently the Barry Allen of Earth - 51 , where secret identities are no longer needed by superheroes , is seen alive . He is subsequently killed by the Monitor of New Earth . In JLA : The Nail a version of Barry Allen is a member of a Justice League where Superman did not become a hero and join the team until much later . In lieu of Superboy 's adventures with the Legion of Super-Heroes , the Flash visited the 30th Century instead . Barry Allen of The Nail is almost identical to the pre-Crisis Earth - 1 version , except that his costume resembles Wally 's . His most prominent scene in the story is a confrontation with Amazo where he manages to defeat the android by turning intangible and removing his computerized brain before Amazo can process and mimic that attack . In the prequel comic to Injustice : Gods Among Us Barry joins Superman 's Regime in a more forceful approach to saving the world from crime . However , Barry remains one of the few ( alongside Shazam ) to maintain some sense of morality , as he is more prone to questioning some of Superman 's more drastic actions in the Year One series . Though Batman tries to convince Barry of the Regime 's negative influence , he chooses to stay with them , though still tries to convince Superman his more drastic actions will not go down well . In the game , Barry finally defects from the Regime after Superman murders Shazam for questioning his ethics . He joins the Insurgency and plays a critical role in stopping Superman 's dictatorship . While he and the other Regime members are arrested , he is pardoned thanks to Batman vouching for him and given a job at Luthor / Wayne climate research . His superior , Doctor Randall , convinces Barry to become the Flash again to aid the heroes in stopping Brainiac 's invasion . In other media ( edit ) Main article : Flash in other media Film ( edit ) Ezra Miller portrays Barry Allen / The Flash in the DC Extended Universe . Barry makes his debut in the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice where he appears in both Bruce Wayne 's vision and a sequence of footage that Lex Luthor secretly possessed . Miller reprises his role in Suicide Squad , in a flashback where he is shown apprehending Captain Boomerang . Miller is set to reprise his role as The Flash in his own standalone film `` Flashpoint '' and the Justice League films ( 2017 & 2019 respectively ) . Animation ( edit ) Barry Allen appears in the animated film adaptation of a Darwyn Cooke graphic novel entitled Justice League : The New Frontier , voiced by Neil Patrick Harris . Barry Allen appears in animated film Justice League : Trapped In Time . Barry Allen appears in the animated film Justice League : Doom , voiced by Michael Rosenbaum . Barry Allen appears in the animated film Lego Batman : The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite , an adaptation of the video game of the same name , with Charlie Schlatter reprising his role . Barry Allen appears in The Lego Movie . He appears as a Master Builder that assisted Metal Beard in his earlier invasion on the Octan Tower which led to his capture . By the end of the movie , he is seen with his fellow DC superheroes celebrating Emmet Brickowski 's victory over the Kragle . Barry Allen appears in the animated film Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox , voiced by Justin Chambers . Barry Allen appears in the animated film Justice League : War , voiced by Christopher Gorham . Barry Allen appears in the animated film Justice League : Throne of Atlantis , with Christopher Gorham reprising his role . Barry Allen appears in the animated film Justice League vs. Teen Titans , with Christopher Gorham reprising his role . Barry Allen appears in DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High as a student at Super Hero High . He is voiced by Josh Keaton . Barry Allen appears in The Lego Batman Movie , voiced by Adam DeVine . He appears as a member of the Justice League and was seen at Superman 's party which Superman forgot to invite Batman to . Television ( edit ) Cartoons ( edit ) He had small adventures in the rotating series of superheroes cartoons included in The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure , with Kid Flash . He also was a founding member of the Justice League of America along with Superman , Green Lantern , Hawkman , and the Atom . He also appeared in Super Friends to help fellow Justice Leaguer Superman . JLA members Flash , Green Lantern , and Batman eventually joined forces with Superman and the rest of the Super Friends in Super Friends , The All - New Super Friends Hour , Challenge of the Super Friends , Super Friends , and The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians where he was an important member of the superteam . Barry Allen never officially appears in the DCAU series of animated projects by Bruce Timm and Paul Dini . However he is referenced and mentioned in several episodes . A police detective in the Justice League episode `` The Brave and the Bold '' has a passing resemblance to Barry Allen , acting as the `` good cop '' during the Flash 's interrogation . In the Justice League Unlimited episode `` Flash and Substance '' , the Wally West Flash mentions his uncle `` flying in '' to attend the dedication of a Flash Museum . There is also another character in the same episode who is Wally 's teacher at the forensic lab and bears a resemblance to Barry . Although the series ' Flash is Wally West in name and likeness , he has many of Barry Allen 's story elements , such as his origin , job , city , foes , and status as being the first scarlet speedster and co-founding the Justice League . In part 1 of the episode `` The Brave and the Bold '' when the Flash goes into a comatose state he has some strange dreams ; in one he has gained so much weight that he is too fat to run , a homage to the Silver Age issue of The Flash # 115 , and in another he has a giant head , a nod to another Silver Age comic , The Flash # 177 . He made a cameo appearance in `` The Joining , Part Two '' , the season 4 finale of The Batman . He also appeared in the season 5 episode `` A Mirror Darkly '' , portrayed by voice actor Charlie Schlatter , who reprised his role as the Flash from Superman : The Animated Series . Producer Alan Burnett said that while Flash had no distinct identity in the episodes , he considered this particular Flash to be Barry Allen . Barry Allen is featured in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , voiced by Alan Tudyk . In `` Sidekicks Assemble ! '' , he made a cameo with the other Justice League members when an asteroid threatens Earth . In `` Requiem for a Scarlet Speedster ! '' , he was thought dead when he was pursuing Professor Zoom , only to be found in another time period which Zoom had conquered . With help from Jay Garrick , Kid Flash ( Wally West ) , and Batman , he defeats Zoom and returns to his original time period . In a clip of `` four star spectacular ! '' , he saves Batman from Captain Boomerang , and tells him about an encounter he just had with Mirror Master and Abra Kadabra along the way . Barry Allen appears in the Young Justice animated series as a member of the JLA and Kid Flash 's mentor . He is voiced by George Eads and later by James Arnold Taylor in `` Endgame '' . He is shown wearing Wally 's costume rather than his original Silver Age outfit . Issue # 5 of the show 's tie - in comic book reveals that rather than gaining his powers from a freak accident , Barry deliberately recreated the lab explosion that gave Jay Garrick his speed abilities back in the 1940s . Barry 's death in Crisis on Infinite Earths is adapted and substituted with Wally 's for the series ' finale of the series , as the three Flashes band together to deactivate a Reach device . Wally dies in a manner reminiscent of Barry 's death battling the Anti-Monitor , and is referred to as casualty of an averted `` crisis '' . Grant Gustin reprises his role from The CW 's television series The Flash in the web series spin - off Vixen . Barry Allen appears in Justice League Action with Charlie Schlatter reprising his role . Live - action ( edit ) Actor Rod Haase appeared as Barry Allen 's Flash in 1979 's two - part special , Legends of the Superheroes . The unsuccessful 1997 Justice League of America pilot featured actor Kenny Johnston as a 20 - something , unemployed , Barry Allen . John Wesley Shipp as Barry Allen / The Flash in the CBS network television series , The Flash . Barry Allen was the Flash in the 1990s Flash live - action TV series , although this character incorporated elements of Wally 's social life , as well as previously non-existent characters such as a brother and nephew . He was played by John Wesley Shipp . This version of the Flash reaches maximum speed upon breaking the sound barrier , at which point he has to stop to rest . CBS originally wanted to cast Jack Coleman , who declined the role to pursue a career in Broadway . As a police forensic scientist , Barry was working in the crime lab at the Central City Police Department headquarters when a lightning bolt struck his lab , dousing him in a combination of electricity and chemicals nearby . He discovered the accident gave him superhuman speed . With the help of S.T.A.R. Labs scientist Dr. Christina McGee , Barry learned how to control his powers with the help of a special prototype deep - sea diving suit . When Barry 's older brother and police colleague Jay Allen was murdered by gang leader and Jay 's former police partner Nicholas Pike , Barry wore a masked version of the suit and called himself the Flash . After capturing Pike , Barry sees his potentials of accomplishing some differences with his powers in a crime - ridden Central City , and started helping to bring other criminals to justice and provide hope to people as a masked superhero . This version of Flash was seen in an episode of The Flash ( 2014 ) as Barry , Dr. Harrison Wells , and Cisco Ramon travel through the multiverse , implying that this Flash lives in a separate universe in the Arrowverse and a parallel universe counterpart of Arrowverse 's Barry 's father Henry Allen . The fifth episode of season 4 of Smallville , entitled `` Run '' , featured speedster Bart Allen ( Impulse ) . He is portrayed as a self - centered teenager who uses his powers for personal gain , although by the end of the episode , he was showing signs of changing his ways . Bart also carries around identification of Jay Garrick , Barry Allen and Wally West , the three Flashes in the main DC Universe . After an appearance in the season six episode `` Justice '' , Bart becomes a recurring character using the name Impulse . Arrowverse ( edit ) Main article : Arrowverse Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / The Flash in The CW network television series , The Flash . Barry Allen first appears in Arrow , played by Grant Gustin . In the episodes `` The Scientist '' and `` Three Ghosts '' , Barry comes to Starling City to investigate a crime which may assist him in solving his mother 's strange murder that occurred when he was 11 years old . He also hopes to meet his vigilante idol , the Arrow . Barry discovers that Oliver Queen is the Arrow after the archer 's friends recruit him to save his life , and eventually he and Oliver become friends . Barry would later have numerous crossover appearances on Arrow after he becomes the Flash , especially in the annual crossover between the CW shows , where the two superheroes will join forces against a common threat . Gustin later reprises his role in The CW 's The Flash , a spin - off of Arrow. which premiered in Fall 2014 . The series chronicles Barry 's journey to become a hero in his own right once he gained superhuman speed after being struck by lightning during a particle accelerator explosion . He fights to protect Central City from the escalating violence of metahuman criminals and occasionally teams with Oliver and other heroes . As the series unfolds , his nemesis remains Professor Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash , a metahuman speedster from the future . He gradually develops super-speed - related abilities such as vibrating through solid objects , temporarily absorbing knowledge through speed - reading , or traveling through time and parallel universes . Gustin reprised his role for a crossover with the television series Supergirl in the 18th episode of its first season `` Worlds Finest '' and the eighth episode of its second season `` Medusa '' . John Wesley Shipp , who portrayed Barry Allen / Flash in the 1990 television series , joined the cast in a recurring role as Barry 's father , Dr. Henry Allen , and Henry 's parallel universe equivalent Jay Garrick / The Flash . Gustin also portrayed a non-powered Earth - 2 version of Barry Allen in later episodes . In season three , Gustin portrays an evil alternate timeline future - Barry Allen who calls himself `` The God of Speed '' and is known by other speedsters as the legendary Savitar . Gustin portrays Barry , while Andre Tricoteux and Tobin Bell portray the character in the Savitar exoskeleton - suit through physical acting , and voice acting respectively . Abandoned developments ( edit ) In February 2007 it was announced that Warner Bros hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film . George Miller signed to direct in September 2007 . Titled Justice League Mortal , Adam Brody was cast as Barry Allen and the film nearly went into production , but the film was pushed back with Writers Guild Strike and the Australian Film Commission refusing to house filming over tax rebate disagreements . Video games ( edit ) A statue at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Barry Allen is the Flash in the crossover video game Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , voiced by Taliesin Jaffe . He appears in a variant of his current costume . Although the character model contains green eyes , normally a sign of Wally West , as well as the dual lightning bolt belt ( instead of Allen 's single bolt belt ) , which is associated with West 's , the game 's `` Bios '' section confirms that it is indeed Allen . In Flash 's ending , Flash discovered that he had retained a psychic bond with the warrior Liu Kang as a result of his aura attunement . The two agreed to warn each other of any cross universal breaches . It was not long before Liu Kang appeared and warned the Flash about the impending attack by the sorcerer Quan Chi . Barry Allen appears as the Flash in the MMOG DC Universe Online , voiced by Dwight Schultz . In the exclusive `` Who do you trust '' trailer , he appears to be taking an order from Batman , and runs upon being told . While running , he stops to see Hal Jordan about to get killed by Black Adam . He runs there to save Hal . Before he can , though , Black Adam sets off an explosion that kills Barry , Hal , and other heroes . Barry Allen was a playable character in the multiplayer battle arena game Infinite Crisis , voiced by Michael Rosenbaum . Lego series ( edit ) Barry Allen appears a member of the Justice League in LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes , voiced by Charlie Schlatter . Barry Allen appears as a playable character in LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham , with Charlie Schlatter reprising his role . He serves as one of the main story characters . Barry Allen appears in Lego Dimensions , with the role reprised by Charlie Schlatter . In the quest `` Brawls without Borders , '' the player helps Flash fight criminals in Metropolis and Gotham City . Injustice series ( edit ) Barry Allen is a playable character in Injustice : Gods Among Us , voiced by Neal McDonough . He is seen at the beginning taking part in a battle against Lex Luthor and his villain allies . In the alternate reality , Flash is one of the heroes serving in Superman 's Regime , although he has doubts about Superman 's true intentions . After Superman kills Shazam when the latter questions his plan to destroy Metropolis and Gotham City to show humanity that he is ' needed ' , the Flash realizes that the heroes have officially gone too far and defects to Batman 's Insurgency . After the original Superman deposes the Regime , Barry surrenders himself due to his previous alliance with the Regime , but is assured by Green Arrow that his help in their defeat will be mentioned at the Regime 's trial . In Flash 's ending , he defeats Superman but is still overcome with guilt for his actions with the Regime and goes into exile . To make amends , he retakes his superhero mantle and begins fighting crime relentlessly in Central City where he is referred to as `` The Ghost '' . Barry Allen returns as a playable character in Injustice 2 , now with Taliesin Jaffe reprising his role from MK vs DC . In the story , Flash has been pardoned from prison in recognition of his aid in deposing Superman 's regime , and now seeks to make amends for his time as a regime member . In his playable chapter , Flash single - handedly defends Metropolis from Brainiac 's initial attack and briefly comes to blows with Hal Jordan , who is trying to atone for his misdeeds as a Regime partisan , much like Flash himself . The two put their differences aside and join Batman 's Insurgency . After Brainiac is defeated , he sides with Batman on allowing Brainiac to live so the captured and lost cities could be restored . Flash attempts to stop an enraged Superman but is easily defeated . In his arcade mode ending , Flash throws Brainiac into the end of time and enters the Speed Force , where he is reunited with other speedsters . Together , they set out to stop a crisis that threatens multiple universes . Music ( edit ) `` Ballad of Barry Allen '' -- A song by the band Jim 's Big Ego on their album , They 're Everywhere . The song portrays Barry as a tragic character , whose perception of the world is so accelerated that all of reality appears to proceed at a snail 's pace , causing him to gradually slip into depression . The band 's frontman , Jim Infantino , is the nephew of Flash ( Barry Allen ) co-creator Carmine Infantino , who provided the cover art for the same album . Reception ( edit ) IGN ranked this version of the Flash as the 49th greatest hero of all time stating that even in his 20 - year absence , Barry 's legacy as the greatest Flash of them all lived on . In 2013 , Barry Allen placed 8th on IGN 's Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jimenez , Phil ( 2008 ) . `` The Flash '' . In Dougall , Alastair . The DC Comics Encyclopedia . 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The Sydney Morning Herald . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Flash Biographical Information Jump up ^ `` The Voices of Injustice : Gods Among Us ( 2013 , Video Game ) -- Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers '' . Voice Chasers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Allen ( The Flash ) is number 49 '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` The Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Flash ( Barry Allen ) '' dated 2008 - 04 - 16 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Flash ( 1956 ) at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia. from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Kistler , Alan ( January 11 , 2006 ) . `` Profile On : The Flash -- Part 2 '' . MonitorDuty.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2006 . Arrowverse entry for The Flash The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does barry allen marry in the flash comics	[ "In time, he married his girlfriend Iris, who learned of his double identity because Allen talked in his sleep. She kept this secret, and he eventually revealed his identity to her of his own free will.[5] Iris was eventually revealed to have been sent as a child from the 30th century and adopted." ]	[ "Iris" ]
7433877893775616207	Ancient Greece	Ancient Greece - wikipedia Ancient Greece civilization belonging to an early period of Greek history Hellas Ελλάς 12th / 9th century BC -- c. 600 AD The Parthenon , a temple dedicated to Athena , located on the Acropolis in Athens , is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks . Political geography of ancient Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods . 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Ellas ) was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th -- 9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( c . AD 600 ) . Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era . Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece , Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC , ushering in the Archaic period and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin . This was followed by the period of Classical Greece , an era that began with the Greco - Persian Wars , lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC . Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia , Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea . The Hellenistic period came to an end with the conquests and annexations of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic , which established the Roman province of Macedonia in Roman Greece , and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire . Classical Greek culture , especially philosophy , had a powerful influence on ancient Rome , which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe . For this reason , Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture and is considered the cradle of Western civilization . Classical Greek culture gave a lot of importance to knowledge . Science and religion were not separate and getting closer to the truth meant getting closer to the gods . In this context , they understood the importance of mathematics as an instrument for obtaining more reliable ( `` divine '' ) knowledge . Greek culture , in a few centuries and with a limited population , managed to explore and make progress in many fields of science , mathematics , philosophy and knowledge in general . Contents 1 Chronology 2 Historiography 3 History 3.1 Archaic period 3.2 Classical Greece 3.3 Hellenistic Greece 3.4 Roman Greece 4 Geography 4.1 Regions 4.2 Colonies 5 Politics and society 5.1 Political structure 5.2 Government and law 5.3 Social structure 5.3. 1 Slavery 5.4 Education 5.5 Economy 5.6 Warfare 6 Culture 6.1 Philosophy 6.2 Literature and theatre 6.3 Music and dance 6.4 Science and technology 6.5 Art and architecture 6.6 Religion and mythology 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Chronology Further information : Timeline of ancient Greece Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC ( around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer ) and ended in the 6th century AD . Classical Antiquity in Greece was preceded by the Greek Dark Ages ( c. 1200 -- c. 800 BC ) , archaeologically characterised by the protogeometric and geometric styles of designs on pottery . Following the Dark Ages was the Archaic Period , beginning around the 8th century BC . The Archaic Period saw early developments in Greek culture and society which formed the basis for the Classical Period . After the Archaic Period , the Classical Period in Greece is conventionally considered to have lasted from the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 until the death of Alexander the Great in 323 . The period is characterized by a style which was considered by later observers to be exemplary , i.e. , `` classical '' , as shown in the Parthenon , for instance . Politically , the Classical Period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century , but displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th century BC , before power shifted to Thebes and the Boeotian League and finally to the League of Corinth led by Macedon . This period saw the Greco - Persian Wars and the Rise of Macedon . Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period ( 323 -- 146 BC ) , during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and Middle East . This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest . Roman Greece is usually considered to be the period between Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC and the establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire in AD 330 . Finally , Late Antiquity refers to the period of Christianization during the later 4th to early 6th centuries AD , sometimes taken to be complete with the closure of the Academy of Athens by Justinian I in 529 . Historiography Main article : Greek historiographers The Victorious Youth ( c. 310 BC ) , is a rare , water - preserved bronze sculpture from ancient Greece . The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in proper historiography , while earlier ancient history or proto - history is known by much more circumstantial evidence , such as annals or king lists , and pragmatic epigraphy . Herodotus is widely known as the `` father of history '' : his Histories are eponymous of the entire field . Written between the 450s and 420s BC , Herodotus ' work reaches about a century into the past , discussing 6th century historical figures such as Darius I of Persia , Cambyses II and Psamtik III , and alluding to some 8th century ones such as Candaules . Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides , Xenophon , Demosthenes , Plato and Aristotle . Most of these authors were either Athenian or pro-Athenian , which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than those of many other cities . Their scope is further limited by a focus on political , military and diplomatic history , ignoring economic and social history . History Further information : History of Greece Archaic period Main article : Archaic period in Greece Dipylon Vase of the late Geometric period , or the beginning of the Archaic period , c. 750 BC . In the 8th century BC , Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization . Literacy had been lost and Mycenaean script forgotten , but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet , modifying it to create the Greek alphabet . Objects with Phoenician writing on them may have been available in Greece from the 9th century BC , but the earliest evidence of Greek writing comes from graffiti on Greek pottery from the mid-8th century . Greece was divided into many small self - governing communities , a pattern largely dictated by Greek geography : every island , valley and plain is cut off from its neighbors by the sea or mountain ranges . The Lelantine War ( c. 710 -- c. 650 BC ) is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period . It was fought between the important poleis ( city - states ) of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea . Both cities seem to have suffered a decline as result of the long war , though Chalcis was the nominal victor . A mercantile class arose in the first half of the 7th century BC , shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC . This seems to have introduced tension to many city - states . The aristocratic regimes which generally governed the poleis were threatened by the new - found wealth of merchants , who in turn desired political power . From 650 BC onwards , the aristocracies had to fight not to be overthrown and replaced by populist tyrants . This word derives from the non-pejorative Greek τύραννος tyrannos , meaning ' illegitimate ruler ' , and was applicable to both good and bad leaders alike . A growing population and a shortage of land also seem to have created internal strife between the poor and the rich in many city - states . In Sparta , the Messenian Wars resulted in the conquest of Messenia and enserfment of the Messenians , beginning in the latter half of the 8th century BC , an act without precedent in ancient Greece . This practice allowed a social revolution to occur . The subjugated population , thenceforth known as helots , farmed and labored for Sparta , whilst every Spartan male citizen became a soldier of the Spartan Army in a permanently militarized state . Even the elite were obliged to live and train as soldiers ; this commonality between rich and poor citizens served to defuse the social conflict . These reforms , attributed to Lycurgus of Sparta , were probably complete by 650 BC . Political geography of ancient Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century BC , again resulting in civil strife . The Archon ( chief magistrate ) Draco made severe reforms to the law code in 621 BC ( hence `` draconian '' ) , but these failed to quell the conflict . Eventually the moderate reforms of Solon ( 594 BC ) , improving the lot of the poor but firmly entrenching the aristocracy in power , gave Athens some stability . By the 6th century BC several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs : Athens , Sparta , Corinth , and Thebes . Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and smaller towns under their control , and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime and mercantile powers as well . Rapidly increasing population in the 8th and 7th centuries BC had resulted in emigration of many Greeks to form colonies in Magna Graecia ( Southern Italy and Sicily ) , Asia Minor and further afield . The emigration effectively ceased in the 6th century BC by which time the Greek world had , culturally and linguistically , become much larger than the area of present - day Greece . Greek colonies were not politically controlled by their founding cities , although they often retained religious and commercial links with them . The emigration process also determined a long series of conflicts between the Greek cities of Sicily , especially Syracuse , and the Carthaginians . These conflicts lasted from 600 BC to 265 BC when the Roman Republic entered into an alliance with the Mamertines to fend off the hostilities by the new tyrant of Syracuse , Hiero II and then the Carthaginians . This way Rome became the new dominant power against the fading strength of the Sicilian Greek cities and the Carthaginian supremacy in the region . One year later the First Punic War erupted . In this period , there was huge economic development in Greece , and also in its overseas colonies which experienced a growth in commerce and manufacturing . There was a great improvement in the living standards of the population . Some studies estimate that the average size of the Greek household , in the period from 800 BC to 300 BC , increased five times , which indicates a large increase in the average income of the population . In the second half of the 6th century BC , Athens fell under the tyranny of Peisistratos and then of his sons Hippias and Hipparchos . However , in 510 BC , at the instigation of the Athenian aristocrat Cleisthenes , the Spartan king Cleomenes I helped the Athenians overthrow the tyranny . Afterwards , Sparta and Athens promptly turned on each other , at which point Cleomenes I installed Isagoras as a pro-Spartan archon . Eager to prevent Athens from becoming a Spartan puppet , Cleisthenes responded by proposing to his fellow citizens that Athens undergo a revolution : that all citizens share in political power , regardless of status : that Athens become a `` democracy '' . So enthusiastically did the Athenians take to this idea that , having overthrown Isagoras and implemented Cleisthenes 's reforms , they were easily able to repel a Spartan - led three - pronged invasion aimed at restoring Isagoras . The advent of the democracy cured many of the ills of Athens and led to a ' golden age ' for the Athenians . Classical Greece Main article : Classical Greece Early Athenian coin , depicting the head of Athena on the obverse and her owl on the reverse -- 5th century BC In 499 BC , the Ionian city states under Persian rule rebelled against the Persian - supported tyrants that ruled them . Supported by troops sent from Athens and Eretria , they advanced as far as Sardis and burnt the city down , before being driven back by a Persian counterattack . The revolt continued until 494 , when the rebelling Ionians were defeated . Darius did not forget that the Athenians had assisted the Ionian revolt , however , and in 490 he assembled an armada to conquer Athens . Despite being heavily outnumbered , the Athenians -- supported by their Plataean allies -- defeated the Persian forces at the Battle of Marathon , and the Persian fleet withdrew . Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco - Persian Wars . Delian League ( `` Athenian Empire '' ) , immediately before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC Ten years later , a second invasion was launched by Darius ' son Xerxes . The city - states of northern and central Greece submitted to the Persian forces without resistance , but a coalition of 31 Greek city states , including Athens and Sparta , determined to resist the Persian invaders . At the same time , Greek Sicily was invaded by a Carthaginian force . In 480 BC , the first major battle of the invasion was fought at Thermopylae , where a small force of Greeks , led by three hundred Spartans , held a crucial pass into the heart of Greece for several days ; at the same time Gelon , tyrant of Syracuse , defeated the Carthaginian invasion at the Battle of Himera . The Persians were defeated by a primarily Athenian naval force at the Battle of Salamis , and in 479 defeated on land at the Battle of Plataea . The alliance against Persia continued , initially led by the Spartan Pausanias but from 477 by Athens , and by 460 Persia had been driven out of the Aegean . During this period of campaigning , the Delian league gradually transformed from a defensive alliance of Greek states into an Athenian empire , as Athens ' growing naval power enabled it to compel other league states to comply with its policies . Athens ended its campaigns against Persia in 450 BC , after a disastrous defeat in Egypt in 454 BC , and the death of Cimon in action against the Persians on Cyprus in 450 . While Athenian activity against the Persian empire was ending , however , conflict between Sparta and Athens was increasing . Sparta was suspicious of the increasing Athenian power funded by the Delian League , and tensions rose when Sparta offered aid to reluctant members of the League to rebel against Athenian domination . These tensions were exacerbated in 462 , when Athens sent a force to aid Sparta in overcoming a helot revolt , but their aid was rejected by the Spartans . In the 450s , Athens took control of Boeotia , and won victories over Aegina and Corinth . However , Athens failed to win a decisive victory , and in 447 lost Boeotia again . Athens and Sparta signed the Thirty Years ' Peace in the winter of 446 / 5 , ending the conflict . Despite the peace of 446 / 5 , Athenian relations with Sparta declined again in the 430s , and in 431 war broke out once again . The first phase of the war is traditionally seen as a series of annual invasions of Attica by Sparta , which made little progress , while Athens were successful against the Corinthian empire in the north - west of Greece , and in defending their own empire , despite suffering from plague and Spartan invasion . The turning point of this phase of the war usually seen as the Athenian victories at Pylos and Sphakteria . Sparta sued for peace , but the Athenians rejected the proposal . The Athenian failure to regain control at Boeotia at Delium and Brasidas ' successes in the north of Greece in 424 , improved Sparta 's position after Sphakteria . After the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas , the strongest objectors to peace on the Athenian and Spartan sides respectively , a peace treaty was agreed in 421 . The peace did not last , however . In 418 an alliance between Athens and Argos was defeated by Sparta at Mantinea . In 415 Athens launched a naval expedition against Sicily ; the expedition ended in disaster with almost the entire army killed . Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse , Athens ' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league , while at the same time Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side . Initially the Athenian position continued to be relatively strong , winning important battles such as those at Cyzicus in 410 and Arginusae in 406 . However , in 405 the Spartans defeated Athens in the Battle of Aegospotami , and began to blockade Athens ' harbour ; with no grain supply and in danger of starvation , Athens sued for peace , agreeing to surrender their fleet and join the Spartan - led Peloponnesian League . Greece thus entered the 4th century BC under a Spartan hegemony , but it was clear from the start that this was weak . A demographic crisis meant Sparta was overstretched , and by 395 BC Athens , Argos , Thebes , and Corinth felt able to challenge Spartan dominance , resulting in the Corinthian War ( 395 -- 387 BC ) . Another war of stalemates , it ended with the status quo restored , after the threat of Persian intervention on behalf of the Spartans . The Spartan hegemony lasted another 16 years , until , when attempting to impose their will on the Thebans , the Spartans were defeated at Leuctra in 371 BC . The Theban general Epaminondas then led Theban troops into the Peloponnese , whereupon other city - states defected from the Spartan cause . The Thebans were thus able to march into Messenia and free the population . Deprived of land and its serfs , Sparta declined to a second - rank power . The Theban hegemony thus established was short - lived ; at the Battle of Mantinea in 362 BC , Thebes lost its key leader , Epaminondas , and much of its manpower , even though they were victorious in battle . In fact such were the losses to all the great city - states at Mantinea that none could establish dominance in the aftermath . The weakened state of the heartland of Greece coincided with the Rise of Macedon , led by Philip II . In twenty years , Philip had unified his kingdom , expanded it north and west at the expense of Illyrian tribes , and then conquered Thessaly and Thrace . His success stemmed from his innovative reforms to the Macedonian army . Phillip intervened repeatedly in the affairs of the southern city - states , culminating in his invasion of 338 BC . Decisively defeating an allied army of Thebes and Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea ( 338 BC ) , he became de facto hegemon of all of Greece , except Sparta . He compelled the majority of the city - states to join the League of Corinth , allying them to him , and preventing them from warring with each other . Philip then entered into war against the Achaemenid Empire but was assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis early on in the conflict . Alexander the Great , son and successor of Philip , continued the war . Alexander defeated Darius III of Persia and completely destroyed the Achaemenid Empire , annexing it to Macedon and earning himself the epithet ' the Great ' . When Alexander died in 323 BC , Greek power and influence was at its zenith . However , there had been a fundamental shift away from the fierce independence and classical culture of the poleis -- and instead towards the developing Hellenistic culture . Hellenistic Greece Main articles : Wars of Alexander the Great and Hellenistic period Alexander Mosaic , National Archaeological Museum , Naples . The Hellenistic period lasted from 323 BC , which marked the end of the wars of Alexander the Great , to the annexation of Greece by the Roman Republic in 146 BC . Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture , which remained essentially unchanged until the advent of Christianity , it did mark the end of Greek political independence . The major Hellenistic realms included the Diadochi kingdoms : Kingdom of Ptolemy I Soter Kingdom of Cassander Kingdom of Lysimachus Kingdom of Seleucus I Nicator Epirus Also shown on the map : Greek colonies Carthage ( non-Greek ) Rome ( non-Greek ) The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BCE . The Attalid dynasty occupied some of this area . Not shown : Indo - Greek Kingdom . After the death of Alexander , his empire was , after quite some conflict , divided among his generals , resulting in the Ptolemaic Kingdom ( Egypt and adjoining North Africa ) , the Seleucid Empire ( the Levant , Mesopotamia and Persia ) and the Antigonid dynasty ( Macedonia ) . In the intervening period , the poleis of Greece were able to wrest back some of their freedom , although still nominally subject to the Macedonian Kingdom . During the Hellenistic period , the importance of `` Greece proper '' ( that is , the territory of modern Greece ) within the Greek - speaking world declined sharply . The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch , capitals of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Seleucid Empire , respectively . The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city - states . It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration , particularly of the young and ambitious , to the new Greek empires in the east . Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria , Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander 's wake , as far away as what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan , where the Greco - Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo - Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the first century BC . The city - states within Greece formed themselves into two leagues ; the Achaean League ( including Thebes , Corinth and Argos ) and the Aetolian League ( including Sparta and Athens ) . For much of the period until the Roman conquest , these leagues were usually at war with each other , and / or allied to different sides in the conflicts between the Diadochi ( the successor states to Alexander 's empire ) . The Antigonid Kingdom became involved in a war with the Roman Republic in the late 3rd century . Although the First Macedonian War was inconclusive , the Romans , in typical fashion , continued to make war on Macedon until it was completely absorbed into the Roman Republic ( by 149 BC ) . In the east the unwieldy Seleucid Empire gradually disintegrated , although a rump survived until 64 BC , whilst the Ptolemaic Kingdom continued in Egypt until 30 BC , when it too was conquered by the Romans . The Aetolian league grew wary of Roman involvement in Greece , and sided with the Seleucids in the Roman -- Seleucid War ; when the Romans were victorious , the league was effectively absorbed into the Republic . Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon , it was also soon defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 146 BC , bringing an end to the independence of all of Greece . Roman Greece Main article : Roman Greece Further information : Byzantine Greece The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule during the 146 BC conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth . Macedonia became a Roman province while southern Greece came under the surveillance of Macedonia 's prefect ; however , some Greek poleis managed to maintain a partial independence and avoid taxation . The Aegean islands were added to this territory in 133 BC . Athens and other Greek cities revolted in 88 BC , and the peninsula was crushed by the Roman general Sulla . The Roman civil wars devastated the land even further , until Augustus organized the peninsula as the province of Achaea in 27 BC . Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire , as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco - Roman . The Greek language served as a lingua franca in the East and in Italy , and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome . Geography Regions Main article : Regions of ancient Greece Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece and adjacent `` barbarian '' lands . The territory of Greece is mountainous , and as a result , ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions each with its own dialect , cultural peculiarities , and identity . Regionalism and regional conflicts were a prominent feature of ancient Greece . Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains , or on coastal plains , and dominated a certain area around them . In the south lay the Peloponnese , itself consisting of the regions of Laconia ( southeast ) , Messenia ( southwest ) , Elis ( west ) , Achaia ( north ) , Korinthia ( northeast ) , Argolis ( east ) , and Arcadia ( center ) . These names survive to the present day as regional units of modern Greece , though with somewhat different boundaries . Mainland Greece to the north , nowadays known as Central Greece , consisted of Aetolia and Acarnania in the west , Locris , Doris , and Phocis in the center , while in the east lay Boeotia , Attica , and Megaris . Northeast lay Thessaly , while Epirus lay to the northwest . Epirus stretched from the Ambracian Gulf in the south to the Ceraunian mountains and the Aoos river in the north , and consisted of Chaonia ( north ) , Molossia ( center ) , and Thesprotia ( south ) . In the northeast corner was Macedonia , originally consisting Lower Macedonia and its regions , such as Elimeia , Pieria , and Orestis . Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon , the Argead kings of Macedon started to expand into Upper Macedonia , lands inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes like the Lyncestae and the Elmiotae and to the West , beyond the Axius river , into Eordaia , Bottiaea , Mygdonia , and Almopia , regions settled by Thracian tribes . To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north , the Thracians to the northeast , and the Illyrians , with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict , to the northwest . Chalcidice was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world , while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the Aegean , in Anatolia . Colonies See also : Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul , Magna Graecia , and List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia § Greek Greek cities & colonies c. 550 BC . During the Archaic period , the population of Greece grew beyond the capacity of its limited arable land ( according to one estimate , the population of ancient Greece increased by a factor larger than ten during the period from 800 BC to 400 BC , increasing from a population of 800,000 to a total estimated population of 10 to 13 million ) . From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion , settling colonies in all directions . To the east , the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first , followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace , the Sea of Marmara and south coast of the Black Sea . Eventually Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present day Ukraine and Russia ( Taganrog ) . To the west the coasts of Illyria , Sicily and Southern Italy were settled , followed by Southern France , Corsica , and even northeastern Spain . Greek colonies were also founded in Egypt and Libya . Modern Syracuse , Naples , Marseille and Istanbul had their beginnings as the Greek colonies Syracusae ( Συρακούσαι ) , Neapolis ( Νεάπολις ) , Massalia ( Μασσαλία ) and Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) . These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long - distance trading networks between the Greek city - states , boosting the economy of ancient Greece . Politics and society Political structure Further information : History of citizenship § Ancient Greece Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred relatively independent city - states ( poleis ) . This was a situation unlike that in most other contemporary societies , which were either tribal or kingdoms ruling over relatively large territories . Undoubtedly the geography of Greece -- divided and sub-divided by hills , mountains , and rivers -- contributed to the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece . On the one hand , the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were `` one people '' ; they had the same religion , same basic culture , and same language . Furthermore , the Greeks were very aware of their tribal origins ; Herodotus was able to extensively categorise the city - states by tribe . Yet , although these higher - level relationships existed , they seem to have rarely had a major role in Greek politics . The independence of the poleis was fiercely defended ; unification was something rarely contemplated by the ancient Greeks . Even when , during the second Persian invasion of Greece , a group of city - states allied themselves to defend Greece , the vast majority of poleis remained neutral , and after the Persian defeat , the allies quickly returned to infighting . Thus , the major peculiarities of the ancient Greek political system were firstly , its fragmentary nature , and that this does not particularly seem to have tribal origin , and secondly , the particular focus on urban centers within otherwise tiny states . The peculiarities of the Greek system are further evidenced by the colonies that they set up throughout the Mediterranean Sea , which , though they might count a certain Greek polis as their ' mother ' ( and remain sympathetic to her ) , were completely independent of the founding city . Inevitably smaller poleis might be dominated by larger neighbors , but conquest or direct rule by another city - state appears to have been quite rare . Instead the poleis grouped themselves into leagues , membership of which was in a constant state of flux . Later in the Classical period , the leagues would become fewer and larger , be dominated by one city ( particularly Athens , Sparta and Thebes ) ; and often poleis would be compelled to join under threat of war ( or as part of a peace treaty ) . Even after Philip II of Macedon `` conquered '' the heartlands of ancient Greece , he did not attempt to annex the territory , or unify it into a new province , but simply compelled most of the poleis to join his own Corinthian League . Government and law Main article : Ancient Greek law Inheritance law , part of the Law Code of Gortyn , Crete , fragment of the 11th column . Limestone , 5th century BC Initially many Greek city - states seem to have been petty kingdoms ; there was often a city official carrying some residual , ceremonial functions of the king ( basileus ) , e.g. , the archon basileus in Athens . However , by the Archaic period and the first historical consciousness , most had already become aristocratic oligarchies . It is unclear exactly how this change occurred . For instance , in Athens , the kingship had been reduced to a hereditary , lifelong chief magistracy ( archon ) by c. 1050 BC ; by 753 BC this had become a decennial , elected archonship ; and finally by 683 BC an annually elected archonship . Through each stage more power would have been transferred to the aristocracy as a whole , and away from a single individual . Inevitably , the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many poleis . In many cities a tyrant ( not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies ) , would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will ; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power . In a system wracked with class conflict , government by a ' strongman ' was often the best solution . Athens fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century . When this tyranny was ended , the Athenians founded the world 's first democracy as a radical solution to prevent the aristocracy regaining power . A citizens ' assembly ( the Ecclesia ) , for the discussion of city policy , had existed since the reforms of Draco in 621 BC ; all citizens were permitted to attend after the reforms of Solon ( early 6th century ) , but the poorest citizens could not address the assembly or run for office . With the establishment of the democracy , the assembly became the de jure mechanism of government ; all citizens had equal privileges in the assembly . However , non-citizens , such as metics ( foreigners living in Athens ) or slaves , had no political rights at all . After the rise of the democracy in Athens , other city - states founded democracies . However , many retained more traditional forms of government . As so often in other matters , Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece , ruled through the whole period by not one , but two hereditary monarchs . This was a form of diarchy . The Kings of Sparta belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids , descendants respectively of Eurysthenes and Procles . Both dynasties ' founders were believed to be twin sons of Aristodemus , a Heraclid ruler . However , the powers of these kings were held in check by both a council of elders ( the Gerousia ) and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings ( the Ephors ) . Social structure Fresco of dancing Peucetian women in the Tomb of the Dancers in Ruvo di Puglia , 4th -- 5th century BC Only free , land owning , native - born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city - state . In most city - states , unlike the situation in Rome , social prominence did not allow special rights . Sometimes families controlled public religious functions , but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government . In Athens , the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth . People could change classes if they made more money . In Sparta , all male citizens were called homoioi , meaning `` peers '' . However , Spartan kings , who served as the city - state 's dual military and religious leaders , came from two families . Slavery Main article : Slavery in ancient Greece Gravestone of a woman with her slave child - attendant , c. 100 BC Slaves had no power or status . They had the right to have a family and own property , subject to their master 's goodwill and permission , but they had no political rights . By 600 BC chattel slavery had spread in Greece . By the 5th century BC slaves made up one - third of the total population in some city - states . Between forty and eighty per cent of the population of Classical Athens were slaves . Slaves outside of Sparta almost never revolted because they were made up of too many nationalities and were too scattered to organize . However , unlike later Western culture , the Ancient Greeks did not think in terms of race . Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers , and even poor families might have owned a few slaves . Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves . Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard . Unlike in Rome , freedmen did not become citizens . Instead , they were mixed into the population of metics , which included people from foreign countries or other city - states who were officially allowed to live in the state . City - states legally owned slaves . These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families , living on their own and performing specialized tasks . In Athens , public slaves were trained to look out for counterfeit coinage , while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple 's deity and Scythian slaves were employed in Athens as a police force corralling citizens to political functions . Sparta had a special type of slaves called helots . Helots were Messenians enslaved during the Messenian Wars by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay . Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as hoplites . Their masters treated them harshly ( every Spartiate male had to kill a helot as a rite of passage ) , and helots often resorted to slave rebellions . Education Main article : Education in ancient Greece Mosaic from Pompeii depicting Plato 's academy For most of Greek history , education was private , except in Sparta . During the Hellenistic period , some city - states established public schools . Only wealthy families could afford a teacher . Boys learned how to read , write and quote literature . They also learned to sing and play one musical instrument and were trained as athletes for military service . They studied not for a job but to become an effective citizen . Girls also learned to read , write and do simple arithmetic so they could manage the household . They almost never received education after childhood . Boys went to school at the age of seven , or went to the barracks , if they lived in Sparta . The three types of teachings were : grammatistes for arithmetic , kitharistes for music and dancing , and Paedotribae for sports . Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care of by a paidagogos , a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day . Classes were held in teachers ' private houses and included reading , writing , mathematics , singing , and playing the lyre and flute . When the boy became 12 years old the schooling started to include sports such as wrestling , running , and throwing discus and javelin . In Athens some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture , sciences , music , and the arts . The schooling ended at age 18 , followed by military training in the army usually for one or two years . A small number of boys continued their education after childhood , as in the Spartan agoge . A crucial part of a wealthy teenager 's education was a mentorship with an elder , which in a few places and times may have included pederastic love . The teenager learned by watching his mentor talking about politics in the agora , helping him perform his public duties , exercising with him in the gymnasium and attending symposia with him . The richest students continued their education by studying with famous teachers . Some of Athens ' greatest such schools included the Lyceum ( the so - called Peripatetic school founded by Aristotle of Stageira ) and the Platonic Academy ( founded by Plato of Athens ) . The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called Paideia . Economy Main articles : Economy of ancient Greece , Agriculture of ancient Greece , and Slavery in ancient Greece At its economic height , in the 5th and 4th centuries BC , ancient Greece was the most advanced economy in the world . According to some economic historians , it was one of the most advanced preindustrial economies . This is demonstrated by the average daily wage of the Greek worker which was , in terms of wheat , about 12 kg . This was more than 3 times the average daily wage of an Egyptian worker during the Roman period , about 3.75 kg . Warfare Main articles : Ancient Greek warfare and Army of Macedon Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting , on an ancient kylix , 5th century BC At least in the Archaic Period , the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece , with many competing city - states , increased the frequency of conflict but conversely limited the scale of warfare . Unable to maintain professional armies , the city - states relied on their own citizens to fight . This inevitably reduced the potential duration of campaigns , as citizens would need to return to their own professions ( especially in the case of , for example , farmers ) . Campaigns would therefore often be restricted to summer . When battles occurred , they were usually set piece and intended to be decisive . Casualties were slight compared to later battles , rarely amounting to more than 5 % of the losing side , but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front . The scale and scope of warfare in ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the Greco - Persian Wars . To fight the enormous armies of the Achaemenid Empire was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city - state . The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of city - states ( the exact composition changing over time ) , allowing the pooling of resources and division of labor . Although alliances between city - states occurred before this time , nothing on this scale had been seen before . The rise of Athens and Sparta as pre-eminent powers during this conflict led directly to the Peloponnesian War , which saw further development of the nature of warfare , strategy and tactics . Fought between leagues of cities dominated by Athens and Sparta , the increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale , and allowed the diversification of warfare . Set - piece battles during the Peloponnesian war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on attritionary strategies , naval battle and blockades and sieges . These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society . Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece . It had over 200 triremes each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship . The city could afford such a large fleet -- it had over 34,000 oars men -- because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves . Culture The stadium of ancient Olympia , home of the Ancient Olympic Games Philosophy Main article : Ancient Greek philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry . In many ways , it had an important influence on modern philosophy , as well as modern science . Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers , to medieval Muslim philosophers and Islamic scientists , to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment , to the secular sciences of the modern day . Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Greeks . Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations , such as the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians , has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization . Some of the well - known philosophers of ancient Greece were Plato and Socrates , among others . They have aided in information about ancient Greek society through writings such as The Republic , by Plato . Literature and theatre Main articles : Ancient Greek literature , Ancient Greek comedy , and Theatre of ancient Greece The theatre of Epidauros , 4th century BC The earliest Greek literature was poetry , and was composed for performance rather than private consumption . The earliest Greek poet known is Homer , although he was certainly part of an existing tradition of oral poetry . Homer 's poetry , though it was developed around the same time that the Greeks developed writing , would have been composed orally ; the first poet to certainly compose their work in writing was Archilochus , a lyric poet from the mid-seventh century BC . tragedy developed , around the end of the archaic period , taking elements from across the pre-existing genres of late archaic poetry . Towards the beginning of the classical period , comedy began to develop -- the earliest date associated with the genre is 486 BC , when a competition for comedy became an official event at the City Dionysia in Athens , though the first preserved ancient comedy is Aristophanes ' Acharnians , produced in 425 . A scene from the Iliad : Hypnos and Thanatos carrying the body of Sarpedon from the battlefield of Troy ; detail from an Attic white - ground lekythos , ca . 440 BC . Like poetry , Greek prose had its origins in the archaic period , and the earliest writers of Greek philosophy , history , and medical literature all date to the sixth century BC . Prose first emerged as the writing style adopted by the presocratic philosophers Anaximander and Anaximenes -- though Thales of Miletus , considered the first Greek philosopher , apparently wrote nothing . Prose as a genre reached maturity in the classical era , and the major Greek prose genres -- philosophy , history , rhetoric , and dialogue -- developed in this period . The Hellenistic period saw the literary epicentre of the Greek world move from Athens , where it had been in the classical period , to Alexandria . At the same time , other Hellenistic kings such as the Antigonids and the Attalids were patrons of scholarship and literature , turning Pella and Pergamon respectively into cultural centres . It was thanks to this cultural patronage by Hellenistic kings , and especially the Museum at Alexandria , which ensured that so much ancient Greek literature has survived . The Library of Alexandria , part of the Museum , had the previously - unenvisaged aim of collecting together copies of all known authors in Greek . Almost all of the surviving non-technical Hellenistic literature is poetry , and Hellenistic poetry tended to be highly intellectual , blending different genres and traditions , and avoiding linear narratives . The Hellenistic period also saw a shift in the ways literature was consumed -- while in the archaic and classical periods literature had typically been experienced in public performance , in the Hellenistic period it was more commonly read privately . At the same time , Hellenistic poets began to write for private , rather than public , consumption . With Octavian 's victory at Actium in 31 BC , Rome began to become a major centre of Greek literature , as important Greek authors such as Strabo and Dionysius of Halicarnassus came to Rome . The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the `` long second century '' from approximately AD 80 to around AD 230 . This innovation was especially marked in prose , with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both dating to this period . Music and dance Main article : Music of ancient Greece Music was present almost universally in Greek society , from marriages and funerals to religious ceremonies , theatre , folk music and the ballad - like reciting of epic poetry . There are significant fragments of actual Greek musical notation as well as many literary references to ancient Greek music . Greek art depicts musical instruments and dance . The word music derives from the name of the Muses , the daughters of Zeus who were patron goddesses of the arts . Science and technology Main articles : List of Graeco - Roman geographers , Greek astronomy , Greek mathematics , Ancient Greek medicine , and Ancient Greek technology The Antikythera mechanism was an analog computer from 150 -- 100 BC designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects . Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of mathematics , including the basic rules of geometry , the idea of formal mathematical proof , and discoveries in number theory , mathematical analysis , applied mathematics , and approached close to establishing integral calculus . The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians , including Pythagoras , Euclid , and Archimedes , are still used in mathematical teaching today . The Greeks developed astronomy , which they treated as a branch of mathematics , to a highly sophisticated level . The first geometrical , three - dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus . Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis . In the 3rd century BC Aristarchus of Samos was the first to suggest a heliocentric system . Archimedes in his treatise The Sand Reckoner revives Aristarchus ' hypothesis that `` the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , while the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle '' . Otherwise , only fragmentary descriptions of Aristarchus ' idea survive . Eratosthenes , using the angles of shadows created at widely separated regions , estimated the circumference of the Earth with great accuracy . In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus of Nicea made a number of contributions , including the first measurement of precession and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed the modern system of apparent magnitudes . The Antikythera mechanism , a device for calculating the movements of planets , dates from about 80 BC , and was the first ancestor of the astronomical computer . It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete . The device became famous for its use of a differential gear , previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century , and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts , comparable to a clock made in the 18th century . The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens , accompanied by a replica . The ancient Greeks also made important discoveries in the medical field . Hippocrates was a physician of the Classical period , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine . He is referred to as the `` father of medicine '' in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine . This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece , establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with ( notably theurgy and philosophy ) , thus making medicine a profession . Art and architecture Main articles : Ancient Greek art and Ancient Greek architecture The Temple of Hera at Selinunte , Sicily The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times to the present day , particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture . In the West , the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models . In the East , Alexander the Great 's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek , Central Asian and Indian cultures , resulting in Greco - Buddhist art , with ramifications as far as Japan . Following the Renaissance in Europe , the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists . Well into the 19th century , the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world . Religion and mythology Main articles : Religion in ancient Greece , Hellenistic religion , and Greek mythology Mount Olympus , home of the Twelve Olympians Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes , the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their religious practices . The main Greek gods were the twelve Olympians , Zeus , his wife Hera , Poseidon , Ares , Hermes , Hephaestus , Aphrodite , Athena , Apollo , Artemis , Demeter , and Dionysus . Other important deities included Hebe , Hades , Helios , Hestia , Persephone and Heracles . Zeus 's parents were Cronus and Rhea who also were the parents of Poseidon , Hades , Hera , Hestia , and Demeter . Legacy Further information : Classics The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language , politics , educational systems , philosophy , science , and the arts . It became the Leitkultur of the Roman Empire to the point of marginalizing native Italic traditions . As Horace put it , Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artis / intulit agresti Latio ( Epistulae 2.1. 156f . ) `` Captive Greece took captive her uncivilised conqueror and instilled her arts in rustic Latium . '' Via the Roman Empire , Greek culture came to be foundational to Western culture in general . The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek culture directly , without Latin intermediation , and the preservation of classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted strong influence on the Slavs and later on the Islamic Golden Age and the Western European Renaissance . A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the Neoclassicism movement in 18th - and 19th - century Europe and the Americas . See also Ancient Greece portal Outline of ancient Greece Regions of ancient Greece Outline of ancient Rome Outline of ancient Egypt Outline of classical studies Regions in Greco - Roman antiquity Classical demography History of science in classical antiquity References Notes Jump up ^ Carol G. Thomas ( 1988 ) . Paths from ancient Greece . BRILL . pp. 27 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08846 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Maura Ellyn ; Maura McGinnis ( 2004 ) . Greece : A Primary Source Cultural Guide . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3999 - 2 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Kimberly D. Pelle ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wayne C. Thompson ; Mark H. Mullin . Western Europe , 1983 . Stryker - Post Publications . p. 337 . for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ... Jump up ^ https://rampages.us/smitha23/univ-112/science-and-religion-in-ancient-greece/ Jump up ^ Osborne , Robin ( 2009 ) . Greece in the Making : 1200 -- 479 BC . London : Routledge . p. xvii . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Shapiro 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Hadas , Moses ( 1950 ) . A History of Greek Literature . Columbia University Press . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 01767 - 7 . Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 1995 ) . Greek and Roman historians : information and misinformation . Routledge , 1995 . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 11770 - 8 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Robin ( 2009 ) . Greece in the Making : 1200 -- 479 BC ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Sealey , Raphael ( 1976 ) . A history of the Greek city states , ca . 700 -- 338 B.C. University of California Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22667 - 3 . Jump up ^ Slavoj Žižek ( 18 April 2011 ) . Living in the End Times . Verso . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 702 - 3 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` tyrant -- Definitions from Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Holland T. Persian Fire p 69 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Holland T. Persian Fire p 131 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 126 -- 7 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 128 -- 9 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 131 -- 3 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 134 -- 6 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 137 -- 8 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 137 -- 41 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 198 -- 9 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 202 -- 3 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , pp. 186 -- 9 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Alexander 's Gulf outpost uncovered . BBC News . August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge Ancient History : The fourth century B.C. edited by D.M. Lewis et al. IES Edwards , Cambridge University Press , D.M. Lewis , John Boardman , Cyril John Gadd , Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 23348 - 8 , pp. 723 -- 724 . Jump up ^ Population of the Greek city - states Archived March 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holland , T. Persian Fire , Abacus , pp. 363 -- 370 ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Holland T. Persian Fire , p94 ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Slavery in Ancient Greece Archived 2008 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Britannica Student Encyclopædia . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell ( 2010 ) . The History of White People . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04934 - 3 . Jump up ^ Angus Konstam : `` Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece '' , pp. 94 -- 95 . Thalamus publishing , UK , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 904668 - 16 - X Jump up ^ W. Schiedel , `` Real slave prices and the relative cost of slave labor in the Greco - Roman world '' , Ancient Society , vol. 35 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Power 2016 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Kirk 1985 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Kirk 1985 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Power 2016 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Handley 1985 , p. 355 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 79 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 81 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 79 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Mori 2016 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , p. 542 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , p. 542 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , pp. 542 -- 3 Jump up ^ Mori 2016 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Mori 2016 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , p. 543 Jump up ^ Bowersock 1985 , pp. 642 -- 3 Jump up ^ König 2016 , p. 113 Jump up ^ König 2016 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Pedersen , Early Physics and Astronomy , pp. 55 -- 6 Jump up ^ Pedersen , Early Physics and Astronomy , pp. 45 -- 7 Jump up ^ Grammaticos , P.C. ; Diamantis , A. ( 2008 ) . `` Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine , Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus '' . Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine . 11 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 4 . PMID 18392218 . Jump up ^ Hippocrates , Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 . Microsoft Corporation . Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding H. ( 1966 ) . History of Medicine . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Company . pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Nuland , Sherwin B. ( 1988 ) . Doctors . Knopf . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55130 - 3 . Bibliography Bowersock , G.W. ( 1985 ) . `` The literature of the Empire '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Bulloch , A.W. ( 1985 ) . `` Hellenistic Poetry '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Handley , E.W. ( 1985 ) . `` Comedy '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Hornblower , Simon ( 2011 ) . The Greek World : 479 -- 323 BC ( 4 ed . ) . Abingdon : Routledge . Kirk , G.S. ( 1985 ) . `` Homer '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . König , Jason ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Roman World '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . Martin , Thomas R. ( 2013 ) . Ancient Greece : From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times ( 2 ed . ) . New Haven : Yale University Press . McGlew , James ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Classical Age of Greece '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . Mori , Anatole ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Hellenistic World '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . Power , Timothy ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Archaic Age '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . Further reading Brock , Roger , and Stephen Hodkinson , eds. 2000 . Alternatives to Athens : Varieties of political organization and community in ancient Greece . Oxford and New York : Oxford Univ . Press . Cartledge , Paul , Edward E. Cohen , and Lin Foxhall. 2002 . Money , labour and land : Approaches to the economies of ancient Greece . London and New York : Routledge . Cohen , Edward . 1992 . Athenian economy and society : A banking perspective . Princeton , NJ : Princeton Univ . Press . Hurwit , Jeffrey . 1987 . The art and culture of early Greece , 1100 -- 480 B.C. Ithaca , NY : Cornell Univ . Press . Kinzl , Konrad , ed. 2006 . A companion to the Classical Greek world . Oxford and Malden , MA : Blackwell . Morris , Ian , ed. 1994 . Classical Greece : Ancient histories and modern archaeologies . Cambridge , UK , and New York : Cambridge Univ . Press . Pomeroy , Sarah , Stanley M. Burstein , Walter Donlan , and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts . 2008 . Ancient Greece : A political , social , and cultural history . 2d ed . New York : Oxford Univ . Press . Rhodes , Peter J. 2006 . A history of the Classical Greek world : 478 -- 323 BC . Blackwell History of the Ancient World . Malden , MA : Blackwell . Whitley , James . 2001 . The archaeology of ancient Greece . Cambridge , UK , and New York : Cambridge Univ . Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greece . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ancient Greece . Library resources about Ancient Greece Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries The Canadian Museum of Civilization -- Greece Secrets of the Past Ancient Greece website from the British Museum Economic history of ancient Greece The Greek currency history Limenoscope , an ancient Greek ports database The Ancient Theatre Archive , Greek and Roman theatre architecture Illustrated Greek History , Dr. Janice Siegel , Department of Classics , Hampden -- Sydney College , Virginia Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - 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Ukwu Ancient Greek and Roman wars Ancient Greece Trojan War First Messenian War Second Messenian War Lelantine War Greek -- Punic Wars ( Sicilian Wars ) Greco - Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League Samian War Peloponnesian War Corinthian War First / Second / Third Sacred War Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Wars of the Diadochi Lamian War Chremonidean War Cleomenean War Social War ( 220 -- 217 BC ) Cretan War Aetolian War War against Nabis Maccabean Revolt Roman Republic Roman -- Latin wars ( First Latin War ( Battle of Lake Regillus ) Second Latin War ) Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First Second Third ) Macedonian Wars ( Illyrian First Macedonian Second Macedonian Seleucid Third Macedonian Fourth Macedonian ) Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Roman Servile Wars ( First Second Third ) Social War ( 90 -- 88 BC ) Sulla 's civil wars ( First Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First Second Third ) Gallic Wars Julius Caesar 's civil war Augustus ' rise to power ( Battle of Mutina Liberators ' civil war Sicilian revolt Perusine War ( Fulvia 's civil war ) Final War of the Roman Republic ) Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Marcomannic Alemannic Gothic Visigothic ) Conquest of Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Four Emperors Jewish wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Wars against Persia Third - century civil wars Decline and fall of the Western Empire Military history Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greece&oldid=856508233 '' Categories : Ancient Greece Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Greek - language text Instances of Lang - el using second unnamed parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the ancient greece start and end	[ "Ancient Greece (Greek: Ελλάς, translit. Ellas) was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era.[1] Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin. This was followed by the period of Classical Greece, an era that began with the Greco-Persian Wars, lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. The Hellenistic period came to an end with the conquests and annexations of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic, which established the Roman province of Macedonia in Roman Greece, and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire.\n" ]	[ "from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600)" ]
698624662874665564	List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders	List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 October 2018 . This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game . This feat has been accomplished 68 times in NBA history . Twenty - five different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Chamberlain holds the single - game scoring record , having scored 100 points in a game in 1962 . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 100 Wilt Chamberlain * March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Kobe Bryant January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Wilt Chamberlain * December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Wilt Chamberlain * January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Wilt Chamberlain * November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 David Thompson * April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Wilt Chamberlain * November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Elgin Baylor * November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 David Robinson * April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Wilt Chamberlain * March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Michael Jordan * March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Wilt Chamberlain * December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Pete Maravich * February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Wilt Chamberlain * March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Wilt Chamberlain * February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Wilt Chamberlain * February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Wilt Chamberlain * January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Wilt Chamberlain * February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Wilt Chamberlain * February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Wilt Chamberlain * February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Wilt Chamberlain * February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Kobe Bryant March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Elgin Baylor * November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Rick Barry * March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Michael Jordan * January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Joe Fulks * February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Elgin Baylor * December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 Jerry West * January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Wilt Chamberlain * December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Wilt Chamberlain * November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 George Gervin * April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Michael Jordan * April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Wilt Chamberlain * November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Wilt Chamberlain * March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 Tracy McGrady * March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Kobe Bryant December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Carmelo Anthony ^ January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 George Mikan * January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Wilt Chamberlain * December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Wilt Chamberlain * February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Wilt Chamberlain * February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Elgin Baylor * April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Wilt Chamberlain * November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Wilt Chamberlain * December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Wilt Chamberlain * December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Michael Jordan * March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Michael Jordan * April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Karl Malone * January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 Shaquille O'Neal * March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Kobe Bryant February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 LeBron James ^ March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Wilt Chamberlain * December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Wilt Chamberlain * December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Wilt Chamberlain * January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 Bernard King * December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Larry Bird * March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 15 16 60 Tom Chambers March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Allen Iverson * February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 5 24 27 60 Gilbert Arenas December 17 , 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Kobe Bryant March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 7 17 18 60 Kobe Bryant April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 60 James Harden ^ January 30 , 2018 16 13 13 18 Houston Rockets Orlando Magic 114 -- 107 46 : 26 19 30 5 14 17 18 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2018 - 19 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) , and free throws made ( 28 ) . Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from an 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half . 2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . New Rockets franchise single - game scoring record , as well as setting the record for highest scoring triple double in league history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Magic vs. Rockets - Box Score - January 30 , 2018 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=865528849 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 13 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	most points by michael jordan in a game	[ "\n\n\nRank\n\nPoints\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\n1st\n\n2nd\n\n3rd\n\n4th\n\nTeam\n\nOpponent\n\nScore\n\nMP\n\nFGM\n\nFGA\n\n3PM\n\n3PA\n\nFTM\n\nFTA\n\nNotes\n\nRef.\n\nScoring by quarter\n\n\n\n1\n\n100\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nMarch 2, 1962\n\n23\n\n18\n\n28\n\n31\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n169–147\n\n48\n\n36\n\n63\n\n—\n\n—\n\n28\n\n32\n\n[A]\n\n[1][2] [3][4][5]\n\n\n2\n\n81\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nJanuary 22, 2006\n\n14\n\n12\n\n27\n\n28\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nToronto Raptors\n\n122–104\n\n41:56\n\n28\n\n46\n\n7\n\n13\n\n18\n\n20\n\n[B]\n\n[6][7][8]\n\n\n3\n\n78\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 8, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n147–151\n\n63\n\n31\n\n62\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n31\n\n[C]\n\n[5]\n\n\n4\n\n73\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nJanuary 13, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nChicago Packers\n\n135–117\n\n48\n\n29\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n25\n\n[D]\n\n[5]\n\n\n73\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nNovember 16, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n127–111\n\n48\n\n29\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n19\n\n[E]\n\n[9]\n\n\n73\n\nDavid Thompson\n\nApril 9, 1978\n\n32\n\n21\n\n9\n\n11\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n137–139\n\n43\n\n28\n\n38\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n20\n\n[F]\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n72\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nNovember 3, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n115–127\n\n—\n\n29\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n14\n\n18\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n8\n\n71\n\nElgin Baylor\n\nNovember 15, 1960\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n123–108\n\n45\n\n28\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n18\n\n[G]\n\n\n\n\n71\n\nDavid Robinson\n\nApril 24, 1994\n\n18\n\n6\n\n19\n\n28\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\n112–97\n\n44\n\n26\n\n41\n\n1\n\n2\n\n18\n\n25\n\n[H]\n\n[10][11]\n\n\n10\n\n70\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nMarch 10, 1963\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nSyracuse Nationals\n\n148–163\n\n48\n\n27\n\n38\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n22\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n70\n\nDevin Booker^\n\nMarch 24, 2017\n\n10\n\n9\n\n23\n\n28\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n120–130\n\n45\n\n21\n\n40\n\n4\n\n11\n\n24\n\n26\n\n[I]\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n69\n\nMichael Jordan\n\nMarch 28, 1990\n\n16\n\n15\n\n20\n\n18\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n117–113\n\n50\n\n23\n\n37\n\n2\n\n6\n\n21\n\n23\n\n[J]\n\n[12][13][14]\n\n\n13\n\n68\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 16, 1967\n\n14\n\n15\n\n15\n\n24\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n143–123\n\n—\n\n30\n\n40\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n\n\n68\n\nPete Maravich\n\nFebruary 25, 1977\n\n17\n\n14\n\n17\n\n20\n\nNew Orleans Jazz\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n124–107\n\n43\n\n26\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nMarch 9, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n135–126\n\n—\n\n27\n\n37\n\n—\n\n—\n\n13\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 17, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n121–128\n\n48\n\n26\n\n44\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n20\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 25, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n135–149\n\n48\n\n25\n\n38\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n22\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nJanuary 11, 1963\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n129–134\n\n—\n\n28\n\n47\n\n—\n\n—\n\n11\n\n17\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n19\n\n66\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 9, 1969\n\n17\n\n17\n\n22\n\n10\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\n134–116\n\n48\n\n29\n\n35\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n18\n\n[K]\n\n\n\n\n20\n\n65\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 13, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n132–152\n\n48\n\n24\n\n40\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n30\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n65\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 27, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n147–137\n\n48\n\n25\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n20\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n65\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 7, 1966\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n132–125\n\n—\n\n28\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n65\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nMarch 16, 2007\n\n4\n\n19\n\n9\n\n24\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n116–111\n\n49:58\n\n23\n\n39\n\n8\n\n12\n\n11\n\n12\n\n[L]\n\n[15]\n\n\n24\n\n64\n\nElgin Baylor\n\nNovember 8, 1959\n\n13\n\n12\n\n17\n\n22\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n136–115\n\n—\n\n25\n\n47\n\n—\n\n—\n\n14\n\n19\n\n[M]\n\n\n\n\n64\n\nRick Barry\n\nMarch 26, 1974\n\n—\n\n—\n\n23\n\n22\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n143–120\n\n43\n\n30\n\n45\n\n—\n\n—\n\n4\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n64\n\nMichael Jordan\n\nJanuary 16, 1993\n\n22\n\n8\n\n11\n\n16\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n124–128\n\n47\n\n27\n\n49\n\n1\n\n5\n\n9\n\n11\n\n[N]\n\n[16]\n\n\n27\n\n63\n\nJoe Fulks\n\nFebruary 10, 1949\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nIndianapolis Jets\n\n108–87\n\n—\n\n27\n\n56\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n14\n\n[O]\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nElgin Baylor\n\nDecember 8, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n151–147\n\n—\n\n23\n\n55\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n24\n\n[P]\n\n[17]\n\n\n63\n\nJerry West\n\nJanuary 17, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n129–121\n\n39\n\n22\n\n36\n\n—\n\n—\n\n19\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 14, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n118–120\n\n—\n\n24\n\n41\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n20\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n63\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nNovember 26, 1964\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n117–128\n\n—\n\n27\n\n58\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nGeorge Gervin\n\nApril 9, 1978\n\n20\n\n33\n\n10\n\nDNP\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\nNew Orleans Jazz\n\n132–153\n\n33\n\n23\n\n49\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n20\n\n[Q]\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nMichael Jordan\n\nApril 20, 1986\n\n17\n\n6\n\n13\n\n18\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n131–135\n\n53\n\n22\n\n41\n\n0\n\n0\n\n19\n\n21\n\n[R]\n\n\n\n\n34\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nJanuary 14, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n136–145\n\n48\n\n27\n\n45\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n10\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nJanuary 17, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n136–130\n\n53\n\n24\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n14\n\n20\n\n[S]\n\n[5]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nJanuary 21, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSyracuse Nationals\n\n139–132\n\n53\n\n25\n\n42\n\n—\n\n—\n\n12\n\n17\n\n[T]\n\n[5]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nJanuary 29, 1963\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n123–103\n\n—\n\n27\n\n44\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n17\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nNovember 15, 1964\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n122–106\n\n—\n\n26\n\n44\n\n—\n\n—\n\n10\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nMarch 3, 1966\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n135–125\n\n—\n\n26\n\n39\n\n—\n\n—\n\n10\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n62\n\nTracy McGrady\n\nMarch 10, 2004\n\n7\n\n21\n\n24\n\n10\n\nOrlando Magic\n\nWashington Wizards\n\n108–99\n\n45:50\n\n20\n\n37\n\n5\n\n14\n\n17\n\n26\n\n\n\n[18]\n\n\n62\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nDecember 20, 2005\n\n15\n\n17\n\n30\n\nDNP\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nDallas Mavericks\n\n112–90\n\n32:53\n\n18\n\n31\n\n4\n\n10\n\n22\n\n25\n\n[U]\n\n[19][20]\n\n\n62\n\nCarmelo Anthony^\n\nJanuary 24, 2014\n\n20\n\n17\n\n19\n\n6\n\nNew York Knicks\n\nCharlotte Bobcats\n\n125–96\n\n38:39\n\n23\n\n35\n\n6\n\n11\n\n10\n\n10\n\n[V]\n\n[21]\n\n\n43\n\n61\n\nGeorge Mikan\n\nJanuary 20, 1952\n\n18\n\n18\n\n—\n\n—\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\nRochester Royals\n\n91–81\n\n—\n\n22\n\n45\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n21\n\n[W]\n\n\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 9, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nChicago Packers\n\n135–113\n\n48\n\n28\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n5\n\n10\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 22, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n139–121\n\n48\n\n21\n\n36\n\n—\n\n—\n\n19\n\n34\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nFebruary 28, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nChicago Packers\n\n128–119\n\n48\n\n24\n\n46\n\n—\n\n—\n\n13\n\n17\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\n\nElgin Baylor\n\nApril 14, 1962\n\n18\n\n15\n\n13\n\n15\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n126–121\n\n—\n\n22\n\n46\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n19\n\n[X]\n\n\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nNovember 21, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n139–143\n\n—\n\n27\n\n52\n\n—\n\n—\n\n7\n\n15\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 11, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nSyracuse Nationals\n\n136–124\n\n—\n\n27\n\n57\n\n—\n\n—\n\n7\n\n11\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 18, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n130–110\n\n—\n\n26\n\n53\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n14\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\n\nMichael Jordan\n\nMarch 4, 1987\n\n14\n\n10\n\n7\n\n26\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n125–120\n\n43\n\n22\n\n39\n\n0\n\n0\n\n17\n\n18\n\n[Y]\n\n[22][23][24]\n\n\n61\n\nMichael Jordan\n\nApril 16, 1987\n\n15\n\n17\n\n16\n\n13\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n114–117\n\n41\n\n22\n\n38\n\n0\n\n3\n\n17\n\n21\n\n[Z]\n\n[25][26][27][28][29]\n\n\n61\n\nKarl Malone\n\nJanuary 27, 1990\n\n17\n\n13\n\n20\n\n11\n\nUtah Jazz\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n144–96\n\n33\n\n21\n\n26\n\n0\n\n0\n\n19\n\n23\n\n\n\n[30]\n\n\n61\n\nShaquille O'Neal\n\nMarch 6, 2000\n\n10\n\n16\n\n16\n\n19\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\n123–103\n\n44:52\n\n24\n\n35\n\n0\n\n0\n\n13\n\n22\n\n[AA]\n\n[31]\n\n\n61\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nFebruary 2, 2009\n\n18\n\n16\n\n12\n\n15\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n126–117\n\n36:48\n\n19\n\n31\n\n3\n\n6\n\n20\n\n20\n\n\n\n[32]\n\n\n61\n\nLeBron James^\n\nMarch 3, 2014\n\n11\n\n13\n\n25\n\n12\n\nMiami Heat\n\nCharlotte Bobcats\n\n124–107\n\n41:12\n\n22\n\n33\n\n8\n\n10\n\n9\n\n12\n\n[AB]\n\n[33][34]\n\n\n57\n\n60\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 1, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n138–117\n\n48\n\n22\n\n47\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n26\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n60\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nDecember 29, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n123–118\n\n48\n\n24\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n12\n\n19\n\n[AC]\n\n[5]\n\n\n60\n\nWilt Chamberlain\n\nJanuary 26, 1969\n\n18\n\n9\n\n10\n\n23\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n126–113\n\n—\n\n22\n\n36\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n24\n\n[AD]\n\n\n\n\n60\n\nBernard King\n\nDecember 25, 1984\n\n21\n\n19\n\n11\n\n9\n\nNew York Knicks\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\n114–120\n\n41\n\n19\n\n30\n\n0\n\n0\n\n22\n\n26\n\n\n\n[35]\n\n\n60\n\nLarry Bird\n\nMarch 12, 1985\n\n12\n\n11\n\n19\n\n18\n\nBoston Celtics\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n126–115\n\n43\n\n22\n\n36\n\n1\n\n4\n\n15\n\n16\n\n[AE]\n\n[36]\n\n\n60\n\nTom Chambers\n\nMarch 24, 1990\n\n14\n\n21\n\n14\n\n11\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n121–95\n\n42\n\n22\n\n32\n\n0\n\n0\n\n16\n\n18\n\n\n\n[37][38][39][40]\n\n\n60\n\nAllen Iverson*\n\nFebruary 12, 2005\n\n17\n\n12\n\n11\n\n20\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n112–99\n\n42:01\n\n17\n\n36\n\n2\n\n5\n\n24\n\n27\n\n\n\n[41][42]\n\n\n60\n\nGilbert Arenas\n\nDecember 17, 2006\n\n12\n\n5\n\n12\n\n15\n\nWashington Wizards\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n147–141\n\n49:00\n\n17\n\n32\n\n5\n\n12\n\n21\n\n27\n\n[AF]\n\n[43]\n\n\n60\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nMarch 22, 2007\n\n13\n\n11\n\n19\n\n17\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nMemphis Grizzlies\n\n121–119\n\n45:11\n\n20\n\n37\n\n3\n\n7\n\n17\n\n18\n\n[AG]\n\n[44]\n\n\n60\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nApril 13, 2016\n\n15\n\n7\n\n15\n\n23\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n101–96\n\n42\n\n22\n\n50\n\n6\n\n21\n\n10\n\n12\n\n[AH]\n\n[45][46]\n\n\n60\n\nKlay Thompson^\n\nDecember 5, 2016\n\n17\n\n23\n\n20\n\nDNP\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\n142–106\n\n29\n\n21\n\n33\n\n8\n\n14\n\n10\n\n11\n\n[AI]\n\n[47]\n\n\n60\n\nJames Harden^\n\nJanuary 30, 2018\n\n16\n\n13\n\n13\n\n18\n\nHouston Rockets\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n114–107\n\n46:26\n\n19\n\n30\n\n5\n\n14\n\n17\n\n18\n\n[AJ]\n\n[48]\n" ]	[ "63" ]
4091496254607221286	Piece of My Heart	Piece of My Heart - wikipedia Piece of My Heart Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Piece of My Heart ( disambiguation ) . `` Piece of My Heart '' Single by Erma Franklin B - side `` Baby , What You Want Me to Do '' Released 1967 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1967 Genre Soul Length 2 : 35 Label Shout Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Ragovoy , Bert Berns Erma Franklin singles chronology `` Big Boss Man '' ( 1967 ) `` Piece of My Heart '' ( 1967 ) `` Open up Your Soul '' ( 1967 ) `` Big Boss Man '' ( 1967 ) `` Piece of My Heart '' ( 1967 ) `` Open up Your Soul '' ( 1967 ) `` Piece of My Heart '' is a romantic funk / soul love song written by Jerry Ragovoy and Bert Berns , originally recorded by Erma Franklin in 1967 . The song came to greater mainstream attention when Big Brother and the Holding Company ( featuring Janis Joplin on lead vocals ) covered the song in 1968 and had a much bigger hit with it . The song has since been remade by several singers , including Dusty Springfield on her 1968 album Dusty ... Definitely , Bryan Ferry on his solo debut album These Foolish Things in 1973 , Faith Hill in 1994 and Melissa Etheridge in 2005 . In 2004 , the Big Brother and the Holding Company version was ranked number 353 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song is also included among The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Erma Franklin 's original recording : 1967 2 Big Brother and the Holding Company version : 1968 3 Faith Hill version : 1994 4 Melissa Etheridge / Joss Stone version : 2005 5 Beverley Knight version : 2006 5.1 Personnel 6 Other versions of cultural significance 7 References 8 External links Erma Franklin 's original recording : 1967 ( edit ) The original version of `` Piece of My Heart '' was recorded by Aretha Franklin 's older sister Erma in 1967 for producer Bert Berns ' Shout label with the same song on both sides of the 7 '' vinyl single . The song reached number 10 on the R&B charts in the US , and also peaked at number sixty - two on the U.S. Pop Singles chart . Bert Berns wanted Van Morrison , who he was producing at the time , to record the song , but Morrison decIined , wanting to do his own material instead . In the UK , the single was re-released in 1992 , due to a successful Levi 's jeans commercial ( `` Cinderella '' AKA `` Night and Day '' directed by Tarsem Singh ) , when it peaked in the UK Singles Chart at number nine . Big Brother and the Holding Company version : 1968 ( edit ) `` Piece of My Heart '' Cover of the 1968 Dutch single Single by Big Brother and the Holding Company from the album Cheap Thrills B - side `` Turtle Blues '' Released August 1968 ( 1968 - 08 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded March 2 -- May 20 , 1968 Genre Psychedelic rock blues rock Length 4 : 15 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Ragovoy Bert Berns Producer ( s ) John Simon The song became a bigger pop hit when recorded by Big Brother and the Holding Company in 1968 with lead singer Janis Joplin . The song was taken from the group 's album Cheap Thrills , recorded in 1968 and released on Columbia Records . This 2 minutes 43 seconds rendition made it to number twelve on the U.S. pop chart . The album release was the culmination of a hugely successful year for Joplin with acclaimed performances at the Monterey Pop Festival , Anderson Theater in New York , Wake For Martin Luther King Jr. ( with Jimi Hendrix ) in New York and on TV 's prime - time The Dick Cavett Show . The song 's instrumentation was arranged by Sam Andrew , who also performed three distorted , loud guitar solos giving the song a psychedelic touch . The B - side was `` Summertime '' . Another version had the B - side `` Turtle Blues '' . Franklin said in an interview that when she first heard Joplin 's version on the radio , she did n't recognize it because of the vocal arrangement . Noted cultural writer Ellen Willis wrote of the difference : `` When Franklin sings it , it is a challenge : no matter what you do to me , I will not let you destroy my ability to be human , to love . Joplin seems rather to be saying , surely if I keep taking this , if I keep setting an example of love and forgiveness , surely he has to understand , change , give me back what I have given '' . In such a way , Joplin used blues conventions not to transcend pain , but `` to scream it out of existence '' . Until her death in 1970 , `` Piece of My Heart '' was Joplin 's biggest chart success and best - known song . ( `` Me and Bobby McGee '' , which Kris Kristofferson wrote , eclipsed `` Piece of My Heart '' when it appeared after her death in 1970 . It went to # 1 in 1971 ) . `` Piece of My Heart '' remains most associated with Joplin and continued to get airplay long after her death . Berns never got to hear Joplin 's Version , dying of a heart attack on December 30 , 1967 . Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Faith Hill version : 1994 ( edit ) `` Piece of My Heart '' Single by Faith Hill from the album Take Me as I Am B - side `` I Would Be Stronger Than That '' Released January 13 , 1994 Format CD single Recorded Genre Country Length 4 : 01 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Ragovoy , Bert Berns Producer ( s ) Gary Burr Faith Hill singles chronology `` Wild One '' ( 1993 ) `` Piece of My Heart '' ( 1994 ) `` But I Will '' ( 1994 ) `` Wild One '' ( 1993 ) `` Piece of My Heart '' ( 1994 ) `` But I Will '' ( 1994 ) Country artist Faith Hill included the song on her debut album , Take Me as I Am ( 1993 ) . It was a number one hit for her in 1994 . Hill 's version took on a more passive tone coupled with traditional country instrumentation . Prior to recording the track , Hill had never heard Janis Joplin 's rendition . Hill 's producers refused to allow her to listen to the Joplin version until she had completed her own recording . Hill re-recorded the track for the soundtrack to the TV series King of the Hill , released in 1998 . This edgier version can also be found on the 1998 international pressing of her third album , Faith ( re-titled `` Love Will Always Win '' outside the U.S. ) and 2001 international greatest hits album There You 'll Be . Her original version was included in her 2007 greatest hits album The Hits . Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 15 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 13 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Melissa Etheridge / Joss Stone version : 2005 ( edit ) A live medley of this song with Janis Joplin and the Full Tilt Boogie Band 's 1971 song `` Cry Baby '' became a hit duet for American rock singer Melissa Etheridge and English soul singer Joss Stone when it was released to iTunes Store after they performed it at the 47th Grammy Awards on February 13 , 2005 , in tribute to Joplin . She had previously sung it at Woodstock ' 94 as part of a four - song medley of Joplin tunes . Etheridge 's medley with Joss Stone made number 32 in the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot Digital Tracks in April 2005 . The performance also signaled Etheridge 's first public return from her battle with breast cancer ; appearing with her head bald from the effects of chemotherapy . Etheridge also recorded a solo version of `` Piece of My Heart '' on her 2005 greatest hits album Greatest Hits : The Road Less Traveled . `` Piece of My Heart '' CD single cover Single by Beverley Knight from the album Voice - The Best of Beverley Knight Released March 13 , 2006 Format CD single , DVD single , 12 '' single , digital download Recorded Genre R&B , soul Length 4 : 17 ( album version ) 3 : 36 ( radio edit ) Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Ragovoy , Bert Berns Producer ( s ) Jimmy Hogarth Beverley Knight singles chronology `` Keep This Fire Burning '' ( 2005 ) `` Piece of My Heart '' ( 2006 ) `` No Man 's Land '' ( 2007 ) `` Keep This Fire Burning '' ( 2005 ) `` Piece of My Heart '' ( 2006 ) `` No Man 's Land '' ( 2007 ) Beverley Knight version : 2006 ( edit ) On her 2005 Affirmation Tour , English soul singer Beverley Knight performed the song with Ronnie Wood , which encouraged her to make a studio recording of the song . `` Piece of My Heart '' was the lead single from her 2006 best - of compilation Voice - The Best of Beverley Knight . It peaked inside the top ten of the UK radio airplay chart . The physical single was released on March 13 , 2006 . Due to a change in the UK chart rules which allowed singles to chart purely on downloads a week before their physical release , `` Piece of My Heart '' entered the UK chart at number ninety - three , becoming one of the first singles to do so . It ranked at number sixteen after its physical commercial release . It was her first single to be released as a DVD . It is her longest - running single to date on the UK Singles Chart , spending eleven weeks inside the top seventy - five . It was her thirteenth top forty entry and her seventh top twenty hit on the UK Singles Chart . Personnel ( edit ) Written by Bert Berns and Jerry Ragovoy Produced by Jimmy Hogarth Engineered by Pom ( Pierre - Olivier Magerand ) Mixed by Phillip Bodger Lead vocals by Beverley Knight Backing vocals by Bryan Chambers , Billie Godfrey , Louise Marshall Wurlitzer & Hammond organ by Martin Slatterty Bass by Sam Dixon Drums by Jeremy Stacey Guitars & percussion by Jimmy Hogarth Other versions of cultural significance ( edit ) The song appeared on Home , the debut album of Delaney & Bonnie , released in 1969 . It was also released by Sammy Hagar . In 1997 , Shaggy recorded a version . Norway 's Liv Marit Wedvik , released her rendition on Showtime Records ( 2004 ) . In January 2009 , Daryl Hall included a version by Company of Thieves with Genevieve on vocals and chair dancing , on Live from Daryl 's House . CeeLo Green once sang the song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Erma Franklin - Piece Of My Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel , The Billboard Book of TOP 40 R&B and Hip Hop Hits , Billboard Books , New York 2006 Jump up ^ `` Erma Franklin - ( Take A Little ) Piece Of My Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Janis and Tupac Show '' . Hits . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Talevski ( April 7 , 2010 ) . Rock Obituaries - Knocking on Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 117 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 - The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ 1945 - , Dalton , David , ( 1991 ) . Piece of my heart : a portrait of Janis Joplin . New York , N.Y. : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0306804468 . OCLC 23868679 . Jump up ^ `` Erma Franklin '' . Bluesmusicnow.com . June 28 , 1990 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , `` Janis Joplin '' . Random House , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Piece Of My Heart by Big Brother & the Holding Company Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Janis Joplin -- Piece of My Heart '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Faith Hill . `` Piece of My Heart - Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2461 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . May 2 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faith Hill Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Faith Hill Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . December 12 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1994 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Piece Of My Heart by Big Brother & the Holding Company Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Melissa Etheridge Talks About Breast Cancer - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beverley Knight - Piece Of My Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Delaney & Bonnie - Home '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Hagar - Piece Of My Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy featuring Marsha ( 3 ) - Piece Of My Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Liv Marit Wedvik - Whatever You Say '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Company of Thieves Piece of My Heart Live from Daryl 's House '' . YouTube . 2012 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Christopher Merino ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Cee Lo Green `` Piece Of My Heart '' Cover ( Parenthood Show ) `` . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` If the Good Die Young '' by Tracy Lawrence Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single ( Faith Hill version ) April 30 , 1994 Succeeded by `` A Good Run of Bad Luck '' by Clint Black RPM Country Tracks number - one single May 2 , 1994 Janis Joplin Studio albums Big Brother & the Holding Company ( 1967 ) Cheap Thrills ( 1968 ) I Got Dem Ol ' Kozmic Blues Again Mama ! ( 1969 ) Pearl ( 1971 ) Live albums In Concert ( 1972 ) Live at Winterland ' 68 ( 1998 ) The Woodstock Experience ( 2009 ) Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968 ( 2012 ) Compilations Janis Joplin 's Greatest Hits ( 1973 ) Janis ( 1975 ) Wicked Woman ( 1976 ) Farewell Song ( 1982 ) Janis ( 1993 ) This Is Janis Joplin ( 1995 ) 18 Essential Songs ( 1995 ) Love , Janis ( 2001 ) The Lost Tapes ( 2008 ) Move Over ! ( 2011 ) Blow All My Blues Away ( 2012 ) Songs `` Ball and Chain '' `` Careless Love '' `` Cry Baby '' `` Down on Me '' `` Flower in the Sun '' `` Hesitation Blues '' `` Kozmic Blues '' `` Mary Jane '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` Mercedes Benz '' `` Move Over '' `` Nobody Knows You When You 're Down and Out '' `` Piece of My Heart '' `` See See Rider '' `` Silver Threads and Golden Needles '' `` Summertime '' `` Tell Mama '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Trouble in Mind '' `` What Good Can Drinkin ' Do '' `` Work Me , Lord '' Related Big Brother and the Holding Company Full Tilt Boogie Band Janis ( 1974 documentary ) Love , Janis ( 2001 musical ) Nine Hundred Nights ( 2001 documentary ) Janis : Little Girl Blue ( 2015 documentary ) Sam Andrew Jorma Kaukonen Gabriel Mekler Michael Monarch Book Bonnie Tyler Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The World Starts Tonight Natural Force Diamond Cut Goodbye to the Island Faster Than the Speed of Night Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire Hide Your Heart Bitterblue Angel Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit All in One Voice Heart Strings Simply Believe Wings Rocks and Honey Extended plays Bonnie Tyler Live albums Bonnie Tyler Live Live in Germany 1993 Compilations The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler The Greatest Hits Heaven & Hell ( with Meat Loaf ) Here Am I The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 1 The Best Gold The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 2 Comeback : Single Collection ' 90 -- ' 94 The Definitive Collection Straight from the Heart -- The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler Greatest Hits Total Eclipse Anthology From the Heart : Greatest Hits Best of 3 CD All the Hits The Collection DVDs Bonnie on Tour Live in Germany 1993 Concert tours Hide Your Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit Heart Strings South Africa Tour 2013 Greatest Hits Tour Principal collaborators Ronnie Scott Jim Steinman Desmond Child Dieter Bohlen Giorgio Moroder Television Never Mind the Buzzcocks Hollyoaks Later Eurovision Song Contest Related articles 26th Annual Grammy Awards 27th Annual Grammy Awards United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Book : Bonnie Tyler Melissa Etheridge Albums Melissa Etheridge Brave and Crazy Never Enough Yes I Am Your Little Secret Breakdown Skin Lucky The Awakening Fearless Love 4th Street Feeling This Is M.E. Compilations Greatest Hits : The Road Less Traveled Other albums A New Thought For Christmas Notable singles `` Bring Me Some Water '' `` Like the Way I Do '' `` No Souvenirs '' `` I 'm the Only One '' `` Come to My Window '' `` If I Wanted To '' `` Your Little Secret '' `` I Want to Come Over '' `` Angels Would Fall '' `` Scarecrow '' `` I Need to Wake Up '' `` Message to Myself '' `` Fearless Love '' Featured singles `` Cry Baby '' / `` Piece of My Heart '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Sing '' Related articles Discography Julie Cypher Tammy Lynn Michaels Linda Wallem Faith Hill singles Discography Take Me as I Am `` Wild One '' `` Piece of My Heart '' `` But I Will '' `` Take Me as I Am '' It Matters to Me `` Let 's Go to Vegas '' `` It Matters to Me '' `` Someone Else 's Dream '' `` You Ca n't Lose Me '' `` I Ca n't Do That Anymore '' Faith `` This Kiss '' `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` Let Me Let Go '' `` Love Ai n't Like That '' `` The Secret of Life '' Breathe `` Breathe '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Let 's Make Love '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` If My Heart Had Wings '' Cry `` Cry '' `` When the Lights Go Down '' `` You 're Still Here '' Fireflies `` Mississippi Girl '' `` Like We Never Loved at All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` The Lucky One '' `` Sunshine and Summertime '' `` Stealing Kisses '' The Hits `` Lost '' `` Red Umbrella '' Joy to the World `` A Baby Changes Everything '' The Rest of Our Life ( with Tim McGraw ) `` Speak to a Girl '' `` The Rest of Our Life '' Collaborations `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` I Need You '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` Sing '' ( with Annie Lennox ) `` Meanwhile Back at Mama 's '' ( with Tim McGraw ) Other singles `` There You 'll Be '' `` Where Are You , Christmas ? '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Come Home '' `` American Heart '' Beverley Knight Studio albums The B - Funk Prodigal Sista Who I Am Affirmation Music City Soul 100 % Soul UK Soulsville Compilation albums Voice -- The Best of Beverley Knight The Collection 100 % -- The Remixes Soul UK -- The Remixes The Collection 1995 -- 2007 Extended plays Love Soul : Soul UK Live EP Singles `` Flavour of the Old School '' `` Down for the One '' `` Moving On Up ( on the Right Side ) '' `` Mutual Feeling '' `` Cast All Your Cares '' `` Made It Back '' `` Rewind ( Find a Way ) '' `` Greatest Day '' `` Sista Sista '' `` Get Up ! '' `` Shoulda Woulda Coulda '' `` Gold '' `` Shape Of You ( Reshaped ) '' `` Come As You Are '' `` Not Too Late for Love '' `` Keep This Fire Burning '' `` Piece of My Heart '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` After You '' `` The Queen of Starting Over '' `` Every Step '' `` Beautiful Night '' `` In Your Shoes '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Mama Used to Say '' `` Cuddly Toy '' `` One More Try '' `` Round and Around '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Middle of Love '' `` Private Number '' `` I Ca n't Stand the Rain '' Studio albums with Leading Ladies Songs from the Stage Singles with Leading Ladies One Night Only I 'm Every Woman / Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas Related articles Discography Who I Am Tour Affirmation Tour Voice - The Best of Tour Ultimate Tour 2006 Music City Soul Tour 100 % Tour Soul UK Tour Soulsville Tour I Love Soulsville Tour Joss Stone Discography Studio albums The Soul Sessions Mind Body & Soul Introducing Joss Stone Colour Me Free ! LP1 The Soul Sessions Vol. 2 Water for Your Soul Compilation albums The Best of Joss Stone 2003 -- 2009 Video albums Mind Body & Soul Sessions : Live in New York City Other albums SuperHeavy Singles `` Fell in Love with a Boy '' `` Super Duper Love '' `` You Had Me '' `` Right to Be Wrong '' `` Spoiled '' `` Cry Baby / Piece of My Heart '' `` Do n't Cha Wanna Ride '' `` Tell Me ' bout It '' `` Tell Me What We 're Gonna Do Now '' `` L-O-V-E '' `` Baby Baby Baby '' `` Free Me '' `` While You 're Out Looking for Sugar '' `` Pillow Talk '' `` Teardrops '' `` No Man 's Land ( Green Fields of France ) '' Featured singles `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Sing '' `` I Put a Spell on You `` The Best Thing About Me Is You '' Other songs `` Stalemate '' Related articles Tours SuperHeavy Stone 'd Records Etta James Studio albums At Last ! The Second Time Around Etta James Etta James Sings for Lovers Etta James Top Ten The Queen of Soul Call My Name Tell Mama Etta James Sings Funk Losers Weepers Etta James Come a Little Closer Etta Is Betta Than Evvah ! Deep in the Night Changes Seven Year Itch Stickin ' to My Guns The Right Time Mystery Lady : Songs of Billie Holiday Time After Time Love 's Been Rough on Me Life , Love & the Blues 12 Songs of Christmas Heart of a Woman Matriarch of the Blues Blue Gardenia Let 's Roll Blues to the Bone All the Way The Dreamer Live albums Etta James Rocks the House Red - Hot & Live Jazzvisions : Jump The Blues Away Burnin ' Down the House : Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums My Greatest Songs Miss Etta James : The Complete Modern and Kent Recordings Gold Singles `` The Wallflower ( Dance with Me , Henry ) '' `` Spoonful '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Trust in Me '' `` Seven Day Fool '' `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Baby What You Want Me to Do '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Almost Persuaded '' `` Sound of Love '' `` Piece of My Heart '' `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' Related articles Etta James discography Book : Etta James Big Brother and the Holding Company Peter Albin Dave Getz Ben Nieves Cathy Richardson Sam Andrew James Gurley Chuck Jones Janis Joplin Nick Gravenites Kathi McDonald Dave Schallock Mike Finnigan Tom Finch Studio albums Big Brother and the Holding Company Cheap Thrills Be a Brother How Hard It Is Ca n't Go Home Again Live / compilation albums In Concert Cheaper Thrills Live at Winterland ' 68 The Lost Tapes Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968 Singles `` Piece of My Heart '' Related Nine Hundred Nights ( documentary ) Monterey Pop Festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piece_of_My_Heart&oldid=822985384 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1967 singles 1968 singles 1982 singles 1994 singles 2005 singles 2006 singles Beverley Knight songs Bonnie Tyler songs Erma Franklin songs Etta James songs Faith Hill songs Jenny Morris ( musician ) songs Janis Joplin songs Joss Stone songs Melissa Etheridge songs Songs written by Bert Berns Songs written by Jerry Ragovoy Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks Song recordings produced by John Simon ( record producer ) Music videos directed by Deaton - Flanigen Productions Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Columbia Records singles Parlophone singles Shout Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Country ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Soul ballads Vocal duets Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Ελληνικά Español Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote take another little piece of my heart	[ "\"Piece of My Heart\" is a romantic funk/soul love song written by Jerry Ragovoy and Bert Berns, originally recorded by Erma Franklin in 1967.", "\"Piece of My Heart\" is a romantic funk/soul love song written by Jerry Ragovoy and Bert Berns, originally recorded by Erma Franklin in 1967." ]	[ "Jerry Ragovoy", "Bert Berns" ]
-7135581401397123801	Parthenon (Nashville)	Parthenon ( Nashville ) - wikipedia Parthenon ( Nashville ) Jump to : navigation , search The Parthenon U.S. National Register of Historic Places The Parthenon in Nashville 's Centennial Park is a full - scale copy of the original Parthenon in Athens . Show map of Tennessee Show map of the US Show all Location Nashville , Tennessee Coordinates 36 ° 8 ′ 59 '' N 86 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 36.14972 ° N 86.81333 ° W / 36.14972 ; - 86.81333 Coordinates : 36 ° 8 ′ 59 '' N 86 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 36.14972 ° N 86.81333 ° W / 36.14972 ; - 86.81333 Built 1897 ( original structure ) 1925 -- 1931 ( permanent version ) Architect William Crawford Smith Architectural style Neoclassical NRHP reference # 72001236 Added to NRHP February 23 , 1972 Confederate veteran William Crawford Smith , who designed the Parthenon . The Parthenon in Centennial Park , Nashville , Tennessee is a full - scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens . It was designed by Confederate veteran William Crawford Smith and built in 1897 as part of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition . Today the Parthenon , which functions as an art museum , stands as the centerpiece of Centennial Park , a large public park just west of downtown Nashville . Alan LeQuire 's 1990 re-creation of the Athena Parthenos statue is the focus of the Parthenon just as it was in ancient Greece . The statue of Athena Parthenos within is a reconstruction of the long - lost original to careful scholarly standards : she is cuirassed and helmeted , carries a shield on her left arm and a small 6 - foot - high ( 1.8 m ) statue of Nike ( Victory ) in her right palm , and stands 42 feet ( 13 m ) high , gilt with more than 8 pounds ( 3.6 kg ) of gold leaf ; an equally colossal serpent rears its head between her and her shield . Since the building is complete and its decorations were polychromed ( painted in colors ) as close to the presumed original as possible , this replica of the original Parthenon in Athens serves as a monument to what is considered the pinnacle of classical architecture . The plaster replicas of the Parthenon Marbles found in the naos ( the east room of the main hall ) are direct casts of the original sculptures which adorned the pediments of the Athenian Parthenon , dating back to 438 BC . The surviving originals are housed in the British Museum in London and at the Acropolis Museum in Athens . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Gallery 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The reproduction Athena Parthenos statue Nashville 's moniker , the `` Athens of the South '' , influenced the choice of the building as the centerpiece of the 1897 Centennial Exposition . A number of buildings at the Exposition were based on ancient originals , however the Parthenon was the only one that was an exact reproduction . It was also the only one that was preserved by the city , although the Knights of Pythias Pavilion building was purchased and moved to nearby Franklin , Tennessee . Major Eugene Castner Lewis was the director of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition and it was at his suggestion that a reproduction of the Parthenon be built in Nashville to serve as the centerpiece of Tennessee 's Centennial Celebration . Lewis also served as the chief civil engineer for the Nashville , Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad . Originally built of plaster , wood , and brick , the Parthenon was not intended to be permanent , but the cost of demolishing the structure combined with its popularity with residents and visitors alike resulted in it being left standing after the Exposition . In 1895 George Julian Zolnay was `` employed to make models for the ornamentation '' for the building . Within the next 20 years , weather had defaced the landmark ; it was then rebuilt on the same foundations , in concrete , in a project that started in 1920 ; the exterior was completed in 1925 and the interior in 1931 . Some of the most elaborate events that occurred at the Parthenon were the Spring Pageants of 1913 and 1914 . These extravaganzas were theatrical productions on a massive scale . With casts of up to 500 , the Pageants brought in audiences from surroundings states and rail prices were lowered to encourage attendance . The entire city of Nashville reveled in the opportunity to celebrate the `` Athens of the South . '' The 1913 performance was entitled The Fire Regained , a play written by Sidney Mttron Hirsch , and featured a mythological storyline enhanced by theatrical spectacle popular in that era . The 1914 production , `` The Mystery at Thanatos , '' had a similarly mythological plot , but was shorter and better received . A copy of the script is on file at the Nashville Public Library . The most impressive thing about these Pageants was the incredible use of visual spectacle . Both shows featured impressive displays ranging from chariot races to huge dance numbers to thousands of live birds to set pieces that shot flames , all set against the backdrop of the majestic Nashville Parthenon . As an art museum , the Parthenon 's permanent collection is a group of 63 paintings by 19th - and 20th - century American artists donated by James M. Cowan . Additional gallery spaces provide a venue for a variety of temporary shows and exhibits . In the summertime , local theatre productions use the building as a backdrop for classic Greek plays such as Euripides ' Medea and Sophocles ' Antigone , performing ( usually for free ) on the steps of the Parthenon . Other performances , such as Mary Zimmerman 's Metamorphoses , have been done inside , at the foot of Athena 's statue . It contains a replica , completed in 1990 , of the Athena Parthenos statue which was in the original Parthenon in Athens . The Parthenon got a full makeover in 2002 with a much needed cleaning and restoration to the exterior . The exterior lighting was upgraded to allow the columns of the building to be illuminated with different colors than the facade , allowing a uniquely versatile display of effects for events . In popular Culture ( edit ) The Parthenon served as the location for the political rally in the climactic scene of Robert Altman 's 1975 film Nashville . It was also used as a backdrop for the battle against the Hydra in the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief . It features in the title and lyrics of the song Nashville Parthenon from the album Etiquette , by Casiotone for the Painfully Alone . It was used in the 2000 PBS series Greeks : Crucible of Civilization . A poem titled `` Ganymede '' in Heather Ross Miller 's Celestial Navigator : Writing Poems with Randall Jarrell features the Parthenon . The structure also figures in the climax of the Hector Lassiter novel , `` Three Chords & The Truth , '' by Craig McDonald . Gallery ( edit ) Statue of Athena Statues The center of the statues View from the corner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee ( TN ) , Davidson County '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christopher K. ( Fall 1990 ) . `` From Monument to Museum : The Role of the Parthenon in the Culture of the New South '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . 49 ( 3 ) : 140 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Valor 's Reward Paid His Memory . Tablet Unveiled to the Memory of Col. C.W. Smith . On Walls of the Parthenon . Rare Tribute Paid the Name of Soldier - Architect . Tully Brown and Lieut . Caruthers Deliver Addresses of Occasion Before Several Hundred People , Among Whom Were Comrades of Two Wars '' . The Nashville American . Nashville , Tennessee . July 6 , 1903 . pp. 5 ; 7 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Creighton , Wilbur F. , ' ' The Parthenon In Nashville : Athens of the South , From a personal viewpoint ' ' , JM Press , Brentwood TN , 1989 , revised edition 1991 Jump up ^ Creighton , Wilbur F. , ' ' The Parthenon In Nashville : From a personal viewpoint ' ' , 1968 , self published p. 21 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Timeline at the Parthenon '' . Metro Parks and Recreation Department , Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County , Tennessee . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John Lincoln ( 1965 ) . The Burden of Time : The Fugitives and Agrarians . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 3 -- 34 . OCLC 859825119 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nashville Parthenon . Nashville Parthenon website 1909 Panoramic photograph of the Nashville Parthenon from the Library of Congress ( hide ) Nashville landmarks Existing AT&T Building Belmont Mansion Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park Bluebird Café Bridgestone Arena Centennial Park Cheekwood Country Music Hall of Fame First Tennessee Park Fort Nashborough Fort Negley Frist Center for the Visual Arts Gaylord Opryland Resort Grand Ole Opry Greer Stadium The Hermitage Life & Casualty Tower Memorial Gymnasium Music City Center Nashville City Cemetery Nashville International Airport Nashville Zoo at Grassmere Nissan Stadium Parthenon Ryman Auditorium Schermerhorn Symphony Center John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge Tennessee Performing Arts Center Tennessee State Capitol Tennessee State Museum Tennessee Tower Union Station Vanderbilt Stadium Former Opryland USA Starwood Amphitheatre Sulphur Dell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parthenon_(Nashville)&oldid=815281745 '' Categories : Museums in Nashville , Tennessee Art museums in Tennessee Buildings and structures in Nashville , Tennessee Buildings and structures completed in 1925 Greek Revival architecture in Tennessee Replica buildings World 's fair architecture in Tennessee Museums of Ancient Greece Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition Temples of Athena National Register of Historic Places in Nashville , Tennessee Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the parthenon in nashville tennessee built	[ "The Parthenon in Centennial Park, Nashville, Tennessee is a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. It was designed by Confederate veteran William Crawford Smith and built in 1897 as part of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition." ]	[ "1897" ]
-3700178625965666837	BIG3	BIG3 - wikipedia BIG3 For other uses , see Big Three ( disambiguation ) . BIG3 BIG3 official logo Sport Basketball Founded January 11 , 2017 ; 21 months ago ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) Founder Ice Cube Jeff Kwatinetz Inaugural season 2017 Commissioner Clyde Drexler No. of teams 8 Country United States Headquarters Los Angeles , California Venue ( s ) 10 Continent FIBA Americas ( Americas ) Most recent champion ( s ) Power ( 1st title ) Most titles Power ( 1 title ) Trilogy ( 1 title ) TV partner ( s ) Fox , FS1 Official website BIG3.com BIG3 is a 3 - on - 3 basketball league , featuring mostly retired National Basketball Association ( NBA ) players . The league was created by rapper / actor Ice Cube and entertainment executive Jeff Kwatinetz . Contents 1 History 2 Rules 3 Current teams 4 Draft 4.1 2018 draft 4.2 Player selections 5 Most recent season recap 5.1 2018 BIG3 season 6 Awards 6.1 Champions 6.2 Most Valuable Player 6.3 Coach of the Year 6.4 Captain of the Year 7 Broadcasting 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) On January 11 , 2017 , Ice Cube and Jeff Kwatinetz announced their new 3 - on - 3 basketball league at the Sheraton Times Square Hotel , in New York City . After the conclusion of the inaugural season , awards were voted on by the players . The MVP was won by 3 Headed Monsters forward Rashard Lewis after he averaged 21.3 points per game . Trilogy 's undefeated season led to several awards for members of the team including DPOY won by James White and Coach of the Year awarded to Rick Mahorn . Adidas and the BIG3 league announced on April 3 , 2018 , that they agreed upon a three - year deal for Adidas to provide uniforms , apparel , and fan merchandise including tees , hoodies , and hats for The BIG3 League . Rules ( edit ) The rules of BIG3 differ considerably from FIBA - sanctioned 3 - on - 3 ( branded as 3x3 ) games . They are as follows : Like FIBA - sanctioned 3x3 , games are played on a half - court . Standard two - and three - point shots apply ; the three - point line is the same distance as in the NBA . ( 3x3 uses the FIBA arc , with shots from outside the arc worth 2 points and all others worth 1 . ) Unique to BIG3 are three `` four - point zones '' on a circle 30 feet away from the basket . One is on the midline of the court ; the other two are 40 degrees away from the midline . To score four points , a player 's foot must be touching any part of a circle . Instead of a jump ball to start the game , the `` home '' team inbounds first . The home team is determined by a do - or - die 4 - point shootout . Compare with 3x3 , in which the first possession is determined by a pregame coin toss , with the winner choosing whether to take possession at the start of a game or the start of a potential overtime . The shot clock runs 14 seconds , as opposed to 12 in 3x3 . Additional free throw is taken if a player is fouled while making a shot . A shooting foul awards one free throw , worth the same number of points as the fouled shot . Two - point shots are taken from the free throw line , three - point shots from the three - point line , four - point shots from the midline four - point circle . The free throw is awarded whether or not the fouled shot hits the basket . 3x3 follows standard FIBA rules for free throws after shooting fouls , with the exception of bonus situations ( see next item ) . Normally , if the basket attempt was made , one free throw is awarded , and if the basket attempt was missed , a number of free throws equal to the value of the shot attempt is awarded . Additionally , all free throws in 3x3 are worth 1 point , as they are in standard full - court basketball . Similar to 3x3 , fouls are ascribed to the team ; players can not foul out . However , the bonus free throw rules differ between the two rule sets . In BIG3 , after the fifth team foul in each half , opponents are guaranteed two one - point free throws and possession of the ball . Teams do not enter the bonus in 3x3 until the 7th team foul in a game , at which point the non-fouling team receives two free throws , but not possession . Only on the 10th team foul does the non-fouling team receive two free throws and possession . Under FIBA 3x3 rules , the normal rules for free throws on shooting fouls are specifically superseded by the bonus rules . A team 's first technical foul results in one two - point free throw and possession . Additional technical fouls , as well as all flagrant fouls , result in two two - point free throws and possession . In 3x3 , fouls classified as `` technical '' result in one ( 1 - point ) free throw and possession during open play , and `` unsportsmanlike '' fouls ( essentially the same as `` flagrant '' fouls in BIG3 ) result in two free throws and possession . To win , a team must score 50 or more points and lead by at least two points . This also means that overtime is not used in BIG3 . In 3x3 , the game ends by rule after 10 minutes of play , or if a team reaches at least 21 points , with no required victory margin . If the teams are tied , 3x3 uses an untimed overtime with the shot clock enforced , and the first team that scores 2 points in the overtime wins . Halftime happens after one team reaches 25 points . 3x3 has only a single period of 10 minutes . Each team receives two timeouts -- a 60 - second and a 30 - second -- per half . Unused timeouts do not carry over . 3x3 allows only one timeout per team . Substitutions can be made on a dead ball or by calling a timeout . After a score , a referee must touch the ball . After giving the defense 3 seconds to set , the opposing team must take the ball beyond the top out - of - bounds line . Player has 5 seconds to return the ball inbounds . In 3x3 , a referee is not required to be involved in a change of possession after the score . Instead , the non-scoring team takes possession of the ball directly under the basket , and at that point is free to dribble or pass the ball , but no shot is legal until the ball has been cleared beyond the arc . Defensive rebounds must be cleared if the ball touched the rim . If the ball did not touch the rim , defensive rebounds do not need to be cleared . In 3x3 , all defensive rebounds must be cleared . Steals do not have to be cleared , unlike in 3x3 . The ball is cleared when the player with the ball establishes both feet behind the 3 - point line . The ball can be cleared by dribbling or passing . This rule is identical to 3x3 . A defensive rebounder who makes a direct pass that clears the ball must clear the lane and re-establish himself before his team 's shot or pass hits the rim . If , following a defensive rebound after the ball touches the rim , the rebounding team shoots or passes before clearing the ball and the ball hits the rim , it results in a turnover . This rule is identical to 3x3 , and in that variant also extends to all changes of possession . Once a team has cleared the ball and establishes itself on offense , the normal `` 3 seconds in the key '' rule applies . There is no defensive `` 3 - second '' rule , unlike in 3x3 . Instant replay applies and can be used to determine 3 and 4 - point shots , out - of - bounds , flagrant fouls , goaltending , basket interference and clearance . All defensive strategies are allowed , including hand - checking , which is banned in the NBA . The ball used in BIG3 is the size 7 ball used in the men 's full - court game ( standard circumference 29.5 in / 75 cm , standard weight 22 oz / 620 g ) . All adult 3x3 competitions , whether for men , women , or mixed teams , use a ball unique to that game . The weight is the same as that of a size 7 ball , but the circumference is that of the size 6 ball ( 28.5 in / 72 cm ) used in the women 's full - court game . Current teams ( edit ) Team Coach Players 3 's Company Michael Cooper DerMarr Johnson ( captain ) Baron Davis ( co-captain ) Drew Gooden ( co-captain ) Andre Emmett Jason Maxiell Dahntay Jones Keith Bogans 3 Headed Monsters Gary Payton Rashard Lewis ( captain ) Reggie Evans ( co-captain ) Mahmoud Abdul - Rauf ( co-captain ) Jamario Moon Kwame Brown Salim Stoudamire Qyntel Woods Ball Hogs Rick Barry Brian Scalabrine ( captain ) Josh Childress ( co-captain ) DeShawn Stevenson ( co-captain ) Andre Owens Corsley Edwards Jermaine Taylor Ghost Ballers George Gervin Mike Bibby ( captain ) Ricky Davis ( co-captain ) Carlos Boozer ( co-captain ) Lee Nailon Marcus Banks Mario West Ivan Johnson Killer 3 's Charles Oakley Chauncey Billups ( captain ) Stephen Jackson ( co-captain ) Metta World Peace ( co-captain ) Alan Anderson Ryan Hollins Mike James Josh Powell Power Nancy Lieberman Corey Maggette ( captain ) Cuttino Mobley ( co-captain ) Glen Davis ( co-captain ) Chris Andersen Quentin Richardson Ryan Gomes Xavier Silas Trilogy Rick Mahorn Kenyon Martin ( captain ) Al Harrington ( co-captain ) Rashad McCants ( co-captain ) James White Dion Glover Al Thornton Derrick Byars Tri-State Julius Erving Jermaine O'Neal ( captain ) Nate Robinson ( co-captain ) Amar'e Stoudemire ( co-captain ) David Hawkins Robert Hite Bonzi Wells Draft ( edit ) 2018 draft ( edit ) The draft lottery was held on April 3 , 2018 when BIG3 co-founder Ice Cube and commissioner Clyde Drexler joined Skip Bayless , Shannon Sharpe and Joy Taylor on Fox Sports 1 's Skip and Shannon : Undisputed to make the announcement . The Ball Hogs came up with the winning ping pong ball and landed the first overall pick . The draft was held on April 12 , 2018 with 19 players selected . Player selections ( edit ) Round Pick Player Team NBA experience Last team Last played Andre Owens Ball Hogs 2 years BC Zepter Vienna 2015 Andre Emmett 3 's Company 2 years Jeonju KCC Egis Active Alan Anderson Killer 3 's 8 years Lakeland Magic Active Chris Andersen Power 15 years Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 5 David Hawkins Tri-State none Galatasaray 2013 6 Lee Nailon Ghost Ballers 6 years Panteras de Aguascalientes 2014 7 Corsley Edwards Ball Hogs 1 year İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi B.K. 2014 8 Jason Maxiell 3 's Company 10 years Detroit Pistons 2017 9 Ryan Hollins Killer 3 's 10 years Auxilium Pallacanestro Torino 2017 10 Quentin Richardson Power 13 years New York Knicks 2013 11 Salim Stoudamire 3 Headed Monsters 3 years Guaros de Lara 2013 12 Robert Hite Tri-State 1 year Canton Charge 2013 13 Marcus Banks Ghost Ballers 8 years Al - Gharafa SC 2016 14 Jermaine Taylor Ball Hogs 2 years Salt Lake City Stars 2018 15 Derrick Byars 3 's Company 1 year Delaware 87ers 2017 16 Mike James Killer 3 's 12 years Texas Legends 2015 17 Ryan Gomes Power 8 years Los Angeles D - Fenders 2016 18 Bonzi Wells Tri-State 10 years Capitanes de Arecibo 19 Mario West Ghost Ballers 4 years Juventud Sionista 2015 Notes Last team does not only refer to NBA teams , it also refers to overseas play such as Euroleague , NBL or any other major international league Last played refers to last year of being active in any basketball league Most recent season recap ( edit ) 2018 BIG3 season ( edit ) Main article : 2018 BIG3 season Advance to playoff # Team Pct . PF PA GP C Power 7 . 875 399.2 326.4 8 Y 3 Headed Monsters 7 . 875 392.2 359.2 8 Y 3 's Company 5 . 625 390.4 332.8 8 Y Tri-State 5 . 625 371.2 350.4 8 5 Killer 3 's 5 . 375 342.4 380.8 8 6 Trilogy 5 . 375 360 378.4 8 7 Ball Hogs 7 . 125 323.8 394.4 8 8 Ghost Ballers 7 . 125 336.8 394.4 8 Notes Top 4 teams advance to the playoffs C BIG3 champions Z clinched best record Y clinched playoffs spot Awards ( edit ) Champions ( edit ) Year Team Players Coach 2017 Trilogy 3 Al Harrington 4 Kenyon Martin 8 James White 22 Dion Glover 32 Rashad McCants ( MVP ) Rick Mahorn 2018 Power 0 Glen Davis 3 Quentin Richardson 5 Cuttino Mobley 11 Chris Andersen 50 Corey Maggette ( MVP ) Ryan Gomes Xavier Silas Nancy Lieberman Most Valuable Player ( edit ) Year Team Player Ref 2017 3 Headed Monsters Rashard Lewis 2018 Power Corey Maggette Coach of the Year ( edit ) Year Team Player Ref 2017 Trilogy Rick Mahorn 2018 Power Nancy Lieberman Captain of the Year ( edit ) Year Team Player Ref 2017 Trilogy Kenyon Martin 2018 Power Corey Maggette Broadcasting ( edit ) For the 2017 season , Fox Sports 1 carried the 8 weeks of the regular season and the playoffs on tape delay , while Fox broadcast the championship game live . In 2018 , all games will be broadcast live on Friday nights with 4 weeks of games including the semifinals and championship will be aired on Fox , with the remaining weeks airing on FS1 . In 2017 Gus Johnson was the regular play - by - play announcer , though Brian Custer filled - in occasionally , Jim Jackson handled color commentary and Michael Rapaport was the sideline reporter . For 2018 Custer was promoted to be the regular play - by - play announcer while Jackson and Rapaport returned . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Parco ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Ice Cube announces BIG3 basketball league for former NBA stars , will feature Allen Iverson as player and coach '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Big 3 - Fox Sports.com Jump up ^ `` NEW TEAM : Allen Iverson and Dermarr Johnson will Lead 3 's Company '' . BIG3.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NEW TEAM : Rashard Lewis & Jason Williams Reunite on 3 Headed Monsters '' . BIG3.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Bibby & Ricky Davis Unite for Ghost Ballers in the # BIG3 '' . BIG3.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NEW TEAM : Chauncey Billups & Stephen Jackson unite for KILLER3s '' . BIG3.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Maggette & Cuttino Mobley Join Forces on POWER '' . BIG3.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/sports/basketball/nancy-lieberman-big3-league.html Jump up ^ `` NEW TEAM : Kenyon Martin reunites with Al Harrington for TRILOGY '' . BIG3.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine O'Neal and Bonzi Wells to lead team TRI-STATE '' . BIG3.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellenport , Craig . `` BIG3 Draft Lottery '' . BIG3 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellenport , Craig . `` BIG3 Season 2 Draft Review '' . BIG3 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rashard Lewis wins first - ever BIG3 MVP ; Stephen Jackson named Best Trash Talker '' . Jump up ^ `` Corey Maggette named Big3 MVP , Nancy Lieberman Coach of Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Rashard Lewis wins first - ever BIG3 MVP ; Stephen Jackson named Best Trash Talker '' . Jump up ^ `` Corey Maggette named Big3 MVP , Nancy Lieberman Coach of Year '' . Jump up ^ `` BIG3 2017 PLAYER AWARDS '' . Jump up ^ `` 2018 BIG3 Basketball awards : Corey Maggette takes home MVP ; ' Birdman ' wins Defensive Player of the Year '' . Jump up ^ Fox 's Big 3 basketball broadcast team : Gus Johnson , Jim Jackson and ... Michael Rapaport ? awfulannouncing.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Basketball portal Official website BIG3 Founders Ice Cube Jeff Kwatinetz Seasons 2017 2018 Teams 3 's Company 3 Headed Monsters Ball Hogs Ghost Ballers Killer 3 's Power Trilogy Tri-State Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BIG3&oldid=862440067 '' Categories : BIG3 3x3 basketball competitions in the United States Basketball leagues in the United States Sports leagues established in 2017 2017 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Pages using infobox sports league with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 עברית Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 11 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the big 3 championship basketball game	[ "\n\n#\n\nTeam\n\nW\n\nL\n\nPct.\n\nPF\n\nPA\n\nGP\n\n\n1\n\nC Power\n\n7\n\n1\n\n.875\n\n399.2\n\n326.4\n\n8\n\n\n2\n\nY 3 Headed Monsters\n\n7\n\n1\n\n.875\n\n392.2\n\n359.2\n\n8\n\n\n3\n\nY 3's Company\n\n5\n\n3\n\n.625\n\n390.4\n\n332.8\n\n8\n\n\n4\n\nY Tri-State\n\n5\n\n3\n\n.625\n\n371.2\n\n350.4\n\n8\n\n\n5\n\nKiller 3's\n\n3\n\n5\n\n.375\n\n342.4\n\n380.8\n\n8\n\n\n6\n\nTrilogy\n\n3\n\n5\n\n.375\n\n360\n\n378.4\n\n8\n\n\n7\n\nBall Hogs\n\n1\n\n7\n\n.125\n\n323.8\n\n394.4\n\n8\n\n\n8\n\nGhost Ballers\n\n1\n\n7\n\n.125\n\n336.8\n\n394.4\n\n8\n" ]	[ "Power" ]
-5306572392674888341	Grammy Award records	Grammy Award records - wikipedia Grammy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards , many significant records have been set . This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists . This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards , Trustees Awards , Technical Awards or Legend Awards . The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys ( known as the Craft & Production Fields ) that may have been presented to the artist ( s ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 Most Grammys won 1.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist 1.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist 1.4 Most Grammys won by a group 1.5 Most Grammys won by a producer 1.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer 1.7 Youngest winners 1.8 Youngest artists to win Album of the Year 1.9 Oldest winners 1.10 Most honored albums 1.11 Most Album of the Year wins 1.12 Most Record of the Year wins 1.13 Most Grammys won for consecutive albums 1.14 Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category 1.15 Artists who have won all four General Field awards 2 Single ceremony 2.1 Most Grammys won in one night 2.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night 2.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night 2.4 Most Grammys won by a group in one night 2.5 Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night 2.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night 2.7 Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony 2.8 Artists who have won Record , Album and Song of the Year in one night 2.9 Most Grammys won by an album in one night 2.10 Most posthumous Grammys won in one night 3 Nominations 3.1 Most Grammy nominations 3.2 Most nominations in one night 3.3 Most nominations without winning 3.4 Most nominations in one night without winning 3.5 Grammy nominations in the most fields 3.6 Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night 3.7 Youngest nominees 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) Most Grammys won ( edit ) The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti , a Hungarian - British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty - two years . He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Alison Krauss Pierre Boulez 26 5 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 7 John Williams 24 8 U2 22 Chick Corea Beyoncé 11 Jay - Z 21 Kanye West Vince Gill 14 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt Most Grammys won by a Male artist ( edit ) Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Pierre Boulez 26 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 6 John Williams 24 7 Chick Corea 22 8 Kanye West 21 Vince Gill Jay Z 11 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Al Schmitt Bruce Springsteen 15 Tony Bennett 18 Jimmy Sturr Yo - Yo Ma Paul McCartney Most Grammys won by a female artist ( edit ) Alison Krauss has , as a solo artist , collaborator and producer , won 27 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Alison Krauss 27 Beyoncé 22 Aretha Franklin 18 Adele 15 Alicia Keys 6 Ella Fitzgerald 13 Leontyne Price Emmylou Harris 9 CeCe Winans 12 10 Shirley Caesar 11 11 Chaka Khan 10 Bonnie Raitt Linda Ronstadt Taylor Swift 15 Mary J. Blige 9 Natalie Cole Sheryl Crow Norah Jones Hillary Scott Rihanna Most Grammys won by a Group ( edit ) U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group . They have won 22 awards . Rank Artists Awards U2 22 Alison Krauss and Union Station 14 Dixie Chicks 13 Foo Fighters 12 5 Pat Metheny Group 10 6 The Manhattan Transfer 9 The Beatles Emerson String Quartet Asleep At The Wheel 10 Blackwood Brothers 8 Metallica Santana Take 6 14 Coldplay 7 Kentucky Thunder Lady Antebellum Simon & Garfunkel Los Tigres del Norte Most Grammys won by a producer ( edit ) Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer ( and eleven of those were awarded for production duties . Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist ) . Some producers have also won awards as engineers , mixers and / or mastering engineers . Rank Producer Awards Quincy Jones 27 Kanye West 21 David Foster 16 James Mallinson David Frost 6 Steven Epstein 15 7 Phil Ramone 14 8 T Bone Burnett 13 Robert Woods Jay David Saks 11 Arif Mardin 11 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer ( edit ) Al Schmitt , with 20 awards , has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer . Youngest winners ( edit ) The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners , when they were credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? soundtrack , which won Album of the Year in 2002 . LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner . She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997 . She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 9 years Hannah Peasall 13 years Sarah Peasall 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 5 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 6 17 years , 81 days Lorde 7 18 years , 105 days Daya 8 18 years , 123 days Monica 9 19 years , 67 days Christina Aguilera 10 19 years , 112 days LaTavia Roberson Youngest artists to win Album of the Year ( edit ) Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year . She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless . Rank Age Artist 20 years , 49 days Taylor Swift 21 years , 242 days Alanis Morissette 22 years , 18 days Barbra Streisand 23 years , 274 days Lauryn Hill 5 23 years , 283 days Adele 6 23 years , 293 days Stevie Wonder 7 23 years , 330 days Norah Jones Oldest winners ( edit ) Pinetop Perkins is the oldest person to win a Grammy . In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age . Rank Age Artist 97 years , 221 days Pinetop Perkins 95 years , 31 days George Burns 91 years , 137 days Jimmy Carter 90 years , 52 days Elizabeth Cotten 5 90 years , 26 days Betty White Note : Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten , with some stating it as 1893 , while others say 1895 . The above information credits it as 1895 . With either year , Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner . Most honored albums ( edit ) Santana 's Supernatural and U2 's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards . Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards . Rank Albums and artists Awards How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 9 Supernatural -- Santana Come Away With Me -- Norah Jones 8 Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles Thriller -- Michael Jackson 6 All That You Ca n't Leave Behind -- U2 7 Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars 9 21 -- Adele 6 Back To Black -- Amy Winehouse The Blueprint 3 -- Jay Z Bridge Over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss The Return of Roger Miller -- Roger Miller Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar Toto IV -- Toto Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole Unplugged -- Eric Clapton Most Album of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most Album of the Year wins is four . Tom Coyne , mastering engineer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) Three recording artists , four record producers , two mastering engineers and three engineer / mixers have won the award three times . Frank Sinatra , artist -- Come Dance with Me ! ( 1960 ) , September of My Years ( 1966 ) , A Man and His Music ( 1967 ) Stevie Wonder , artist -- Innervisions ( 1974 ) , Fulfillingness ' First Finale ( 1975 ) , Songs in the Key of Life ( 1977 ) Paul Simon , artist -- Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1971 ) , Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , Graceland ( 1987 ) David Foster , producer -- Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1992 ) , The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album ( 1994 ) , Falling into You ( 1997 ) Phil Ramone , producer -- Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , 52nd Street ( 1980 ) , Genius Loves Company ( 2005 ) Daniel Lanois , producer -- The Joshua Tree ( 1988 ) , Time Out of Mind ( 1998 ) , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2006 ) Bob Ludwig , mastering engineer -- Babel ( 2013 ) , Random Access Memories ( 2014 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Ryan Tedder , producer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Serban Ghenea , engineer / mixer -- 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) John Hanes , engineer / mixer -- 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) Most record of the Year wins ( edit ) Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four consecutive times as a mastering engineer . Most Grammys won for consecutive albums ( edit ) Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total , including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums . Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards : Best Jazz Fusion Performance ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1990 ) Best Instrumental Composition ( 1991 ) Best Contemporary Jazz Performance / Album ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Individual or Group ( 1998 , 2000 , 2013 ) Best Rock Instrumental Performance ( 1999 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ( 2001 ) Best New Age Album ( 2004 , 2012 ) Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category ( edit ) Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category . She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975 , for an eight - year winning streak . She also won in this category in 1982 , 1986 , and 1988 , giving her 11 wins in the category . After Franklin , Jimmy Sturr , Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category : Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album . He also won for three runs of four consecutive years ( 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2006 -- 2009 . ) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985 . The award was discontinued in 2009 . Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) . Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four years in a row ( 2015 -- 2018 ) . Artists who have won all four General Field awards ( edit ) There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards . In 1981 , Christopher Cross won Record , Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist . Adele is the second artist to win all four , and the first female to do so . In 2009 , she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017 , she won Record , Album and Song of the Year . Single ceremony ( edit ) Most Grammys won in one night ( edit ) The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight . Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson 's record in 2000 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Santana ( 2000 ) Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Paul Simon ( 1971 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Beyoncé ( 2010 ) Adele ( 2012 ) Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Paul Simon ( 1971 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night ( edit ) The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six . Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012 , respectively . Rank Artist Awards Beyoncé ( 2010 ) 6 Adele ( 2012 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) 5 Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Adele ( 2017 ) Most Grammys won by a Group in one night ( edit ) In 2000 , Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards . They won the awards for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Rank Artists Awards Santana ( 2000 ) 8 Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) 5 U2 ( 2006 ) Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) Lady Antebellum ( 2011 ) Foo Fighters ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night ( edit ) The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five . Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks , Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year , Non Classical . Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night ( edit ) The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six . At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017 , Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Vocal Album , Best Engineered Album Non Classical , Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele 's ' 25 ' , David Bowie 's ' Blackstar ' and Cage The Elephant 's ' Tell Me I 'm Pretty ' . Artist who has won all four General Field awards at a single ceremony ( edit ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) received all four General Field awards in one night . Cross won the Record of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , Album of the Year ( `` Christopher Cross '' ) , Song of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony . Artists who have won record , Album and Song of the Year in one night ( edit ) The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Song of the Year . Seven artists have won all three in one night . Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice . Year Artist 1971 Paul Simon 1972 Carole King 1981 Christopher Cross 1993 Eric Clapton 2007 Dixie Chicks 2012 Adele 2017 2018 Bruno Mars Most Grammys won by an Album in one night ( edit ) The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine . In 2000 Santana 's Supernatural was awarded nine awards . It won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Most posthumous Grammys won in one night ( edit ) Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night . He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year . Nominations ( edit ) Most Grammy nominations ( edit ) Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79 . Rank Artist Nominations Quincy Jones 79 Paul McCartney 78 Georg Solti 74 Stevie Wonder Jay Z 6 Henry Mancini 72 7 Kanye West 68 8 Pierre Boulez 67 John Williams 10 Chick Corea 64 11 Leonard Bernstein 63 Beyoncé 13 Jay David Saks 53 14 Thomas Z . Shepard 50 Bruce Springsteen 16 Willie Nelson 49 James Mallinson Babyface Most nominations in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations . Rank Artist Nominations Year Michael Jackson 12 1984 Kendrick Lamar 11 2016 Lauryn Hill 10 1999 Kanye West 2005 Beyoncé Eminem 2011 7 Roger Miller 9 1966 Paul McCartney 1966 The Manhattan Transfer 1986 Jay Z 2014 Beyoncé 2017 Most nominations without winning ( edit ) The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 24 , held by Morten Lindberg . Rank Artist Nominations Morten Lindberg 24 Snoop Dogg 17 Brian McKnight Joe Satriani 15 5 Toshiko Akiyoshi 14 Martina McBride Dierks Bentley Björk 9 Katy Perry 13 Nas Spyro Gyra Musiq Soulchild 13 Diana Ross 12 Alan Parsons Busta Rhymes Ledisi Lenny Gomulka Fred Hersch Keith Jarrett Most nominations in one night without winning ( edit ) Rank Artist Nominations Paul McCartney ( 1966 ) 9 Kanye West ( 2017 ) 8 Rihanna ( 2017 ) Jay - Z ( 2018 ) 5 Stevie Wonder ( 1983 ) 7 India. Arie ( 2002 ) Kendrick Lamar ( 2014 ) 8 Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) 6 Thomas Z . Shepard ( 1970 ) Mariah Carey ( 1996 ) 50 Cent ( 2006 ) Bruno Mars ( 2012 ) 13 Robert M. Jones ( 1961 ) 5 Elvis Presley ( 1961 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1961 ) James Taylor ( 1971 ) Eugene Ormandy ( 1971 ) Paul McCartney ( 1983 ) Sting ( 1986 ) Jay David Saks ( 1986 ) Leonard Bernstein ( 1989 ) Joan Osborne ( 1996 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2003 ) 50 Cent ( 2004 ) Alicia Keys ( 2006 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2006 ) Prince ( 2007 ) James Blunt ( 2007 ) Jazmine Sullivan ( 2009 ) B.o.B ( 2011 ) Lil Wayne ( 2012 ) Drake ( 2014 , 2016 ) Khalid ( 2018 ) No I.D. ( 2018 ) SZA ( 2018 ) Grammy nominations in the most fields ( edit ) Rank Artist Number Fields Quincy Jones 15 Spoken word , arranging , music video / film , jazz , pop , rap , general field , r&b , children 's , musical theatre , disco , composition , gospel / contemporary christian music , music for visual media and production , non-classical Paul McCartney 11 General field , pop , arranging , rock , traditional , music for visual media , music video / film , spoken word , historical , alternative music and rap David Foster 10 R&b , arranging , composition , music for visual media , production , music video / film , pop , traditional , musical theatre and general field Bob Dylan Country , general field , gospel / contemporary christian music , rock , music video / film , music for visual media , folk pop , american roots , and traditional 5 Jack White 9 Rock , general field , alternative , country , pop , package , music video / film , american roots and engineered album Béla Fleck Country , pop , jazz , american roots , world music , classical , folk , spoken word , composition and arranging Janet Jackson General field , pop , r&b , rock , arranging , rap , music video / film , dance and production , non-classical 8 Cyndi Lauper 8 Rock , pop , general field , music video / film , disco , arranging , american roots and musical theatre Prince General field , pop , r&b , rock , engineered album , music video / film , music for visual media and production , non-classical Michael Jackson General field , pop , r&b , rock , disco , children 's , music video / film and production , non-classical Danger Mouse General field , pop , r&b , rock , rap , alternative , music video / film and production , non-classical Herbie Hancock General field , pop , r&b , rock , jazz , music video / film , music for visual media and composition Lionel Richie General field , pop , r&b , music for visual media , dance , arranging , gospel / contemporary christian music and production , non-classical Justin Timberlake General field , pop , r&b , country , rap , music for visual media , dance and music video / film Stevie Wonder General field , pop , r&b , arranging , composition , music for visual media , music video / film and production , non-classical Beyoncé General field , pop , r&b , rock , rap , music for visual media , surround sound and music video / film Pharrell Williams General field , pop , r&b , dance , rap , music for visual media , music video / film and production , non-classical Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night ( edit ) Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night . Year Artist 1968 Bobbie Gentry 1980 Christopher Cross 1985 Cyndi Lauper 1989 Tracy Chapman 1991 Mariah Carey 1998 Paula Cole 2002 India. Arie 2008 Amy Winehouse 2013 Fun . 2015 Sam Smith Youngest nominees ( edit ) Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee ( and winner ) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) in 2002 . Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination , for Best Soul / Gospel performance . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 8 years , 161 days Deleon Richards 9 years Hannah Peasall 12 years , 126 days Zac Hanson 5 12 years , 155 days Joey Alexander 6 12 years , 199 days Michael Jackson 7 12 years , 273 days Billy Gilman 8 13 years Sarah Peasall 9 14 years , 45 days Chris `` Daddy Mac '' Smith 10 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 11 14 years , 197 days Chris `` Mac Daddy '' Kelly 12 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 13 14 years , 348 days Taylor Hanson See also ( edit ) Latin Grammy Award records List of Academy Award records List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes 14 awards as part of Union Station Jump up ^ Includes 3 awards as part of Destiny 's Child Jump up ^ Includes 7 awards as part of Lady Antebellum Jump up ^ Includes 41 nominations as part of The Beatles Jump up ^ Includes 13 nominations as part of Destiny 's Child References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Georg Solti - Biography '' . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO ARE THE TOP GRAMMY WINNERS OF ALL TIME ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 dominates Grammy night '' , CBC News , February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past winners search 2001 '' . Grammy.Com . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jazz Legends Pat Metheny Group Improvise on Austin City Limits : : eJazzNews.com : The Number One Jazz News Resource On The Net : : Jazz News Daily Jump up ^ 2003 Grammy Awards Jump up ^ `` Adele To Michael Jackson : Who 's Won The Most GRAMMYs In A Night ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Virtual College of Grammy Knowledge '' , by Wook Kim , Entertainment Weekly , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NEA Jazz Master : Quincy Jones '' , National Endowment for the Arts , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Artist With The Most Grammy Nominations for 2017 '' . Billboard . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grammy Awards . Official Grammy Awards website ( hide ) Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum By Country American Argentine Australian Austrian Brazilian British Canadian Chinese Cuban French Indian Irish Italian Japanese Malian Mexican Nigerian New Zealand Peruvian Polish Senegalese South African Spanish Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_records&oldid=836553575 '' Categories : Grammy Awards Records Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won record of the year at the grammys	[ "Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four years in a row (2015–2018)." ]	[ "Tom Coyne" ]
1977434791091011565	London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)	London bridge ( Lake Havasu City ) - wikipedia London bridge ( Lake Havasu City ) Jump to : navigation , search London Bridge in Lake Havasu London Bridge in Lake Havasu City Coordinates 34 ° 28.3 ′ N 114 ° 20.8 ′ W / 34.4717 ° N 114.3467 ° W / 34.4717 ; - 114.3467 Coordinates : 34 ° 28.3 ′ N 114 ° 20.8 ′ W / 34.4717 ° N 114.3467 ° W / 34.4717 ; - 114.3467 Carries McCulloch Boulevard Crosses Bridgewater Channel Canal Locale Lake Havasu City , Arizona , United States Characteristics Design Arch bridge Material Clynelish ( Brora ) sandstone and various granite mixes Total length 930 feet ( 280 m ; 167 sm ) Longest span 45.6 metres ( 150 ft ) No. of spans 5 History Designer John Rennie Construction start 1968 Construction end 1971 ( reconstructed ) Closed 1967 ( pre-move ) Statistics Toll None London Bridge is a bridge in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . It was built in the 1830s and formerly spanned the River Thames in London , England . It was dismantled in 1967 and relocated to Arizona . The Arizona bridge is a reinforced concrete structure clad in the original masonry of the 1830s bridge , which was purchased by Robert P. McCulloch from the City of London . McCulloch had exterior granite blocks from the original bridge numbered and transported to America to construct the present bridge in Lake Havasu City , a planned community he established in 1964 on the shore of Lake Havasu . The bridge was completed in 1971 ( along with a canal ) , and links an island in the Colorado River with the main part of Lake Havasu City . The song `` London Bridge is Falling Down '' is a nursery rhyme that predates the bridge 's original 19th - century construction . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Image gallery 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1831 London Bridge was the last project of engineer John Rennie and was completed by his son , John Rennie the Younger . By 1962 , the bridge was not sound enough to support the increased load of modern traffic , and it was sold by the City of London . The purchaser , Robert P. McCulloch , the chairman of McCulloch Oil Corporation , was the founder of Lake Havasu City , his retirement real estate development on the east shore of Lake Havasu , a large reservoir on the Colorado River . McCulloch purchased the bridge as a tourist attraction for Lake Havasu , which was then far from the usual tourist track . The idea was successful , bringing interested tourists and retirement home buyers to the area . Originally , the deserted Lake Havasu vacant land was given to the state of Arizona by the U.S. Federal Government . The federal property was an abandoned military landing strip . McCulloch made a deal with the state government and received the property for free with a promise to develop the land . But the real estate agents could not bring in prospective buyers , because the land was far from centers of population and had a very hot , arid climate . McCulloch 's real estate agent , Robert Plumer , learned that London Bridge was for sale and convinced McCulloch to buy it and bring it to the area to attract potential land buyers . The initial response from McCulloch was , `` That 's the craziest idea I have ever heard , '' but after consideration , he decided to go ahead with the purchase . Plumer then arranged with a cargo shipping company that was going to sail a newly - built ship from Great Britain to the United States without any cargo . Plumer said they would pay for all operating costs of the sailing , which was far less than the going rate shipping costs . The bridge 's facing stones were disassembled , and each was numbered . After the bridge was dismantled , it was transported to Merrivale Quarry where 15 to 20 cm ( 5.9 to 7.9 inches ) were sliced off many of the original stones . The bridge arrived in pieces at the Port of Long Beach , California and was transported overland to Lake Havasu City , where re-assembly began in 1968 . On 23 September 1968 , the foundation stone was relaid by Sir Gilbert Inglefield , Lord Mayor of London . The original stonework was used to clad a new concrete structure . The reconstruction took slightly over three years and was completed in late 1971 . The bridge was not reconstructed over a river , but rather it was rebuilt on land in a position between the main part of the city and Pittsburgh Point , at that time a peninsula jutting into Lake Havasu . Once completed , the Bridgewater Channel Canal was dredged under the bridge and flooded , separating Pittsburgh Point from the city , creating an island . As a result , the bridge now traverses a navigable shortcut between the Thompson Bay part of Lake Havasu south of Pittsburgh Point , and the remainder of Lake Havasu to the north . London Bridge in 1972 , showing the canal After the bridge was reconstructed , prospective buyers of land were attracted to visit the bridge and take a tour of properties for sale . Land sales improved , and McCulloch recouped all his expenses on the purchase and shipping of the bridge . Since he had obtained the land at no cost , the sale of the properties paid for the bridge and more . Recent years have seen much development in the area of the bridge to increase tourist interest . The original `` English Village '' , a quaint English - style open - air mall with hedge maze and historical museum deteriorated , with sections leveled . A revitalization of the English Village was undertaken by the Lake Havasu City Convention & Visitors Bureau . Condos were proposed in 2011 by the owner , Virtual Realty Enterprises . In popular culture ( edit ) It is a popular rumor that the bridge was bought in the belief that it was London 's more recognizable Tower Bridge , but this was ardently denied by McCulloch himself and by Ivan Luckin , who sold the bridge . American soft rock band Bread recorded a song called `` London Bridge '' on their first album Bread in 1969 , when lead singer David Gates learned that London Bridge was sold and to be relocated in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . His thought at the time , according to the liner notes on Bread 's album Retrospective was , `` is nothing sacred anymore ? '' The live country - western album Viva Terlingua , by Jerry Jeff Walker , includes an amusing song written by Gary P. Nunn entitled `` London Homesick Blues . '' It is the lament of a Texan trapped in London and quite out of his element . A line in the song is `` and even London Bridge has fallen down and moved to Arizona '' . In the 1970 song P.F. _Sloan_ ( song ) from the album `` Words and Music '' by American singer - songwriter Jimmy Webb he refers to the relocation of London Bridge in the lines `` The London Bridge was finally found , they moved it to another town , and now all the people gather ' round to watch the bridge fall down , but I do n't think it will no more . '' Image gallery ( edit ) London Bridge in the early 1890s London Bridge around 1900 with traffic Bridge reconstruction at Lake Havasu in March 1971 The rebuilt London Bridge in 2003 Sign on the bridge Numbered stone still visible Aerial photo of the bridge in 2011 A panoramic view of the entire bridge . London Bridge in about 1870 when it crossed the River Thames in London References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Donald C. ( 1988 ) . Great American Bridges and Dams . Wiley . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14385 - 5 . Jump up ^ London Bridge ( 1831 ) at Structurae Jump up ^ John Murray 1874 `` Handbook to London As It Is '' , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Elborough , Travis ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . London Bridge in America : The Tall Story of a Transatlantic Crossing . Random House . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 9781448181674 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Frederic B. Wildfang ( 29 September 2005 ) . Lake Havasu City . Chicago : Arcadia Publishing . pp. 105 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3012 - 3 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://golakehavasu.com/activities/attractions/london-bridge/the-english-village/ the - english - village Jump up ^ http://www.havasunews.com/news/english-village-owner-in-lake-havasu-city-to-present-big/article_ae609cba-2423-5beb-b1dd-f48ca2c674ce.html Jump up ^ Polaris EX2100 / LE2100 Sport Boats Popular Mechanics , December 2003 , archived on September 30 , 2007 from Polaris EX2100 / LE2100 the original Jump up ^ Oliver , Mark ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Bridges '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ ' If That 's The Acropolis , How Come It Do n't Chime ? ' in Alan Coren The Sanity Inspector Coronet Books , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 19912 - 1 Jump up ^ How London Bridge Was Sold To The States This Is Local London , March 27 , 2002 Jump up ^ http://www.albumlinernotes.com/Bread_-_Retrospective.html Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/song/pf-sloan-mt0034428498 Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Webb External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Lake Havasu . London Bridge ( 1971 ) at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . AZ - 57 , `` London Bridge , Spanning manmade channel ( moved from London , UK ) , Lake Havasu City , Mohave County , AZ '' , 3 photos , 5 data pages , 1 photo caption page Lake Havasu City Convention & Visitors Bureau about London Bridge RoadTrip America about London Bridge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge_(Lake_Havasu_City)&oldid=796176537 '' Categories : Road bridges in Arizona Bridges completed in 1831 Bridges completed in 1971 Landmarks in Arizona Lower Colorado River Valley Former buildings and structures in the City of London Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United States Relocated buildings and structures in Arizona Transportation in Mohave County , Arizona 1968 establishments in Arizona Tourist attractions in Mohave County , Arizona Buildings and structures in Mohave County , Arizona Lake Havasu City , Arizona Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 00 : 59 . About Wikipedia	who bought london bridge thinking it was tower bridge	[ "It is a popular rumor that the bridge was bought in the belief that it was London's more recognizable Tower Bridge,[8][9][10] but this was ardently denied by McCulloch himself and by Ivan Luckin, who sold the bridge.[11]" ]	[ "McCulloch" ]
-3296321636120315846	Nectar	Nectar - wikipedia Nectar For other uses of `` Nectar '' , see Nectar ( disambiguation ) . Nectar of camellia An Australian painted lady feeding on a flower 's nectar Gymnadenia conopsea Flowers with Nectar - filled Spur Nectar is a sugar - rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries , either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals , or by extrafloral nectaries , which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists , which in turn provide antiherbivore protection . Common nectar - consuming pollinators include mosquitoes , hoverflies , wasps , bees , butterflies and moths , hummingbirds , and bats . Nectar plays an important role in the foraging economics and overall evolution of nectar - eating species ; for example , nectar and its properties are responsible for the differential evolution of the African honey bee , A. m. scutellata and the western honey bee . Nectar is an ecologically important item , the sugar source for honey . It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adult stages of some predatory insects feed on nectar . For example , the social wasp species Apoica flavissima relies on nectar as a primary food source . In turn , these wasps then hunt agricultural pest insects as food for their young . For example , thread - waisted wasps ( genus Ammophila ) are known for hunting caterpillars that are destructive to crops . Caterpillars however , do eventually become butterflies and moths , which are very important pollinators . Nectar secretion increases as the flower is visited by pollinators . After pollination , the nectar is frequently reabsorbed into the plant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Floral nectaries 3 Extrafloral nectaries 4 Natural components 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) Nectar is derived from Greek nektar , the fabled drink of Greek gods . The word is derived as a compound of nek , meaning death , and tar , meaning the ability to overcome . The common use of nectar refers to the `` sweet liquid in flowers '' , first recorded in AD 1600 . Floral nectaries ( edit ) A nectary is floral tissue found in different locations in the flower . The different types of floral nectaries include septal nectaries found on the sepal , petal nectaries , staminal nectaries found on the stamen , and gynoecial nectaries found on the ovary tissue . The nectaries also may vary in color , number , and symmetry . Nectaries can also be categorized as structural or non-structural . Structural nectaries refer to specific areas of tissue that exude nectar , such as the types of floral nectaries previously listed . Non-structural nectaries secrete nectar infrequently from non-differentiated tissues . The different types of floral nectaries coevolved depending on the pollinator that feeds on the plant 's nectar . Nectar is secreted from epidermal cells of the nectaries by means of trichomes or modified stomata . The nectar comes from phloem with additional sugars that are secreted from the cells through vesicles packaged by the endoplasmic reticulum . Flowers that have longer nectaries sometimes have a vascular strand in the nectary to assist in transport over a longer distance. . Floral nectaries are used by plants to attract pollinators such as insects , hummingbirds , and other vertebrates . The pollinators feed on the nectar and depending on the location of the nectary the pollinator assists in fertilization and outcrossing of the plant as they brush against the reproductive organs , the stamen and pistil , of the plant and pick up or deposit pollen . Nectar from floral nectaries is sometimes used as a reward to insects , such as ants , that protect the plant from predators . Many floral families have evolved a nectar spur . These spurs are projections of various lengths formed from different tissues , such as the petals or sepals . They allow for pollinators to land on the elongated tissue and more easily reach the nectaries and obtain the nectar reward . Different characteristics of the spur , such as its length or position in the flower , may determine the type of pollinator that visits the flower . Defense from herbivory is often one of the roles of extrafloral nectaries . Floral nectaries can also be involved in defense . In addition to the sugars found in nectar , certain proteins may also be found in nectar secreted by floral nectaries . In tobacco plants , these proteins have antimicrobial and antifungal properties and can be secreted to defend the gynoecium from certain pathogens . Floral nectaries have evolved and diverged into the different types of nectaries due to the various pollinators that visit the flowers . In Melastomataceae , different types of floral nectaries have evolved and been lost many times . Flowers that ancestrally produced nectar and had nectaries may have lost their ability to produce nectar due to a lack of nectar consumption by pollinators , such as certain species of bees . Instead they focused on energy allocation to pollen production . Species of angiosperms that have nectaries use the nectar to attract pollinators that consume the nectar , such as birds and butterflies . In Bromeliaceae , septal nectaries are common in species that are insect or bird pollinated . In species that are wind pollinated , nectaries are often absent because there is no pollinator to provide a reward for . In flowers that are generally pollinated by long - tongued organism such as certain flies , moths , butterflies , and birds , nectaries in the ovaries are common because they are able to reach the nectar reward when pollinating . Septal and petal nectaries are often more common in species that are pollinated by short - tongued insects that can not reach so far into the flower . Extrafloral nectaries ( edit ) See also : Myrmecophily and Plant defenses against herbivory Extrafloral nectaries ( also known as extranuptial nectaries ) are nectar - secreting plant glands that develop outside of flowers and are not involved in pollination . They are highly diverse in form , location , size , and mechanism . They have been described in virtually all above - ground plant parts -- including leaves ( in which case they are known as foliar nectaries ) , petioles , stipules , cotyledons , fruits , and stems , among others . They range from single - celled trichomes to complex cup - like structures that may or may not be vascularized . Extrafloral nectaries on the petiole of a wild cherry ( Prunus avium ) leaf Extrafloral nectaries on a red stinkwood ( Prunus africana ) leaf Ants on extrafloral nectaries in the lower surface of a young Drynaria quercifolia frond In contrast to floral nectaries , nectar produced outside the flower generally have a defensive function . The nectar attracts predatory insects which will eat both the nectar and any plant - eating insects around , thus functioning as ' bodyguards ' . Foraging predatory insects show a preference for plants with extrafloral nectaries , particularly some species of ants and wasps , which have been observed to directly defend the plants . Among passion flowers , for example , extrafloral nectaries prevent herbivores by attracting ants and deterring two species of butterflies from laying eggs . In many carnivorous plants , extrafloral nectaries are also used to attract insect prey . Darwin understood that extrafloral nectar `` though small in quantity , is greedily sought by insects '' but believe the `` their visits do not in any way benefit the plant '' . Instead , he believed that extrafloral nectaries were excretory in nature ( hydathodes ) . Their defensive functions were first recognized by the Italian botanist Federico Delpino in his important monograph Funzione mirmecofila nel regno vegetale ( 1886 ) . Delpino 's study was inspired by a disagreement with Charles Darwin , with whom he corresponded regularly . Extrafloral nectaries have been reported in over 3941 species of vascular plants belonging to 745 genera and 108 families , 99.7 % of which belong to flowering plants ( angiosperms ) , comprising 1.0 to 1.8 % of all known species . They are most common among eudicots , occurring in 3642 species ( of 654 genera and 89 families ) , particularly among rosids which comprise more than half of the known occurrences . The families showing the most recorded occurrences of extrafloral nectaries are Fabaceae , with 1069 species , Passifloraceae , with 438 species , and Malvaceae , with 301 species . The genera with the most recorded occurrences are Passiflora ( 322 species , Passifloraceae ) , Inga ( 294 species , Fabaceae ) , and Acacia ( 204 species , Fabaceae ) . Other genera with extrafloral nectaries include Salix ( Salicaceae ) , Prunus ( Rosaceae ) and Gossypium ( Malvaceae ) . Foliar nectaries have also been observed in 39 species of ferns belonging to seven genera and four families of Cyatheales and Polypodiales . They are absent , however , in bryophytes , gymnosperms , early angiosperms , magnoliids , and members of Apiales among the eudicots . Phylogenetic studies and the wide distribution of extrafloral nectaries among vascular plants point to multiple independent evolutionary origins of extrafloral nectaries in at least 457 independent lineages . Natural Components ( edit ) The main ingredients in nectar are natural sugars in varying proportions of sucrose , glucose , and fructose . In additional , nectars have a variety of other chemicals . For example , the Nicotiana attenuata , a tobacco plant native to the US state of Utah , uses several volatile aromas to attract pollinating birds and moths . The strongest such aroma is benzylacetone , but the plant also adds bitter nicotine , which is less aromatic , so may not be detected by the bird until after taking a drink . Researchers speculate the purpose of this addition is to discourage the forager after only a sip , motivating it to visit other plants , therefore maximizing the pollination efficiency gained by the plant for a minimum nectar output . Neurotoxins such as aesculin are present in some nectars such as that of the California buckeye . Nectar contains water , carbohydrates , amino acids , ions and numerous other compounds . See also ( edit ) Nectar guide Nectar source Nectarivore Northern American nectar sources for honey bees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : - Amino Acids . Robert Thornburg , 04 / 06 / 01 , Iowa state University . Accessed April 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Nectar '' . Online Etymology Dictionary , Douglas Harper . 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Willmer , Pat . Pollination and floral ecology . Princeton University Press , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Susan W. , Massimo Nepi , and Ettore Pacini , eds . Nectaries and nectar . Vol. 4 . Dordrecht : Springer , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fahn , Abraham . `` On the Structure of Floral Nectaries . '' Botanical Gazette , vol. 113 , no . 4 , 1952 , pp. 464 -- 470 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/2472434 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Gary D. `` Studies of the Monotropoideae ( Ericaceae ) . Floral nectaries : anatomy and function in pollination ecology . '' American Journal of Botany ( 1977 ) : 199 - 206 . Jump up ^ Heil , Martin . `` Nectar : generation , regulation and ecological functions . '' Trends in plant science 16.4 ( 2011 ) : 191 - 200 . Jump up ^ Willmer , Pat . Pollination and floral ecology . Princeton University Press , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pacini , E.N.M.V.J. , M. Nepi , and J.L. Vesprini . `` Nectar biodiversity : a short review . '' Plant Systematics and Evolution 238.1 - 4 ( 2003 ) : 7 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thornburg , Robert W. , et al . `` A major function of the tobacco floral nectary is defense against microbial attack . '' Plant Systematics and Evolution 238.1 - 4 ( 2003 ) : 211 - 218 . Jump up ^ Stein , Bruce A. , and Hiroshi Tobe . `` Floral nectaries in Melastomataceae and their systematic and evolutionary implications . '' Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden ( 1989 ) : 519 - 531 . Jump up ^ Floral anatomy of Bromeliaceae , with particular reference to the evolution of epigyny and septal nectaries in commelinid monocotSajo , M.G. , P.J. Rudall , and C.J. Prychid . `` Floral anatomy of Bromeliaceae , with particular reference to the evolution of epigyny and septal nectaries in commelinid monocots . '' Plant Systematics and Evolution 247.3 - 4 ( 2004 ) : 215 - 231 . Jump up ^ Rudall , Paula J. , John C. Manning , and Peter Goldblatt . `` Evolution of floral nectaries in Iridaceae . '' Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden ( 2003 ) : 613 - 631 . ^ Jump up to : Heil , M. ; Fiala , B. ; Baumann , B. ; Linsenmair , K.E. ( 2000 ) . `` Temporal , spatial and biotic variations in extrafloral nectar secretion by Macaranga tanarius '' . Functional Ecology. 14 ( 6 ) : 749 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2435.2000. 00480. x . ^ Jump up to : Weber , M.G. ; Keeler , K.H. ( 2012 ) . `` The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants '' . Annals of Botany. 111 : 1251 -- 1261 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcs225 . PMC 3662505 . Jump up ^ Plant - Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects - Cambridge University Press ^ Jump up to : Sezen , Uzay . `` Ants defending extrafloral nectaries of the passion flower ( Passiflora incarnata ) '' . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Merbach , M. 2001 . Nectaries in Nepenthes . In : C.M. Clarke Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia . Natural History Publications ( Borneo ) , Kota Kinabalu . ^ Jump up to : Mancuso , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Federico Delpino and the foundation of plant biology '' . Plant Signaling & Behavior . 5 ( 9 ) : 1067 -- 1071 . doi : 10.4161 / psb. 5.9. 12102 . PMC 3115070 . Jump up ^ Chalcoff , Vanina ( March 2006 ) . `` Nectar Concentration and Composition of 26 Species from the Temperate Forest of South America '' . Annals of Botany. 97 ( 3 ) : 413 -- 421 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcj043 . PMC 2803636 . PMID 16373370 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , Susan W. ; Nepi , Massimo ( 2007 ) . Pacini , Ettore , ed . `` Nectaries and Nectar ; Nectar Components '' . Springer Publications . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 9781402059377 . Jump up ^ Chemical & Engineering News , Vol. 86 No. 35 , 1 Sept. 2008 , `` Two - Faced Flowers '' , p. 11 Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2008 ) Aesculus californica , Globaltwitcher.com , ed . N. Stromberg Bibliography ( edit ) Baker , H.G. ; Baker , I. ( 1973 ) . `` Amino acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance '' . Nature . 241 : 543 -- 545 . doi : 10.1038 / 241543b0 . Baker , H.G. and Baker , I. ( 1981 ) Chemical constituents of nectar in relation to pollination mechanisms and phylogeny . In Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology . 131 -- 171 . Baker , H.G. and Baker , I. ( 1975 ) Studies of nectar - constitution and pollinator - plant coevolution . In Coevolution of animals and plants . Gilbert , L.E. and Raven , P.H. ed . Univ. of Texas Press , Austin , 100 -- 140 . Beutler , R. ( 1935 ) Nectar . Bee World 24 : 106 -- 116 , 128 -- 136 , 156 -- 162 . Burquez , A. ; Corbet , S.A. ( 1991 ) . `` Do flowers reabsorb nectar ? '' . Funct . Ecol. 5 : 369 -- 379 . doi : 10.2307 / 2389808 . Carter , C. ; Graham , R. ; Thornburg , R.W. ( 1999 ) . `` Nectarin I is a novel , soluble germin - like protein expressed in the nectar of Nicotiana sp '' . Plant Mol. Biol. 41 : 207 -- 216 . Deinzer , M.L. ; Tomson , P.M. ; Burgett , D.M. ; Isaacson , D.L. ( 1977 ) . `` Pyrrolizidine alkaloids : Their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort ( Senecio jacobaea L . ) '' . Science . 195 : 497 -- 499 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 835011 . Ecroyd , C.E. ; Franich , R.A. ; Kroese , H.W. ; Steward , D. ( 1995 ) . `` Volatile constituents of Dactylanthus taylorii flower nectar in relation to flower pollination and browsing by animals '' . Phytochemistry. 40 : 1387 -- 1389 . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9422 ( 95 ) 00403 - t . Esau , K. ( 1977 ) Anatomy of seed plants . John Wiley & Sons , New York . Ferreres , F. , Andrade , P. , Gil , M.I. and Tomas Barberan , F.A. ( 1996 ) Floral nectar phenolics as biochemical markers for the botanical origin of heather honey . Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel Untersuchung und Forschung. 202 : 40 -- 44 . Frey - Wyssling , A. ( 1955 ) The phloem supply to the nectaries . Acta Bot . Neerl. 4 : 358 -- 369 . Griebel , C. ; Hess , G. ( 1940 ) . `` The vitamin C content of flower nectar of certain Labiatae '' . Zeit . Untersuch . Lebensmitt. 79 : 168 -- 171 . Heinrich , G ( 1989 ) . `` Analysis of cations in nectars by means of a laser microprobe mass analyser ( LAMMA ) '' . Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 64 : 293 -- 308 . Heslop - Harrison , Y. ; Knox , R.B. ( 1971 ) . `` A cytochemical study of the leaf - gland enzymes of insectivorus plants of the genusPinguicula '' . Planta. 96 : 183 -- 211 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00387439 . Peumans , W.J. ; Smeets , K. ; Van Nerum , K. ; Van Leuven , F. ; Van Damme , E.J.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Lectin and alliinase are the predominant proteins in nectar from leek ( Allium porrum L . ) flowers '' . Planta. 201 : 298 -- 302 . doi : 10.1007 / s004250050070 . Rodriguez - Arce , A.L. ; Diaz , N. ( 1992 ) . `` The stability of beta - carotene in mango nectar '' . J. Agric . Univ . P.R. Rio Piedras , P.R. 76 : 101 -- 102 . Roshchina , V.V. and Roshchina , V.D. ( 1993 ) The excretory function of higher plants . Springer - Verlag , Berlin . Scala , J. ; Iott , K. ; Schwab , W. ; Semersky , F.E. ( 1969 ) . `` Digestive secretion of Dionaea muscipula ( Venus 's - Flytrap ) '' . Plant Physiol. 44 : 367 -- 371 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 44.3. 367 . PMC 396093 . Smith , L.L. ; Lanza , J. ; Smith , G.C. ( 1990 ) . `` Amino acid concentrations in extrafloral nectar of Impatiens sultani increase after simulated herbivory '' . Ecol . Publ . Ecol . Soc . Am. 71 : 107 -- 115 . doi : 10.2307 / 1940251 . Vogel , S. ( 1969 ) Flowers offering fatty oil instead of nectar . Abstracts XIth Internatl . Bot . Congr . Seattle . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nectar . Overview and summary of the honey bee ( and Nectar ) information . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does nectar come from in a flower	[ "Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide antiherbivore protection. Common nectar-consuming pollinators include mosquitoes, hoverflies, wasps, bees, butterflies and moths, hummingbirds, and bats. Nectar plays an important role in the foraging economics and overall evolution of nectar-eating species; for example, nectar and its properties are responsible for the differential evolution of the African honey bee, A. m. scutellata and the western honey bee." ]	[ "glands called nectaries" ]
-5140143524113366452	American Revolutionary War	American Revolutionary war - wikipedia American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search This article is about military actions only . For political and social developments , including the origins and aftermath of the war , see American Revolution . American Revolutionary War Clockwise : Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown , Battle of Trenton , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill , Battle of Long Island , Battle of Guilford Court House Date April 19 , 1775 -- September 3 , 1783 ( 8 years , 4 months and 15 days ) Ratification effective : May 12 , 1784 ( 9 years and 23 days ) Location Eastern North America , Caribbean Sea , Indian subcontinent , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Indian Ocean Result Allied victory : Peace of Paris British recognition of American independence End of the First British Empire British retention of Canada and Gibraltar Territorial changes Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Great Britain cedes East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca to Spain Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Great Britain Belligerents Thirteen Colonies ( before 1776 ) United States ( after 1776 ) Vermont Republic French Empire Spanish Empire Co-belligerents : Dutch Republic Mysore American Indians : ( show ) Oneida Tuscarora Catawba Lenape Chickasaw Choctaw Mahican Mi'kmaq Abenaki Cheraw Seminole Pee Dee Lumbee Watauga Association British Empire Hanover German mercenaries : Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst American Indians : ( show ) Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mi'kmaq Cherokee Odawa Muscogee Susquehannock Shawnee Commanders and leaders George Washington Thomas Chittenden Louis XVI Charles III William V Hyder Ali † Tipu Sultan full list ... George III Lord North Lord George Germain full list ... Strength United States : Army & Militia : 40,000 ( average ) 200,000 ( total served ) Navy : 5,000 sailors ( peak 1779 ) 53 frigates and sloops ( total served ) State Navies : 106 ships ( total served ) Privateers : 55,000 sailors ( total served ) 1,697 ships Allies : Army : 63,000 French and Spanish ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 146 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) American Indian Allies : Unknown Great Britain : Army : 48,000 ( America peak ) 121,000 ( global 1781 ) 7,500 ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 94 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) 104 frigates ( 1781 ) 37 sloops ( 1781 ) 171,000 sailors Loyalists : 25,000 ( total served ) Hanoverians : 2,365 ( total served ) German mercenaries : 29,875 ( total served ) American Indian Allies : 13,000 Casualties and losses United States : 25,000 -- 70,000 total dead 6,800 killed in battle 17,000 died of disease France : at least 7,000 dead ( 2,112 in the United States ) Spain : 5,000 killed Netherlands : 500 killed Total : 37,000 -- 82,500 + soldiers dead Great Britain : Army : 43,633 total dead ~ 9,372 killed in battle 27,000 died of disease Navy : 1,243 killed in battle 18,500 died of disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) 42,000 deserted Germans : 7,774 total dead 1,800 killed in battle 4,888 deserted Loyalists : 7,000 total dead 1,700 killed in battle 5,300 died of disease ( estimated ) Total : 78,200 + soldiers dead American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters Boston Quebec New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Western Northern Northern ( after Saratoga ) Southern Yorktown Caribbean Gulf Coast Gold Coast Naval The American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , also known as the American War of Independence , was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America . After 1765 , growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies . Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts , which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor . Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony . Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves , and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown . Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance , establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power . British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord in April 1775 led to open combat . Militia forces then besieged Boston , forcing a British evacuation in March 1776 , and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army . Concurrently , an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively . On July 2 , 1776 , the Continental Congress voted for independence , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive , capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb . However , victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence . In 1777 , the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne , intending to isolate the New England Colonies . Instead of assisting this effort , Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia , and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777 . Burgoyne 's defeat had drastic consequences ; France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778 , and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States . In 1780 , the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India , and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war . In North America , the British mounted a `` Southern strategy '' led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising , but too few came forward . Cornwallis suffered reversals at King 's Mountain and Cowpens . He retreated to Yorktown , Virginia , intending an evacuation , but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape . A Franco - American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis ' army and , with no sign of relief , he surrendered in October 1781 . Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament , and the surrender gave them the upper hand . In early 1782 , Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America , but the war continued in Europe and India . Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy . On September 3 , 1783 , the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war . French involvement had proven decisive , but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts . Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar . The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain . In India , the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Taxation disputes 1.2 Colonial response 2 Course of the war 2.1 War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) 2.2 Political reactions 2.3 British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) 2.4 British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) 2.5 Foreign intervention 2.6 International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.6. 1 Europe 2.6. 2 Americas 2.6. 3 India 2.7 Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.8 War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) 2.9 British defeat in America ( 1781 ) 2.10 North Ministry collapses 2.11 Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) 2.11. 1 Europe 2.11. 2 Americas 2.11. 3 India 3 Peace of Paris 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties and losses 4.1. 1 Americans and allies 4.1. 2 British and allies 4.2 Financial debts 5 Analysis of combatants 5.1 Great Britain 5.1. 1 Armed Forces 5.1. 1.1 Recruitment 5.1. 1.1. 1 Loyalists and Hessians 5.1. 1.2 Leadership 5.1. 1.3 Logistics 5.1. 1.4 Discipline 5.1. 2 Strategic deficiencies 5.1. 2.1 William Howe 5.1. 2.2 Clinton and Cornwallis 5.1. 3 Campaign issues 5.2 Patriots 5.3 African Americans 5.4 American Indians 5.5 Race and class 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 Reference literature 11 External links 11.1 Bibliographies Background Main article : American Revolution Taxation disputes Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765 . Colonists condemned the tax because their rights as Englishmen protected them from being taxed by a Parliament in which they had no elected representatives . Parliament argued that the colonies were `` represented virtually '' , an idea that was criticized throughout the Empire . Parliament did repeal the act in 1766 ; however , it also affirmed its right to pass laws that were binding on the colonies . From 1767 , Parliament began passing legislation to raise revenue for the salaries of civil officials , ensuring their loyalty while inadvertently increasing resentment among the colonists , and opposition soon became widespread . This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . Contrary to Currier 's depiction , few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians . Enforcing the acts proved difficult . The seizure of the sloop Liberty in 1768 on suspicions of smuggling triggered a riot . In response , British troops occupied Boston , and Parliament threatened to extradite colonists to face trial in England . Tensions rose after the murder of Christopher Seider by a customs official in 1770 and escalated into outrage after British troops fired on civilians in the Boston Massacre . In 1772 , colonists in Rhode Island boarded and burned a customs schooner . Parliament then repealed all taxes except the one on tea , passing the Tea Act in 1773 , attempting to force colonists to buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid , thus implicitly agreeing to Parliamentary supremacy . The landing of the tea was resisted in all colonies , but the governor of Massachusetts permitted British tea ships to remain in Boston Harbor . So , the Sons of Liberty destroyed the tea chests , an incident that later became known as the `` Boston Tea Party '' . Parliament then passed punitive legislation . It closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for and revoked the Massachusetts Charter , taking upon themselves the right to directly appoint the Massachusetts Governor 's Council . Additionally , the royal governor was granted powers to undermine local democracy . Further measures allowed the extradition of officials for trial elsewhere in the Empire , if the governor felt that a fair trial could not be secured locally . The act 's vague reimbursement policy for travel expenses left few with the ability to testify , and colonists argued that it would allow officials to harass them with impunity . Further laws allowed the governor to billet troops in private property without permission . The colonists referred to the measures as the `` Intolerable Acts '' , and they argued that both their constitutional rights and their natural rights were being violated , viewing the acts as a threat to all of America . The acts were widely opposed , driving neutral parties into support of the Patriots and curtailing Loyalist sentiment . Colonial response The colonists responded by establishing the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , effectively removing Crown control of the colony outside Boston . Meanwhile , representatives from twelve colonies convened the First Continental Congress to respond to the crisis . The Congress narrowly rejected a proposal to create an American parliament to act in concert with the British Parliament ; instead , they passed a compact declaring a trade boycott against Britain . The Congress also affirmed that Parliament had no authority over internal American matters , but they were willing to consent to trade regulations for the benefit of the empire , and they authorized committees and conventions to enforce the boycott . The boycott was effective , as imports from Britain dropped by 97 % in 1775 compared to 1774 . Parliament refused to yield . In 1775 , it declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and enforced a blockade of the colony . It then passed legislation to limit colonial trade to the British West Indies and the British Isles . Colonial ships were barred from the Newfoundland cod fisheries , a measure which pleased Canadiens but damaged New England 's economy . These increasing tensions led to a mutual scramble for ordnance and pushed the colonies toward open war . Thomas Gage was the British Commander - in - Chief and military governor of Massachusetts , and he received orders on April 14 , 1775 to disarm the local militias . Course of the war War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Main articles : Battles of Lexington and Concord ; Boston campaign ; Invasion of Quebec ( 1775 ) ; Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War § Early operations , 1775 -- 1778 ; and Battle of Nassau Major Campaigns of the American Revolutionary War On April 18 , 1775 , 700 troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord . Fighting broke out , forcing the regulars to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston . Overnight , the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston . On March 25 , 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with generals William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . The British seized the Charlestown peninsula on June 17 after a costly frontal assault , leading Howe to replace Gage . Many senior officers were dismayed at the attack , which had gained them little , while Gage wrote to London stressing the need for a large army to suppress the revolt . On July 3 , George Washington took command of the Continental Army besieging Boston . Howe made no effort to attack , much to Washington 's surprise . A plan was rejected to assault the city , and the Americans instead fortified Dorchester Heights in early March 1776 with heavy artillery captured from a raid on Fort Ticonderoga . The British were permitted to withdraw unmolested on March 17 , and they sailed to Halifax , Nova Scotia . Washington then moved his army to New York . Starting in August 1775 , American Privateers began to raid villages in Nova Scotia , first at Saint John , then Charlottetown and Yarmouth . They continued in 1776 at Canso and then a land assault on Fort Cumberland . The British marching to Concord Meanwhile , British officials in Quebec began lobbying Indian tribes to support them , while the Americans urged them to maintain their neutrality . In April 1775 , Congress feared an Anglo - Indian attack from Canada and authorized an invasion of Quebec . Quebec had a largely Francophone population and had been under British rule for only 12 years , and the Americans expected that they would welcome being liberated from the British . The Americans attacked Quebec City on December 31 after an arduous march but were defeated . After a loose siege , the Americans withdrew on May 6 . 1776 . A failed counter-attack on June 8 ended American operations in Quebec . However , the British could not conduct an aggressive pursuit because of American ships on Lake Champlain . On October 11 , the British defeated the American squadron , forcing them to withdraw to Ticonderoga and ending the campaign . The invasion cost the Patriots their support in British public opinion , while aggressive anti-Loyalist policies diluted Canadien support . The Patriots continued to view Quebec as a strategic aim , though no further attempts to invade were ever made . British soldiers and Provincial militiamen repulse the American assault at Sault - au - Matelot , Canada , December 1775 In Virginia , Royal governor Lord Dunmore had attempted to disarm the militia as tensions increased , although no fighting broke out . He issued a proclamation on November 7 , 1775 promising freedom for slaves who fled their Patriot masters to fight for the Crown . Dunmore 's troops were overwhelmed by Patriots at Great Bridge , and Dunmore fled to naval ships anchored off Norfolk . Subsequent negotiations broke down , so Dunmore ordered the ships to destroy the town . Fighting broke out on November 19 in South Carolina between Loyalist and Patriot militias , and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony . Loyalists were recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South , but they were decisively defeated and Loyalist sentiment was subdued . A troop of British regulars set out to reconquer South Carolina and launched an attack on Charleston on June 28 , 1776 , but it failed and effectively left the South in Patriot control until 1780 . The shortage of gunpowder had led Congress to authorize an expedition against the Bahamas colony in the British West Indies in order to secure ordnance there . On March 3 , 1776 , the Americans landed after a bloodless exchange of fire , and the local militia offered no resistance . They confiscated all the supplies that they could load and sailed away on March 17 . The squadron reached New London , Connecticut on April 8 , after a brief skirmish with the Royal Navy frigate HMS Glasgow on April 6 . Political reactions Main articles : Olive Branch Petition and United States Declaration of Independence After fighting began , Congress launched a final attempt to avert war , which Parliament rejected as insincere . King George then issued a Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23 , 1775 , which only served to embolden the colonists in their determination to become independent . After a speech by the King , Parliament rejected coercive measures on the colonies by 170 votes . British Tories refused to compromise , while Whigs argued that current policy would drive the colonists towards independence . Despite opposition , the King himself began micromanaging the war effort . The Irish Parliament pledged to send troops to America , and Irish Catholics were allowed to enlist in the army for the first time . Irish Protestants favored the Americans , while Catholics favored the King . The initial hostilities provided a sobering military lesson for the British , causing them to rethink their views on colonial military capability . The weak British response gave the Patriots the advantage , and the British lost control over every colony . The army had been deliberately kept small in England since 1688 to prevent abuses of power by the King . Parliament secured treaties with small German states for additional troops and sent an army of 32,000 men to America after a year , the largest that it had ever sent outside Europe at the time . In the colonies , the success of Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense had boosted public support for independence . On July 2 , Congress voted in favor of independence with twelve affirmatives and one abstention , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Washington read the declaration to his men and the citizens of New York on July 9 , invigorating the crowd to tear down a lead statue of the King and melting it to make bullets . British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves . Patriots followed independence with the Test Laws , requiring residents to swear allegiance to the state in which they lived , intending to root out neutrals or opponents to independence . Failure to do so meant possible imprisonment , exile , or even death . American Tories were barred from public office , forbidden from practising medicine and law , forced to pay increased taxes , or even barred from executing wills or becoming guardians to orphans . Congress enabled states to confiscate Loyalist property to fund the war . Some Quakers who remained neutral had their property confiscated . States later prevented Loyalists from collecting any debts that they were owed . British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign American soldiers in combat at the Battle of Long Island , 1776 After regrouping at Halifax , William Howe determined to take the fight to the Americans . He set sail in June 1776 and began landing troops on Staten Island near the entrance to New York Harbor on July 2 . Due to poor military intelligence , Washington split his army to positions on Manhattan Island and across the East River in western Long Island , and an informal attempt to negotiate peace was rejected by the Americans . On August 27 , Howe outflanked Washington and forced him back to Brooklyn Heights . Howe restrained his subordinates from pursuit , opting to besiege Washington instead . Washington withdrew to Manhattan without any losses in men or ordnance . Following the withdrawal , the Staten Island Peace Conference failed to negotiate peace , as the British delegates did not possess the authority to recognize independence . Howe then seized control of New York City on September 15 , and unsuccessfully engaged the Americans the following day . He attempted to encircle Washington , but the Americans successfully withdrew . On October 28 , the British fought an indecisive action against Washington , in which Howe declined to attack Washington 's army , instead concentrating his efforts upon a hill that was of no strategic value . British warships forcing passage of the Hudson River Washington 's retreat left his forces isolated , and the British captured an American fortification on November 16 , taking 3,000 prisoners and amounting to what one historian terms `` the most disastrous defeat of the entire war '' . Washington 's army fell back four days later . Henry Clinton then captured Newport , Rhode Island , an operation which he opposed , feeling that the 6,000 troops assigned to him could have been better employed in the pursuit of Washington . The American prisoners were then sent to the infamous prison ships in which more American soldiers and sailors died of disease and neglect than died in every battle of the war combined . Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington , but Howe ordered him to halt , and Washington marched away unmolested . The outlook of the American cause was bleak ; the army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men and would be reduced further when the enlistments expired at the end of the year . Popular support wavered , morale ebbed away , and Congress abandoned Philadelphia . Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat , especially in New York . Emanuel Leutze 's famous 1851 depiction of Washington Crossing the Delaware News of the campaign was well received in Britain . Festivities took place in London , public support reached a peak , and the King awarded the Order of the Bath to William Howe . The successes led to predictions that the British could win within a year . The American defeat revealed what one writer views as Washington 's strategic deficiencies , such as dividing a numerically weaker army in the face of a stronger one , his inexperienced staff misreading the situation , and his troops fleeing in disorder when fighting began . In the meantime , the British entered winter quarters and were in a good place to resume campaigning . On December 25 , 1776 , Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware River , and his army overwhelmed the Hessian garrison at Trenton , New Jersey the following morning , taking 900 prisoners . The decisive victory rescued the army 's flagging morale and gave a new hope to the cause for independence . Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton , but his efforts were repulsed on January 2 . Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night , and defeated his rearguard the following day . The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies , as well as recovering morale in the army . Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown , New Jersey on January 6 , though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued . While encamped , Howe made no attempt to attack , much to Washington 's amazement . British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) Main articles : Saratoga campaign and Philadelphia campaign In December 1776 , John Burgoyne returned to London to set strategy with Lord George Germain . Burgoyne 's plan was to establish control of the Champlain - George - Hudson route from New York to Quebec , isolating New England . Efforts could then be concentrated on the southern colonies , where it was believed Loyalist support was in abundance . `` The Surrender at Saratoga '' shows General Daniel Morgan in front of a French de Vallière 4 - pounder . Burgoyne 's plan was to lead an army along Lake Champlain , while a strategic diversion advanced along the Mohawk River , and both would rendezvous at Albany . Burgoyne set out on June 14 , 1777 , quickly capturing Ticonderoga on July 5 . Leaving 1,300 men behind as a garrison , Burgoyne continued the advance . Progress was slow ; the Americans blocked roads , destroyed bridges , dammed streams and denuded the area of food . Meanwhile , Barry St. Ledger 's diversionary column laid siege to Fort Stanwix . St. Ledger withdrew to Quebec on August 22 after his Indian support abandoned him . On August 16 , a Hessian foraging expedition was soundly defeated at Bennington , and more than 700 troops were captured . Meanwhile , the vast majority of Burgoyne 's Indian support abandoned him and Howe informed Burgoyne he would launch his campaign on Philadelphia as planned , and would be unable to render aid . Burgoyne decided to continue the advance . On September 19 , he attempted to flank the American position , and clashed at Freeman 's Farm . The British won , but at the cost of 600 casualties . Burgoyne then dug in , but suffered a constant haemorrhage of deserters , and critical supplies were running low . On October 7 , a British reconnaissance in force against the American lines was repulsed with heavy losses . Burgoyne then withdrew with the Americans in pursuit , and by October 13 , he was surrounded . With no hope of relief and supplies exhausted , Burgoyne surrendered on October 17 , and 6,222 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans . The decisive success spurred France to enter the war as an ally of the United States , securing the final elements needed for victory over Britain , that of foreign assistance . Washington and Lafayette inspect the troops at Valley Forge . Meanwhile , Howe launched his campaign against Washington , though his initial efforts to bring him to battle in June 1777 failed . Howe declined to attack Philadelphia overland via New Jersey , or by sea via the Delaware Bay , even though both options would have enabled him to assist Burgoyne if necessary . Instead , he took his army on a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , leaving him completely unable to assist Burgoyne . This decision was so difficult to understand , Howe 's critics accused him of treason . Howe outflanked and defeated Washington on September 11 , though he failed to follow - up on the victory and destroy his army . A British victory at Willistown left Philadelphia defenceless , and Howe captured the city unopposed on September 26 . Howe then moved 9,000 men to Germantown , north of Philadelphia . Washington launched a surprise attack on Howe 's garrison on October 4 , which was eventually repulsed . Again , Howe did not follow - up on his victory , leaving the American army intact and able to fight . Later , after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh , Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia , astonishing both sides . Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear , where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies . On December 19 , Washington 's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge . Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops . Howe , only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , made no effort to attack , which critics observed could have ended the war . The Continental Army was put through a new training program , supervised by Baron von Steuben , introducing the most modern Prussian methods of drilling . Meanwhile , Howe resigned and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Clinton received orders to abandon Philadelphia and fortify New York following France 's entry into the war . On June 18 , the British departed Philadelphia , with the reinvigorated Americans in pursuit . The two armies fought at Monmouth Court House on June 28 , with the Americans holding the field , greatly boosting morale and confidence . By July , both armies were back in the same positions they had been two years prior . Foreign intervention Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , and Carlisle Peace Commission The defeat at Saratoga caused considerable anxiety in Britain over foreign intervention . The North ministry sought reconciliation with the colonies by consenting to their original demands , although Lord North refused to grant independence . No positive reply was received from the Americans . French troops storming Redoubt 9 during the Siege of Yorktown French foreign minister the Comte de Vergennes was strongly anti-British , and he sought a casus belli to go to war with Britain following the conquest of Canada in 1763 . The French had covertly supplied the Americans through neutral Dutch ports since the onset of the war , proving invaluable throughout the Saratoga campaign . The French public favored war , though Vergennes and King Louis XVI were hesitant , owing to the military and financial risk . The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French that supporting the Patriots was worthwhile , but doing so also brought major concerns . The King was concerned that Britain 's concessions would be accepted , and that she would then reconcile with the Colonies to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the Caribbean . To prevent this , France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 and followed with a military alliance . France aimed to expel Britain from the Newfoundland fishery , end restrictions on Dunkirk sovereignty , regain free trade in India , recover Senegal and Dominica , and restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions pertaining to Anglo - French trade . Spain was wary of provoking war with Britain before she was ready , so she covertly supplied the Patriots via her colonies in New Spain . Congress hoped to persuade Spain into an open alliance , so the first American Commission met with the Count of Aranda in 1776 . Spain was still reluctant to make an early commitment , owing to a lack of direct French involvement , the threat against their treasure fleets , and the possibility of war with Portugal , Spain 's neighbor and a close ally of Britain . However , Spain affirmed its desire to support the Americans the following year , hoping to weaken Britain 's empire . In the Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ) , the Portuguese threat was neutralized . On 12 April 1779 , Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain . Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe , as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida , and also to expel the British from Central America . Meanwhile , George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight . He did not welcome war with France , but he believed that Britain had made all necessary steps to avoid it and cited the British victories over France in the Seven Years ' War as a reason to remain optimistic . Britain tried in vain to find a powerful ally to engage France , leaving it isolated , preventing Britain from focusing the majority of her efforts in one theater , and forcing a major diversion of military resources from America . Despite this , the King determined never to recognize American independence and to ravage the colonies indefinitely , or until they pleaded to return to the yoke of the Crown . Mahan argues that Britain 's attempt to fight in multiple theaters simultaneously without major allies was fundamentally flawed , citing impossible mutual support , exposing the forces to defeat in detail . Since the outbreak of the conflict , Britain had appealed to her ally , the neutral Dutch Republic , to loan her the use of the Scots Brigade for service in America , but pro-American sentiment among the Dutch public forced them to deny the request . Consequently , the British attempted to invoke several treaties for outright Dutch military support , but the Republic still refused . Moreover , American troops were being supplied with ordnance by Dutch merchants via their West Indies colonies . French supplies bound for America had also passed through Dutch ports . The Republic maintained free trade with France following France 's declaration of war on Britain , citing a prior concession by Britain on this issue . Britain responded by confiscating Dutch shipping , and even firing upon it . Consequently , the Republic joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to enforce their neutral status . The Republic had also given sanctuary to American privateers and had drafted a treaty of commerce with the Americans . Britain argued that these actions contravened the Republic 's neutral stance and declared war in December 1780 . International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe The Moonlight Battle of Cape St. Vincent , 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman , painted 1780 Soon after France declared war , French and British fleets fought an indecisive action off Ushant on 27 July 1778 . Spain entered the war on 12 April 1779 , with a primary goal of capturing Gibraltar , Spanish troops under the Duc de Crillon laid siege to the Rock on 24 June . The naval blockade , however , was relatively weak , and the British were able to resupply the garrison . Meanwhile , a plan was formulated for a combined Franco - Spanish invasion of the British mainland , but the expedition failed due to a combination of poor planning , disease , logistical issues , and high financial expenditures . However , a diversionary Franco - American squadron did meet with some success on 23 September under John Paul Jones . On 16 January 1780 , the Royal Navy under George Rodney scored a major victory over the Spanish , weakening the naval blockade of Gibraltar . A Franco - Spanish fleet commanded by Luis de Córdova intercepted and decisively defeated a large British convoy off the Azores led by John Moutray on 9 August which was bound for the West Indies . The defeat was catastrophic for Britain , which lost 52 merchant ships , 5 East Indiamen , 80,000 muskets , equipment for 40,000 troops , 294 guns , and 3,144 men , making it one of the most complete naval captures ever made . The loss was valued at some £ 1.5 million ( £ 181 million in today 's money ) , dealing a severe blow to British commerce . Americas The French blockaded the lucrative sugar islands of Barbados and Jamaica , intending to damage British trade . French troops led by the Marquis de Bouillé captured Dominica on 7 September 1778 in order to improve communication among French Caribbean islands and to strike a blow to privateering . The British defeated a French naval force on 15 December and captured St. Lucia on 28 December . Both fleets received reinforcements through the first half of 1779 , but the French under the Comte d'Estaing had superiority in the Caribbean and began capturing British territories , seizing St. Vincent on 18 June and Grenada on 4 July . The British fleet under John Byron was tactically defeated on July 6 , having pursued d'Estaing from Grenada , the worst loss that the Royal Navy had suffered since 1690 . Naval skirmishes continued until 17 April 1780 , when British and French fleets clashed indecisively off Martinique . At New Orleans Governor Bernardo de Gálvez decided conquered West Florida and Mobile . In Central America , the defense of Guatemala was a priority for Spain . The British intended to capture the key fortress of San Fernando de Omoa and drive the Spanish from the region . After inadequate first attempts , 1,200 British troops led by William Dalrymple arrived on 16 October , and they captured the fort on 20 October . However , the British suffered terribly due to disease and were forced to abandon the fort on 29 November ; Spanish troops subsequently reoccupied it . In 1780 , Jamaica 's governor John Dalling planned an expedition to cut New Spain in two by capturing Granada , which would subsequently allow them full control of the San Juan River . A British expedition set out on 3 February 1780 , led by John Polson and Horatio Nelson . They reached Fort San Juan on 17 March and laid siege , capturing it on 29 April . The British were ravaged by disease and were running low on food due to poor logistics . They withdrew on 8 November , the expedition having suffered a decisive defeat ; some 2,500 troops had perished , making it the costliest British disaster of the war . India Mysorean troops defeat the British at Pollilur , using rockets against closely massed British infantry The British East India Company moved quickly to capture French possessions in India when they learned about the hostilities with France , and they took Pondicherry on 19 October 1778 after a two - week siege . The Company resolved to drive the French completely out of India , and they captured the Malabar port of Mahé in 1779 where French ordnance passed through . Mahé was under the protection of Mysore 's ruler Hyder Ali ( the Tipu Sultan ) , and tensions were already inflamed because the British had supported Malabar rebels who had risen against him ; so the fall of Mahé precipitated war . Hyder Ali invaded the Carnatic region in July 1780 and laid siege to Tellicherry and Arcot . A British relief force of 7,000 men under William Baille was intercepted and destroyed by the Tipu Sultan on 10 September , the worst defeat suffered by a European army in India at the time . Ali then renewed the siege at Arcot instead of pressing on for a decisive victory against a second British army at Madras , capturing it on 3 November . The delay allowed British forces to regroup for campaigning the following year . Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga and Western theater of the American Revolutionary War `` Give ' em Watts , boys ! '' -- American troops repulse Wilhelm von Knyphausen 's attack at Springfield Henry Clinton withdrew from Philadelphia , consolidating his forces in New York following the British defeat at Saratoga and the entry of France into the war . French admiral the Comte d'Estaing had been dispatched to North America in April 1778 to assist Washington , and he arrived shortly after Clinton withdrew into New York . The Franco - American forces felt that New York 's defenses were too formidable for the French fleet , and they opted to attack Newport . This effort was launched on August 29 , but it failed when the French opted to withdraw , and this displeased the Americans . The war then ground down to a stalemate , with the majority of actions fought as large skirmishes , such as those at Chestnut Neck and Little Egg Harbor . In the summer of 1779 , the Americans captured British posts at Stony Point and Paulus Hook . In July , Clinton unsuccessfully attempted to coax Washington into a decisive engagement by making a major raid into Connecticut . That month , a large American naval operation attempted to retake Maine , but it resulted in the worst American naval defeat until Pearl Harbor in 1941 . The high frequency of Iroquois raids on the locals compelled Washington to mount a punitive expedition which destroyed a large number of Iroquois settlements , but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids . During the winter of 1779 -- 80 , the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge . Morale was poor ; public support was being eroded by the long war ; the national currency was virtually worthless ; the army was plagued with supply problems ; desertion was common ; and whole regiments mutinied over the conditions in early 1780 . Hamilton surrenders at Vincennes , February 29 , 1779 In 1780 , Clinton launched an attempt to retake New Jersey . On June 7 , 6,000 men invaded under Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen , but they met stiff resistance from the local militia . The British held the field , but Knyphausen feared a general engagement with Washington 's main army and withdrew . Knyphausen and Clinton decided upon a second attempt two weeks later which was soundly defeated at Springfield , effectively ending British ambitions in New Jersey . Meanwhile , American general Benedict Arnold had defected to the British , and he conspired to betray the key American fortress of West Point by surrendering it to the enemy . The plot was foiled when British spy master John André was captured , so Arnold fled to British lines in New York . He attempted to justify his betrayal by appealing to Loyalist public opinion , but the Patriots strongly condemned him as a coward and turncoat . The war to the west of the Appalachians was largely confined to skirmishing and raids . An expedition of militia was halted due to adverse weather in February 1778 which had set out to destroy British military supplies in settlements along the Cuyahoga River . Later in the year , a second campaign was undertaken to seize the Illinois Country from the British . The Americans captured Kaskaskia on July 4 and then secured Vincennes , although Vincennes was recaptured by Henry Hamilton , the British commander at Detroit . In early 1779 , the Americans counterattacked by undertaking a risky winter march , and they secured the surrender of the British at Vincennes , taking Hamilton prisoner . On May 25 , 1780 , the British launched an expedition into Kentucky as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast . The expedition met with only limited success , though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured . The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August which met with some success , but it did little to abate the Indian raids on the frontier . French militia attempted to capture Detroit , but it ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5 . The war in the west had become a stalemate ; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the hostile Indian tribes and occupy their land . War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War British troops besiege Charleston in 1780 , by Alonzo Chappel The British turned their attention to conquering the South in 1778 , after Loyalists in London assured them of a strong Loyalist base there . A southern campaign also had the advantage of keeping the Royal Navy closer to the Caribbean , where it would be needed to defend lucrative colonies against the Franco - Spanish fleets . On December 29 , 1778 , an expeditionary corps from New York captured Savannah , and British troops then moved inland to recruit Loyalist support . There was a promising initial turnout in early 1779 , but then a large Loyalist militia was defeated at Kettle Creek on February 14 and they had to recognize their dependence upon the British . The British , however , defeated Patriot militia at Brier Creek on March 3 , and then launched an abortive assault on Charleston , South Carolina . The operation became notorious for its high degree of looting by British troops , enraging both Loyalists and Patriot colonists . In October , a combined Franco - American effort failed to recapture Savannah . In May 1780 , Henry Clinton captured Charleston , taking over 5,000 prisoners and effectively destroying the Continental Army in the south . Organized American resistance in the region collapsed when Banastre Tarleton defeated the withdrawing Americans at Waxhaws on May 29 . American and British cavalry clash at the Battle of Cowpens ; from an 1845 painting by William Ranney Clinton returned to New York , leaving Charles Cornwallis in command in Charleston to oversee the southern war effort . Far fewer Loyalists than expected joined him . In the interim , the war was carried on by Patriot militias who effectively suppressed Loyalists by winning victories in Fairfield County , Lincolnton , Huck 's Defeat , Stanly County , and Lancaster County . Congress appointed Horatio Gates , victor at Saratoga , to lead the American effort in the south . He suffered a major defeat at Camden on August 16 , 1780 , setting the stage for Cornwallis to invade North Carolina . The British attempted to subjugate the countryside , and Patriot militia continued to fight against them , so Cornwallis dispatched troops to raise Loyalist forces to cover his left flank as he moved north . This wing of Cornwallis ' army was virtually destroyed on October 7 , irreversibly breaking Loyalist support in the Carolinas . Cornwallis subsequently aborted his advance and retreated back into South Carolina . In the interim , Washington replaced Gates with his trusted subordinate , Nathanael Greene . Greene was unable to confront the British directly , so he dispatched a force under Daniel Morgan to recruit additional troops . Morgan then defeated the cream of the British army under Tarleton on January 17 , 1781 at Cowpens . Cornwallis was criticized for having detached a substantial part of his army without adequate support , but he advanced into North Carolina despite the setbacks , gambling that he would receive substantial Loyalist support there . Greene evaded combat with Cornwallis , instead wearing his army down through a protracted war of attrition . By March , Greene 's army had increased in size enough that he felt confident in facing Cornwallis . The two armies engaged at Guilford Courthouse on March 15 ; Greene was beaten , but Cornwallis ' army suffered irreplaceable casualties . Compounding this , far fewer Loyalists were joining than the British had previously expected . Cornwallis ' casualties were such that he was compelled to retreat to Wilmington for reinforcement , leaving the Patriots in control of the interior of the Carolinas and Georgia . Greene then proceeded to reclaim the South . The American troops suffered a reversal at Hobkirk 's Hill on April 25 ; nonetheless , they continued to dislodge strategic British posts in the area , capturing Fort Watson and Fort Motte . Augusta was the last major British outpost in the South outside of Charleston and Savannah , but the Americans reclaimed possession of it on June 6 . A British force clashed with American troops at Eutaw Springs on September 8 in a final effort to stop Greene , but the British casualties were so high that they withdrew to Charleston . Minor skirmishes continued in the Carolinas until the end of the war , and British troops were effectively confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict . British defeat in America ( 1781 ) Main article : Yorktown campaign The French ( left ) and British ( right ) lines exchange fire at the Battle of the Chesapeake Cornwallis had discovered that the majority of American supplies in the Carolinas were passing through Virginia , and he had written to both Lord Germain and Clinton detailing his intentions to invade . Cornwallis believed that a successful campaign there would cut supplies to Greene 's army and precipitate a collapse of American resistance in the South . Clinton strongly opposed the plan , favoring a campaign farther north in the Chesapeake Bay region . Lord Germain wrote to Cornwallis to approve his plan and neglected to include Clinton in the decision - making , even though Clinton was Cornwallis ' superior officer , and Cornwallis then decided to move into Virginia without informing Clinton . Clinton , however , had failed to construct a coherent strategy for British operations in 1781 , owing to his difficult relationship with his naval counterpart Marriot Arbuthnot . Following the calamitous operations at Newport and Savannah , French planners realized that closer cooperation with the Americans was required to achieve success . The French fleet led by the Comte de Grasse had received discretionary orders from Paris to assist joint efforts in the north if naval support was needed . Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau discussed their options . Washington pushed for an attack on New York , while Rochambeau preferred a strike in Virginia where the British were less well - established and thus easier to defeat . Franco - American movements around New York caused Clinton a great deal of anxiety , fearing an attack on the city . His instructions were vague to Cornwallis during this time , rarely forming explicit orders . However , Clinton did instruct Cornwallis to establish a fortified naval base and to transfer troops to the north to defend New York . Cornwallis dug in at Yorktown and awaited the Royal Navy . Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by John Trumbull , 1797 Washington still favored an assault on New York , but he acquiesced to the French when they opted to send their fleet to their preferred target of Yorktown . In August , the combined Franco - American army moved south to coordinate with de Grasse in defeating Cornwallis . The British lacked sufficient naval resources to effectively counter the French , but they dispatched a fleet under Thomas Graves to assist Cornwallis and attempt to gain naval dominance . On September 5 , the French fleet decisively defeated Graves , giving the French control of the seas around Yorktown and cutting off Cornwallis from reinforcements and relief . Despite the continued urging of his subordinates , Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco - American army before it had established siege works , expecting that reinforcements would arrive from New York , and the Franco - American army laid siege to Yorktown on September 28 . Cornwallis continued to think that relief was imminent from Clinton , and he abandoned his outer defenses which were immediately occupied by American troops -- serving to hasten his subsequent defeat . The British then failed in an attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point when a storm hit . Cornwallis and his subordinates were under increasing bombardment and facing dwindling supplies ; they agreed that their situation was untenable and negotiated a surrender on October 17 , 1781 , and 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans . The same day as the surrender , 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York , sailing to relieve Yorktown . North ministry collapses The Gordon Riots , by John Seymour Lucas On 25 November 1781 , news arrived in London of the surrender at Yorktown . The Whig opposition gained traction in Parliament , and a motion was proposed on December 12 to end the war which was defeated by only one vote. On 27 February 1782 , the House voted against further war in America by 19 votes . Lord Germain was dismissed and a vote of no confidence was passed against North . The Rockingham Whigs came to power and opened negotiations for peace . Rockingham died and was succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne . Despite their defeat , the British still had 30,000 troops garrisoned in New York , Charleston , and Savannah . Henry Clinton was recalled and was replaced by Guy Carleton who was under orders to suspend offensive operations . Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Main articles : Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar , September 13 , 1782 , by John Singleton Copley After hostilities with the Dutch began in late 1780 , Britain had moved quickly , enforcing a blockade across the North Sea . Within weeks , the British had captured 200 Dutch merchantmen , and 300 more were holed up in foreign ports , though political turmoil within the Republic and peace negotiations by both sides helped keep conflict to a minimum . The majority of the Dutch public favored a military alliance with France against Britain ; however , the Dutch Stadtholder impeded these efforts , hoping to secure an early peace . To restore diminishing trade a Dutch squadron under Johan Zoutman escorted a fleet of some 70 merchantmen from the Texel . Zoutman 's ships were intercepted by Sir Hyde Parker , who engaged Zoutman at Dogger Bank on 5 August 1781 . Though the contest was tactically inconclusive , the Dutch fleet did not leave harbor again during the war , and their merchant fleet remained crippled . On 6 January 1781 , a French attempt to capture Jersey to neutralize British privateering failed . Frustrated in their attempts to capture Gibraltar , a Franco - Spanish force of 14,000 men under the Duc de Mahon invaded Minorca on 19 August . After a long siege of St. Philip 's , the British garrison under James Murray surrendered on 5 February 1782 , securing a primary war goal for the Spanish . At Gibraltar , a major Franco - Spanish assault on 13 September 1782 was repulsed with heavy casualties . On 20 October 1782 , following a successful resupply of Gibraltar , British ships under Richard Howe successfully refused battle to the Franco - Spanish fleet under Luis de Córdova , denying Córdova dominance at sea . On 7 February 1783 , after 1,322 days of siege , the Franco - Spanish army withdrew , decisively defeated . Americas Spanish troops led by Bernardo de Gálvez in combat at Pensacola . Oil on canvas , Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau , 2015 . In the West Indies , on 29 -- 30 April 1781 , a Royal Navy squadron under Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French , led by the Comte de Grasse , who continued seizing British territories : Tobago fell on 2 June ; Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782 ; St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February , despite a British naval victory on 25 January ; and Montserrat on 22 February . In 1782 , the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined . On 7 April 1782 , de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco - Spanish troops at Saint Domingue and invade Jamaica from the north . The British under Hood and George Rodney pursued and decisively defeated the French off Dominica between 9 -- 12 April . The Franco - Spanish plan to conquer Jamaica was in ruins , and the balance of naval power in the Caribbean shifted to the Royal Navy . After the fall of Mobile to Spanish troops under Bernardo de Gálvez , an attempt to capture Pensacola was thwarted due to a hurricane . Emboldened by the disaster , John Campbell , British commander at Pensacola , decided to recapture Mobile . Campbell 's expeditionary force of around 700 men was defeated on 7 January 1781 . After re-grouping at Havana , Gálvez set out for Pensacola on 13 February . Arriving on 9 March , siege operations did not begin until 24 March , owing to difficulties in bringing the ships into the bay . After a 45 - day siege , Gálvez decisively defeated the garrison , securing the conquest of West Florida . In May , Spanish troops captured the Bahamas , although the British bloodlessly recaptured the islands the following year on 18 April . In Guatemala , Matías de Gálvez led Spanish troops in an effort to dislocate British settlements along the Gulf of Honduras . Gálvez captured Roatán on 16 March 1782 , and then quickly took Black River . Following the decisive naval victory at the Saintes , Archibald Campbell , the Royal governor of Jamaica , authorized Edward Despard to re-take Black River , which he did on 22 August . However , with peace talks opening , and Franco - Spanish resources committed to the siege of Gibraltar , no further offensive operations took place . Few operations were conducted against the Dutch , although several Dutch colonies were captured by the British in 1781 . Sint Eustatius , a key supply port for the Patriots , was sacked by British forces under George Rodney on 3 February 1782 , plundering the island 's wealth . India Following Dutch entry into the conflict , East India Company troops under Hector Munro captured the Dutch port of Negapatam after a three - week siege on 11 October 1781 . Soon after , British Admiral Edward Hughes captured Trincomalee after a brief engagement on 11 January 1782 . The British ( right ) and the French ( left ) , with Admiral Suffren 's flagship Cléopâtre on the far left , exchange fire at Cuddalore , by Auguste Jugelet , 1836 . In March 1781 , French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched to India to assist colonial efforts . Suffren arrived off the Indian coast in February 1782 , where he clashed with a British fleet under Hughes , winning a narrow tactical victory . After landing troops at Porto Novo to assist Mysore , Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again Providien on 12 April . There was no clear victor , though Hughes ' fleet came off worse , and he withdrew to the British - held port of Trincomalee . Hyder Ali wished for the French to capture Negapatam to establish naval dominance over the British , and this task fell to Suffren . Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again off Negapatam on 6 July . Suffren withdrew to Cuddalore , strategically defeated , and the British remained in control of Negapatam . Intending to find a more suitable port than Cuddalore , Suffren captured Trincomalee on 1 September , and successfully engaged Hughes two days later . Meanwhile , Ali 's troops loosely blockaded Vellore as the East India Company regrouped . Company troops under Sir Eyre Coote led a counter-offensive , defeating Ali at Porto Novo on 1 July 1781 , Pollilur on 27 August , and Sholinghur on 27 September , expelling the Mysorean troops from the Carnatic . On 18 February 1782 , Tipu Sultan defeated John Braithwaite near Tanjore , taking his entire 1,800 - strong force prisoner . The war had , by this point , reached an uneasy stalemate . On 7 December 1782 , Hyder Ali died , and the rule of Mysore passed to his son , Tipu Sultan . Sultan advanced along the west coast , laying siege to Mangalore on 20 May 1783 . Meanwhile , on the east coast , an army under James Stuart besieged the French - held port of Cuddalore on 9 June 1783 . On 20 June , key British naval support for the siege was neutralized when Suffren defeated Hughes ' fleet off Cuddalore , and though narrow , the victory gave Suffren the opportunity to displace British holdings in India . On 25 June , the Franco - Mysorean defenders made repeated sorties against British lines , though all assaults failed . On 30 June , news arrived of a preliminary peace between the belligerent powers , and the siege was effectively over when the French abandoned the siege . Mangalore remained under siege , and capitulated to Sultan on 30 January 1784 . Little fighting took place thereafter , and Mysore and Britain made peace on 11 March . Peace of Paris Main articles : Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) and Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Benjamin West 's famous painting of the American delegations at the Treaty of Paris . The British delegation refused to pose , and the painting was never completed . Following the surrender at Yorktown , the Whig party came to power in Britain and began opening negotiations for a cessation of hostilities . While peace negotiations were being undertaken , British troops in America were restricted from launching further offensives . Prime Minister the Earl of Shelburne was reluctant to accept American independence as a prerequisite for peace , as the British were aware that the French economy was nearly bankrupt , and reinforcements sent to the West Indies could potentially reverse the situation there . He preferred that the colonies accept Dominion status within the Empire , though a similar offer had been rejected by the Americans in 1778 . Negotiations soon began in Paris . The Americans initially demanded that Quebec be ceded to them as spoils of war , a proposal that was dropped when Shelburne accepted American demands for recognition of independence . On April 19 , 1782 , the Dutch formally recognized the United States as a sovereign power , enhancing American leverage at the negotiations . Spain initially impeded the negotiations , refusing to enter into peace talks until Gibraltar had been captured . The Comte de Vergennes proposed that American territory be confined to the east of the Appalachians ; Britain would have sovereignty over the area north of the Ohio River , below which an Indian barrier state would be established under Spanish control . The United States fiercely opposed the proposal . Washington enters New York in triumph following the British evacuation of America . The Americans skirted their allies , recognizing that more favorable terms would be found in London . They negotiated directly with Shelburne , who hoped to make Britain a valuable trading partner of America at the expense of France . To this end , Shelburne offered to cede all the land east of the Mississippi River , north of Florida , and south of Quebec , while also allowing American fishermen access to the rich Newfoundland fishery . Shelburne was hoping to facilitate the growth of the American population , creating lucrative markets that Britain could exploit at no administrative cost to London . As Vergennes commented , `` the English buy peace rather than make it '' . Throughout the negotiations , Britain never consulted her American Indian allies , forcing them to reluctantly accept the treaty . However , the subsequent tension erupted into conflicts between the Indians and the young United States , the largest being the Northwest Indian War . Britain continued trying to create an Indian buffer state in the American Midwest as late as 1814 during the War of 1812 . Britain negotiated separate treaties with Spain , France , and the Dutch Republic . Gibraltar proved to be a stumbling block in the peace talks ; Spain offered to relinquish their conquests in West Florida , Menorca , and the Bahamas in exchange for Gibraltar , terms which Shelburne steadfastly refused . Shelburne instead offered to cede East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca if Spain would relinquish the claim on Gibraltar , terms which were reluctantly accepted . However , in the long - term , the new territorial gains were of little value to Spain . France 's only net gains were the island of Tobago in the Caribbean and Senegal in Africa , after agreeing to return all other colonial conquests to British sovereignty . Britain returned Dutch Caribbean territories to Dutch sovereignty , in exchange for free trade rights in the Dutch East Indies and control of the Indian port of Negapatnam . Preliminary peace articles were signed in Paris on 30 November 1782 , while preliminaries between Britain , Spain , France , and the Netherlands continued until September 1783 . The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14 , 1784 . Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved , the first reaching France in March 1784 . British ratification occurred on April 9 , 1784 , and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12 , 1784 . The war formally concluded on September 3 , 1783 . The last British troops departed New York City on November 25 , 1783 , marking the end of British rule in the new United States . Aftermath Casualties and losses Americans and allies The total loss of life throughout the conflict is largely unknown . As was typical in wars of the era , diseases such as smallpox claimed more lives than battle . Between 1775 and 1782 , a smallpox epidemic broke out throughout North America , killing 40 people in Boston alone . Historian Joseph Ellis suggests that Washington 's decision to have his troops inoculated against the disease was one of his most important decisions . Between 25,000 and 70,000 American Patriots died during active military service . Of these , approximately 6,800 were killed in battle , while at least 17,000 died from disease . The majority of the latter died while prisoners of war of the British , mostly in the prison ships in New York Harbor . If the upper limit of 70,000 is accepted as the total net loss for the Patriots , it would make the conflict proportionally deadlier than the American Civil War . Uncertainty arises due to the difficulties in accurately calculating the number of those who succumbed to disease , as it is estimated at least 10,000 died in 1776 alone . The number of Patriots seriously wounded or disabled by the war has been estimated from 8,500 to 25,000 . The French suffered approximately 7,000 total dead throughout the conflict ; of those , 2,112 were killed in combat in the American theaters of war . The Dutch suffered around 500 total killed , owing to the minor scale of their conflict with Britain . British and allies British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the British Armed Forces . A table from 1781 puts total British Army deaths at 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas ; 6,046 in North America ( 1775 -- 1779 ) , and 3,326 in the West Indies ( 1778 -- 1780 ) . In 1784 , a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during the war , encompassing Europe , the Caribbean and the East Indies . Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds . Approximately 7,774 Germans died in British service in addition to 4,888 deserters ; of the former , it is estimated 1,800 were killed in combat . Around 171,000 sailors served in the Royal Navy during the war ; approximately a quarter of whom had been pressed into service . Around 1,240 were killed in battle , while an estimated 18,500 died from disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) . The greatest killer at sea was scurvy , a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency . It was not until 1795 that scurvy was eradicated from the Royal Navy after the Admiralty declared lemon juice and sugar were to be issued among the standard daily rations of sailors . Around 42,000 sailors deserted during the war . The impact on merchant shipping was substantial ; an estimated 3,386 merchant ships were seized by enemy forces during the war ; of those , 2,283 were taken by American privateers alone . Financial debts Main article : Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War At the start of the war , the economy of the colonies was flourishing , and the free white population enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world . The Royal Navy enforced a naval blockade during the war to financially cripple the colonies , however , this proved unsuccessful ; 90 % of the population worked in farming , not in coastal trade , and , as such , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade . Congress had immense difficulties throughout the conflict to efficiently finance the war effort . As the circulation of hard currency declined , the Americans had to rely on loans from American merchants and bankers , France , Spain and the Netherlands , saddling the young nation with crippling debts . Congress attempted to remedy this by printing vast amounts of paper money and bills of credit to raise revenue . The effect was disastrous ; inflation skyrocketed , and the paper money became virtually worthless . The inflation spawned a popular phrase that anything of little value was `` not worth a continental '' . By 1791 , the United States had accumulated a national debt of approximately $75.5 million . The United States finally solved its debt and currency problems in the 1790s , when Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton secured legislation by which the national government assumed all of the state debts , and , in addition , created a national bank and a funding system based on tariffs and bond issues that paid off the foreign debts . Britain spent around £ 80 million and ended with a national debt of £ 250 million , ( £ 27.1 billion in today 's money ) , generating a yearly interest of £ 9.5 million annually . The debts piled upon that which it had already accumulated from the Seven Years ' War . Due to wartime taxation upon the British populace , the tax for the average Briton amounted to approximately four shillings in every pound . The French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres on aiding the Americans , accumulating a national debt of 3.315. 1 billion livres by 1783 on war costs . Unlike Britain , which had a very efficient taxation system , the French tax system was highly unstable , eventually leading to a financial crisis in 1786 . The debts contributed to a worsening fiscal crisis that ultimately begat the French Revolution at the end of the century . The debt continued to spiral ; on the eve of the French Revolution , the national debt had skyrocketed to 12 billion livres . Spain had nearly doubled her military spending during the war , from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million in 1779 . Spain more easily disposed of her debts unlike her French ally , partially due to the massive increase in silver mining in her American colonies ; production increased approximately 600 % in Mexico , and by 250 % in Peru and Bolivia . Analysis of combatants Great Britain See also : British Army during the American Revolutionary War , Royal Navy , Hessian ( soldier ) , and Loyalist ( American Revolution ) British redcoats at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 The population of Great Britain and Ireland in 1780 was approximately 12.6 million , while the Thirteen Colonies held a population of some 2.8 million , including some 500,000 slaves . Theoretically , Britain had the advantage , however , many factors inhibited the procurement of a large army . Armed forces Recruitment In 1775 , the standing British Army , exclusive of militia , comprised 45,123 men worldwide , made up of 38,254 infantry and 6,869 cavalry . The Army had approximately eighteen regiments of foot , some 8,500 men , stationed in North America . Standing armies had played a key role in the purge of the Long Parliament in 1648 , the maintenance of a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell , and the overthrow of James II , and , as such , the Army had been deliberately kept small in peacetime to prevent abuses of power by the King . Despite this , eighteenth century armies were not easy guests , and were regarded with scorn and contempt by the press and public of the New and Old World alike , derided as enemies of liberty . An expression ran in the Navy ; `` A messmate before a shipmate , a shipmate before a stranger , a stranger before a dog , a dog before a soldier '' . Press gang at work , British caricature of 1780 Parliament suffered chronic difficulties in obtaining sufficient manpower , and found it impossible to fill the quotas they had set . The Army was a deeply unpopular profession , one contentious issue being pay . A Private infantryman was paid a wage of just 8 d. per day , the same pay as for a New Model Army infantryman , 130 years earlier . The rate of pay in the army was insufficient to meet the rising costs of living , turning off potential recruits , as service was nominally for life . To entice people to enrol , Parliament offered a bounty of £ 1.10 s for every recruit . As the war dragged on , Parliament became desperate for manpower ; criminals were offered military service to escape legal penalties , and deserters were pardoned if they re-joined their units . After the defeat at Saratoga , Parliament doubled the bounty to £ 3 , and increased it again the following year , to £ 3.3 s , as well as expanding the age limit from 17 -- 45 to 16 -- 50 years of age . Impressment , essentially conscription by the `` press gang '' , was a favored recruiting method , though it was unpopular with the public , leading many to enlist in local militias to avoid regular service . Attempts were made to draft such levies , much to the chagrin of the militia commanders . Competition between naval and army press gangs , and even between rival ships or regiments , frequently resulted in brawls between the gangs in order to secure recruits for their unit . Men would maim themselves to avoid the press gangs , while many deserted at the first opportunity . Pressed men were militarily unreliable ; regiments with large numbers of such men were deployed to garrisons such as Gibraltar or the West Indies , purely to increase the difficulty in successfully deserting . By 1781 , the Army numbered approximately 121,000 men globally , 48,000 of whom were stationed throughout the Americas . Of the 171,000 sailors who served in the Royal Navy throughout the conflict , around a quarter were pressed . Interestingly , this same proportion , approximately 42,000 men , deserted during the conflict . At its height , the Navy had 94 ships - of - the - line , 104 frigates and 37 sloops in service . Loyalists and Hessians Hessian soldiers of the Leibregiment In 1775 , Britain unsuccessfully attempted to secure 20,000 mercenaries from Russia , and the use of the Scots Brigade from the Dutch Republic , such was the shortage of manpower . Parliament managed to negotiate treaties with the princes of German states for large sums of money , in exchange for mercenary troops . In total , 29,875 troops were hired for British service from six German states ; Brunswick ( 5,723 ) , Hesse - Kassel ( 16,992 ) , Hesse - Hannau ( 2,422 ) , Ansbach - Bayreuth ( 2,353 ) , Waldeck - Pyrmont ( 1,225 ) and Anhalt - Zerbst ( 1,160 ) . King George III , who also ruled Hanover as a Prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire , was approached by Parliament to loan the government Hanoverian soldiers for service in the war . Hanover supplied 2,365 men in five battalions , however , the lease agreement permitted them to only be used in Europe . Without any major allies , the manpower shortage became critical when France and Spain entered the war , forcing a major diversion of military resources from the Americas . Recruiting adequate numbers of Loyalist militia in America proved difficult due to high Patriot activity . To bolster numbers , the British promised freedom and grants of land to slaves who fought for them . Approximately 25,000 Loyalists fought for the British throughout the war , and provided some of the best troops in the British service ; the British Legion , a mixed regiment of 250 dragoons and 200 infantry commanded by Banastre Tarleton , gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies , especially in the South . Leadership Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America . Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war , was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists . Jeffrey Amherst , who was appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Forces in 1778 , refused a direct command in America , due to unwillingness to take sides in the war . Admiral Augustus Keppel similarly opposed a command , stating ; `` I can not draw the sword in such a cause '' . The Earl of Effingham resigned his commission when his regiment was posted to America , while William Howe and John Burgoyne were opposed to military solutions to the crisis . Howe and Henry Clinton both stated they were unwilling participants , and were only following orders . As was the case in many European armies , except the Prussian Army , officers in British service could purchase commissions to ascend the ranks . Despite repeated attempts by Parliament to suppress it , the practise was common in the Army . Values of commissions varied , but were usually in line with social and military prestige , for example , regiments such as the Guards commanded the highest prices . The lower ranks often regarded the treatment to high - ranking commissions by wealthier officers as `` plums for ( their ) consumption '' . Wealthy individuals lacking any formal military education , or practical experience , often found their way into positions of high responsibility , diluting the effectiveness of a regiment . Though Royal authority had forbade the practise since 1711 , it was still permitted for infants to hold commissions . Young boys , often orphans of deceased wealthy officers , were taken from their schooling and placed in positions of responsibility within regiments . Logistics Grenadier of the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1767 , armed with a Brown Bess musket Logistical organization of eighteenth century armies was chaotic at best , and the British Army was no exception . No logistical corps existed in the modern sense ; while on campaign in foreign territories such as America , horses , wagons , and drivers were frequently requisitioned from the locals , often by impressment or by hire . No centrally organized medical corps existed . It was common for surgeons to have no formal medical education , and no diploma or entry examination was required . Nurses sometimes were apprentices to surgeons , but many were drafted from the women who followed the army . Army surgeons and doctors were poorly paid and were regarded as social inferiors to other officers . The heavy personal equipment and wool uniform of the regular infantrymen were wholly unsuitable for combat in America , and the outfit was especially ill - suited to comfort and agile movement . During the Battle of Monmouth in late June 1778 , the temperature exceeded 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) and is said to have claimed more lives through heat stroke than through actual combat . The standard - issue firearm of the British Army was the Land Pattern Musket . Some officers preferred their troops to fire careful , measured shots ( around two per minute ) , rather than rapid firing . A bayonet made firing difficult , as its cumbersome shape hampered ramming down the charge into the barrel . British troops had a tendency to fire impetuously , resulting in inaccurate fire , a trait for which John Burgoyne criticized them during the Saratoga campaign . Burgoyne instead encouraged bayonet charges to break up enemy formations , which was a preferred tactic in most European armies at the time . Soldiers of the Black Watch armed with Brown Bess muskets , c. 1790 . Every battalion in America had organized its own rifle company by the end of the war , although rifles were not formally issued to the army until the Baker Rifle in 1801 . Flintlocks were heavily dependent on the weather ; high winds could blow the gunpowder from the flash pan , while heavy rain could soak the paper cartridge , ruining the powder and rendering the musket unable to fire . Furthermore , flints used in British muskets were of notoriously poor quality ; they could only be fired around six times before requiring resharpening , while American flints could fire sixty . This led to a common expression among the British : `` Yankee flint was as good as a glass of grog '' . Provisioning troops and sailors proved to be an immense challenge , as the majority of food stores had to be shipped overseas from Britain . The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the Army from living off the land . Other factors also impeded this option ; the countryside was too sparsely populated and the inhabitants were largely hostile or indifferent , the network of roads and bridges was poorly developed , and the area which the British controlled was so limited that foraging parties were frequently in danger of being ambushed . After France entered the war , the threat of the French navy increased the difficulty of transporting supplies to America . Food supplies were frequently in bad condition . The climate was also against the British in the southern colonies and the Caribbean , where the intense summer heat caused food supplies to sour and spoil . Life at sea was little better . Sailors and passengers were issued a daily food ration , largely consisting of hardtack and beer . The hardtack was often infested by weevils and was so tough that it earned the nicknames `` molar breakers '' and `` worm castles '' , and it sometimes had to be broken up with cannon shot . Meat supplies often spoiled on long voyages . The lack of fresh fruit and vegetables gave rise to scurvy , one of the biggest killers at sea . Discipline Discipline was harsh in the armed forces , and the lash was used to punish even trivial offences -- and not used sparingly . For instance , two redcoats received 1,000 lashes each for robbery during the Saratoga campaign , while another received 800 lashes for striking a superior officer . Flogging was a common punishment in the Royal Navy and came to be associated with the stereotypical hardiness of sailors . Despite the harsh discipline , a distinct lack of self - discipline pervaded all ranks of the British forces . Soldiers had an intense passion for gambling , reaching such excesses that troops would often wager their own uniforms . Many drank heavily , and this was not exclusive to the lower ranks ; William Howe was said to have seen many `` crapulous mornings '' while campaigning in New York . John Burgoyne drank heavily on a nightly basis towards the end of the Saratoga campaign . The two generals were also reported to have found solace with the wives of subordinate officers to ease the stressful burdens of command . During the Philadelphia campaign , British officers deeply offended local Quakers by entertaining their mistresses in the houses where they had been quartered . Some reports indicated that British troops were generally scrupulous in their treatment of non-combatants . This is contrasted diaries of Hessian soldiers , who recorded their disapproval of British conduct towards the colonists , such as the destruction of property and the execution of prisoners . The presence of Hessian soldiers caused considerable anxiety among the colonists , both Patriot and Loyalist , who viewed them as brutal mercenaries . British soldiers were often contemptuous in their treatment of Hessian troops , despite orders from General Howe that `` the English should treat the Germans as brothers '' . The order only began to have any real effect when the Hessians learned to speak a minimal degree of English , which was seen as a prerequisite for the British troops to accord them any respect . During peacetime , the Army 's idleness led to it being riddled with corruption and inefficiency , resulting in many administrative difficulties once campaigning began . Strategic deficiencies The British leadership soon discovered it had overestimated the capabilities of its own troops , while underestimating those of the colonists , causing a sudden re-think in British planning . The ineffective initial response of British military and civil officials to the onset of the rebellion had allowed the advantage to shift to the colonists , as British authorities rapidly lost control over every colony . A microcosm of these shortcomings were evident at the Battle of Bunker Hill . It took ten hours for the British leadership to respond following the sighting of the Americans on the Charlestown Peninsula , giving the colonists ample time to reinforce their defenses . Rather than opt for a simple flanking attack that would have rapidly succeeded with minimal loss , the British decided on repeated frontal attacks . The results were telling ; the British suffered 1,054 casualties of a force of around 3,000 after repeated frontal assaults . The British leadership had nevertheless remained excessively optimistic , believing that just two regiments could suppress the rebellion in Massachusetts . Debate persists over whether a British defeat was a guaranteed outcome . Ferling argues that the odds were so long , the defeat of Britain was nothing short of a miracle . Ellis , however , considers that the odds always favored the Americans , and questions whether a British victory by any margin was realistic . Ellis argues that the British squandered their only opportunities for a decisive success in 1777 , and that the strategic decisions undertaken by William Howe underestimated the challenges posed by the Americans . Ellis concludes that , once Howe failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again '' . Conversely , the United States Army 's official textbook argues that , had Britain been able to commit 10,000 fresh troops to the war in 1780 , a British victory was within the realms of possibility . William Howe A 1777 mezzotint of Sir William Howe , British Commander - in - Chief from 1775 -- 1778 Historians such as Ellis and Stewart have observed that , under William Howe 's command , the British squandered several opportunities to achieve a decisive victory over the Americans . Throughout the New York and Philadelphia campaigns , Howe made several strategic errors , errors which cost the British opportunities for a complete victory . At Long Island , Howe failed to even attempt an encirclement of Washington , and actively restrained his subordinates from mounting an aggressive pursuit of the defeated American army . At White Plains , he refused to engage Washington 's vulnerable army , and instead concentrated his efforts upon a hill which offered the British no strategic advantage . After securing control of New York , Howe dispatched Henry Clinton to capture Newport , a measure which Clinton was opposed to , on the grounds the troops assigned to his command could have been put to better use in pursuing Washington 's retreating army . Despite the bleak outlook for the revolutionary cause and the surge of Loyalist activity in the wake of Washington 's defeats , Howe made no attempt to mount an attack upon Washington while the Americans settled down into winter quarters , much to their surprise . During planning for the Saratoga campaign , Howe was left with the choice of committing his army to support Burgoyne , or capture Philadelphia , the revolutionary capital . Howe decided upon the latter , determining that Washington was of a greater threat . When Howe launched his campaign , he took his army upon a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , rather than the more sensible choices of overland through New Jersey , or by sea through the Delaware Bay . The move left him unable to assist Burgoyne even if it was required of him . The decision so angered Parliament , that Howe was accused by Tories on both sides of the Atlantic of treason . During the Philadelphia campaign , Howe failed to pursue and destroy the defeated Americans on two occasions ; once after the Battle of Brandywine , and again after the Battle of Germantown . At the Battle of White Marsh , Howe failed to even attempt to exploit the vulnerable American rear , and then inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia after only minor skirmishes , astonishing both sides . While the Americans wintered only twenty miles away , Howe made no effort to attack their camp , which critics argue could have ended the war . Following the conclusion of the campaign , Howe resigned his commission , and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Contrary to Howe 's more hostile critics , however , there were strategic factors at play which impeded aggressive action . Howe may have been dissuaded from pursuing aggressive manoeuvres due to the memory of the grievous losses the British suffered at Bunker Hill . During the major campaigns in New York and Philadelphia , Howe often wrote of the scarcity of adequate provisions , which hampered his ability to mount effective campaigns . Howe 's tardiness in launching the New York campaign , and his reluctance to allow Cornwallis to vigorously pursue Washington 's beaten army , have both been attributed to the paucity of available food supplies . During the winter of 1776 -- 1777 , Howe split his army into scattered cantonments . This decision dangerously exposed the individual forces to defeat in detail , as the distance between them was such that they could not mutually support each other . This strategic failure allowed the Americans to achieve victory at the Battle of Trenton , and the concurrent Battle of Princeton . While a major strategic error to divide an army in such a manner , the quantity of available food supplies in New York was so low that Howe had been compelled to take such a decision . The garrisons were widely spaced so their respective foraging parties would not interfere with each other 's efforts . Howe 's difficulties during the Philadelphia campaign were also greatly exacerbated by the poor quality and quantity of available provisions . Clinton and Cornwallis General Charles Cornwallis , who led British forces in the southern campaign . In 1780 , the primary British strategy hinged upon a Loyalist uprising in the south , for which Charles Cornwallis was chiefly responsible . After an encouraging success at Camden , Cornwallis was poised to invade North Carolina . However , any significant Loyalist support had been effectively destroyed at the Battle of Kings Mountain , and the British Legion , the cream of his army , had been decisively defeated at the Battle of Cowpens . Following both defeats , Cornwallis was fiercely criticized for detaching a significant portion of his army without adequate mutual support . Despite the defeats , Cornwallis chose to proceed into North Carolina , gambling his success upon a large Loyalist uprising which never materialized . As a result , subsequent engagements cost Cornwallis valuable troops he could not replace , as at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse , and the Americans steadily wore his army down in an exhaustive war of attrition . Cornwallis had thus left the Carolinas ripe for reconquest . The Americans had largely achieved this aim by the end of 1781 , effectively confining the British to the coast , and undoing all the progress they had made in the previous year . In a last - ditch attempt to win the war in the South , Cornwallis resolved to invade Virginia , in order to cut off the American 's supply base to the Carolinas . Henry Clinton , Cornwallis ' superior , strongly opposed the plan , believing the decisive confrontations would take place between Washington in the North . London had approved Cornwallis plan , however they had failed to include Clinton in the decision - making , despite his seniority over Cornwallis , leading to a muddled strategic direction . Cornwallis then decided to invade Virginia without informing Clinton of his intentions . Clinton , however , had wholly failed to construct a coherent strategy for British campaigning that year , owing to his fractious relationship that he shared with Mariot Arbuthnot , his naval counterpart . As the Franco - American army approached Cornwallis at Yorktown , he made no attempt to sally out and engage before siege lines could be erected , despite the repeated urging of his subordinate officers . Expecting relief to soon arrive from Clinton , Cornwallis prematurely abandoned all of his outer defences , which were then promptly occupied by the besiegers , serving to hasten the British defeat . These factors contributed to the eventual surrender of Cornwallis ' entire army , and the end of major operations in North America . Like Howe before him , Clinton 's efforts to campaign suffered from chronic supply issues . In 1778 , Clinton wrote to Germain complaining of the lack of supplies , even after the arrival of a convoy from Ireland . That winter , the supply issue had deteriorated so badly , that Clinton expressed considerable anxiety over how the troops were going to be properly fed . Clinton was largely inactive in the North throughout 1779 , launching few major campaigns . This inactivity was partially due to the shortage of food . By 1780 , the situation had not improved . Clinton wrote a frustrated correspondence to Germain , voicing concern that a `` fatal consequence will ensue '' if matters did not improve . By October that year , Clinton again wrote to Germain , angered that the troops in New York had not received `` an ounce '' of that year 's allotted stores from Britain . Campaign issues Suppressing a rebellion in America presented the British with major problems . The key issue was distance ; it could take up to three months to cross the Atlantic , and orders from London were often outdated by the time that they arrived . The colonies had never been formally united prior to the conflict and there was no centralized area of ultimate strategic importance . Traditionally , the fall of a capital city often signalled the end of a conflict , yet the war continued unabated even after the fall of major settlements such as New York , Philadelphia ( which was the Patriot capital ) , and Charleston . Britain 's ability to project its power overseas lay chiefly in the power of the Royal Navy , allowing her to control major coastal settlements with relative ease and enforce a strong blockade of colonial ports . However , the overwhelming majority of the American population was agrarian , not urban . As a result , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade 's effects . Black Loyalist soldiers fought alongside British regulars in the 1781 Battle of Jersey , from The Death of Major Peirson The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the British from using the harsh methods of suppressing revolts that they had used in Scotland and Ireland . For example , British troops looted and pillaged the locals during an aborted attack on Charleston in 1779 , enraging both Patriots and Loyalists . Neutral colonists were often driven into the ranks of the Patriots when brutal combat broke out between Tories and Whigs across the Carolinas in the later stages of the war . Conversely , Loyalists were often emboldened when Patriots resorted to intimidating suspected Tories , such as destroying property or tarring and feathering . The vastness of the American countryside and the limited manpower available meant that the British could never simultaneously defeat the Americans and occupy captured territory . One British statesman described the attempt as `` like trying to conquer a map '' . Wealthy Loyalists wielded great influence in London and were successful in convincing the British that the majority view in the colonies was sympathetic toward the Crown . Consequently , British planners pinned the success of their strategies on popular uprisings of Loyalists . Historians have estimated that Loyalists made up only 15 -- 20 % of the population ( vs. 40 - 45 % Patriots ) and that they continued to deceive themselves on their level of support as late as 1780 . The British discovered that any significant level of organized Loyalist activity would require the continued presence of British regulars , which presented them with a major dilemma . The manpower that the British had available was insufficient to both protect Loyalist territory and counter American advances . The vulnerability of Loyalist militias was repeatedly demonstrated in the South , where they suffered strings of defeats to their Patriot neighbors . The most crucial juncture of this was at Kings Mountain , and the victory of the Patriot partisans irreversibly crippled Loyalist military capability in the South . Upon the entry of France and Spain into the conflict , the British were forced to severely limit the number of troops and warships that they sent to North America in order to defend other key territories and the British mainland . As a result , King George III abandoned any hope of subduing America militarily while he had a European war to contend with . The small size of Britain 's army left them unable to concentrate their resources primarily in one theater as they had done in the Seven Years ' War , leaving them at a critical disadvantage . The British were compelled to disperse troops from the Americas to Europe and the East Indies , and these forces were unable to assist one other as a result , precariously exposing them to defeat . In North America , the immediate strategic focus of the French , Spanish , and British shifted to Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the economy of the Thirteen Colonies combined . Following the end of the war , Britain had lost some of her most populous colonies . However , the economic effects of the loss were negligible in the long - term , and she became a global superpower just 32 years after the end of the conflict . Patriots Main articles : Continental Army and Minutemen 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford The Americans began the war with significant disadvantages compared to the British . They had no national government , no national army or navy , no financial system , no banks , no established credit , and no functioning government departments , such as a treasury . The Congress tried to handle administrative affairs through legislative committees , which proved inefficient . The state governments were themselves brand new and officials had no administrative experience . In peacetime the colonies relied heavily on ocean travel and shipping , but that was now shut down by the British blockade and the Americans had to rely on slow overland travel . However , the Americans had multiple advantages that in the long run outweighed the initial disadvantages they faced . The Americans had a large prosperous population that depended not on imports but on local production for food and most supplies , while the British were mostly shipped in from across the ocean . The British faced a vast territory far larger than Britain or France , located at a far distance from home ports . Most of the Americans lived on farms distant from the seaports -- the British could capture any port but that did not give them control over the hinterland . They were on their home ground , had a smoothly functioning , well organized system of local and state governments , newspapers and printers , and internal lines of communications . They had a long - established system of local militia , previously used to combat the French and Native Americans , with companies and an officer corps that could form the basis of local militias , and provide a training ground for the national army created by Congress . Motivation was a major asset . The Patriots wanted to win ; over 200,000 fought in the war ; 25,000 died . The British expected the Loyalists to do much of the fighting , but they did much less than expected . The British also hired German mercenaries to do much of their fighting . At the onset of the war , the Americans had no major international allies . Battles such as the Battle of Bennington , the Battles of Saratoga and even defeats such as the Battle of Germantown proved decisive in gaining the attention and support of powerful European nations such as France and Spain , who moved from covertly supplying the Americans with weapons and supplies , to overtly supporting them militarily , moving the war to a global stage . The new Continental Army suffered significantly from a lack of an effective training regime , and largely inexperienced officers and sergeants . The inexperience of its officers was compensated for in part by its senior officers ; officers such as George Washington , Horatio Gates , Charles Lee , Richard Montgomery and Francis Marion all had military experience with the British Army during the French and Indian War . The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge , where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff . He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline , drills , tactics and strategy , and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual . When the Army emerged from Valley Forge , it proved its ability to equally match the British troops in battle when they fought a successful strategic action at the Battle of Monmouth . Population density in the American Colonies in 1775 When the war began , the 13 colonies lacked a professional army or navy . Each colony sponsored local militia . Militiamen were lightly armed , had little training , and usually did not have uniforms . Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time , were reluctant to travel far from home and thus were unavailable for extended operations , and lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience . If properly used , however , their numbers could help the Continental armies overwhelm smaller British forces , as at the battles of Concord , Bennington and Saratoga , and the siege of Boston . Both sides used partisan warfare but the Americans effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area . Seeking to coordinate military efforts , the Continental Congress established a regular army on June 14 , 1775 , and appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief . The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress , and Washington used both his regulars and state militia throughout the war . Three current branches of the United States Military trace their institutional roots to the American Revolutionary War ; the United States Army comes from the Continental Army , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14 , 1775 . The United States Navy recognizes October 13 , 1775 as the date of its official establishment , the passage of the resolution of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia that created the Continental Navy . And the United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the war , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on November 10 , 1775 , a date regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps . At the beginning of 1776 , Washington 's army had 20,000 men , with two - thirds enlisted in the Continental Army and the other third in the various state militias . At the end of the American Revolution in 1783 , both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded . About 250,000 men served as regulars or as militiamen for the Revolutionary cause in the eight years of the war , but there were never more than 90,000 men under arms at one time . About 55,000 American sailors served aboard privateers during the war . The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships , and they captured 2,283 enemy ships . John Paul Jones became the first great American naval hero , capturing HMS Drake on April 24 , 1778 , the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters . Armies were small by European standards of the era , largely attributable , on the American side , to limitations such as lack of powder and other logistical capabilities ; and , on the British side , to the difficulty of transporting troops across the Atlantic , as well as the dependence on local supplies , which the Patriots tried to cut off . The largest force Washington commanded was certainly under 17,000 , and may have been no more than 13,000 troops , and even the combined American and French forces at the siege of Yorktown amounted to only about 19,000 . By comparison , Duffy notes that in an era when European rulers were generally revising their forces downward , in favor of a size that could be most effectively controlled ( the very different perspective of mass conscript armies came later , during the French Revolutionary and then the Napoleonic Wars ) , the largest army that Frederick the Great ever led into battle was 65,000 men ( at Prague in 1757 ) , and at other times he commanded between 23,000 and 50,000 men , considering the latter the most effective number . African Americans 1780 drawing of American soldiers from the Yorktown campaign shows a black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment . African Americans -- slave and free -- served on both sides during the war . The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served by act of Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation . Because of manpower shortages , George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776 . Small all - black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; many slaves were promised freedom for serving . Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters , after the war was over , out of political convenience . Another all - black unit came from Saint - Domingue with French colonial forces . At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines ; others simply moved off in the chaos . For instance , in South Carolina , nearly 25,000 slaves ( 30 % of the enslaved population ) fled , migrated or died during the disruption of the war . This greatly disrupted plantation production during and after the war . When they withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston , the British also evacuated 10,000 slaves belonging to Loyalists . Altogether , the British evacuated nearly 20,000 blacks at the end of the war . More than 3,000 of them were freedmen and most of these were resettled in Nova Scotia ; other blacks were sold in the West Indies . American Indians A watercolor painting depicting a variety of Continental Army soldiers . Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown , 1781 Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war , and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict . A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans , but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory . Approximately 13,000 Indians fought on the British side , with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes , who fielded around 1,500 men . The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the conflict , whatever side they took ; the Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga nations sided with the British . Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides . Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists . The Continental Army sent the Sullivan Expedition on raids throughout New York to cripple the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British . Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively , and this further exacerbated the split . Early in July 1776 , a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina . Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people , and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee , bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain . Creek and Seminole allies of Britain fought against Americans in Georgia and South Carolina . In 1778 , a force of 800 Creeks destroyed American settlements along the Broad River in Georgia . Creek warriors also joined Thomas Brown 's raids into South Carolina and assisted Britain during the Siege of Savannah . Many Indians were involved in the fighting between Britain and Spain on the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi River -- mostly on the British side . Thousands of Creeks , Chickasaws , and Choctaws fought in major battles such as the Battle of Fort Charlotte , the Battle of Mobile , and the Siege of Pensacola . Race and class Pybus ( 2005 ) estimates that about 20,000 slaves defected to or were captured by the British , of whom about 8,000 died from disease or wounds or were recaptured by the Patriots . The British took some 12,000 at the end of the war ; of these 8000 remained in slavery . Including those who left during the war , a total of about 8000 to 10,000 slaves gained freedom . About 4000 freed slaves went to Nova Scotia and 1200 blacks remained slaves . Baller ( 2006 ) examines family dynamics and mobilization for the Revolution in central Massachusetts . He reports that warfare and the farming culture were sometimes incompatible . Militiamen found that living and working on the family farm had not prepared them for wartime marches and the rigors of camp life . Rugged individualism conflicted with military discipline and regimentation . A man 's birth order often influenced his military recruitment , as younger sons went to war and older sons took charge of the farm . A person 's family responsibilities and the prevalent patriarchy could impede mobilization . Harvesting duties and family emergencies pulled men home regardless of the sergeant 's orders . Some relatives might be Loyalists , creating internal strains . On the whole , historians conclude the Revolution 's effect on patriarchy and inheritance patterns favored egalitarianism . McDonnell ( 2006 ) shows a grave complication in Virginia 's mobilization of troops was the conflicting interests of distinct social classes , which tended to undercut a unified commitment to the Patriot cause . The Assembly balanced the competing demands of elite slave - owning planters , the middling yeomen ( some owning a few slaves ) , and landless indentured servants , among other groups . The Assembly used deferments , taxes , military service substitute , and conscription to resolve the tensions . Unresolved class conflict , however , made these laws less effective . There were violent protests , many cases of evasion , and large - scale desertion , so that Virginia 's contributions came at embarrassingly low levels . With the British invasion of the state in 1781 , Virginia was mired in class division as its native son , George Washington , made desperate appeals for troops . See also American Revolutionary War portal United States Army portal Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Bibliography of George Washington Commemoration of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War British Army during the American War of Independence First Treaty of San Ildefonso First League of Armed Neutrality Fourth Anglo - Dutch War George Washington in the American Revolution Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War List of American Revolutionary War battles List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution List of plays and films about the American Revolution List of revolutions and rebellions Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War Treaty of El Pardo ( 1778 ) Notes Jump up ^ This article primarily refers to the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies who supported the American Revolution as `` Americans '' , with occasional references to `` Patriots '' or `` Revolutionaries '' . Colonists who supported the British and opposed the Revolution are referred to as `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as `` America '' . References Jump up ^ ( from 1777 ) Jump up ^ ( from 1778 ) Jump up ^ The term `` French Empire '' colloquially refers to the empire under Napoleon , but it is used here for brevity to refer to France proper and to the colonial empire that the Kingdom of France ruled Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( until 1779 ) Jump up ^ Hanover supplied troops per Personal union treaty , not as mercenaries Jump up ^ Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II . Quote : `` Five battalions of the Hanoverian subjects of George III were despatched to Gibraltar and Menorca '' Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Louis C. MEDICAL MEN IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ( 1931 ) . ^ Jump up to : Michael Lanning ( 2009 ) . American Revolution 100 : The Battles , People , and Events of the American War for Independence , Ranked by Their Significance . Sourcebooks . pp. 195 -- 96 . ISBN 9781402241703 . ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 ) , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Paullin , Charles Oscar ( 1906 ) . The navy of the American Revolution : its administration , its policy and its achievements . The Burrows Brothers Co . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howarth 1991 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Montero , Francisco Maria ( 1860 ) , Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo ( in Spanish ) , Imprenta de la Revista Médica , p. 356 Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( Yale University Press , 1985 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Coats Facts -- British Soldiers in the American Revolution '' . totallyhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 63 : `` Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September ( including 400 in hospital ) , some 3,430 were always on duty '' Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail : 1714 -- 1792 ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 700 - 6 Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 -- 1792 : Design , Construction , Careers and Fates ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) . ^ Jump up to : Savas and Dameron ( 2006 ) , p. xli Jump up ^ Knesebeck , Ernst von dem ( 1845 ) , `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar , Menorca und Ostindien '' , Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung . Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . ^ Jump up to : Howard H. Peckham , ed. , The Toll of Independence : Engagements and Battle Casualties of the American Revolution ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1974 ) . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Edwin G. ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Patriots or Terrorists '' . American Heritage . 58 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Warrington . `` The 2112 Frenchmen who died in the United States from 1777 to 1783 while fighting for the American Independence '' . Washington - Rochambeau Revolutionary Route . Journal de la societe des Americanistes . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish casualties in The American Revolutionary war '' . Necrometrics . ^ Jump up to : Annual Register , 1783 ( 1785 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , pp. 263 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth Century Death Tolls '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , p. 269 . ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) Jump up ^ Burrows , Edwin . `` Forgotten Patriots : The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War . '' Basic Books . New York , 2008 . Page 203 . Jump up ^ Modern British writers generally favor `` American War of Independence '' , rather than `` American Rebellion '' or `` War of American Independence '' . `` National Curriculum England '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The colony of Georgia joined later . Jump up ^ Brooks , Richard ( editor ) . Atlas of World Military History . HarperCollins , 2000 , p. 101 `` Washington 's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory , but French intervention won the war . '' Jump up ^ Gladney , Henry M. ( 2014 ) . No Taxation without Representation : 1768 Petition , Memorial , and Remonstrance ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liberty and Property : Political Ideology in Eighteenth - century Britain -- H.T. Dickinson -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1977 . p. 218 . ISBN 9780416729306 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1938 ) . The American Revolution : A Constitutional Interpretation . p. 51 . ISBN 9781584775683 . Jump up ^ Paul Boyer ; et al. ( 2014 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 142 . ISBN 9781285193397 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 48 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 76 Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 69 Jump up ^ `` What was the Boston Massacre ? '' . Boston Massacre Society . Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party '' . History.com . Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/mass_gov_act.asp Jump up ^ Ian R. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree , Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 ( New York : Norton , 1976 ) p. 188 . Jump up ^ Ammerman , David ( 1974 ) . In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 . New York : Norton . , p. 9 Jump up ^ Ammerman points out that the act only permitted soldiers to be quartered in unoccupied buildings -- although they were still private property . ( Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 10 ) Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 15 . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash ; Carter Smith ( 2007 ) . Atlas Of American History . Infobase Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 9781438130132 . Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 184 -- 85 . ISBN 9781576078129 . Jump up ^ Georgia did not attend Jump up ^ Ferling , John . ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kindig , Thomas E. ( 1995 ) . `` Galloway 's Plan for the Union of Great Britain and the Colonies '' . Declaration of Independence . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA : Independence Hall Association , publishing electronically as ushistory.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . The plan was considered very attractive to most of the members , as it proposed a popularly elected Grand Council which would represent the interests of the colonies as a whole , and would be a continental equivalent to the English Parliament . After a sincere debate , it was rejected by a six to five vote on October 22 , 1774 . It may have been the arrival of the Suffolk County ( Boston ) resolutions that killed it . ^ Jump up to : Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Resolved , 4 . That the foundation of English liberty , and of all free government , is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council : and as the English colonists are not represented , and from their local and other circumstances , can not properly be represented in the British parliament , they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures , where their right of representation can alone be preserved , in all cases of taxation and internal polity , subject only to the negative of their sovereign , in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed : But , from the necessity of the case , and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries , we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament , as are bonfide , restrained to the regulation of our external commerce , for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country , and the commercial benefits of its respective members ; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external , for raising a revenue on the subjects , in America , without their consent . '' quoted from the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress October 14 , 1774 . Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . Routledge , 1999 . pp. 47 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Revolutionary America , 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod , The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past , p. 83 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 76 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 18 , 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 2 -- 9 Jump up ^ Ketchum pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Adams , Charles Francis , `` The Battle of Bunker Hill '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , pp. 401 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 183 , 198 -- 209 Jump up ^ Hugh F. Rankin , ed. ( 1987 ) . Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those who Fought and Lived it . Da Capo Press . p. 63 . 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Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 5 : 93 , Howe to Dartmouth , 1st December 1775 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 7 June and 7 July 1776 Jump up ^ A View of the Evidence ( London , 1783 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Correspondence of George III with Lord North , Volume II , p. 57 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 30 Nov 1776 Jump up ^ Stedman , American War , Volume I , p. 287 Jump up ^ Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press. , p. 221 Jump up ^ Clinton , H. ; The American Rebellion . Note : This lack of notification was one of Clinton 's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy that followed the surrender at Yorktown . Jump up ^ Grainger , John ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : a Reassessment . Woodbridge , NJ : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2 . OCLC 232006312 . , p. 29 Jump up ^ Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2. , p. 337 Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( 1970 ) . The Perils of Peace . New York : The Dial Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 96 , Clinton to Germain , 15 September 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 97 , Clinton to Germain , 15 December 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 98 , Haldimand to Clinton , 19 July and 29 August 1779 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 100 , Clinton to Germain , 31st October 1780 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 39 ; Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , pp. 298 , 306 Jump up ^ Rossman , Vadim ( 2016 ) , `` Capital Cities : Varieties and Patterns of Development and Relocation '' , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 1317562852 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Edward E. Curtis , The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion , ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) , ( 3 ) Retrieved 10 June 2017 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wilson , David K ( 2005 ) . The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia , 1775 -- 1780 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3 . OCLC 232001108 . p. 112 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 ( Harsh methods ) , pp. 35 , 38 ( slaves and Indians ) , p. 16 ( neutrals into revolutionaries ) . Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Larabee , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ Calhoon , Robert M. The Loyalists in Revolutionary America , 1760 -- 1781 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Curtis , `` The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion Jump up ^ C. Ritcheson , `` Loyalist Influence on British Policy Toward the United States After the American Revolution '' ; Eighteenth - Century Studies ; ( 1973 ) 7 # 1 p. 6 . Jstor link Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 235 Jump up ^ William Edward Hartpole Lecky ( 1891 ) . A History of England : In the Eighteenth Century . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2007 ) , p. 294 Jump up ^ Dull , ( 1985 ) p. 244 Jump up ^ Tellier , L. - N. ( 2009 ) . Urban World History : an Economic and Geographical Perspective . Quebec : PUQ . p. 463 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , ch. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Philander D. Chase . `` Steuben , Friedrich Wilhelm von '' ; American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) . Accessed January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2007 ) , pp. 294 -- 95 '' Jump up ^ `` Establishment of the Navy , 13 October 1775 '' . United States Navy . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crocker ( 2006 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 331 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Christopher ( 2005 ) . Military Experience in the Age of Reason . London : Routledge . ISBN 0203976851 . p. 13 . In the original 1987 edition , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kaplan and Kaplan ( 1989 ) , pp. 64 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 356 . ISBN 9781851097746 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1994 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , p. 73 Jump up ^ William Weir ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of African American Military History . Prometheus Books . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 9781615928316 . Jump up ^ Cassadra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 2005 ) 62 # 2 pp : 243 -- 264 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . Jump up ^ John Finger , Tennessee Frontiers : Three Regions in Transition ( Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press , 2001 ) , pp. 43 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ward , Harry M. ( 1999 ) . The war for independence and the transformation of American society . Psychology Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 656 - 4 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Greg ( April 30 , 2008 ) . Pre-removal Choctaw history : exploring new paths . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 123 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3916 - 6 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cassandra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2005 62 # 2 : 243 -- 264 . Jump up ^ John N. Grant , `` Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia , 1776 -- 1815 . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1973 ) : 253 -- 270 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ James W. St G. Walker , The Black Loyalists : The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone , 1783 -- 1870 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ William Baller , `` Farm Families and the American Revolution , '' Journal of Family History ( 2006 ) 31 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 44 . ISSN 0363 - 1990 . Fulltext : online in EBSCO . Jump up ^ Michael A. McDonnell , `` Class War : Class Struggles During the American Revolution in Virginia '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2006 63 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 344 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext : online at History Cooperative . Further reading Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . 2001 . Analysis from a noted British military historian . Benn , Carl Historic Fort York , 1793 -- 1993 . Toronto : Dundurn Press Ltd. 1993 . ISBN 0 - 920474 - 79 - 9 . Boatner , Mark Mayo , III . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . 1966 ; revised 1974 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Military topics , references many secondary sources . Calloway , Colin G . The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) . Chambers , John Whiteclay II , ed. in chief . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Conway , Stephen . The British Isles and the War of American Independence ( 2002 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199254552.001. 0001 online Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Curtis , Edward E. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) online Duffy , Christopher . The Military Experience in the Age of Reason , 1715 -- 1789 Routledge , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7102 - 1024 - 1 . Edler , Friedrich . The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution . University Press of the Pacific , 1911 , reprinted 2001 . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8 . Ellis , Joseph J. His Excellency : George Washington . ( 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4031 - 0 . David Hackett Fischer . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 . Fletcher , Charles Robert Leslie . An Introductory History of England : The Great European War , Volume 4 . E.P. Dutton , 1909 . OCLC 12063427 . Greene , Jack P. and Pole , J.R. , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell , 1991 ; reprint 1999 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 547 - 7 . Collection of essays focused on political and social history . Gilbert , Alan . Black Patriots and Loyalists : Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29307 - 3 . Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 44 - 8 . Overview of military topics ; online in ACLS History E-book Project . Morrissey , Brendan . Monmouth Courthouse 1778 : The Last Great Battle in the North . Osprey Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 772 - 7 . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Kaplan , Sidney and Emma Nogrady Kaplan . The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution . Amherst , Massachusetts : The University of Massachusetts Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 663 - 6 . Ketchum , Richard M. Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . Henry Holt , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 4681 - X . Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . London , 1964 . Reprinted University of Nebraska Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 7 . Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership . McCullough , David . 1776 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . Middleton , Richard , The War of American Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . London : Pearson , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 22942 - 6 Reynolds , Jr. , William R. ( 2012 ) . Andrew Pickens : South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War . Jefferson NC : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6694 - 8 . Riddick , John F. The History of British India : a Chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8 . Savas , Theodore P. and Dameron , J. David . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie LLC , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Schama , Simon . Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves , and the American Revolution , New York , NY : Ecco / HarperCollins , 2006 O'Shaughnessy , Andrew Jackson . The Men who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP , 2014 ) . Shy , John . A People Numerous and Armed : Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence . New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 502013 - 8 ) ; revised University of Michigan Press , 1990 ( ISBN 0 - 472 - 06431 - 2 ) . Collection of essays . Stephenson , Orlando W . `` The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776 '' , American Historical Review , 30 # 2 ( 1925 ) , pp. 271 -- 281 online free . Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( WW Norton & Company , 2016 ) . Tombs , Robert and Isabelle . That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present Random House , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4024 - 7 . Trevelyan , George Otto . George the Third and Charles Fox : the concluding part of The American revolution Longmans , Green , 1912 . Watson , J. Steven . The Reign of George III , 1760 -- 1815 . 1960 . Standard history of British politics . Weigley , Russell F. The American Way of War . Indiana University Press , 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 28029 - 9 . Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire : 1775 -- 1783 . New York : Free Press , 2005 ( a division of Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2687 - 9 . An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war . Reference literature These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above ; books about specific campaigns , battles , units , and individuals can be found in those articles . Billias , George Athan . George Washington 's Generals and Opponents : Their Exploits and Leadership ( 1994 ) scholarly studies of key generals on each side. \ Black , Jeremy . `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . ( Fall 1996 ) , Vol. 74 Issue 299 , pp 145 -- 154 . online video lecture , uses Real Player Conway , Stephen . The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783 . Publisher : E. Arnold , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 62520 - 1 . 280 pages . Lowell , Edward J. The Hessians in the Revolution Williamstown , Massachusetts , Corner House Publishers , 1970 , Reprint Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol. 7 -- 10 . Bobrick , Benson . Angel in the Whirlwind : The Triumph of the American Revolution . Penguin , 1998 ( paperback reprint ) . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Ryerson , Richard A. , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO , 2006 ) 5 volume paper and online editions ; 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Frey , Sylvia R . The British Soldier in America : A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period ( University of Texas Press , 1981 ) . Hibbert , Christopher . Redcoats and Rebels : The American Revolution through British Eyes . New York : Norton , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02895 - X . Kwasny , Mark V. Washington 's Partisan War , 1775 -- 1783 . Kent , Ohio : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 546 - 2 . Militia warfare . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Oxford University Press , 1984 ; revised 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516247 - 1 . online edition Savas , Theodore ; J. David Dameron ( 2006 ) . Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 9781611210118 . Contains a detailed listing of American , French , British , German , and Loyalist regiments ; indicates when they were raised , the main battles , and what happened to them . Also includes the main warships on both sides , And all the important battles . Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire , 1714 -- 1783 ( 2008 ) 802 pp. , detailed coverage of diplomacy from London viewpoint Symonds , Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1989 ) , newly drawn maps emphasizing the movement of military units Ward , Christopher . The War of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes . New York : Macmillan , 1952 . ) History of land battles in North America . Wood , W.J. Battles of the Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1781 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ) . Analysis of tactics of a dozen battles , with emphasis on American military leadership . Men - at - Arms series : short ( 48pp ) , very well illustrated descriptions : Zlatich , Marko ; Copeland , Peter . General Washington 's Army ( 1 ) : 1775 -- 78 ( 1994 ) Zlatich , Marko . General Washington 's Army ( 2 ) : 1779 -- 83 ( 1994 ) Chartrand , Rene . The French Army in the American War of Independence ( 1994 ) May , Robin . The British Army in North America 1775 -- 1783 ( 1993 ) The Partisan in War , a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich in 1789 . External links Look up American Revolutionary War in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Revolutionary War . 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About Wikipedia	who fought against the british in the american revolution	[ "The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence,[40] was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America.[N 1]" ]	[ "United States of America" ]
-2661687860311004646	Leave a Light On (Tom Walker song)	Leave a Light On ( Tom Walker song ) - wikipedia Leave a Light On ( Tom Walker song ) `` Leave a Light On '' Single by Tom Walker from the album What a Time to Be Alive Released 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) Format Digital download streaming Length 3 : 05 Label Relentless Records Songwriter ( s ) Steve Mac Thomas Walker Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Tom Walker singles chronology `` Heartland '' ( 2017 ) `` Leave a Light On '' ( 2017 ) `` My Way '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Leave a Light On '' on YouTube `` Leave a Light On '' is a song by Scottish singer - songwriter Tom Walker . It was released to digital retailers on 13 October 2017 . The song was co-written by Walker and Steve Mac . The song reached number one in France , and reached the top 10 in Austria , Belgium 's Wallonia chart , Germany , Italy and Switzerland , while reaching the top 40 on Belgium 's Flanders chart , Poland and the Netherlands . The song reached number seven in his native UK and number 34 on the Irish Singles Chart . Contents 1 Charts 2 Certifications 3 Release history 4 References Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 12 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 37 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 14 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 54 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 12 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 133,333 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various 13 October 2017 Digital download Relentless Records United States 22 January 2018 Hot adult contemporary radio Epic 1 May 2018 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Leave a Light On - Single by Tom Walker on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 24 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 25 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 24 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201823 into search . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201824 into search . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Heatseekers Chart -- 6 april 2018 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Walker Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Enter Tom Walker in the field Interpret . Enter Leave a Light On in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Tom Walker ; ' Leave a Light On ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Tom Walker -- Leave a Light On '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Leave a Light On in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . 20 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . 20 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leave_a_Light_On_(Tom_Walker_song)&oldid=852694115 '' Categories : 2017 singles Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang i will leave a light on	[ "\"Leave a Light On\" is a song by Scottish singer-songwriter Tom Walker. It was released to digital retailers on 13 October 2017.[1] The song was co-written by Walker and Steve Mac. The song reached number one in France, and reached the top 10 in Austria, Belgium's Wallonia chart, Germany, Italy and Switzerland, while reaching the top 40 on Belgium's Flanders chart, Poland and the Netherlands. The song reached number seven in his native UK and number 34 on the Irish Singles Chart.\n" ]	[ "Tom Walker" ]
4989486900121221203	List of NBA franchise post-season droughts	List of NBA franchise post-season droughts - wikipedia List of NBA franchise post-season droughts Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of National Basketball Association ( NBA ) franchise post-season appearance droughts . This list includes the all - time and the active consecutive non-playoffs . Aside from the NBA playoff appearance droughts , this list also includes droughts of series wins , appearances in the NBA Finals and NBA championship wins . The teams which have never made an NBA Playoffs appearance , an NBA Finals appearance championship . The oldest such franchise is the Suns ( 48 seasons ) , while the Royals / Kings and the Hawks have even longer championship droughts ( 67 and 60 seasons , respectively ) . Seven franchises have never been to the NBA Finals , the highest number among the major North American sports . The oldest such team is the Braves / Clippers franchise ( 45 seasons ) ; the Kings and the Hawks have appearance droughts that are even longer ( 65 and 58 seasons , respectively ) . The longest a franchise has gone without appearing in the playoffs at all is 15 seasons : the Braves / Clippers franchise from 1977 to 1991 . Of the 18 franchises that have won an NBA championship , 8 have droughts of 35 seasons or more , which is to say that the past 34 championships ( plus the 2018 Championship ) have been shared among only 10 franchises : the Lakers ( 8 ) , the Bulls ( 6 ) , the Spurs ( 5 ) , the Celtics ( 3 ) , the Pistons ( 3 ) , the Heat ( 3 ) , the Rockets ( 2 ) , the Warriors ( 2 ) , the Mavericks ( 1 ) , and the Cavaliers ( 1 ) . By contrast , the other three major North American sports have each had at least 15 franchises become champions over the same period of time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Active droughts 1.1 NBA Playoffs appearance droughts 1.2 NBA Playoffs series win droughts 1.3 NBA Division Championship droughts 1.4 NBA Conference Finals appearance droughts 1.5 NBA Finals appearance droughts 1.6 NBA championship title droughts 2 All - time droughts 2.1 Closest approaches without winning 2.2 Longest post-season droughts in team history 2.3 Longest NBA Playoffs appearance droughts 2.4 Longest Conference finals droughts 3 Finals droughts 3.1 NBA Finals in which neither team had previously won a championship 3.2 NBA Finals in which neither franchise had won a championship in 20 - plus seasons 4 Teams awaiting their first NBA championship 4.1 Cities awaiting first NBA championship 5 See also 6 References Active droughts ( edit ) NBA Playoffs appearance droughts ( edit ) Appearance droughts updated through the 2018 playoffs . Playoff picture at NBA.com Longest drought in team history Seasons Team Last earned appearance in NBA playoffs Reference 12 Sacramento Kings ^ 2006 First Round 8 Phoenix Suns ^ 2010 Western Finals 6 Orlando Magic ^ 2012 First Round 5 Los Angeles Lakers ^ 2013 First Round 5 Denver Nuggets 2013 First Round 5 New York Knicks 2013 Eastern Semifinals Brooklyn Nets 2015 First Round Charlotte Hornets 2016 First Round Detroit Pistons 2016 First Round Dallas Mavericks 2016 First Round Chicago Bulls 2017 First Round Memphis Grizzlies 2017 First Round Atlanta Hawks 2017 First Round Los Angeles Clippers 2017 First Round 2018 Playoff teams -- Indiana Pacers 2018 First Round -- Miami Heat 2018 First Round -- Washington Wizards 2018 First Round -- Milwaukee Bucks 2018 First Round -- Portland Trail Blazers 2018 First Round -- Oklahoma City Thunder 2018 First Round -- San Antonio Spurs 2018 First Round -- Minnesota Timberwolves 2018 First Round -- Philadelphia 76ers 2018 Eastern Semifinals -- Toronto Raptors 2018 Eastern Semifinals -- New Orleans Pelicans 2018 Western Semifinals -- Utah Jazz 2018 Western Semifinals -- Boston Celtics 2018 Eastern Finals -- Houston Rockets 2018 Western Finals -- Golden State Warriors 2018 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 NBA Finals NBA playoffs series win droughts ( edit ) Droughts updated through May 28 , 2018 . Playoff picture at NBA.com 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for Longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive series losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NBA history Current Playoff series loss streak Team Last series win in NBA Playoffs Seasons since win Losing streak Series losses -- teams Ref Milwaukee Bucks ^ 2001 Eastern Semifinals 17 9 ♣ ♣ 2001 Philadelphia 2003 New Jersey Nets 00 2004 Detroit 2006 Detroit 2010 Atlanta 2013 Miami 2015 Chicago 2017 Toronto 2018 Boston Charlotte Hornets ^ 2002 Eastern First Round 14 4 2002 New Jersey Nets 2010 Orlando 2014 Miami 2016 Miami Sacramento Kings 2004 Western First Round 14 2004 Minnesota 2005 Seattle 2006 San Antonio Minnesota Timberwolves † 2004 Western Semifinals 14 2004 Los Angeles Lakers 2018 Houston Detroit Pistons 2008 Eastern Semifinals 10 2008 Boston 2009 Cleveland 2016 Cleveland Denver Nuggets 2009 Western Semifinals 9 5 2009 Los Angeles Lakers 2010 Utah 2011 Oklahoma City 2012 Los Angeles Lakers 2013 Golden State Orlando Magic 2010 Eastern Semifinals 8 2010 Boston 2011 Atlanta 2012 Indiana Phoenix Suns ^ 2010 Western Semifinals 8 2010 Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 2011 Finals 7 4 2012 Oklahoma City 2014 San Antonio 2015 Houston 2016 Oklahoma City Los Angeles Lakers ^ 2012 Western First Round 6 2012 Oklahoma City 2013 San Antonio New York Knicks 2013 Eastern First Round 5 2013 Indiana Brooklyn Nets 2014 Eastern First Round 2014 Miami 2015 Atlanta Indiana Pacers 2014 Eastern Semifinals 2014 Miami 2016 Toronto 2017 Cleveland 2018 Cleveland Chicago Bulls 2015 Eastern First Round 2015 Cleveland 2017 Boston Memphis Grizzlies 2015 Western First Round 2015 Golden State 2016 San Antonio Spurs 2017 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 2015 Western First Round 2015 Houston 2016 Portland 2017 Utah Atlanta Hawks 2016 Eastern First Round 2016 Cleveland 2017 Washington Portland Trail Blazers 2016 Western First Round 2016 Golden State 2017 Golden State 2018 New Orleans Miami Heat 2016 Eastern First Round 2016 Toronto 2018 Philadelphia Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 Western Semifinals 2016 Golden State 2017 Houston 2018 Utah Washington Wizards 2017 Eastern First Round 2017 Boston 2018 Toronto San Antonio Spurs 2017 Western Semifinals 2017 Golden State 2018 Golden State z 3000 2018 Playoff Series 0 Winners 3000 3000 Toronto Raptors 2018 Eastern First Round -- 2018 Cleveland Philadelphia 76ers 2018 Eastern First Round -- 2018 Boston New Orleans Pelicans 2018 Western First Round -- 2018 Golden State Utah Jazz 2018 Western First Round -- 2018 Houston Boston Celtics 2018 Eastern Semifinals -- 2018 Cleveland Houston Rockets 2018 Western Semifinals -- 2018 Golden State Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 Eastern Finals -- 0 3 series win streak Golden State Warriors 2018 Western Finals -- 0 7 series win streak Team Last series win in NBA Playoffs Seasons Since win Losing Streak Series Losses -- Teams Ref Charlotte was inactive for two years following the 2001 -- 02 season . NBA division championship droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 - 18 regular season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 0 2017 -- 18 Division Champion Left click once on Seasons since win column heading then once on Division column heading to show teams listed in order of division championships . Franchise Most recent title Division Seasons since win Charlotte Hornets ^ 1 ! None East ! Southeast 28 Memphis Grizzlies ^ 1.1 ! None West ! Southwest 23 Philadelphia 76ers ^ 2000 -- 01 East ! Atlantic 17 Milwaukee Bucks ^ 2000 -- 01 East ! Central 17 Sacramento Kings 2002 -- 03 West ! Pacific 15 Minnesota Timberwolves 2003 -- 04 West ! Northwest 14 Brooklyn Nets 2005 -- 06 East ! Atlantic 12 Phoenix Suns 2006 -- 07 West ! Pacific 11 New Orleans Pelicans ^ 2007 -- 08 West ! Southwest 10 Detroit Pistons 2007 -- 08 East ! Central 10 Orlando Magic 2009 -- 10 East ! Southeast 8 Dallas Mavericks 2009 -- 10 West ! Southwest 8 Denver Nuggets 2009 -- 10 West ! Northwest 8 Los Angeles Lakers 2011 -- 12 West ! Pacific 6 Chicago Bulls 2011 -- 12 East ! Central 6 New York Knicks 2012 -- 13 East ! Atlantic 5 Indiana Pacers 2013 -- 14 East ! Central Los Angeles Clippers 2013 -- 14 West ! Pacific Atlanta Hawks 2014 -- 15 East ! Southeast Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 West ! Northwest Boston Celtics 2016 -- 17 East ! Atlantic San Antonio Spurs 2016 -- 17 West ! Southwest Utah Jazz 2016 -- 17 West ! Northwest Washington Wizards 2016 -- 17 East ! Southeast Miami Heat 2017 -- 18 East ! Southeast - Portland Trail Blazers 2017 -- 18 West ! Northwest - Toronto Raptors 2017 -- 18 East ! Atlantic -- Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 -- 18 East ! Central -- Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 West ! Pacific -- Houston Rockets 2017 -- 18 West ! Southwest -- NBA Conference Finals appearance droughts ( edit ) Longest drought in team history † Tied for longest drought in team history Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Finals Result Reference 48 Los Angeles Clippers ^ Never z -- 39 Washington Wizards ^ 1979 Won vs. San Antonio 28 Charlotte Hornets ^ Never z -- 18 Portland Trail Blazers ^ 2000 Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 18 New York Knicks 2000 Lost vs. Indiana 17 Milwaukee Bucks ^ 2001 Lost vs. Phil 0Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 17 Philadelphia 76ers ^ 2001 Won vs. Milwaukee 16 Sacramento Kings 2002 Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 16 New Orleans Pelicans ^ Never z -- 15 Brooklyn Nets 2003 Won vs. Detroit 14 Minnesota Timberwolves † Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 11 Utah Jazz 2007 Lost vs. San Antonio 10 Detroit Pistons 2008 Lost vs. Boston 9 Denver Nuggets 2009 Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 8 Orlando Magic Lost vs. Boston 8 Phoenix Suns Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 8 Los Angeles Lakers † Won vs. Phoenix 7 Chicago Bulls 2011 Lost vs. Miami 7 Dallas Mavericks 2011 Won vs. Oklahoma 0Won vs. Oklahoma City 0 5 Memphis Grizzlies 2013 Lost vs. San Antonio Miami Heat 2014 Won vs. Indiana Indiana Pacers 2014 Lost vs. Miami Atlanta Hawks 2015 Lost vs. Cleveland Toronto Raptors 2016 Lost vs. Cleveland Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 Lost vs. Golden State San Antonio Spurs 2017 Lost vs. Golden State . 85 Z2018 Conference Finalists 2017.5 zzz 0 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 Won vs. Boston 0 Boston Celtics 2018 Lost vs. Cleveland 0 Houston Rockets 2018 Lost vs. Golden State 0 Golden State Warriors 2018 Won vs. Houston NBA Finals appearance droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last appearance in NBA Finals Result Reference 68 Sacramento Kings 1951 Won vs. New York 58 Atlanta Hawks 1961 Lost vs. Boston 48 Los Angeles Clippers Never yyyy -- 44 Milwaukee Bucks Lost vs. Boston 42 Denver Nuggets Never yyyy -- 39 Washington Wizards 1979 Lost vs. Seattle 29 Minnesota Timberwolves Never yyyy -- 28 Charlotte Hornets Never yyyy -- 26 Portland Trail Blazers 1992 Lost vs. Chicago 25 Phoenix Suns 1993 Lost vs. Chicago 23 Toronto Raptors Never yyyy -- 23 Houston Rockets 1995 Won vs. Orlando 23 Memphis Grizzlies Never yyyy -- 20 Utah Jazz 1998 Lost vs. Chicago 20 Chicago Bulls 1998 Won vs. Utah 19 New York Knicks 1999 Lost vs. San Antonio 18 Indiana Pacers 2000 Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 17 Philadelphia 76ers 2001 Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 16 New Orleans Pelicans Never yyyy -- 15 Brooklyn Nets 2003 Lost vs. San Antonio 13 Detroit Pistons 2005 Lost vs. San Antonio 9 Orlando Magic 2009 Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 8 Boston Celtics Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers 8 Los Angeles Lakers Won vs. Boston 7 Dallas Mavericks 2011 Won vs. Miami 6 Oklahoma City Thunder 2012 Lost vs. Miami Miami Heat 2014.5 2014 Lost vs. San Antonio San Antonio Spurs 2014.5 2014 Won vs. Miami 0 Z2018 Finalists 2017.5 zzz 0 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 TBD 0 Golden State Warriors 2018 TBD The Sacramento Kings last appeared in the 1951 NBA Finals as the Rochester Royals . The Atlanta Hawks last appeared in the 1961 NBA Finals as the St. Louis Hawks . The Washington Wizards last appeared in the 1979 Conference Finals and NBA Finals as the Washington Bullets . The Brooklyn Nets last appeared in the 2003 Conference Finals and NBA Finals as the New Jersey Nets . NBA championship title droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last NBA championship Reference 68 Sacramento Kings 1951 61 Atlanta Hawks 1958 50 Phoenix Suns Never 48 Los Angeles Clippers Never 47 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 45 New York Knicks 1973 44 Utah Jazz Never 42 Denver Nuggets Never 42 Brooklyn Nets Never 42 Indiana Pacers Never 41 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 40 Washington Wizards 1978 39 Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 35 Philadelphia 76ers 29 Orlando Magic Never 29 Minnesota Timberwolves Never 28 Charlotte Hornets Never 23 Houston Rockets 1995 23 Memphis Grizzlies Never 23 Toronto Raptors Never 20 Chicago Bulls 1998 16 New Orleans Pelicans Never 14 Detroit Pistons 10 Boston Celtics 2008 8 Los Angeles Lakers 7 Dallas Mavericks 2011 5 Miami Heat 2013 San Antonio Spurs 2014 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 Defending NBA champion 0 Golden State Warriors 2017 The Sacramento Kings last won an NBA championship in 1951 as the Rochester Royals . The Atlanta Hawks last won an NBA championship in 1958 as the St. Louis Hawks . The Washington Wizards last won an NBA championship in 1978 as the Washington Bullets . The Oklahoma City Thunder last won an NBA championship in 1979 as the Seattle SuperSonics . All - time droughts ( edit ) Closest approaches without winning ( edit ) Updated through the 2018 playoffs . Last team to leave list - Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 Team Conference Quarter - Final appearances Conference Semi-Final appearances Conference Final appearances NBA Final appearances Fewest wins short of NBA Championship Brooklyn Nets 19 7 02 wins short : 2003 Indiana Pacers 25 10 8 02 wins short : 2000 Phoenix Suns 26 18 9 02 wins short : 1976 , 1993 Utah Jazz 27 16 6 02 wins short : 1997 , 1998 Orlando Magic 14 5 03 wins short : 2009 Toronto Raptors 10 6 wins short : 2016 Minnesota Timberwolves 9 06 wins short : 2004 Denver Nuggets 22 8 06 wins short : 1978 , 2009 Memphis Grizzlies 10 08 wins short : 2013 Los Angeles Clippers 11 7 9 wins short : 1975 , 2006 , 2015 New Orleans Pelicans 7 9 wins short : 2008 Charlotte Hornets 10 11 wins short : 2002 Longest post-season droughts in team history ( edit ) Updated through the 2018 playoffs . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Los Angeles Clippers 1976 -- 77 through 1990 -- 91 15 Minnesota Timberwolves 2004 -- 05 through 2016 -- 17 13 Golden State Warriors 1994 -- 95 through 2005 -- 06 12 Sacramento Kings ^ 2006 -- 07 through 2017 -- 18 12 Dallas Mavericks 1990 -- 91 through 1999 -- 2000 10 Utah Jazz 1974 -- 75 through 1982 -- 83 9 Washington Wizards 1988 -- 89 through 1995 -- 96 8 Memphis Grizzlies 1995 -- 96 through 2002 -- 03 8 Denver Nuggets 1995 -- 96 through 2002 -- 03 8 Atlanta Hawks 1999 -- 2000 through 2006 -- 07 8 Phoenix Suns ^ 2010 -- 11 through 2017 -- 18 8 New York Knicks 1959 -- 60 through 1965 -- 66 7 Oklahoma City Thunder 1967 -- 68 through 1973 -- 74 7 Milwaukee Bucks 1991 -- 92 through 1997 -- 98 7 Philadelphia 76ers 1991 -- 92 through 1997 -- 98 7 Cleveland Cavaliers 1998 -- 99 through 2004 -- 05 7 Portland Trail Blazers 1970 -- 71 through 1975 -- 76 6 Detroit Pistons 1977 -- 78 through 1982 -- 83 2009 -- 10 through 2014 -- 15 6 Boston Celtics 1995 -- 96 through 2000 -- 01 6 Chicago Bulls 1998 -- 99 through 2003 -- 04 6 Orlando Magic ^ 2012 -- 13 through 2017 -- 18 6 Houston Rockets 1969 -- 70 through 1973 -- 74 5 Indiana Pacers 1981 -- 82 through 1985 -- 86 5 Brooklyn Nets 1986 -- 87 through 1990 -- 91 & 2007 -- 08 through 2011 -- 12 5 Charlotte Hornets 2004 -- 05 through 2008 -- 09 5 Toronto Raptors 2008 -- 09 through 2012 -- 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ^ 2013 -- 14 through 2017 -- 18 5 Miami Heat 1988 -- 89 through 1990 -- 91 New Orleans Pelicans 2004 -- 05 through 2006 -- 07 2011 -- 12 through 2013 -- 14 San Antonio Spurs 1983 -- 84 1986 -- 87 1988 -- 89 1996 -- 97 Team Longest streak with no post-season series wins Seasons Los Angeles Clippers 1976 -- 77 through 2004 -- 05 29 Washington Wizards 1982 -- 83 through 2003 -- 04 22 Sacramento Kings 1981 -- 82 through 1999 -- 2000 19 Indiana Pacers 1976 -- 77 through 1992 -- 93 17 Brooklyn Nets 1984 -- 85 through 2000 -- 01 17 Milwaukee Bucks ^ 2001 -- 02 through 2017 -- 18 17 New York Knicks 1953 -- 54 through 1967 -- 68 15 Cleveland Cavaliers 1976 -- 77 through 1990 -- 91 15 Golden State Warriors 1991 -- 92 through 2005 -- 06 15 Memphis Grizzlies 1995 -- 96 through 2009 -- 10 15 Minnesota Timberwolves 1989 -- 90 through 2002 -- 03 14 Denver Nuggets 1994 -- 95 through 2007 -- 08 14 Toronto Raptors 2001 -- 02 through 2014 -- 15 14 Charlotte Hornets ^ 2004 -- 05 through 2017 -- 18 14 Detroit Pistons 1962 -- 63 through 1974 -- 75 13 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 01 through 2012 -- 13 13 Dallas Mavericks 1988 -- 89 through 1999 -- 2000 12 Orlando Magic 1996 -- 97 through 2006 -- 07 11 Houston Rockets 1997 -- 98 through 2007 -- 08 11 Utah Jazz 1974 -- 75 through 1982 -- 83 9 Boston Celtics 1992 -- 93 through 2000 -- 01 9 Atlanta Hawks 1999 -- 2000 through 2007 -- 08 9 New Orleans Pelicans 2008 -- 09 through 2016 -- 17 9 Philadelphia 76ers 1968 -- 69 through 1975 -- 76 & 2003 -- 04 through 2010 -- 11 8 Miami Heat 1988 -- 89 through 1995 -- 96 8 Chicago Bulls 1998 -- 99 through 2005 -- 06 8 Phoenix Suns 2010 -- 11 through 2017 -- 18 8 Oklahoma City Thunder 1967 -- 68 through 1973 -- 74 7 San Antonio Spurs 1983 -- 84 through 1988 -- 89 6 Los Angeles Lakers ^ 2012 -- 13 through 2017 -- 18 6 Longest NBA playoffs appearance droughts ( edit ) Appearance droughts updated through 2017 -- 18 season . Denotes active drought Streak Team NBA Playoffs appearance droughts Reference 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 seasons Los Angeles Clippers 1977 -- 1991 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 seasons Minnesota Timberwolves Minnesota Timberwolves 2005 -- 2017 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 seasons Golden State Warriors 1995 -- 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 seasons Sacramento Kings ^ 2007 -- 2018 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 seasons Dallas Mavericks 1991 -- 2000 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 seasons Utah Jazz 1975 -- 1983 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 seasons Golden State Warriors 1978 -- 1986 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 seasons Sacramento Kings 1987 -- 1995 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 seasons Washington Bullets 1989 -- 1996 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 seasons Denver Nuggets 1996 -- 2003 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 seasons Memphis Grizzlies 1996 -- 2003 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 seasons Los Angeles Clippers 1998 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 seasons Atlanta Hawks 2000 -- 2007 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 seasons Phoenix Suns 2011 -- 2018 Streak included Buffalo Braves 1977 -- 78 seasons , and San Diego Clippers 1979 -- 84 seasons . Streak included New Orleans Jazz 1975 -- 79 seasons . Streak included Vancouver Grizzlies 1996 -- 2001 seasons . Longest Conference Finals droughts ( edit ) Appearance droughts updated through the 2018 playoffs . The current Conference Finals format was introduced in 1971 . Denotes active drought † Year the team joined the NBA Seasons Team NBA Conference Finals appearance droughts Subsequent appearance in Conference Finals Reference 48 Los Angeles Clippers ^ 001971 0 -- 2018 Active drought 44 Atlanta Hawks 1971 -- 2014 2015 38 Golden State Warriors 1977 -- 2014 2015 39 Washington Wizards ^ 1980 -- 2018 Active drought 28 Charlotte Hornets ^ 001989 0 -- 2018 Active drought 25 New Jersey Nets 001977 0 -- 2001 2002 23 Denver Nuggets 1986 -- 2008 2009 20 Toronto Raptors 01996 -- 2015 2016 20 Sacramento Kings 1982 -- 2001 2002 Streak includes seasons as Buffalo Braves and San Diego Clippers . Team last qualified for the Conference Finals as Washington Bullets . Franchise inactive for two seasons between 2002 and 2004 . Current Brooklyn Nets ; includes one season as New York Nets . Includes four seasons as Kansas City Kings . Finals droughts ( edit ) NBA Finals in which neither team had previously won a championship ( edit ) In these instances , the matchup ensured that one team would win the first NBA championship in its history . 0 * 0 Both Teams in 1st NBA Finals appearance Season Won Lost Number of years till drought ended 2006 * Miami Heat Dallas Mavericks 5 1978 Washington Bullets Seattle SuperSonics ( OKC ) 1971 * Milwaukee Bucks Baltimore Bullets ( WSH ) 7 1957 * Boston Celtics St. Louis Hawks ( ATL ) 1955 Syracuse Nationals ( PHI ) Fort Wayne Pistons ( DET ) ^ 34 1951 * Rochester Royals ( SAC ) ^ New York Knicks 19 1949 * Minneapolis Lakers ( LAL ) ^ Washington Capitols † defunct 2 years later 1947 * Philadelphia Warriors ( GSW ) Chicago Stags † defunct 3 years later ^ - Team had previously appeared in the National Basketball League finals before said league was merged for the NBA 's formation . † - Defunct franchise . Abbreviation in parentheses -- Current location of NBA franchise . NBA Finals in which neither franchise had won a championship in 20 - plus seasons ( edit ) Teams that had never won the NBA championship are included , even if they were less than 20 seasons old at the time . Season Won Drought ( seasons ) Lost Drought ( seasons ) 2015 Golden State Warriors 39 Cleveland Cavaliers 44 * 2006 Miami Heat 17 * Dallas Mavericks 25 * 1999 San Antonio Spurs 22 * New York Knicks 25 1994 Houston Rockets 26 * New York Knicks 20 1978 Washington Bullets 16 * Seattle SuperSonics 10 * 1971 Milwaukee Bucks 2 * Baltimore Bullets 9 * 1957 Boston Celtics 10 * St. Louis Hawks 7 * 1955 Syracuse Nationals 5 * Fort Wayne Pistons 6 * 1951 Rochester Royals 2 * New York Knicks 4 * 1949 * Minneapolis Lakers 0 * Washington Capitols 2 * 1947 Philadelphia Warriors 0 * Chicago Stags 0 * Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise 's first year in the NBA or the first year of the league ( 1946 , then known as the BAA ) . Teams awaiting their first NBA championship ( edit ) This list includes teams within the current NBA that have never won an NBA championship -- sorted by the number of seasons played in the NBA . Last team to leave list : Cleveland , 2016 Total seasons ( NBA ) Franchise Last NBA Finals appearance 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 seasons Phoenix Suns ( 1969 -- 2018 ) 1993 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 seasons Los Angeles Clippers § ( 1971 -- 2018 ) -- 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 seasons Utah Jazz § ( 1975 -- 2018 ) 1998 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 seasons Denver Nuggets ( 1977 -- 2018 ) -- 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 seasons Indiana Pacers ‡ ( 1977 -- 2018 ) 2000 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 seasons Brooklyn Nets § ‡ ( 1977 -- 2018 ) 2003 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 seasons Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1990 -- 2018 ) -- 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 seasons Orlando Magic ( 1990 -- 2018 ) 2009 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 seasons Charlotte Hornets † ( 1989 -- 2002 ; 2005 -- 2018 ) -- 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 seasons Toronto Raptors ( 1996 -- 2018 ) -- 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 seasons Memphis Grizzlies § ( 1996 -- 2018 ) -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 seasons New Orleans Pelicans † ( 2003 -- 2018 ) -- Notes § NBA teams that have relocated from their original city ( s ) . † NBA teams that have re-branded to / from their original concept . ‡ NBA teams that have won an ABA championship . Cities awaiting first NBA championship ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NBA cities / regions only . Last city to leave list : Cleveland , 2016 City Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) NBA Team ( s ) Phoenix 50 1976 , 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1969 -- present ) Atlanta 50 None Atlanta Hawks ( 1969 -- present ) Denver 42 None Denver Nuggets ( 1977 -- present ) Indianapolis 42 2000 Indiana Pacers ( 1977 -- present ) Salt Lake City 39 1997 , 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1980 -- present ) Sacramento 33 None Sacramento Kings ( 1986 -- present ) Orlando 29 1995 , 2009 Orlando Magic ( 1990 -- present ) Charlotte 28 None Charlotte Hornets ( 1989 -- 2002 ; 2015 -- present ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Toronto 24 None 1 Toronto Huskies season ( 1947 ) 23 Toronto Raptors seasons ( 1996 -- present ) New Orleans 21 None New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 - 1979 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2003 -- 2013 ) New Orleans Pelicans ( 2014 -- present ) Memphis 17 None Memphis Grizzlies ( 2002 -- present ) Oklahoma City 12 2012 2 New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets seasons ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 10 Oklahoma City Thunder seasons ( 2008 -- present ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA franchise post-season streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) franchise post-season droughts List of National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season droughts List of National Hockey League ( NHL ) franchise post-season droughts List of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) club post-season droughts References ( edit ) General `` Team Index '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ Newberry , Paul ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` NBA : NFL has most parity , NBA is most exclusive club when it comes to winning titles '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Major League Baseball has 18 different franchises that have won championships and have droughts of less than 32 years ; the National Football League has 16 such franchises , and the National Hockey League has 15 such franchises . Jump up ^ Aldridge , David ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors close in on title ... and keep NBA history afloat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playoff picture '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sacramento Kings '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Magic '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los Angeles Lakers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denver Nuggets '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Knicks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Nets '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte Hornets '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Pistons '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Mavericks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Bulls '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memphis Grizzlies '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Hawks '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los Angeles Clippers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Pacers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miami Heat '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Wizards '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milwaukee Bucks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portland Trail Blazers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oklahoma City Thunder '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Antonio Spurs '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Timberwolves '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 76ers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Raptors '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Jazz '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Celtics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden State Warriors '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Cavaliers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=843432233 '' Categories : National Basketball Association playoffs Playoff streaks National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 03 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the last time the sacramento kings made the playoffs	[ "\n\nSeasons\nTeam\nLast earned appearance\nin NBA playoffs\nReference\n\n\n12\nSacramento Kings ^\n2006 First Round\n[5]\n\n\n8\nPhoenix Suns ^\n2010 Western Finals\n[6]\n\n\n6\nOrlando Magic ^\n2012 First Round\n[7]\n\n\n5\nLos Angeles Lakers ^\n2013 First Round\n[8]\n\n\n5\nDenver Nuggets\n2013 First Round\n[9]\n\n\n5\nNew York Knicks\n2013 Eastern Semifinals\n[10]\n\n\n3\nBrooklyn Nets\n2015 First Round\n[11]\n\n\n2\nCharlotte Hornets\n2016 First Round\n[12]\n\n\n2\nDetroit Pistons\n2016 First Round\n[13]\n\n\n2\nDallas Mavericks\n2016 First Round\n[14]\n\n\n1\nChicago Bulls\n2017 First Round\n[15]\n\n\n1\nMemphis Grizzlies\n2017 First Round\n[16]\n\n\n1\nAtlanta Hawks\n2017 First Round\n[17]\n\n\n1\nLos Angeles Clippers\n2017 First Round\n[18]\n\n\n2018 Playoff teams\n\n\n–\nIndiana Pacers\n2018 First Round\n[19]\n\n\n–\nMiami Heat\n2018 First Round\n[20]\n\n\n–\nWashington Wizards\n2018 First Round\n[21]\n\n\n–\nMilwaukee Bucks\n2018 First Round\n[22]\n\n\n–\nPortland Trail Blazers\n2018 First Round\n[23]\n\n\n–\nOklahoma City Thunder\n2018 First Round\n[24]\n\n\n–\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2018 First Round\n[25]\n\n\n–\nMinnesota Timberwolves\n2018 First Round\n[26]\n\n\n–\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n2018 Eastern Semifinals\n[27]\n\n\n–\nToronto Raptors\n2018 Eastern Semifinals\n[28]\n\n\n–\nNew Orleans Pelicans\n2018 Western Semifinals\n[29]\n\n\n–\nUtah Jazz\n2018 Western Semifinals\n[30]\n\n\n–\nBoston Celtics\n2018 Eastern Finals\n[31]\n\n\n–\nHouston Rockets\n2018 Western Finals\n[32]\n\n\n–\nGolden State Warriors\n2018 NBA Finals\n[33]\n\n\n–\nCleveland Cavaliers\n2018 NBA Finals\n[34]\n\n" ]	[ "2006" ]
-8028384762068574381	Engineering education in India	Engineering education in India - wikipedia Engineering education in India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India is one of the largest producers of engineers in the world . In India , there are numerous engineering colleges imparting undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering , applied engineering and sciences . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Indian Institutes of Technology 3 Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology 4 Indian Institute of Information Technology 5 National Institutes of Technology 6 The Institution of Engineers ( India ) 7 Polytechnic Institutes 8 AICTE approved institutes by state 9 Corruption in Engineering Education 10 See also 11 References History ( edit ) See also : List of Indian engineering colleges before 1947 The impulse for creation of centers of technical training came from the British Raj rulers of India . While Superintending Engineers were mostly recruited from Britain , lower grades e.g. Craftsmen , Artisans and sub-overseers who were recruited locally . The necessity to make them more efficient , led to the establishment of industrial schools attached to Indian Ordnance Factories and other engineering establishments . The first engineering college was established in the Uttar Pradesh in 1847 for the training of Civil Engineers at Roorkee , Thomason College ( which later become IIT Roorkee ) which made use of the large workshops and public buildings there that were erected for the Upper Ganges Canal . In pursuance of the Government policy , three Engineering Colleges were opened by about 1856 in the three Presidencies . In Bengal Presidency , a College called the Calcutta College of Civil Engineering ( which later became Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , Shibpur ) was opened at the Writers ' Building in November 1856 . In Bombay Presidency , the Overseers ' School at Pune eventually became the College of Engineering , Pune and was affiliated to the Bombay University in 1858 . In the Madras Presidency , the industrial school attached to the Gun Carriage Factory became ultimately the College of Engineering , Guindy and affiliated to the Madras University ( 1858 ) . Indian Institutes of Technology ( edit ) The Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) has 23 centers located in Bhubaneswar , Bombay , Delhi , Gandhinagar , Guwahati , Hyderabad , Indore , Jodhpur , Kanpur , Kharagpur , Madras , Mandi , Patna , Roorkee , Ropar , Dhanbad , Palakkad , Tirupati , Bhilai , Goa , Jammu , Dharwad and Varanasi . All IITs enjoy the status of the Institutes of National Importance and are autonomous universities that draft their own curricula . Many IITs are members of LAOTSE , an international network of universities in Europe and Asia . LAOTSE membership allows the IITs to exchange students and senior scholars with universities in other countries . Admission to undergraduate B. Tech and integrated M. Tech programs are through JEE Advanced ( the Joint Entrance Examination Advanced ) in which around 150,000 students appear annually out of which only around 11,032 get selected . These 150,000 students are initially sorted out by the JEE Mains ( Joint Entrance Examination Mains ) which is conducted by the central board ( Delhi ) . Around 1.3 million students appear for this exam . Admission to most postgraduate courses in IITs is granted through various written entrance examinations : GATE ( for M. Tech . ) , JAM ( for M.Sc . ) and CEED ( for M. Des . ) . The admission for Ph. D. program is based primarily on a personal interview , though candidates may also have to appear for written tests . The IITs are also well known for their special reservation policy , which is significantly different from the one applied in other educational institutions of India . Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology ( edit ) Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology ( abbreviated as IIEST ) are a group of academic institutions in India for research and education in engineering . These were originally proposed by the Government of India in 2007 to meet the increasing demand for technological and scientific workforce in the industrial and service sectors of India as well as the growing need for qualified personnel in research and development . It was decided that the institutes under the banner of IIEST were to be created by upgrading existing engineering colleges or universities under the various State governments of India through an act of the Parliament of India , instead of founding completely new institutes . After upgrading , these institutes would also be granted the status of `` Institutes of National Importance ( INI ) '' . The first institute to be upgraded to IIEST was Bengal Engineering and Science University , Shibpur , which was a university under the Government of West Bengal prior to the upgrade process . Indian institute of information Technology ( edit ) Indian Institutes of Information Technology ( IIITs ) are a group of four institutes of higher education in India , focused on information technology . They are established by the central government , centrally funded , and managed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development . Indian Institute of Information Technology , Allahabad ( IIIT Allahabad ) ( Dean Sayed Akif ) Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management , Gwalior ( IIITM - G ) Indian Institute of Information Technology , Design and Manufacturing , Jabalpur ( IIITDM Jabalpur ) Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing Kancheepuram ( IIITDM Kancheepuram ) National Institutes of Technology ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The National Institutes of Technology ( NIT ) are colleges of engineering and technology education in India . They have also been given the status of `` Institutes of National Importance '' by the Government of India . They were originally called Regional Engineering Colleges ( RECs ) . In 2002 , the Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India , decided to upgrade , in phases , all the original 17 Regional Engineering Colleges ( RECs ) as National Institutes of Technology ( NITs ) . There are currently 31 NITs , with the inception of 10 new NITs in the year 2010 and another in 2015 . The Government of India has introduced the National Institutes of Technology ( NIT ) Act 2010 to bring 30 such institutions within the ambit of the act and to provide them with complete autonomy in their functioning . The NITs are deliberately scattered throughout the country in line with the government norm of an NIT in every major state of India to promote regional development . The individual NITs , after the introduction of the NIT Act , have been functioning as autonomous technical universities and hence can draft their own curriculum and functioning policies . The admission to undergraduate programs of all the NITs was done by the All India Engineering Entrance Examination popularly known as AIEEE . From the year 2013 , AIEEE was replaced by JEE ( Main ) in which 40 % weightage is given to the Higher Secondary results and 60 % ( as per new rules the weightage of marks in board has been changec and HS board percentage is not counted ) weightage given to the JEE ( Main ) results . In addition to the NITs , a host of other well - known national level reputed institutes like DCE , NSIT , IIITs , PEC , Thapar University , DA - IICT , BIT Mesra accept students from the newly introduced examination . The examination is objective by nature and is conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education popularly known as the CBSE . More than fourteen lakh ( 1,400,000 ) applicants took part in 2013 for approximately 15500 seats in the B. Tech and B. Arch programmes available in all the NITs put together . The institution of Engineers ( India ) ( edit ) AMIE was established in 1920 in Kolkata , West Bengal and is acclaimed to have pioneered non-formal education in Engineering . IEI ( I ) conducts an examination for its Associate Membership ( AMIE ) . This examination is considered to be on par with B.E. / B. Tech. ( 4 ) when contemplated as an eligibility qualification to write competitive examinations like the Indian Civil Service , Indian Engineering Services , GATE , etc. , and for employment in Government , public and private sectors in India . This qualification is recognised by Ministry of HRD , Government of India as equivalent to B.E. / B. Tech . There are 2 sections , namely Section A and Section B , who passed both of section he will be chartered engineer ( CEng ) , chartered engineer ( CEng ) is considered as bachelor 's degree in all National and International bodies . Polytechnic Institutes ( edit ) In India there are Institutions which offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class . These institutes have affiliation from state board of technical education of respective state governments . after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate . Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Calcutta Technical School , Kolkata Jnan Chandra Ghosh Polytechnic , Kolkata Sai Polytechnic College , Sri Sai University , Palampur Pathankot Amritsar Pusa Polytechnic being one of the famous Polytechnic in India Government Girls Polytechnic , Bilaspur Government Polytechnic , Ambikapur Government Polytechnic , Korba Government Polytechnic , Mumbai Government Polytechnic Lucknow Government Polytechnic Nainital Government Polytechnic Nilokheri Government Polytechnic Barabanki Government Polytechnic , Nagpur Government Polytechnic , Anantnag , Jammu & Kashmir Government Polytechnic Solapur Kirodimal Govt . Polytechnic , Raigarh AICTE approved institutes by state ( edit ) List of AICTE approved institutes by state , for the academic year 2017 - 2018 : S.No State / Union Territory Number of Engineering Institutes Andaman & Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh 825 Arunachal Pradesh 10 Assam 59 5 Bihar 124 6 Chandigarh 14 7 Chhattisgarh 124 8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 9 Daman and Diu 10 Delhi 78 11 Goa 17 12 Gujarat 427 13 Haryana 416 14 Himachal Pradesh 64 15 Jammu & Kashmir 53 16 Jharkhand 73 17 Karnataka 756 18 Kerala 380 19 Madhya Pradesh 556 20 Maharashtra 1564 21 Manipur 22 Meghalaya 7 23 Mizoram 24 Nagaland 8 25 Orissa 303 26 Puducherry 29 27 Punjab 384 28 Rajasthan 402 29 Sikkim 5 30 Tamil Nadu 1339 31 Telangana 701 32 Tripura 13 33 Uttar Pradesh 1165 34 Uttarakhand 197 35 West Bengal 286 - Total 10396 Corruption in Engineering education ( edit ) Some of the engineering colleges have been known for involving themselves in the illegal practice of capitation fee . All India Council for Technical Education ( AICTE ) , the regulatory body for technical education in India , has called `` upon the students , parents and the general public not to pay any capitation fee or any other fee other than that mentioned in the Prospectus of the Institutions for consideration of admission . '' . AICTE also mentions that the fee charged from students , has to be approved by the fee regulatory committee of the state , and the institute should mention the fee in its website . As per AICTE norms , the educational institutions are not meant to charge a fee higher than what is mentioned in the prospectus . Educational regulatory agencies such as UGC and regional level fee regulating bodies has mandated that an institution should include the fee in the prospectus . See also ( edit ) List of Indian engineering colleges before 1947 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` More dreams get wings as IITs to add 460 seats this year '' . Jump up ^ `` IIEST press release '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` IIT , NIT in Andhra Pradesh to start from 2015 - 16 '' . Deccan Chronicle. 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of AICTE approved Institutes for the academic year : 2017 - 2018 '' . AICTE . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/notice_prohibition_capitation_fee.pdf Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/ApprovalProcessHandbook2016-17.pdf . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/1842250_deemedregulation2014.PDF . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://asckerala.org/sites/default/files/MBA%20DIRECTIVES%20ISSUED%20TO%20ALL%20SELF-FINANICNG%20MANAGEMENT%20INSTITUTUES%20ON%2011.05.2015.pdf . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineering_education_in_India&oldid=827203339 '' Categories : Engineering education in India Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 10 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	number of aicte approved engineering colleges in india	[ "\n\nS.No\nState/Union Territory\nNumber of Engineering Institutes[4]\n\n\n1\nAndaman & Nicobar Islands\n1\n\n\n2\nAndhra Pradesh\n825\n\n\n3\nArunachal Pradesh\n10\n\n\n4\nAssam\n59\n\n\n5\nBihar\n124\n\n\n6\nChandigarh\n14\n\n\n7\nChhattisgarh\n124\n\n\n8\nDadra and Nagar Haveli\n3\n\n\n9\nDaman and Diu\n2\n\n\n10\nDelhi\n78\n\n\n11\nGoa\n17\n\n\n12\nGujarat\n427\n\n\n13\nHaryana\n416\n\n\n14\nHimachal Pradesh\n64\n\n\n15\nJammu & Kashmir\n53\n\n\n16\nJharkhand\n73\n\n\n17\nKarnataka\n756\n\n\n18\nKerala\n380\n\n\n19\nMadhya Pradesh\n556\n\n\n20\nMaharashtra\n1564\n\n\n21\nManipur\n4\n\n\n22\nMeghalaya\n7\n\n\n23\nMizoram\n4\n\n\n24\nNagaland\n8\n\n\n25\nOrissa\n303\n\n\n26\nPuducherry\n29\n\n\n27\nPunjab\n384\n\n\n28\nRajasthan\n402\n\n\n29\nSikkim\n5\n\n\n30\nTamil Nadu\n1339\n\n\n31\nTelangana\n701\n\n\n32\nTripura\n13\n\n\n33\nUttar Pradesh\n1165\n\n\n34\nUttarakhand\n197\n\n\n35\nWest Bengal\n286\n\n\n-\nTotal\n10396\n\n" ]	[ "10396" ]
761478660924055953	Anterior pituitary	Anterior pituitary - wikipedia Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary gland Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey . Semidiagrammatic . Details Precursor oral mucosa ( Rathke 's pouch ) Artery superior hypophyseal Vein hypophyseal Identifiers Latin lobus anterior hypophysis MeSH D010903 NeuroNames 407 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1581 TA A11. 1.00. 002 FMA 74627 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A major organ of the endocrine system , the anterior pituitary ( also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior ) , is the glandular , anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe ( posterior pituitary , or the neurohypophysis ) makes up the pituitary gland ( hypophysis ) . The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress , growth , reproduction and lactation . Proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 Function 2.1 Role in the endocrine system 2.2 Effects of the anterior pituitary 2.3 Behavioral effects 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Increased activity 3.2 Decreased activity 4 History 4.1 Etymology 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The anterior pituitary complex The pituitary gland is a pea - sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica ( Turkish chair / saddle ) . It is composed of three lobes : the anterior , intermediate , and posterior lobes . In many animals , these lobes are distinct . However , in humans , the intermediate lobe is but a few cell layers thick and indistinct ; as a result , it is often considered as part of the anterior pituitary . In all animals , the fleshy , glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary . The anterior pituitary is composed of three regions : Pars distalis Microanatomy of the pars distalis showing chromophobes , basophils and acidophils The pars distalis , ( distal part ) , comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary and is where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs . The pars distalis contains two types of cells including chromophobe cells and chromophil cells . The chromophils can be further divided into acidophils ( alpha cells ) and basophils ( beta cells ) . These cells all together produce hormones of the anterior pituitary , and release them into the blood stream . Nota bene : The term `` Basophil '' and `` Acidophil '' is used by some books , whereas others prefer to not use these terms . This is due to the possible confusion with white blood cells , where one may also find Basophils and Acidophils . Pars tuberalis The pars tuberalis , ( tubular part ) , forms a part of the sheath extending up from the pars distalis which joins with the pituitary stalk ( also known as the infundibular stalk or infundibulum ) , arising from the posterior lobe . ( The pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary ) . The function of the pars tuberalis is poorly understood . However it has been seen to be important in receiving the endocrine signal in the form of TSHB ( a β subunit of TSH ) informing the pars tuberalis of the photoperiod ( length of day ) . The expression of this subunit is regulated by the secretion of melatonin in response to light information transmitted to the pineal gland . Earlier studies have shown a localisation of melatonin receptors in this region . Pars intermedia The pars intermedia , ( intermediate part ) , sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary , forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries . It is very small and indistinct in humans . Development ( edit ) The anterior pituitary is derived from the ectoderm , more specifically from that of Rathke 's pouch , part of the developing hard palate in the embryo . The pouch eventually loses its connection with the pharynx , giving rise to the anterior pituitary . The anterior wall of Rathke 's pouch proliferates , filling most of the pouch to form the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis . The posterior wall of the anterior pituitary forms the pars intermedia . Its formation from the soft tissues of the upper palate contrasts with the posterior pituitary , which originates from neuroectoderm . Function ( edit ) The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell , and they are defined by the hormones they secrete : somatotropes ( GH ) ; Lactotropes ( PRL ) ; gonadotropes ( LH and FSH ) ; corticotropes ( ACTH ) and thyrotropes ( TSH ) . It also contains non-endocrine folliculostellate cells which are thought to stimulate and support the endocrine cell populations . Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are trophic hormones ( Greek : trophe , `` nourishment '' ) and tropic hormones . Trophic hormones directly affect growth either as hyperplasia or hypertrophy on the tissue it is stimulating . Tropic hormones are named for their ability to act directly on target tissues or other endocrine glands to release hormones , causing numerous cascading physiological responses . Hormone Other names Symbol ( s ) Structure Secretory cells Staining Target Effect Adrenocorticotropic hormone Corticotropin ACTH Polypeptide Corticotrophs Basophil Adrenal gland Secretion of glucocorticoid , mineralocorticoid and androgens Thyroid - stimulating hormone Thyrotropin TSH Glycoprotein Thyrotrophs Basophil Thyroid gland Secretion of thyroid hormones Follicle - stimulating hormone - FSH Glycoprotein Gonadotrophs Basophil Gonads Growth of reproductive system Luteinizing hormone Lutropin LH , ICSH Glycoprotein Gonadotrophs Basophil Gonads Sex hormone production Growth hormone Somatotropin GH , STH Polypeptide Somatotrophs Acidophil Liver , adipose tissue Promotes growth ; lipid and carbohydrate metabolism Prolactin Lactotropin PRL Polypeptide Lactotrophs Acidophil Ovaries , mammary glands , testes , prostate Secretion of estrogens / progesterone ; milk production ; spermatogenesis ; prostate hyperplasia TSH and ACTH secretion Role in the endocrine system ( edit ) Main article : Hypothalamus Hypothalamic control Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus . Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence , at the base of the brain . At this site , these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland ( the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal vessels ) . Other Control Mechanisms Aside from hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary , other systems in the body have been shown to regulate the anterior pituitary 's function . GABA can either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and growth hormone ( GH ) and can stimulate the secretion of thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) . Prostaglandins are now known to inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) and also to stimulate TSH , GH and LH release . GABA , through action with the hypothalamus , has been shown experimentally to influence the level of GH secretion . Clinical evidence supports the experimental findings of the excitatory and inhibitory effects GABA has on GH secretion , dependent on GABA 's site of action within the hypothalamic - pituitary unit . Effects of the anterior pituitary ( edit ) Thermal homeostasis The homeostatic maintenance of the anterior pituitary is crucial to our physiological well being . Increased plasma levels of TSH induce hyperthermia through a mechanism involving increased metabolism and cutaneous vasodilation . Increased levels of LH also result in hypothermia but through a decreased metabolism action . ACTH increase metabolism and induce cutaneous vasoconstriction , increased plasma levels also result in hyperthermia and prolactin decreases with decreasing temperature values . follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) also may cause hypothermia if increased beyond homeostatic levels through an increased metabolic mechanism only . Gonadal function Gonadotropes , primarily luteinising hormone ( LH ) secreted from the anterior pituitary stimulates the ovulation cycle in female mammals , whilst in the males , LH stimulates the synthesis of androgen which drives the ongoing will to mate together with a constant production of sperm . HPA axis Main article Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis The anterior pituitary plays a role in stress response . Corticotropin releasing hormone ( CRH ) from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release in a cascading effect that ends with the production of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex . Behavioral effects ( edit ) Development The release of GH , LH , and FSH are required for correct human development , including gonadal development . Breast - feeding Release of the hormone prolactin is essential for lactation . Stress Operating through the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( HPA ) , the anterior pituitary gland has a large role in the neuroendocrine system 's stress response . Stress induces a release of corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) and vasopressin from the hypothalamus , which activates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) from the anterior pituitary gland . Then , this acts on the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol . These glucocorticoids act back on the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus with negative feedback to slow the production of CRH and ACTH . Increased cortisol under stress conditions can cause the following : metabolic effects ( mobilization of glucose , fatty acids , and amino acids ) , bone re-absorption ( calcium mobilization ) , activation of the sympathetic nervous system response ( fight or flight ) , anti-inflammatory effects , and inhibition of reproduction / growth . When the anterior pituitary gland is removed ( hypophysectomy ) in rats , their avoidance learning mechanisms were slowed down , but injections of ACTH restored their performance . In addition , stress may delay the release of reproductive hormones such as luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) . This shows that the anterior pituitary gland is involved in behavioral functions as well as being part of a larger pathway for stress responses . It is also known that ( HPA ) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis . There is evidence linking hyperactivity of HPA hormones to stress - related skin diseases and skin tumors . Aging Operating through the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis , the anterior pituitary gland also affects the reproductive system . The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) , which stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle - stimulating hormone . Then the gonads produce estrogen and testosterone . The decrease in release of gonadotropins ( LH and FSH ) caused by normal aging may be responsible for impotence and frailty in elderly men because of the eventual decrease in production of testosterone . This lower level of testosterone can have other effects , such as reduced libido , well - being and mood , muscle and bone strength , and metabolism . Tactile responding It has been shown that infant mice who were stroked with a paintbrush ( simulating motherly care ) had more release and binding of growth hormone ( GH ) from the anterior pituitary gland . Circadian rhythms Light information received by the eyes is transmitted to the pineal gland via the circadian pacemaker ( the suprachiasmatic nucleus ) . Diminishing light stimulates the release of melatonin from the pineal gland which can also affect the secretion levels in the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis . Melatonin can lower levels of LH and FSH , which will decrease levels of estrogen and testosterone . In addition , melatonin may affect production of prolactin . Clinical significance ( edit ) Increased Activity ( edit ) Main article : Hyperpituitarism Hyperpituitarism is the condition where the pituitary secretes excessive amounts of hormones . This hypersecretion often results in the formation of a pituitary adenoma ( tumour ) , which are benign apart from a tiny fraction . There are mainly three types of anterior pituitary tumors and their associated disorders . For example , acromegaly results from excessive secretion of growth hormone ( GH ) often being released by a pituitary adenoma . This disorder can cause disfigurement and possibly death and can lead to gigantism , a hormone disorder shown in `` giants '' such as André the Giant , where it occurs before the epiphyseal plates in bones close in puberty . The most common type of pituitary tumour is a prolactinoma which hypersecretes prolactin . A third type of pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH , which in turn , causes an excess of cortisol to be secreted and is the cause of Cushing 's disease . Decreased Activity ( edit ) Main article : Hypopituitarism Hypopituitarism is characterized by a decreased secretion of hormones released by the anterior pituitary . For example , hypo - secretion of GH prior to puberty can be a cause of dwarfism . In addition , secondary adrenal insufficiency can be caused by hypo - secretion of ACTH which , in turn , does not signal the adrenal cortex to produce a sufficient amount of cortisol . This is a life - threatening condition . Hypopituitarism could be caused by the destruction or removal of the anterior pituitary tissue through traumatic brain injury , tumor , tuberculosis , or syphilis , among other causes . This disorder used to be referred to as Simmonds ' disease but now according to the Diseases Database it is called Sheehan syndrome . If the hypopituitarism is caused by the blood loss associated with childbirth , the disorder is referred to as Sheehan syndrome . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis , meaning `` glandular undergrowth '' , from the Greek adeno - ( `` gland '' ) , hypo ( `` under '' ) , and physis ( `` growth '' ) . Additional images ( edit ) The anterior pituitary is the anterior , glandular lobe of the pituitary gland . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Tropic hormones Pituitary adenoma Triple bolus test Posterior pituitary Hypopituitarism Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- somatic axis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eroschenko , Victor P. ; Fiore , Mariano S.H. di ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . DiFiore 's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9781451113419 . Jump up ^ Ikegami K , Iigo M and Yoshimura T. Circadian clock gene Per2 is not necessary for the photoperiodic response in mice . PLoS One 2013 ; 8 ( 3 ). PMID 23505514 Jump up ^ Dardente H. Melatonin - dependent timing of seasonal reproduction by the pars tuberalis : pivotal roles for long daylengths and thyroid hormones. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2012. Feb ; 24 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Morgan PJ and Williams LM. The pars tuberalis of the pituitary : a gateway for neuroendocrine output . RevReprod 1996 Sep ; 1 ( 3 ) PMID 9414453 ^ Jump up to : Nelson , R.J. ( 2011 ) An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology , 4th Edition . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc. ISBN 978 - 0878936205 Jump up ^ Le Tissier , P.R ; Hodson , D.J ; Lafont C ; Fontanaud P ; Schaeffer , M ; Mollard , P. ( 2012 ) Anterior pituitary cell networks . Front Neuroendocrinol . Aug ; 33 ( 3 ) : 252 - 66 Jump up ^ Malendowicz , L.K ; Rucinski , M ; Belloni , A.S ; Ziolkowska , A ; and Nussdorfer , G.C. ( 2007 ) Leptin and the regulation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis . Int Rev Cytol. 263 : 63 - 102 . Jump up ^ Sone , M. and Osamura , R.Y. ( 2001 ) Leptin and the pituitary . Pituitary . Jan - Apr ; 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hedge , G.A. ( 1977 ) Roles for the prostaglandins in the regulation of anterior pituitary secretion . Life Sci. Jan 1 ; 20 ( 1 ) : 17 - 33 . Jump up ^ Racagni , G ; Apud , J.A ; Cocchi , D ; Locatelli , V ; Muller , E.E. ( 1982 ) GABAergic control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion . Life Sci. Aug 30 ; 31 ( 9 ) : 823 - 38 . Jump up ^ Lin , M.T ; Ho , L.T ; and Uang , W.N. ( 1983 ) Effects of anterior pituitary hormones and their releasing hormones physiological and behavioral functions in rats . J. steroid Biochem. Vol. 19 ( 1 ) 433 - 38 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Randy J. ( 2011 ) . An introduction to behavioral endocrinology ( 4th ed . ) . Sunderland , Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0878936205 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Greti ( 1998 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Corticotropin Releasing Hormone , Receptor Regulation and the Stress Response '' . Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 9 ( 8 ) : 329 -- 336 . doi : 10.1016 / S1043 - 2760 ( 98 ) 00079 - 4 . ISSN 1043 - 2760 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Greti ( December 1994 ) . `` Regulation of Pituitary ACTH Secretion during Chronic Stress '' . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 15 ( 4 ) : 321 -- 350 . doi : 10.1006 / frne. 1994.1013 . ISSN 0091 - 3022 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Dobson , H ; RF Smith ( 2000 - 07 - 02 ) . `` What is stress , and how does it affect reproduction ? '' . Animal Reproduction Science . 60 - 61 : 743 -- 752 . doi : 10.1016 / s0378 - 4320 ( 00 ) 00080 - 4 . ISSN 0378 - 4320 . Jump up ^ Jung Eun Kim ; Baik Kee Cho ; Dae Ho Cho ; Hyun Jeong Park ( 2013 ) . `` Expression of Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal Axis in Common Skin Diseases : Evidence of its Association with Stress - related Disease Activity '' . National Research Foundation of Korea . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tajar , Abdelouahid ; O'Connell , Matthew DL ; Mitnitski , Arnold B ; O'Neill , Terence W ; Searle , Samuel D ; Huhtaniemi , Ilpo T ; Finn , Joseph D ; Bartfai , György ; Boonen , Steven ; Casanueva , Felipe F ; Forti , Gianni ; Giwercman , Aleksander ; Han , Thang S ; Kula , Krzysztof ; Labrie , Fernand ; Lean , Michael EJ ; Pendleton , Neil ; Punab , Margus ; Silman , Alan J ; Vanderschueren , Dirk ; Rockwood , Kenneth ; Wu , Frederick CW ; European Male Aging Study Group ( May 2011 ) . `` Frailty in relation to variations in hormone levels of the hypothalamic - pituitary - testicular axis in older men : results from the European male aging study '' . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 59 ( 5 ) : 814 -- 821 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1532 - 5415.2011. 03398. x . ISSN 1532 - 5415 . Jump up ^ Juszczak , Marlena ; Monika Michalska ( 2006 ) . `` ( The effect of melatonin on prolactin , luteinizing hormone ( LH ) , and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) synthesis and secretion ) '' . Postępy higieny i medycyny doświadczalnej. 60 : 431 -- 438 . ISSN 1732 - 2693 . Jump up ^ Scacchi , Massimo ; Francesco Cavagnini ( 2006 ) . `` Acromegaly '' . Pituitary. 9 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 303 . doi : 10.1007 / s11102 - 006 - 0409 - 4 . ISSN 1573 - 7403 . Jump up ^ Ciccarelli , E ; F Camanni ( June 1996 ) . `` Diagnosis and drug therapy of prolactinoma '' . Drugs . 51 ( 6 ) : 954 -- 965 . doi : 10.2165 / 00003495 - 199651060 - 00004 . ISSN 0012 - 6667 . Jump up ^ Summers , V.K. ( September 1947 ) . `` Diagnosis and Treatment of Simmonds ' Disease '' . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 23 ( 263 ) : 441 -- 443 . doi : 10.1136 / pgmj. 23.263. 441 . ISSN 0032 - 5473 . PMC 2529616 . PMID 20258051 . Further reading ( edit ) Marieb , E. 2004 . Human Anatomy and Physiology . Benjamin Cummings : New York . Wheater , P. , Burkitt , H. , Daniels , V. 1987 . Functional Histology . Churchill Livingstone : New York . External links ( edit ) Histology image : 14002loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Embryology at unc.edu The Pituitary Network Association -- www.pituitary.org Secretion of hormones from the Anterior Pituitary Gland Anatomy of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anterior_pituitary&oldid=850079981 '' Categories : Endocrine system Human head and neck Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 13 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	anterior pituitary cell that produces lh and fsh	[ "The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete: somatotropes (GH); Lactotropes (PRL); gonadotropes (LH and FSH); corticotropes (ACTH) and thyrotropes (TSH).[6] It also contains non-endocrine folliculostellate cells which are thought to stimulate and support the endocrine cell populations.\n" ]	[ "gonadotropes" ]
1421960992763149910	Takeshi's Castle	Takeshi 's Castle - wikipedia Takeshi 's Castle Takeshi 's Castle Presented by Takeshi Kitano Hayato Tani Narrated by Shizuo Miyauchi Runpei Masui Composer ( s ) Tadakazu Onodera Noriaki Sato Country of origin Japan Original language ( s ) Japanese No. of episodes 133 Production Producer ( s ) Kunihiko Katsura Eiichi Misumi Running time 54 minutes Release Original network Tokyo Broadcasting System Picture format 4 : 3 Original release May 2 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 02 ) -- October 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 19 ) Takeshi 's Castle ( 風雲 ! たけし城 , Fūun ! Takeshi - jō , literally Showdown ! Takeshi Castle ) is a Japanese game show that aired between 1986 and 1990 , on the Tokyo Broadcasting System . It featured the Japanese actor Takeshi Kitano ( also known as Beat Takeshi ) as a count who owns a castle and sets up difficult challenges for players ( or a volunteer army ) to get to him . The show has become a cult television hit around the world . A special live `` revival '' was broadcast on April 2 , 2005 , for TBS 's 50th anniversary celebrations . Contents 1 Original Takeshi 's Castle 1.1 Challenges 1.2 Music 1.3 Characters 1.4 Character counterparts 2 International versions 2.1 Arab countries 2.2 Australia 2.3 Brazil 2.4 Czech Republic 2.5 Denmark 2.6 Finland 2.7 France 2.8 Germany 2.9 Greece 2.10 India 2.11 Indonesia 2.12 Iran 2.13 Italy 2.14 Lithuania 2.15 Malaysia 2.16 Mexico 2.17 Netherlands 2.18 Philippines 2.19 Portugal 2.20 Russia 2.21 Serbia 2.22 Singapore 2.23 Slovakia 2.24 South Africa 2.25 Spain 2.26 Taiwan 2.27 Thailand 2.28 Ukraine 2.29 United Kingdom 2.30 United States 2.31 Vietnam 3 In other media 4 References 5 External links Original Takeshi 's Castle ( edit ) The original show involved between 100 and 142 contestants whom General Tani ( Hayato Tani ) `` forced '' into a series of physical challenges , in some ways similar to those in It 's a Knockout , eliminating many of the contestants . Each show finished with a `` Final Showdown '' in which Count Takeshi ( Kitano ) was faced by the remaining contestants . In early episodes they would storm the castle set itself in a short - range water gun assault . Later episodes introduced carts with paper rings , and eventually lasers and light - sensitive targets . If the contestant 's gun penetrated the paper ring or hit the sensor on Takeshi 's cart , against such weapons as a large water gun and a laser - armed plane , Takeshi 's cart was deactivated , the castle was `` taken '' and the game `` won '' . The player who stopped Takeshi won 1 Million yen ( which , at the time , was roughly equivalent to $ 8,000 US or £ 5,000 sterling ) . However , there were only nine winners during the show 's run . The series featured extensive landscaping of a fixed campus at TBS - owned Midoriyama ( Green Mountain ) Studios that included large man - made lakes and extensive permanent obstacles in Yokohama , Japan . The final regular episode aired on April 14 , 1989 followed by 4 one - off specials up until October 19 , 1990 . A special revival took place just outside the TBS Building for the network 's Spring All - Star Thanksgiving Festival on April 2 , 2005 and featured Skipping Stones and Bridge Ball . Challenges ( edit ) Further information : List of challenges in Takeshi 's Castle A wide range of challenges were used throughout the history of Takeshi 's Castle , some occurring only once or twice , or others in virtually every show , depending upon their popularity and ease of preparation . Many challenges involve falling into water or mud on failure . Music ( edit ) Takeshi 's Castle challenges used a wide variety of well - known songs from movies , television shows , video games , anime , and other sources . Characters ( edit ) Count `` Beat '' Takeshi ( ビートたけし ; Kitano , born 18 January 1947 ) -- The lord of his castle and eventual target of the competition . He also made commentary on the contestants . Takeshi Doll -- During a prolonged period when Takeshi was forbidden to appear on television ( his `` punishment '' for an act of violence against reporters and photos from a scandal magazine ) , one of the Emerald Guards filled in by wearing his robe and a giant papier - mâché Takeshi head similar to the ones sports team mascots use over their heads . Saburo Ishikura ( 石倉三郎 , born 16 December 1946 ) -- First advisor of the Takeshi 's castle . Discussed the competition with Takeshi and provided comedy skits as well . Sonomanma Higashi ( real name Hideo Higashikokubaru , born 16 September 1957 ) -- Originally leader of the Emerald Guards . He replaced Ishikura as the advisor of the Takeshi 's castle in the middle of the series run . Takeshi 's Gundan ( Defense Troops ) ( たけし軍団 ) -- The Count 's guards who wore white or emerald green , seen in `` Final Showdown '' and other challenges , and are more popularly known as `` The Emerald Guards '' . When Higashi became Takeshi 's new advisor , Omori Utaemon took over as the leader . Other members included Matsuo Bannai , Tsumami Edamame , Yurei Yanagi , Rakkyo Ide , Great Gidayu , Dankan , Third Nagasima , `` Rusher '' Itamae , Taka Gadarukanaru , Hakase Suidobashi , Sintaru Mizushima and `` Loyal '' Tadajij Kikuchi . Rakkyo Ide was the bald guy in the `` Monsters Special '' who wore a shark outfit and suffered some serious bleeding when he fell in during Skipping Stones . These troops were also usually seen in the background behind Takeshi and his advisor during the show . General Tani ( Hayato Tani ) ( 谷隼人 , born 9 September 1946 ) -- Known in the UK and Indian version as General Lee . Led the contestants through the challenges set by Count Takeshi . His real - life wife , Kikko Matsuoka ( born 11 February 1947 ) , appeared in an episode resulting in a comedic conflict between the couple . Tani 's Assistant - On international specials ( involving non-Japanese players ) , General Tani was assisted by a lady who served as his translator whose name is unknown , Chuck Wilson also acted as his assistant in two international specials . Junji Inagawa ( also known as Jyunji Inagawa ) ( 稲川淳二 , born 9 September 1946 ) , Akira Sakamoto ( born 31 July 1949 ) and Shingo Yanagisawa ( 柳沢慎吾 , born 6 March 1962 ) -- Three of the Battlefield Reporters , however there were many more . They usually wore safari outfits . Kibaji Tankobo ( 丹古母鬼馬二 , born 4 January 1950 ) and Shozo `` Strong '' Kobayashi ( ストロング金剛 , born 25 December 1940 ) -- Two physically - imposing guards most famous for featuring in the Honeycomb Maze challenge . Kibaji usually wore a long red wig , while Strong was bald , and they painted their faces to further intimidate contestants . In addition to frightening and chasing the contestants in the Honeycomb Maze , Tankobo and Kobayashi also smeared black , sticky paint all over the contestants that they caught in the maze . Tankobo and Kobayashi were considered to be two of the finest henchmen Takeshi had . Brad Lesley , aka `` Animal '' ( 亜仁丸レスリー , 11 September 1958 -- 27 April 2013 ) -- American baseball player . His main job was to humiliate and frighten the contestants in any possible way , usually dressed as a samurai complete with a sword . Animal has also been seen in a green sumo suit , spider costume , Fred Flintstone -- style outfit , a baseball uniform and a Las Vegas -- era Elvis Presley jumpsuit costume . Michiru Jo ( 城みちる , born 18 November 1957 ) -- One of the few guards to have been involved from the very first episode and be involved until the show finished , he normally wore a distinctive pink outfit . Jo was a Japanese pop singer in the 1970s . Yoroi / Ritter Chuu -- He stood almost sixteen feet tall and tried to keep players from reaching the goals in several games . Known in the UK as the Boxing Monster because of the size of his hands . Makoto Dainenji ( 大念寺誠 ) and Katsuo Tokashiki ( 渡嘉敷勝男 , born 27 July 1960 ) -- Makoto , a karate master , and Katsuo , a boxing champion in Japan , were the Final Fall guards , usually wearing outrageous costumes . Katsuo also served as the referee in the Sumo Rings game . Masanori Okada ( 岡田正典 , born 19 October 1953 ) -- Usually seen in the game `` Slip Way '' , he would jump out of the water to push the contestants into the drink if they failed to reach the target . Okada has also played in the Honey Comb Maze and other games as well . Also known as the `` Sea Goblin '' in Japan and was a boxer in the 1970s . Umanosuke Ueda , ( 上田馬之助 , 20 June 1940 -- 21 December 2011 ) -- This aggressive guard , a former wrestler in real life , has been seen in Honey Comb Maze , Square Maze , Sumo Rings , Grid Iron and Bridge Ball . Youshichi Shimada ( 島田洋七 , born 10 February 1950 ) -- A guard that was usually seen in the games Blueberry Hill in overalls akin to those worn by Dennis the Menace , and in Wipe Out dressed up as a female Native American nicknamed `` Pocahontas '' who would push people into the water if they missed the surfboard . Shoji Kinoshita and Shoichi Kinoshita -- Better known as `` Popcorn '' ( ポップコーン , born 1 January 1959 ) , these well - known identical twin actors in Japan were commonly seen wearing rainbow ponchos and bowler hats . They have also worn baseball uniforms and other humorous costumes , appearing in the game Rice Bowl Down Hill where they would try and put the contestants off by singing a very annoying chant , ' unda unda unda ' as well as Bridge Ball and other games . Due to their attire , they were also known as the Rainbow Warriors . `` Ordinary '' Oki Bondo ( 大木凡人 , born 1 July 1949 ) , Takayuki Yokomizo , Nobuo Yana and Koji Sekiyama -- They participated in the Karaoke game . Oki acted as the emcee , Takayuki was the bouncer who ejected contestants who did not sing well , and Koji was the owner of the karaoke bar , later replaced by Nobuo who appeared in the later episodes of the show . Shinoburyo ( 忍竜 ) -- Sumo wrestler in Japan who appeared in the game Sumo Rings during the series . Large Fuji ( born 26 August 1958 -- 14 October 2012 ) -- Replaced Shinoburyo in the later episodes as the purple sumo fighter in Sumo Rings . Konishiki Doll -- Only seen in Sumo Rings and on an odd occasion of Tug of War . The Konishiki Doll was one of the Defence Troops dressed in a large costume which is meant to resemble Konishiki Yasokichi , one of the largest sumo wrestlers to ever live . Known as `` Spud '' in the British version . Noboru `` Shin '' Suganuma ( すがぬま伸 , born 5 July 1952 ) -- Loyal member of Takeshi 's Gundan , who wore red and who was a pathetic sumo wrestler in Sumo Rings . Ritsuko Nakayama ( 中山律子 , born 12 October 1942 ) -- Also known as Refreshing Ritsuko - Ritsuko , she is a professional bowler in Japan who has appeared in the Star Bowling game . Yutaka Enatsu -- This Japanese baseball player who was the pie thrower in Die or Pie in a single episode . Koji Sekiyama ( 関山耕司 born 22 May 1929 ) -- Karaoke bar owner who decided whether contestants singing was good enough to progress through to the next round . Later replaced by Nobuo Yana . Nobuo Yana ( born 13 August 1935 ) -- Replaced Koji Sekiyama as the karaoke bar owner later in the series and decided whether a contestant had sung well enough to progress through to the next round . Yakayuki Yokomizo ( born 2 August 1963 ) -- Bouncer in the karaoke bar who violently withdrew contestants from the building if Sekiyama ( later Yana ) decided that their singing was n't good enough . Geisha Girls or Bunny Girls -- Led by Miyuki Ono , they helped contestants in several games and also helped Takeshi and his advisor in comedy skits . The others were Harumi Tomikawa , Mika , Mina Morishima , Sawada , and Mitsumi Yokota . Sometimes , when Junji and Shingo were off the show for other commitments , one of them served in the Battlefield Reporter 's role . Shizuo Miyauchi ( 宮内鎮雄 , born 24 January 1945 ) -- Commentator for the original series in Japan . Retired from TBS in 2005 after working as a commentator for several decades . Ultraman - Has appeared in the show on many occasions , among other occasions the first was to help the kids through a number of the challenges in the `` Kids Only '' special , the second was as a replacement for General Tani ( For Unknown Reasons ) . The third occasion was in the monster 's special , along with other members of the `` Ultra Brothers '' . ( Due to an ongoing licensing dispute , `` The Monster Special '' episode of MXC was heavily edited upon its release on DVD , with all Ultraman characters removed . ) Character counterparts ( edit ) Japanese Version ( Takeshi 's Castle ) American Version ( MXC ) Philippine Version ( Takeshi 's Castle ) UK version ( Takeshi 's Castle ) Spanish version ( Humor Amarillo ) Indian version ( Takeshi 's Castle ) Vietnamese version ( Đại náo thành Takeshi ) Count ' Beat ' Takeshi \ Takeshi Doll Vic Romano / Uncool Not - so - Hip Vic Romano / Zeppo the Waterhead Master Takeshi Count Takeshi / Yellow Baron / Red Baron Takeshi \ Mini Takeshi Count Takeshi Lãnh chúa Takeshi Sonomanma Higashi Kenny Blankenship Bisita I Junior Chotu General Tani Captain Tenneal Master Kapitan General Lee ( original / revival ( Sometimes ) ) / General Tani ( revival ) Napoleon ( 1990 -- 95 ) / General Tani ( 2006 - 07 ) General Lee Tướng quân Shakrito Junji Inagawa Guy LeDouche The Man with the Toffee Apple Pepe Livingstone Shikari Shambhu Michiro Jo Danny Glans / Jimmy Junk / Sugar Ramos Phiss / Golden Shower Boy / Barry Sosa / Spin Captain Japan \ Cowardly Custard Pinky Winky Choos Lee Popcorn Em on Em / Babe and Ruth / Bud and Pud / Green Gobblers ( Hedda and Choda ) / Jesse and Jackson / Huff and Huff The Rainbow Warriors / Japanese Thompson Twins Duo Pirata Changu Mangu Tani 's Assistant / Chuck Wilson Pey'once / Howie Dean Bisita II Corporal Kirsty General Tano Chotu Yoroi Chuu / Jumbo Max Skanky / Fisty Boy Kamao Boxing Monster / Honey Monster Pequeño Samurai Ravan Youshi Shimada Chief Otto Parts / Professor G Spot / Professor N. Marian / Marty Boy Tulak Dennis The Menace / Pocahontas Chuky / Muchahontas Pocahontas Oki Bondo Ryan Seachest Craig Charles Juan Herrera & Miguel Ángel Coll ( 1990 -- 95 ) / Fernando Costilla & Paco Bravo ( 2006 -- 07 ) Javed Jaffrey '' International versions ( edit ) Arab countries ( edit ) Arab League -- In Arab countries the show was called The Fort or Al Hisn ( Arabic : الحصن ‎ ) . It aired in the mid to late 1980s where it became a cult hit . Commentary was provided by Lebanese television personality Riad Sharara ( رياض شرارة ) , then later by Jamal Rayyan ( جمال ريان ) , who is currently a well known news broadcaster in Al Jazeera 's Arabic TV news channel . Australia ( edit ) Australia -- A version of the show was produced by The Comedy Channel , it had hosts in The Comedy Channel studio , it was redubbed , but unlike the American version it still kept to the real plot of the episode and showed the final challenge , rather than taking random footage and making up `` teams '' . This has since been cancelled and / or finished . The show was hosted by two housemates from series two of Australian Big Brother Shannon Cleary and Nathan Morris . It also featured a crossdressing Geisha girl named Beryl . Some episodes featured a special guest third host , including Greg Fleet . Highlights appeared in Australia on the television program World 's Weirdest TV . The American version MXC currently airs on Fox8 ( an Australian cable network ) . The Australian writer and critic Clive James was once a celebrity contestant on the original show . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil -- During the 1990s , a version was aired by Rede Globo , called Olimpíadas do Faustão ( Portuguese for `` Faustão 's Olympics '' ) , as an insert in Fausto Silva 's Sunday - afternoon variety show Domingão do Faustão . In 1994 , rival SBT copied that version , and a legal action by Globo and SBT stopped the broadcasting . On June 1 , 2008 , SBT Keshi remake reappeared on TV , now licensed , remaking Faustão 's known games ( as Bridge Ball and The Run Way ) , not - seen in Globo games ( as Skittles and Ride the Wave ) , and original games ( cross a balance beam after spin , or cross a small bridge using a crank - kart ) . The games are a segment named `` Playtime '' in the `` Programa Silvio Santos '' . Further information : List of original challenges in Brazilian Takeshi 's Castle Czech Republic ( edit ) Czech Republic -- It was shown by the name Takešiho hrad ( Czech ) , with comedic voice - over by two Czech comedians . The commentary was mostly fictional . The show was popular among young viewers . The Czech TV channel also broadcast the show to Slovak Republic where it gained some popularity as well . In 2011 was Takešiho hrad broadcast on channel Prima Cool with a new single - voice comment . Denmark ( edit ) Denmark -- The Danish TV station TV 2 Zulu bought the rights to air the Challenge version in Denmark , thus making the Danish broadcast identical to that in Britain . Finland ( edit ) Finland -- On January 7 , 2008 , the television channel Jim started airing the UK version of the program . The comments are subtitled in Finnish . The show is titled Hullut japanilaiset . France ( edit ) France -- A shortened version given a comedic voiceover by comedians Vincent Desagnat and Benjamin Morgaine has been shown on the W9 TV channel since October 2006 , in a program called `` Menu W9 '' ( which also presented a shortened version of Sushi TV on its first season , now replaced by Sasuke ) . It has been also broadcast on the channel M6 which shown 2 episodes per day at 6.50 p.m from Tuesday to Friday . The voices were those of the late sport presenter Thierry Roland and Moon Dailly . Germany ( edit ) Germany -- A dubbed version of the show aired on DSF in 1999 . This version was released on a DVD box set with 12 selected episodes . Two more volumes were planned but were presumably canceled . A German dubbed version of the 2002 UK edit airs from July 3 , 2007 on RTL II . There also exists an adaptation called Entern oder Kentern ( engl. : Board or Capsize ) with almost the same games but pirates as antagonists and celebrities as Team Captains . This version was aired on RTL in summer 2007 . Shorter versions of episodes with comical commentary air on Comedy Central . Greece ( edit ) Greece -- A version airs on Skai TV by the name `` Το κάστρο του Τακέσι '' ( = Takeshi 's Castle ) . It has been dubbed by Kostas Papageorgiou and Akindynos Gkikas . India ( edit ) India -- A shortened version of the show is aired on the Pogo TV channel from 1 March 2005 with Hindi dubbing by Javed Jaffrey . The show was also voiced by Indian comedians Raju Srivastav , Sunil Pal , Navin Prabhakar and Ahsaan Qureshi . Indonesia ( edit ) Indonesia -- The original Japanese show was re-run , dubbed in Indonesian , on the TPI TV channel ( now MNCTV ) . Later , this show was rebroadcast as Takeshi 's Castle Indonesia ( a.k.a. Benteng Takeshi Indonesia ) which aired on MNCTV Iran ( edit ) Iran -- It was aired by the name Masir - e Talaa'ee ( Persian : مسیر طلایی ‎ ) ( when translated it means `` Golden Path '' ) , on Iran 's Channel 3 on years 2009 and 2010 . It was hosted by Morteza and Mostafa Hosseini , the brothers of the refugee host Mohammad Hosseini . Italy ( edit ) Italy -- Renamed Mai dire Banzai ( Never Say : Banzai ! ) it first aired in 1989 on Italia 1 . A reedited version interspersed with clips of another Japanese gameshow called Za Gaman , it was given a comedic voiceover by Gialappa 's Band , who changed Kitano 's and Saburo Ishikura 's names to Gennaro Olivieri and Guido Pancaldi , historically Swiss Italian judges in Games Without Frontiers . They also renamed in absurdist comical ways the other figures of the show like calling the in - game reporter ' Pokoto Pokoto ' , the martially - attire 'd host ' General Putzersthoefen ' and so on . Gialappa 's Band making fun of the duty - bound , stoic stereotype of Japan , described the games and tasks as traditional Japanese past - times and thus rather mundane and humdrum by Japanese standards , introducing a veil of non sequitur to the show which is lacking in English language versions . The show gained new popularity in the 2000s , when it started being broadcast on various satellite and terrestrial channels with the original title and using the half - hour episodes of the UK shortened version , with independent voiceover ( superimposed to the still audible Japanese tack ) done by various Italian comedians . As of 2008 , this version is broadcast on GXT with the voiceover done by Trio Medusa ( previously the show was commentated on by Marco Marzocca with Stefano Sarcinelli and still before by duo Lillo & Greg ) ; shortly after it was re-aired by local broadcasters and by K2 . From 10 January 2011 , the series is re-transmitted in Italy on Cartoon Network and the voiceover is done by Roberto Stocchi e Francesca Draghetti . Lithuania ( edit ) Lithuania -- The show was aired by the name `` Takeši pilis '' , featuring Fumito Tomoi ( a Japanese person living in Lithuania at the time ) , who dubbed the show in a comic way with his broken Lithuanian . The show was very popular . Malaysia ( edit ) Malaysia -- The Japanese version was aired over NTV7 in early 2000s , although edited to be shortened to half an hour . The broadcast was added with Malay overdub commentary ( the original Japanese audio track is still audible in background ) . Sometimes in earlier versions , the unoverdubbed parts will be subtitled in Malay . The show was known as Istana Takeshi in Malaysia . As of June 2010 , the show is airing again using the American version with Malay subtitles on TV9 but still called Istana Takeshi instead of MXC . Mexico ( edit ) Mexico -- The Japanese version on Azteca 13 of TV Azteca in 1993 and Azteca 7 of TV Azteca was aired in Mexico , which , like the Spanish , has its own stories and invented by giving voices teams . Due to the success of the American edits of Banzuke and Ninja Warrior / Sasuke on Azteca 7 , on May 4 , 2015 , the program was broadcast by Canal 5 of Televisa , under the name `` Castillo Takeshi '' and narrated by two presenters from Televisa using the British edit as basis for their own edit . Possibly due to the upscaling from PAL to HD , it had a poor quality image , making it look even older than it was . It took the time slot where ABC 's Wipeout had been broadcast since 2014 . After just three weeks , the show was replaced by ABC 's Wipeout , which has had a longer more successful run on Mexican TV . Netherlands ( edit ) Netherlands -- The British cut of the show aired on August 15 , 2009 on Comedy Central , with Dutch voice - over provided by sports commentator Ronald van Dam and actor / comedian Ruben van der Meer . Takeshi 's Castle Thailand in its UK format commenced airing on March 22 , 2018 with commentary by actress / singer Katja Schuurman and vocalist Pepijn Lanen . Philippines ( edit ) Takeshi 's Castle Genre Game show Created by Tokyo Broadcasting System Presented by Joey de Leon Ryan Yllana Country of origin Philippines Original language ( s ) Tagalog Production Executive producer ( s ) Wilma Galvante Production location ( s ) Philippines Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 30 minutes ( 60 minutes in IBC and SBN broadcasts ) Production company ( s ) GMA Entertainment TV Release Original network IBC Q GMA Network Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Original release October 1990 ( IBC ) - October 2007 -- April 2008 Philippines - It was first shown on the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation TV network in October 1990 as a Filipino - dubbed show . Later episodes contained interludes shot on a studio with actors Anjo Yllana as Takeshi and Smokey Manoloto as `` Iwakura '' providing the commentary with a gravelly Japanese accent , which was later dropped in favor of their natural voices . The Filipino production crew also developed on their relationship , with Iwakura often trying to trick Takeshi on several occasions . One episode which resulted in the contestants ' victory was even written as Takeshi 's worst nightmare ; when Iwakura finally wakes him up , Takeshi is so traumatized that he asks to call off a scheduled taping . Makers of the malt drink brand Ovaltine created an in - show mini contest as part of a product endorsement deal in 1991 . In this version , the names given to most of the challenges are translated from their original Japanese such as `` Devil 's Maze '' for the Honeycomb and Square Mazes , `` Flying Mushroom '' for Mushroom Trip , and `` Sumo Wrestling '' for Sumo Rings . The IBC episodes of Takeshi 's Castle were later rerun on SBN during 1993 and 1994 . The show was not edited as before at IBC . Takeshi 's Castle enjoyed a revival in the Philippines in 2006 . This time around , comedians Joey de Leon and Ryan Yllana ( Anjo 's younger brother ) provide the commentary as fictional characters shogun Shintaro `` Taru '' Gokoyami who is Takeshi 's right - hand man and sumo wrestler Kakawate Takehome , the leader of the Takeshi Gundan , fictional in the sense that there are no such characters in the original cast . Initially , the two provide play - by - play commentary , but they as well as some added characters reduced themselves to skits and commentary in between clips of the show . Later , as part of Q 's first anniversary , Anjo finally appeared alongside the new cast , reprising his role as `` prince '' Takeshi . Due to Takeshi 's Castle 's competitive ratings , the management of GMA Network ( which produces shows for its sister network Q ) decided to move the show from its original station in an evening slot , now to the early afternoon weekend slot of GMA . Takeshi 's Castle is aired on a weekly basis as opposed to the weekdays airing on Q , and is aired before Eat Bulaga on Saturdays and before SOP on Sundays . This is done to increase and improve the ratings of the succeeding shows . Takeshi 's Castle started to air on GMA on December 23 , 2006 with same hosts . The show aired on its last episode on May 9 , 2007 , and after a long break of TV experience , Joey and Ryan assumed new personalities as Master GT ( later Tirso Potter ) and Captain B respectively . It was temporarily replaced by `` Just Joking '' which starred also Joey De Leon and Ryan Yllana and other casts . On August 15 , 2007 , `` Takeshi 's Castle '' returned on air once again with all new episodes and Mike `` Pekto '' Nacua ( Cookie ) , John Feir ( Belli ) and Love Añover ( replacement when either Cookie or Belli was not in ) become commentators . The show aired at Saturdays 11 : 30 a.m. before `` Eat Bulaga ! '' , and Sundays 11 : 15 a.m. before SOP Rules . On GMA 's regional networks , a Cebuano - dubbed show now on GMA Cebu & Davao from Saturdays and Sundays in the Morning by Cebuano version from title called Takeshi 's Castle Wala Gyud sa Isaysay Banzai ! ( Never Say Banzai ! ) . Portugal ( edit ) Portugal -- A version called Nunca Digas Banzai ( Portuguese for `` Never Say Banzai '' , based on the Italian name for it , Mai Dire Banzai ) aired on SIC starting in 1994 , where it reached some popularity . Voiceovers were provided by two hosts , José Carlos Malato and João Carlos Vaz . Takeshi and Ishikura were renamed `` Fujimoto '' and `` Fujicarro '' ( a play on the Portuguese words for `` ( motor ) bike '' and `` car '' using the Japanese word Fuji ) , and the Portuguese hosts made no attempt to interpret the reality of the show , instead using the contestants as surrogates for the satirical comments about Portuguese public figures , in a similar style to MXC . Russia ( edit ) Russia - The series were featured in Ren TV project show `` The Best Shows of the World '' ( Лучшие шоу мира ) in the early 2000s and due to positive public reaction were aired on the regular basis on its own , named `` Takeshi Kitano 's Castle '' ( Замок Такеши Китано ) . Show was translated and aired on 2x2 channel as `` Japanese amusements '' ( Японские забавы ) during 2011 - 2012 and in 2013 - 2014 . The format of the show is the translated commentary version of UK adaptation . Serbia ( edit ) Serbia - Show started with showing on FOX TV in January 2010 named Takeši . Singapore ( edit ) Singapore - The show first debut in the early - 1990s on Singapore 's free - to - air channel , Channel 8 , as `` 100 Wars '' ( Chinese : 百戰百勝 ) , as the program was acquired from Taiwan . In the mid 90 's till early 2000 's , re-runs of the show aired on Saturdays at 1.30 pm in the afternoon , following the News on Channel 8 . Slovakia ( edit ) Slovakia -- During the 2011 - 2012 was Takešiho hrad ( Slovak ) broadcast on channel Joj Plus with a single - voice Slovak comment . South Africa ( edit ) South Africa The show was broadcast daily on the Sony MAX channel , Channel 128 on DStv . It was the condensed version of the original series with commentary provided by Craig Charles . It began broadcasting in 2009 and was a huge hit with viewers . Due to its popularity the show has been aired to a broader audience on SABC 2 . Spain ( edit ) Spain -- The program aired in the 1990s as Humor Amarillo ( when translated it means `` Yellow Humour '' or `` Yellow Comedy '' ) on TV channel Telecinco . Comedians Juan Herrera and Miguel Ángel Coll ( son of José Luis Coll ) commented on the images ; this version of the show has achieved cult status and there are some fansites and web petitions for returns . In fact , the Spanish version created some terms now familiar to either Takeshi 's Castle or Humor Amarillo , like `` El Laberinto del Chinotauro '' ( literally The Chinesetaur Labyrinth , name for any of the maze challenges ) , `` Los cañones de Nakasone '' ( parody of `` Guns of Navarone '' Spanish title ) , `` Las Zamburguesas '' ( for Skipping Stones ) , `` Gacela Thompson '' ( `` Thompson Gazelle '' ) , a pathetic businessman character , and `` Chino Cudeiro '' ( The Chinese Cudeiro , as the name started to be assigned when appeared a player with a red T - shirt with the inscription `` Cudeiro , Galicia , España '' ) , the name assigned to a random player that always `` dies '' , one of the most popular characters in Spain . On January 28 , 2006 , a second version dubbed by Fernando Costilla and Paco Bravo premiered on Spanish TV channel Cuatro . They have shown every one of the original Japanese episodes , with the last one being shown on June 9 , 2007 , ending with a special message by the Spanish commentators . The 2006 version is currently being rebroadcast on the Telecinco - owned channel Energy . These two versions had in common that it was naturally assumed that the dubbing was completely unrelated to the original dialogues , to the point that sometimes the references to the actual contest were really few . The commentators could turn the contestants into mushroom seekers , or people looking for a new apartment . Alongside the spectacular hits suffered by the contestants and the show 's peculiar aesthetic , this helped boost its popularity . Taiwan ( edit ) Taiwan -- A gameshow called 100 Wars , 100 Victories ( Chinese : 百戰百勝 ) on CTS was formed from the original show , similar to how MXC Almost Live was formed . Thailand ( edit ) Thailand -- Takeshi 's Castle was dubbed and shown on Channel 5 in 1988 - 1995 . The title was changed to `` Hod , Mun , Ha '' ( โหด มัน ฮา ) , or `` Cruel , Thrilling , Fun '' . In 2007 , the unedited original series with bilingual soundtrack ( Thai & Japanese ) was aired on X-ZYTE channel on TrueVisions cable TV every Sunday and rerun several times throughout a week . In 2014 , Channel 7 ( Thailand ) bought the rights to remake the show . `` โหด มัน ฮา Takeshi 's Castle Thailand '' first aired on 20 July , with a new episode airing most Sundays . The show 's format is identical to the one used in the original show , but with a few minor changes . Shogun Takeshi ( Note Chernyim ) has kept Princess Woosenko ( Woonsen Virithipa Pakdeeprasong ) as a prisoner in his castle . General Shahkrit ( Shahkrit Yamnarm ) attempts to rescue the princess from the castle by sending his army of contestants through Shogun 's challenges ( remade challenges include Slippery Wall , Avalanche , Honeycomb Maze , Skipping Stones , Slip Way , Sumo Rings , Wet Paint , and Tug Of War ) , and the last remaining contestants battle against Shogun 's guards in the Showdown . Any winners receive the 1,000,000 Thai - baht cash prize , the cash prize is rolled over to the next episode if there are no winners Later on , the show reduced the number of competitors to 20 , and then 12 in current shows . With the rules format changing , the competitors do n't get eliminated throughout the show , but instead work as a team . The competitors are given , by Shogun Takeshi , 10 carts and the Shogun has no guard carts at the beginning of the episode . The competitors then play 5 challenges before the Showdown . In the first challenge , usually involved all the competitors playing at the same time , every single competitors must pass the challenge , while the subsequent challenges needs at most 5 passes in order to be credited as a win . Winning a challenge will cause the situation remaining unchanged , while losing the first challenge takes one cart away from the competitors team and one cart added to Shogun 's team in Showdown . In subsequent challenges , one car is taken away and added to Shogun 's team if less than 5 competitors passed , two cars are taken if less than 3 competitors passed . In current shows , with 12 competitors , two cars are taken away if less than 3 competitors passed , while 3 passes are credit with a win , and no cars are taken away . Losing a challenge also results in a punishment for the competitors in various ways , usually messy and painful . In Showdown , the team sends out two competitors per one cart they have to battle with Shogun 's guards . Succeeding in Battle awards all competitors a share of 5,000,000 baht cash prize , but the prize is remain the same in all episodes . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukraine -- Show was translated and aired on QTV channel as `` Laughter with Takeshi Kitano '' ( Реготня з Такеші Кітано ) during 2008 - 2010 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Takeshi 's Castle Created by Tokyo Broadcasting System Written by Ben Mole Craig Charles Alex Mole Frederick Hutton Mills Narrated by Craig Charles ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dick & Dom ( 2013 ) Jonathan Ross ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Theme music composer Jonathan Czerwik Opening theme `` Takeshi 's Castle '' by Jonathan Czerwik Ending theme `` Takeshi 's Castle '' Shortened Instrumental Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Original series 145 ( inc. 10 Specials and 13 Best Ofs ) First revived series 6 Production Executive producer ( s ) Ben Mole ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Sophie Hodgkins ( 2013 ) Editor ( s ) Anna Skidmore Eion Martin Duncan Armstrong Colm O'Rourke Andrew Trussler Running time 30 minutes 60 minutes ( specials ) Production company ( s ) Flextech / Black Mole Films ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Sky / TBS ( 2013 ) Release Original network Challenge ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2013 ) Comedy Central ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 576i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) Original release Original series 9 November 2002 -- 1 January 2004 First revived series 8 -- 29 March 2013 Second revived series 26 October 2017 -- present External links Website United Kingdom -- The show was first introduced to British audiences in the late 1980s , when it was featured semi-regularly as part of LWT 's Tarrant on TV , in which broadcaster Chris Tarrant showcased a variety of unusual television programmes from around the world . One of the series ' previous hosts , Clive James , appeared in an original Japanese episode as an international contestant - with behind the scenes footage shown as part of his two - part ITV documentary ... in Japan in 1987 . Takeshi 's Castle would become more well - known later when a condensed version of the original series proved an unexpected hit when it premiered on Challenge on 9 November 2002 , regularly dominating the top ten programmes on the channel each week . The UK format did not follow the original Japanese format - instead presenting each sequence of games as comic martial challenges leading to the final game wherein contestants not so far eliminated try to storm Takeshi 's Castle . Each episode in the original run was narrated by Craig Charles , who also coined the term `` Keshi Heads '' to describe avid fans of the show . A typical episode of the UK format of Takeshi 's Castle has about eight games , followed by the final Showdown . After each event , a ' Ridiculous Replay ' is shown , highlighting the most entertaining attempt . Challenge decided to edit out the comedy sketches between Takeshi and Higashi to allow more ( or fewer ) games to be shown during the half - hour block . More series were commissioned and shown over the next few months , culminating in a series of hour - long specials in the Autumn of 2003 , and a special highlights show , The A-Z of Takeshi 's Castle , broadcast on January 1 , 2004 which showed some of the best clips of the best games as the last original series finale . Repeats still air regularly to this day on Challenge , with an average of 130,000 viewers an episode . On 3 September 2005 , MXC aired for the first time in the UK on Challenge . On 9 May 2007 , The Paul O'Grady Show had their own mini Takeshi 's Castle challenge , including ' Knock Knock ' , ' Bite the Bun ' , a `` Bridge Ball '' adaptation called ' Balancing Act ' and the ' Slippery Wall ' . The UK TV series returned to Challenge after a hiatus on 7 September 2009 with a modified opening sequence ( to fit with Flextech rebranding to Virgin Media Television ) . In February 2010 , a campaign was launched by fansite Keshi Heads in an attempt to bring a brand new series of Takeshi 's Castle to Challenge within its 10th anniversary year on the channel ( November 2012 - 13 ) . It was suggested by campaigners that these new episodes would feature never - before - seen games ( previously completely cut from other episodes ) , and feature five Japanese episodes new to the UK , including the Pilot and an International Special which have never been seen on TV since their original airings in Japan . On 13 December 2012 , Challenge announced that they had signed a deal for `` unseen bits of Takeshi 's Castle '' . The new series , named Takeshi 's Castle Rebooted , which aired from 8 to 29 March 2013 , featured games and episodes suggested by the Keshi Heads website in their campaign . Despite Craig Charles agreeing to return for the new series , Challenge brought in Richard McCourt and Dominic Wood ( Dick and Dom ) as the new voiceovers . Hayato Tani also filmed presentation links for the new series . Rebooted disappointed fans , with many complaining about Charles ' replacement as voiceover . Challenge reportedly received more negative comments about Rebooted , on their social media accounts , than any other show in the channel 's history , with the series never once reaching its weekly top ten ratings . The original episodes returned to Challenge after Rebooted ended its run . In contrast to the newly produced series , these entered the weekly top ten rating shows almost instantly upon their return . Rebooted has since been repeated in off - peak timeslots . A new series of Takeshi 's Castle aired from 26 October to 28 December 2017 on Comedy Central , with Jonathan Ross as voiceover . This version is based on the Thailand series . Series 2 aired from 1 February to 29 March 2018 , series 3 aired from 6 June to 4 July 2018 , and series 4 aired from 11 July to 8 August 2018 . United States ( edit ) MXC Starring Victor Wilson Christopher Darga John Cervenka Mary Scheer Opening theme `` Firebrand '' by Bumblefoot Country of origin United States No. of episodes 81 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time ~ 25 minutes Release Original network TNN / Spike TV Picture format 480i Original release April 13 , 2003 -- February 9 , 2007 Main article : MXC In the United States , Takeshi 's Castle aired as MXC ( subtitled Most Extreme Elimination Challenge ) on Spike TV , providing both dubbing and commentary in English that effectively spoofs the original show . The show has been broadcast in Canada , Australia and New Zealand . Two attempts were made to Americanize the format : On July 28 , 1990 , FOX aired a special half - hour version of the original show premise entitled King of the Mountain which was packaged by Fox Square Productions and was hosted by John Mulrooney and Judy Cole . This version used the same games , but had only 10 competitors and no costumed characters to impede the players ' progress . This American attempt only taped two episodes on July 24 , 1988 , and only one aired . The set was also used for a qualifying round in episode 106 . On June 16 , 1993 , CBS aired the second attempt , entitled Storm the Castle . This hour - long version , which was packaged by Vin Di Bona Productions and hosted by Michael Burger and Nely Galán , pitted 30 families against each other and against well - known monsters ( such as Beetlejuice ) in a quest to win $15,000 . Unlike Mountain , Storm had a few exclusive games not seen anywhere else . Storm , like Mountain , only lasted a single episode . The show was notable as future NFL player Christian Fauria appeared with his family . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnam - The Vietnamese show Đại Náo Thành Takeshi produced under license , with the first episode airing March 25 , 2017 in prime time on VTV3 . The program features famous Vietnamese artists , with warlords Takeshi played by Trấn Thành and Sharkito by Trương Thế Vinh , and Princess Woonsenko played by Diễm My 9X . Challenges in the first episode included Slippery Wall , Slip Way , Honeycomb Maze , and Final Fall . The Show Down in front of the castle takes place in boats equipped with water spray nozzle weapons and paper disc targets . In other media ( edit ) A Famicom game with the same name was released in 1987 by Bandai . It required the use of the Family Trainer ( Power Pad ) to play its eight challenges . It was played on the twelfth episode of GameCenter CX . A sequel called `` Fūun ! Takeshi Jō Two '' was released in 1988 with different challenges . A game based on it can be found on Habbo , however , it is different from the real - life Takeshi 's Castle . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Episode Guide at keshiheads.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Cool Japan : Why Japanese remakes are so popular on American TV , and where we 're getting it wrong '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Pogo premiers Japanese game show ' Takeshi 's Castle ' '' . 24 February 2005 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pogo lines up rib - tickling fare '' . March 27 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Takeshi 's Castle terug op Comedy Central '' ( in Dutch ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Takeshi 's Castle CCUK at comedycentral.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Takeshi 's Castle is returning to UK television , but Craig Charles will be replaced as commentator '' , DigitalSpy Jump up ^ `` Gameshow Đại náo thành Takeshi chính thức ra mắt khán giả '' . Vietnam Television . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Takeshi 's Castle . Keshi Heads Takeshi 's Castle on IMDb GMA Network game shows 1990s debuts Digital LG Quiz GoBingo 2000s debuts All Star K ! BandaOke Da Big Show Family Feud Kakasa Ka Ba sa Grade 5 ? Takeshi 's Castle Tok ! Tok ! Tok ! Isang Milyon Pasok Whammy ! Push Your Luck 2010s debuts All Star Videoke Asar Talo Lahat Panalo ! Bossing & Ai Celebrity Bluff Do n't Lose the Money Laff , Camera , Action ! Manny Many Prizes People vs. the Stars Picture ! Picture ! Take Me Out Wachamakulit Coordinates : 35 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 29 ′ 02 '' E / 35.56833 ° N 139.48389 ° E / 35.56833 ; 139.48389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takeshi%27s_Castle&oldid=854242836 '' Categories : 1980s Japanese television series 1990s Japanese television series 1986 Japanese television series debuts 1990 Japanese television series endings Takeshi 's Castle Obstacle racing television game shows Tokyo Broadcasting System shows Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog ไทย 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 22 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the winner of takeshi's castle get	[ "The original show involved between 100 and 142 contestants whom General Tani (Hayato Tani) \"forced\" into a series of physical challenges, in some ways similar to those in It's a Knockout, eliminating many of the contestants. Each show finished with a \"Final Showdown\" in which Count Takeshi (Kitano) was faced by the remaining contestants. In early episodes they would storm the castle set itself in a short-range water gun assault. Later episodes introduced carts with paper rings, and eventually lasers and light-sensitive targets. If the contestant's gun penetrated the paper ring or hit the sensor on Takeshi's cart, against such weapons as a large water gun and a laser-armed plane, Takeshi's cart was deactivated, the castle was \"taken\" and the game \"won\". The player who stopped Takeshi won 1 Million yen (which, at the time, was roughly equivalent to $8,000 US or £5,000 sterling). However, there were only nine winners during the show's run.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "1 Million yen (which, at the time, was roughly equivalent to $8,000 US or £5,000 sterling)" ]
-7295448325042044097	Premier League records and statistics	Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and Statistics This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . Contents 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Points 1.3 Wins 1.4 Defeats 1.5 Draws 1.6 Goals 1.7 Attendances 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest goalscorers 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 ) Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 19 points , 2017 -- 18 ; Manchester City ( 100 points ) over Manchester United ( 81 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 100 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home points in a season : 55 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home points in a season : 7 , Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Most away points in a season : 50 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away points in a season : 3 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Wins ( edit ) Most wins in total : 629 , Manchester United Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 16 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Defeats ( edit ) Most defeats in total : 351 , Everton Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Fewest defeats in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 , 2017 -- 18 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 5 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Most defeats in a season ( 42 games or 38 games ) : 29 , joint record : Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 14 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Most away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 17 , Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive defeats over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in total : 287 , Everton Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 , 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 , 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 106 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 79 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Worst goal difference in a season : -- 69 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,924 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,267 , Tottenham Hotspur League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Highest season average attendance : 75,821 -- Old Trafford , Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Lowest season average attendance : 8,353 -- Selhurst Park , Wimbledon ( 1992 -- 93 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 653 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : 260 , Alan Shearer Most Premier League goals at one club : 183 , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : 40 years and 268 days , Teddy Sheringham ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : 16 years and 271 days , James Vaughan ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 208 491 0.42 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 162 492 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most games scored in during a Premier League season : 24 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) 22 - team league : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andy Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : 2 minutes 56 seconds , Sadio Mané ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Most different clubs to score for : 7 , Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , joint record : Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lewis Dunk ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists ( career ) Rank Player Assists Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 111 Wayne Rooney 103 Frank Lampard 102 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 James Milner 78 9 Teddy Sheringham 76 10 David Silva 75 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Most clean sheets ( career ) Rank Player Clean sheets Petr Čech 201 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 151 David Seaman 140 5 Nigel Martyn 137 6 Pepe Reina 134 7 Edwin van der Sar 132 Tim Howard Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 128 Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest Goalscorers ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 April 2005 Everton 16 years , 270 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 December 2002 Leeds United 16 years , 346 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 October 2002 Everton 16 years , 351 days Arsenal Cesc Fàbregas 25 August 2004 Arsenal 17 years , 114 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 6 May 1997 Liverpool 17 years , 144 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 5 September 1992 Tottenham 17 years , 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 5 April 2009 Manchester United 17 years , 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 October 2012 Liverpool 17 years , 317 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 February 1999 Chelsea 17 years , 342 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 September 1997 Everton 17 years , 344 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United won the 2010 -- 11 season Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City won the 2015 -- 16 season Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2018 -- 19 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 26 1000 629 215 156 1924 875 1049 2102 13 6 80.85 Arsenal 26 1000 544 253 203 1772 962 810 1885 6 5 7 72.50 Chelsea 26 1000 537 248 215 1707 963 744 1859 5 71.50 Liverpool 26 1000 499 255 246 1685 1024 661 1752 5 7 67.38 5 Tottenham Hotspur 26 1000 423 255 322 1480 1267 213 1524 58.62 6 Everton 26 1000 362 287 351 1303 1265 38 1373 52.81 7 Manchester City 21 810 359 194 257 1279 952 327 1271 60.52 8 Newcastle United 23 882 334 225 323 1207 1187 20 1227 53.35 9 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 10 West Ham United 22 844 275 221 348 1012 1214 − 202 1046 47.55 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 19 734 229 202 303 892 1022 − 130 889 46.79 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 12 460 142 129 189 572 670 − 98 555 46.25 19 West Bromwich Albion 12 456 112 128 216 475 696 − 221 464 38.67 8 20 Stoke City 10 380 116 109 155 398 525 − 127 457 45.70 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Crystal Palace 9 350 97 89 164 374 511 − 137 380 42.22 10 25 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 26 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Swansea City 7 266 82 66 118 306 383 − 77 312 44.57 8 29 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 30 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 31 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.86 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.14 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Watford 5 190 45 43 102 188 318 − 130 178 35.60 13 36 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 37 Burnley 152 40 37 75 145 229 − 84 157 39.25 7 38 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 39 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 40 Bournemouth 114 34 30 50 145 195 − 50 132 44.00 9 41 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 42 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Brighton & Hove Albion 38 9 13 16 34 54 -- 20 40 40.00 15 45 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 46 Huddersfield Town 38 9 10 19 28 58 -- 30 37 37.00 16 47 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 48 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 49 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 League or status at 2018 -- 19 : 2018 -- 19 Premier League teams 2018 -- 19 EFL Championship teams 2018 -- 19 EFL League One teams 2018 -- 19 EFL League Two teams Defunct teams Notes By a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League titles : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest spell as manager : 21 years , 224 days , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal , 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018 ) Shortest spell as manager ( excluding caretakers ) : 41 days , Les Reed ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) ( 8 games ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . premierleague.com . 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Jump up ^ Middlesbrough deducted 3 points for failure to fulfill a fixture at Blackburn Rovers , on 21 December 1996 Jump up ^ Portsmouth deducted 9 points for entering administration in March 2010 Jump up ^ `` History and Honours of Wimbledon FC returned to Merton '' . Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association . 2 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Football Supporters ' Federation ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` MK Dons agree to return Wimbledon trophies to Merton - and sanction amendments to football statistics '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jermain Defoe , Harry Kane , Pep Guardiola win Premier League awards for December '' . Sky Sports . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Premier League Manager Statistics - Barrie 's View '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger becomes longest - serving Premier League manager '' . Sky Sports . 17 July 2017 . 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Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=854706165 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Italiano 日本語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	most goals by player in premier league season	[ "Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]\nAndy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)" ]	[ "34" ]
-7047898625889884359	List of largest cities in Brazil	List of largest cities in Brazil - wikipedia List of largest cities in Brazil Jump to : navigation , search Population distribution in Brazil . Brazil has a high level of urbanization : 82 out of every 100 Brazilians live in cities . The criteria used by the IBGE ( Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ) in determining whether households are urban or rural , however , are based on political divisions , not on the built environment . Nowadays , the country has more than 5,570 municipalities . About 87.86 % of Brazilians live in urban areas . The state capitals are also the largest cities in their respective states , exceptions being Florianópolis ( which is the capital and the second largest city of Santa Catarina state after Joinville ) and Vitória ( which is the capital but only the fourth largest city of Espírito Santo state ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Most populated cities in Brazil 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Image gallery 2 Largest metropolitan areas 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Most populated cities in Brazil ( edit ) This is a list of the most populous cities based on the population of the municipality where the city is located , rather than its metropolitan area . As IBGE considers the entire Federal District synonymous to Brasília , the population of the Federal District is shown for Brasília . IBGE Census counts as of 1 August 2010 . Estimates of 1 July 2016 State capitals are in bold and states ' largest cities are in italics . 2016 rank City State 2016 estimate Census Change São Paulo São Paulo 12,038,175 10,659,386 7001129349758044230 ♠ + 12.93 % Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 6,498,837 5,940,224 7000940390463389930 ♠ + 9.40 % Brasília Distrito Federal 2,977,216 2,469,489 7001205600024944430 ♠ + 20.56 % Salvador Bahia 2,938,092 2,480,790 7001184337247409090 ♠ + 18.43 % 5 Fortaleza Ceará 2,609,716 2,315,116 7001127250643164320 ♠ + 12.73 % 6 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 2,513,451 2,258,096 7001113084208997310 ♠ + 11.31 % 7 Manaus Amazonas 2,094,391 1,718,584 7001218672465238820 ♠ + 21.87 % 8 Curitiba Paraná 1,893,997 1,678,965 7001128074140914190 ♠ + 12.81 % 9 Recife Pernambuco 1,625,583 1,472,202 7001104184751820740 ♠ + 10.42 % 10 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 1,481,019 1,365,039 7000849646054068779 ♠ + 8.50 % 11 Goiânia Goiás 1,448,639 1,256,514 7001152903190891630 ♠ + 15.29 % 12 Belém Pará 1,446,042 1,351,618 7000698599752296880 ♠ + 6.99 % 13 Guarulhos São Paulo 1,337,087 1,176,804 7001136201950367270 ♠ + 13.62 % 14 Campinas São Paulo 1,173,370 1,024,912 7001144849509031020 ♠ + 14.48 % 15 São Luís Maranhão 1,082,935 966,989 7001119904156096920 ♠ + 11.99 % 16 São Gonçalo Rio de Janeiro 1,044,058 945,752 7001103944797367600 ♠ + 10.39 % 17 Maceió Alagoas 1,021,709 917,086 7001114081994491250 ♠ + 11.41 % 18 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro 886,917 818,432 7000836783019236780 ♠ + 8.37 % 19 Natal Rio Grande do Norte 877,662 785,722 7001117013396595740 ♠ + 11.70 % 20 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul 863,982 766,461 7001127235436636700 ♠ + 12.72 % 21 Teresina Piauí 847,430 797,029 7000632360930405290 ♠ + 6.32 % 22 São Bernardo do Campo São Paulo 822,242 746,718 7001101141260824030 ♠ + 10.11 % 23 João Pessoa Paraíba 801,718 716,042 7001119652199172670 ♠ + 11.97 % 24 Nova Iguaçu Rio de Janeiro 797,435 767,505 7000389964886222240 ♠ + 3.90 % 25 Santo André São Paulo 712,749 654,354 7000892406862340570 ♠ + 8.92 % 26 Osasco São Paulo 696,382 637,617 7000921634774480600 ♠ + 9.22 % 27 São José dos Campos São Paulo 695,992 597,425 7001164986399966520 ♠ + 16.50 % 28 Jaboatão dos Guararapes Pernambuco 691,125 623,471 7001108511863422680 ♠ + 10.85 % 29 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo 674,405 583,842 7001155115596342850 ♠ + 15.51 % 30 Uberlândia Minas Gerais 669,672 579,005 7001156591048436540 ♠ + 15.66 % 31 Contagem Minas Gerais 653,800 568,640 7001149760832864380 ♠ + 14.98 % 32 Sorocaba São Paulo 652,481 570,434 7001143832590623980 ♠ + 14.38 % 33 Aracaju Sergipe 641,523 552,365 7001161411385587429 ♠ + 16.14 % 34 Feira de Santana Bahia 622,639 542,476 7001147772436015600 ♠ + 14.78 % 35 Cuiabá Mato Grosso 585,367 530,308 7001103824569872600 ♠ + 10.38 % 36 Joinville Santa Catarina 569,645 509,293 7001118501530553140 ♠ + 11.85 % 37 Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais 559,636 497,778 7001124268248094530 ♠ + 12.43 % 38 Londrina Paraná 553,393 493,358 7001121686483243410 ♠ + 12.17 % 39 Aparecida de Goiânia Goiás 532,135 442,978 7001201267331560480 ♠ + 20.13 % 40 Porto Velho Rondônia 511,219 410,520 7001245296209685280 ♠ + 24.53 % 41 Ananindeua Pará 510,834 456,316 7001119474224002660 ♠ + 11.95 % 42 Niterói Rio de Janeiro 497,883 441,078 7001128786745201530 ♠ + 12.88 % 43 Belford Roxo Rio de Janeiro 494,141 455,598 7000845987032427710 ♠ + 8.46 % 44 Serra Espírito Santo 494,109 384,469 7001285172536667460 ♠ + 28.52 % 45 Campos dos Goytacazes Rio de Janeiro 487,186 442,363 7001101326286330460 ♠ + 10.13 % 46 Vila Velha Espírito Santo 479,664 393,941 7001217603651308190 ♠ + 21.76 % 47 Caxias do Sul Rio Grande do Sul 479,236 427,664 7001120589995884619 ♠ + 12.06 % 48 Florianópolis Santa Catarina 477,798 404,224 7001182012943318560 ♠ + 18.20 % 49 Macapá Amapá 465,495 387,539 7001201156528762270 ♠ + 20.12 % 50 São João de Meriti Rio de Janeiro 460,541 439,497 7000478820105711760 ♠ + 4.79 % 51 Mauá São Paulo 457,696 394,698 7001159610639020210 ♠ + 15.96 % 52 São José do Rio Preto São Paulo 446,649 406,220 7000995248879917289 ♠ + 9.95 % 53 Santos São Paulo 434,359 407,506 7000658959622680400 ♠ + 6.59 % 54 Mogi das Cruzes São Paulo 429,321 366,216 7001172316337898940 ♠ + 17.23 % 55 Betim Minas Gerais 422,354 367,044 7001150690380444850 ♠ + 15.07 % 56 Diadema São Paulo 415,180 370,184 7001121550364143240 ♠ + 12.16 % 57 Campina Grande Paraíba 407,754 383,941 7000620225503397660 ♠ + 6.20 % 58 Jundiaí São Paulo 405,740 357,909 7001133640115224820 ♠ + 13.36 % 59 Maringá Paraná 403,063 349,860 7001152069399188250 ♠ + 15.21 % 60 Montes Claros Minas Gerais 398,288 355,401 7001120672142171800 ♠ + 12.07 % 61 Carapicuíba São Paulo 394,465 344,878 7001143781279176980 ♠ + 14.38 % 62 Piracicaba São Paulo 394,419 356,179 7001107361747885190 ♠ + 10.74 % 63 Olinda Pernambuco 390,144 357,965 7000898942634056400 ♠ + 8.99 % 64 Cariacica Espírito Santo 384,621 335,984 7001144759869517600 ♠ + 14.48 % 65 Rio Branco Acre 377,057 319,825 7001178947862112090 ♠ + 17.89 % 66 Anápolis Goiás 370,875 324,303 7001143606442123570 ♠ + 14.36 % 67 Bauru São Paulo 369,368 335,888 7000996760825036920 ♠ + 9.97 % 68 Vitória Espírito Santo 359,555 297,489 7001208632924242580 ♠ + 20.86 % 69 Caucaia Ceará 358,164 286,446 7001250371797825770 ♠ + 25.04 % 70 São Vicente São Paulo 357,989 316,324 7001131716215020040 ♠ + 13.17 % 71 Itaquaquecetuba São Paulo 356,774 314,843 7001133180664648730 ♠ + 13.32 % 72 Caruaru Pernambuco 351,686 306,788 7001146348618590040 ♠ + 14.63 % 73 Vitória da Conquista Bahia 346,069 295,277 7001172014752249580 ♠ + 17.20 % 74 Franca São Paulo 344,704 318,239 7000831607691074950 ♠ + 8.32 % 75 Blumenau Santa Catarina 343,715 299,159 7001148937521518660 ♠ + 14.89 % 76 Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul 343,651 321,818 7000678426936964370 ♠ + 6.78 % 77 Canoas Rio Grande do Sul 342,634 317,945 7000776517951217980 ♠ + 7.77 % 78 Ponta Grossa Paraná 341,130 305,545 7001116464023302620 ♠ + 11.65 % 79 Petrolina Pernambuco 337,683 287,233 7001175641378253890 ♠ + 17.56 % 80 Boa Vista Roraima 326,419 277,684 7001175505250572590 ♠ + 17.55 % 81 Ribeirão das Neves Minas Gerais 325,846 290,727 7001120797173981090 ♠ + 12.08 % 82 Paulista Pernambuco 325,590 278,651 7001168450857883159 ♠ + 16.85 % 83 Uberaba Minas Gerais 325,279 288,235 7001128520131142990 ♠ + 12.85 % 84 Cascavel Paraná 316,226 283,193 7001116644832322830 ♠ + 11.66 % 85 Guarujá São Paulo 313,421 260,477 7001203257869216860 ♠ + 20.33 % 86 Taubaté São Paulo 305,174 275,218 7001108844624988190 ♠ + 10.88 % 87 Praia Grande São Paulo 304,705 251,526 7001211425458998270 ♠ + 21.14 % 88 São José dos Pinhais Paraná 302,759 254,556 7001189361083612250 ♠ + 18.94 % 89 Limeira São Paulo 298,701 274,100 7000897519153593580 ♠ + 8.98 % 90 Petrópolis Rio de Janeiro 298,158 277,816 7000732211247732310 ♠ + 7.32 % 91 Santarém Pará 294,447 291,122 7000114213285151930 ♠ + 1.14 % 92 Camaçari Bahia 292,074 225,510 7001295170945856060 ♠ + 29.52 % 93 Mossoró Rio Grande do Norte 291,937 254,032 7001149213484915290 ♠ + 14.92 % 94 Suzano São Paulo 288,056 256,502 7001123016584666010 ♠ + 12.30 % 95 Palmas Tocantins 279,856 223,817 7001250378657563990 ♠ + 25.04 % 96 Governador Valadares Minas Gerais 279,665 255,475 7000946863685292100 ♠ + 9.47 % 97 Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 277,309 259,004 7000706745841763060 ♠ + 7.07 % 98 Taboão da Serra São Paulo 275,948 225,053 7001226146729881410 ♠ + 22.61 % 99 Gravataí Rio Grande do Sul 273,742 253,060 7000817276535209040 ♠ + 8.17 % 100 Várzea Grande Mato Grosso 271,339 248,130 7000935356466368440 ♠ + 9.35 % 101 Sumaré São Paulo 269,522 236,358 7001140312576684520 ♠ + 14.03 % 102 Juazeiro do Norte Ceará 268,248 244,701 7000962276410803390 ♠ + 9.62 % 103 Marabá Pará 266,932 224,014 7001191586240145710 ♠ + 19.16 % 104 Barueri São Paulo 264,935 228,962 7001157113407464990 ♠ + 15.71 % 105 Embu das Artes São Paulo 264,448 223,622 7001182567010401479 ♠ + 18.26 % 106 Foz do Iguaçu Paraná 263,915 250,918 7000517977984839670 ♠ + 5.18 % 107 Volta Redonda Rio de Janeiro 263,659 246,210 7000708703951910970 ♠ + 7.09 % 108 Ipatinga Minas Gerais 259,324 224,636 7001154418704036750 ♠ + 15.44 % 109 Imperatriz Maranhão 253,873 245,509 7000340679975072200 ♠ + 3.41 % 110 Viamão Rio Grande do Sul 252,872 236,999 7000669749661390980 ♠ + 6.70 % 111 Novo Hamburgo Rio Grande do Sul 249,113 237,044 7000509145981336800 ♠ + 5.09 % 112 Parnamirim Rio Grande do Norte 248,623 195,274 7001273200733328550 ♠ + 27.32 % 113 São Carlos São Paulo 243,765 219,865 7001108703067791600 ♠ + 10.87 % 114 Macaé Rio de Janeiro 239,471 194,497 7001231232358339720 ♠ + 23.12 % 115 Magé Rio de Janeiro 236,319 218,307 7000825076612293700 ♠ + 8.25 % 116 São José Santa Catarina 236,029 203,384 7001160509184596630 ♠ + 16.05 % 117 Indaiatuba São Paulo 235,367 188,639 7001247711236806810 ♠ + 24.77 % 118 Colombo Paraná 234,941 208,805 7001125169416441180 ♠ + 12.52 % 119 Sete Lagoas Minas Gerais 234,221 211,094 7001109557827318640 ♠ + 10.96 % 120 Cotia São Paulo 233,696 190,488 7001226827936667930 ♠ + 22.68 % 121 Marília São Paulo 233,639 214,742 7000879986216017360 ♠ + 8.80 % 122 Divinópolis Minas Gerais 232,945 206,867 7001126061672475550 ♠ + 12.61 % 123 Arapiraca Alagoas 232,671 212,216 7000963876427790550 ♠ + 9.64 % 124 Americana São Paulo 231,621 209,230 7001107016202265450 ♠ + 10.70 % 125 Itaboraí Rio de Janeiro 230,786 210,780 7000949141284751869 ♠ + 9.49 % 126 São Leopoldo Rio Grande do Sul 229,678 212,279 7000819628884628249 ♠ + 8.20 % 127 Araraquara São Paulo 228,664 204,934 7001115793377380030 ♠ + 11.58 % 128 Jacareí São Paulo 228,214 208,934 7000922779442311930 ♠ + 9.23 % 129 Itapevi São Paulo 226,488 192,184 7001178495608375310 ♠ + 17.85 % 130 Presidente Prudente São Paulo 223,749 205,340 7000896513100224020 ♠ + 8.97 % 131 Maracanaú Ceará 223,188 200,797 7001111510630138900 ♠ + 11.15 % 132 Itabuna Bahia 220,386 202,359 7000890842512564300 ♠ + 8.91 % 133 Juazeiro Bahia 220,253 194,327 7001133414296520810 ♠ + 13.34 % 134 Hortolândia São Paulo 219,039 186,461 7001174717501246910 ♠ + 17.47 % 135 Rondonópolis Mato Grosso 218,899 189,975 7001152251612054220 ♠ + 15.23 % 136 Santa Luzia Minas Gerais 217,610 198,773 7000947663918137780 ♠ + 9.48 % 137 Dourados Mato Grosso do Sul 215,486 191,638 7001124442960164480 ♠ + 12.44 % 138 Cabo Frio Rio de Janeiro 212,289 171,551 7001237468741074080 ♠ + 23.75 % 139 Rio Verde Goiás 212,237 169,611 7001251316247177360 ♠ + 25.13 % 140 Cachoeiro de Itapemirim Espírito Santo 210,325 180,984 7001162119303363830 ♠ + 16.21 % 141 Chapecó Santa Catarina 209,553 182,809 7001146294766669040 ♠ + 14.63 % 142 Criciúma Santa Catarina 209,153 191,473 7000923367785536340 ♠ + 9.23 % 143 Itajaí Santa Catarina 208,958 182,484 7001145075732666970 ♠ + 14.51 % 144 Rio Grande Rio Grande do Sul 208,641 192,582 7000833878555628250 ♠ + 8.34 % 145 Alvorada Rio Grande do Sul 207,392 194,837 7000644384793442720 ♠ + 6.44 % 146 Sobral Ceará 203,682 181,010 7001125252748466940 ♠ + 12.53 % 147 Cabo de Santo Agostinho Pernambuco 202,636 179,912 7001126306194139360 ♠ + 12.63 % 148 Rio Claro São Paulo 201,473 185,777 7000844883919968559 ♠ + 8.45 % 149 Passo Fundo Rio Grande do Sul 197,798 181,299 7000910043629584279 ♠ + 9.10 % 150 Luziânia Goiás 196,864 165,492 7001189568075798230 ♠ + 18.96 % 151 Parauapebas Pará 196,259 149,411 7001313551211088880 ♠ + 31.36 % 152 Lauro de Freitas Bahia 194,641 154,245 7001261895037116280 ♠ + 26.19 % 153 Araçatuba São Paulo 193,828 178,927 7000832797733153750 ♠ + 8.33 % 154 Castanhal Pará 192,571 168,559 7001142454570803100 ♠ + 14.25 % 155 Angra dos Reis Rio de Janeiro 191,504 148,294 7001291380635764090 ♠ + 29.14 % 156 Águas Lindas de Goiás Goiás 191,499 157,323 7001217234606510170 ♠ + 21.72 % 157 Santa Bárbara d'Oeste São Paulo 191,024 178,290 7000714229625890400 ♠ + 7.14 % 158 Ferraz de Vasconcelos São Paulo 186,808 164,591 7001134983079269219 ♠ + 13.50 % 159 Nova Friburgo Rio de Janeiro 185,102 173,989 7000638718539677800 ♠ + 6.39 % 160 Barra Mansa Rio de Janeiro 180,126 172,484 7000443055587764660 ♠ + 4.43 % 161 Nossa Senhora do Socorro Sergipe 179,661 158,470 7001133722471130180 ♠ + 13.37 % 162 Guarapuava Paraná 179,256 166,195 7000785884051866780 ♠ + 7.86 % 163 Ilhéus Bahia 178,210 176,917 6999730851190106100 ♠ + 0.73 % 164 São José de Ribamar Maranhão 176,008 160,775 7000947473176799880 ♠ + 9.47 % 165 Ibirité Minas Gerais 175,721 152,647 7001151159210465980 ♠ + 15.12 % 166 Teresópolis Rio de Janeiro 174,587 160,205 7000897724790112670 ♠ + 8.98 % 167 Araguaína Tocantins 173,112 149,313 7001159390006228530 ♠ + 15.94 % 168 Mesquita Rio de Janeiro 171,020 159,685 7000709834987631900 ♠ + 7.10 % 169 Francisco Morato São Paulo 169,942 148,935 7001141048108235140 ♠ + 14.10 % 170 Itapecerica da Serra São Paulo 169,103 143,448 7001178845295856340 ♠ + 17.88 % 171 Itu São Paulo 168,643 150,101 7001123530156361380 ♠ + 12.35 % 172 Jaraguá do Sul Santa Catarina 167,300 142,209 7001176437496923540 ♠ + 17.64 % 173 Linhares Espírito Santo 166,491 138,679 7001200549470359610 ♠ + 20.05 % 174 Timon Maranhão 166,295 147,214 7001129614031274200 ♠ + 12.96 % 175 Poços de Caldas Minas Gerais 164,912 149,667 7001101859461337500 ♠ + 10.19 % 176 Bragança Paulista São Paulo 162,435 139,726 7001162525227946119 ♠ + 16.25 % 177 Pindamonhangaba São Paulo 162,327 146,117 7001110938494494140 ♠ + 11.09 % 178 Caxias Maranhão 161,926 154,211 7000500288565666519 ♠ + 5.00 % 179 Jequié Bahia 161,880 151,820 7000662626794888680 ♠ + 6.63 % 180 Palhoça Santa Catarina 161,395 135,720 7001189176245210730 ♠ + 18.92 % 181 Teixeira de Freitas Bahia 159,813 133,261 7001199248092089960 ♠ + 19.92 % 182 São Caetano do Sul São Paulo 158,825 146,547 7000837819948548930 ♠ + 8.38 % 183 Lages Santa Catarina 158,620 154,122 7000291846718833130 ♠ + 2.92 % 184 Itapetininga São Paulo 158,561 144,395 7000981058900931470 ♠ + 9.81 % 185 Nilópolis Rio de Janeiro 158,319 154,232 7000264990404066600 ♠ + 2.65 % 186 Valparaíso de Goiás Goiás 156,419 122,771 7001274071238321750 ♠ + 27.41 % 187 Barreiras Bahia 155,519 130,620 7001190621650589500 ♠ + 19.06 % 188 Alagoinhas Bahia 155,362 136,473 7001138408329852790 ♠ + 13.84 % 189 Camaragibe Pernambuco 155,228 138,239 7001122895854281350 ♠ + 12.29 % 190 Abaetetuba Pará 151,934 139,749 7000871920371523230 ♠ + 8.72 % 191 Paranaguá Paraná 151,829 136,911 7001108961296024420 ♠ + 10.90 % 192 Parnaíba Piauí 150,201 145,293 7000337800169313040 ♠ + 3.38 % 193 Maricá Rio de Janeiro 149,876 116,216 7001289633096991810 ♠ + 28.96 % 194 Patos de Minas Minas Gerais 149,856 132,332 7001132424508055500 ♠ + 13.24 % 195 Mogi Guaçu São Paulo 148,327 137,208 7000810375488309719 ♠ + 8.10 % 196 Franco da Rocha São Paulo 147,650 126,092 7001170970402563210 ♠ + 17.10 % 197 Porto Seguro Bahia 147,444 122,525 7001203378902264840 ♠ + 20.34 % 198 Pouso Alegre Minas Gerais 145,535 126,836 7001147426598126710 ♠ + 14.74 % 199 Jaú São Paulo 144,828 131,050 7001105135444486840 ♠ + 10.51 % 200 Queimados Rio de Janeiro 144,525 131,163 7001101873241691640 ♠ + 10.19 % 201 Teófilo Otoni Minas Gerais 141,502 133,161 7000626384602098210 ♠ + 6.26 % 202 Botucatu São Paulo 141,032 122,659 7001149789253132670 ♠ + 14.98 % 203 Sapucaia do Sul Rio Grande do Sul 138,933 129,615 7000718898275662540 ♠ + 7.19 % 204 Atibaia São Paulo 138,449 120,886 7001145285641017160 ♠ + 14.53 % 205 Garanhuns Pernambuco 137,810 126,472 7000896483016003539 ♠ + 8.96 % 206 Vitória de Santo Antão Pernambuco 136,706 123,930 7001103090454288710 ♠ + 10.31 % 207 Rio das Ostras Rio de Janeiro 136,626 101,508 7001345962879773020 ♠ + 34.60 % 208 Santa Rita Paraíba 135,915 119,546 7001136926371438610 ♠ + 13.69 % 209 Barbacena Minas Gerais 135,829 121,571 7001117281259510900 ♠ + 11.73 % 210 Araucária Paraná 135,459 116,683 7001160914614811070 ♠ + 16.09 % 211 Sabará Minas Gerais 135,196 121,085 7001116537969195190 ♠ + 11.65 % 212 Simões Filho Bahia 134,674 112,099 7001201384490495010 ♠ + 20.14 % 213 Toledo Paraná 133,824 119,002 7001124552528528930 ♠ + 12.46 % 214 Varginha Minas Gerais 133,384 120,975 7001102574912171940 ♠ + 10.26 % 215 Sinop Mato Grosso 132,934 111,643 7001190706089947420 ♠ + 19.07 % 216 Cametá Pará 132,515 120,897 7000960983316376749 ♠ + 9.61 % 217 Balneário Camboriú Santa Catarina 131,727 106,220 7001240133684805120 ♠ + 24.01 % 218 Apucarana Paraná 131,571 119,159 7001104163344774630 ♠ + 10.42 % 219 Ji - Paraná Rondônia 131,560 115,593 7001138131201716370 ♠ + 13.81 % 220 Araras São Paulo 130,102 117,972 7001102821008374870 ♠ + 10.28 % 221 Uruguaiana Rio Grande do Sul 129,720 125,171 7000363422837558220 ♠ + 3.63 % 222 Crato Ceará 129,662 119,949 7000809760815013049 ♠ + 8.10 % 223 Santana de Parnaíba São Paulo 129,261 102,074 7001266345984285910 ♠ + 26.63 % 224 Pinhais Paraná 128,256 112,852 7001136497359373340 ♠ + 13.65 % 225 Cubatão São Paulo 127,887 116,010 7001102379105249550 ♠ + 10.24 % 226 Santa Cruz do Sul Rio Grande do Sul 126,775 117,214 7000815687545856300 ♠ + 8.16 % 227 Cachoeirinha Rio Grande do Sul 126,666 116,499 7000872711353745530 ♠ + 8.73 % 228 São Mateus Espírito Santo 126,437 106,974 7001181941406323030 ♠ + 18.19 % 229 Conselheiro Lafaiete Minas Gerais 126,420 115,578 7000938067798369930 ♠ + 9.38 % 230 Itapipoca Ceará 126,234 114,693 7001100625147131910 ♠ + 10.06 % 231 Resende Rio de Janeiro 126,084 117,243 7000754074870141500 ♠ + 7.54 % 232 Brusque Santa Catarina 125,810 103,944 7001210363272531360 ♠ + 21.04 % 233 Campo Largo Paraná 125,719 107,711 7001167188123775660 ♠ + 16.72 % 234 Marituba Pará 125,435 108,223 7001159041978137730 ♠ + 15.90 % 235 Maranguape Ceará 125,058 94,641 7001321393476400290 ♠ + 32.14 % 236 Araruama Rio de Janeiro 124,940 110,057 7001135229926310910 ♠ + 13.52 % 237 Colatina Espírito Santo 123,598 109,789 7001125777627995520 ♠ + 12.58 % 238 Bragança Pará 122,881 112,285 7000943670125128020 ♠ + 9.44 % 239 Valinhos São Paulo 122,163 100,905 7001210673405678610 ♠ + 21.07 % 240 Bagé Rio Grande do Sul 121,986 116,078 7000508968107651749 ♠ + 5.09 % 241 Guarapari Espírito Santo 121,506 102,009 7001191130194394610 ♠ + 19.11 % 242 Sertãozinho São Paulo 121,412 110,081 7001102933294574000 ♠ + 10.29 % 243 Ribeirão Pires São Paulo 121,130 102,741 7001178984047264480 ♠ + 17.90 % 244 Itaguaí Rio de Janeiro 120,855 100,362 7001204190829198300 ♠ + 20.42 % 245 São Félix do Xingu Pará 120,580 90,908 7001326395916751000 ♠ + 32.64 % 246 Codó Maranhão 120,548 115,076 7000475511835656430 ♠ + 4.76 % 247 Vespasiano Minas Gerais 120,510 95,279 7001264811763347640 ♠ + 26.48 % 248 Jandira São Paulo 120,177 103,784 7001157953056347800 ♠ + 15.80 % 249 Catanduva São Paulo 120,092 112,143 7000708827122513220 ♠ + 7.09 % 250 Barretos São Paulo 119,948 111,884 7000720746487433410 ♠ + 7.21 % 251 Paulo Afonso Bahia 119,930 107,520 7001115420386904760 ♠ + 11.54 % 252 Paço do Lumiar Maranhão 119,915 104,567 7001146776707756750 ♠ + 14.68 % 253 Guaratinguetá São Paulo 119,753 111,322 7000757352544869840 ♠ + 7.57 % 254 Birigui São Paulo 119,536 108,479 7001101927562016610 ♠ + 10.19 % 255 Trindade Goiás 119,385 98,159 7001216240996750170 ♠ + 21.62 % 256 Votorantim São Paulo 118,858 105,514 7001126466630020659 ♠ + 12.65 % 257 Barcarena Pará 118,537 94,641 7001252490992276070 ♠ + 25.25 % 258 Itabira Minas Gerais 118,481 105,694 7001120981323443150 ♠ + 12.10 % 259 Tatuí São Paulo 117,823 106,572 7001105571819990240 ♠ + 10.56 % 260 Várzea Paulista São Paulo 117,772 101,230 7001163410056307420 ♠ + 16.34 % 261 Arapongas Paraná 116,960 104,010 7001124507258917410 ♠ + 12.45 % 262 Araguari Minas Gerais 116,871 107,810 7000840460068639270 ♠ + 8.40 % 263 Três Lagoas Mato Grosso do Sul 115,561 98,311 7001175463579863900 ♠ + 17.55 % 264 Salto São Paulo 115,193 103,795 7001109812611397470 ♠ + 10.98 % 265 Caraguatatuba São Paulo 115,071 99,540 7001156027727546710 ♠ + 15.60 % 266 Itatiba São Paulo 114,912 99,705 7001152519933804720 ♠ + 15.25 % 267 Poá São Paulo 114,650 104,574 7000963528219251439 ♠ + 9.64 % 268 Eunápolis Bahia 114,275 98,078 7001165144069006300 ♠ + 16.51 % 269 Bento Gonçalves Rio Grande do Sul 114,203 104,470 7000931655020580070 ♠ + 9.32 % 270 Almirante Tamandaré Paraná 114,129 99,514 7001146863757863220 ♠ + 14.69 % 271 Formosa Goiás 114,036 97,903 7001164785553047400 ♠ + 16.48 % 272 Igarassu Pernambuco 113,956 97,032 7001174416687278420 ♠ + 17.44 % 273 Santana Amapá 113,854 99,029 7001149703622171280 ♠ + 14.97 % 274 Passos Minas Gerais 113,807 104,691 7000870752977810889 ♠ + 8.71 % 275 Parintins Amazonas 112,716 96,223 7001171403926296210 ♠ + 17.14 % 276 Ubá Minas Gerais 112,186 97,726 7001147964717680040 ♠ + 14.80 % 277 São Lourenço da Mata Pernambuco 111,197 101,762 7000927163381222849 ♠ + 9.27 % 278 Ourinhos São Paulo 111,056 102,302 7000855701745811419 ♠ + 8.56 % 279 Açailândia Maranhão 110,543 101,022 7000942467977272280 ♠ + 9.42 % 280 Altamira Pará 109,938 94,624 7001161840547852550 ♠ + 16.18 % 281 Coronel Fabriciano Minas Gerais 109,857 103,008 7000664899813606710 ♠ + 6.65 % 282 Corumbá Mato Grosso do Sul 109,294 102,209 7000693187488381650 ♠ + 6.93 % 283 Umuarama Paraná 109,132 100,025 7000910472381904520 ♠ + 9.10 % 284 Tucuruí Pará 108,885 96,343 7001130180708510220 ♠ + 13.02 % 285 Paragominas Pará 108,547 97,459 7001113770919053140 ♠ + 11.38 % 286 Novo Gama Goiás 108,410 92,788 7001168362288226929 ♠ + 16.84 % 287 Muriaé Minas Gerais 107,916 99,949 7000797106524327410 ♠ + 7.97 % 288 Patos Paraíba 107,067 100,675 7000634914328284080 ♠ + 6.35 % 289 Piraquara Paraná 106,132 91,783 7001156336140679650 ♠ + 15.63 % 290 Ariquemes Rondônia 105,896 88,330 7001198867881806860 ♠ + 19.89 % 291 Cambé Paraná 104,592 96,427 7000846754539703610 ♠ + 8.47 % 292 Ituiutaba Minas Gerais 103,945 96,097 7000816674818152490 ♠ + 8.17 % 293 Tubarão Santa Catarina 103,674 96,284 7000767521083461430 ♠ + 7.68 % 294 Santa Cruz do Capibaribe Pernambuco 103,660 82,649 7001254219651780420 ♠ + 25.42 % 295 Araxá Minas Gerais 103,287 93,071 7001109765662773580 ♠ + 10.98 % 296 Lagarto Sergipe 103,188 94,071 7000969161590713400 ♠ + 9.69 % 297 Bacabal Maranhão 103,020 98,445 7000464726497028800 ♠ + 4.65 % 298 Senador Canedo Goiás 102,947 82,712 7001244644066157270 ♠ + 24.46 % 299 Erechim Rio Grande do Sul 102,906 96,031 7000715914652560110 ♠ + 7.16 % 300 Santo Antônio de Jesus Bahia 102,469 86,982 7001178048331838770 ♠ + 17.80 % 301 Assis São Paulo 102,268 94,659 7000803832704761300 ♠ + 8.04 % 302 Iguatu Ceará 102,013 95,011 7000736967298523330 ♠ + 7.37 % 303 Itumbiara Goiás 101,544 91,892 7001105036347016060 ♠ + 10.50 % 304 Lavras Minas Gerais 101,208 89,380 7001132333855448650 ♠ + 13.23 % 305 Catalão Goiás 100,590 84,964 7001183913186761450 ♠ + 18.39 % 306 Japeri Rio de Janeiro 100,562 91,933 7000938618341618349 ♠ + 9.39 % 307 Tailândia Pará 100,300 79,282 7001265104311192960 ♠ + 26.51 % 308 Leme São Paulo 100,296 91,476 7000964187327823690 ♠ + 9.64 % 309 Paulínia São Paulo 100,128 80,874 7001238074041100970 ♠ + 23.81 % Brazil 's population , as recorded by the 2010 Census , was of 190,755,799 inhabitants ( 22.40 inhabitants per square kilometer ) , with 84.36 % of the population defined as urban . The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeast ( 80 , 4 million ) and Northeast ( 53.1 million ) . Distribution ( edit ) State Number of cities SP 78 MG 32 RJ 27 PR 20 RS 19 BA 17 PA 16 GO , PE , SC 13 CE , ES , MA 9 MS , MT , PB RN , RO , SE AL , AM , AP , PI , TO AC , DF , RR Image gallery ( edit ) 1 -- São Paulo 2 -- Rio de Janeiro 3 -- Brasília 4 -- Salvador 5 -- Fortaleza 6 -- Belo Horizonte 7 -- Manaus 8 -- Curitiba 9 -- Recife 10 - Porto Alegre 11 -- Goiânia 12 -- Belém 13 -- Guarulhos 14 - Campinas 15 -- São Luís 19 - Natal 25 - Santo André 26 - Osasco 30 - Uberlândia 32 - Sorocaba 38 - Londrina 42 - Niterói 46 - Vila Velha 48 - Florianópolis 53 - Santos 59 - Maringá 67 - Bauru 68 - Vitória 75 - Blumenau Largest metropolitan areas ( edit ) Main article : List of metropolitan areas in Brazil See also ( edit ) Municipalities of Brazil List of municipalities of Brazil List of largest cities in Brazil by state Largest metropolitan areas in the Americas Largest cities in the Americas Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Territorial units of the municipality level '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Urban population as % of total '' . The World Bank . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE Censo 2010 '' . 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . 2010 Brazilian Census Population Jump up ^ `` Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . 2016 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . 2016 Estimates of Population Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census first final results : Brazil has a population of 190,755,799 residents '' . IBGE.gov.br . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Municipalities in Brazil . 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About Wikipedia	where is most of brazil's population located	[ "Brazil's population, as recorded by the 2010 Census, was of 190,755,799 inhabitants[5] (22.40 inhabitants per square kilometer), with 84.36% of the population defined as urban. The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeast (80,4 million) and Northeast (53.1 million)." ]	[ "in the Southeast (80,4 million) and Northeast (53.1 million)" ]
743098613944981177	Penelope Garcia	Penelope Garcia - wikipedia Penelope Garcia This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Penelope Garcia Criminal Minds character Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia First appearance `` Extreme Aggressor '' 1x01 , September 22 , 2005 ( on Criminal Minds ) `` Two of a Kind '' 1x01 , February 16 , 2011 ( on Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ) `` Denial '' 1x03 , March 30 , 2016 ( on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ) Last appearance `` Death by a Thousand Cuts '' 1x13 , May 25 , 2011 ( on Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ) `` Lost Souls '' 2x01 , March 8 , 2017 ( on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ) Created by Jeff Davis Portrayed by Kirsten Vangsness Other appearances Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders Information Nickname ( s ) Baby Girl , Doll Face , Sweetness , Mama ( by Morgan ) Occupation FBI Technical Analyst Co-Communications Liaison Support Group Leader Family Eddie Garcia ( step - brother ) Manny Garcia ( step - brother ) Ralphie Garcia ( step - brother ) Carlos Garcia ( step - brother ) Barbara Garcia ( mother ; deceased ) Unnamed father Emilio Garcia ( step - father ; deceased ) Henry LaMontagne ( godson , via JJ ) Hank Spencer Morgan ( godson , via Morgan ) Significant other ( s ) Kevin Lynch ( ex-boyfriend ) Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Penelope Grace Garcia is a fictional character on the CBS crime dramas Criminal Minds and its short - lived spin - off Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior , portrayed by Kirsten Vangsness . She is the technical analyst of the Behavioral Analysis Unit that is the center of both shows . She also made a guest appearance during season 1 of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , making her the only character in the franchise to appear in all three series in the franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life before the BAU 2 Personality 2.1 Criminal Minds 2.2 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior 2.3 Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders 3 References 4 External links Life before the BAU ( edit ) Garcia is from San Francisco . A drunk driver killed her parents in a car accident when she was eighteen , and she now helps counsel the families of murder victims in her spare time . Garcia has stated that after her parents died , she dropped out of Caltech and went `` underground '' but continued to teach herself computer coding . She had been placed on one of the FBI 's hacker lists ( she was one of a small handful of extremely useful or dangerous hackers in the world ) , and they recruited her from there . It has also been mentioned , when she was not allowed to travel with the team to Langley , that she was on the CIA 's `` lists '' as well . JJ joked that Garcia belonged to that list when she ( unsuccessfully ) tried to hack the CIA for information ( namely , Prince William 's phone number ) and information on Diana , Princess of Wales ' death and other government conspiracies . Penelope is into online games , specifically MMOGs , as she was once seen playing a game about Camelot on the BAU network , constantly virtually meeting with `` Sir Kneighf '' , an online alter ego who turns out to be Randall Garner , who is keeping a young woman prisoner while sending the team several clues that , with tremendous help from Reid , they use to catch him and save the woman . Garner hacked into Garcia 's computer and accessed files about the BAU , then used the personal information to find out their whereabouts so he could send the clues there . Hotch states at one point that when Garcia applied for her position , she submitted her resume on `` pink , homemade stationery '' . Personality ( edit ) She is flamboyant , fun - loving , and provides the rest of the team with comic relief . She is very confident in her ability to find answers , and often answers her office phone with a know - it - all , yet joking , attitude ( e.g. ' The Office of Unmitigated Superiority ' , ' Penelope 's house of `` how may I save your ass today ? '' ' , ' Fount of all knowledge , check my flow ! ' , or similar ) . This self - confidence is fed by Morgan , who often initiates flirtatious banter , including calling her ' Baby Girl ' , or mama , and sweetness which Garcia seems to really enjoy . However , this banter has placed her in some awkward situations , such as when she opens up a phone conversation with a funny inappropriate comment , thinking it 's Morgan , and it turns out to be a superior on speakerphone . Although they have n't pursued a romantic relationship , Garcia has shown mild jealousy , e.g. at Morgan dancing with other women . She has cried twice when she thought Morgan was dead , and he has in turn had strong reactions when Garcia is in harm 's way . Criminal Minds ( edit ) Garcia is unabashedly emotional , which sometimes makes her job with the BAU more difficult . She has broken down , crying several times while listening to and watching terrifying things in her office as she analyzes them for the team . However , according to Agent Hotchner , she `` fills her office with figurines and color to remind herself to smile as the horror fills her screens '' . Garcia is , on the whole , an optimist . She has managed to remain so , even though the job occasionally requires her to dig into people 's secret lives , to `` find the god - awful thing that happened to them that made them do the god - awful thing to someone else '' . Many team members have commented in various ways , that her optimism is an aid to them , that ( as Hotch said ) they would never want her to change . He once commented to Reid and JJ , after contacting Garcia during a case , `` Remind me to have her drug tested , '' indicating her optimism could even be too much at times . Garcia was once shot by a man with whom she had just gone on a date , but survived when the bullet missed her heart and ricocheted into her abdomen . The attacker ( who turned out to be a type of serial killer known as a ' hero homicide ' ) was later killed . After this incident , Morgan insisted she keep a gun ; however , it is never shown whether she took this advice . She was romantically involved with fellow FBI Technical Analyst Kevin Lynch ( played by Nicholas Brendon ) . Garcia seems to have been the one most hurt by JJ transferring out of the Behavioral Analysis Unit , and in `` Compromising Positions '' , Garcia opted to replace JJ as their new Media Liaison . She was also emotional in the episode `` Lauren '' when Prentiss is stabbed by her nemesis , Ian Doyle . JJ joins the team waiting in the hospital lounge for results to inform them that Prentiss `` never made it off the table '' . We see that Garcia can tell the news is not good by the look on JJ 's face . In `` Hanley Waters '' , she is interviewed by Hotch about Prentiss ' `` apparent death '' and says she wants to talk about the times when Prentiss made her happy instead of about her being gone . Garcia is extremely and emotionally excited when she learns that Prentiss is alive and shocked when she returns . She 's also quick to forgive her , JJ , and Hotch for the deception . It is also revealed that she has been taking care of Emily 's cat , Sergio , and when Emily inquires about him , Garcia promptly demands visitation rights . Garcia is afraid of losing a partner , as she risked her career by taking down a federal website to stop her boyfriend , Kevin Lynch , from being transferred out of country for a job , though after she accidentally let a detail slip while talking to him , he was annoyed slightly , but happy for the action on her part . Her moment of truth came in the 9th season episode `` Demons '' when she was forced to shoot an assassin sent to kill Reid by a corrupt sheriffs deputy . Reid had been in a hospital after being shot in the previous episode . In an attempt to get some closure , she communicates with the man she shot while he 's on death row and later goes to his execution . Garcia is extremely close to JJ and Emily Prentiss . Time and again they have `` Girls Night Out '' which lasted till early morning instead of a couple of hours . Garcia is godmother of both JJ 's sons and Derek Morgan 's son as well . Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ( edit ) The character of Garcia also appeared in the spin - off Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior as a series regular . Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ( edit ) The character of Garcia also appeared in the spin - off Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders . Her first appearance was in season one in a scene with Russ `` Monty '' Montgomery , where Monty hides Garcia 's octopus mug and claims not to have it . In July 2016 , it was announced that Garcia would make several appearances in season 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Instincts '' , season 4 , episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Hit '' , season 7 , episode 23 Jump up ^ Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders Sneak Peek : Penelope Garcia Grills Monty ! Jump up ^ `` Penelope '' . Criminal Mind . Season 3 . Episode 9 . November 21 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Secrets and Lies '' . Criminal Mind . Season 1 . Episode 21 . May 3 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Fisher King , Part 1 '' . Criminal Mind . Season 1 . Episode 22 . May 10 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` House on Fire '' . Criminal Mind . Season 4 . Episode 19 . March 25 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Lucky '' . Criminal Mind . Season 3 . Episode 8 . November 14 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Compromising Positions '' . Criminal Mind . Season 6 . Episode 4 . October 13 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Lauren '' . Criminal Mind . Season 6 . Episode 18 . March 16 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Hanley Waters '' . Criminal Mind . Season 6 . Episode 20 . April 6 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` It Takes a Village '' . Criminal Mind . Season 7 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds ' Kirsten Vangsness Joins Spin - Off as a Series Regular '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Denial '' . Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders . Season 1 . Episode 3 . March 30 , 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://criminalmindsfeed.tumblr.com/post/147660673600/criminalmindsbbcbs-we-have-some-very-exciting External links ( edit ) hide Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penelope_Garcia&oldid=836022093 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional characters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Fictional hackers Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español Français Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 05 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what episode of criminal minds does garcia join the team	[ "\n\nPenelope Garcia\n\n\nCriminal Minds character\n\n\n\nKirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Extreme Aggressor\"\n1x01, September 22, 2005\n(on Criminal Minds)\n\"Two of a Kind\"\n1x01, February 16, 2011\n(on Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior)\n\"Denial\"\n1x03, March 30, 2016\n(on Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders)\n\n\nLast appearance\n\"Death by a Thousand Cuts\"\n1x13, May 25, 2011\n(on Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior)\n\"Lost Souls\"\n2x01, March 8, 2017\n(on Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders)\n\n\nCreated by\nJeff Davis\n\n\nPortrayed by\nKirsten Vangsness\n\n\nOther appearances\nCriminal Minds: Suspect Behavior\nCriminal Minds: Beyond Borders\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nNickname(s)\nBaby Girl, Doll Face, Sweetness, Mama\n(by Morgan)\n\n\nOccupation\nFBI Technical Analyst\nCo-Communications Liaison\nSupport Group Leader\n\n\nFamily\nEddie Garcia\n(step-brother)\nManny Garcia\n(step-brother)\nRalphie Garcia\n(step-brother)\nCarlos Garcia\n(step-brother)\nBarbara Garcia\n(mother; deceased)\nUnnamed father\nEmilio Garcia\n(step-father; deceased)\nHenry LaMontagne\n(godson, via JJ)[1]\nHank Spencer Morgan\n(godson, via Morgan)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nKevin Lynch (ex-boyfriend)[2]\n\n\nSeasons\n1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13\n\n" ]	[ "Extreme Aggressor" ]
8976342819478647413	Visa requirements for British citizens	Visa requirements for British citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for British citizens Jump to : navigation , search A British citizen passport ( 2010 series ) Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 1 January 2017 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 173 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Belgian , Dutch , French , Luxembourgish , Norwegian and Singaporean passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) . Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different . Contents 1 History 2 Visa requirements map 3 Visa requirements 4 British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories 5 Territories and disputed areas 6 Non-ordinary passports 7 Non-visa restrictions 7.1 Passport validity length 7.2 Blank passport pages 7.3 Vaccination 7.4 Israeli stamps 7.5 Armenian ethnicity 8 Right to consular protection in non-EU countries 9 Travel impact of Brexit 10 Fingerprinting 11 Foreign travel statistics 12 See also 13 References History ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II . The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens : France 1 January 1947 Belgium 15 February 1947 Luxembourg 15 February 1947 Norway 1 March 1947 Denmark 22 March 1947 Sweden 1 April 1947 Netherlands 15 April 1947 Switzerland 24 June 1947 Liechtenstein 24 June 1947 Iceland 1 July 1947 Italy 1 January 1948 Monaco 8 November 1948 Austria 15 May 1955 Paraguay 27 November 1966 United States 1 July 1988 Ukraine 1 May 2005 Georgia 1 June 2006 Moldova 1 January 2007 Kyrgyzstan 27 July 2012 Armenia 10 January 2013 Kazakhstan 15 July 2014 Indonesia 13 June 2015 Vietnam 1 July 2015 Belarus 12 February 2017 Austria abolished the visa requirement for British citizens on 1 August 1927 but this was reversed after the Anschluss in 1938 . Visa - free travel was restored for British citizens in 1955 . Visas on arrival were discontinued for British citizens by Mali in March 2015 and Malawi on 1 October 2015 . Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia eVisitor 90 days If granted , eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit . Issued free of charge and valid for one year . Austria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 21 days Extendable up to eight months . Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months . eVisa issued for 14 days , extendable once . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization / person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days . Belgium EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Belize Visa not required 30 days Benin Visa required Bhutan Visa required Visa via approved tour operators only Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period . Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extendable for further 90 days Brunei Visa not required 90 days Bulgaria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extendable for another 30 days . Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days May be extended . China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Shenyang , Tianjin , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Hangzhou , Nanjing and Shanghai 's Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port . Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 3 months Croatia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Czech Republic EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Denmark EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( DK ) Djibouti Visa on arrival Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 30 days A tourist card must be purchased on arrival . Ecuador Visa not required 90 days May be extended . Egypt Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Estonia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement France EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Gabon e-Visa Must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Greece EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Grenada Visa not required 6 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Iceland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ivory Coast ! Ivory Coast eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Jamaica Visa not required 180 days Japan Visa not required 90 days May be extended once . Jordan Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Latvia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Liechtenstein EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lithuania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Luxembourg EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Marshall Islands Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 90 days Free of charge . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Must register with the local police station ( either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception ) within 24 hours of arrival . Morocco Visa not required 90 days Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports Regular visa for up to three months Namibia Visa not required 3 months 3 months within a calendar year Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Visa - on - arrival is extendable Netherlands EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 6 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Norway EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 60 days Issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Portugal EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Russia Visa required Rwanda Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Free of charge . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Slovenia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Switzerland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Syria Visa required Visa not required for citizens born in Syria . Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days If not arriving by air , British citizens are only permitted two visits per year . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 31 days Issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Tuvalu Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 1 month Issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Issued free of charge . United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Simplified procedure for British citizens . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa not required 15 days Visa exemption is valid from 1 July 2015 until 30 June 2018 . A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . British crown dependencies and Overseas territories ( edit ) British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Ascension Island Visa not required 3 months Entry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance . Anguilla Visa not required 3 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Bermuda Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . British Antarctic Territory Special permit required British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required British Virgin Islands Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay possible . British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Falkland Islands Visitor 's permit on arrival 4 weeks The initial visitor 's permit is valid for 4 weeks . Visitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode . Guernsey EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey . In Guernsey and Sark , a work or employment permit is not required . In Alderney , a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey ( Alderney ) status . Isle of Man EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is required for persons without `` Isle of Man worker '' status . Jersey EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is not required . Gibraltar EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days Landing fee applies . Saint Helena Entry permit on arrival 183 days The entry permit costs £ 25 and is issued on arrival . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands , unless connection with Tristan da Cunha , in which case right of abode . Territories and disputed areas ( edit ) Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Artsakh Visa required Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Visa not required Visa - free for 3 days ; must first obtain an electronic pass Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Kosovo Visa not required Visa free 90 days Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required Visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hainan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 21 days for travelling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong Visa not required Visa not required for 180 days . Prior to April 1997 , British citizens were allowed to land and remain in Hong Kong for 12 months without being subject to any other condition of stay . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required Visa not required for 6 months Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required Can visit without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Aruba Visa not required Visa not required for 30 days , extendable to 180 days . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curaçao Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . French West Indies Visa not required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Puerto Rico Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days . Sint Maarten Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry Permit required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required Visa free access for 31 days . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required Visa not required . Guam Visa not required 45 days New Caledonia Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . Niue Visa on arrival Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required 45 days Tokelau Entry Permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna Visa not required Visa not required . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Antarctica Special authorisation required Special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa - free access to the following countries - China ( diplomatic passports ) , Kuwait ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Mongolia ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Qatar ( diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen 's Messenger Passports ) and the United Arab Emirates ( diplomatic or official passports ) . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Iran , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Right to Consular protection in non-EU countries ( edit ) When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy , British citizens , like all other EU citizens , have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . Travel impact of Brexit ( edit ) Main article : Brexit On 23 June 2016 , the British electorate voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum in England , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and Gibraltar . The UK sent notification of their intention to leave the EU to the European Council through Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty . After notifying the European Council , the UK has two years to negotiate with other member states until it leaves , and British citizens will only then cease to be citizens of the European Union . British citizens will still have the right of freedom of movement until the UK formally leaves . It has since been suggested that British citizens wishing to travel to EU countries may have to apply for a visa or apply online for an American style ESTA visa waiver and pay a fee in order to enter the country of destination . This issue will be a major topic of discussions taking place between the British government and all leaders of the 27 European Union countries during the two - year - long Brexit negotiations . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all adult passengers ( age varies by country ) to be fingerprinted on arrival . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from British passport . ( edit history ) According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government ( unless otherwise noted ) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Country Number of visitors Albania 80,000 American Samoa 119 Angola 18,363 Andorra 30,000 Antarctica 3,233 Antigua and Barbuda 76,512 Anguilla 6,272 Aruba 10,447 Australia 716,700 Austria 919,500 Azerbaijan 34,892 Bahamas 28,022 Bangladesh 150,000 Barbados 214,175 Belarus 4,000 Belgium 868,173 Belize 16,827 Bermuda 21,738 Bhutan 3,124 Bolivia 19,768 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10,223 Botswana 41,011 Brazil 202,671 Brunei 18,222 Bulgaria 281,777 Burkina Faso 2,192 Cambodia 159,489 Cameroon 16,008 Canada 850,841 Cape Verde 126,685 Cayman Islands 14,919 Chile 51,611 China 579,600 Colombia 39,715 Congo 6,115 Cook Islands 2,568 Costa Rica 71,392 Croatia 596,444 Cuba 155,802 Curacao 2,806 Cyprus 1,157,978 Czech Republic 470,643 Denmark 150,000 Dominica 4,951 Dominican Republic 165,111 Ecuador 27,126 Egypt 865,000 Ethiopia 20,000 Estonia 48,733 Fiji 16,712 Finland 199,654 France 12,235,713 French Polynesia 4,711 Gambia 60,424 Ghana 90,000 Georgia 19,191 Germany 2,551,061 Greece 2,397,169 Greenland 1,259 Grenada 25,791 Guadeloupe < 1,000 Guatemala 35,065 Hong Kong 551,930 Hungary 376,573 Iceland 316,395 Indonesia 328,882 India 941,883 Ireland 3,547,000 Israel 197,100 Italy 4,922,000 Jamaica 206,470 Japan 292,500 Jordan 60,820 Kazakhstan 24,201 Kiribati 60 Kuwait 5,000 Kenya 117,000 Kyrgyzstan 6,900 Laos 39,170 Latvia 85,139 Lebanon 48,504 Lesotho 2,380 Liechtenstein 2,200 Lithuania 58,200 Luxembourg 70,942 Macau 61,301 Macedonia 8,856 Madagascar 3,167 Malaysia 400,269 Malawi 51,145 Maldives 101,843 Malta 559,987 Mali 900 Mauritius 141,904 Mexico 545,055 Moldova 7,820 Mongolia 6,148 Montenegro 29,950 Montserrat 1,380 Morocco 501,000 Myanmar 45,120 Namibia 27,365 Nepal 29,730 Nigeria 117,000 Niue 47 Norway 581,000 Netherlands 2,043,000 New Zealand 220,976 Nicaragua 16,923 Oman 133,529 Pakistan 275,400 Palau 724 Panama 16,338 Papua New Guinea 6,974 Peru 63,213 Philippines 154,589 Poland 796,900 Portugal 2,600,000 Qatar 132,301 Romania 140,594 Russia 177,080 Saba 200 Saint Kitts and Nevis 8,693 Saint Lucia 68,175 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17,045 Samoa 1,773 San Marino 5,750 São Tomé and Príncipe 83 Serbia 28,092 Seychelles 18,885 Singapore 489,205 Sint Eustatius 200 Slovakia 77,837 Slovenia 109,420 Solomon Islands 387 South Africa 407,486 South Korea 135,139 Spain 17,840,292 Sri Lanka 188,159 Suriname 1,474 Swaziland 15,503 Switzerland 709,925 Sweden 603,000 Taiwan 59,867 Tanzania 70,379 Thailand 1,003,386 Timor - Leste 548 Tonga 787 Trinidad and Tobago 37,473 Turkey 1,711,481 Turks and Caicos 6,399 Tuvalu 22 Uganda 43,009 Uruguay 20,000 Ukraine 70,296 United Arab Emirates 1,483,167 United States 4,968,049 Venezuela 20,837 Vietnam 254,841 Zambia 36,997 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for 2005 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) European Union portal United Kingdom portal Visa requirements for the European Union citizens British passport British National ( Overseas ) passport British nationality law Visa requirements for British Nationals ( Overseas ) Visa requirements for British Overseas Citizens Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories Citizens Visa policy of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ Resolution of the Ministry on Internal Affairs of 28 July 1955 , concerning the abolition of visas for citizens of the United States of America , the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( in German ) ^ `` ACUERDO POR NOTAS REVERSALES PARA LA SUPRESIÓN DE VISAS DE LOS PASAPORTES VÁLIDOS . REINO UNIDO '' . Paraguay Treaties Online ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ ( http://www.secomunidades.pt/vistos/images/docs/Ukrania%20en.pdf AGREEMENT between the European Community and Ukraine on the facilitation of the issuance of visas ) ^ ( 1 ) Commission proposes visa - free travel for Georgia ) ^ Law No. 151 - XVI on 8 June 2006 `` On the abolition of visa regime for citizens of member States of the European Union , the United States Of America , Canada , Swiss Confederation , Kingdom of Norway , the Republic of Iceland and Japan '' ( in Russian ) ^ Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On visa - free regime for citizens of some States within 60 days ( in Russian ) ^ Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on 21 January 2012 No. 148 ( in Russian ) ^ ( http://www.ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=25297 Finally , visa - free entry to Indonesia ( TTG Asia ) ^ Under Resolution No. 46 / NQ - CP ^ ( http://finland.mfa.gov.by/en/embassy/news/e9d8d87b86f70f50.html On the introduction of the 5 days visa - free entry to Belarus ^ Exchange of Notes between the United Kingdom and Austria constituting an Agreement relating to the Abolition of Passport Visas for the Nationals of the Two States ^ `` Entry requirements - Afghanistan travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Entry requirements - Algeria travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Entry requirements - Angola travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Antigua and Barbuda travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Argentina travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Travelling to Argentina Londres '' . Clond.mrecic.gov.ar . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Visa - Embassy of Armenia to the United Kingdom '' . Uk.mfa.am . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahamas travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Consular Information '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahrain travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Bangladesh High Commission , London '' . Bhclondon.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ Visa on arrival ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Visa on arrival -- Embassy of Bangladesh '' . Bangladoot.se . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Barbados travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade '' . Foreign.gov.bb . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belarus travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . Mfa.gov.by . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belize travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/benin/entry-requirements ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bhutan/entry-requirements ^ http://www.abto.org.bt/ ^ http://www.tourism.gov.bt/ ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bolivia/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/brazil/entry-requirements ^ http://cglondres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/tourist_visa.xml ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/brunei/entry-requirements ^ http://www.mofat.gov.bn/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.evisa.gov.kh/images/documents/Press_Release_on_e-Visa_signed.pdf ^ https://www.evisa.gov.kh/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cameroon/entry requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ canada.ca/eTA ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/central-african-republic ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/chile/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Chinese Embassy and Consulates in the UK to Issue Two - year Multi-entry Visas to British Nationals '' . www.chinese-embassy.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/colombia/entry-requirements ^ https://londres.consulado.gov.co/en/procedures_services/visas ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . 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International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/indonesia/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Visa at International Airport Felix Houphouet Boigny in Abidjan ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Jordan axes visa fee to encourage tourists ^ http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/JO/VI/IS/ID42022&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/north-korea/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Kuwait eVisa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://kyrgyz-embassy.org.uk/consular-section/visa-regulations/ ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/kyrgyzstan/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 3 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/liberia/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . 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International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Mozambique Government Announces 30 - day Tourist Visas now Available at Borders for all Visitors ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/burma ^ http://evisa.moip.gov.mm/NoticetoTourists.aspx ^ http://www.myanmarembassylondon.com/#Tourist%20Visa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.namibiahc.org.uk/need_visa.php ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/namibia/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.nepembassy.org.uk/visa.php ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . 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International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan ^ Group Tourism through Designated Tour Operators ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ REVISED MIGRATION SERVICE FEES ( MSF ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . 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Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/sierra-leone/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://southafricahouseuk.com/visas/vis_needvis.html ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/south-sudan/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` How To Extend Short Visit Visa . '' . http://www.eta.gov.lk . Department of Immigration ( ETA ) Sri Lanka . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/sudan/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/syria/entry-requirements ^ `` Tajikistan e-Visa '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://mfa.gov.ua/en/consular-affairs/entering-ukraine/visa-requirements-for-foreigners ^ http://uk.mfa.gov.ua/en/consular-affairs/services/visas ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/ukraine/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 4 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://mfa.uz/en/consular/visa/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Visas ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/vietnam/entry-requirements ^ ( 5 ) ^ E-visa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/yemen/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/zimbabwe/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/services/entry-permits/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/anguilla/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bermuda/entry-requirements ^ http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/ ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/british-antarctic-territory/entry-requirements ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?ta=entryRequirements&pg=4 ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/british-indian-ocean-territory/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/british-virgin-islands/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cayman-islands/entry-requirements ^ http://www.falklandislands.com/product.php/35/17/entry_and_exit_requirements/abce58e896311945651c12e01c7562dc ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/falkland-islands/entry-requirements ^ http://www.gov.gg/ccm/home-department/customs-immigration/immigration-and-nationality-division/immigration/visa-requirements-for-the-bailiwick-of-guernsey.en ^ http://www2.gov.gg/ccm/home-department/customs-immigration/immigration-and-nationality-division/employment/those-who-not-require-a-work-permit.en ^ http://www.alderney.gov.gg/Work-Permits/ ^ https://www.gov.im/infocentre/faqs/import.gov?menuid=10167&page=cso/immigrationfaqs.xml ^ https://www.gov.im/socialcare/security/useful.xml ^ https://www.gov.je/Working/WorkPermits/Pages/NeedWorkPermit.aspx ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html ^ http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/pitcairn-island/entry-requirements ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/st-helena-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha/entry-requirements ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/entry-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/turks-and-caicos-islands/entry-requirements ^ http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php ^ http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php ^ http://www.nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ ^ http://www.nkrusa.org/nkr_office/visa_travel.shtml ^ http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=587 ^ http://www.athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ ^ http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html ^ Visa - free trips to Belovezhskaya Pushcha as from 12 June ^ VISA - FREE TRAVEL THROUGH THE CHECKPOINT `` PEREROV - BIALOWIEZA '' FOR FOREIGN CITIZENS ^ Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea ^ http://www.korinia.com/living-north-cyprus.php ^ http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/tourist.html ^ http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&tt=graphic&lang=l1 ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/denmark/entry-requirements ^ http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,158 ^ Kiev declares passport control on border with rebel - held regions ^ Ukraine crisis : Kiev imposes passport control around rebel - held regions ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ http://mfa-rso.su/node/55 ^ http://mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 ^ http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html ^ http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps ^ http://www.eritrea.be/MoT.htm ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/western-sahara/entry-requirements ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas ^ http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm ^ `` Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=CN&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Tours must be organized by a travel agent registered in Hainan province and approved by the National Tourism Administration of China . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Changes in Immigration Control on British Citizens '' . Immigration Department . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=IN&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm ^ http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php ^ http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Maldives Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . 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Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ `` Singapore Tourism Board '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 21 ) ^ Table 1 : Tourist arrivals and overnight stays by countries , Slovenia , 2016 -- final data ^ `` statistics / visitor - arrivals '' . ^ ( 22 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on toursim - Tourism Statistics '' . ^ `` Tabla23984 '' . ^ `` TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2016 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Suriname Tourism Foundation '' ( PDF ) . www.surinametourism.sr . ^ `` Swaziland Tourism - Swaziland Safari - Swaziland Attractions - Useful Links - Research '' . ^ `` Tillväxtverkets Publikationer - '' . ^ Visitor Arrivals by Residence ^ ( 23 ) ^ International Tourist Arrivals to Thailand By Nationality 2016 ^ ( 24 ) ^ Stats , Tonga . `` Migration Statistics - Tonga Stats '' . ^ `` T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 25 ) ^ `` Turks and Caicos sto - over arrivals '' ( PDF ) . ^ Dev1 . `` Migration - Visitors by nationalities '' . ^ `` MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ `` Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2016 year , by countries '' . ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai ^ Abu Dhabi Statistics ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . ^ ( 26 ) ^ TITC . `` International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2016 '' . ^ `` Downloads '' . Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghan Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens&oldid=801128675 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles with French - language external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2016 Incomplete lists from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 20 : 54 . 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About Wikipedia	where can you live on a british passport	[ "\n\nBritish Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories\n\n\nVisitor to\nVisa requirement\nAllowed stay\nNotes\n\n\n Ascension Island\nVisa not required\n3 months\n\n\nEntry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance.[286]\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\nVisa not required\n3 months[287][288]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda\nVisa not required\n6 months[289][290]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory\nSpecial permit required[291][292]\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory\nSpecial permit required[293][294]\n\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands\nVisa not required\n1 month[295][296]\n\n\nExtension of stay possible.\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands\nVisa not required\n6 months[297][298]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands\nVisitor's permit on arrival\n4 weeks[299][300]\n\n\nThe initial visitor's permit is valid for 4 weeks.\nVisitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.[301]\nIn Guernsey and Sark, a work or employment permit is not required.[302]\nIn Alderney, a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey (Alderney) status.[303]\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is required for persons without \"Isle of Man worker\" status.[304][305]\n\n\n\n\n Jersey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is not required.[306]\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar.\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat\nVisa not required\n6 months[307]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands\nVisa not required\n14 days[308]\n\n\nLanding fee applies.[309][310][311][312]\n\n\n\n\n Saint Helena\nEntry permit on arrival\n183 days[313]\n\n\nThe entry permit costs £25 and is issued on arrival.\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\nPermit required\n\n\n\nPre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[314][315][316]\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\nVisa not required\n90 days[317][318]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Tristan da Cunha\nPermission required\n\n\n\nPermission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands, unless connection with Tristan da Cunha, in which case right of abode.[319]\n\n\n\n", "\n\nBritish Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories\n\n\nVisitor to\nVisa requirement\nAllowed stay\nNotes\n\n\n Ascension Island\nVisa not required\n3 months\n\n\nEntry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance.[286]\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\nVisa not required\n3 months[287][288]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda\nVisa not required\n6 months[289][290]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory\nSpecial permit required[291][292]\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory\nSpecial permit required[293][294]\n\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands\nVisa not required\n1 month[295][296]\n\n\nExtension of stay possible.\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands\nVisa not required\n6 months[297][298]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands\nVisitor's permit on arrival\n4 weeks[299][300]\n\n\nThe initial visitor's permit is valid for 4 weeks.\nVisitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.[301]\nIn Guernsey and Sark, a work or employment permit is not required.[302]\nIn Alderney, a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey (Alderney) status.[303]\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is required for persons without \"Isle of Man worker\" status.[304][305]\n\n\n\n\n Jersey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is not required.[306]\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar.\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat\nVisa not required\n6 months[307]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands\nVisa not required\n14 days[308]\n\n\nLanding fee applies.[309][310][311][312]\n\n\n\n\n Saint Helena\nEntry permit on arrival\n183 days[313]\n\n\nThe entry permit costs £25 and is issued on arrival.\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\nPermit required\n\n\n\nPre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[314][315][316]\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\nVisa not required\n90 days[317][318]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Tristan da Cunha\nPermission required\n\n\n\nPermission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands, unless connection with Tristan da Cunha, in which case right of abode.[319]\n\n\n\n", "\n\nBritish Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories\n\n\nVisitor to\nVisa requirement\nAllowed stay\nNotes\n\n\n Ascension Island\nVisa not required\n3 months\n\n\nEntry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance.[286]\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\nVisa not required\n3 months[287][288]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda\nVisa not required\n6 months[289][290]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory\nSpecial permit required[291][292]\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory\nSpecial permit required[293][294]\n\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands\nVisa not required\n1 month[295][296]\n\n\nExtension of stay possible.\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands\nVisa not required\n6 months[297][298]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands\nVisitor's permit on arrival\n4 weeks[299][300]\n\n\nThe initial visitor's permit is valid for 4 weeks.\nVisitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.[301]\nIn Guernsey and Sark, a work or employment permit is not required.[302]\nIn Alderney, a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey (Alderney) status.[303]\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is required for persons without \"Isle of Man worker\" status.[304][305]\n\n\n\n\n Jersey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is not required.[306]\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar.\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat\nVisa not required\n6 months[307]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands\nVisa not required\n14 days[308]\n\n\nLanding fee applies.[309][310][311][312]\n\n\n\n\n Saint Helena\nEntry permit on arrival\n183 days[313]\n\n\nThe entry permit costs £25 and is issued on arrival.\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\nPermit required\n\n\n\nPre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[314][315][316]\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\nVisa not required\n90 days[317][318]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Tristan da Cunha\nPermission required\n\n\n\nPermission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands, unless connection with Tristan da Cunha, in which case right of abode.[319]\n\n\n\n", "\n\nBritish Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories\n\n\nVisitor to\nVisa requirement\nAllowed stay\nNotes\n\n\n Ascension Island\nVisa not required\n3 months\n\n\nEntry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance.[286]\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\nVisa not required\n3 months[287][288]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda\nVisa not required\n6 months[289][290]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory\nSpecial permit required[291][292]\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory\nSpecial permit required[293][294]\n\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands\nVisa not required\n1 month[295][296]\n\n\nExtension of stay possible.\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands\nVisa not required\n6 months[297][298]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands\nVisitor's permit on arrival\n4 weeks[299][300]\n\n\nThe initial visitor's permit is valid for 4 weeks.\nVisitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.[301]\nIn Guernsey and Sark, a work or employment permit is not required.[302]\nIn Alderney, a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey (Alderney) status.[303]\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is required for persons without \"Isle of Man worker\" status.[304][305]\n\n\n\n\n Jersey\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nWork or employment permit is not required.[306]\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar\nEU !Right of abode\n\n\nBritish citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar.\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat\nVisa not required\n6 months[307]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands\nVisa not required\n14 days[308]\n\n\nLanding fee applies.[309][310][311][312]\n\n\n\n\n Saint Helena\nEntry permit on arrival\n183 days[313]\n\n\nThe entry permit costs £25 and is issued on arrival.\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\nPermit required\n\n\n\nPre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[314][315][316]\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\nVisa not required\n90 days[317][318]\n\n\nBritish citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.\n\n\n\n\n Tristan da Cunha\nPermission required\n\n\n\nPermission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands, unless connection with Tristan da Cunha, in which case right of abode.[319]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Guernsey", "Isle of Man", "Jersey", "Gibraltar" ]
2178904892813823831	Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution	Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 October 2018 . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Sixth Amendment ( Amendment VI ) to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions . The Supreme Court has applied the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Contents 1 Text 2 Rights secured 2.1 Speedy trial 2.2 Public trial 2.3 Impartial jury 2.3. 1 Impartiality 2.3. 2 Venire of juries 2.3. 3 Sentencing 2.4 Vicinage 2.5 Notice of accusation 2.6 Confrontation 2.7 Compulsory process 2.8 Assistance of counsel 2.8. 1 Self - representation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Text ( edit ) In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Bill of Rights in the National Archives The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Sixth Amendment Rights secured ( edit ) Speedy trial ( edit ) Main article : Speedy Trial Clause Criminal defendants have the right to a speedy trial . In Barker v. Wingo , 407 U.S. 514 ( 1972 ) , the Supreme Court laid down a four - part case - by - case balancing test for determining whether the defendant 's speedy trial right has been violated . The four factors are : Length of delay . A delay of a year or more from the date on which the speedy trial right `` attaches '' ( the date of arrest or indictment , whichever first occurs ) was termed `` presumptively prejudicial , '' but the Court has never explicitly ruled that any absolute time limit applies . Reason for the delay . The prosecution may not excessively delay the trial for its own advantage , but a trial may be delayed to secure the presence of an absent witness or other practical considerations ( e.g. , change of venue ) . Time and manner in which the defendant has asserted his right . If a defendant agrees to the delay when it works to his own benefit , he can not later claim that he has been unduly delayed . Degree of prejudice to the defendant which the delay has caused . In Strunk v. United States , 412 U.S. 434 ( 1973 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that if the reviewing court finds that a defendant 's right to a speedy trial was violated , then the indictment must be dismissed and / or the conviction overturned . The Court held that , since the delayed trial is the state action which violates the defendant 's rights , no other remedy would be appropriate . Thus , a reversal or dismissal of a criminal case on speedy trial grounds means that no further prosecution for the alleged offense can take place . Public trial ( edit ) Main article : Public trial In Sheppard v. Maxwell , 384 U.S. 333 ( 1966 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the right to a public trial is not absolute . In cases where excess publicity would serve to undermine the defendant 's right to due process , limitations can be put on public access to the proceedings . According to Press - Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court , 478 U.S. 1 ( 1986 ) , trials can be closed at the behest of the government if there is `` an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest . '' The accused may also request a closure of the trial ; though , it must be demonstrated that `` first , there is a substantial probability that the defendant 's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent , and second , reasonable alternatives to closure can not adequately protect the defendant 's right to a fair trial . '' Impartial jury ( edit ) Main article : Juries in the United States The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged . Petty offenses -- those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months -- are not covered by the jury requirement . Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned , the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months , the right to a jury trial does not exist . Also , in the United States , except for serious offenses ( such as murder ) , minors are usually tried in a juvenile court , which lessens the sentence allowed , but forfeits the right to a jury . Originally , the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to `` a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law , and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted . '' Therefore , it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous , as was customary in England . When , under the Fourteenth Amendment , the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts , it re-examined some of the standards . It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by `` historical accident , '' and that a jury of six would be sufficient , but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury . The Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in a federal jury trial . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes , does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment . Thus , states are not mandated to require jury unanimity , unless the jury has only six members . Impartiality ( edit ) The Sixth Amendment requires juries to be impartial . Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased . At voir dire , each side may question potential jurors to determine any bias , and challenge them if the same is found ; the court determines the validity of these challenges for cause . Defendants may not challenge a conviction because a challenge for cause was denied incorrectly if they had the opportunity to use peremptory challenges . In Peña - Rodriguez v. Colorado ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires a court in a criminal trial to investigate whether a jury 's guilty verdict was based on racial bias . For a guilty verdict to be set aside based on the racial bias of a juror , the defendant must prove that the racial bias `` was a significant motivating factor in the juror 's vote to convict . '' Venire of juries ( edit ) Another factor in determining the impartiality of the jury is the nature of the panel , or venire , from which the jurors are selected . Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community ; the defendant might establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded group is a `` distinctive '' one in the community , that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group , and that the under - representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process . Thus , in Taylor v. Louisiana , 419 U.S. 522 ( 1975 ) , the Supreme Court invalidated a state law that exempted women who had not made a declaration of willingness to serve from jury service , while not doing the same for men . Sentencing ( edit ) In Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 ( 2000 ) , and Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence , but also regarding any fact used to increase the defendant 's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines . In Alleyne v. United States , 11 - 9335 ( 2013 ) , the Court expanded on Apprendi and Blakely by ruling that a defendant 's right to a jury applies to any fact that would increase a defendant 's sentence beyond the minimum otherwise required by statute . Vicinage ( edit ) Main article : Vicinage Clause Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution requires defendants be tried by juries and in the state in which the crime was committed . The Sixth Amendment requires the jury to be selected from judicial districts ascertained by statute . In Beavers v. Henkel , 194 U.S. 73 ( 1904 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the place where the offense is charged to have occurred determines a trial 's location . Where multiple districts are alleged to have been locations of the crime , any of them may be chosen for the trial . In cases of offenses not committed in any state ( for example , offenses committed at sea ) , the place of trial may be determined by the Congress . Notice of accusation ( edit ) Main article : Notice A criminal defendant has the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him . Therefore , an indictment must allege all the ingredients of the crime to such a degree of precision that it would allow the accused to assert double jeopardy if the same charges are brought up in subsequent prosecution . The Supreme Court held in United States v. Carll , 105 U.S. 611 ( 1881 ) , that `` in an indictment ... it is not sufficient to set forth the offense in the words of the statute , unless those words of themselves fully , directly , and expressly , without any uncertainty or ambiguity , set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished . '' Vague wording , even if taken directly from a statute , does not suffice . However , the government is not required to hand over written copies of the indictment free of charge . Confrontation ( edit ) Main article : Confrontation Clause The Confrontation Clause relates to the common law rule preventing the admission of hearsay , that is to say , testimony by one witness as to the statements and observations of another person to prove that the statement or observation was accurate . The rationale was that the defendant had no opportunity to challenge the credibility of and cross-examine the person making the statements . Certain exceptions to the hearsay rule have been permitted ; for instance , admissions by the defendant are admissible , as are dying declarations . Nevertheless , in California v. Green , 399 U.S. 149 ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court has held that the hearsay rule is not the same as the Confrontation Clause . Hearsay is admissible under certain circumstances . For example , in Bruton v. United States , 391 U.S. 123 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that while a defendant 's out of court statements were admissible in proving the defendant 's guilt , they were inadmissible hearsay against another defendant . Hearsay may , in some circumstances , be admitted though it is not covered by one of the long - recognized exceptions . For example , prior testimony may sometimes be admitted if the witness is unavailable . However , in Crawford v. Washington , 541 U.S. 36 ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that `` testimonial '' out - of - court statements are inadmissible if the accused did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that accuser and that accuser is unavailable at trial . In Davis v. Washington 547 U.S. 813 ( 2006 ) , the Court ruled that `` testimonial '' refers to any statement that an objectively reasonable person in the declarant 's situation would believe likely to be used in court . In Melendez - Diaz v. Massachusetts , 557 U.S. ___ ( 2009 ) , and Bullcoming v. New Mexico , 564 U.S. ___ ( 2011 ) , the Court ruled that admitting a lab chemist 's analysis into evidence , without having him testify , violated the Confrontation Clause . In Michigan v. Bryant , 562 U.S. ___ ( 2011 ) , the Court ruled that the `` primary purpose '' of a shooting victim 's statement as to who shot him , and the police 's reason for questioning him , each had to be objectively determined . If the `` primary purpose '' was for dealing with an `` ongoing emergency '' , then any such statement was not testimonial and so the Confrontation Clause would not require the person making that statement to testify in order for that statement to be admitted into evidence . The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses also applies to physical evidence ; the prosecution must present physical evidence to the jury , providing the defense ample opportunity to cross-examine its validity and meaning . Prosecution generally may not refer to evidence without first presenting it . In the late 20th and early 21st century this clause became an issue in the use of the silent witness rule . Compulsory Process ( edit ) Main article : Compulsory Process Clause The Compulsory Process Clause gives any criminal defendant the right to call witnesses in his favor . If any such witness refuses to testify , that witness may be compelled to do so by the court at the request of the defendant . However , in some cases the court may refuse to permit a defense witness to testify . For example , if a defense lawyer fails to notify the prosecution of the identity of a witness to gain a tactical advantage , that witness may be precluded from testifying . Assistance of counsel ( edit ) Main article : Assistance of Counsel Clause A criminal defendant has the right to be represented by counsel . In Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that `` in a capital case , where the defendant is unable to employ counsel , and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance , feeble mindedness , illiteracy , or the like , it is the duty of the court , whether requested or not , to assign counsel for him . '' In Johnson v. Zerbst , 304 U.S. 458 ( 1938 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases , counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own . In 1961 , the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts . It held in Hamilton v. Alabama , 368 U.S. 52 ( 1961 ) , that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested , even if there was no `` ignorance , feeble mindedness , illiteracy , or the like . '' Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) , ruled that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases , overruling Betts v. Brady , 316 U.S. 455 ( 1942 ) , in which the Court ruled that state courts had to appoint counsel only when the defendant demonstrated `` special circumstances '' requiring the assistance of counsel . Under Argersinger v. Hamlin , 407 U.S. 25 ( 1972 ) , counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment . Regarding sentences not immediately leading to imprisonment , the Court in Scott v. Illinois , 440 U.S. 367 ( 1979 ) , ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed , but in Alabama v. Shelton , 535 U.S. 654 ( 2002 ) , the Court held that a suspended sentence that may result in incarceration can not be imposed if the defendant did not have counsel at trial . As stated in Brewer v. Williams , 430 U.S. 387 ( 1977 ) , the right to counsel `` ( means ) at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him , whether by formal charge , preliminary hearing , indictment , information , or arraignment . '' Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversary proceedings have begun against a defendant , he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him and that when a defendant is arrested , `` arraigned on ( an arrest ) warrant before a judge '' , and `` committed by the court to confinement '' , `` ( t ) here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha ( ve ) been initiated . '' Self - representation ( edit ) Main article : Pro se legal representation in the United States A criminal defendant may represent himself , unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel . In Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806 ( 1975 ) , the Supreme Court recognized a defendant 's right to pro se representation . However , under Godinez v. Moran , 509 U.S. 389 ( 1993 ) , a court that believes the defendant is less than fully competent to represent himself can require that defendant to be represented by counsel . In Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California , 528 U.S. 152 ( 2000 ) , the Supreme Court ruled the right to pro se representation did not apply to appellate courts . In Indiana v. Edwards , 554 U.S. 164 ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial , but not competent to represent himself . In Bounds v. Smith , 430 U.S. 817 ( 1977 ) , the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of `` meaningful access to the courts '' can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials . Bounds has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel . See also ( edit ) Trial in absentia United States constitutional criminal procedure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights Transcript '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Clawans , 300 U.S. 617 ( 1937 ) and Baldwin v. New York , 399 U.S. 66 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Lewis v. United States , 518 U.S. 322 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Patton v. United States , 281 U.S. 276 ( 1930 ) Jump up ^ Williams v. Florida , 399 U.S. 78 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Ballew v. Georgia , 435 U.S. 223 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Apodaca v. Oregon , 406 U.S. 404 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Burch v. Louisiana 441 U.S. 130 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ `` Jury Size and Unanimity under the 6th and 14th Amendments '' . Social Science Research Network . Jump up ^ Howe , Amy ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Opinion analysis : Divided court rules for defendant in juror - bias case '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plank , Doug ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Criminal Fines - Applicability of Apprendi v. New Jersey '' . National Legal Research Group . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Mike ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Reconciling ceilings and floors : Alleyne v. United States '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1876 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Van Duzee , 140 U.S. 169 ( 1891 ) Jump up ^ Kirby v. United States , 174 U.S. 47 ( 1899 ) ( `` It is scarcely necessary to say that ... the admission of dying declarations ... was well established before the adoption of the constitution , and was not intended to be abrogated . '' ) Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Analysis : Law need not bow to chemistry '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bullcoming v. New Mexico Resource Page '' . Federal Evidence Review . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blackman , Josh ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Instant Analysis of Michigan v. Bryant : The Confrontation of Social Cost '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnathan M. Lamb , Pepperdine Law Review , Vol. 36 , p. 213 ( 2008 ) . `` The Muted Rise of the Silent Witness Rule in National Security Litigation '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 1125459 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Compulsory Process Clause '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . Jump up ^ United States v. Cooper , 4 U.S. ( 4 Dallas ) 341 ( 1800 ) Jump up ^ Taylor v. Illinois , 484 U.S. 400 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ 430 U.S. at 398 Jump up ^ 430 U.S. at 401 , citing Massiah v. United States , 377 U.S. 201 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ `` 2nd Circuit : Having a Lawyer Satisfies Test for Court Access '' . Law.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Kilman , Johnny and George Costello ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . CRS Annotated Constitution : Sixth Amendment Chin , Gabriel and Scott Wells . ( 1998 ) . Can A Reasonable Doubt have an Unreasonable Price ? Limitations on Attorneys Fees in Criminal Cases , 41 Boston College Law Review 1 . United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book United States Sixth Amendment case law Speedy Trial Clause Beavers v. Haubert ( 1905 ) United States v. Provoo ( 1955 ) Pollard v. United States ( 1957 ) United States v. Ewell ( 1966 ) Klopfer v. North Carolina ( 1967 ) Smith v. Hooey ( 1969 ) Dickey v. Florida ( 1970 ) United States v. Marion ( 1971 ) Barker v. Wingo ( 1972 ) Strunk v. United States ( 1973 ) United States v. Lovasco ( 1977 ) United States v. MacDonald ( 1982 ) United States v. Loud Hawk ( 1986 ) Doggett v. United States ( 1992 ) Vermont v. Brillon ( 2009 ) Betterman v. Montana ( 2016 ) Public Trial Clause Gaines v. Washington ( 1928 ) In re Oliver ( 1948 ) Gannett Co. , Inc. v. DePasquale ( 1979 ) Waller v. Georgia ( 1984 ) Presley v. Georgia ( 2010 ) Impartial Jury Clause Availability Callan v. Wilson ( 1888 ) Natal v. State ( 1891 ) Schick v. United States ( 1904 ) District of Columbia v. Colts ( 1930 ) District of Columbia v. Clawans ( 1937 ) United States v. Barnett ( 1964 ) Cheff v. Schnackenberg ( 1966 ) Duncan v. Louisiana ( 1968 ) Bloom v. Illinois ( 1968 ) DeStefano v. Woods ( 1968 ) Frank v. United States ( 1969 ) Baldwin v. New York ( 1970 ) Mayberry v. Pennsylvania ( 1971 ) Taylor v. Haynes ( 1974 ) Codispoti v. Pennsylvania ( 1974 ) Blanton v. North Las Vegas ( 1989 ) United States v. Nachtigal ( 1993 ) Lewis v. United States ( 1996 ) Impartiality Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) Connors v. United States ( 1895 ) Aldridge v. United States ( 1931 ) Glasser v. United States ( 1942 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1950 ) Irvin v. Dowd ( 1961 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Rideau v. Louisiana ( 1963 ) Sheppard v. Maxwell ( 1966 ) Witherspoon v. Illinois ( 1968 ) Ham v. South Carolina ( 1973 ) Murphy v. Florida ( 1975 ) Ristaino v. Ross ( 1976 ) Adams v. Texas ( 1980 ) Rosales - Lopez v. United States ( 1981 ) Patton v. Yount ( 1984 ) Wainwright v. Witt ( 1985 ) Turner v. Murray ( 1986 ) Lockhart v. McCree ( 1986 ) Gray v. Mississippi ( 1987 ) Ross v. Oklahoma ( 1988 ) Mu'Min v. Virginia ( 1991 ) Morgan v. Illinois ( 1992 ) United States v. Martinez - Salazar ( 2000 ) Skilling v. United States ( 2010 ) McDonnell v. United States ( 2016 ) Facts found McMillan v. Pennsylvania ( 1986 ) Walton v. Arizona ( 1990 ) Almendarez - Torres v. United States ( 1998 ) Jones v. United States ( 1999 ) Apprendi v. New Jersey ( 2000 ) Harris v. United States ( 2002 ) Ring v. Arizona ( 2002 ) Blakely v. Washington ( 2004 ) Schriro v. Summerlin ( 2004 ) United States v. Booker ( 2005 ) Washington v. Recuenco ( 2006 ) Cunningham v. California ( 2007 ) Oregon v. Ice ( 2009 ) Southern Union Co. v. United States ( 2012 ) Alleyne v. United States ( 2013 ) Hurst v. Florida ( 2016 ) Size and unanimity Thompson v. Utah ( 1898 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Rassmussen v. United States ( 1905 ) Patton v. United States ( 1930 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Apodaca v. Oregon ( 1972 ) Ballew v. Georgia ( 1978 ) Burch v. Louisiana ( 1979 ) Vicinage Clause United States v. Dawson ( 1853 ) Jones v. United States ( 1890 ) Cook v. United States ( 1891 ) Burton v. United States ( 1905 , 1906 ) Ruthenberg v. United States ( 1918 ) Lewis v. United States ( 1929 ) United States v. Cabrales ( 1998 ) Impeachment of verdicts McDonald v. Pless ( 1915 ) Tanner v. United States ( 1987 ) Warger v. Shauers ( 2014 ) Peña - Rodriguez v. Colorado ( 2017 ) Information Clause Twitchell v. Pennsylvania ( 1868 ) Cole v. Arkansas ( 1948 ) Russell v. United States ( 1962 ) Rabe v. Washington ( 1972 ) Confrontation Clause Out - of - court statements Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) Mattox v. United States ( 1895 ) Kirby v. United States ( 1899 ) Motes v. United States ( 1900 ) Dowdell v. United States ( 1911 ) Pointer v. Texas ( 1965 ) Brookhart v. Janis ( 1966 ) Barber v. Page ( 1968 ) Bruton v. United States ( 1968 ) Berger v. California ( 1969 ) Frazier v. Cupp ( 1969 ) California v. Green ( 1970 ) Dutton v. Evans ( 1970 ) Mancusi v. Stubbs ( 1972 ) Ohio v. Roberts ( 1980 ) Tennessee v. Street ( 1985 ) Delaware v. Fensterer ( 1985 ) United States v. Inadi ( 1986 ) Lee v. Illinois ( 1986 ) Crawford v. Washington ( 2004 ) Davis v. Washington ( 2006 ) Whorton v. Bockting ( 2007 ) Giles v. California ( 2008 ) Melendez - Diaz v. Massachusetts ( 2009 ) Michigan v. Bryant ( 2011 ) Bullcoming v. New Mexico ( 2011 ) Williams v. Illinois ( 2012 ) Ohio v. Clark ( 2015 ) Face - to - face confrontation Snyder v. Massachusetts ( 1934 ) Kentucky v. Stincer ( 1987 ) Coy v. Iowa ( 1988 ) Maryland v. Craig ( 1990 ) Restrictions on cross-examination Douglas v. Alabama ( 1965 ) McCray v. Illinois ( 1967 ) Smith v. Illinois ( 1968 ) Chambers v. Mississippi ( 1973 ) Davis v. Alaska ( 1974 ) Delaware v. Fensterer ( 1985 ) Delaware v. Van Arsdall ( 1986 ) Right to present relevant evidence Cooper v. California ( 1967 ) McCray v. Illinois ( 1967 ) Pennsylvania v. Ritchie ( 1987 ) Olden v. Kentucky ( 1988 ) Michigan v. Lucas ( 1991 ) Compulsory Process Clause Washington v. Texas ( 1967 ) United States v. Valenzuela - Bernal ( 1982 ) Taylor v. Illinois ( 1988 ) Assistance of Counsel Clause Choice Chandler v. Fretag ( 1954 ) Morris v. Slappy ( 1983 ) Wheat v. United States ( 1988 ) Caplin & Drysdale , Chartered v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Gonzalez - Lopez ( 2006 ) Appointment Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) Johnson v. Zerbst ( 1938 ) Betts v. Brady ( 1942 ) Hamilton v. Alabama ( 1961 ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) Anders v. California ( 1967 ) Argersinger v. Hamlin ( 1972 ) Gagnon v. Scarpelli ( 1973 ) Scott v. Illinois ( 1979 ) Baldasar v. Illinois ( 1980 ) Pennsylvania v. Finley ( 1987 ) McCoy v. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin ( 1988 ) Penson v. Ohio ( 1988 ) Murray v. Giarratano ( 1989 ) Nichols v. United States ( 1994 ) Smith v. Robbins ( 2000 ) Alabama v. Shelton ( 2002 ) Constructive denial Avery v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Ferguson v. Georgia ( 1961 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Herring v. New York ( 1975 ) Geders v. United States ( 1976 ) Perry v. Leeke ( 1989 ) Conflict - free Glasser v. United States ( 1942 ) Dukes v. Warden ( 1972 ) Holloway v. Arkansas ( 1978 ) Cuyler v. Sullivan ( 1980 ) Burger v. Kemp ( 1987 ) Wheat v. United States ( 1988 ) Mickens v. Taylor ( 2002 ) Ineffective assistance McMann v. Richardson ( 1970 ) Jones v. Barnes ( 1983 ) United States v. Cronic ( 1984 ) Strickland v. Washington ( 1984 ) Hill v. Lockhart ( 1985 ) Nix v. Whiteside ( 1986 ) Kimmelman v. Morrison ( 1986 ) Lockhart v. Fretwell ( 1993 ) Smith v. Robbins ( 2000 ) Roe v. Flores - Ortega ( 2000 ) Williams v. Taylor ( 2000 ) Glover v. United States ( 2001 ) Bell v. Cone ( 2002 ) Woodford v. Visciotti ( 2002 ) Wiggins v. Smith ( 2003 ) Holland v. Jackson ( 2004 ) Florida v. Nixon ( 2004 ) Rompilla v. Beard ( 2005 ) Schriro v. Landrigan ( 2007 ) Wright v. Van Patten ( 2008 ) Knowles v. Mirzayance ( 2009 ) Bobby v. Van Hook ( 2009 ) Wong v. Belmontes ( 2009 ) Porter v. McCollum ( 2009 ) Wood v. Allen ( 2010 ) Padilla v. Kentucky ( 2010 ) Sears v. Upton ( 2010 ) Premo v. Moore ( 2011 ) Harrington v. Richter ( 2011 ) Cullen v. Pinholster ( 2011 ) Missouri v. Frye ( 2012 ) Lafler v. Cooper ( 2012 ) Buck v. Davis ( 2017 ) Weaver v. Massachusetts ( 2017 ) Jae Lee v. United States ( 2017 ) Uncounseled statements Massiah v. United States ( 1963 ) Brewer v. Williams ( 1977 ) United States v. Henry ( 1980 ) Maine v. Moulton ( 1985 ) Kuhlmann v. Wilson ( 1986 ) Kansas v. Ventris ( 2009 ) Pro se representation Faretta v. California ( 1975 ) McKaskle v. Wiggins ( 1984 ) Rock v. Arkansas ( 1987 ) Martinez v. California Court of Appeals ( 2000 ) Indiana v. Edwards ( 2008 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 4489473 - 9 LCCN : n97009290 VIAF : 184789309 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=866358404 '' Categories : Amendments to the United States Constitution United States Sixth Amendment case law 1791 in American law 1791 in American politics United States criminal constitutional law Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 21 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is a right to a trial by jury found	[ "Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to \"a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law, and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted.\"[4] Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.\n" ]	[ "Sixth Amendment" ]
-193646716014665891	Kathleen Turner	Kathleen Turner - wikipedia Kathleen Turner Jump to : navigation , search Kathleen Turner Turner at the Planned Parenthood Rally in New York City in 2011 Mary Kathleen Turner ( 1954 - 06 - 19 ) June 19 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Spring City , Missouri , U.S. Nationality American Education American School in London Alma mater Missouri State University University of Maryland Baltimore County ( BFA , 1977 ) Occupation Actress , singer , theatre director Years active 1977 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jay Weiss ( m . 1984 ; div. 2007 ) Children Mary Kathleen Turner ( born June 19 , 1954 ) , better known as Kathleen Turner , is an American film and stage actress and director . Known for her distinctive husky voice , Turner has won two Golden Globe Awards and has been nominated for an Academy Award . Turner came to fame during the 1980s , after roles in Body Heat ( 1981 ) , Crimes of Passion ( 1984 ) , Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) , and Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) , the latter two earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . In the later 1980s and early 1990s , Turner had roles in The Accidental Tourist ( 1988 ) , The War of the Roses ( 1989 ) , Serial Mom ( 1994 ) and Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Turner later had roles in The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) , Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) , and Beautiful ( 2000 ) , as well as guest - starring on the NBC sitcom Friends as Chandler Bing 's cross-dressing father Charles Bing , and in the third season of Showtime 's Californication as Sue Collini , the jaded , sex - crazed owner of a talent agency . Turner has also done considerable work as a voice actress , namely as Jessica Rabbit in Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) , as well as Monster House ( 2006 ) , and the television series The Simpsons and King of the Hill . In addition to film , Turner has worked in the theatre , and has been nominated for the Tony Award twice for her Broadway roles as Maggie in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and as Martha in Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Turner has also taught acting classes at New York University . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Body Heat 2.2 Theatre work and Broadway debut 2.3 Stardom during the 1980s 2.4 1990s -- slowed by disease 2.5 2000s -- remission 2.6 Voice actress 2.7 Stage career 3 Personal life 4 Activism 5 Memoirs and interviews 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Turner was born June 19 , 1954 , in Spring City , Missouri , the daughter of Patsy ( née Magee 1923 - 2015 ) and Allen Richard Turner , a U.S. Foreign Service officer who grew up in China ( where Turner 's great - grandfather had been a Methodist missionary ) . She has a sister , Susan , and two brothers . Turner was raised in a strict conservative Christian household , and her interest in performing was discouraged by both of her parents : `` My father was of missionary stock , '' she later explained , `` so theater and acting were just one step up from being a streetwalker , you know ? So when I was performing in school , he would drive my mom ( there ) and sit in the car . She 'd come out at intermissions and tell him , ' She 's doing very well . ' '' Owing to her father 's employment in the Foreign Service , Turner grew up abroad and graduated from the American School in London in 1972 . Her father died of a coronary thrombosis that same year , and then the family moved back to the United States . At age 19 , Turner began volunteering at a local Planned Parenthood office . She attended Missouri State University in Springfield for two years , then studied theater at the University of Maryland , Baltimore County , where she received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1977 . During that period , Turner acted in several productions directed by the film and stage director Steve Yeager . Career ( edit ) Body Heat ( edit ) In 1977 , Turner made her television debut in the NBC daytime soap The Doctors as the second Nola Dancy Aldrich . She made her film debut in 1981 as the ruthless Matty Walker in the thriller Body Heat ; the role brought her to international prominence . Empire Magazine cited the film in 1995 when it named her one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in Film History . The New York Times wrote in 2005 that , propelled by her `` jaw - dropping movie debut ( in ) Body Heat ... she built a career on adventurousness and frank sexuality born of robust physicality . '' Turner ultimately became one of the top box office draws , and most sought - after actresses of the 1980s and early 1990s . The brazen quality of Turner 's screen roles was reflected in her public life . With her deep voice , Turner was often compared to a young Lauren Bacall . When the two met , Turner reportedly introduced herself by saying , `` Hi , I 'm the young you . '' In the 1980s , she boasted that `` on a night when I feel really good about myself , I can walk into a room , and if a man does n't look at me , he 's probably gay . '' Theatre work and Broadway debut ( edit ) Several months after moving to New York City in 1977 , Turner took over the female lead in Michael Zetter 's play Mister T , which co-starred Jonathan Frakes and played at Soho Repertory Theatre . That production marked her off - Broadway debut . Several months later , Turner made her Broadway debut as Judith Hastings in Gemini by Albert Innaurato , staged at The Little Theatre ( now known as the Helen Hayes Theater ) and starring Danny Aiello . It opened May 21 , 1977 , during the time when she was appearing in the soap The Doctors . Stardom during the 1980s ( edit ) After Body Heat , Turner steered away from femme fatale roles to `` prevent typecasting '' and `` because femme fatale roles had a shelf - life . '' Consequently , her first project after this was the 1983 comedy The Man With Two Brains . Turner co-starred in Romancing the Stone with Michael Douglas and Danny DeVito . The film critic Pauline Kael wrote of her performance as writer Joan Wilder , `` Turner knows how to use her dimples amusingly and how to dance like a woman who did n't know she could ; her star performance is exhilarating . '' Romancing the Stone was a surprise hit : she won a Golden Globe for her role in the film , and it became one of the top - ten - grossing movies of 1984 . Turner teamed with Douglas and DeVito again the following year for its sequel , The Jewel of the Nile . Several months before Jewel , Turner starred in Prizzi 's Honor with Jack Nicholson , winning a second Golden Globe award , and later starred in Peggy Sue Got Married , which co-starred Nicolas Cage . For Peggy Sue , she received the award for Best Actress from the U.S. National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . In 1988 's toon - noir Who Framed Roger Rabbit , she was the speaking voice of cartoon femme fatale Jessica Rabbit , intoning the famous line , `` I 'm not bad , I 'm just drawn that way . '' Her uncredited , sultry performance was acclaimed as `` the kind of sexpot ball - breaker she was made for . '' ( Amy Irving provided Jessica Rabbit 's singing voice in the scene in which the character first appears in the movie . ) That same year Turner also appeared in Switching Channels , which was a loose remake of the 1940 hit film His Girl Friday ; this , in turn , was a loose remake of the Ben Hecht - Charles MacArthur comedy The Front Page . Turner appeared in the 1986 song `` The Kiss of Kathleen Turner '' by Austrian techno - pop singer Falco . In 1989 , Turner teamed with Douglas and DeVito for a third time , in The War of the Roses , but this time as Douglas 's disillusioned wife , with DeVito in the role of a divorce attorney who told their shared story . The New York Times praised the trio , saying that `` Mr. Douglas and Ms. Turner have never been more comfortable a team ... each of them is at his or her comic best when being as awful as both are required to be here ... ( Kathleen Turner is ) evilly enchanting . '' In that film , Turner played a former gymnast and , as in other roles , did many of her own stunts . ( She broke her nose two years afterward filming 1991 's V.I. Warshawski . ) 1990s -- slowed by disease ( edit ) Turner remained an A-list film star leading lady until the early 1990s , when rheumatoid arthritis seriously restricted her activities and her movie career went into rapid decline . She turned down lead roles in Ghost and The Bridges of Madison County , both of which became big hits . The arthritis diagnosis was made in 1992 after Turner had suffered `` unbearable '' pain for about a year . By the time she was diagnosed she `` could hardly turn her head or walk , and was told she would end up in a wheelchair . '' As the disease worsened and the medication greatly altered Turner 's looks , along with excess alcohol consumption that Turner said she used to kill her physical pain , her career as a leading lady went into a steep decline and Turner was seen in fewer and fewer very successful films -- though Turner also blamed her age , stating , `` when I was forty the roles started slowing down , I started getting offers to play mothers and grandmothers ... '' She appeared in the low - budget House of Cards , experienced moderate success with John Waters 's black comedy Serial Mom , and had supporting roles in A Simple Wish , The Real Blonde , and Sofia Coppola 's The Virgin Suicides . She also provided the voice of Malibu Stacy 's creator , Stacy Lovell , on the episode `` Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy '' on The Simpsons . 2000s -- remission ( edit ) Despite drug therapy to help her condition , the disease progressed for about eight years . Then , thanks to newly available treatments , her arthritis went into remission . She was seen increasingly on television , including three episodes of Friends , where she appeared as Chandler Bing 's estranged , gay father , who works as a drag queen in Las Vegas . In 2006 , Turner guest starred on FX 's Nip / Tuck , playing a phone sex operator in need of laryngeal surgery . She appeared in a small role in 2008 's Marley & Me and also played a defense attorney on Law & Order . In 2009 , she played the role of Charlie Runkle 's sexually hyperactive boss in season 3 of the television series Californication . Voice Actress ( edit ) In the same year as her Nip / Tuck cameo role , 2006 , Turner provided the voice of Constance in the animated film Monster House . More recently , she provided radio commercial voice - overs for Lay 's potato chips . BBC Radio 4 produced three radio dramas based on the V.I. Warshawski novels by Sara Paretsky . The first two , Deadlock and Killing Orders , featured Turner reprising her 1991 movie role , which had been based on Paretsky 's novel Deadlock ; however , the third , Bitter Medicine , saw Sharon Gless take over the part . Turner also provided the voice of Jessica Rabbit in the 1988 live action / animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , and again in the Disneyland attraction spinoff , Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin . Stage career ( edit ) After 1990s roles in Broadway productions of Indiscretions and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( for which she earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress ) , Turner moved to London in 2000 to star in a stage version of The Graduate . The BBC reported that initially mediocre ticket sales for The Graduate `` went through the roof when it was announced that Turner , then aged 45 , would appear naked on stage . '' While her performance as the infamous Mrs. Robinson was popular with audiences , with sustained high box office for the duration of Turner 's run , she received mixed reviews from critics . The play transferred to Broadway in 2002 to similar critical reaction . In 2005 , Turner beat a score of other contenders ( including Jessica Lange , Frances McDormand , and Bette Midler ) for the role of Martha in a 2005 Broadway revival of Edward Albee 's Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Albee later explained to the New York Times that when Turner read for the part with her eventual co-star Bill Irwin , he heard `` an echo of the ' revelation ' that he had felt years ago when the parts were read by ( Uta ) Hagen and Arthur Hill . '' He added that Turner had `` a look of voluptuousness , a woman of appetites , yes ... but a look of having suffered as well . '' Ben Brantley praised Turner at length , writing : `` As the man - eating Martha , Ms. Turner , a movie star whose previous theater work has been variable , finally secures her berth as a first - rate , depth - probing stage actress ... ( A ) t 50 , this actress can look ravishing and ravaged , by turns . In the second act , she is as predatorily sexy as she was in the movie Body Heat . But in the third and last act she looks old , bereft , stripped of all erotic flourish . I did n't think I would ever be able to see Virginia Woolf again without thinking of Ms. Hagen ( Uta Hagen ) . But watching Ms. Turner in that last act , fully clothed but more naked than she ever was in The Graduate , I did n't see the specter of Ms. Hagen . All I saw was Ms. Turner . No , let 's be fair . All I saw was Martha . '' As Martha , Turner received her second Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Play , losing to Cherry Jones . The production was transferred to London 's Apollo Theatre in 2006 . She starred in Sandra Ryan Heyward 's one - woman show , Tallulah , which she toured across the U.S. In August 2010 , Turner portrayed the role of Sister Jamison Connelly in Matthew Lombardo 's drama High at Hartford TheaterWorks . The production transferred to Broadway , at the Booth Theater , where it opened in previews on March 25 , 2011 , officially on April 19 , 2011 , and an announced quick closing on April 24 , 2011 . However , in a rare move , the production was revived , still headed by Turner , to undertake a national tour , which began in Boston in December 2012 . From August to October 28 , 2012 , Turner appeared in Red Hot Patriot : The Kick - Ass Wit of Molly Ivins , a play about the legendary liberal Texas columnist , Molly Ivins , at the Arena Stage , in Washington , D.C. In December 2014 and January 2015 , Turner performed the same show at Berkeley Repertory Theatre . She appeared again at the Arena Stage in the title role of Bertolt Brecht 's Mother Courage which opened in February 2014 , and playing Joan Didion in the one - woman show The Year of Magical Thinking , based on Didion 's memoir of the same name , in October and November 2016 . Personal Life ( edit ) Turner married the real estate entrepreneur Jay Weiss of New York City in 1984 , and they had one child , their daughter , Rachel Ann Weiss , who was born on October 14 , 1987 . Turner had been born into a Methodist family , but she has said that she has `` taken on a certain amount of Jewish tradition and identity '' since marrying her Jewish husband and raising their daughter in Judaism . In 2006 , Turner announced that she and Weiss were planning a trial separation . Turner and Weiss carried this forward to a divorce that became official in December 2007 , but Turner has said , `` ( Jay ) 's still my best friend . '' By the late 1980s , Turner had acquired a reputation for being difficult : what The New York Times called `` a certifiable diva . '' She admitted that she had developed into `` not a very kind person , '' and the actress Eileen Atkins referred to her as `` an amazing nightmare . '' Turner slammed Hollywood over the difference in the quality of roles offered to male actors and female actors as they age , calling the disparity a `` terrible double standard . '' In 1990 , Turner received unfavorable publicity when a deliberately lit fire at the Happy Land Social Club , located in a building managed by her husband , claimed 87 lives . The club was operating without a license and the building had been cited for numerous fire safety violations , but The New Yorker quoted Turner saying , `` the fire was unfortunate , but could have happened at a McDonald 's . '' As a result of her altered looks and weight gain from her rheumatoid arthritis treatment , The New York Times published this statement in 2005 , `` Rumors began circulating that she was drinking too much . She later said in interviews that she did n't bother correcting the rumors because people in show business hire drunks all the time , but not people who are sick . '' Turner has had well - publicized problems with alcohol , which she used as an escape from the pain and symptoms of acute rheumatoid arthritis . Turner has admitted that because of her illness , she was in constant unbearable agony and that as a result , the people she was closest to would suffer from it , as she was constantly drinking to relieve the pain and it made her a very difficult person . A few weeks after leaving the production of the play The Graduate in November 2002 , Turner was admitted into the Marworth hospital in Waverly , Pennsylvania , for the treatment of alcoholism . `` I have no problem with alcohol when I 'm working , '' she explained . `` It 's when I 'm home alone that I ca n't control my drinking ... I was going toward excess . I mean , really ! I think I was losing my control over it . So it pulled me back . '' Activism ( edit ) Turner has worked with Planned Parenthood of America since age 19 , and later became a chairperson . She also serves on the board of People for the American Way , and volunteers at Amnesty International and Citymeals - on - Wheels . She was one of John Kerry 's first celebrity endorsers . She has been a frequent donor to the Democratic Party . She has also worked to raise awareness of rheumatoid arthritis . Memoirs and interviews ( edit ) In the mid-2000s , Turner collaborated with Gloria Feldt on the writing of her memoirs , Send Yourself Roses : Thoughts on My Life , Love , and Leading Roles . The book was published in 2008 . In the book , Turner claimed that Nicolas Cage had gotten drunk , and stole a chihuahua that he liked . In turn , Cage filed a lawsuit against Turner and her book publisher in the UK who took an excerpt from the book and posted it on their website ( pre-publication ) . Cage argued defamation and damage to character and won the case , resulting in retractions , legal fees , and a donation to charity . Turner later publicly apologized . During an interview on The View , Turner apologized for any distress she might have caused Cage regarding an incident that took place 20 years earlier . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Body Heat Matty Walker Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actress Man with Two Brains , The The Man with Two Brains Dolores Benedict 1984 Romancing the Stone Joan Wilder Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Breed Apart , AA Breed Apart Stella Clayton Crimes of Passion Joanna Crane / China Blue Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actress 1985 Prizzi 's Honor Irene Walker Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actress Jewel of the Nile , The The Jewel of the Nile Joan Wilder 1986 Peggy Sue Got Married Peggy Sue Bodell National Board of Review Award for Best Actress National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress ( 2nd place ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actress Nominated -- Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actress Julia and Julia Julia Nominated -- Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actress Switching Channels Christy Colleran Who Framed Roger Rabbit Jessica Rabbit ( voice ) Accidental Tourist , The The Accidental Tourist Sarah Leary Tummy Trouble Jessica Rabbit ( voice ) War of the Roses , The The War of the Roses Barbara Rose Nominated -- David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Roller Coaster Rabbit Jessica Rabbit ( voice ) 1991 V.I. Warshawski Victoria ' V.I. ' Warshawski Trail Mix - Up Jessica Rabbit ( voice ) Naked in New York Dana Coles Undercover Blues Jane Blue House of Cards Ruth Matthews 1994 Serial Mom Beverly R. Sutphin 1995 Moonlight and Valentino Alberta Trager Friends at Last Fanny Connelyn Television film Bad Baby Mom ( voice ) Simple Wish , AA Simple Wish Claudia Real Blonde , The The Real Blonde Dee Dee Taylor 1999 Love and Action in Chicago Middleman Virgin Suicides , The The Virgin Suicides Mrs. Lisbon Baby Geniuses Elena Kinder 2000 Cinderella Claudette Beautiful Verna Chickle Prince of Central Park Rebecca Cairn 2006 Monster House Constance ( voice ) 2008 Marley & Me Ms. Kornblut 2011 The Perfect Family Eileen Cleary 2014 Dumb and Dumber To Fraida Felcher Television ( edit ) Year Series Role No. episodes Notes 1994 The Simpsons Stacy Lavelle ( voice ) 2000 King of the Hill Miss Liz Strickland ( voice ) Friends Charles Bing / Helena Handbasket 2006 Law & Order Rebecca Shane Nip / Tuck Cindy Plumb 2009 Californication Sue Collini 10 2013 Masterclass Herself 2016 The Path Brenda Roberts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Television Tropes and Idioms -- Friends '' . TVTropes.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elizabeth A. Sackler Foundation presents : Ask me a Question , Any Question with Kathleen Turner '' . Brooklyn Museum . 2009 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Louise ( 2007 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Kathleen Turner takes on a new role '' . Boston . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Patsy Turner Obituary accessed 11 / 23 / 2016 Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Turner Biography '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Kathleen . `` I 'm still a dip kid '' . Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kathleen Turner '' . Biography Channel . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Star Kathleen Turner focuses on peace during first Israel trip ^ Jump up to : Jesse Green , ( 2005 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Kathleen Turner Meets Her Monster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` University of Maryland -- Baltimore County '' . US News . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` His Movies Bring To Life Those Living On The Edge - Baltimore Sun '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com. 2009 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Friends - Bada Bing - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Kay , William ( 2006 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Kathleen plays on through the pain barrier '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Young Kathleen Turner '' . Anecdotage.com : Famous People . Funny Stories . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' Who 's Who in the Cast , '' Playbill for `` Gemini . '' 1978 . Jump up ^ Kael , Pauline. 5001 Nights at the Movies . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 1982 , 1984 , 1991 . p. 638 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 domestic grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Turner , '' Thomson , David . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1975 , 1980 , 1994 , 2002 . page 884 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 1989 - 12 - 08 ) . `` REVIEW : ' War of the Roses '' . by Janet Maslin , The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Book review : Kathleen Turner 's * Send Yourself Roses : Thoughts on My Life , Love , and Leading Roles * '' . Curledup.com. 2007 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Turner MovieMaker Magazine '' . Moviemaker.com. 2007 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Graduate 's London term ends '' . BBC News . 2002 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ben Brantley ( 2005 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Marriage as Blood Sport : A No - Win Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Is This Rehab or an Exorcism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` ' High ' Hits a Low : Broadway Drama Will Close April 24 '' playbill.com , April 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` ' High , ' a Broadway Flop , Will Go on the Road '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Patriot '' . Jump up ^ Barmann , Jay ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` SFist Reviews : Kathleen Turner in ' Red Hot Patriot ' at Berkeley Rep '' . SFist . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tim , ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Kathleen Turner leads gritty revival of ' Mother Courage and Her Children ' at Arena Stage '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Year of Magical Thinking '' . Jump up ^ Interview , `` Larry King Live , '' February 2008 . Jump up ^ McKinley , James C. Jr . ( March 26 , 1990 ) . Fire in the Bronx ; Happy Land Reopened and Flourished After Being Shut as a Hazard . New York Times Jump up ^ Logan , Andy ( April 23 , 1990 ) . Happy Land . The New Yorker Jump up ^ `` The View ( talk show , interview with Kathleen Turner ) '' . ABC Television . 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ December 25 , 2010 . `` Kathleen Turner Raises Awareness About RA -- Arthritis and Arthritic Conditions , Medications , Symptoms , and Treatment on '' . Medicinenet.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette Book Group '' . Hachettebookgroupusa.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : http://celebrityhiccup.com/latest-news/20-outrageous-celebrity-lawsuits/5 Jump up ^ `` Turner apologises for Cage libel '' . BBC News . 2008 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Turner Apologizes To Nicolas Cage '' . Starpulse.com. 2008 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Turner Apologizes to Nicolas Cage Over Dog Theft Allegation '' . Fox News . 2008 - 04 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kathleen Turner Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kathleen Turner . Kathleen Turner on IMDb Kathleen Turner at the Internet Broadway Database Kathleen Turner at the Internet Off - Broadway Database 2006 Article on Turner on Theatre.com Interview and profile in The Guardian ( March 18 , 2000 ) Turner 's interview for Arthritis Today Hosts of the Tony Awards ceremonies 1947 -- 1960 Brock Pemberton ( 1947 ) Bert Lytell / Hiram Sherman / Harry Hirshfield ( 1948 ) Brock Pemberton / James Sauter ( 1949 ) None ( 1950 ) James Sauter ( 1951 ) Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) Faye Emerson ( 1953 ) James Sauter ( 1954 ) Helen Hayes ( 1955 ) Jack Carter ( 1956 ) Bud Collyer ( 1957 ) Bud Collyer ( 1958 ) Bud Collyer ( 1959 ) Eddie Albert ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Phil Silvers ( 1961 ) Ray Bolger / Robert Preston ( 1962 ) Abe Burrows / Robert Morse ( 1963 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1964 ) Tom Bosley / José Ferrer / Van Johnson ( 1965 ) George Abbott / Ginger Rogers ( 1966 ) Mary Martin / Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury / Peter Ustinov ( 1968 ) Diahann Carroll / Alan King ( 1969 ) Julie Andrews / Shirley MacLaine / Walter Matthau ( 1970 ) Lauren Bacall / Angela Lansbury / Anthony Quayle / Anthony Quinn ( 1971 ) Deborah Kerr / Henry Fonda / Peter Ustinov ( 1972 ) Rex Harrison / Celeste Holm ( 1973 ) Peter Falk / Florence Henderson / Robert Preston / Cicely Tyson ( 1974 ) Larry Blyden / George S. Irving / Larry Kert / Carol Lawrence / Michele Lee / Bernadette Peters / Bobby Van ( 1975 ) Eddie Albert / Richard Burton / Jane Fonda / Diana Rigg / George C. Scott / Trish Van Devere ( 1976 ) Jack Albertson / Bea Arthur / Buddy Ebsen / Damon Evans / Jean Stapleton / Leslie Uggams ( 1977 ) None ( 1978 ) Jane Alexander / Henry Fonda / Liv Ullmann ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore / Jason Robards ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Ellen Burstyn / Richard Chamberlain ( 1981 ) Tony Randall ( 1982 ) Richard Burton / Lena Horne / Jack Lemmon ( 1983 ) Julie Andrews / Robert Preston ( 1984 ) None ( 1985 ) None ( 1986 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1987 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1988 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1990 ) Julie Andrews / Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins / Amy Irving ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane / Glenn Close / Gregory Hines ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1997 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1998 ) None ( 1999 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2020 Nathan Lane / Matthew Broderick ( 2001 ) Bernadette Peters / Gregory Hines ( 2002 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) None ( 2006 ) None ( 2007 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2008 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Sean Hayes ( 2010 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2012 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2013 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth / Alan Cumming ( 2015 ) James Corden ( 2016 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2017 ) Awards for Kathleen Turner Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year 1951 -- 1975 Gertrude Lawrence ( 1951 ) Barbara Bel Geddes ( 1952 ) Mamie Eisenhower ( 1953 ) Shirley Booth ( 1954 ) Debbie Reynolds ( 1955 ) Peggy Ann Garner ( 1956 ) Carroll Baker ( 1957 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1958 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1959 ) Carol Lawrence ( 1960 ) Jane Fonda ( 1961 ) Piper Laurie ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1964 ) Lee Remick ( 1965 ) Ethel Merman ( 1966 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1968 ) Carol Burnett ( 1969 ) Dionne Warwick ( 1970 ) Carol Channing ( 1971 ) Ruby Keeler ( 1972 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1973 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1974 ) Valerie Harper ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Bette Midler ( 1976 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1977 ) Beverly Sills ( 1978 ) Candice Bergen ( 1979 ) Meryl Streep ( 1980 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1981 ) Ella Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Julie Andrews ( 1983 ) Joan Rivers ( 1984 ) Cher ( 1985 ) Sally Field ( 1986 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1987 ) Lucille Ball ( 1988 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1989 ) Glenn Close ( 1990 ) Diane Keaton ( 1991 ) Jodie Foster ( 1992 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1993 ) Meg Ryan ( 1994 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1995 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1996 ) Julia Roberts ( 1997 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1998 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1999 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Drew Barrymore ( 2001 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2002 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2003 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2004 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2005 ) Halle Berry ( 2006 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2007 ) Charlize Theron ( 2008 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Julianne Moore ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2013 ) Helen Mirren ( 2014 ) Amy Poehler ( 2015 ) Kerry Washington ( 2016 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2017 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Shelley Duvall ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Sandrine Bonnaire ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Christine Lahti ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Yolande Moreau ( 2009 ) Kim Hye - ja ( 2010 ) Yoon Jeong - hee ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) National Board of Review Award for Best Actress Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Anna Magnani ( 1946 ) Celia Johnson ( 1947 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1948 ) Gloria Swanson ( 1950 ) Jan Sterling ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Jean Simmons ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Dorothy McGuire ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) Greer Garson ( 1960 ) Geraldine Page ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Kim Stanley ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Edith Evans ( 1967 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1968 ) Geraldine Page ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Irene Papas ( 1971 ) Cicely Tyson ( 1972 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1973 ) Gena Rowlands ( 1974 ) Isabelle Adjani ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1977 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1986 ) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Mia Farrow ( 1990 ) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1994 ) Emma Thompson ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Fernanda Montenegro ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Lesley Manville ( 2010 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Emma Thompson ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Amy Adams ( 2016 ) VIAF : 85102049 LCCN : n85376876 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 227X GND : 129584835 SUDOC : 05955732X BNF : cb13945945m ( data ) MusicBrainz : 44000cba - ea6e - 4452 - a16f - dd5b5d5812f7 BNE : XX1167208 IATH : w6kh1b4k Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Turner&oldid=801488572 '' Categories : 1954 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Missouri Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama American expatriates in Canada American expatriates in Cuba American expatriates in the United Kingdom American expatriates in Venezuela American film actresses American pro-choice activists American soap opera actresses American stage actresses American voice actresses Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Critics ' Circle Theatre Award winners Foreign Service brats LGBT rights activists from the United States Missouri Democrats Missouri State University alumni People For the American Way people People from Springfield , Missouri Planned Parenthood University of Maryland , Baltimore County alumni New York University faculty Women memoirists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which actress played chandlers father in the tv series friends	[ "\n\nKathleen Turner\n\n\n\nTurner at the Planned Parenthood Rally in New York City in 2011\n\n\n\nBorn\nMary Kathleen Turner\n(1954-06-19) June 19, 1954 (age 63)\nSpring City, Missouri, U.S.\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n\nEducation\nAmerican School in London\n\n\nAlma mater\nMissouri State University\nUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County (BFA, 1977)\n\n\nOccupation\nActress, singer, theatre director\n\n\nYears active\n1977–present\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nJay Weiss\n(m. 1984; div. 2007)\n\n\nChildren\n1\n\n" ]	[ "Kathleen Turner" ]
6807927944712705277	Histamine	Histamine - wikipedia Histamine Jump to : navigation , search For the use as an immunostimulant drug , see Histamine dihydrochloride . Histamine Names IUPAC name 2 - ( 1H - Imidazol - 4 - yl ) ethanamine Identifiers CAS Number 51 - 45 - 6 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 18295 ChEMBL ChEMBL90 ChemSpider 753 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 092 IUPHAR / BPS 1204 KEGG D08040 MeSH Histamine PubChem CID 774 UNII 820484N8I3 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C5H9N3 / c6 - 2 - 1 - 5 - 3 - 7 - 4 - 8 - 5 / h3 - 4H , 1 - 2 , 6H2 , ( H , 7 , 8 ) Key : NTYJJOPFIAHURM - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / C5H9N3 / c6 - 2 - 1 - 5 - 3 - 7 - 4 - 8 - 5 / h3 - 4H , 1 - 2 , 6H2 , ( H , 7 , 8 ) Key : NTYJJOPFIAHURM - UHFFFAOYAP SMILES ( show ) NCCC1 = C ( N ) C = N1 Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 111.15 g mol Melting point 83.5 ° C ( 182.3 ° F ; 356.6 K ) Boiling point 209.5 ° C ( 409.1 ° F ; 482.6 K ) Solubility in water Easily soluble in cold water , hot water Solubility in other solvents Easily soluble in methanol . Very slightly soluble in diethyl ether . Easily soluble in ethanol . log P − 0.7 Acidity ( pK ) Imidazole : 6.04 Terminal NH : 9.75 Pharmacology ATC code L03AX14 ( WHO ) V04CG03 ( WHO ) ( phosphate ) Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses , as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain , spinal cord , and uterus . Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching . As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens , histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues . Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins , to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 Synthesis and metabolism 3 Storage and release 4 Mechanism of action 5 Roles in the body 5.1 Vasodilation and a fall in blood pressure 5.2 Effects on nasal mucous membrane 5.3 Sleep - wake regulation 5.4 Gastric acid release 5.5 Protective effects 5.6 Erection and sexual function 5.7 Schizophrenia 5.8 Multiple sclerosis 6 Disorders 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Properties ( edit ) Histamine base , obtained as a mineral oil mull , melts at 83 -- 84 ° C. Hydrochloride and phosphorus salts form white hygroscopic crystals and are easily dissolved in water or ethanol , but not in ether . In aqueous solution , histamine exists in two tautomeric forms : N - H - histamine and N - H - histamine . The imidazole ring has two nitrogens . The nitrogen farthest away from the side chain is the ' tele ' nitrogen and is denoted by a lowercase tau sign . The nitrogen closest to the side chain is the ' pros ' nitrogen and is denoted by the pi sign . The position of the nitrogen with the hydrogen on it determines how the tautomer is named . If the nitrogen with the hydrogen is in the tele position , then histamine is in the tele - tautomer form . The tele - tautomer is preferred in solution . Tautomers of histamine Histamine has two basic centres , namely the aliphatic amino group and whichever nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring does not already have a proton . Under physiological conditions , the aliphatic amino group ( having a pK around 9.4 ) will be protonated , whereas the second nitrogen of the imidazole ring ( pK ≈ 5.8 ) will not be protonated . Thus , histamine is normally protonated to a singly charged cation . Histamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter . Synthesis and metabolism ( edit ) Histamine is derived from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine , a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme L - histidine decarboxylase . It is a hydrophilic vasoactive amine . Conversion of histidine to histamine by histidine decarboxylase Once formed , histamine is either stored or rapidly inactivated by its primary degradative enzymes , histamine - N - methyltransferase or diamine oxidase . In the central nervous system , histamine released into the synapses is primarily broken down by histamine - N - methyltransferase , while in other tissues both enzymes may play a role . Several other enzymes , including MAO - B and ALDH2 , further process the immediate metabolites of histamine for excretion or recycling . Bacteria also are capable of producing histamine using histidine decarboxylase enzymes unrelated to those found in animals . A non-infectious form of foodborne disease , scombroid poisoning , is due to histamine production by bacteria in spoiled food , particularly fish . Fermented foods and beverages naturally contain small quantities of histamine due to a similar conversion performed by fermenting bacteria or yeasts . Sake contains histamine in the 20 -- 40 mg / L range ; wines contain it in the 2 -- 10 mg / L range . Storage and release ( edit ) Mast cells . Most histamine in the body is generated in granules in mast cells and in white blood cells ( leukocytes ) called basophils . Mast cells are especially numerous at sites of potential injury -- the nose , mouth , and feet , internal body surfaces , and blood vessels . Non-mast cell histamine is found in several tissues , including the brain , where it functions as a neurotransmitter . Another important site of histamine storage and release is the enterochromaffin - like ( ECL ) cell of the stomach . The most important pathophysiologic mechanism of mast cell and basophil histamine release is immunologic . These cells , if sensitized by IgE antibodies attached to their membranes , degranulate when exposed to the appropriate antigen . Certain amines and alkaloids , including such drugs as morphine , and curare alkaloids , can displace histamine in granules and cause its release . Antibiotics like polymyxin are also found to stimulate histamine release . Histamine release occurs when allergens bind to mast - cell - bound IgE antibodies . Reduction of IgE overproduction may lower the likelihood of allergens finding sufficient free IgE to trigger a mast - cell - release of histamine . Mechanism of action ( edit ) In humans , histamine exerts its effects primarily by binding to G protein - coupled histamine receptors , designated H through H. As of 2015 , histamine is believed to activate ligand - gated chloride channels in the brain and intestinal epithelium . Biological targets of histamine in the human body G - protein coupled receptor Location Function Sources Histamine H receptor CNS : Expressed on the dendrites of the output neurons of the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus , which projects to the dorsal raphe , locus coeruleus , and additional structures . Periphery : Smooth muscle , endothelium , sensory nerves CNS : Sleep - wake cycle ( promotes wakefulness ) , body temperature , nociception , endocrine homeostasis , regulates appetite , involved in cognition Periphery : Causes bronchoconstriction , bronchial smooth muscle contraction , vasodilation , promotes hypernociception ( visceral hypersensitivity ) , involved in itch perception and urticaria . Histamine H receptor CNS : Dorsal striatum ( caudate nucleus and putamen ) , cerebral cortex ( external layers ) , hippocampal formation , dentate nucleus of the cerebellum Periphery : Located on parietal cells , vascular smooth muscle cells , neutrophils , mast cells , as well as on cells in the heart and uterus CNS : Not established ( note : most known H receptor ligands are unable to cross the blood -- brain barrier in sufficient concentrations to allow for neuropsychological and behavioral testing ) Periphery : Primarily involved in vasodilation and stimulation of gastric acid secretion . Modulates gastrointestinal function . Histamine H receptor Located in the central nervous system and to a lesser extent peripheral nervous system tissue Autoreceptor and heteroreceptor functions : decreased neurotransmitter release of histamine , acetylcholine , norepinephrine , serotonin Modulates nociception , gastric acid secretion , and food intake . Histamine H receptor Located primarily on basophils and in the bone marrow . It is also expressed in the thymus , small intestine , spleen , and colon . Plays a role in mast cell chemotaxis , itch perception , cytokine production and secretion , and visceral hypersensitivity . Other functions ( inflammation , allergy , cognition , etc . ) have not been fully characterized . Ligand - gated ion channel Location Function Sources Histamine - gated chloride channel Putatively : CNS ( hypothalamus , thalamus ) and intestinal epithelium Brain : Produces fast inhibitory postsynaptic potentials Intestinal epithelium : chloride secretion ( associated with secretory diarrhea ) Roles in the body ( edit ) Although histamine is small compared to other biological molecules ( containing only 17 atoms ) , it plays an important role in the body . It is known to be involved in 23 different physiological functions . Histamine is known to be involved in many physiological functions because of its chemical properties that allow it to be versatile in binding . It is Coulombic ( able to carry a charge ) , conformational , and flexible . This allows it to interact and bind more easily . Vasodilation and a fall in blood pressure ( edit ) When injected intravenously , histamine causes most blood vessels to dilate , and hence causes a fall in the blood pressure . This is a key mechanism in anaphylaxis , and is thought to be caused when histamine releases nitric oxide , endothelium - derived hyperpolarizing factors and other compounds from the endothelial cells . Effects on nasal mucous membrane ( edit ) Increased vascular permeability causes fluid to escape from capillaries into the tissues , which leads to the classic symptoms of an allergic reaction : a runny nose and watery eyes . Allergens can bind to IgE - loaded mast cells in the nasal cavity 's mucous membranes . This can lead to three clinical responses : sneezing due to histamine - associated sensory neural stimulation hyper - secretion from glandular tissue nasal congestion due to vascular engorgement associated with vasodilation and increased capillary permeability Sleep - wake regulation ( edit ) Histamine is released as a neurotransmitter . The cell bodies of histamine neurons are found in the posterior hypothalamus , in the tuberomammillary nuclei . From here , these neurons project throughout the brain , including to the cortex , through the medial forebrain bundle . Histamine neurons increase wakefulness and prevent sleep . Classically , antihistamines ( H histamine receptor antagonists ) which cross the blood - brain barrier produce drowsiness . Newer antihistamines are designed to not cross into the brain and thus are less likely to cause sedation , although individual reactions , concomitant medications and dosage may increase the sedative effect . Similar to the effect of older antihistamines , destruction of histamine releasing neurons , or inhibition of histamine synthesis leads to an inability to maintain vigilance . Finally , H receptor antagonists increase wakefulness . Histaminergic neurons have a wakefulness - related firing pattern . They fire rapidly during waking , fire more slowly during periods of relaxation / tiredness and completely stop firing during REM and NREM ( non-REM ) sleep . Gastric acid release ( edit ) Enterochromaffin - like cells , located within the gastric glands of the stomach , release histamine that stimulates nearby parietal cells by binding to the apical H receptor . Stimulation of the parietal cell induces the uptake of carbon dioxide and water from the blood , which is then converted to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase . Inside the cytoplasm of the parietal cell , the carbonic acid readily dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions . The bicarbonate ions diffuse back through the basilar membrane and into the bloodstream , while the hydrogen ions are pumped into the lumen of the stomach via a K / H ATPase pump . Histamine release is halted when the pH of the stomach starts to decrease . Antagonist molecules , like ranitidine , block the H receptor and prevent histamine from binding , causing decreased hydrogen ion secretion . Protective effects ( edit ) While histamine has stimulatory effects upon neurons , it also has suppressive ones that protect against the susceptibility to convulsion , drug sensitization , denervation supersensitivity , ischemic lesions and stress . It has also been suggested that histamine controls the mechanisms by which memories and learning are forgotten . Erection and sexual function ( edit ) Libido loss and erectile failure can occur during treatment with histamine H receptor antagonists such as cimetidine , ranitidine , and risperidone . The injection of histamine into the corpus cavernosum in men with psychogenic impotence produces full or partial erections in 74 % of them . It has been suggested that H antagonists may cause sexual difficulties by reducing the uptake of testosterone . Schizophrenia ( edit ) Metabolites of histamine are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with schizophrenia , while the efficiency of H receptor binding sites is decreased . Many atypical antipsychotic medications have the effect of increasing histamine production , because histamine levels seem to be imbalanced in people with that disorder . Multiple sclerosis ( edit ) Histamine therapy for treatment of multiple sclerosis is currently being studied . The different H receptors have been known to have different effects on the treatment of this disease . The H and H receptors , in one study , have been shown to be counterproductive in the treatment of MS . The H and H receptors are thought to increase permeability in the blood - brain barrier , thus increasing infiltration of unwanted cells in the central nervous system . This can cause inflammation , and MS symptom worsening . The H and H receptors are thought to be helpful when treating MS patients . Histamine has been shown to help with T - cell differentiation . This is important because in MS , the body 's immune system attacks its own myelin sheaths on nerve cells ( which causes loss of signaling function and eventual nerve degeneration ) . By helping T cells to differentiate , the T cells will be less likely to attack the body 's own cells , and instead attack invaders . Disorders ( edit ) As an integral part of the immune system , histamine may be involved in immune system disorders and allergies . Mastocytosis is a rare disease in which there is a proliferation of mast cells that produce excess histamine . History ( edit ) The properties of histamine , then called β - iminazolylethylamine , were first described in 1910 by the British scientists Henry H. Dale and P.P. Laidlaw . By 1913 the name histamine was in use , using combining forms of histo - + amine , yielding `` tissue amine '' . `` H substance '' or `` substance H '' are occasionally used in medical literature for histamine or a hypothetical histamine - like diffusible substance released in allergic reactions of skin and in the responses of tissue to inflammation . See also ( edit ) Anaphylaxis Diamine oxidase Hay fever ( allergic rhinitis ) Histamine intolerance Histamine receptor antagonist Red wine headache Scombroid food poisoning References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Histamine Material Safety Data Sheet ( Technical report ) . sciencelab.com. 2013 - 05 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Vuckovic , Dajana ; Pawliszyn , Janusz ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Systematic Evaluation of Solid - Phase Microextraction Coatings for Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Biological Fluids by Liquid Chromatography − Mass Spectrometry '' . Analytical Chemistry . Supporting Information . 83 ( 6 ) : 1944 -- 1954 . doi : 10.1021 / ac102614v . PMID 21332182 . Jump up ^ Marieb , E. ( 2001 ) . Human anatomy & physiology . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . p. 414 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4989 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nieto - Alamilla , G ; Márquez - Gómez , R ; García - Gálvez , AM ; Morales - Figueroa , GE ; Arias - Montaño , JA ( November 2016 ) . `` The Histamine H3 Receptor : Structure , Pharmacology , and Function '' . Molecular Pharmacology . 90 ( 5 ) : 649 -- 673 . doi : 10.1124 / mol. 116.104752 . PMID 27563055 . Jump up ^ Andersen HH , Elberling J , Arendt - Nielsen L ( 2015 ) . `` Human surrogate models of histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch '' . Acta Dermato - Venereologica. 95 : 771 -- 7 . doi : 10.2340 / 00015555 - 2146 . PMID 26015312 . Jump up ^ Di Giuseppe , M. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . Nelson Biology 12 . Toronto : Thomson Canada . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 17 - 625987 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Histamine '' . webbook.nist.gov . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Histamine dihydrochloride H7250 '' . Sigma - Aldrich . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Paiva , T.B. ; Tominaga , M. ; Paiva , A.C.M. ( 1970 ) . `` Ionization of histamine , N - acetylhistamine , and their iodinated derivatives '' . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 13 ( 4 ) : 689 -- 692 . doi : 10.1021 / jm00298a025 . PMID 5452432 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Panula P , Chazot PL , Cowart M , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . XCVIII . Histamine Receptors '' . Pharmacol. Rev. 67 ( 3 ) : 601 -- 55 . doi : 10.1124 / pr. 114.010249 . PMC 4485016 . PMID 26084539 . ^ Jump up to : Wouters MM , Vicario M , Santos J ( 2015 ) . `` The role of mast cells in functional GI disorders '' . Gut. 65 : 155 -- 168 . doi : 10.1136 / gutjnl - 2015 - 309151 . PMID 26194403 . Jump up ^ Blandina , Patrizio ; Munari , Leonardo ; Provensi , Gustavo ; Passani , Maria B. ( 2012 ) . `` Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus : a whole center or distinct subpopulations ? '' . Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 6 . doi : 10.3389 / fnsys. 2012.00033 . Jump up ^ Maguire JJ , Davenport AP ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` H receptor '' . IUPHAR / BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY . International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . Archived from the original on 21 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Noszal , B. ; Kraszni , M. ; Racz , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Histamine : fundamentals of biological chemistry '' . In Falus , A. ; Grosman , N. ; Darvas , Z . Histamine : Biology and Medical Aspects . Budapest : SpringMed . pp. 15 -- 28 . ISBN 380557715X . Jump up ^ Dale , HH ; Laidlaw , PP ( 31 December 1910 ) . `` The physiological action of beta - iminazolylethylamine '' . The Journal of Physiology. 41 ( 5 ) : 318 -- 44 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1910. sp001406 . PMC 1512903 . PMID 16993030 . Jump up ^ Monroe EW , Daly AF , Shalhoub RF ( February 1997 ) . `` Appraisal of the validity of histamine - induced wheal andï flare to predict the clinical efficacy of antihistamines '' . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99 ( 2 ) : S798 -- 806 . doi : 10.1016 / s0091 - 6749 ( 97 ) 70128 - 3 . PMID 9042073 . Jump up ^ Brown , RE ; Stevens , DR ; Haas , HL ( 2001 ) . `` The Physiology of Brain Histamine '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 63 ( 6 ) : 637 -- 672 . doi : 10.1016 / s0301 - 0082 ( 00 ) 00039 - 3 . PMID 11164999 . Jump up ^ Yanai , K ; Tashiro , M ( 2007 ) . `` The physiological and pathophysiological roles of neuronal histamine : an insight from human positron emission tomography studies '' . Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 113 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pharmthera. 2006.06. 008 . PMID 16890992 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , EO ( 2009 ) . `` The role of histamine on cognition '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 199 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbr. 2008.12. 010 . PMID 19126417 . ^ Jump up to : White , JM ; Rumbold , GR ( 1988 ) . `` Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists : a review '' . Psychopharmacology. 95 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00212757 . PMID 3133686 . Jump up ^ Cará , AM ; Lopes - Martins , RA ; Antunes , E ; Nahoum , CR ; De Nucci , G ( 1995 ) . `` The role of histamine in human penile erection '' . British Journal of Urology. 75 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 4 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 410X. 1995. tb07315. x . PMID 7850330 . Jump up ^ Ito , C ( 2004 ) . `` The role of the central histaminergic system on schizophrenia '' . Drug News & Perspectives. 17 ( 6 ) : 383 -- 7 . doi : 10.1358 / dnp. 2004.17. 6.829029 . PMID 15334189 . Many atypical antipsychotics also increased histamine turnovers . Jump up ^ Jadidi - Niaragh F , Mirshafiey A ( September 2010 ) . `` Histamine and histamine receptors in pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis '' . Neuropharmacology. 59 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropharm. 2010.05. 005 . PMID 20493888 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ E. Zampeli ; E. Tiligada . `` The role of histamine H4 receptor in immune and inflammatory disorders '' . Department of Pharmacology , Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece . 157 : 24 -- 33 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1476 - 5381.2009. 00151. x . PMC 2697784 . PMID 19309354 . Jump up ^ Valent P , Horny HP , Escribano L , et al. ( July 2001 ) . `` Diagnostic criteria and classification of mastocytosis : a consensus proposal '' . Leuk . Res. 25 ( 7 ) : 603 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / S0145 - 2126 ( 01 ) 00038 - 8 . PMID 11377686 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dale HH , Laidlaw PP ( December 1910 ) . `` The physiological action of β - iminazolylethylamine '' ( PDF ) . J. Physiol. 41 ( 5 ) : 318 -- 44 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1910. sp001406 . PMC 1512903 . PMID 16993030 . External links ( edit ) Histamine MS Spectrum DrugBank EXPT01785 Histamine bound to proteins in the PDB Histamine receptor modulators Agonists : 2 - Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT L - Histidine UR - AK49 Antagonists : First - generation : 4 - Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine ( benztropine ) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cloperastine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine ( ethylbenztropine ) Etymemazine Fenethazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Perlapine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second / third - generation : Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Quifenadine ( phencarol ) Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Sequifenadine ( bicarphen ) Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Others : Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g. , aripiprazole , asenapine , brexpiprazole , clozapine , iloperidone , olanzapine , paliperidone , quetiapine , risperidone , RP - 5063 , ziprasidone , zotepine ) Phenylpiperazine antidepressants ( e.g. , hydroxynefazodone , nefazodone , trazodone , triazoledione ) Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amoxapine , loxapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine , oxaprotiline ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline , butriptyline , clomipramine , desipramine , dosulepin ( dothiepin ) , doxepin , imipramine , iprindole , lofepramine , nortriptyline , protriptyline , trimipramine ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g. , chlorpromazine , flupenthixol , fluphenazine , loxapine , perphenazine , prochlorperazine , thioridazine , thiothixene ) Unknown / unsorted : Azanator Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine GSK1004723 Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine Agonists : Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine L - Histidine UR - AK49 Antagonists : Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Isolamtidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine ( loxtidine ) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine ( quisultidine ) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine Zolantidine Agonists : α - Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine L - Histidine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists : A-349,821 A-423,579 ABT - 239 ABT - 652 AZD5213 Bavisant Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine Enerisant GSK - 189,254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ - 5207852 MK - 0249 NNC 38 - 1049 PF - 03654746 Pitolisant SCH - 79687 Thioperamide VUF - 5681 Agonists : 4 - Methylhistamine α - Methylhistamine Histamine L - Histidine OUP - 16 VUF - 8430 Antagonists : JNJ - 7777120 Mianserin Seliforant Thioperamide Toreforant VUF - 6002 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Human trace amine - associated receptor ligands TAAR1 Agonists Endogenous Classical monoamine neurotransmitters Dopamine Histamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Trace amines 3 - Iodothyronamine 3 - Methoxytyramine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltyramine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenethylamine Phenylethanolamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine Synthetic Amphetamine DOB DOET 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Isoprenaline MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDMA ( midomafetamine ) 2 - Methylphenethylamine 3 - Methylphenethylamine 4 - Methylphenethylamine β - Methylphenethylamine Methamphetamine 3 - MMA Norfenfluramine Phentermine o - PIT Propylhexedrine RO5166017 N , N - Dimethylphenethylamine Neutral antagonists Inverse agonists EPPTB ( RO5212773 ) TAAR2 Agonists 3 - Iodothyronamine Phenethylamine Tyramine Neutral antagonists TAAR5 Agonists N , N - Dimethylethylamine Trimethylamine Neutral antagonists Inverse agonists 3 - Iodothyronamine References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at List of trace amines References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at TAAR1 or in the associated compound articles . For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists , see TAAR for references . See also : Receptor / signaling modulators NDL : 00563274 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histamine&oldid=843458225 '' Categories : Biogenic amines Amines Imidazoles Immune system Vasodilators Immunostimulants Neurotransmitters TAAR1 agonists Histamine Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 08 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does histamine come from in the body	[ "Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.[3][4] Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching.[5] As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.[6]" ]	[ "basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues" ]
9214884493313570610	Big Little Lies (miniseries)	Big Little Lies ( miniseries ) - wikipedia Big Little Lies ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Little Lies Opening title card , showing the Bixby Creek Bridge Genre Drama Mystery Created by David E. Kelley Based on Big Little Lies by Liane Moriarty Written by David E. Kelley Directed by Jean - Marc Vallée Starring Reese Witherspoon Nicole Kidman Shailene Woodley Alexander Skarsgård Adam Scott Zoë Kravitz James Tupper Jeffrey Nordling Laura Dern Opening theme `` Cold Little Heart '' by Michael Kiwanuka Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David E. Kelley Jean - Marc Vallée Reese Witherspoon Bruna Papandrea Nicole Kidman Per Saari Gregg Fienberg Nathan Ross Producer ( s ) Barbara A. Hall Liane Moriarty Location ( s ) Monterey , California Cinematography Yves Bélanger Editor ( s ) David Berman Maxime Lahaie Sylvain Lebel Jim Vega Camera setup Single - camera Running time 52 -- 58 minutes Production company ( s ) Pacific Standard Blossom Films David E. Kelley Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution HBO Enterprises Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 19 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) -- April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) External links www.hbo.com/big-little-lies/ Big Little Lies is an American drama HBO miniseries created and written by David E. Kelley , based on the novel by Liane Moriarty . The series began filming in January 2016 . The miniseries comprises seven episodes , all directed by Jean - Marc Vallée . It premiered on February 19 , 2017 , and concluded on April 2 , 2017 . The series garnered critical acclaim and received 16 Emmy Award nominations with 8 wins , including Outstanding Limited Series . Director Jean - Marc Vallée , and actors Nicole Kidman , Alexander Skarsgård and Laura Dern won awards in their individual categories ; while writer David E. Kelley and actresses Reese Witherspoon and Shailene Woodley received nominations for their work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Accolades 4 Possible sequel 5 Media 5.1 Soundtrack 5.2 Blu - ray and DVD 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Reese Witherspoon as Madeline Martha Mackenzie Nicole Kidman as Celeste Wright Shailene Woodley as Jane Chapman Alexander Skarsgård as Perry Wright , Celeste 's husband Adam Scott as Ed Mackenzie , Madeline 's husband Zoë Kravitz as Bonnie Carlson , Nathan 's second wife James Tupper as Nathan Carlson , Madeline 's ex-husband Jeffrey Nordling as Gordon Klein , Renata 's husband Laura Dern as Renata Klein Recurring ( edit ) Iain Armitage as Ziggy Chapman , Jane 's son Sarah Baker as Thea Cunningham Sarah Burns as Gabrielle P.J. Byrne as Principal Nippal Santiago Cabrera as Joseph Darby Camp as Chloe Mackenzie , Madeline 's younger daughter Hong Chau as Jackie Kelen Coleman as Harper Stimson Cameron Crovetti as Josh Wright , Celeste 's son Nicholas Crovetti as Max Wright , Celeste 's son Merrin Dungey as Detective Adrienne Quinlan Ivy George as Amabella Klein , Renata 's daughter Virginia Kull as Ms. Barnes Chloe Coleman as Skye Carlson , Bonnie 's daughter Kathryn Newton as Abigail Carlson , Madeline 's elder daughter Molly Hagan as Dr. Moriarty Larry Sullivan as Oren David Monahan as Bernard Kathreen Khavari as Samantha Joseph Cross as Tom , Madeline and Celeste 's favourite cafe owner Robin Weigert as Dr. Amanda Reisman , Perry and Celeste 's therapist Larry Bates as Stu Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Somebody 's Dead '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 1.13 At a public school in Monterey , a murder suddenly occurs on trivia night , but neither the victim nor the murderer are revealed . Backtracking to the first day of school , the families of five first - graders are introduced . Madeline Martha Mackenzie is a strong - willed , wealthy , and feared alpha female in town with a first - grade daughter and teenage daughter from an earlier marriage . Her friend , retired lawyer Celeste Wright , is the mother of twin sons who are also beginning at that same school . New to town is Jane Chapman -- a young single mother raising her son , Ziggy . Renata Klein 's daughter Amabella accuses Ziggy of attempting to choke her , which he denies . Madeline and Celeste befriend Jane . Secrets are revealed , including that Madeline is struggling to cope with her ex-husband Nathan 's marriage to a yoga instructor named Bonnie and also trying to build a relationship with her older daughter . Celeste appears to have a very happy life with her husband Perry , but he starts to show signs of being violent . Jane 's motives for moving to Monterey are unknown . `` Serious Mothering '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) ( online ) February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) ( HBO ) 0.56 Perry lashes out at Celeste when he discovers he missed orientation at the school , but Celeste lets it slide . Jane goes around looking for work with little success . Madeline goes on the warpath with Renata when it is revealed she did n't invite Ziggy to Amabella 's birthday party . Ed questions Madeline 's devotion to him when she continues to complain about seeing Nathan with Bonnie all the time . Madeline is further disturbed when Bonnie takes her oldest daughter Abby to Planned Parenthood . Nathan tries to come to a peaceful resolution with Ed about their parenting of Abby , but Ed senses Nathan trying to intimidate him and stands firm against him . Madeline 's youngest daughter Chloe and Bonnie 's daughter Skye try to mend the wounds between Ziggy and Amabella , but it leads to an incident of unwanted affection , and the parents of the four children are all called into the principal 's office , leading Jane to have a flashback of an unwanted episode . `` Living the Dream '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 1.04 Perry chokes Celeste when he believes she deliberately left him out of a family gathering , after which Celeste threatens to leave him . Renata 's party for Amabella is a huge success , but she is ultimately upset when Madeline had invited Amabella 's closest friends and Ziggy to Disney on Ice on the same day . At therapy , Perry claims his outbursts are out of fear that Celeste does not love him , which Celeste tries to deny . When Abby 's academic performance starts to decline , her guidance counselor believes it is being caused by stress at home , so Abby decides to stay with Nathan much to Madeline 's dismay . Jane gets Ziggy involved with more extracurricular activities and helps him put together a family tree for school with Madeline 's help . Jane lashes out at Ziggy when he insists on putting his father 's name on the tree , and Jane confides to Madeline that Ziggy was the result of rape by a man named Saxon Banks whom she has not seen since . `` Push Comes to Shove '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1.04 Abigail moves in with Nathan and Bonnie . Celeste legally represents Joseph and Madeline in a meeting with the Mayor regarding their production of the controversial Avenue Q. Celeste successfully convinces the Mayor to allow the play to go ahead , and in the process realizes that she desires to return to work . She asks her therapist how best to broach this subject with Perry , but Dr. Reisman is more concerned with why Celeste is afraid to do so . At home , the increasingly insecure Perry tells Celeste he does not want her to attend any future meetings . When she refuses , he grabs her by the throat , but quickly relinquishes when one of their children enters the room . Joseph and Madeline kiss , and it is revealed they had an affair a year ago . Madeline locates a man named Saxon Baker whom she believes to be the alias of Saxon Banks . She shares this information with Jane and Celeste , and they plan to travel to San Luis Obispo together to confront him . Jane comments that she would kill Saxon Banks if she could , but quickly dismisses the remark as a joke when Madeline becomes concerned . Ms. Barnes notices that Amabella is quiet and suspects she is still being hurt by a classmate . Despite Amabella 's assertions that she and Ziggy are friends , Ms. Barnes requests that Jane take Ziggy to a child psychologist for evaluation . The psychologist believes that Ziggy is innocent , and that he may actually be being bullied himself . A follow - up appointment is scheduled . 5 `` Once Bitten '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1.17 Nathan spots Jane at the gun range and tells Madeline . Although Jane reassures Madeline that she carries a gun solely for its psychological benefits , Madeline begins to regret tracking down Saxon Baker . Renata discovers a bite mark on Amabella 's arm , but Amabella refuses to disclose who bit her . Renata assumes it is Ziggy and a meeting is held between Jane and the school principal . Jane becomes concerned that the school community will learn Ziggy is the product of rape and be further prejudiced against him . Madeline reads on Abigail 's Facebook page that she is undertaking a `` secret project '' but is frustrated when Nathan knows nothing about it . Joseph approaches Madeline at lunch and insists she take a drive with him to talk . He wants to continue their relationship and is convinced Madeline still has feelings for him , but she maintains that their affair is over . During the drive they are involved in a car crash . Madeline is uninjured , while Joseph suffers a concussion and collapsed lung . The incident raises suspicion from community members , including Ed , and Joseph 's wife , Tori , as to why Madeline and Joseph were driving together . Perry is angered when Celeste does not ask the twins to tidy their toys . She responds by telling him to clean up the mess himself , triggering further violence from Perry , followed by aggressive sex and him breaking down in tears . Later , Dr. Reisman confronts Celeste with her belief that she is being abused and , although initially reluctant to accept this , Celeste eventually reveals that she has previously feared for her life and considered leaving Perry many times . The therapist urges Celeste to reflect on the future implications of Perry 's behavior for their children . Jane secretly travels to San Luis Obispo to confront Saxon Baker , taking her gun with her . 6 `` Burning Love '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1.39 Jane reveals to Madeline that she went to confront Saxon Baker , but discovered he was not the Saxon Banks that had raped her . Madeline attempts to convince Jane to give up the search . Ms. Barnes tells Jane a petition has begun to have Ziggy suspended . Jane confronts Renata , assuming she is the culprit , and , in the heat of the altercation , gouges her eye . She later apologizes , having come to the realization that they have both been acting to protect their children . Renata forgives Jane and reveals her plan to schedule playdates with each of Amabella 's classmates to find out which one is hurting her . Celeste 's therapist advises her to prepare to leave Perry by renting an apartment and disclosing the abuse to friends , who could serve as witnesses in a potential custody battle . Later , Perry tries to initiate sex with Celeste . When rejected , he grabs her by the hair and she defensively hits him in the groin with a tennis racquet , fracturing his penis . Returning from the hospital , he tells Celeste she is `` lucky '' he did n't kill her . The following day she begins looking for an apartment . At the opening night of Avenue Q , Tori confronts Madeline with suspicions that she had an affair with Joseph , whom she believes is still in love with Madeline . At home , Madeline and Ed have another argument about her lack of passion toward him , which culminates in her alluding to having made a `` terrible mistake '' . However , before she can elaborate , Ed urges her not to say anymore . Nathan discovers that Abigail 's `` secret project '' is auctioning her virginity to raise money for Amnesty International . When Madeline is informed , she furiously confronts Abigail , disclosing her affair in the process . 7 `` You Get What You Need '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 1.86 Most of the episode takes place on the day of the trivia night . Following another beating , Celeste decides to leave Perry the day after the trivia night . Ziggy confesses to Jane that it was Max who choked Amabella and that he has also been violent towards Skye . Madeline talks to Joseph about his wife knowing about their affair ; their meeting ends in an argument . After confiding to Madeline over coffee , Jane tells Celeste that her son is the bully . Celeste goes home and asks Max to be truthful with her . When preparing to leave for the trivia night , Perry sees a text message on Celeste 's phone from the landlady of her secret apartment . He confronts her about it on the way to the party . Once at the venue , he tries to bar her from leaving the car , but she manages to escape when Renata and her husband come to greet them . At the party , Celeste tries to avoid Perry , and tells Renata that Max is the bully . Meanwhile , Madeline has gotten drunk and runs away during Ed 's performance . Jane goes after her and finds her on top of concrete stairs at the back of the venue . Madeline is crying and tells Jane that she cheated on Ed . Renata also goes after them and apologizes to Jane for having blamed Ziggy . Celeste joins the women , followed by Perry . Bonnie , who noticed Perry and Celeste arguing earlier , follows them and watches the group from afar . Jane realizes that Perry is the man who raped her . He pleads with Celeste to come back home with him , and when she declines , he attacks her , with Madeline , Jane and Renata struggling to control him . Bonnie rushes in and pushes Perry down the stairs , killing him . In the police interviews , the women all confirm there was a fight with Perry , but claim he fell accidentally . While one of the detectives is suspicious , the police can not prove anything as the women 's stories match each other . In the last scene , the five women and their children are shown enjoying a day on the beach while being watched by the detective through binoculars . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Big Little Lies has received wide acclaim from television critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 92 % , based on 88 reviews , with an average rating of 8.05 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Bitingly funny and highly addictive , Big Little Lies is a twisty , thrilling , enlightening ride led by a first - rate cast . '' Metacritic reported a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie or Special David Rubin Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie Yves Bélanger Nominated Outstanding Contemporary Costumes for a Series , Limited Series or Movie Alix Friedberg , Risa Garcia and Patricia McLaughlin Won Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special Jean - Marc Vallée Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Michelle Ceglia , Nickole C. Jones , Lona Vigi , Frances Mathias and Jocelyn Mulhern Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Nicole Kidman Won Reese Witherspoon Nominated Outstanding Limited Series Big Little Lies Won Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Steve Artmont , Nicole Artmont , Angela Levin , Molly R Stern and Claudia Humburg Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Susan Jacobs Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie Veronique Barbe , David Berman , Justin LaChance , Maxime Lahaie , Sylvain Lebel and Jim Vega Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie Gavin Fernandes , Louis Gignac and Brendan Beebe Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Alexander Skarsgård Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Laura Dern Won Shailene Woodley Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special David E. Kelley Nominated 33rd TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Nicole Kidman Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials Big Little Lies Won Program of the Year Big Little Lies Nominated Possible sequel ( edit ) In July 2017 , HBO revealed that a second season is possible , and that Moriarty had been asked to write a story for a second season . Media ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack for the series was released on Google Play and iTunes on March 31 , 2017 . Blu - ray and DVD ( edit ) The miniseries was released on Blu - ray and DVD on August 1 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Limited Series Starring Nicole Kidman & Reese Witherspoon Picked Up By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Little Lies ' , starring Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon , is filming in Monterey , CA this week '' . On Location Movies . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Jean - Marc Vallée To Direct All 7 Episodes Of HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Gets Premiere Date On HBO '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shailene Woodley Joins HBO 's Reese Witherspoon , Nicole Kidman Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` True Blood 's Alexander Skarsgard Joins HBO Limited Series Big Little Lies as Nicole Kidman 's Husband '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Big Little Lies : Adam Scott , Laura Dern Join HBO 's Upcoming Limited Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Zoë Kravitz Joins HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alexander Skarsgard and James Tupper Join HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pint - Sized Theater Critic Iain Armitage to Appear Opposite Shailene Woodley in HBO 's BIG LITTLE LIES '' . Broadway World . January 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' : Merrin Dungey , Larry Sullivan , David Monahan Join Cast Of HBO Limited Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alexander Skarsgard , James Tupper & More Join Nicole Kidman & Reese Witherspoon in HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' leads , ' Big Little Lies ' has OK premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 2 , ' Feud ' has decent premiere for FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' finale lowest since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies : HBO Boss Confirms Season 2 in Early Development '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies ( Music From the HBO Limited Series ) '' . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies - Official HBO Press Release and Package Art for DVDs , Blu - rays '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . 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-1426612016813950410	Republicanism in the United States	Republicanism in the United states - wikipedia Republicanism in the United states Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a political and social philosophy . For the United States political party , see Republican Party ( United States ) . For that party 's ideology , see Political positions of the Republican Party . 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It has been a major part of American civic thought since its founding . It stresses liberty and unalienable individual rights as central values , making people sovereign as a whole , rejects monarchy , aristocracy and inherited political power , expects citizens to be independent in their performance of civic duties , and vilifies corruption . American republicanism was founded and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century . For them , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' Republicanism was based on Ancient Greco - Roman , Renaissance , and English models and ideas . It formed the basis for the American Revolution , the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , the Constitution ( 1787 ) , the Bill of Rights , as well as the Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) . Republicanism is a type of democracy , but if protected by a Bill of Rights , may be distinguished from other forms of democracy as a Bill of Rights asserts that each individual has unalienable rights that can not be voted away by a majority of voters , unless the other type of democracies are also protected by a Bill of Rights . Alexis de Tocqueville warned about the `` tyranny of the majority '' in a democracy , and suggested the courts should try to reverse the efforts of the majority of terminating the rights of an unpopular minority . The term `` republicanism '' is derived from the term `` republic '' , but the two words have different meanings . A `` republic '' is a form of government ( one without a hereditary ruling class ) ; `` republicanism '' refers to the values of the citizens in a republic . Two major parties have used the term in their name -- the Democratic - Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson ( founded in 1793 , and often called the `` Jeffersonian Republican Party '' ) , and the current Republican Party , founded in 1854 . The Capitol exalted classical republican virtues Contents ( hide ) 1 The American Revolution 1.1 Republican virtues 1.2 Cause of revolution 1.3 Founding Fathers 1.4 Virtue vs. commerce 1.4. 1 Other influences 1.5 Historiography 2 New Nation : The Constitution 2.1 `` Republican '' as party name 2.2 Republican motherhood 2.3 National debt 2.4 Democracy 2.5 Property rights 2.6 Military service 3 Role of the South 4 Progressive Era 5 Legal terminology 5.1 Democracy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links The American Revolution ( edit ) Republican virtues ( edit ) The colonial intellectual and political leaders in the 1760s and 1770s closely read history to compare governments and their effectiveness of rule . The Revolutionists were especially concerned with the history of liberty in England and were primarily influenced by the `` country party '' ( which opposed the Court Party that held power ) . Country party relied heavily on the classical republicanism of Roman heritage ; it celebrated the ideals of duty and virtuous citizenship in a republic . It drew heavily on ancient Greek city - state and Roman republican examples . The Country party shared some of the political philosophy of Whiggism as well as Tory critics in England which roundly denounced the corruption surrounding the `` court '' party in London centering on the royal court . This approach produced a political ideology Americans called `` republicanism '' , which was widespread in America by 1775 . `` Republicanism was the distinctive political consciousness of the entire Revolutionary generation . '' J.G.A. Pocock explained the intellectual sources in America : The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians , John Milton , James Harrington and Sidney , Trenchard , Gordon and Bolingbroke , together with the Greek , Roman , and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as Montesquieu , formed the authoritative literature of this culture ; and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar : a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property , perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption ; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage , faction , standing armies ( opposed to the ideal of the militia ) ; established churches ( opposed to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion ) ; and the promotion of a monied interest -- though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement . American republicanism was centered on limiting corruption and greed . Virtue was of the utmost importance for citizens and representatives . Revolutionaries took a lesson from ancient Rome , they knew it was necessary to avoid the luxury that had destroyed the Empire . A virtuous citizen was one who ignored monetary compensation and made a commitment to resist and eradicate corruption . The Republic was sacred ; therefore , it is necessary to serve the state in a truly representative way , ignoring self - interest and individual will . Republicanism required the service of those who were willing to give up their own interests for a common good . According to Bernard Bailyn `` The preservation of liberty rested on the ability of the people to maintain effective checks on wielders of power and hence in the last analysis rested on the vigilance and moral stamina of the people ... '' Virtuous citizens needed to be strong defenders of liberty and challenge the corruption and greed in government . The duty of the virtuous citizen became a foundation for the American Revolution . Cause of Revolution ( edit ) The commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their property rights helped bring about the American Revolution . Britain was increasingly being seen as corrupt and hostile and that of a threat to the very idea of democracy ; a threat to the established liberties that Americans enjoyed and to American property rights . The greatest threat to liberty was thought by many to be corruption -- not just in London but at home as well . The colonists associated it with luxury and , especially , inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . Historian Thomas Kidd ( 2010 ) argues that during the Revolution Christians linked their religion to republicanism . He states , `` With the onset of the revolutionary crisis , a major conceptual shift convinced Americans across the theological spectrum that God was raising up America for some special purpose . '' Kidd further argues that `` new blend of Christian and republican ideology led religious traditionalists to embrace wholesale the concept of republican virtue . '' As virtuous republicans , citizens had a growing moral obligation to eradicate the corruption they saw in the monarchy . Historian Gordon Wood has tied the founding ideas to American exceptionalism : `` Our beliefs in liberty , equality , constitutionalism , and the well - being of ordinary people came out of the Revolutionary era . So too did our idea that we Americans are a special people with a special destiny to lead the world toward liberty and democracy . '' Americans were the protectors of liberty , they had a greater obligation and destiny to assert republican virtue . In Discourse of 1759 Jonathan Mayhew states `` An absolute submission to our prince , or whether disobedience and resistance may not be justified able in some cases ... to all those who bear the title of rulers in common but only to those who actually perform the duty of rulers by exercising a reasonable and just authority for the good of human society . '' The notion that British rulers were not virtuous , nor exercising their authority for the `` good of human society '' prompted the colonial desire to protect and reestablish republican values in government . This need to protect virtue was a philosophical underpinning of the American Revolution . Founding Fathers ( edit ) The `` Founding Fathers '' were strong advocates of republican values , especially Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , George Washington , Thomas Paine , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and Alexander Hamilton . Thomas Jefferson defined a republic as : ... a government by its citizens in mass , acting directly and personally , according to rules established by the majority ; and that every other government is more or less republican , in proportion as it has in its composition more or less of this ingredient of the direct action of the citizens . Such a government is evidently restrained to very narrow limits of space and population . I doubt if it would be practicable beyond the extent of a New England township . The first shade from this pure element , which , like that of pure vital air , can not sustain life of itself , would be where the powers of the government , being divided , should be exercised each by representatives chosen ... for such short terms as should render secure the duty of expressing the will of their constituents . This I should consider as the nearest approach to a pure republic , which is practicable on a large scale of country or population ... we may say with truth and meaning , that governments are more or less republican as they have more or less of the element of popular election and control in their composition ; and believing , as I do , that the mass of the citizens is the safest depository of their own rights , and especially , that the evils flowing from the duperies of the people , are less injurious than those from the egoism of their agents , I am a friend to that composition of government which has in it the most of this ingredient . The Founding Fathers discoursed endlessly on the meaning of `` republicanism . '' John Adams in 1787 defined it as `` a government , in which all men , rich and poor , magistrates and subjects , officers and people , masters and servants , the first citizen and the last , are equally subject to the laws . '' Virtue vs. Commerce ( edit ) The open question , as Pocock suggested , of the conflict between personal economic interest ( grounded in Lockean liberalism ) and classical republicanism , troubled Americans . Jefferson and Madison roundly denounced the Federalists for creating a national bank as tending to corruption and monarchism ; Alexander Hamilton staunchly defended his program , arguing that national economic strength was necessary for the protection of liberty . Jefferson never relented but by 1815 Madison switched and announced in favor of a national bank , which he set up in 1816 . John Adams often pondered the issue of civic virtue . Writing Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , he agreed with the Greeks and the Romans , that , `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' Adams insisted , `` There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honor , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . '' Adams worried that a businessman might have financial interests that conflicted with republican duty ; indeed , he was especially suspicious of banks . He decided that history taught that `` the Spirit of Commerce ... is incompatible with that purity of Heart , and Greatness of soul which is necessary for a happy Republic . '' But so much of that spirit of commerce had infected America . In New England , Adams noted , `` even the Farmers and Tradesmen are addicted to Commerce . '' As a result , there was `` a great Danger that a Republican Government would be very factious and turbulent there . '' Other influences ( edit ) A second stream of thought growing in significance was the classical liberalism of John Locke , including his theory of the `` social contract '' . This had a great influence on the revolution as it implied the inborn right of the people to overthrow their leaders should those leaders betray the agreements implicit in the sovereign - follower relationship . Historians find little trace of Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's influence in America . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans used Montesquieu 's analysis of the ideally `` balanced '' British Constitution . But first and last came a commitment to republicanism , as shown by many historians such as Bernard Bailyn and Gordon S. Wood . Historiography ( edit ) For a century , historians have debated how important republicanism was to the Founding Fathers . The interpretation before 1960 , following Progressive School historians such as Charles A. Beard , Vernon L. Parrington and Arthur M. Schlesinger , Sr. , downplayed rhetoric as superficial and looked for economic motivations . Louis Hartz refined the position in the 1950s , arguing John Locke was the most important source because his property - oriented liberalism supported the materialistic goals of Americans . In the 1960s and 1970s , two new schools emerged that emphasized the primacy of ideas as motivating forces in history ( rather than material self - interest ) . Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood from Harvard formed the `` Cambridge School '' ; at Washington University the `` St. Louis School '' was led by J.G.A. Pocock . They emphasized slightly different approaches to republicanism . However , some scholars , especially Isaac Kramnick , continue to emphasize Locke , arguing that Americans are fundamentally individualistic and not devoted to civic virtue . The relative importance of republicanism and liberalism remains a topic of strong debate among historians , as well as the politically active of present day . New nation : the Constitution ( edit ) The Founding Fathers wanted republicanism because its principles guaranteed liberty , with opposing , limited powers offsetting one another . They thought change should occur slowly , as many were afraid that a `` democracy '' -- by which they meant a direct democracy -- would allow a majority of voters at any time to trample rights and liberties . They believed the most formidable of these potential majorities was that of the poor against the rich . They thought democracy could take the form of mob rule that could be shaped on the spot by a demagogue . Therefore , they devised a written Constitution that could be amended only by a super majority , preserved competing sovereignties in the constituent states , gave the control of the upper house ( Senate ) to the states , and created an Electoral College , comprising a small number of elites , to select the president . They set up a House of Representatives to represent the people . In practice the electoral college soon gave way to control by political parties . In 1776 , most states required property ownership to vote , but most citizens owned farms in the 90 % rural nation , so it was not a severe restriction . As the country urbanized and people took on different work , the property ownership requirement was gradually dropped by many states . Property requirements were gradually dismantled in state after state , so that all had been eliminated by 1850 , so that few if any economic barriers remained to prevent white , adult males from voting . `` Republican '' as party name ( edit ) In 1792 -- 93 Jefferson and Madison created a new `` Democratic - Republican party '' in order to promote their version of the doctrine . They wanted to suggest that Hamilton 's version was illegitimate . According to Federalist Noah Webster , a political activist bitter at the defeat of the Federalist party in the White House and Congress , the choice of the name `` Democratic - Republican '' was `` a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party ... The influence of names on the mass of mankind , was never more distinctly exhibited , than in the increase of the democratic party in the United States . The popularity of the denomination of the Republican Party , was more than a match for the popularity of Washington 's character and services , and contributed to overthrow his administration . '' The party , which historians later called the Democratic - Republican Party , split into separate factions in the 1820s , one of which became the Democratic Party . After 1832 , the Democrats were opposed by another faction that named themselves `` Whigs '' after the Patriots of the 1770s who started the American Revolution . Both of these parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism in the era of the Second Party System . Republican motherhood ( edit ) Under the new government after the revolution , `` republican motherhood '' became an ideal , as exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren . The first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children , and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Two generations later , the daughters and granddaughters of these `` Republican mothers '' appropriated republican values into their lives as they sought independence and equality in the workforce . During the 1830s , thousands of female mill workers went on strike to battle for their right to fair wages and independence , as there had been major pay cuts . Many of these women were daughters of independent land owners and descendants of men who had fought in the Revolutionary War ; they identified as `` daughters of freemen '' . In their fight for independence at the mills , women would incorporate rhetoric from the revolution to convey the importance and strength of their purpose to their corporate employers , as well as to other women . If the Revolutionary War was fought to secure independence from Great Britain , then these `` daughters of freemen '' could fight for the same republican values that ( through striking ) would give them fair pay and independence , just as the men had . National debt ( edit ) Jefferson and Albert Gallatin focused on the danger that the public debt , unless it was paid off , would be a threat to republican values . They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base . Gallatin was the Republican Party 's chief expert on fiscal issues and as Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt , while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812 . Burrows says of Gallatin : His own fears of personal dependency and his small - shopkeeper 's sense of integrity , both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier , convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils -- corruption , legislative impotence , executive tyranny , social inequality , financial speculation , and personal indolence . Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible , he argued , but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures . Andrew Jackson believed the national debt was a `` national curse '' and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835 . Politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation 's future . Democracy ( edit ) Ellis and Nelson argue that much constitutional thought , from Madison to Lincoln and beyond , has focused on `` the problem of majority tyranny . '' They conclude , `` The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities . '' Madison , in particular , worried that a small localized majority might threaten inalienable rights , and in `` Federalist # 10 '' he argued that the larger the population of the republic , the more diverse it would be and the less liable to this threat . Jefferson warned that `` an elective despotism is not the government we fought for . '' As late as 1800 , the word `` democrat '' was mostly used to attack an opponent of the Federalist party . Thus , George Washington in 1798 complained , `` that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white , as to change the principles of a profest Democrat ; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country . '' The Federalist Papers are pervaded by the idea that pure democracy is actually quite dangerous , because it allows a majority to infringe upon the rights of a minority . Thus , in encouraging the states to participate in a strong centralized government under a new constitution and replace the relatively weak Articles of Confederation , Madison argued in Federalist No. 10 that a special interest may take control of a small area , e.g. a state , but it could not easily take over a large nation . Therefore , the larger the nation , the safer is republicanism . By 1805 , the `` Old Republicans '' or `` Quids '' , a minority faction among Southern Republicans , led by Johan Randolph , John Taylor of Caroline and Nathaniel Macon , opposed Jefferson and Madison on the grounds that they had abandoned the true republican commitment to a weak central government . Property rights ( edit ) Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) , made the protection of property rights by the courts a major component of American republicanism . A precocious legal scholar , Story was appointed to the Court by James Madison in 1811 . He and Chief Justice John Marshall made the Court a bastion of nationalism ( along the lines of Marshall 's Federalist Party ) and a protector of the rights of property against runaway democracy . Story opposed Jacksonian democracy because it was inclined to repudiate lawful debts and was too often guilty of what he called `` oppression '' of property rights by republican governments . Story held that , `` the right of the citizens to the free enjoyment of their property legally acquired '' was `` a great and fundamental principle of a republican government . '' Newmyer ( 1985 ) presents Story as a `` Statesman of the Old Republic '' who tried to rise above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of Story 's heroes , Alexander Hamilton and John Marshall , as well as the New England Whigs of the 1820s and 1830s , such as Daniel Webster . Historians agree that Justice Story -- as much or more than Marshall or anyone else -- did indeed reshape American law in a conservative direction that protected property rights . Military service ( edit ) Civic virtue required men to put civic goals ahead of their personal desires , and to volunteer to fight for their country . Military service thus was an integral duty of the citizen . As John Randolph of Roanoke put it , `` When citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms , then you will be safe . '' Scott ( 1984 ) notes that in both the American and French revolutions , distrust of foreign mercenaries led to the concept of a national , citizen army , and the definition of military service was changed from a choice of careers to a civic duty . Herrera ( 2001 ) explains that an appreciation of self - governance is essential to any understanding of the American military character before the Civil War . Military service was considered an important demonstration of patriotism and an essential component of citizenship . To soldiers , military service was a voluntary , negotiated , and temporary abeyance of self - governance by which they signaled their responsibility as citizens . In practice self - governance in military affairs came to include personal independence , enlistment negotiations , petitions to superior officials , militia constitutions , and negotiations regarding discipline . Together these affected all aspects of military order , discipline , and life . Role of the South ( edit ) Historian Frank Lawrence Owsley in Plain Folk of the Old South ( 1949 ) depicted antebellum Southern society as a numerically dominate by a broad class of yeoman farmers who stood and worked between the slaves and poor whites at one end and the large planters at the opposite end of the economic spectrum . He complained that most scholars until then misconstrued the social structure by portraying a South controlled by rich plantation owners surrounded by lazy , inconsequential poor whites . Owsley asserted that the real South was liberal , American , and Jeffersonian , not radical or reactionary . It reflected the best of republican principles ( Owsley did not use the word `` republicanism '' but his followers did ) Agrarianism in the 20th century was a response to the industrialism and modernism that had infiltrated the South . According to Owsley , the position of the South vis - à - vis the North was created not by slavery , cotton , or states ' rights , but by the two regions ' misunderstanding of each other . J. Mills Thornton argues that in the antebellum South the drive to preserve republican values was the most powerful force , and led Southerners to interpret Northern policies as a threat to their republican values . In reaction to the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , antislavery forces in the North formed a new party . The party officially designated itself `` Republican '' because the name resonated with the struggle of 1776 . `` In view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of republican government , '' resolved the Michigan state convention , `` and against the schemes of aristocracy the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed , or man debased , we will co-operate and be known as Republicans . '' After the war , the Republicans believed that an important aspect of securing citizenship for freedmen was to give them the franchise ; that the true political education was to be gained in exercising the right to vote and organizing for political purposes . At the time , only men were allowed to vote . Constitutional amendments were passed granting citizenship to freedmen and the franchise to men . Progressive era ( edit ) A central theme of the progressive era was fear of corruption , one of the core ideas of republicanism since the 1770s . The Progressives restructured the political system to combat entrenched interests ( for example , through the direct election of Senators ) , to ban influences such as alcohol that were viewed as corrupting , and to extend the vote to women , who were seen as being morally pure and less corruptible . Questions of performing civic duty were brought up in presidential campaigns and World War I. In the presidential election of 1888 , Republicans emphasized that the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland had purchased a substitute to fight for him in the Civil War , while his opponent General Benjamin Harrison had fought in numerous battles . In 1917 , a great debate took place over Woodrow Wilson 's proposal to draft men into the U.S. Army after war broke out in Europe . Many said it violated the republican notion of freely given civic duty to force people to serve . In the end , Wilson was successful and the Selective Service Act of 1917 was passed . Legal terminology ( edit ) The term republic does not appear in the Declaration of Independence , but does appear in Article IV of the Constitution which `` guarantee ( s ) to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government . '' What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain . The Supreme Court , in Luther v. Borden ( 1849 ) , declared that the definition of republic was a `` political question '' in which it would not intervene . During Reconstruction the Constitutional clause was the legal foundation for the extensive Congressional control over the eleven former Confederate states ; there was no such oversight over the border slave states that had remained in the Union . In two later cases , it did establish a basic definition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the court ruled that the `` equal rights of citizens '' were inherent to the idea of republic . The opinion of the court from In re Duncan ( 1891 ) held that the `` right of the people to choose their government '' is also part of the definition . It is also generally assumed that the clause prevents any state from being a monarchy -- or a dictatorship . Due to the 1875 and 1891 court decisions establishing basic definition , in the first version ( 1892 ) of the Pledge of Allegiance , which included the word republic , and like Article IV which refers to a Republican form of government , the basic definition of republic is implied and continues to do so in all subsequent versions , including the present edition , by virtue of its consistent inclusion . Democracy ( edit ) In March 1861 in his famous First Inaugural Address , Abraham Lincoln denounced secession as anarchy and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints in the American system : `` A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations , and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments , is the only true sovereign of a free people . '' Over time , the pejorative connotations of `` democracy '' faded . By the 1830s , democracy was seen as an unmitigated positive and the term `` Democratic '' was assumed by the Democratic Party and the term `` Democrat '' was adopted by its members . A common term for the party in the 19th century was `` The Democracy . '' In debates on Reconstruction , Radical Republicans , such as Senator Charles Sumner , argued that the republican `` guarantee clause '' in Article IV supported the introduction by force of law of democratic suffrage in the defeated South . After 1800 the limitations on democracy were systematically removed ; property qualifications for state voters were largely eliminated in the 1820s . The initiative , referendum , recall , and other devices of direct democracy became widely accepted at the state and local level in the 1910s ; and senators were made directly electable by the people in 1913 . The last restrictions on black voting were made illegal in 1965 . See also ( edit ) Corruption in the United States First Party System Second Party System Third Party System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Toward a Republican Synthesis : The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 29 ( January 1972 ) , pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Richard Buel , Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p. 147 Jump up ^ Becker et al ( 2002 ) , ch 1 Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1991 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1st Vintage Books ed . ) . New York , NY : Vintage Books . ISBN 0679736883 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , Constitutional History of the American Revolution ( 2003 ) p. 76 Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , `` The Perils of ' Pure Democracy ' : Minority Rights , Liquor Politics , and Popular Sovereignty in Antebellum America , '' Journal of the Early Republic Vol. 29 , No. 4 , Winter 2009 doi : 10.1353 / jer. 0.0113 ; Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Hart , ( 2002 ) , ch. 1 Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/early-republic/timeline-terms/democratic-republican-party Jump up ^ Robert Williams , Horace Greeley : champion of American freedom ( 2006 ) pp. 175 -- 76 Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Bowling `` A Capital before a Capitol : Republican Visions , '' in Donald R. Kennon ed . A Republic for the Ages : The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Trevor Colbourn , The Lamp of Experience : Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution ( 1965 ) online version Jump up ^ H.T. Dickinson , ed. , A companion to eighteenth - century Britain ( 2002 ) p. 300 Jump up ^ Mortimer N.S. Sellers , American republicanism ( 1994 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ Robert Kelley , `` Ideology and Political Culture from Jefferson to Nixon , '' American Historical Review , 82 ( June 1977 ) , p. 536 Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , The Machiavellian Moment p. 507 Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon ( 2011 ) . The Idea of America . New York : The Penguin Press . p. 325 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Bailyn . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Mass : The Belknap Press . Jump up ^ Zephyr Teachout , Corruption in America : From Benjamin Franklin 's Snuff Box to Citizens United ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution p. 9 Jump up ^ Kidd , God of Liberty , p. 8 Jump up ^ Bernard Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution p. 525 Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , `` Introduction '' in Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States ( 2011 ) online . Jump up ^ Bernard Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution p. 92 Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Toward a Republican Synthesis , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 29 ( January 1972 ) , pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor , May 28 , 1816 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 31 . See also : James Madison on Majority Government Jump up ^ Republican Government . Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , `` Virtue and Commerce in the Eighteenth Century , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3 # 1 ( 1972 ) , pp. 119 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) p. 23 . Jump up ^ Adams 1776 quoted in Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern 2 : 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rousseau , whose romantic and egalitarian tenets had practically no influence on the course of Jefferson 's , or indeed any American , thought . '' Nathan Schachner , Thomas Jefferson : A Biography. ( 1957 ) . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution , '' William and Mary Quarterly 23 # 1 ( 1966 ) , pp. 3 -- 32 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Rodgers ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of liberty : a history of the early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) p. 214 Jump up ^ Mark B. Brown , Science in democracy : expertise , institutions , and representation ( 2009 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ When Alexander Hamilton proposed at the Constitutional Convention to drastically reduce the power of the states , he won no support and dropped the idea . Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Fawn Brodie , Thomas Jefferson ( 1974 ) p. 267 Jump up ^ quoted in John C. Miller , Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox ( 1959 ) p. 320 ; online edition of Webster p. 332 Jump up ^ Kerber 1997 Jump up ^ Dublin , Strike of 1830 Jump up ^ Edwin G. Burrows . `` Gallatin , Albert '' in American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) Accessed Dec 03 2013 Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini ( 2008 ) . Andrew Jackson . Macmillan . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Stuart Nagel ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of Policy Studies ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . pp. 503 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson , Debating the presidency ( 2009 ) p. 211 Jump up ^ Paul F. Bourke , `` The Pluralist Reading of James Madison 's Tenth Federalist , '' Perspectives in American History ( 1975 ) 9 : 271 -- 99 Jump up ^ David Tucker , Enlightened republicanism : a study of Jefferson 's Notes on the State if Virginia ( 2008 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ `` George Washington to James McHenry , September 30 , 1798 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 08 . Transcript . Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyer , et al . The Enduring Vision ( 2010 ) vol. 1 p. 191 Jump up ^ Recently Martin has argued that Madison showed his commitment to the popular element of popular government in the `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments '' ( 1785 ) ; Robert W.T. Martin , `` James Madison and Popular Government : The Neglected Case of the ' Memorial ' '' Polity , Apr 2010 , Vol. 42 Iss. 2 , pp. 185 -- 209 Jump up ^ Garrett Ward Sheldon and C. William Hill Jr. , The Liberal Republicanism of John Taylor of Caroline ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ David Brion Davis , Antebellum American culture ( 1997 ) pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Kermit L. Hall and Kevin T. McGuire , eds . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch ( 2005 ) p. 404 Jump up ^ R. Kent Newmyer , Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story : Statesman of the Old Republic ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Presser , `` Resurrecting the Conservative Tradition in American Legal History , '' Reviews in American History , Vol. 13 # 4 ( Dec. 1985 ) , pp. 526 -- 33 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Randolph quoted in Banning ( 1978 ) p. 262 . See Lawrence D. Cress , `` Republican Liberty and National Security : American Military Policy as an Ideological Problem , 1783 to 1789 . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1981 ) 38 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 96 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext at Jstor Jump up ^ Samuel F. Scott , `` Foreign Mercenaries , Revolutionary War , and Citizen - soldiers in the Late Eighteenth Century . '' War & Society 1984 2 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 58 . ISSN 0729 - 2473 Jump up ^ Ricardo A. Herrera , `` Self - governance and the American Citizen as Soldier , 1775 -- 1861 . '' Journal of Military History 2001 65 # 1 pp. 21 -- 52 . online Jump up ^ Ricardo A. Herrera , For Liberty and the Republic : The American Citizen as Soldier , 1775 -- 1861 ( New York University Press , 2015 ) online review Jump up ^ Bruce Clayton , ed . The Mind of the South : Fifty Years Later ( 1992 ) pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Wood 1995 Jump up ^ Thornton , Politics and Power in a Slave Society : Alabama , 1800 -- 1860 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom ( 1988 ) quote p. 126 Jump up ^ Lewis L. Gould , Grand Old Party ( 2003 ) p. 14 Jump up ^ Richard Jensen , `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp. 149 -- 80 . online version Jump up ^ Alyn Brodsky , Grover Cleveland : a study in character ( 2000 ) p. 96 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay II Chambers , To Raise An Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Richard Zuczek ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era . Greenwood , vol. 1 p. 41 . Jump up ^ 139 U.S. 449 , ( 1891 ) Jump up ^ Herman Belz , Abraham Lincoln , Constitutionalism , and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era ( 1998 ) p. 86 Jump up ^ William Safire , Safire 's Political Dictionary ( 2008 ) pp. 175 -- 76 Jump up ^ Yonatan Eyal , The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party , 1828 -- 1861 ( 2007 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Charles O. Lerche , Jr. , `` Congressional Interpretations of the Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government during Reconstruction , '' Journal of Southern History ( 1949 ) , 15 : 192 -- 211 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` Suffrage '' in Paul S. Boyer and Melvyn Dubofsky , The Oxford Companion to United States history ( 2001 ) p. 754 Further reading ( edit ) Appleby , Joyce . Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination ( 1992 ) Appleby , Joyce . `` Commercial Farming and the ' Agrarian Myth ' in the Early Republic , '' Journal of American History 68 ( 1982 ) , pp. 833 -- 49 in JSTOR Appleby , Joyce . `` Republicanism in Old and New Contexts , '' in William & Mary Quarterly , 43 ( January , 1986 ) , pp. 3 -- 34 in JSTOR Appleby , Joyce , ed . `` Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States , '' special issue of American Quarterly , Vol. 37 , No. 4 , ( 1985 ) with these articles : here Joyce Appleby , `` Republicanism and Ideology , '' pp. 461 -- 73 in JSTOR Linda K. Kerber , `` The Republican Ideology of the Revolutionary Generation , '' pp. 474 -- 95 in JSTOR Cathy Matson and Peter Onuf , `` Toward a Republican Empire : Interest and Ideology in Revolutionary America , '' pp. 496 -- 531 in JSTOR Jean Baker , `` From Belief into Culture : Republicanism in the Antebellum North , '' pp. 532 -- 50 in JSTOR James Oakes . `` From Republicanism to Liberalism : Ideological Change and the Crisis of the Old South , '' pp. 551 -- 71 in JSTOR John Patrick Diggins , `` Republicanism and Progressivism , '' pp. 572 -- 98 in JSTOR Joyce Appleby , Capitalism and a New Social Order : The Republican Vision of the 1790s , 1984 , her reprinted essays Ashworth , John , `` The Jeffersonians : Classical Republicans or Liberal Capitalists ? '' Journal of American Studies 18 ( 1984 ) , pp. 428 -- 30 Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bailyn , Bernard . The Origins of American Politics ( 1966 ) Banning , Lance . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology ( 1978 ) Becker , Peter , Jürgen Heideking and James A. Henretta , eds . Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States , 1750 -- 1850 . ( 2002 ) . Brown , David . `` Jeffersonian Ideology And The Second Party System '' Historian , Fall , 1999 v62 # 1 pp. 17 -- 44 online edition Brown ; Stuart Gerry . The First Republicans : Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison ( 1954 ) . Buel , Richard . Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1972 ) J.C.D. Clark . The Language of Liberty 1660 -- 1832 : Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo - American World , 1660 -- 1832 Colbourn , Trevor . The Lamp of Experience : Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution ( 1965 ) online version Currie , James T. , The Constitution in Congress : The Federalist Period , 1789 -- 1801 , ( 1997 ) ; The Constitution in Congress : The Jeffersonians , 1801 -- 1829 , U. of Chicago Press , 2001 Elkins , Stanley M. , and Eric McKitrick . The Age of Federalism ( 1993 ) standard political history of 1790s Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2007 ) Everdell , William R . The End of Kings : A History of Republics and Republicans , ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) Foner , Eric ( 1970 ) . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . ( 2003 ) online edition Foner , Eric . `` Radical Individualism in America : Revolution to Civil War , '' Literature of Liberty , vol. 1 no . 3 , July / September 1978 pp. 1 -- 31 online Gould , Philip . `` Virtue , Ideology , and the American Revolution : The Legacy of the Republican Synthesis , '' American Literary History , Vol. 5 , No. 3 , Eighteenth - Century American Cultural Studies ( Autumn , 1993 ) , pp. 564 -- 77 Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1991 ) , 845 pp ; emphasis on political ideas and republicanism ; revised edition ( 2004 ) titled A Companion to the American Revolution Hartz , Louis . The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1952 ) Hart , Gary . Restoration of the Republic : The Jeffersonian Ideal in 21st - Century America ( 2002 ) Herrera , Ricardo A. For Liberty and the Republic : The American Citizen as Soldier , 1775 -- 1861 ( New York University Press , 2015 ) online review Jacobs , Meg , ed . The Democratic Experiment : New Directions in American Political History Kerber , Linda K . `` The Republican Mother : Women and the Enlightenment - An American Perspective , '' American Quarterly , Vol. 28 , No. 2 , ( Summer , 1976 ) , pp. 187 -- 205 in JSTOR Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) Keyssar , Alexander . The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States ( 2001 ) Klein , Milton , et al. , eds. , The Republican Synthesis Revisited ( 1992 ) . Kloppenberg , James T . The Virtues of Liberalism ( 1998 ) Kramnick , Isaac . Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism : Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth - Century England and America ( 1990 ) Kramnick , Isaac and Theodore Lowi . American Political Thought ( 2006 ) , primary sources McCoy , Drew R . The Elusive Republic : Political Economy in Jeffersonian America ( 1980 ) on economic theories McCoy , Drew R . The Last of the Fathers : James Madison and the Republican Legacy ( 1989 ) . Morgan . Edmund . Inventing the People ( 1989 ) Mushkat , Jerome , and Joseph G. Rayback , Martin Van Buren : Law , Politics , and the Shaping of Republican Ideology ( 1997 ) Norton , Mary Beth . Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) Pangle , Thomas L. The Spirit of Modern Republicanism : The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke Pocock , J.G.A. . The Machiavellian Moment : Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition ( 1975 ) . Pocock , J.G.A. . `` The Machiavellian Moment Revisited : A Study in History and Ideology , '' Journal of Modern History Vol. 53 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1981 ) , pp. 49 -- 72 in JSTOR Rakove , Jack N. Original Meanings : Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution ( 1997 ) Rodgers , Daniel T. `` Republicanism : the Career of a Concept , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 79 , No. 1 ( June , 1992 ) , pp. 11 -- 38 online in JSTOR Ross , Steven J. `` The Transformation of Republican Ideology , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Vol. 10 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1990 ) , pp. 323 -- 30 in JSTOR Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a Republican Synthesis : The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 29 ( January 1972 ) , pp. 49 -- 80 in JSTOR ; also online Shalhope , Robert E. `` Republicanism and Early American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 39 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 334 -- 56 in JSTOR Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . Watson , Harry L. Liberty and Power : The Politics of Jacksonian America ( 1990 ) ( ISBN 0 - 374 - 52196 - 4 ) White , Ed . `` The Ends of Republicanism , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Summer 2010 , Vol. 30 Issue 2 , pp. 179 -- 99 , focus on literature Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . ( 2005 ) . Wiltse , Charles Maurice . The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy ( 1935 ) Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40493 - 7 Wood , Gordon S . The Creation of the American Republic 1776 -- 1787 ( 1969 ) , one of the most influential studies Wood , Walter Kirk . `` Before Republicanism : Frank Lawrence Owsley and the Search for Southern Identity , 1865 -- 1965 . '' Southern Studies ( 1995 ) 6 ( 4 ) : 65 -- 77 . ISSN 0735 - 8342 Zagari , Rosemarie . `` Morals , Manners , and the Republican Mother , '' American Quarterly Vol. 44 , No. 2 ( June 1992 ) , pp. 192 -- 215 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) `` Inventing a New Republican Culture for America '' Lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republicanism_in_the_United_States&oldid=800890038 '' Categories : Political movements in the United States Republicanism in the United States Republicanism by country Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the united states get idea about a representative government	[ "Republicanism was based on Ancient Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and English models and ideas.[4] It formed the basis for the American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution (1787), the Bill of Rights, as well as the Gettysburg Address (1863).[5]" ]	[ "Ancient Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and English models and ideas" ]
-1014813491102461923	Duma	Duma - wikipedia Duma For other uses , see Duma ( disambiguation ) . A duma ( дума ) was a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions . The term comes from the Russian verb думать ( dumat ' ) meaning `` to think '' or `` to consider '' . The first formally constituted duma was the State Duma introduced into the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905 . The Tsar dismissed the first duma within 75 days and re-elected second duma within three months . It was dissolved in 1917 during the Russian Revolution . Since 1993 , the State Duma is the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation . Contents 1 Boyar duma 2 Municipal dumas 3 State dumas 3.1 Russian Empire 3.2 Russian Federation 4 References Boyar Duma ( edit ) Historians use the term Boyar Duma to denote the council of boyars and junior boyars collectively within the Russian Tsardom . In 1721 Peter the Great transferred its functions to the Governing Senate . Contemporary sources always refer simply to `` the boyars '' or to `` the duma '' , but never to the `` boyar duma '' . Originally there were ten to twelve boyars and five or six paddu . By 1613 the duma had increased to twenty boyars and eight okol'nichii . Lesser nobles , `` duma gentlemen '' ( dumnye dvoriane ) and secretaries , were added to the duma and the number of okol'nichii rose in the latter half of the 17th century . In 1676 the number of boyars increased to 50 - by then they constituted only a third of the duma . Municipal dumas ( edit ) Building of the Moscow City Duma See also : Moscow City Duma and Saint Petersburg City Duma Under the reign of Alexander II , several reforms were enacted during the 1860s and 1870s . These included the creation of local political bodies known as zemstvoes . All owners of houses , tax - paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth . The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts , representing three groups of electors very unequal in number , each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma . The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma . Under Alexander III , however , by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894 , the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos . In 1894 municipal institutions , with still more restricted powers , were granted to several towns in Siberia , and in 1895 to some in Caucasia . State dumas ( edit ) Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : State Duma ( Russian Empire ) Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905 , on 6 August 1905 , Sergei Witte issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma , initially thought to be an advisory organ . In the subsequent October Manifesto , Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties , provide for broad participation in the State Duma , and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers . However , Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power . Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906 , the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws . It stated in part that the tsar 's ministers could not be appointed by , and were not responsible to , the Duma , thus denying responsible government at the executive level . Furthermore , the tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished . At this first meeting of the Duma members proposed that political prisoners should be released , trade unions given rights and land reform be introduced . Nicholas II rejected these suggestions and dissolved the assembly in July , 1906 . The imperial State Duma was elected four times : in 1906 , twice in 1907 , and in 1912 . Russian Federation ( edit ) Main article : State Duma The State Duma ( Russian : Государственная дума , Gosudarstvennaya Duma , common abbreviation : Госдума , Gosduma ) in Russia is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia ( parliament ) , the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia . Under Russia 's 1993 constitution , there are 450 deputies of the State Duma ( Article 95 ) , each elected to a term of four years ( Article 96 ) ; this was changed to a five - year term in late 2008 . In previous elections of 1993 , 1995 , 1999 and 2003 one half of the deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation and one half were elected by plurality in single member districts . However , the 2007 Duma elections were carried out in a new format : all 450 deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation . Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma ( Article 97 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Bushkovitch , Peter the Great ( Rowman and Littlefield , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Gustave Alef , `` Reflections on the Boyar Duma in the Reign of Ivan III '' , The Slavonic and East European Review , 45 , 104 ( 1967 ) : 76 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Stearns , Peter ( 2007 ) . World Civilizations the Global Experience . New York : Pearson Education . p. 620 . ISBN 0132206994 . Jump up ^ `` The Duma '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Coordinates : 55 ° 45 ′ 29 '' N 37 ° 36 ′ 55 '' E / 55.75806 ° N 37.61528 ° E / 55.75806 ; 37.61528 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duma&oldid=865998405 '' Categories : Government of Russia Government of the Russian Empire Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 16 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first duma created in russia	[ "A duma (дума) was a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term comes from the Russian verb думать (dumat’) meaning \"to think\" or \"to consider\". The first formally constituted duma was the State Duma introduced into the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905. The Tsar dismissed the first duma within 75 days and re-elected second duma within three months. It was dissolved in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Since 1993, the State Duma is the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation.\n" ]	[ "1905" ]
5057319304574204868	Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Reportage 9 Post-attack casualties 9.1 Cancer increases 9.2 Birth defect investigations 9.3 Investigations into brain development 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Memorials 12 Debate over bombings 13 Legacy 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army propaganda poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . In July 1945 , the Japanese had 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ) of avgas stockpiled for the invasion of Japan . About 604,000 US barrels ( 72,000,000 l ) had been consumed in the home islands area in April , May and June 1945 . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water . The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada , Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory , with the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed , both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . It was a major military port , one of Japan 's largest shipbuilding and repair centers , and an important producer of naval ordnance . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima was not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . It read : The 509th Composite Group , 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata and Nagasaki . To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb , additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb . The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb . Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff . Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . There were two uranium - 235 components , a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert . The projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target insert followed by air on July 30 , accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta . Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B - 29 crashing on takeoff , Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military . The city was a communications center , a key port for shipping , and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks . These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . The 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , named after Tibbets ' mother and piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , which carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , which served as the photography aircraft . Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2 -- 5 minutes after detonation During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 were injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . The intense fires started gutted everything in a 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) radius . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , shown burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) The air raid warning had been cleared at 07 : 31 , and many people were outside , going about their activities . Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He died in 1982 , aged 84 . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She was in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters , about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 See also : Mokusatsu Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima , which he describes as `` a military base '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group . An AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . The 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court , halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Bockscar flew on to Okinawa , arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach . Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance , but received no answer . He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from Yontan Airfield . Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing , the Bockscar came in fast , landing at 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach . Touching down midway down the landing strip , Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) before slamming back down hard . The heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 . At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from their injuries . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . Partially incinerated child in Nagasaki . Photo from Japanese photographer Yosuke Yamahata , one day after the blast and building fires had subsided . Once the American forces had Japan under their military control , they imposed censorship on all such images including those from the conventional bombing of Tokyo , this prevented the distribution of Yamahata 's photographs . These restrictions were lifted in 1952 . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . As in Hiroshima , the bombing badly dislocated the city 's medical facilities . A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School , which served as the main medical centre . The trains were still running , and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns . A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening , and fire - fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires . Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital . He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery , but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan Memorandum from Groves to Marshall regarding the third bomb , with Marshall 's hand - written endorsement Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand - written comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President '' , something Truman had requested that day . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall , and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender . Anami conceded that victory was unlikely , but argued in favour of continuing the war nonetheless . The meeting ended at 17 : 30 , with no decision having been reached . Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of meeting , where he met with Kōichi Kido , the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan . Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference , and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that kokutai be preserved . A second cabinet meeting was held at 18 : 00 . Only four ministers supported Anami 's position of adhering to the four conditions , but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous , no decision was reached before it ended at 22 : 00 . Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs , but the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General Yoshijirō Umezu in advance , and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held . The meeting commenced at 23 : 50 . No consensus had emerged by 02 : 00 , but the emperor gave his `` scared decision '' , authorizing the Foreign Minister , Shigenori Tōgō , to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings , and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender : Despite the best that has been done by every one -- the gallant fighting of military and naval forces , the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people , the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage , while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest . Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , however , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Reportage See also : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi , and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs , and on August 21 , they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombing , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 . His Morse code dispatch , `` The Atomic Plague '' , was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , and was the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . His reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military , who accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda , and suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account published one week earlier . A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946 . The film crew shot 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film , resulting in a three - hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned - out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were confiscated by the American authorities , but they were requested by the Japanese government , and declassified . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , but the Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka , in its first issue published on March 10 , 1946 , devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . The book Hiroshima , written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 , a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 , and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists , whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation , Acute radiation syndrome § History , Radiobiology , Hiroshima ( book ) , and Dr. Terufumi Sasaki Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash , to document and convey the line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . Frequent estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima ( 38.9 % of the population ) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki ( 28.0 % of the population ) died in 1945 , though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast , heat , or due to radiation , is unknown . One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima , and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki , who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter , who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) , all within about 20 -- 30 days . The average radiation dose that will kill approximately 50 % of adults , the LD50 , was approximately halved when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn effect injuries , conventional skin injuries that cover a large area , frequently result in bacterial infection , the risk of which is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose , moderately suppresses the white blood cell count . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Cancer increases As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Birth defect investigations While during the preimplantation period , that is 1 - 10 days following conception , interuterine radiation exposure of `` at least 0.2 Gy '' can cause complications of implantation and death of the embryo . The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings , during this radiosensitive period , is not known . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure , were approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Investigations into brain development Despite the small sample size of 1600 to 1800 persons who came forth as prenatally exposed at the time of the bombings , that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters , to survive the In utero absorbtion of a substantial dose of radiation and then the malnourished post-attack environment , data from this cohort does support the increased risk of severe mental retardation ( SMR ) , that was observed in some 30 individuals , with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly . While a lack of statistical data , with just 30 individuals out of 1800 , prevents a definitive determination of a threshold point , the data collected suggests a threshold interuterine or fetal dose for SMR , at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development , when there is the largest number of undifferentiated neural cells ( 8 to 15 weeks post-conception ) to begin at a threshold dose of approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy , with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43 % rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid Neurogenesis . However either side of this radiosensitive age , none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks , that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks `` were observed to be mentally retarded '' , with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8 - 26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy of radiation energy . Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records , determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both , when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 Gray , during the same gestational period of 8 - 25 weeks . However outside this period , at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception , `` there is no evidence of a radiation - related effect on scholastic performance . '' The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy ( Gy and rad ) rather than the use of the biologically significant , biologically weighted Sievert , in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical . The reported threshold dose variance , between the two cities is sometimes explained due to Little Boy emitting substantially more neutron flux , whereas the Baratol that surrounded the core of Fat Man , filtered or shifted the absorbed radiation profile , so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki , is mostly that from exposure to gamma rays , in contrast to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima , were instead the dose was primarily due to absorbed neutrons , which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed . Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes , such as Schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure , have been conducted with `` no statistically significant linear relationship seen '' , there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed , those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters , a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR , though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 were still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities . On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before the bombing , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Memorials Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17 , 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed , and the roads and railroads were damaged , further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 . The city was rebuilt after the war , with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction , along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949 , a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb 's detonation , was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda , built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image . The original target for the bomb was the `` T '' - shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image . Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war , but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow , and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade , shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built , as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial , such as a torii at Sannō Shrine , and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials , such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum , which was opened in the mid-1990s . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender , and the ethical , legal , and military controversies surrounding the United States ' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand , it has been argued , that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender , thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties . The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion , but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . A view among critics of the bombings , that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965 , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians , this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . Those who oppose the bombings , give other reasons for their view ; among them : a belief , that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . Legacy Main article : Nuclear warfare Like the way it began , the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come . By June 30 , 1946 , there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal , all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki . The nuclear weapons were handmade devices , and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended , but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting `` an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' , but in October 1947 , he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs . The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949 . The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb , a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons . By 1986 , the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons , while the Soviet Union had 40,159 . By 2017 , nine nations had nuclear weapons , but Japan was not one of them . Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970 , but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella . American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa , and sometimes in Japan itself , albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations . Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces , the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War , a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look . In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Appleman et al. 1948 , pp. 462 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Wired . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tanaka & Young 2009 , pp. 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 -- 43 , 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . August 19 , 1943 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . 509th Composite Group . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2012 , pp. 183 -- 203 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲予告ビラ、高山市民が保管市内で展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜新聞社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) ) . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshima Day Committee . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome ) '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2011 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Special Exhibit 3 '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kato , Toru ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` A Short - Sighted Parrot '' . Geocities.jp . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Slavick , Elin O'Hara ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Hiroshima : A Visual Record '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . 7 ( 3 ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Akiko Takakura '' . transcript from the video Hiroshima Witness produced by the Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK . Atomic Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toon et al. 2007 , p. 1994 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 7 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , pp. 330 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer '' . Advocate ( Burnie , Tas. : 1890 -- 1954 ) . Burnie , Tasmania : National Library of Australia . August 9 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima '' . Allgov.com . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . 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OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co. pp. 131 -- 170 . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) . Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Quester , George H. ( September 1970 ) . `` Japan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty '' . Asian Survey . 10 ( 9 ) : 765 -- 778 . doi : 10.2307 / 2643028 . ISSN 0004 - 4687 . JSTOR 2643028 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1995 ) . Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80400 - X . OCLC 32509950 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Scoenberger , Walter ( 1969 ) . Decision of Destiny . Athens : Ohio University Press . OCLC 959500725 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. ( 2000 ) . `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 : 434 -- 452 . ISSN 0041 - 462X . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Tanaka , Yuki ; Young , Marilyn B. ( 2009 ) . Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 547 - 9 . OCLC 624416971 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Toon , O.B. ; Turco , R.P. ; Robock , A. ; Bardeen , C. ; Oman , L. ; Stenchikov , G.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7 : 1973 -- 2002 . ISSN 1680 - 7316 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . United States Department of State ( 1960 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States : Diplomatic Papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) , 1945 . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 22435734 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Yamada , Michiko ; Izumi , Shizue ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . ISSN 0933 - 7954 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 2001 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . pp. 831 -- 922 . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! 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-318555121554164583	The Grand Tour (TV series)	The Grand Tour ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Grand Tour ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Grand Tour Genre Motoring Entertainment Created by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Andy Wilman Written by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Richard Porter Directed by Phil Churchward Brian Klein Kit Lynch - Robinson Gavin Whitehead Presented by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Starring Mike Skinner Abbie Eaton Composer ( s ) Paul Leonard - Morgan Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 15 Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Wilman Producer ( s ) Chris Hale Greg Vince Richard Evans Ronan Browne Cinematography Ben Joiner Editor ( s ) James Hart Dan James Chris Denton Joe Orr Camera setup Multi-camera setup Running time 44 -- 71 minutes Production company ( s ) W. Chump & Sons Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) 23.976 fps HDR Original release 18 November 2016 -- present External links Website www.amazon.co.uk/thegrandtour The Grand Tour is a British motoring television series for Amazon Video , presented by Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , and James May , and produced by Andy Wilman . The four agreed to produce the series following their departures from the BBC series Top Gear with an initial agreement of 36 episodes over three years . Episodes are scheduled to be released weekly to those with Amazon Prime Video accounts in the United Kingdom , United States , Germany , Austria and Japan , beginning November 2016 . Tent segments for the first series were filmed between 17 July and 11 December 2016 , and premiered on 18 November 2016 . In the days following the launch it became Amazon Video 's most watched premiere episode . As of December 2016 the show was made available to an additional 195 countries and various territories . Repeats of the first series began airing on traditional broadcasters in late 2017 . A teaser trailer for the second series was released on 11 July 2017 , featuring a Mercedes AMG GT R , Ripsaw EV - 2 , McLaren 720S , Bugatti Chiron , Audi TT RS , Rimac Concept One , a Grumman American AA - 5 light aircraft and an armoured personnel carrier visiting the Dubai Mall . A second trailer , released on 1 November 2017 , featured a Lamborghini Aventador S , Honda NSX , Ariel Nomad and Kia Stinger GT . The second series filmed its studio segments on Tuesdays , Wednesdays and Fridays between 25 October and 19 December 2017 , and premiered on 8 December 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Features 2.1 Test tracks 2.1. 1 Eboladrome 2.1. 2 Enstone 2.2 Celebrity Face Off 2.3 Conversation Street 2.4 Running gags 3 Episodes 3.1 Series 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.1. 1 Notes 3.2 Series 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Tent 4.2 Naming 4.3 Filming 4.4 Promotion 4.5 Sponsorship 5 Reception 6 Broadcast 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) The intended format was initially for individual television films , using location shooting without studio segments , but after the title reveal it was announced that there will be studio segments shot in large tents at various locations . Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos described the deal as being `` very , very , very expensive '' . W. Chump & Sons is the production company for the programme , and Amazon.com is distributing the show . Studio recording for the first series began in Johannesburg , South Africa on 17 July 2016 . Recording in the United States took place on 25 September 2016 in Southern California , with further recording taking place in Nashville on 21 November 2016 . Studio recording in the United Kingdom took place in Whitby on 13 October 2016 , with further recordings taking place at Loch Ness in December 2016 . Further studio recording took place in Rotterdam on 22 October 2016 and Lapland on 3 November 2016 . Stuttgart ( Ludwigsburg ) was also a filming location . The final studio filming took place in Dubai in December 2016 . For the second series , due to Clarkson 's Pneumonia and Hammond 's car crash , it was decided that there would no longer be a travelling tent . Instead the tent would be left in one location near Clarkson 's home in the Cotswolds as this would be more convenient for the crew to operate . It also would be useful for new features such as Celebrity Face Off . Features ( edit ) Test tracks ( edit ) Eboladrome ( edit ) `` Eboladrome '' test track at RAF Wroughton The show has a dedicated test track called the `` Eboladrome '' , at the former RAF Wroughton . Clarkson states in the first episode that the name is due to its shape resembling the structure of the Ebola virus . It is designed to `` trip cars up '' , according to Clarkson . Section names include the `` Is n't Straight '' , `` Your Name Here '' ( sponsored by Dental Care Swindon as of episode 2 ) , `` Old Lady 's House '' , `` Substation '' and `` Field of Sheep '' . In the first episode , the track was said to have been modified following the discovery of an unexploded Second World War bomb . Cars are tested by British racing driver Abbie Eaton ( formerly NASCAR driver Mike Skinner , known as `` The American '' ) . According to the presenters , Amazon insisted the driver be an American , which is why Skinner was hired . In November 2017 it was announced that Skinner would not return for the second series and was replaced by Eaton . Prior to the airing of the first episode the lap - board had been pre-populated with ten lap - times by a selection of cars . The laps themselves were not shown , only their lap - times . The first car to be shown , with an on - screen lap - time , was a 2016 BMW M2 with a time of 1 : 26.2 set by Skinner . The Eboladrome is also used for general filming and testing by the presenters , meaning that other vehicles -- such as a Ferrari 488 used in episode one -- may appear on the track , but do not set a lap - time set by the racing driver . Lap board Car Time Condition Episode Aston Martin Vulcan 1 : 15.5 McLaren 650S 1 : 17.9 not shown Mercedes AMG GT R 1 : 18.7 15 Audi R8 V10 Plus 1 : 19.2 not shown Porsche 911 GT3 RS 1 : 20.4 not shown Nissan GT - R 1 : 21.2 not shown Porsche 911 C2S 1 : 21.4 not shown BMW M4 GTS 1 : 22.4 Porsche 718 Boxster S 1 : 23.4 not shown BMW M5 1 : 24.2 not shown BMW M3 1 : 24.3 not shown Honda NSX 1 : 26.0 Wet 9 BMW M2 1 : 26.2 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio 1 : 27.1 Wet 10 Honda Civic Type R 1 : 28.2 not shown Ford Focus RS 1 : 28.4 6 Lexus GS - F 1 : 29.6 Damp 12 Ford Mustang GT 1 : 29.6 6 Ford Fiesta ST200 1 : 32.8 not shown Fiat Abarth 124 Spider 1 : 33.7 Wet 11 Enstone ( edit ) For the second series , a new test track was created at Enstone Airfield , close to the fixed studio tent location , and which the production team had previously tried to use for Top Gear . The main Eboladrome track was planned to continue to serve for the testing of loud and fast cars . Celebrity Face off ( edit ) Following complaints regarding the `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' segment in the first series , this segment was replaced by `` Celebrity Face Off '' . Two celebrities join the show each week , with a similar background or connection and from different countries , to see which one of the two is faster . The car used for this segment is a Jaguar F - Type coupe , racing around a half gravel , half asphalt track at Enstone . Lap board Celebrity Time Condition Episode Ricky Wilson 1 : 20.1 14 David Hasselhoff 1 : 24.1 14 Kevin Pietersen 1 : 17.2 15 Brian Wilson 1 : 17.5 15 Hugh Bonneville TBA 16 Casey Anderson TBA 16 Nick Mason TBA S2 Stewart Copeland TBA S2 Bill Goldberg TBA S2 Anthony Joshua TBA S2 Conversation Street ( edit ) The trio discuss car news . Running jokes include Hammond `` oversharing '' intimate personal information , and Clarkson being cut off after asking `` Can I talk about ... ? '' before either Hammond or May introduce the next segment ; frequently , the subject he attempts to raise is Alfa Romeo and their new cars . The video introduction to the segment shows the men , in silhouette talking animatedly : in each episode the silhouettes change in various ways . Running gags ( edit ) The first series included several running gags . During the opening titles of each episode , a camera drone was destroyed . From episode three onward , one of the presenters ' names is always seen misspelt during the opening . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , celebrity guests are humorously `` killed '' in an accident while making their way to the tent . After each `` death '' , May asks `` Does that mean he / she 's not coming on then ? '' to which Hammond deadpans `` No James , they 're not '' while bluntly outlining how `` dead '' the celebrity is . This element of the show reflects the BBC 's efforts to stop The Grand Tour from interviewing celebrity guests , as had been the focus of the Top Gear `` Star in a Reasonably Priced Car '' segment . It was announced on 16 November 2017 that both `` The American '' and `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' would not be returning and will be replaced for the second series as they had been being unpopular with the viewers . The segment will be replaced by `` Celebrity Face Off '' in which celebrities compete for the best lap times around a new track in a Jaguar F - Type . Episodes ( edit ) Hothouse Flowers playing for the opening sequence of `` The Holy Trinity '' episode in the Lucerne Valley , California Series 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Tent location Cars tested Special guests Original air date `` The Holy Trinity '' Lucerne Valley , California , United States McLaren P1 , Porsche 918 , LaFerrari , BMW M2 Hothouse Flowers , Chris Goodwin , Jérôme d'Ambrosio , Armie Hammer , Jeremy Renner , Carol Vorderman 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) Clarkson , Hammond and May launch their new programme with a film showing Clarkson leaving London to fly to Los Angeles where he meets Hammond and May . As the Hothouse Flowers play `` I Can See Clearly Now '' the trio drive Ford Mustangs through the California desert to Rabbit Dry Lake , accompanied by a range of cars and a fly - over by the Breitling Jet Team . Following a sequence where they greet the audience and viewers , and introduce the tent , the first feature shows the three presenters testing three hybrid hypercars ; with Clarkson in the McLaren P1 , Hammond in the Porsche 918 and May in the Ferrari LaFerrari at the Algarve International Circuit in Portugal . Later , Clarkson introduces the show 's new test track , the `` Eboladrome '' with laps by a Ferrari 488 and then tests a BMW M2 . Jeremy Renner , Armie Hammer and Carol Vorderman are all humorously `` killed '' before being able to take part in the show . Returning to Portugal , Jérôme d'Ambrosio performs timed laps in the hypercars . The episode ends with Hammond and May declaring that they will demolish Clarkson 's house as forfeit for losing a bet : that the McLaren P1 would be fastest in a timed lap and beat the Porsche 918 and LaFerrari . `` Operation Desert Stumble '' Johannesburg , South Africa Aston Martin Vulcan , Audi S8 Plus Johan Ackermann 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) The tent is at the Cradle of Humankind nature reserve overlooking Johannesburg . The presenters discuss President of South Africa Jacob Zuma , the Nkandla compound firepool controversy and carjacking . Clarkson tests the Aston Martin Vulcan at the Eboladrome . Producer Andy Wilman sends the presenters to the King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Centre ( KASOTC ) outside Amman , Jordan for a SAS - style military training exercise . Car - builder Johan Ackermann shows his self - built replica of a Sauber Mercedes C9 . May visits Soweto to take part in South African motorsport of `` Spinning '' where cars generate smoke by performing doughnuts set to rap music until the tyres blowout . A person introduced as actress Charlize Theron is pounced on by a lion and `` killed '' . Finally the presenters return to KASOTC in Jordan to review an Audi S8 Plus while rescuing a VIP and transporting them to the `` British Embassy '' . `` Opera , Arts and Donuts '' Whitby , England , United Kingdom Rolls - Royce Dawn , Aston Martin DB11 , Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Simon Pegg 2 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) The tent is on the quayside of Whitby harbour in North Yorkshire . The presenters go `` Grand Touring '' in Italy with May in the Rolls - Royce Dawn , Clarkson in the Aston Martin DB11 and Hammond in the Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat . Clarkson and May 's tour starts at the Palio di Siena horse race , before viewing The Birth of Venus painting at Uffizi Gallery in Florence . Clarkson and Hammond race each other the Mugello Circuit . In the tent the presenters discuss Whitby jet . Returning to Italy , Hammond visits the Lamborghini Museum whilst Clarkson and May watch Carmen staged at the Verona Arena , in the Piazza Bra . The tour continues via the Piazza dei Signori , Vicenza and ends up in the Venetian Lagoon . Simon Pegg `` falls to his death '' from Whitby Swing Bridge . Clarkson presents his take on automated vehicles . Fulfilling their bet from episode one , Hammond and May destroy Clarkson 's house at Diddly Squat Farm in Chadlington , Oxfordshire . `` Enviro - mental '' Whitby , England , United Kingdom Porsche 911 GT3 RS , BMW M4 GTS Jimmy Carr 9 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) Clarkson reviews the Porsche 911 GT3 RS and compares it to the BMW M4 GTS at the Eboladrome ; despite criticising the M4 GTS for sacrificing creature comforts for no overall gain in performance , he declares it the winner simply because Hammond owns a GT3 RS . The presenters travel to South Wales and set out to make the most environmentally friendly car bodies using the platform of a Land Rover Discovery . They take an 11 mile road trip to a dirt track , where they race against three normal cars . The idea of environmentally friendly car bodies is abandoned after Clarkson 's meat car is infested with maggots , Hammond 's garden car catches fire , and May 's mud and hay car falls apart . Jimmy Carr is the guest of `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , but his jet ski collides with a boat on his way to the tent . To fill in the time , the presenters introduce an Audi TT Mk1 Quattro with Hammond hidden behind the rear bumper to show a new smuggling technique used by illegal immigrants , as well as using Hammond as an improvised parking sensor . 5 5 `` Moroccan Roll '' Rotterdam , Netherlands Mazda MX - 5 , Zenos E10S , Alfa Romeo 4C Spider Golden Earring 16 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) The tent is at the Port of Rotterdam . To settle an argument over the best affordable roadster , the presenters go to Marrakech , Morocco with Hammond in a Mazda MX - 5 , May in a Zenos E10S and Clarkson in an Alfa Romeo 4C Spider . During the road trip Clarkson suddenly pulls over due to a leg cramp while driving the 4C . Later , he challenges Hammond and May to weigh their cars to prove that the 4C is lighter , using an improvised scale and animal carcasses as counterweight . The scale breaks just as Hammond is about to remove the MX - 5 from it , and the crew are ordered to leave the premises due to their use of animal carcasses . Clarkson and the film crew leave Hammond and May to focus on the 4C . The presenters stop at Atlas Corporation Studios in Ouarzazate to perform timed laps with their cars . Hammond wins , despite crashing into an Egyptian statue prop . Also in the episode , Hammond and May play an explosive game of Battleships using old cars as the `` ships '' and several G - Wizes as `` missiles '' . Dutch band Golden Earring perform live outside the tent , but are electrocuted on stage . To fill in the time , Clarkson uses a V - 8 engine to inflate a blow - up doll . 6 6 `` Happy Finnish Christmas '' Saariselkä , Lapland , Finland Ford Mustang GT , Ford Focus RS Bob Geldof 23 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) The tent is at the forests of Saariselkä . At the Port of London , Hammond welcomes the new right - hand - drive Ford Mustang GT and gives it a tour of London and Stonehenge before Clarkson arrives and proceeds to argue that Mustang has no place in Britain and that the Ford Focus RS is a better option . This escalates to a chase between both cars up to Cheddar Gorge . The Mustang beats the Focus in a drag race , but is slower around the Eboladrome . In `` Conversation Street '' , Clarkson and May debate over which confectionery creates more mess in a car -- a Flake or a Double Decker . A person introduced as a drunk Kimi Räikkönen arrives outside the tent for `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , but collapses from drinking too much vodka and is left to die in the arctic temperatures . To fill in the time , the presenters introduce their `` Santaland Grotto '' , where they talk about their Christmas gift ideas , mostly consisting of everyday items emblazoned with car - manufacturer logos . May introduces Bob Geldof via tablet on a Double telerobot . He then talks about the historic 24 Hours of Le Mans rivalry between Ford and Ferrari , which gave birth to the Ford GT40 and the Ferrari P3 . 7 7 `` The Beach ( Buggy ) Boys -- Part 1 '' Namibia ( no audience ) None None 30 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) The presenters are set a challenge by their producer , Andy Wilman , who wishes to show that beach buggies are poor vehicles . Their challenge is to drive one thousand miles ( 1,600 km ) along Namibia 's Skeleton Coast in three beach buggies , each built to their personal specifications but all derived from the Volkswagen Beetle . After 36 hours of going nowhere , the presenters camp by the shipwreck of Eduard Bohlen before venturing to the Namib Desert . The trio climb and descend several dunes and travel through harsh terrain before finally reaching a road . Clarkson 's buggy breaks down and is abandoned by Hammond and May , who arrive in Windhoek to have a beer while Clarkson struggles with overheating problems on his way to town . 8 8 `` The Beach ( Buggy ) Boys -- Part 2 '' Namibia ( no tent ) None None 31 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 31 ) Clarkson finally arrives in Windhoek to meet up with Hammond and May and prepare for the second leg of their journey to the Namibia - Angola border . The rough road takes its toll on Clarkson and May 's buggies until May suggests they continue off - road , which ends up being worse terrain and they end up in softer sand before returning to the road . After the trio sets camp , May attempts to sabotage Clarkson 's buggy when he accidentally sets fire to the front end of his own car . With a third of a mile away from the border , the presenters create a cable car line to cross through a crocodile infested river . Clarkson and May cross successfully , but Hammond is stuck within 200 metres from the goal . Because of this , Clarkson concludes that their failure has proven Wilman right . 9 9 `` Berks to the Future '' Ludwigsburg , Stuttgart , Germany Honda NSX Diego Costa , Thibaut Courtois , Gary Cahill , Eden Hazard , Oscar , Willian 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) The tent is within the courtyard of Ludwigsburg Palace near Stuttgart , where Clarkson praises Germany as the `` cradle of the automobile . '' May reviews the new Honda NSX at the Eboladrome . Clarkson fuses the body of a 1978 MGB Roadster with the chassis of a Land Rover Discovery to make a `` proper '' sport utility vehicle , but when the MG body falls off , he replaces it with a 1980s Mercedes - Benz SL and christens it `` The Excellent '' . He then gives Hammond and May a ride in it to the Cobham Training Centre of Chelsea Football Club before having it displayed at the Coys of Kensington car auction , where it fetches £ 4,000 ( it cost £ 14,000 to make ) . A human figure introduced as German singer Nena is carried away from the courtyard by 99 red balloons . The presenters develop alternative means to recharge mobile phone batteries . May then demonstrates how much power a gym generates to recharge a G - Wiz . Hammond tries his hand on post-apocalyptic `` Bug Out '' vans , made out of a Volkswagen Transporter T25 ; Ford Transit Mk. 3 and an Alvis Stalwart but it is not long before Clarkson and May destroy his creations using a rocket - propelled grenade , Scimitar and Challenger 2 tanks , and a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun on HMS Richmond . 10 10 `` Dumb Fight at the O.K. Coral '' Nashville , Tennessee , United States Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Brian Johnson 13 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The tent is in Nashville facing the Cumberland River . Clarkson drives the Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio in Wales and at the Eboladrome . The presenters then travel to Barbados to solve the problem of dying coral reefs by dumping five car body shells into the ocean , but they lose four of the cars , a boat , and a raft due to their numerous mishaps . Eventually , they pull a Land Rover into the ocean before Clarkson ditches his partners to chase a trimaran . They reach the reef site and sink the Land Rover . Former AC / DC vocalist Brian Johnson is tackled and trampled to death by American football players on his way to the tent before the presenters instigate a verbal clash with the audience over the meaning of the word `` football '' . 11 11 `` Italian Lessons '' Loch Ness , Scotland , United Kingdom Fiat Abarth 124 Spider Chris Hoy 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) The tent is on the shore of Loch Ness . Hammond test drives the new Fiat Abarth 124 Spider at the Eboladrome . To prove that a second - hand Maserati priced under £ 8,000 is a better buy than a used Ford Focus , the presenters travel to Circuit de Croix - en - Ternois in France for a series of tests with Clarkson 's Biturbo S Coupé , Hammond 's 430 Saloon , and May 's Zagato Spyder . Because May injured his right arm prior to the challenge , he bought an automatic variant . The presenters then embark on a road trip through Northern France before racing back to England via the Port of Le Havre , with the loser selling his Maserati . Clarkson 's Biturbo dies , but he continues the race with it on a tow truck . He reaches the ferry port , but discovers that his Biturbo fell off the tow truck while chasing Hammond . May launches his Spyder toward a boat and crashes in spectacular fashion . The presenters conclude that buying a second - hand Maserati will result in a 66 % chance of it working . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , Chris Hoy rows toward the tent , but his boat hits an underwater mine . To fill in the time , Clarkson uses a Bulgarian man to demonstrate a new hands - free system for any car and a Thai woman as an inexpensive massaging back seat . 12 12 `` ( censored ) to ( censored ) '' Loch Ness , Scotland , United Kingdom Lexus GS - F , Bentley Bentayga , Range Rover , Jaguar F - Pace Tim Burton 27 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) The tent remains at the west end of Loch Ness because Hammond and May are convinced that the Loch Ness Monster is deep in the water . Clarkson test drives the Lexus GS - F at the Eboladrome , driving past many animal - like figures . The presenters travel to Wank , Germany , where May in a Bentley Bentayga , Clarkson in a Range Rover , and Hammond in a Jaguar F - Pace plan a road trip on the Romantic Road via Kissing , Bavaria , then Petting , Bavaria , to Fucking , Austria . After passing Landsberg Prison and staying overnight in Fucking , Clarkson and Hammond suggest to May that they should skip Wedding , Germany , and head for the Nürburgring instead . A mistake in the voice recognition of May 's navigation system leads them to the Nuremberg Norisring , after which the trio find a quarry to perform timed laps in . Clarkson cheats by climbing a hill and crossing the water to beat Hammond and May 's times by two minutes . Tim Burton crosses Loch Ness in a mini-submarine , which implodes before reaching the tent . During the final announcements a mysterious object is seen rising from the loch in the background . 13 13 `` Past v Future '' Dubai , United Arab Emirates Volkswagen Golf GTI , BMW i3 Roger Daltrey , Wilko Johnson , Daniel Ricciardo , Steve Biagioni , Bartek Ostałowski , Conor Shanahan 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) The tent is in Dubai . Clarkson compares his Volkswagen Golf GTI to May 's BMW i3 with a drag race at an airstrip and a road trip from London to Dartmoor to attend a Roger Daltrey and Wilko Johnson concert . Clarkson and Hammond make May hang out with `` winchers '' who drive their 4x4s deep into mud . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , F1 racer Daniel Ricciardo drives a hovercraft toward the tent , but crashes before being sucked into the hovercraft 's fan . Hammond defeats the Bugatti Veyron in a drag race with the Porsche 918 Spyder , but quickly loses to a 1900 horsepower Nissan Patrol . Later , he travels to Michelin 's proving grounds in France to learn how to drift . He must then prove his skills against two professional drifters -- double amputee Bartek Ostałowski and 13 - year - old Conor Shanahan -- at Rockingham Motor Speedway . May ends the episode with a series of outtakes of Clarkson and Hammond attempting to drift cars . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clarkson drove a blue Fisker - Galpin Rocket Mustang , Hammond a red Shelby GT350 Mustang , and May a white Roush Stage 3 Mustang . Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00 : 01 UTC on 18 November 2016 ; Episode 1 became available 20 minutes earlier , before midnight , on the previous day ( 17 November 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Neither credited , or identifiable . Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00 : 01 UTC on 25 November 2016 ; Episode 2 became available 60 minutes earlier , before midnight , on the previous day ( 24 November 2016 ) Jump up ^ This actually happened . The team demolished Clarkson 's Oxfordshire home , which was scheduled for demolition , and filmed it for The Grand Tour . Series 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Cars tested Special guests Original air date 14 `` Past , Present or Future '' Lamborghini Aventador S , Honda NSX , Rimac Concept One David Hasselhoff , Ricky Wilson 8 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) The tent is now in the Cotswolds and will remain there for the duration of the series . To determine whether the past , present or future of motoring is best , the presenters visit Switzerland with Clarkson in a petrol powered Lamborghini Aventador S representing the past , May in a hybrid powered Honda NSX representing the present and Hammond in an all electric Rimac Concept One representing the future . After starting at the top of the Gotthard Pass , Hammond brings the trio to a stay at the Park Weggis ( de ) health retreat and visit the Swiss Museum of Transport and other museums in Lucerne close to a charging station for the Rimac car . May and Clarkson reject this and go to a hill climbing race at Hemberg instead . As Clarkson can not fit into the Aventador whilst wearing a mandatory racing helmet , Clarkson cheats and sends a Lamborghini test driver in his place , thus setting the fastest time of all three . Hammond crashes after completing the course , destroying the Rimac in a fire . Footage taken from YouTube shows the wreckage being extinguished and Hammond being airlifted by the Swiss Air - Rescue ( REGA ) to hospital . Celebrity Brain Crash is replaced by Celebrity Face Off , in which David Hasselhoff ( representing the US ) and singer Ricky Wilson ( representing Yorkshire ) compete for the best lap time around a new track in a Jaguar F - Type with Wilson setting the faster time . 15 `` The Falls Guys '' Ford GT , Mercedes AMG GT R Kevin Pietersen , Brian Wilson 15 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) The presenters race from Central Park in Manhattan , New York City , to an observation tower overlooking the Niagara Falls . Clarkson drives a Ford GT whilst May and Hammond ( on crutches ) use public transport . After Hammond and May complete their journey using the New York City Subway , AirTrain JFK , a JetBlue Embraer E190 flight , plus two Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority buses , they find that Clarkson has beaten them using the car . Clarkson reviews the Mercedes AMG GT R after which new test driver Abbie Eaton takes it for a timed lap . Kevin Pietersen and Brian Wilson compete during Celebrity Face Off , recording two new faster times with Pietersen winning overall . 16 `` Bah Humbug - atti '' Bugatti Chiron , Kia Stinger GT , Jaguar XJ220 , Bugatti EB110 Hugh Bonneville , Casey Anderson 22 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Production ( edit ) The Grand Tour tent hidden behind school buses in the Lucerne Valley , California for the first episode of series 1 The format of segments in the programme are a result of needing to ensure differentiation from the team 's previous work on Top Gear for the BBC . The show is presented from a pair of large tents on a Grand Tour around the world . The presenters sit around a trestle table , with the studio audience seated in front of them . The `` Conversation Street '' segment allows discussion of current events at the time of filming . Lap times are shown on an electronic scoreboard . A recurring test driver used for lap times is a named NASCAR character , portraying a stereotypical redneck accent and viewpoints , and prone to tangential speech . Any celebrity guests booked for the `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' segment are shown being `` killed off '' before they can be interviewed by the presenters . Tent ( edit ) The studio tent location varied during the first series . In September 2017 West Oxfordshire District Council gave planning permission for three months of filming from a fixed tent location on the Great Tew Estate near Chipping Norton . Two - hundred parking spaces already used for hosting the Cornbury Music Festival on the same site would be used to accommodate 350 guests per week , plus 80 members of staff . The time window allowed for the series 2 filming was between October and December 2017 . Naming ( edit ) The presenting line - up consists of Richard Hammond , James May and Jeremy Clarkson . The show 's title was announced as The Grand Tour on 11 May 2016 . The show 's logo was unveiled by Clarkson on Twitter on 28 June 2016 . There was speculation that the show could be called Gear Knobs after a trademark application was made for that name by an associated company , but Clarkson stated in October 2015 that this would not be the title . He explained in April 2016 that the word `` Gear '' could not be used for legal reasons . A short trailer was released on 8 April 2016 portraying Clarkson , Hammond and May brainstorming for a suitable name for the new series , before ending with the hashtag # TheStillVeryMuchUntitledClarksonHammondMayAmazonPrimeShowComingAutumn2016 . Another short trailer was posted by Clarkson on Facebook , yet again portraying the trio attempting to conjure up a suitable name . But this time , they end up getting distracted and completely forgetting the task at hand . Shortly afterwards , the trailer was released on the Amazon Video UK YouTube channel . Filming ( edit ) United Broadcast Facilities ( UBF ) in The Netherlands won the contract for the outside broadcasting tent segments . Fourteen microphones are used for recording the audience reaction laugh track within the tent . The mobile studio audio setup uses Lawo mixing desks connected via MADI for live sound mixing , recording and talkback intercoms . In July 2016 following the completion of filming for The Grand Tour an offshore powerboat racing powerboat C - 237 belonging to Sunus Racing was stopped in the San Marco basin and impounded by police near to San Zaccaria , Venice , for only having insurance during filming itself , and not afterwards . Promotion ( edit ) The Grand Tour parcel tape used for orders in November 2016 Following the public naming of the show , Amazon offered new customers a £ 20 discount for their first year on Amazon Prime during 14 -- 16 May 2016 . A trailer announcing the release date of the show as 18 November 2016 was posted on the show 's YouTube channel on 15 September 2016 . A second , full - length trailer , was released on 6 October 2016 . Trailers have used the music `` Come with Me Now '' by Kongos . As part of their marketing campaign , Amazon placed crashed Toyota Prius cars at Hackescher Markt in Berlin , in front of London King 's Cross railway station , and on the Hollywood Walk of Fame outside the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . Sponsorship ( edit ) In mid-2016 DHL began sponsoring the transport costs of the tent and mobile studio . In June 2016 , in connection with the sponsorship deal , the presenters had uploaded videos of themselves attempting to assemble DHL - branded shipping boxes . The first episode stated that `` promotional consideration '' had been given by the Breitling Jet Team , DHL and Samsung . Eight of the Breitling Jet aircraft took part in the opening sequence flyovers . For episode 2 , the list included 5.11 Tactical . A DHL Boeing 757 was featured in the opening sequence of episode 5 , the tent was located in Rotterdam , and the DHL logo is featured on part of the crash barrier at the Eboladrome . Reception ( edit ) As of November 2016 the show has received positive reviews from critics , with The Guardian saying `` Jeremy Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust '' . Daily Express TV reporter , Neela Debnath commented that the first episode `` resembled a Hollywood blockbuster '' and added that `` ( The Grand Tour is ) basically Top Gear on steroids '' . However , BBC Arts Editor , Will Gompertz said of the opening that `` there is no irony . It feels uncomfortably hubristic '' but once the presenters were in the tent `` Normal service has been resumed '' and that `` It seemed to me that Grand Tour is a TV show that wants to be -- and quite possibly should be -- a movie '' The Independent described The Grand Tour as `` the best of Top Gear but with a greater budget '' TheWrap reported an estimate by Symphony Advanced Media that the opening weekend viewer count for The Grand Tour was three times the size of the opening weekend of The Man in the High Castle . Episode 2 was somewhat less favourably received by fans and critics . The Telegraph wrote about the Jordan segment : `` ( ... ) a tedious action movie segment suggested that they were in danger of losing the run of themselves slightly and that Amazon 's hands - off policy towards the production had potential downsides . '' Radio Times said that `` many of the viewers were disgruntled to say the least , branding the show as dull and not funny . '' Richard Hammond was criticised by Stonewall , Peter Tatchell , and Olly Alexander , amongst others , for a comment he made in episode six where he implied that men who eat ice - cream are homosexual . It was later revealed that the comment was an in - joke for the Finnish audience as a reference to a controversial TV commercial that aired in Finland . The Grand Tour received a nomination in the Original OTT Streamed category at the 2017 Television and Radio Industries Club Awards . Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant gave the show a positive review , stating `` Fans can rest assured Top Gear has n't gone anywhere , it 's just hiding out at Amazon under a different name . '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety was also positive of the show , stating `` When it comes to the cars , The Grand Tour delivers gearhead porn in spades ... Clarkson , Hammond , and May 's love for machinery ... is still present , pure , and appealing , even with the shift in networks and formats . '' Conversely , in April 2017 Brad Anderson of CarScoops stated that he prefers Top Gear to The Grand Tour . According to Anderson , Top Gear had `` become even better '' , whereas the Grand Tour `` seemed more scripted , less natural and at stages , forced ... attention is often skewed away from the cars as the presenters , namely Clarkson , seemed to chase controversy and headlines '' . Anderson continues that in - studio segments became repetitive quickly , particularly `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , also noting that all three hosts seem to spend far too much time needling each other , and test driver Mike Skinner offers no worthwhile commentary . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season of The Grand Tour has a `` fresh '' rating of 86 % , based on 7 reviews , with an average rating of 8.0 / 10 . Digital Spy was positive of season 2 , episode 1 , calling it `` An understated premiere for a show that feels like it 's finding its feet . '' The Times was also positive , giving the show 4 out of 5 stars , stating `` Some parts of the show are flat but mostly it works , the production values remain high and it has clearly been hit with a juggernaut of money . '' The Daily Telegraph , while not as positive , still approved of the episode , stating `` The writing is still rather ropey . Clarkson 's suggestion of a new nickname for May -- `` Dingleberry Handpump '' -- failed to raise a titter even among the super-fans gathered for the London premiere '' but also said that `` for each wobble , there are just as many moments when The Grand Tour manages the clever trick Top Gear could pull off at its best : raising a chuckle while sneaking in a bit of serious journalism at the same time . '' and ultimately gave the episode 3 out of 5 stars . Jeremy Clarkson himself believed that they had `` hit the ground running with season 2 of the Grand Tour '' . Broadcast ( edit ) Australian free - to - air network Seven Network started broadcasting the first series of The Grand Tour in mid-October 2017 . French channel RMC Découverte started broadcasting the first series with the Namibian special episodes on 29 November 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Amazon DriveTribe , an automotive enthusiast website by Clarkson , Hammond and May . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : From episode 15 credits ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Why Jeremy Clarkson 's ' Top Gear ' Team Went to Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . The program will be U.K. based ^ Jump up to : @ @ thegrandtour ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` GMT , it 's a British show '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Juss , Mindy . `` ' The Grand Tour ' with executive producer Andy Wilman '' . Edinburgh International Television Festival . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharples , Sarah ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Lawo gears up for The Grand Tour with former Top Gear presenters '' . Pro Sound News Europe . NewBay . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilman , Andy ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Masterclass '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Elaine Bedell . Edinburgh : Edinburgh International Television Festival . Retrieved 7 November 2016 -- via YouTube . ( 2 : 01 ) ... they want everything in 4k , they want a specific framerate , they want it in HDR ... ( 17 : 35 ) ... built a new server to deal with the 4k framerate , the 23.98 ... ( 22 : 18 ) first show ... comes out at 70 - odd minutes ... we 're trying to discipline ourselves to 60 minutes Jump up ^ `` Clarkson delighted with terms of new Amazon show '' . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . The new motoring show , which will be available to Amazon Prime customers next year , will feature at least 36 episodes over three years . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Why Jeremy Clarkson 's ' Top Gear ' Team Went to Amazon '' . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . will be 12 episodes in each of the three series , and each episode will run for around an hour ... deal was brokered by Amazon U.K. film and TV strategy director Chris Bird and Conrad Riggs , the U.S. company 's head of TV production . Jump up ^ Martinson , Jane ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon to stream The Grand Tour in 200 countries and territories '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Launch Date '' . YouTube . 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Antuan ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour hits the road with Amazon Prime on November 18 '' . Cnet.com . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : A Message from the Guys '' . YouTube . 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The First Stop of Clarkson , Hammond , and May 's ' Grand Tour ' Is South Africa '' . www.roadandtrack.com . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Season One Finale : Burj Khalifa Gets a Giant Jeremy Face and More '' . www.grandtournation.com . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour breaks Amazon Prime streaming record with debut episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Despite the difficulty , the trio 's debut was an undisputed success , becoming Amazon Prime 's most - watched premiere in the streaming service 's history . The previous record - holder was The Man In The High Castle . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour is going global '' . Amazon . Amazon . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Repeats of The Grand Tour are coming to your TV -- MotoringBox '' . www.motoringbox.com . Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 11 July 2017 ) . The Grand Tour Season 2 Sneak Peek ( trailer ) . Retrieved 13 July 2017 -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How to get in the studio audience of Jeremy Clarkson 's The Grand Tour '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . the studio tent has a new location in the Cotswolds , ... filming taking place every week , usually on Wednesdays , from October 25 until December 19 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` James May reveals when The Grand Tour is returning to Amazon for series 2 '' . Digitalspy.com . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour is no longer going on tour with the hosts cased in the Cotswolds -- BBC Newsbeat '' . 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` James May : Top Gear 's Cenotaph stunt was ' possibly a little unwise ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 27 March 2016 ) . `` James May : ' We are not in a race with Chris Evans ' Top Gear ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Quinn , James ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` Amazon 's Jeff Bezos : With Jeremy Clarkson , we 're entering a new golden age of television '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Bezos ( said ) he 's `` very excited '' about the concept ... the show will be `` very , very , very expensive '' for Amazon . `` They 're worth a lot and they know it . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter : `` This is it . The Grand Tour 's first studio day . '' `` . Twitter.com. 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon Instant Video '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Chris ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Nashville -- How to Get Tickets for Clarkson , Hammond , and May '' . Roadandtrack.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Jeremy ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Grand Tour show one : Los Angeles . Show two : Johannesburg . Show three : Whitby obviously . Tickets available now '' . Twitter . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour on Twitter : `` Thank you for a great show Rotterdam . '' `` . Twitter.com. 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour -- Timeline '' . Facebook . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon Instant Video '' . Amazon.de . Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour 's final location is unveiled '' . 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson reveals he nearly died from pneumonia in hospital '' . theguardian.com. 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Hammond airlifted to hospital following car crash in Switzerland '' . theguardian.com. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson 's found a new permanent home for his Amazon show '' . uk.businessinsider.com. 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Holy Trinity '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 1 . 18 November 2016 . Event occurs at 42 : 33 . Amazon Video . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour has SCRAPPED its American version of ' The Stig ' from season two '' . 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rufford , Nick ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` Our year from hell : Clarkson , Hammond and May on The Grand Tour season 2 , overcoming disaster , ' that ' crash and ill - health '' . The Sunday Times : Driving . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . The show has a new test track in Enstone , ... there planning problems when ( Clarkson ) tried once before to use the Enstone track , back in Top Gear days ... The noisier testing of fast cars will continue to be done in Wiltshire at RAF Wroughton ... nicknamed `` the Eboladrome '' ^ Jump up to : Ivie , Dave ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Goes Back to Its Top Gear Roots '' . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . a future episode ( ... ) will see Nick Mason and Stewart Copeland competing for the title of fastest rock drummer . ^ Jump up to : Finnerty , Joe . `` WWE legend Goldberg and world heavyweight champ Anthony Joshua go head - to - head on The Grand Tour '' . The Sun . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Emma ( 26 November 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson forced to ' kill off ' celebs on The Grand Tour after BBC ' bans Top Gear rip - off star interviews ' '' . The Sun . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kristen ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Brain Crash ' Axed On The Grand Tour Season 2 '' . jalopnik.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour season 2 confirms celebrity guests including The Hoff , Jack Bauer and Luke Evans '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hsieh , Tony ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour : 3 Mustangs from the Opening Sequence of the Premiere Episode '' . Grand Tour Nation . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Launching 18 November , 2016 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Alex ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon upload first episode of Jeremy Clarkson 's Grand Tour 20 minutes Early '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Clarkson surprised fans by launching the Grand Tour half an hour early on Amazon Prime this evening ^ Jump up to : Fane Saunders , Tristram ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` What really happens in The Grand Tour ? Episode - by - episode details for Jeremy Clarkson 's Amazon show revealed '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson blows up old home to make way for new Cotswold farmhouse '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour boss said there would be no Christmas specials -- so what are all these photos about ? '' . Radio Times . 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . travelling studio tent to Kakslauttanen , Finland ... Even the title gives it away : Happy Finnish Christmas ... on Friday 30th December , wo n't even be coming from the travelling tent at all ... The Grand Tour abandons its usual travelling tent for a road trip across Namibia Jump up ^ `` Clarkson , Hammond und May in Stuttgart : Amazon Prime `` The Grand Tour '' kommt nach Deutschland -- GQ '' ( in German ) . Gq-magazin.de. 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PS - Fernsehen im Residenzschloss -- Geheimsache Autoshow -- Landkreis Ludwigsburg -- Stuttgarter Zeitung '' ( in German ) . stuttgarter-zeitung.de. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chris ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Chelsea stars mock Jeremy Clarkson over his custom car on The Grand Tour '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . inspections from Eden Hazard , Diego Costa , Thibaut Courtois , Gary Cahill , Willian and Oscar . Jump up ^ `` Book tickets for the Grand Tour Dubai '' . 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . 10th December 2016 ^ Jump up to : McKellar , Sean ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Behind the scenes with The Grand Tour in Switzerland '' . Motoring Box . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . `` It 's the past , the present and the future , '' says Clarkson ... the Gotthard Pass ... Today it is closed for The Grand Tour to film . The Swiss authorities have granted them all of ten minutes ... they head to the top of the pass and do ' the walkaround . ' ... we end the day at the Verkehrshaus , aka the Swiss Transport Museum , ... town of Kriens , 20 minutes from Lucerne , ... home to EVTech , ... We follow Hammond as he plugs in his Rimac and then ... Waits ... why we end the day in the Kriens Chess Museum Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/thegrandtour/status/938062061950717952 ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Adam ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour season 2 : Richard Hammond is on crutches in episode 2 after horrifying crash '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . second episode titled The Falls Guys , Clarkson drives ... Ford GT from New York city to Niagara Falls , with James May making the same journey via public transport with Hammond ... Celebrity Face Off ... cricketer Kevin Pietersen and baseball 's Brian Wilson Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Episode 3 '' . 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Michael ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour vs Top Gear : how do they compare ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . ( Test driver ) Mike Skinner . A stubbly , Commie - hating 59 - year - old Californian prone to drawling Jump up ^ St. John , Allen ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon 's Expensive ' Grand Tour ' Is Really Just ' Top Gear ' On Steroids '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , Sophie ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Plans passed for TV filming rumoured to be Jeremy Clarkson 's The Grand Tour '' . Oxford Mail . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . West Oxfordshire District Council has given approval for 13 weeks of filming at the Great Tew Estate , near Chipping Norton ... temporary studio ... Chump Productions , the production company owned by Jeremy Clarkson , James May , Richard Hammond and producer Andy Wilman ... shoot will involve 80 staff members and 350 ticketed guests , with the latter expected to generate 150 -- 200 cars on a filming day ... during two five - week periods between October and December ... 200 parking spaces , a marquee and a catering bus ... parking during the Cornbury festival will be utilised Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's Amazon show to be called The Grand Tour '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter -- The Grand Tour logo '' . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Horton , Helena ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's new Amazon Top Gear - style show could be called Gear Knobs '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . ' Gear Knobs ' is trademarked to new company Newincco 1361 Limited which has also trademarked ' Gear Nobs ' , and the name ' Speedbird ' which is speculated to be a charater ( sic ) on the show . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Clarkson ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` I see that many people think our new show is called Gear Knobs . Well you heard it here first . It is n't '' . Twitter . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Alanis ( 10 October 2015 ) . `` The Top Gear Guys ' New Amazon Show Will Not Be Called ' Gear Knobs , ' Thankfully '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Thanks for your suggestions . But be aware : for legal reasons , we can not use a name with the word `` gear '' in it `` . Twitter . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ; Hammond , Richard ; May , James ( 8 April 2016 ) . Clarkson , Hammond & May Brainstorm Names for Their New Amazon Prime Show . Amazon Video UK . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson joins Facebook and posts a video of their latest efforts in finding a name for the show . The video was later released on YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super motoscafo per le riprese di `` Top Gear '' sic fermato in Bacino senza assicurazione '' ( Powerboat used for filming `` Top Gear '' sic stopped in the Basin uninsured ) . Venice Today ( in Italian ) . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bolide a Venezia per le riprese della trasmissione `` Top Gear '' sic fermato dai carabinieri '' ( Meteor in Venice for the television show `` Top Gear '' sic stopped by police ) . La Nuova ( in Italian ) . Venice . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To celebrate The Grand Tour , join Amazon Prime for £ 59 and save £ 20 on your first year 's membership '' . Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 15 September 2016 ) , The Grand Tour : Launch Date , retrieved 9 October 2016 Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 6 October 2016 ) , The Grand Tour : The Official Trailer , retrieved 9 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` '' The Grand Tour '' ya tiene fecha en Amazon Prime '' ( The Grand Tour now has a date on Amazon Prime ) . Ñandutí , 1020 AM ( in Spanish ) . Paraguay. 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . El tráiler oficial , al ritmo de Come with Me Now , de Kongos Jump up ^ Okulski , Travis ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Is Leaving Crashed Priuses All Over the World '' . Road & Track . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jonny ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour moves into Top Gear with Clarkson , Hammond and May 's Amazon debut '' . Belfast Telegraph . DHL sponsorship Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 30 October 2016 ) . `` Grand Tour special : `` We 're back ! With all guns blazing '' `` . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Happily , a magnificent company called DHL then rode into the equation , offering to meet our transport costs in something called a `` sponsorship deal '' Jump up ^ `` This video of Jeremy Clarkson assembling a box got better reviews than Top Gear '' . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . shows Jeremy Clarkson assembling a DHL flat - pack box Jump up ^ `` The Holy Trinity '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 1 . 17 November 2016 . Event occurs at 01 : 10 : 45 . Amazon Video . `` Promotional Consideration Breitling Jet Team DHL Samsung Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( @ thegrandtour ) ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` 8 Breitling jets , the # BurningVan festival , and a flotilla of over 40 cars . Stream episode 1 of # TheGrandTour on Amazon Prime Video now '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 24 November 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Operation Desert Stumble '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 2 . 24 November 2016 . Event occurs at 00 : 57 : 14 . Amazon Video . `` Promotional Consideration Provided By DHL Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd 5.11 Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour gets rave reviews from critics as Jeremy Clarkson and co make triumphant Amazon Prime debut '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour review -- Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` So how many DID tune in to The Grand Tour ? Amazon cagily announces Clarkson 's premiere its ' biggest ever success ' for Prime Video ( but refuses to release viewing figures ) '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gompertz , Will ( 18 November 2016 ) , The Grand Tour Review : Clarkson returns in ' filmic ' show Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour episode 1 review : The best of Top Gear with a bigger budget '' . The Independent . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon 's ' Grand Tour ' Triples ' Man in the High Castle ' Viewers '' ( Exclusive ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Power , Ed ( 25 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour episode two review : Operation Desert Stumble and Jeremy Clarkson is still off the leash -- plus all the talking points '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viewers divided over `` difficult second episode '' of The Grand Tour `` . RadioTimes . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` Richard Hammond under fire for ' ice - cream is gay ' line on The Grand Tour '' . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . In front of a live audience , Clarkson pointed to an image of the interior of a Rolls Royce , saying : `` The only problem is that in one of those , you could n't enjoy a chocolate Magnum ice - cream . '' `` It 's all right , I do n't eat ice - cream '' , replied Hammond . `` It 's something to do with being straight . '' Jump up ^ `` Richard Hammond is criticised for gay ice cream joke on Amazon show , The Grand Tour '' . 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 2 January 2017 ) . `` Richard Hammond 's controversial ' gay ice cream joke ' on The Grand Tour may not have been all it seemed '' . The Sun . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TRIC Award Nominees '' . Television and Radio Industries Club . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Series Premiere Review & Discussion '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Review : Jeremy Clarkson 's ' The Grand Tour ' on Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Brad ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Sorry The Grand Tour , Top Gear Is Again The World 's Best Car Show '' . Car Scoops . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Season 1 -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour season 2 episode 1 review : We 're in safe hands as Clarkson , Hammond and May return '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television review : The Grand Tour on Amazon Prime '' . The Times . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour season 2 , episode 1 review : Has Jeremy Clarkson finally found his groove ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Trevor . `` Clarkson , Hammond & May 's The Grand Tour coming to Channel 7 free to air ! '' . EFTM . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates in `` The Grand Tour ( TV series ) '' using OSM Map all coordinates in `` The Grand Tour ( TV series ) '' using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Official website The Grand Tour on IMDb The Grand Tour 's channel on YouTube Geographic data related to The Grand Tour 's `` Eboladrome '' test track at OpenStreetMap Quotations related to The Grand Tour at Wikiquote Amazon Video original programming Original series Current Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Kamen Rider Amazons ( 2016 -- present ) The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Lore ( 2017 -- present ) Former Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! ( 2015 -- present ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- present ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2015 -- present ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( 2015 -- present ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- present ) Little Big Awesome ( 2016 -- present ) Lost In Oz ( 2017 -- present ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( 2017 -- present ) Upcoming The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) Top Gear 1977 -- 2001 format List of episodes 2002 -- present format Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Segments Challenges Power Lap Times Races Specials Winter Olympics US Special Top Gear of the Pops Polar Special Botswana Special Top Ground Gear Force Vietnam Special Race to the North Bolivia Special Middle East Special India Special Patagonia Special Other Home video releases Top Gear controversies Top Gear Test Track BBC v HarperCollins Publishers Ltd The Stig International versions Australia episodes China France Russia United States Top Gear episodes Top Gear America South Korea Italy Spin - offs and related Extra Gear Fifth Gear Rally Report Stars in Fast Cars The Grand Tour Top Gear Magazine Top Gear Motorsport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Tour_(TV_series)&oldid=816054471 '' Categories : The Grand Tour ( TV series ) Amazon Video original programming Automotive television series 2010s British television series 2016 British television programme debuts British adventure television series Driving in the United Kingdom English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use British English from June 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new jeremy clarkson show start	[ "A teaser trailer for the second series was released on 11 July 2017, featuring a Mercedes AMG GT R, Ripsaw EV-2, McLaren 720S, Bugatti Chiron, Audi TT RS, Rimac Concept One, a Grumman American AA-5 light aircraft and an armoured personnel carrier visiting the Dubai Mall.[18] A second trailer, released on 1 November 2017, featured a Lamborghini Aventador S, Honda NSX, Ariel Nomad and Kia Stinger GT. The second series filmed its studio segments on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays between 25 October and 19 December 2017,[19] and premiered on 8 December 2017.[20][21]" ]	[ "8 December 2017" ]
3790782798207494469	Indo-Tibetan Border Police	Indo - Tibetan border Police - wikipedia Indo - Tibetan border Police Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police Common name Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force Abbreviation ITBPF Motto Shaurya -- Dridhata -- Karm Nishtha Valour -- Steadfastness and Commitment Agency overview Formed 24 October , 1962 Employees 89,432 active personnel Annual budget ₹ 4,824.31 crore ( US $750 million ) ( 2016 - 17 est . ) Legal personality Non government : Central Armed Police Forces Jurisdictional structure Federal agency IN Governing body Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) Constituting instrument Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force Act , 1992 General nature Federal law enforcement Civilian agency Specialist jurisdictions Paramilitary law enforcement , counter insurgency , armed response to civil unrest , counter terrorism , special weapons operations . National border patrol , security , and integrity . Operational structure Headquarters New Delhi , India Minister responsible Rajnath Singh , Union Home Minister Agency executive RK Pachnanda , Director General of ITBP Parent agency Central Armed Police Forces Facilities Boats 30 Planes 2 Helicopters Website ( 1 ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police . Sarahan , Himachal Pradesh , India . The Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) is one of the five Central Armed Police Forces of India , raised on 24 October 1962 , under the CRPF Act , in the wake of the Sino - Indian War of 1962 . The ITBP was intended for deployment along India 's border with China 's Tibet Autonomous Region . In September 1996 , the Parliament of India enacted the `` Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force Act , 1992 '' to `` provide for the constitution and regulation '' of the ITBP `` for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected therewith '' . The first head of the ITBP , designated Inspector General , was Balbir Singh , a police officer previously belonging to the Intelligence Bureau . The ITBP , which started with 4 battalions , has since restructuring in 1978 has undergone expansion to a force of 56 battalions as of 2017 with a sanctioned strength of 89,432 . The ITBP is trained in Civil Medical Camp , disaster management , and nuclear , biological and chemical disasters . ITBP personnel have been deployed abroad in UN peacekeeping missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Western Sahara , Sudan , Afghanistan and elsewhere . Two battalions of ITBP are deputed to National Disaster Response Force . Contents ( hide ) 1 Command Control superstructure 2 Roles 3 Training centres 4 Education and Stress Counselling Services in ITBP 5 Equipment 6 Fatalities 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Command control superstructure ( edit ) ITBP , for the first two decades since its raising in 1962 , till 1983 , was headed by Inspector Generals of Police ( IGs ) , all drawn from the IPS . In this period ( 1963 -- 83 ) , IGs had stable tenures , for instance B Chatterjee , IG , was head of the force from 02 - 06 - 1964 to 31 - 08 - 1974 , and RN Sheopory , as IG , was head from 03 - 09 - 1974 to 22 - 12 - 1980 . In 1983 , the Indira Gandhi led Congress Government , upgraded ITBP head to Director General ( DG ) . Since then , there has exponentially expansion of higher ranks , accompanied by volatility in the tenures of the head of ITBP . Instead of one IG as in 1983 , ITBP now has 16 DG / IGs , and over 40 DIGs . The average tenure of DGs is about a year plus , and in some cases barely a few weeks , for instance B.B. Nandy , IPS , was DG ( 10 - 01 - 1997 to 03 - 04 - 1997 ) , for just 28 weeks . Going by the trend of short tenures of DGs , it would appear that the Government is not overly concerned about command control , or in maintaining command continuity in the ITBP . The post of DG was again upgraded by the Manmohan Singh led UPA Government in 2008 . Item DG IGs DIGs Remarks Hqs 7 13 - Frontier hqs - 7 - - Sector hqs - - 15 - Training - 12 - Total 15 40 - Roles ( edit ) ITBP is a multi-dimensional force which primarily has 5 functions : Vigil on the northern borders , detection and prevention of border violations , and promotion of the sense of security among the local populace . Check illegal immigration and trans - border smuggling Provide security to sensitive installations and threatened VIPs Restore and preserve order in any area in the event of disturbance to maintain the peace Ski Contingent of the ITBP during their 53rd Raising Day Parade , 2014 Presently , battalions of ITBP are deployed on border guard duties from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Diphu La in Arunachal Pradesh , covering 3488 km of the India - China border . Manned border posts are at altitudes as high as 21,000 feet ( 6,400 m ) in the western , middle & eastern sector of the border . ITBP is a mountain trained force and most of the officers & men are professionally trained mountaineers and skiers . The force is under an expansion plan in order to provide relief to its troops from constant deployment in high altitude areas under dynamic and professional leadership of Shri Subhash Goswami , IPS . The border posts manned by ITBP are exposed to high velocity storms , snow blizzards , avalanches , and landslides , besides the hazards of high altitude and extreme cold , where temperature dips up to minus 40 - degree Celsius . ITBP conducts Long Range and Short Range patrols to keep an effective vigil on inaccessible and unmanned areas on the border . The ITBP has recently taken on a disaster management role . Being the first responder for natural Disaster in Himalayas , ITBP was the first to establish 06 ( now 08 ) Regional Response Centres in Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand and Northeast India and carried out numerous rescue and relief operations in various disaster situations , which took place in our areas of responsibility as well as other parts of the country . ITBP has already trained 1032 personnel in Disaster Management including 98 personnel in Radiological and Chemical and Biological emergencies . ITBP has established a National Centre for Training in Search , Rescue & Disaster response at Bhanu , Haryana which is imparting training to personnel of ITBP and other Paramilitary / State Police Forces . There is also a training centre for the Dogs at Basic Training centre situated at Bhanu . The centre is known as NICD . ITBP Commando units provide security to the Embassy and consulates of India in Afghanistan . Besides this two Companies of the ITBP are providing security in Afghanistan . One company of ITBP is deployed in United Nation Mission in Congo since November , 2005 . A National Centre for UNCIVPOL training has been set up at ITBP Camp , Tigri , Khanpur , Delhi for providing systematic training to Indian Police Officers for deployment in UN Mission . ITBP is also providing security to the pilgrims during Annual Kailash Mansarovar Yatra from 1981 . ITBP provides communication , security and medical cover to the yatries from Gunji to Lipulekh Pass and back to Gunji in co-ordination with MEA and Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam . Chitkul Village , as seen from the road to the ITBP checkpost ITBP 's major training centre is located at Mussoorie , in Uttarakhand . The Training Academy has been established in 1976 , and imparts training to Officers , Subordinate officers , and promotional course . Specialised training programmes in rock craft , explosives handling etc. are also conducted here. Ace mountaineer and Padma Shri awardee , Shri Harbhajan Singh , IG heads this institution . Keeping in view the evolving security scenario of the country , ITBP has established a Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School ( CIJW ) at an altitude of 6000 feet in the heart of extremely tough Himalayan mountains , at Mahidanda in Uttarkashi district , under dynamic vision of the then DG of the Force Shri Vikram Srivasatava , IPS . He provided top rated leadership to the force . The CIJW school provides state of the art training to ITBP 's men and officers to enable them to take on the 21st century 's security challenges in the form of anti Naxal Operations . Jungle warfare , handling of explosives , rock craft , survival in adverse conditions , unarmed combat , and guerrilla warfare are some of the subjects trained here . The training regime , formulated under close supervision of Shri Rajiv Mehta , IPS and executed on ground by Sanjeev Raina , DIG is extremely demanding both mentally and physically , needing special preparation . The presence of the force along the Indo China border , maintains vigil along the extremely difficult high altitude border area . The troops of the force keeps a sharp eye on any violation of the border , trans border smuggling , and affords a sense of security to the remotely located isolated settlements . The altitude where the troops are deployed range up to 18800 feet , and the temperature plummets to minus 30 degrees during winter with snow fall of more than ten feet . The force is synonymous with adventure and dare - devilry and has undertaken numerous mountaineering expeditions . Its skiers have been national champions , who have competed winter Olympics . Its river rafters have created international history in rafting through the turbulent white waters of the mighty Brahmaputra , the Indus and the Ganges . The Force has created a milestone by becoming the first Central Para Military Force to grab up the Best Marching Contingent Trophy in the Republic Day parades in 1998 , 1999 , 2000 and 2011 . It broke new ground in 1998 when it sent the first ever police tableau of the country to participate in the Republic Day Parade . ITBP is in the forefront of movement for the preservation of Himalayan environment and ecology . ITBP has taken up in a big way the task of greening the Himalayan regions especially in Inner Himalayas . Being the only human presence in areas close to China border , it has taken on itself the task of maintaining the delicate balance of flora and fauna . ITBP being deployed in mountains has developed the expertise in rescue & relief operations in mountains , which entail different specialised skills of very high standard . It is always first in extending rescue & relief in case of natural calamity . ITBP conducts a large number of civic action programmes in remote border and terrorist affected areas to provide free and expert medical , health and hygiene care to the civilian population in remote villages . ITBP Academy has been given the status of `` Centre of Excellence '' by the Government of India and now is on the path of modernisation of its training infra - structure . As of June 2004 , the Academy has trained 3,785 GOs , 7,776 SOs and 27,476 Other Ranks from ITBP and CPOs / State Police Forces . Training centres ( edit ) ITBP training centres develop amongst the trainees the qualities of : professional skills , esprit de corps and leadership . They are taught the values of integrity , impartiality and respect for all castes , creeds and religions . Maintaining the highest tradition of supreme sacrifice in the service of motherland the Himveers are also taught to function effectively while always keeping in mind human rights and the codes of war which always guide their conduct . The Basic Training Centre at Bhanu , ITBP Academy at Mussourie , and the Mountaineering & Skiing Institute at Auli run the training programmes and conduct indoor and outdoor training activities , in pursuance of this mission . The motto of the ITBP , Shaurya , dridata , karm nishtha ( Valour , determination , devotion to duty ) has always inspired its men in accepting challenges to bring glory to the nation and honour to the force . In the course of active duties , the force has earned a number of Civil and Service honours , and decorations like Padma Shree -- 2 , Shaurya Chakra -- 1 , Sena Medal -- 1 , President 's Police Medal for Gallantry -- 3 , Police Medal for Gallantry -- 44 , President 's Police Medal for Distinguished Service -- 63 , Police Medal for Meritorious Service -- 292 and the Prime Minister 's Life Saving Medal -- 54 . ITBP has undergone a massive expansion plan to provide much needed relief to its troops who remain deployed in the tough high altitude terrain for most part of their service . 13 units were raised in the year 2006 -- 07 , followed by another 7 units the following year . ITBP is building full fledge recreation and Training centre in Belgaum at Halbhavi , Belgaum provides the best climate for recreation and ITBP will relocate the personal and will have large family bases in Belgaum for its soldiers after high altitude stressful . Education and stress counselling services in ITBP ( edit ) ITBP is the only Central Armed Police Force in India , which has combatised stress counsellors in its Field units , Formations Including the Ranks - Deputy Commandants ESC , Assistant Commandant - ESC , Inspector - ESC , Sub Inspector - ESC and Head Constable - ESC . These uniformed stress counsellors also play a major role in improving education for ITBP wards and the local children near ITBP Units . There are 21 ITBP Public Schools across the country run by ESC personnel of ITBPolice Force . A school run by ESC personnel of ITBP ITBP Schools are located at remote areas like Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Leh and Sonipat , Dwarka Delhi . Equipment ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Pistol Auto 9mm 1A 9mmx19 mm Heckler & Koch MP5 A3 9mmx19 mm SMG AKM INSAS 5.56 mmx45 mm Assault Rifle FN FAL self - loading rifle ( Indian origin , has been phased out 90 % , with INSAS ) INSAS LMG Bren LMG FN MAG MMG Carl Gustav 84 mm recoilless rifles AGS - 30 Automatic Grenade Launcher 81 mm Mortar 51mm Mortar Fatalities ( edit ) Assistant Commandant Ashok Kumar Rana was killed in 1998 at Chirwar , in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , in an encounter with Kashmiri insurgents . Deputy Commandant Joy Lal , was killed in a land mine blast . Inspector Raj Kumar was killed in 1997 in an encounter with Kashmiri insurgents at Wangam in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , and was posthumously decorated . Constable Suresh Kumar was killed in December 1994 in an encounter with Kashmiri insurgents in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , and was posthumously decorated . Constable Kishan Ram killed in March 1994 in an encounter with insurgents in District Anantnag in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , and was posthumously decorated . Three members of the ITBP were also killed in an attempt to climb Mount Everest during a severe storm in 1996 . Ct Ajay Pathania and Roop Singh were killed when a suicide bomber attacked the Indian Embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan on 7 July 2008 . Both the officers have been honoured with Kirti Chakra on 15 August 2008 . Six ITBP personnel were killed during rescue operations in flood hit Uttarakhand when the Mi - 17V5 helicopter of IAF crashed due to bad weather . See also ( edit ) Assam Rifles Border outpost Border Security Force Central Industrial Security Force Central Reserve Police Force Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( Water Wing ) Ministry of Home Affairs National Security Guard Sashastra Seema Bal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf Jump up ^ `` Rs 78,000 crore budget for # MHA ; Rs 1,577 crore for # IntelligenceBureau in # Budget2017 hike '' . Live Mint. 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/index.html Jump up ^ `` THE INDO - TIBETAN BORDER POLICE FORCE ACT , 1992 ACT No. 35 OF 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HISTORY AND ROLE OF ITBP '' . ITBP . ITBP . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MHA Annual Report 2016 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : MHA ( 2016 ) . `` official website of Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force , MHA , GOI '' . MHA . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Department of Personnel & Training ( DOPT ) . `` INDIAN POLICE SERVICE ( PAY ) RULES , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Government Of India Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances & ... Department of Personnel & Training ( DOPT ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/itbpschools.html Jump up ^ ITBP Assistant Commandant GD LDCE Result UGCTET . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo - Tibetan Border Police . 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About Wikipedia	who has taken charge as the new director general of the indo tibetan border police	[ "\n\nIndo-Tibetan Border Police\n\n\nCommon name\nIndo-Tibetan Border Police Force\n\n\nAbbreviation\nITBPF\n\n\n\n\n\nMotto\nShaurya – Dridhata – Karm Nishtha\nValour – Steadfastness and Commitment\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\n24 October, 1962\n\n\nEmployees\n89,432 active personnel[1]\n\n\nAnnual budget\n₹4,824.31 crore (US$750 million) (2016-17 est.)[2]\n\n\nLegal personality\nNon government: Central Armed Police Forces\n\n\nJurisdictional structure\n\n\nFederal agency\nIN\n\n\nGoverning body\nMinistry of Home Affairs (India)\n\n\nConstituting instrument\nIndo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992\n\n\nGeneral nature\n\n\nFederal law enforcement\nCivilian agency\n\n\n\n\nSpecialist jurisdictions\n\n\nParamilitary law enforcement, counter insurgency, armed response to civil unrest, counter terrorism, special weapons operations.\nNational border patrol, security, and integrity.\n\n\n\n\nOperational structure\n\n\nHeadquarters\nNew Delhi, India\n\n\nMinister responsible\nRajnath Singh, Union Home Minister\n\n\nAgency executive\nR K Pachnanda[3], Director General of ITBP\n\n\nParent agency\nCentral Armed Police Forces\n\n\nFacilities\n\n\nBoats\n30\n\n\nPlanes\n2 Helicopters\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\n[1]\n\n" ]	[ "R K Pachnanda" ]
6759229512493982190	End of World War II in Europe	End of World war II in Europe - wikipedia End of World war II in Europe Jump to : navigation , search The German Instrument of Surrender signed at Reims , 8 May 1945 West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender to the Allies took place in late April and early May 1945 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline of surrenders and deaths 2 See also 3 Citations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Timeline of surrenders and deaths ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners : The total number of prisoners taken on the Western Front in April 1945 by the Western Allies was 1,500,000. April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy . In the three to four months up to the end of April , over 800,000 German soldiers surrendered on the Eastern Front . In early April , the first Allied - governed Rheinwiesenlagers were established in western Germany to hold hundreds of thousands of captured or surrendered Axis Forces personnel . Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) reclassified all prisoners as Disarmed Enemy Forces , not POWs ( prisoners of war ) . The legal fiction circumvented provisions under the Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of former combatants . By October , thousands had died in the camps from starvation , exposure and disease . The Dachau death train consisted of nearly forty railcars containing the bodies of between 2,000 and 3,000 prisoners who were evacuated from Buchenwald on 7 April 1945 . Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps and refugees : Allied forces began to discover the scale of The Holocaust . The advance into Germany uncovered numerous Nazi concentration camps and forced labor facilities . Up to 60,000 prisoners were at Bergen - Belsen when it was liberated on 15 April 1945 , by the British 11th Armoured Division . Four days later troops from the American 42nd ( Rainbow ) Infantry Division found Dachau . Allied troops forced the remaining SS guards to gather up the corpses and place them in mass graves . Due to the prisoners ' poor physical condition , thousands continued to die after liberation . Captured SS guards were subsequently tried at Allied war crimes tribunals where many were sentenced to death . However , up to 10,000 Nazi war criminals eventually fled Europe using ratlines such as ODESSA . German forces leave Finland : On 25 April 1945 , the last German formations withdrew from Finnish Lapland into occupied Norway . On 27 April 1945 , the Raising the Flag on the Three - Country Cairn photograph was taken . Mussolini 's death : On 25 April 1945 , Italian partisans liberated Milan and Turin . On 27 April 1945 , as Allied forces closed in on Milan , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans . It is disputed whether he was trying to flee from Italy to Switzerland ( through the Splügen Pass ) , and was traveling with a German anti-aircraft battalion . On 28 April , Mussolini was executed in Giulino ( a civil parish of Mezzegra ) ; the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed there . The bodies were then taken to Milan and hung up on the Piazzale Loreto of the city . On 29 April , Rodolfo Graziani surrendered all Fascist Italian armed forces at Caserta . This included Army Group Liguria . Graziani was the Minister of Defence for Mussolini 's Italian Social Republic . The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender . Final positions of the Allied armies , May 1945 Axis - held territory at the end of the war in Europe shown in blue Keitel signs surrender terms , 8 May 1945 in Berlin Hitler 's death : On 30 April , as the Battle of Nuremberg and the Battle of Hamburg ended with American and British occupation , in addition to the Battle of Berlin raging above him with the Soviets surrounding the city , along with his escape route cut off by the Americans , realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini 's fate , German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führerbunker along with Eva Braun , his long - term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide . In his will , Hitler dismissed Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , his second - in - command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich . Hitler appointed his successors as follows ; Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as the new Reichspräsident ( `` President of Germany '' ) and Joseph Goebbels as the new Reichskanzler ( Chancellor of Germany ) . However , Goebbels committed suicide the following day , leaving Dönitz as the sole leader of Germany . German forces in Italy surrender : On 29 April , the day before Hitler died , Oberstleutnant Schweinitz and Sturmbannführer Wenner , plenipotentiaries for Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff and SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff , signed a surrender document at Caserta after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the Western Allies , which were viewed with great suspicion by the Soviet Union as trying to reach a separate peace . In the document , the Germans agreed to a ceasefire and surrender of all the forces under the command of Vietinghoff at 2pm on 2 May . Accordingly , after some bitter wrangling between Wolff and Albert Kesselring in the early hours of 2 May , nearly 1,000,000 men in Italy and Austria surrendered unconditionally to British Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander at 2pm on 2 May . German forces in Berlin surrender : The Battle of Berlin ended on 2 May . On that date , General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defense Area , unconditionally surrendered the city to General Vasily Chuikov of the Soviet army . On the same day the officers commanding the two armies of Army Group Vistula north of Berlin , ( General Kurt von Tippelskirch , commander of the German 21st Army and General Hasso von Manteuffel , commander of Third Panzer Army ) , surrendered to the Western Allies. 2 May is also believed to have been the day when Hitler 's deputy Martin Bormann died , from the account of Artur Axmann who saw Bormann 's corpse in Berlin near the Lehrter Bahnhof railway station after encountering a Soviet Red Army patrol . Lehrter Bahnhof is close to where the remains of Bormann , confirmed as his by a DNA test in 1998 , were unearthed on 7 December 1972 . German forces in North West Germany , Denmark , and the Netherlands surrender : On 4 May 1945 , the British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery took the unconditional military surrender at Lüneburg from Generaladmiral Hans - Georg von Friedeburg , and General Eberhard Kinzel , of all German forces `` in Holland ( sic ) , in northwest Germany including the Frisian Islands and Heligoland and all other islands , in Schleswig - Holstein , and in Denmark ... includ ( ing ) all naval ships in these areas '' , at the Timeloberg on Lüneburg Heath ; an area between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen . The number of German land , sea and air forces involved in this surrender amounted to 1,000,000 men . On 5 May , Großadmiral Dönitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases . At 16 : 00 , General Johannes Blaskowitz , the German commander - in - chief in the Netherlands , surrendered to Canadian General Charles Foulkes in the Dutch town of Wageningen in the presence of Prince Bernhard ( acting as commander - in - chief of the Dutch Interior Forces ) . German forces in Bavaria surrender : At 14 : 30 on 4 May 1945 , General Hermann Foertsch surrendered all forces between the Bohemian mountains and the Upper Inn river to the American General Jacob L. Devers , commander of the American 6th Army Group . Central Europe : On 5 May 1945 , the Czech resistance started the Prague uprising . The following day , the Soviets launched the Prague Offensive . In Dresden , Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann let it be known that a large - scale German offensive on the Eastern Front was about to be launched . Within two days , Mutschmann abandoned the city , but was captured by Soviet troops while trying to escape . Hermann Göring 's surrender : On 6 May , Reichsmarshall and Hitler 's second - in - command , Hermann Göring , surrendered to General Carl Spaatz , who was the commander of the operational United States Air Forces in Europe , along with his wife and daughter at the Germany - Austria border . He was by this time the most powerful Nazi official still alive . German forces in Breslau surrender : At 18 : 00 on 6 May , General Hermann Niehoff , the commandant of Breslau , a ' fortress ' city surrounded and besieged for months , surrendered to the Soviets . Jodl and Keitel surrender all German armed forces unconditionally : Thirty minutes after the fall of `` Festung Breslau '' ( Fortress Breslau ) , General Alfred Jodl arrived in Reims and , following Dönitz 's instructions , offered to surrender all forces fighting the Western Allies . This was exactly the same negotiating position that von Friedeburg had initially made to Montgomery , and like Montgomery the Supreme Allied Commander , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , threatened to break off all negotiations unless the Germans agreed to a complete unconditional surrender to all the Allies on all fronts . Eisenhower explicitly told Jodl that he would order western lines closed to German soldiers , thus forcing them to surrender to the Soviets . Jodl sent a signal to Dönitz , who was in Flensburg , informing him of Eisenhower 's declaration . Shortly after midnight , Dönitz , accepting the inevitable , sent a signal to Jodl authorizing the complete and total surrender of all German forces . At 02 : 41 on the morning of 7 May , at SHAEF headquarters in Reims , France , the Chief - of - Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command , General Alfred Jodl , signed an unconditional surrender document for all German forces to the Allies , committing representatives of the German High Command to attend a definitive signing ceremony in Berlin . General Franz Böhme announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway on 7 May . It included the phrase `` All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European Time on May 8 , 1945 . '' The next day , Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and other German OKW representatives travelled to Berlin , and shortly before midnight signed an amended and definitive document of unconditional surrender , explicitly surrendering to all the Allied forces in the presence of Marshal Georgi Zhukov and representatives of SHAEF . The signing ceremony took place in a former German Army Engineering School in the Berlin district of Karlshorst ; it now houses the German - Russian Museum Berlin - Karlshorst . German forces on the Channel Islands surrender : At 10 : 00 on 8 May , the Channel Islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15 : 00 during which he announced : `` Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight , but in the interests of saving lives the ' Cease fire ' began yesterday to be sounded all along the front , and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today . '' VE - Day : News of the imminent surrender broke in the West on 8 May , and celebrations erupted throughout Europe and parts of the British Empire . In the US , Americans awoke to the news and declared 8 May V-E Day . As the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany it was 9 May Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective , which is why Russia and many other European countries east of Germany commemorate Victory Day on 9 May . German units cease fire : Although the military commanders of most German forces obeyed the order to surrender issued by the ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) -- the German Armed Forces High Command ) , not all commanders did so . The largest contingent were Army Group Centre under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander - in - Chief of the Army on 30 April in Hitler 's last will and testament . On 8 May , Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria ; the Soviet Army sent overwhelming force against Army Group Centre in the Prague Offensive , forcing German units in Army Group Centre to capitulate by 11 May . The other forces which did not surrender on 8 May surrendered piecemeal : The Second Army , under the command of General von Saucken , on the Heiligenbeil and Danzig beachheads , on the Hel Peninsula in the Vistula delta surrendered on 9 May , as did the forces on the Greek islands ; and the garrisons of the last Atlantic pockets in France , in Saint - Nazaire , La Rochelle ( after the Allied siege ) , and Lorient . Battle of Slivice , the last battle in Czechoslovakia , on 12 May On 13 May , the Red Army halted all offensives in Europe . Isolated pockets of resistance in Czechoslovakia were mopped up by this date . People gathered in Whitehall to hear Winston Churchill 's victory speech , 8 May 1945 The garrison on Alderney , one of the Channel Islands occupied by the Germans , surrendered on 16 May , one week after the garrisons on Guernsey and Jersey had surrendered on 9 May and those on Sark on 10 May . The Georgian Uprising of Texel ( 5 April -- 20 May ) was Europe 's last battlefield in World War II . It was fought between Georgian Nazi - collaborationist army units on Texel against the German occupiers of that Dutch island . Another military engagement took place in Yugoslavia ( today 's Slovenia ) , on 14 and 15 May , known as the Battle of Poljana . Last battle in Europe , Battle of Odžak between yugoslav partisans and NDH forces , concludes on 25 of May . The remaining NDH soldiers escape to the forest . A small group of German soldiers deployed on Svalbard in Operation Haudegen to establish and man a weather station there lost radio contact in May 1945 ; they surrendered to some Norwegian seal hunters on 4 September , two days after the Surrender of Japan . Dönitz government ordered dissolved by Eisenhower : Karl Dönitz continued to act as if he were the German head of state , but his Flensburg government ( so - called because it was based at Flensburg in northern Germany and controlled only a small area around the town ) , was not recognized by the Allies . On 12 May an Allied liaison team arrived in Flensburg and took quarters aboard the passenger ship Patria . The liaison officers and the Supreme Allied Headquarters soon realized that they had no need to act through the Flensburg government and that its members should be arrested . On 23 May , acting on SHAEF 's orders and with the approval of the Soviets , American Major General Rooks summoned Dönitz aboard the Patria and communicated to him that he and all the members of his Government were under arrest , and that their government was dissolved . The Allies had a problem , because they realized that although the German armed forces had surrendered unconditionally , SHAEF had failed to use the document created by the `` European Advisory Commission '' ( EAC ) and so there had been no formal surrender by the civilian German government . This was considered a very important issue , because just as the civilian , but not military , surrender in 1918 had been used by Hitler to create the `` stab in the back '' argument , the Allies did not want to give any future hostile German regime a legal argument to resurrect an old quarrel . Order JCS 1067 was signed into effect by President Harry S. Truman on 10 May 1945 . This was part of the post-war economic plan that advocated how the Allied occupation would include measures to prevent Germany from waging further war by eliminating its armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries required for military strength . This included the removal or destruction of all industrial plants and equipment in the Ruhr . In 1947 , JCS 1067 was replaced by JCS 1779 that aimed at restoring a `` stable and productive Germany '' ; this led to the introduction of the Marshall Plan . Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers was signed by the four Allies on 5 June . It included the following : The Governments of the United States of America , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic , hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany , including all the powers possessed by the German Government , the High Command and any state , municipal , or local government or authority . The assumption , for the purposes stated above , of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany . -- US Department of State , Treaties and Other International Acts Series , No. 1520 . The Oder - Neisse Line It is disputed whether this assumption of power constituted debellation -- the end of a war caused by the complete destruction of a hostile state . The Potsdam Agreement was signed on 12 August 1945 . In connection with this , the leaders of the United States , Britain and the Soviet Union planned the new postwar German government , resettled war territory boundaries , de facto annexed a quarter of pre-war Germany situated east of the Oder - Neisse line , and mandated and organized the expulsion of the millions of Germans who remained in the annexed territories and elsewhere in the east . They also ordered German demilitarization , denazification , industrial disarmament and settlements of war reparations . But , as France ( at American insistence ) had not been invited to the Potsdam Conference , so the French representatives on the Allied Control Council subsequently refused to recognise any obligation to implement the Potsdam Agreement ; with the consequence that much of the programme envisaged at Potsdam , for the establishment of a German government and state adaquate for accepting a peace settlement , remained a dead letter . The Allied zones of occupation in post-war Germany , highlighting the Soviet zone ( red ) , the inner German border ( heavy black line ) and the zone from which British and US troops withdrew in July 1945 ( purple ) . The provincial boundaries are those of pre-Nazi Weimar Germany , before the present Länder were established . Allied Control Council created to effect the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany , specifically to implement their assumed joint authority over Germany . On 30 August , the Control Council constituted itself and issued its first proclamation , which informed the German people of the Council 's existence and asserted that the commands and directives issued by the Commanders - in - Chief in their respective zones were not affected by the establishment of the Council . Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by US President Truman . Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European Axis powers ( Italy , Romania , Hungary , Bulgaria , and Finland ; although Italy by some was considered a major power ) . The Federal Republic of Germany , that had been founded on 23 May 1949 ( when its Basic Law was promulgated ) had its first government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October . End of state of war with Germany was declared by many former Western Allies in 1950 . In the Petersberg Agreement of 22 November 1949 , it was noted that the West German government wanted an end to the state of war , but the request could not be granted . The US state of war with Germany was being maintained for legal reasons , and though it was softened somewhat it was not suspended since `` the US wants to retain a legal basis for keeping a US force in Western Germany '' . At a meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France , the UK , and the US in New York from 12 September -- 19 December 1950 , it was stated that among other measures to strengthen West Germany 's position in the Cold War that the western allies would `` end by legislation the state of war with Germany '' . In 1951 , many former Western Allies did end their state of war with Germany : Australia ( 9 July ) , Canada , Italy , New Zealand , the Netherlands ( 26 July ) , South Africa , the United Kingdom ( 9 July ) , and the United States ( 19 October ) . The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union was ended in early 1955 . `` The full authority of a sovereign state '' was granted to the Federal Republic of Germany on 5 May 1955 under the terms of the Bonn -- Paris conventions . The treaty ended the military occupation of West German territory , but the three occupying powers retained some special rights , e.g. vis - à - vis West Berlin . Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany : Under the terms of this peace treaty , the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany , including Berlin . As a result , Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 . Under the terms of the Treaty , the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 ( articles 4 and 5 ) . In accordance with the Treaty , occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline . US soldiers view the corpses of prisoners which lie strewn along the road in the newly liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp See also ( edit ) World War II portal War portal History portal End of World War II in Asia Aftermath of World War II Allied Commissions Council of Foreign Ministers Effects of World War II German Instrument of Surrender Line of contact Surrender of Japan Western betrayal German prisoners of war in northwest Europe Citations ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Facsimile of the original text , the transcription used in the Avalon source for the paragraph is erroneous . In this case , `` effect '' is correct . The implication is that annexation of Germany did not occur with the assumption of all the powers of the German state by the four Allied powers . However the next paragraph explicitly stated that the `` ( four Allied powers ) will hereafter determine the boundaries of Germany or any part thereof and the status of Germany or of any area at present being part of German territory '' . Jump up ^ Although the Allied powers considered this a debellatio ( The human rights dimensions of population , UNHCR web site , p. 2 § 138 ) other authorities have argued that the vestiges of the German state continued to exist even though the Allied Control Council governed the territory ; and that eventually a fully sovereign German government resumed over a state that never ceased to exist ( Junker , Detlef ( 2004 ) , Junker , Detlef ; Gassert , Philipp ; Mausbach , Wilfried ; et al. , eds. , The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War , 1945 -- 1990 : A Handbook , 2 , Cambridge University Press , co-published with German Historical Institute , Washington D.C. , p. 104 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 79112 - X . ) References Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph Story of the War , ( January 1st to October 9th 1945 ) page 153 ^ Jump up to : the Times , 1 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ ( Biddiscombe 1998 , p. 253 ) Jump up ^ Davidson , Eugene ( 1999 ) . The Death and Life of Germany . University of Missouri Press . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1249 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Armoured Division ( Great Britain ) '' , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Jump up ^ `` Station 11 : Crematorium -- Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site '' . Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 2002 ) . After the Darkness : Reflections on the Holocaust . New York , NY : Schocken Books . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Knoch , Habbo ( 2010 ) . Bergen - Belsen : Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940 -- 1945 , Concentration Camp 1943 -- 1945 , Displaced Persons Camp 1945 -- 1950 . Catalogue of the permanent exhibition . Wallstein . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8353 - 0794 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greene , Joshua ( 2003 ) . Justice At Dachau : The Trials Of An American Prosecutor . New York : Broadway . p. 400 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wiesenthal , Simon ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Odessa '' . Justice not Vengeance . George Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Jump up ^ Kulju , Mika ( 2017 ) . `` Chpt. 4 '' . Käsivarren sota -- lasten ristiretki 1944 -- 1945 ( The war in the Arm -- children 's crusade 1944 -- 1945 ) ( e-book ) ( in Finnish ) . Gummerus . ISBN 978 - 951 - 24 - 0770 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Ernest F. Fisher Jr : United States Army in WWII , The Mediterranean - Cassino to the Alps . Page 524 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Story of the War fifth volume page 153 Jump up ^ Dollinger , Hans . The Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 . p. 239 Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) . Berlin : The Downfall 1945 . Viking - Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Karacs , Imre ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The German Surrender Documents -- WWII Jump up ^ `` Monty Speech & German Surrender 1945 '' . British Pathé . Retrieved December 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ the Times , 5 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ World War II Timeline : western Europe : 1945 Archived 22 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ron Goldstein Field Marshal Keitel 's surrender BBC additional comment by Peter -- WW2 Site Helper Jump up ^ ( Page 228 , `` The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan '' , Hans Dollinger ( de ) , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 ) ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : During the summers of World War II , Britain was on British Double Summer Time which meant that the country was ahead of CET time by one hour . This means that the surrender time in the UK was `` effective from 0001 hours on May 9 ''. RAF Site Diary 7 / 8 May Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1990 , p. 258 last paragraph . Jump up ^ The Churchill Centre : The End of the War in Europe Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Morgenthau , Henry ( 1944 ) . `` Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany ( The original memorandum from 1944 , signed by Morgenthau ) ( text and facsimile ) '' . Box 31 , Folder Germany : Jan. - Sept. 1944 ( i297 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum ( published 27 May 2004 ) . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Demilitarization of Germany : It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after surrender . This means completely disarming the German Army and people ( including the removal or destruction of all war material ) , the total destruction of the whole German armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael R ( 2003 ) . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 169 -- 170 . ISBN 0743244540 . ^ Jump up to : Plenipotentiaries 1945 , p. 1 ( 3 PDF ) . Jump up ^ Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany Archived 18 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Avalon Project , Yale Law School , Retrieved 14 September 2008 Jump up ^ United Nations War Crimes Commission ( 1997 ) , Law reports of trials of war criminals : United Nations War Crimes Commission , Wm . S. Hein , p. 13 , ISBN 1 - 57588 - 403 - 8 Jump up ^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission ( PDF ) , II Part Two , 1993 , p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Werner v. United States ( 188 F. 2d 266 ) Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit , 4 April 1951 . Website of Public.Resource.Org Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Step Forward Time Magazine Monday , 28 November 1949 Jump up ^ Staff . Full text of `` Britannica Book Of The Year 1951 '' Open - Access Text Archive . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ War 's End Time Magazine , 16 July 1951 Jump up ^ Elihu Lauterpacht , C.J. Greenwood . International law reports . Volume 52 , Cambridge University Press , 1979 ISBN 0 - 521 - 46397 - 1 . p. 505 Jump up ^ James H. Marsh . World War II : Making the Peace , The Canadian Encyclopedia , Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ 1951 in History BrainyMedia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ H. Lauterpacht ( editor ) , International law reports Volume 23 . Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 949009 - 37 - 7 . p. 773 Jump up ^ US Code -- Title 50 Appendix -- War and National Defense Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Government Printing Office Archived 29 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Spreading Hesitation Time Magazine Monday , 7 February 1955 References ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking - Penguin Books , p. 342 Plenipotentiaries ( 5 June 1945 ) , `` Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with respect to Germany by the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the provisional government of the French Republic ( facsimile ) '' , Germany No . i ( 1945 ) : Unconditional Surrender of Germany Declaration and other Documents issued by the Governments of the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( PDF ) , pp. 1 -- 6 ( 3 -- 7 PDF ) , retrieved December 2013 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1969 ) , Battle for Berlin : End of the Third Reich , London : Macdomald & Co , p. 128 Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1990 ) , `` Chapter XV : The Victory Sealed : Surrender at Reims '' , The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944 -- 1946 , Center of Military History , United States Army , Washington , D.C. , Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75 - 619027 Further reading ( edit ) Deutsche Welle special coverage of the end of World War II -- features a global perspective . On this Day 7 May 1945 : Germany signs unconditional surrender Account of German surrender , BBC Charles Kiley ( Stars and Stripes Staff Writer ). Details of the Surrender Negotiations This Is How Germany Gave Up London ' 45 Victory Parade , photos and the exclusion of the Polish ally Multimedia map of the war ( 1024x768 & Macromedia Flash Plugin 7. x ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : German Instrument of Surrender , 1945 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Winston Churchill announces the Surrender of Germany The short film A DEFEATED PEOPLE ( 1946 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive End of World War II in Europe is available for free download at the Internet Archive World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - 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Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 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1658003642873109130	Earth	Earth - Wikipedia Earth Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the planet itself . For its human aspects , see World . For other uses , see Earth ( disambiguation ) . Earth The Blue Marble photograph of Earth , taken during the Apollo 17 lunar mission in 1972 Orbital characteristics Epoch J2000 Aphelion 152 100 000 km ( 94 500 000 mi ; 1.017 AU ) Perihelion 147 095 000 km ( 91 401 000 mi ; 0.983 27 AU ) Semi-major axis 149 598 023 km ( 92 955 902 mi ; 1.000 001 02 AU ) Eccentricity 6998167086000000000 ♠ 0.016 7086 Orbital period 365.256 363 004 d ( 1.000 017 420 96 yr ) Average orbital speed 29.78 km / s ( 107 200 km / h ; 66 600 mph ) Mean anomaly 7000625904740362451 ♠ 358.617 ° Inclination 6999124878307980194 ♠ 7.155 ° to the Sun 's equator ; 6998275533383683093 ♠ 1.578 69 ° to invariable plane ; 6993872664625997166 ♠ 0.000 05 ° to J2000 ecliptic Longitude of ascending node 3000803464756118225 ♠ − 11.260 64 ° to J2000 ecliptic Argument of perihelion 7000199330266505796 ♠ 114.207 83 ° Satellites 1 natural satellite : the Moon 5 quasi-satellites > 1 400 operational artificial satellites > 16 000 space debris Physical characteristics Mean radius 6371.0 km ( 3958.8 mi ) Equatorial radius 6378.1 km ( 3963.2 mi ) Polar radius 6356.8 km ( 3949.9 mi ) Flattening 6997335280000000000 ♠ 0.003 3528 1 / 7002298257222101000 ♠ 298.257 222 101 ( ETRS89 ) Circumference 40 075.017 km equatorial ( 24 901.461 mi ) 40 007.86 km meridional ( 24 859.73 mi ) Surface area 510 072 000 km ( 196 940 000 sq mi ) 148 940 000 km land ( 57 510 000 sq mi ; 29.2 % ) 361 132 000 km water ( 139 434 000 sq mi ; 70.8 % ) Volume 7021108320999999999 ♠ 1.083 21 × 10 km ( 7011259876000000000 ♠ 2.598 76 × 10 cu mi ) Mass 7024597237000000000 ♠ 5.972 37 × 10 kg ( 7024597236001731600 ♠ 1.316 68 × 10 lb ) ( 7024596565000000000 ♠ 3.0 × 10 M ) Mean density 5.514 g / cm ( 0.1992 lb / cu in ) Surface gravity 9.807 m / s ( 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 g ; 32.18 ft / s ) Moment of inertia factor 0.3307 Escape velocity 11.186 km / s ( 40 270 km / h ; 25 020 mph ) Sidereal rotation period 7004861641003520000 ♠ 0.997 269 68 d ( 23h 56m 4.100 s ) Equatorial rotation velocity 0.4651 km / s ( 1674.4 km / h ; 1040.4 mph ) Axial tilt 6999409092629495479 ♠ 23.439 2811 ° Albedo 0.367 geometric 0.306 Bond Surface temp . min mean max Kelvin 184 K 288 K 330 K Celsius − 89.2 ° C 15 ° C 56.7 ° C Fahrenheit − 128.5 ° F 59 ° F 134 ° F Atmosphere Surface pressure 7005101325000000000 ♠ 101.325 kPa ( at MSL ) Composition by volume 78.08 % nitrogen ( N ; dry air ) 20.95 % oxygen ( O ) 0.930 % argon 0.0402 % carbon dioxide ~ 1 % water vapor ( climate - variable ) Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed over 4 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days , a period known as an Earth year . During this time , Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation . Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets . Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics . Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and etymology 2 Chronology 2.1 Formation 2.2 Geological history 2.3 Origin of life and evolution 2.4 Future 3 Physical characteristics 3.1 Shape 3.2 Chemical composition 3.3 Internal structure 3.4 Heat 3.5 Tectonic plates 3.6 Surface 3.7 Hydrosphere 3.8 Atmosphere 3.8. 1 Weather and climate 3.8. 2 Upper atmosphere 3.9 Gravitational field 3.10 Magnetic field 3.10. 1 Magnetosphere 4 Orbit and rotation 4.1 Rotation 4.2 Orbit 4.3 Axial tilt and seasons 5 Habitability 5.1 Biosphere 5.2 Natural resources and land use 5.3 Natural and environmental hazards 6 Human geography 7 Moon 8 Asteroids and artificial satellites 9 Cultural and historical viewpoint 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Name and etymology The modern English word Earth developed from a wide variety of Middle English forms , which derived from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe . It has cognates in every Germanic language , and their proto - Germanic root has been reconstructed as * erþō . In its earliest appearances , eorðe was already being used to translate the many senses of Latin terra and Greek γῆ ( gē ) : the ground , its soil , dry land , the human world , the surface of the world ( including the sea ) , and the globe itself . As with Terra and Gaia , Earth was a personified goddess in Germanic paganism : the Angles were listed by Tacitus as among the devotees of Nerthus , and later Norse mythology included Jörð , a giantess often given as the mother of Thor . Originally , earth was written in lowercase , and from early Middle English , its definite sense as `` the globe '' was expressed as the earth . By early Modern English , many nouns were capitalized , and the earth became ( and often remained ) the Earth , particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies . More recently , the name is sometimes simply given as Earth , by analogy with the names of the other planets . House styles now vary : Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common , with the capitalized form an acceptable variant . Another convention capitalizes `` Earth '' when appearing as a name ( e.g. `` Earth 's atmosphere '' ) but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the ( e.g. `` the atmosphere of the earth '' ) . It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as `` what on earth are you doing ? '' Chronology Main article : History of Earth Formation Artist 's impression of the early Solar System 's planetary disk The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 7000456720000000000 ♠ 4.5672 ± 0.0006 billion years ago ( Bya ) . By 7000454000000000000 ♠ 4.54 ± 0.04 Bya the primordial Earth had formed . The formation and evolution of Solar System bodies occurred along with the Sun . In theory , a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse , which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk , and then the planets grow out of that disk along with the Sun . A nebula contains gas , ice grains , and dust ( including primordial nuclides ) . According to nebular theory , planetesimals formed by accretion , with the primordial Earth taking 10 -- 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 million years ( Mys ) to form . A subject of on - going research is the formation of the Moon , some 4.53 Bya . A working hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars - sized object , named Theia , impacted Earth . In this scenario , the mass of Theia was approximately 10 % of that of Earth , it impacted Earth with a glancing blow , and some of its mass merged with Earth . Between approximately 4.1 and 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 Bya , numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon , and by inference , to that of Earth . Geological history Main article : Geological history of Earth Hoodoos at the Bryce Canyon National Park , Utah Earth 's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing that included water vapor . The origin of the world 's oceans was condensation augmented by water and ice delivered by asteroids , protoplanets , and comets . In this model , atmospheric `` greenhouse gases '' kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun had only 70 % of its current luminosity . By 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Bya , Earth 's magnetic field was established , which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind . A crust formed when the molten outer layer of Earth cooled to form a solid . The two models that explain land mass propose either a steady growth to the present - day forms or , more likely , a rapid growth early in Earth history followed by a long - term steady continental area . Continents formed by plate tectonics , a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth 's interior . On time scales lasting hundreds of millions of years , the supercontinents have assembled and broken apart . Roughly 7002750000000000000 ♠ 750 million years ago ( Mya ) , one of the earliest known supercontinents , Rodinia , began to break apart . The continents later recombined to form Pannotia , 600 -- 7002540000000000000 ♠ 540 Mya , then finally Pangaea , which also broke apart 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 Mya . The present pattern of ice ages began about 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Mya and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mya . High - latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw , repeating about every 40,000 -- 7012315576000000000 ♠ 100 000 years . The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago . Origin of life and evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main articles : Abiogenesis and Evolutionary history of life Speculative phylogenetic tree of life on Earth based on rRNA analysis Chemical reactions led to the first self - replicating molecules about four billion years ago . A half billion years later , the last common ancestor of all life arose . The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun 's energy to be harvested directly by life forms . The resultant molecular oxygen ( O ) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation , formed a protective ozone layer ( O ) in the upper atmosphere . The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes . True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized . Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer , life colonized Earth 's surface . Among the earliest fossil evidence for life is microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone in Western Australia , biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland , remains of biotic material found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia . During the Neoproterozoic , 7002750000000000000 ♠ 750 to 580 Mya , much of Earth might have been covered in ice . This hypothesis has been termed `` Snowball Earth '' , and it is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion , when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity . Following the Cambrian explosion , 7002535000000000000 ♠ 535 Mya , there have been five major mass extinctions . The most recent such event was 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Mya , when an asteroid impact triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles , but spared some small animals such as mammals , which then resembled shrews . Over the past 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Mys , mammalian life has diversified , and several million years ago an African ape - like animal such as Orrorin tugenensis gained the ability to stand upright . This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain , which allowed the evolution of humans . The development of agriculture , and then civilization , led to humans having an influence on Earth and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues today . Future Main article : Future of Earth See also : Global catastrophic risk Earth 's expected long - term future is closely tied to that of the Sun . Over the next 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 Bys , solar luminosity will increase by 10 % , and over the next 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Bys by 40 % . The Earth 's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic CO cycle , reducing its concentration to levels lethally low for plants ( 6995099999999999999 ♠ 10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis ) in approximately 500 -- 7002900000000000000 ♠ 900 Mys . The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere , and animal life will become extinct . After another billion years all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 7002343150000000000 ♠ 70 ° C ( 7002343150000000000 ♠ 158 ° F ) . From that point , the Earth is expected to be habitable for another 7016157788000000000 ♠ 500 Ma , possibly up to 7016725824800000000 ♠ 2.3 Ga if nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere . Even if the Sun were eternal and stable , 27 % of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the mantle in one billion years , due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges . The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bys . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU ( 150 million km ; 93 million mi ) , which is about 250 times its present radius . Earth 's fate is less clear . As a red giant , the Sun will lose roughly 30 % of its mass , so , without tidal effects , Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU ( 250 million km ; 160 million mi ) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius . Most , if not all , remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun 's increased luminosity ( peaking at about 5,000 times its present level ) . A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth 's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag , causing it to enter the Sun 's atmosphere and be vaporized . Physical characteristics Shape Shape of planet Earth . Shown are distances between surface relief and the geocentre . The South American Andes summits are visible as elevated areas . Data from the Earth2014 global relief model . Main article : Figure of the Earth The shape of Earth is approximately oblate spheroidal . Due to rotation , the Earth is flattened along the geographic axis and bulging around the equator . The diameter of the Earth at the equator is 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) larger than the pole - to - pole diameter . Thus the point on the surface farthest from Earth 's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador . The average diameter of the reference spheroid is 12,742 kilometres ( 7,918 mi ) . Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid , although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth 's radius : The maximum deviation of only 0.17 % is at the Mariana Trench ( 10,911 metres ( 35,797 ft ) below local sea level ) , whereas Mount Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) above local sea level ) represents a deviation of 0.14 % . In geodesy , the exact shape that Earth 's oceans would adopt in the absence of land and perturbations such as tides and winds is called the geoid . More precisely , the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level . Chemical composition See also : Abundance of elements on Earth Chemical composition of the crust Compound Formula Composition Continental Oceanic silica SiO 60.2 % 48.6 % alumina Al O 15.2 % 16.5 % lime CaO 5.5 % 12.3 % magnesia MgO 3.1 % 6.8 % iron ( II ) oxide FeO 3.8 % 6.2 % sodium oxide Na O 3.0 % 2.6 % potassium oxide K O 2.8 % 0.4 % iron ( III ) oxide Fe O 2.5 % 2.3 % water H O 1.4 % 1.1 % carbon dioxide CO 1.2 % 1.4 % titanium dioxide TiO 0.7 % 1.4 % phosphorus pentoxide P O 0.2 % 0.3 % Total 99.6 % 99.9 % Earth 's mass is approximately 7024597000000000000 ♠ 5.97 × 10 kg ( 5,970 Yg ) . It is composed mostly of iron ( 32.1 % ) , oxygen ( 30.1 % ) , silicon ( 15.1 % ) , magnesium ( 13.9 % ) , sulfur ( 2.9 % ) , nickel ( 1.8 % ) , calcium ( 1.5 % ) , and aluminium ( 1.4 % ) , with the remaining 1.2 % consisting of trace amounts of other elements . Due to mass segregation , the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron ( 88.8 % ) , with smaller amounts of nickel ( 5.8 % ) , sulfur ( 4.5 % ) , and less than 1 % trace elements . The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides : chlorine , sulfur , and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1 % . Over 99 % of the crust is composed of 11 oxides , principally silica , alumina , iron oxides , lime , magnesia , potash , and soda . Internal structure Main article : Structure of the Earth Earth 's interior , like that of the other terrestrial planets , is divided into layers by their chemical or physical ( rheological ) properties . The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust , which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle . The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity . The thickness of the crust varies from about 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6 km ( kilometers ) under the oceans to 30 -- 50 km for the continents . The crust and the cold , rigid , top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere , and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed . Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere , a relatively low - viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides . Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 7005660000000000000 ♠ 660 km below the surface , spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle . Beneath the mantle , an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core . The Earth 's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet , advancing by 0.1 -- 0.5 ° per year . The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth . Geologic layers of Earth Earth cutaway from core to exosphere . Not to scale . Depth km Component layer Density g / cm 0 -- 60 Lithosphere -- 0 -- 35 Crust 2.2 -- 2.9 35 -- 60 Upper mantle 3.4 -- 4.4 35 -- 2890 Mantle 3.4 -- 5.6 100 -- 700 Asthenosphere -- 2890 -- 5100 Outer core 9.9 -- 12.2 5100 -- 6378 Inner core 12.8 -- 13.1 Heat Main article : Earth 's internal heat budget Earth 's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion ( about 20 % ) and heat produced through radioactive decay ( 80 % ) . The major heat - producing isotopes within Earth are potassium - 40 , uranium - 238 , and thorium - 232 . At the center , the temperature may be up to 6,000 ° C ( 10,830 ° F ) , and the pressure could reach 360 GPa . Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay , scientists postulate that early in Earth 's history , before isotopes with short half - lives were depleted , Earth 's heat production was much higher . At approximately 7016946728000000000 ♠ 3 Ga , twice the present - day heat would have been produced , increasing the rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics , and allowing the production of uncommon igneous rocks such as komatiites that are rarely formed today . Present - day major heat - producing isotopes Isotope Heat release W / kg isotope Half - life years Mean mantle concentration kg isotope / kg mantle Heat release W / kg mantle U 94.6 × 10 4.47 × 10 30.8 × 10 2.91 × 10 U 569 × 10 0.704 × 10 0.22 × 10 0.125 × 10 Th 26.4 × 10 14.0 × 10 124 × 10 3.27 × 10 29.2 × 10 1.25 × 10 36.9 × 10 1.08 × 10 The mean heat loss from Earth is 87 mW m , for a global heat loss of 4.42 × 10 W. A portion of the core 's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes , a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher - temperature rock . These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts . More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics , by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges . The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere , the majority of which occurs under the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than that of the continents . Tectonic plates Earth 's major plates Plate name Area 10 km Pacific Plate 103.3 African Plate 78.0 North American Plate 75.9 Eurasian Plate 67.8 Antarctic Plate 60.9 Indo - Australian Plate 47.2 South American Plate 43.6 Main article : Plate tectonics The mechanically rigid outer layer of Earth , the lithosphere , is divided into pieces called tectonic plates . These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries : convergent boundaries , at which two plates come together , divergent boundaries , at which two plates are pulled apart , and transform boundaries , in which two plates slide past one another laterally . Earthquakes , volcanic activity , mountain - building , and oceanic trench formation can occur along these plate boundaries . The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere , the solid but less - viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates . As the tectonic plates migrate , oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries . At the same time , the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges . The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle . Due to this recycling , most of the ocean floor is less than 7015315576000000000 ♠ 100 Ma old in age . The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and has an estimated age of 7015631152000000000 ♠ 200 Ma . By comparison , the oldest dated continental crust is 7017127177128000000 ♠ 4030 Ma . The seven major plates are the Pacific , North American , Eurasian , African , Antarctic , Indo - Australian , and South American . Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate , the Caribbean Plate , the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean . The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Mya . The fastest - moving plates are the oceanic plates , with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm / year and the Pacific Plate moving 52 -- 69 mm / year . At the other extreme , the slowest - moving plate is the Eurasian Plate , progressing at a typical rate of 21 mm / year . Surface Main articles : Lithosphere , Landform , and Extreme points of Earth Present - day Earth altimetry and bathymetry . Data from the National Geophysical Data Center . The total surface area of the Earth is about 7008510000000000000 ♠ 510 million km ( 197 million sq mi ) . Of this , 70.8 % , or 7008361130000000000 ♠ 361.13 million km ( 139.43 million sq mi ) , is below sea level and covered by ocean water . Below the ocean 's surface are much of the continental shelf , mountains , volcanoes , oceanic trenches , submarine canyons , oceanic plateaus , abyssal plains , and a globe - spanning mid-ocean ridge system . The remaining 29.2 % ( 7008148940000000000 ♠ 148.94 million km , or 57.51 million sq mi ) not covered by water has terrain that varies greatly from place to place and consists of mountains , deserts , plains , plateaus , and other landforms . Tectonics and erosion , volcanic eruptions , flooding , weathering , glaciation , the growth of coral reefs , and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape the Earth 's surface over geological time . The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite . Less common is basalt , a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors . Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together . Nearly 75 % of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks , although they form about 5 % of the crust . The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock , which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures , high temperatures , or both . The most abundant silicate minerals on Earth 's surface include quartz , feldspars , amphibole , mica , pyroxene and olivine . Common carbonate minerals include calcite ( found in limestone ) and dolomite . The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of − 418 m at the Dead Sea , to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m at the top of Mount Everest . The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 metres ( 2,615 ft ) . The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's continental surface and is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes . The total arable land is 10.9 % of the land surface , with 1.3 % being permanent cropland . Close to 40 % of Earth 's land surface is used for cropland and pasture , or an estimated 1.3 × 10 km of cropland and 3.4 × 10 km of pastureland . Hydrosphere Main article : Hydrosphere Elevation histogram of Earth 's surface The abundance of water on Earth 's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the `` Blue Planet '' from other planets in the Solar System . Earth 's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans , but technically includes all water surfaces in the world , including inland seas , lakes , rivers , and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m . The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 × 10 metric tons or about 1 / 4400 of Earth 's total mass . The oceans cover an area of 7014361800000000000 ♠ 3.618 × 10 km with a mean depth of 7003368200000000000 ♠ 3682 m , resulting in an estimated volume of 7018133200000000000 ♠ 1.332 × 10 km . If all of Earth 's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere , the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km . About 97.5 % of the water is saline ; the remaining 2.5 % is fresh water . Most fresh water , about 68.7 % , is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers . The average salinity of Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water ( 3.5 % salt ) . Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks . The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases , which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms . Sea water has an important influence on the world 's climate , with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir . Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts , such as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation . Atmosphere Main article : Atmosphere of Earth Satellite image of Earth cloud cover using NASA 's Moderate - Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer The atmospheric pressure on Earth 's surface averages 101.325 kPa , with a scale height of about 8.5 km . It has a composition of 78 % nitrogen and 21 % oxygen , with trace amounts of water vapor , carbon dioxide , and other gaseous molecules . The height of the troposphere varies with latitude , ranging between 8 km at the poles to 17 km at the equator , with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors . Earth 's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere . Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 Gya , forming the primarily nitrogen -- oxygen atmosphere of today . This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and , indirectly , the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric O into O . The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation , permitting life on land . Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor , providing useful gases , causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface , and moderating temperature . This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect : trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground , thereby raising the average temperature . Water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Without this heat - retention effect , the average surface temperature would be − 18 ° C , in contrast to the current + 15 ° C , and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Weather and climate Main articles : Weather and Climate Hurricane Felix seen from low Earth orbit , September 2007 Lenticular cloud with a pressure ridge near Mount Discovery , Antarctica , November 2013 Massive clouds above the Mojave Desert , February 2016 Earth 's atmosphere has no definite boundary , slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space . Three - quarters of the atmosphere 's mass is contained within the first 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) of the surface . This lowest layer is called the troposphere . Energy from the Sun heats this layer , and the surface below , causing expansion of the air . This lower - density air then rises and is replaced by cooler , higher - density air . The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy . The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30 ° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30 ° and 60 ° . Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate , particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions . Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere . When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm , humid air , this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation . Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes . This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods . Precipitation patterns vary widely , ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter . Atmospheric circulation , topographic features , and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region . The amount of solar energy reaching Earth 's surface decreases with increasing latitude . At higher latitudes , the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles , and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere . As a result , the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 ° C ( 0.7 ° F ) per degree of latitude from the equator . Earth 's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate . Ranging from the equator to the polar regions , these are the tropical ( or equatorial ) , subtropical , temperate and polar climates . This latitudinal rule has several anomalies : Proximity to oceans moderates the climate . For example , the Scandinavian Peninsula has more moderate climate than similarly northern latitudes of northern Canada . The wind enables this moderating effect . The windward side of a land mass experiences more moderation than the leeward side . In the Northern Hemisphere , the prevailing wind is west - to - east , and western coasts tend to be milder than eastern coasts . This is seen in Eastern North America and Western Europe , where rough continental climates appear on the east coast on parallels with mild climates on the other side of the ocean . In the Southern Hemisphere , the prevailing wind is east - to - west , and the eastern coasts are milder . The distance from the Earth to the Sun varies . The Earth is closest to the Sun ( at perihelion ) in January , which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere . It is furthest away ( at aphelion ) in July , which is summer in the Northern Hemisphere , and only 93.55 % of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given square area of land than at perihelion . Despite this , there are larger land masses in the Northern Hemisphere , which are easier to heat than the seas . Consequently , summers are 2.3 ° C ( 4 ° F ) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions . The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density . The commonly used Köppen climate classification system has five broad groups ( humid tropics , arid , humid middle latitudes , continental and cold polar ) , which are further divided into more specific subtypes . The Köppen system rates regions of terrain based on observed temperature and precipitation . The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 ° C ( 134.1 ° F ) in Furnace Creek , California , in Death Valley , in 1913 . The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) at Vostok Station in 1983 , but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as − 94.7 ° C ( − 138.5 ° F ) in East Antarctica . These temperature records are only measurements made with modern instruments from the 20th century onwards and likely do not reflect the full range of temperature on Earth . Upper atmosphere This view from orbit shows the full Moon partially obscured by Earth 's atmosphere . Above the troposphere , the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . Each layer has a different lapse rate , defining the rate of change in temperature with height . Beyond these , the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere , where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind . Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer , a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth . The Kármán line , defined as 100 km above Earth 's surface , is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth 's gravity . This causes a slow but steady loss of the atmosphere into space . Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular mass , it can achieve escape velocity more readily , and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases . The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth 's atmosphere and surface from an initially reducing state to its current oxidizing one . Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen , but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere . Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth . In the current , oxygen - rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape . Instead , most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere . Gravitational field Main article : Gravity of Earth Earth 's gravity measured by NASA 's GRACE mission , showing deviations from the theoretical gravity . Red shows where gravity is stronger than the smooth , standard value , and blue shows where it is weaker . The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within the Earth . Near the Earth 's surface , gravitational acceleration is approximately 9.8 m / s ( 32 ft / s ) . Local differences in topography , geology , and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad , regional differences in the Earth 's gravitational field , known as gravitational anomalies . Magnetic field Main article : Earth 's magnetic field The main part of Earth 's magnetic field is generated in the core , the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy . The field extends outwards from the core , through the mantle , and up to Earth 's surface , where it is , approximately , a dipole . The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth 's geographic poles . At the equator of the magnetic field , the magnetic - field strength at the surface is 3.05 × 10 T , with global magnetic dipole moment of 7.91 × 10 T m . The convection movements in the core are chaotic ; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment . This causes secular variation of the main field and field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years . The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago . Magnetosphere Main article : Magnetosphere Schematic of Earth 's magnetosphere . The solar wind flows from left to right The extent of Earth 's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere . Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere ; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere , to about 10 Earth radii , and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail . Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind , a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind . Charged particles are contained within the magnetosphere ; the plasmasphere is defined by low - energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates ; the ring current is defined by medium - energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field , but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field , and the Van Allen radiation belt are formed by high - energy particles whose motion is essentially random , but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere . During magnetic storms and substorms , charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail , directed along field lines into Earth 's ionosphere , where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized , causing the aurora . Orbit and rotation Rotation Main article : Earth 's rotation Earth 's rotation imaged by DSCOVR EPIC on 29 May 2016 , a few weeks before the solstice Earth 's rotation period relative to the Sun -- its mean solar day -- is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time ( 86,400.0025 SI seconds ) . Because Earth 's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration , each day varies between 0 and 2 SI ms longer . Earth 's rotation period relative to the fixed stars , called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) , is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) , or 23 56 4.0989 . Earth 's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox , misnamed its sidereal day , is 86,164.0905 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.0905 ) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms . The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623 -- 2005 and 1962 -- 2005 . Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low - orbiting satellites , the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth 's sky is to the west at a rate of 15 ° / h = 15 ' / min . For bodies near the celestial equator , this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes ; from Earth 's surface , the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same . Orbit Main article : Earth 's orbit The Pale Blue Dot photo taken in 1990 by the Voyager 1 spacecraft showing Earth ( center right ) from nearly 6.4 billion km ( 4 billion mi ) away Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km ( 93 million mi ) every 365.2564 mean solar days , or one sidereal year . This gives an apparent movement of the Sun eastward with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1 ° / day , which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours . Due to this motion , on average it takes 24 hours -- a solar day -- for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian . The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km / s ( 107,200 km / h ; 66,600 mph ) , which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth 's diameter , about 12,742 km ( 7,918 mi ) , in seven minutes , and the distance to the Moon , 384,000 km ( 239,000 mi ) , in about 3.5 hours . The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars . When combined with the Earth -- Moon system 's common orbit around the Sun , the period of the synodic month , from new moon to new moon , is 29.53 days . Viewed from the celestial north pole , the motion of Earth , the Moon , and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise . Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth , Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun . The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned : Earth 's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth -- Sun plane ( the ecliptic ) , and the Earth -- Moon plane is tilted up to ± 5.1 degrees against the Earth -- Sun plane . Without this tilt , there would be an eclipse every two weeks , alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses . The Hill sphere , or the sphere of gravitational influence , of the Earth is about 1.5 million kilometres ( 930,000 mi ) in radius . This is the maximum distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects must orbit the Earth within this radius , or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Earth , along with the Solar System , is situated in the Milky Way and orbits about 28,000 light - years from its center . It is about 20 light - years above the galactic plane in the Orion Arm . Axial tilt and Seasons Main article : Axial tilt § Earth Earth 's axial tilt ( or obliquity ) and its relation to the rotation axis and plane of orbit The axial tilt of the Earth is approximately 23.439281 ° with the axis of its orbit plane , always pointing towards the Celestial Poles . Due to Earth 's axial tilt , the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year . This causes the seasonal change in climate , with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun , and winter taking place when the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun . During the summer , the day lasts longer , and the Sun climbs higher in the sky . In winter , the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter . In northern temperate latitudes , the Sun rises north of true east during the summer solstice , and sets north of true west , reversing in the winter . The Sun rises south of true east in the summer for the southern temperate zone and sets south of true west . Above the Arctic Circle , an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year , up to six months at the North Pole itself , a polar night . In the Southern Hemisphere , the situation is exactly reversed , with the South Pole oriented opposite the direction of the North Pole . Six months later , this pole will experience a midnight sun , a day of 24 hours , again reversing with the South Pole . By astronomical convention , the four seasons can be determined by the solstices -- the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes , when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular . In the Northern Hemisphere , winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December ; summer solstice is near 21 June , spring equinox is around 20 March and autumnal equinox is about 22 or 23 September . In the Southern Hemisphere , the situation is reversed , with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped . The angle of Earth 's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time . Its axial tilt does undergo nutation ; a slight , irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years . The orientation ( rather than the angle ) of Earth 's axis also changes over time , precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle ; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year . Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth 's equatorial bulge . The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth 's surface . This polar motion has multiple , cyclical components , which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion . In addition to an annual component to this motion , there is a 14 - month cycle called the Chandler wobble . Earth 's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length - of - day variation . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around 3 January , and its aphelion around 4 July . These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors , which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles . The changing Earth -- Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9 % in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere . Habitability The Rocky Mountains in Canada overlook Moraine Lake . A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable , even if life did not originate there . Earth provides liquid water -- an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact , and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism . The distance of Earth from the Sun , as well as its orbital eccentricity , rate of rotation , axial tilt , geological history , sustaining atmosphere , and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface . Biosphere Main article : Biosphere A planet 's life forms inhabit ecosystems , whose total is sometimes said to form a `` biosphere '' . Earth 's biosphere is thought to have begun evolving about 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Gya . The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes , inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals . On land , biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude , height above sea level and humidity . Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles , at high altitudes or in extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life ; species diversity reaches a peak in humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor ( LUCA ) of all organisms living on Earth . Natural resources and land use Main articles : Natural resource and Land use Estimated human land use , 2000 Land use Mha Cropland 1,510 -- 1,611 Pastures 2,500 -- 3,410 Natural forests 3,143 -- 3,871 Planted forests 126 -- 215 Urban areas 66 -- 351 Unused , productive land 356 -- 445 Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans . Those termed non-renewable resources , such as fossil fuels , only renew over geological timescales . Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth 's crust , consisting of coal , petroleum , and natural gas . These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production . Mineral ore bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of ore genesis , resulting from actions of magmatism , erosion , and plate tectonics . These bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements . Earth 's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans , including food , wood , pharmaceuticals , oxygen , and the recycling of many organic wastes . The land - based ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water , and the oceanic ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land . In 1980 , 5,053 Mha ( 50.53 million km ) of Earth 's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands , 6,788 Mha ( 67.88 million km ) was grasslands and pasture , and 1,501 Mha ( 15.01 million km ) was cultivated as croplands . The estimated amount of irrigated land in 1993 was 2,481,250 square kilometres ( 958,020 sq mi ) . Humans also live on the land by using building materials to construct shelters . Natural and Environmental hazards A volcano injecting hot ash into the atmosphere Large areas of Earth 's surface are subject to extreme weather such as tropical cyclones , hurricanes , or typhoons that dominate life in those areas . From 1980 to 2000 , these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year . Many places are subject to earthquakes , landslides , tsunamis , volcanic eruptions , tornadoes , sinkholes , blizzards , floods , droughts , wildfires , and other calamities and disasters . Many localized areas are subject to human - made pollution of the air and water , acid rain and toxic substances , loss of vegetation ( overgrazing , deforestation , desertification ) , loss of wildlife , species extinction , soil degradation , soil depletion and erosion . There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions . This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets , more extreme temperature ranges , significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels . Human geography Main articles : Human geography and World The seven continents of Earth North America South America Antarctica Europe Africa Asia Australia Cartography , the study and practice of map - making , and geography , the study of the lands , features , inhabitants and phenomena on Earth , have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting Earth . Surveying , the determination of locations and distances , and to a lesser extent navigation , the determination of position and direction , have developed alongside cartography and geography , providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information . Earth 's human population reached approximately seven billion on 31 October 2011 . Projections indicate that the world 's human population will reach 9.2 billion in 2050 . Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations . Human population density varies widely around the world , but a majority live in Asia . By 2020 , 60 % of the world 's population is expected to be living in urban , rather than rural , areas . It is estimated that one - eighth of Earth 's surface is suitable for humans to live on -- three - quarters of Earth 's surface is covered by oceans , leaving one - quarter as land . Half of that land area is desert ( 14 % ) , high mountains ( 27 % ) , or other unsuitable terrains . The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert , on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut , Canada . ( 82 ° 28 ′ N ) The southernmost is the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , in Antarctica , almost exactly at the South Pole . ( 90 ° S ) Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City Independent sovereign nations claim the planet 's entire land surface , except for some parts of Antarctica , a few land parcels along the Danube river 's western bank , and the unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan . As of 2015 , there are 193 sovereign states that are member states of the United Nations , plus two observer states and 72 dependent territories and states with limited recognition . Earth has never had a sovereign government with authority over the entire globe , although some nation - states have striven for world domination and failed . The United Nations is a worldwide intergovernmental organization that was created with the goal of intervening in the disputes between nations , thereby avoiding armed conflict . The U.N. serves primarily as a forum for international diplomacy and international law . When the consensus of the membership permits , it provides a mechanism for armed intervention . The first human to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961 . In total , about 487 people have visited outer space and reached orbit as of 30 July 2010 , and , of these , twelve have walked on the Moon . Normally , the only humans in space are those on the International Space Station . The station 's crew , made up of six people , is usually replaced every six months . The farthest that humans have traveled from Earth is 400,171 km , achieved during the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 . Moon Characteristics Diameter 3,474.8 km Mass 7.349 × 10 kg Semi-major axis 384,400 km Orbital period 27 d 7 h 43.7 m Main article : Moon The Moon is a relatively large , terrestrial , planet - like natural satellite , with a diameter about one - quarter of Earth 's . It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet , although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto . The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as `` moons '' , after Earth 's . The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth . The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking : its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth . As a result , it always presents the same face to the planet . As the Moon orbits Earth , different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun , leading to the lunar phases ; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator . Details of the Earth -- Moon system , showing the radius of each object and the Earth -- Moon barycenter . The Moon 's axis is located by Cassini 's third law . Due to their tidal interaction , the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm / yr . Over millions of years , these tiny modifications -- and the lengthening of Earth 's day by about 23 μs / yr -- add up to significant changes . During the Devonian period , for example , ( approximately 7002410000000000000 ♠ 410 Mya ) there were 400 days in a year , with each day lasting 21.8 hours . The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet 's climate . Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth 's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon . Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to Earth 's equatorial bulge , the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable , exhibiting chaotic changes over millions of years , as appears to be the case for Mars . Viewed from Earth , the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent - sized disk as the Sun . The angular size ( or solid angle ) of these two bodies match because , although the Sun 's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon 's , it is also 400 times more distant . This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth . The most widely accepted theory of the Moon 's origin , the giant - impact hypothesis , states that it formed from the collision of a Mars - size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth . This hypothesis explains ( among other things ) the Moon 's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth 's crust . Asteroids and artificial satellites Earth has at least five co-orbital asteroids , including 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA 29 . A trojan asteroid companion , 2010 TK 7 , is librating around the leading Lagrange triangular point , L4 , in the Earth 's orbit around the Sun . The tiny near - Earth asteroid 2006 RH 120 makes close approaches to the Earth -- Moon system roughly every twenty years . During these approaches , it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time . As of June 2016 , there were 1,419 operational , human - made satellites orbiting Earth . There are also inoperative satellites , including Vanguard 1 , the oldest satellite currently in orbit , and over 16,000 pieces of tracked space debris . Earth 's largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station . Cultural and historical viewpoint Main article : Earth in culture Earthrise , taken by astronauts on board Apollo 8 The standard astronomical symbol of Earth consists of a cross circumscribed by a circle , , representing the four corners of the world . Human cultures have developed many views of the planet . Earth is sometimes personified as a deity . In many cultures it is a mother goddess that is also the primary fertility deity , and by the mid-20th century , the Gaia Principle compared Earth 's environments and life as a single self - regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability . Creation myths in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities . Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people 's view of the planet . In the West , belief in a flat Earth was displaced by the idea of spherical Earth , credited to Pythagoras in the 6th century BC . Earth was further believed to be the center of the universe until the 16th century when scientists first theorized that it was a moving object , comparable to the other planets in the Solar System . Due to the efforts of influential Christian scholars and clerics such as James Ussher , who sought to determine the age of Earth through analysis of genealogies in Scripture , Westerners before the 19th century generally believed Earth to be a few thousand years old at most . It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized Earth 's age was at least many millions of years . Lord Kelvin used thermodynamics to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864 , sparking a vigorous debate on the subject ; it was only when radioactivity and radioactive dating were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth 's age was established , proving the planet to be billions of years old . The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit , and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program . See also Outline of Earth Celestial sphere Earth physical characteristics tables Earth science Earth system science Timeline of the far future Biology portal Earth sciences portal Ecology portal Geography portal Volcanoes portal Moon portal Solar System portal Weather portal Notes Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . The difference between Earth 's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers . ^ Jump up to : As of 5 July 2016 , the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 17,729 artificial objects , mostly debris . See : `` Orbital Debris Quarterly News '' ( PDF ) . Vol. 20 no . 3 . NASA . July 2016 . p. 8 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Due to natural fluctuations , ambiguities surrounding ice shelves , and mapping conventions for vertical datums , exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful . Based on data from the Vector Map and Global Landcover datasets , extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6 % and 1.0 % of Earth 's surface . The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land , even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level . Jump up ^ The number of solar days is one less than the number of sidereal days because the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun causes one additional revolution of the planet about its axis . Jump up ^ Including eorþe , erþe , erde , and erthe . Jump up ^ As in Beowulf ( 1531 -- 33 ) : Wearp ða wundelmæl wrættum gebunden yrre oretta , þæt hit on eorðan læg , stið ond stylecg . `` He threw the artfully - wound sword so that it lay upon the earth , firm and sharp - edged . '' Jump up ^ As in the Old English glosses of the Lindisfarne Gospels ( Luke 13 : 7 ) : Succidite ergo illam ut quid etiam terram occupat : hrendas uel scearfað forðon ðailca uel hia to huon uutedlice eorðo gionetað uel gemerras . `` Remove it . Why should it use up the soil ? '' Jump up ^ As in Ælfric 's Heptateuch ( Gen. 1 : 10 ) : Ond God gecygde ða drignysse eorðan ond ðære wætera gegaderunge he het sæ . `` And God called the dry land Earth ; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas . '' Jump up ^ As in the Wessex Gospels ( Matt . 28 : 18 ) : Me is geseald ælc anweald on heofonan & on eorðan . `` All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me . '' Jump up ^ As in the Codex Junius 's Genesis ( 112 -- 16 ) : her ærest gesceop ece drihten , helm eallwihta , heofon and eorðan , rodor arærde and þis rume land gestaþelode strangum mihtum , frea ælmihtig . `` Here first with mighty power the Everlasting Lord , the Helm of all created things , Almighty King , made earth and heaven , raised up the sky and founded the spacious land . '' Jump up ^ As in Ælfric 's On the Seasons of the Year ( Ch. 6 , § 9 ) : Seo eorðe stent on gelicnysse anre pinnhnyte , & seo sunne glit onbutan be Godes gesetnysse . `` The earth can be compared to a pine cone , and the Sun glides around it by God 's decree . Jump up ^ If Earth were shrunk to the size of a billiard ball , some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections , whereas much of the planet , including the Great Plains and the abyssal plains , would feel smoother . Jump up ^ Locally varies between 5 and 200 km . Jump up ^ Locally varies between 5 and 70 km . Jump up ^ Including the Somali Plate , which is being formed out of the African Plate . See : Chorowicz , Jean ( October 2005 ) . `` The East African rift system '' . Journal of African Earth Sciences . 43 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 379 -- 410 . Bibcode : 2005JAfES ... 43 ... 379C . doi : 10.1016 / j. jafrearsci. 2005.07. 019 . Jump up ^ This is the measurement taken by the vessel Kaikō in March 1995 and is considered the most accurate measurement to date . See the Challenger Deep article for more details . Jump up ^ The ultimate source of these figures , uses the term `` seconds of UT1 '' instead of `` seconds of mean solar time ''. -- Aoki , S. ; Kinoshita , H. ; Guinot , B. ; Kaplan , G.H. ; McCarthy , D.D. ; Seidelmann , P.K. ( 1982 ) . `` The new definition of universal time '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 105 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 61 . Bibcode : 1982A&A ... 105 ... 359A . Jump up ^ For Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 3 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) , where m is the mass of Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 , 946 ) 1 3 = 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332,946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = 0.01 ) . Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % the energy at aphelion . 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Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 81st ed . ) . CRC . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0481 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Astronomical Constants , 2011 '' . The Astronomical Almanac . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : World Geodetic System ( WGS - 84 ) . Available online from National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ Cazenave , Anny ( 1995 ) . `` Geoid , Topography and Distribution of Landforms '' ( PDF ) . In Ahrens , Thomas J. Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants . Washington , DC : American Geophysical Union . ISBN 0 - 87590 - 851 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) Working Group ( 2004 ) . `` General Definitions and Numerical Standards '' ( PDF ) . In McCarthy , Dennis D. ; Petit , Gérard . IERS Conventions ( 2003 ) ( PDF ) . IERS Technical Note No. 32 . Frankfurt am Main : Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie . p. 12 . ISBN 3 - 89888 - 884 - 3 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Humerfelt , Sigurd ( 26 October 2010 ) . `` How WGS 84 defines Earth '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Earth 's circumference is almost exactly 40,000 km because the metre was calibrated on this measurement -- more specifically , 1 / 10 - millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator . ^ Jump up to : Pidwirny , Michael ( 2 February 2006 ) . `` Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents. ( Table 8o - 1 ) '' . University of British Columbia , Okanagan . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` World '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Luzum , Brian ; Capitaine , Nicole ; Fienga , Agnès ; Folkner , William ; Fukushima , Toshio ; et al. 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Hosted at Bible Gateway. 2014 . Accessed 5 August 2014 . ( in Ancient Greek ) & ( in English ) Jump up ^ Ælfric of Eynsham . Heptateuch . Reprinted by S.J. Crawford as The Old English Version of the Heptateuch , Ælfric 's Treatise on the Old and New Testament and his Preface to Genesis . Humphrey Milford ( London ) , 1922 . Hosted at Wordhord . Accessed 5 August 2014 . ( in Old English ) Jump up ^ King James Version of the Bible : `` Genesis 1 : 10 '' . Hosted at Bible Gateway. 2014 . Accessed 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mounce Reverse - Intralinear New Testament : `` Matthew 28 : 18 '' . Hosted at Bible Gateway. 2014 . Accessed 5 August 2014 . ( in Ancient Greek ) & ( in English ) Jump up ^ `` Genesis A '' . Hosted at the Dept. of Linguistic Studies at the University of Padua . Accessed 5 August 2014 . ( in Old English ) Jump up ^ Killings , Douglas . Codex Junius 11 , I. ii. 1996 . Hosted at Project Gutenberg . Accessed 5 August 2014 . 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ISBN 91 - 972705 - 0 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stookey , Lorena Laura ( 2004 ) . Thematic Guide to World Mythology . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . pp. 114 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31505 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lovelock , James . The Vanishing Face of Gaia . Basic Books , 2009 , p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01549 - 8 Jump up ^ Lovelock , J.E. ( 1972 ) . `` Gaia as seen through the atmosphere '' . Atmospheric Environment . Elsevier . 6 ( 8 ) : 579 -- 80 . Bibcode : 1972AtmEn ... 6 ... 579L . ISSN 1352 - 2310 . doi : 10.1016 / 0004 - 6981 ( 72 ) 90076 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lovelock , J.E. ; Margulis , L. ( 1974 ) . `` Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere : the Gaia hypothesis '' . Tellus . Series A. Stockholm : International Meteorological Institute . 26 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 2 -- 10 . Bibcode : 1974Tell ... 26 ... 2L . ISSN 1600 - 0870 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2153 - 3490.1974. tb01946. x . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jeffrey B . `` The Myth of the Flat Earth '' . American Scientific Affiliation . Retrieved 14 March 2007 . ; but see also Cosmas Indicopleustes . Jump up ^ Godwin , William ( 1876 ) . `` Lives of the Necromancers '' . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Arnett , Bill ( 16 July 2006 ) . `` Earth '' . The Nine Planets , A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System : one star , eight planets , and more . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Monroe , James ; Wicander , Reed ; Hazlett , Richard ( 2007 ) . Physical Geology : Exploring the Earth . Thomson Brooks / Cole . pp. 263 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 01148 - 4 . Jump up ^ Henshaw , John M. ( 2014 ) . An Equation for Every Occasion : Fifty - Two Formulas and Why They Matter . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 117 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 421 - 41491 - 1 . Jump up ^ Burchfield , Joe D. ( 1990 ) . Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth . University of Chicago Press . pp. 13 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 08043 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cahalan , Rose ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` Neil deGrasse Tyson : Why Space Matters '' . The Alcalde . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Further reading Comins , Neil F. ( 2001 ) . Discovering the Essential Universe ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . Bibcode : 2003deu ... book ... C. ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5804 - 0 . OCLC 52082611 . External links Find more aboutEarth at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Listen to this article ( 4 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Earth '' dated 2012 - 06 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles National Geographic encyclopedic entry about Earth Earth -- Profile -- Solar System Exploration -- NASA Earth -- Climate Changes Cause Shape to Change -- NASA United States Geological Survey -- USGS Earth -- Astronaut Photography Gateway -- NASA Earth Observatory -- NASA Earth -- Audio ( 29 : 28 ) -- Cain / Gay -- Astronomy Cast ( 2007 ) Earth -- Videos -- International Space Station : Video ( 01 : 02 ) -- Earth ( time - lapse ) Video ( 00 : 27 ) -- Earth and Auroras ( time - lapse ) Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! 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Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	principle constituent of the atmosphere of the earth	[ "Earth's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 7000270000000000000♠2.7 Gya, forming the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today.[71] This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric O2 into O3. The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.[145] Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature.[146] This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C, in contrast to the current +15 °C,[147] and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.[148] In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere.[149][150]" ]	[ "nitrous oxide" ]
228959280424975846	Jersey Shore: Family Vacation	Jersey Shore : Family Vacation - wikipedia Jersey Shore : Family Vacation This article is about the 2018 sequel series . For the 2009 -- 2012 original series , see Jersey Shore ( TV series ) . Jersey Shore : Family Vacation Genre Reality Developed by SallyAnn Salsano Starring Paul DelVecchio Nicole Polizzi Michael Sorrentino Ronnie Magro Jenni Farley Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Opening theme `` Get Crazy '' by LMFAO Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) SallyAnn Salsano Scott Jeffress Jacquelyn French Production location ( s ) Miami , Florida Las Vegas , Nevada New Jersey Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) 495 Productions Release Original network MTV Picture format 1080p ( HDTV ) Original release April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Jersey Shore Related shows Snooki & Jwoww The Pauly D Project The Show with Vinny Floribama Shore Geordie Shore Warsaw Shore Gandía Shore Acapulco Shore Super Shore External links Website Jersey Shore : Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5 , 2018 . The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami , Florida . On February 28 , 2018 , a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere , which filmed in Las Vegas , Seaside Heights , Neptune City and Atlantic City . The season premiered on August 23 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Overview 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4.3 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development and filming 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Pauly D Snooki Michael Sorrentino Ronnie Ortiz - Magro JWoww Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Recurring ( edit ) Angelina Pivarnick Lauren Pesce Overview ( edit ) In the first season , the cast of Jersey Shore swore they would always do a vacation together . Five years , five kids , three marriages and who knows how many GTL sessions later , Nicole , Jenni , Mike , Pauly D , Vinny , Angelina , Deena and Ronnie are back together and on vacation in a swanky house in Miami Beach . In the second season , The gang kicks it off by heading to Las Vegas ; after partying through Sin City , they head back to the East Coast , celebrating milestones in Atlantic City and settling in for an extended summer stay at the Shore . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 14 April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) TBD August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` What 's in the Bag ? '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 2.41 `` The Ring '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 2.55 `` Sunday Vinday '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.68 `` Ron Ron Juice '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.73 5 5 `` About Last Night '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.44 6 6 `` Meatball Down '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.51 7 7 `` Baby Mama Drama '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.75 8 8 `` The Temptation of the Keto Guido '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.70 9 9 `` Umm , Hello '' May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) 1.64 10 10 `` Meatball Training Day '' May 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 31 ) 2.02 11 11 `` Angelina Leaves Her Mark ! '' June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) 1.65 12 12 `` JWoww vs. The Proposal '' June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 1.65 13 13 `` Future Mrs. Situation ? '' June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.66 14 14 `` The Final Supper '' June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 1.64 Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 15 `` It 's Complicated '' August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 1.36 16 `` Oh Canada '' August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 1.35 17 `` The Truth About Ronnie '' August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 1.34 18 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) 1.43 19 5 `` Frenemies '' September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 1.47 20 6 `` The Designation '' September 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 20 ) 1.28 21 7 `` Four Guidos and a Baby '' September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 1.21 22 8 `` Back to Seaside '' October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) 1.05 23 9 `` Vinny and Angelina : A Love Story '' October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 1.15 24 10 `` What a Drag '' October 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 18 ) 1.10 25 11 `` Awkward City '' October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 1.24 26 12 `` Where 's the Beach ? '' November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) TBD 27 13 `` Staten Island Smackdown '' November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 ) TBD Specials ( edit ) Special Original air date Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Hottest Hookups March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The cast looks back at all of the hook ups they have had in past seasons . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Biggest Blowups March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) The cast looks back at all of the fights and arguments they have had during the past six seasons . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Snookiest Moments March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) Jenni , Ronnie , Snooki , Deena and Pauly count down Snooki 's 15 most hilarious , outrageous , and unforgettable meatball moments . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Craziest Couplings March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) As it turns out , everyone fell in love at the Jersey Shore . Pauly , Deena , Jenni , Ronnie and Snooki break it all down in Jersey Shore 's 8 Craziest Couplings . Jersey Shore 's Most Jersiest Moments July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) Mike , Pauly , Ronnie and Vinny look back at the Jersiest moments of their Miami family vacation ; a review of the best spirals and roasts ; funniest pranks , grossest toilets and five never - before - released scenes . Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) On November 27 , 2017 , MTV announced that the cast ( with the exception of Sammi ) would be reuniting in Miami , Florida for a new reunion season titled Jersey Shore : Family Vacation . The series premiered globally on April 5 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Snooki , JWoww and the Crew Return to MTV in Jersey Shore Family Vacation '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Jersey Shore Family Vacation Already Renewed for Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Las Vegas ! Secrets Of The New Jersey Shore Season Revealed '' . Radar Online . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' dominates , ' Swamp People ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' stays on top , ' Atlanta ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Southern Charm ' rises , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NFL Draft leads , ' Swamp People ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Atlanta ' ticks back up , ' Swamp People ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' ticks up , ' Atlanta ' finale dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Ex on the Beach ' and ' Siren ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' ticks up , ' Southern Charm ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Swamp People ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' premieres , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' falls , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Shooter ' premieres down , NBA Draft leads the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Alone ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' premieres down , ' Queen of the South ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' leads again , ' Snowfall ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' hits season high , ' Queen of the South ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' dominates , ' Snowfall ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 21 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' rises , ' Snowfall ' finale ticks back down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 28 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' rises , ' Snowfall ' finale ticks back down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' falls , MLB playoffs and ' TNF ' dominate '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' and ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : MLB playoffs and NBA lead , ' The First 48 ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA wins the night , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' Episodes '' . Zap2it . October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' Episodes '' . Zap2it . October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Original Jersey Shore Cast Reuniting for Family Vacation Series in 2018 '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Jersey Shore Family Vacation on IMDb Jersey Shore Cast Angelina Pivarnick Jennifer Farley ( JWoww ) Michael Sorrentino ( The Situation ) Nicole Polizzi ( Snooki ) Paul DelVecchio ( Pauly D ) Ronnie Ortiz - Magro Sammi Giancola Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Related Episodes Controversies and criticism Jersey Shore Jersey Shore Shark Attack The Three Stooges Spin - offs , Successors , and International versions Geordie Shore The Pauly D Project Snooki & Jwoww Gandía Shore The Show with Vinny Acapulco Shore Warsaw Shore Floribama Shore Jersey Shore : Family Vacation MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Ex on the Beach ( since 2018 ) Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) Competitive Are You the One ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are they filming jersey shore family vacation	[ "Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n", "Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n", "Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n", "Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n" ]	[ "Las Vegas", "Seaside Heights", "Neptune City", "Atlantic City" ]
1115450702651076634	List of highest-income counties in the United States	List of highest - income counties in the United States - wikipedia List of highest - income counties in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Per capita income by county There are 3,144 counties and county - equivalents in the United States . The source of the data is the U.S. Census Bureau and the data is current as of the indicated year . Independent cities are considered county - equivalent by the Census Bureau . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Median household income 2.1 American Community Survey 2.2 2010 Census 2.3 2000 Census 3 Per capita income 3.1 2010 Census 3.2 2000 Census 4 Highest - income counties and places by state 5 See also 6 Notes and references Summary ( edit ) Before the American Civil War , the wealthiest counties were primarily located in Louisiana and Mississippi . The Loudoun County , Virginia suburb of Washington , D.C. is the highest - income county by median household income . Another Washington suburb , Arlington County , Virginia , ranks as the highest - income county by median family income . Many of the top counties in the following lists are found in the Northeast Megalopolis , particularly in the Washington metropolitan area and the New York metropolitan area . Median household income ( edit ) American Community Survey ( edit ) Presented below are the 25 highest - income counties ( with populations of 65,000 or greater ) in the United States by median household income according to the 2016 American Community Survey prepared by the US Census Bureau . Five of the counties are located in the state of Maryland , five are in Virginia , four in California , three in New Jersey , two in New York , and one each in : Colorado , Georgia , Massachusetts , Ohio , Tennessee , and Texas . Rank County State Median Household Income Loudoun County Virginia $134,464 Howard County Maryland $120,941 Fairfax County Virginia $115,717 Hunterdon County New Jersey $113,684 5 Santa Clara County California $111,069 6 Arlington County Virginia $110,388 7 Douglas County Colorado $109,292 8 San Mateo County California $108,627 9 Morris County New Jersey $106,985 10 Williamson County Tennessee $106,054 11 Nassau County New York $105,870 12 Somerset County New Jersey $104,478 13 Marin County California $103,845 14 San Francisco County California $103,801 15 Delaware County Ohio $101,693 16 Forsyth County Georgia $100,909 17 Montgomery County Maryland $99,763 18 Calvert County Maryland $98,732 19 Prince William County Virginia $97,986 20 Stafford County Virginia $97,484 21 Putnam County New York $96,992 22 Anne Arundel County Maryland $96,483 23 Charles County Maryland $95,735 24 Rockwall County Texas $95,731 25 Middlesex County Massachusetts $95,249 ( show ) 2011 Rank County State Median Household Income Population Loudoun County Virginia $119,134 325,405 Fairfax County Virginia $105,797 1,100,692 Arlington County Virginia $100,735 216,004 Hunterdon County New Jersey $99,099 128,038 5 Howard County Maryland $98,953 293,142 6 Somerset County New Jersey $96,360 324,893 7 Prince William County Virginia $95,146 419,096 8 Fauquier County Virginia $93,762 66,320 9 Douglas County Colorado $93,573 292,167 10 Montgomery County Maryland $92,909 989,794 11 Charles County Maryland $91,733 149,130 12 Nassau County New York $91,414 1,344,436 13 Stafford County Virginia $91,348 132,133 14 Morris County New Jersey $91,332 494,976 15 Putnam County New York $90,735 99,933 16 Calvert County Maryland $89,393 89,256 17 Williamson County Tennessee $86,962 188,560 18 Delaware County Ohio $85,365 178,341 19 Santa Clara County California $84,895 1,809,378 20 Oldham County Kentucky $84,447 64,800 21 York County Virginia $84,167 66,134 22 Anne Arundel Maryland $84,138 544,403 23 Carroll County Maryland $84,117 167,288 24 Suffolk County New York $84,106 1,498,816 25 Sussex County New Jersey $83,839 148,517 26 Carver County Minnesota $83,348 92,638 27 Alexandria City Virginia $82,748 144,301 28 Fort Bend County Texas $82,271 606,953 29 Collin County Texas $82,237 812,226 30 Rockland County New York $82,217 315,158 31 Forsyth County Georgia $82,209 181,840 32 Rockwall County Texas $82,061 81,290 33 Norfolk County Massachusetts $81,889 675,436 34 San Mateo County California $81,657 727,209 35 St. Mary 's County Maryland $81,657 107,484 36 Hamilton County Indiana $80,999 282,810 37 Scott County Minnesota $80,864 132,556 38 Kendall County Illinois $80,655 116,631 39 Monmouth County New Jersey $79,334 631,020 40 Bergen County New Jersey $79,272 911,004 41 Chester County Pennsylvania $79,160 503,897 42 Tolland County Connecticut $78,210 152,507 43 Harford County Maryland $78,123 246,489 44 Frederick County Maryland $77,791 236,745 45 Fairfield County Connecticut $77,289 925,899 46 Middlesex County Connecticut $77,193 166,043 47 Marin County California $77,168 255,031 48 Westchester County New York $77,006 955,899 49 Middlesex County Massachusetts $76,978 1,518,171 50 Washington County Minnesota $76,491 241,280 51 Spotsylvania County Virginia $76,475 124,327 52 Montgomery County Pennsylvania $76,220 804,210 53 Rockingham County New Hampshire $75,982 296,207 54 Ventura County California $74,623 831,771 55 Middlesex County New Jersey $74,522 814,217 56 Contra Costa County California $74,353 1,066,096 57 Lake County Illinois $74,266 706,222 58 DuPage County Illinois $74,072 923,222 59 Mercer County New Jersey $73,890 367,063 60 Ozaukee County Wisconsin $73,703 86,568 60 Fayette County Georgia $72,962 107,784 61 Burlington County New Jersey $72,896 449,576 62 Anchorage City Alaska $72,813 295,570 63 Waukesha County Wisconsin $72,562 390,730 64 Orange County California $72,293 3,055,745 65 Will County Illinois $71,882 681,545 66 Gloucester County New Jersey $71,850 289,104 67 James City County Virginia $71,667 68,200 68 Chesterfield County Virginia $71,110 320,277 69 Prince George 's County Maryland $70,715 871,233 70 Bucks County Pennsylvania $70,617 626,854 71 Richmond County New York $70,578 470,467 72 McHenry County Illinois $70,117 308,944 73 Dakota County Minnesota $69,902 402,006 74 San Francisco County California $69,894 812,826 75 Johnson County Kansas $69,856 552,991 76 Dallas County Iowa $69,831 69,444 77 Parker County Texas $69,703 118,376 78 Denton County Texas $69,644 686,406 79 Washington County Rhode Island $69,528 126,563 80 Warren County Ohio $69,201 214,910 81 Frederick County Virginia $69,155 79,666 82 Newport County Rhode Island $69,119 82,695 83 Litchfield County Connecticut $69,097 188,789 84 Davis County Utah $69,021 311,811 85 Placer County California $68,959 357,138 86 King County Washington $68,775 1,969,722 87 Matanuska - Susitna Borough Alaska $68,672 91,946 88 Boulder County Colorado $68,637 299,378 89 Plymouth County Massachusetts $68,253 497,579 90 Wright County Minnesota $68,242 126,437 91 Dutchess County New York $67,727 297,999 92 Olmsted County Minnesota $67,618 145,769 93 Alameda County California $67,558 1,529,875 93 Hanover County Virginia $67,505 100,342 94 Livingston County Michigan $67,441 181,722 95 Williamson County Texas $67,246 442,782 96 Washington County Texas $67,232 33,791 97 Sherburne County Minnesota $67,198 89,319 98 Hillsborough County New Hampshire $66,609 401,696 2010 Census ( edit ) Rank County Median Household Income Loudoun County , Virginia $115,574 City of Falls Church , Virginia $114,409 Fairfax County , Virginia $105,416 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $103,643 5 Howard County , Maryland $103,273 6 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $100,980 7 Oakland County , Michigan $99,198 8 City of Fairfax , Virginia $97,900 9 Somerset County , New Jersey $97,440 10 Morris County , New Jersey $96,747 11 Arlington County , Virginia $94,880 12 Nassau County , New York $93,613 13 Montgomery County , Maryland $93,373 14 Stafford County , Virginia $93,065 15 Prince William County , Virginia $91,098 16 Calvert County , Maryland $90,838 17 Marin County , California $89,268 18 Putnam County , New York $89,218 19 Charles County , Maryland $88,825 20 Delaware County , Ohio $87,908 21 Williamson County , Tennessee $87,832 22 Forsyth County , Georgia $87,605 23 Santa Clara County , California $86,850 24 San Mateo County , California $85,648 25 Chester County , Pennsylvania $84,741 26 Suffolk County , New York $84,506 27 City of Poquoson , Virginia $84,315 28 Fauquier County , Virginia $83,877 29 Anne Arundel County , Maryland $83,456 30 Sussex County , New Jersey $83,089 31 Rockland County , New York $82,534 32 Monmouth County , New Jersey $82,265 33 Fayette County , Georgia $82,216 34 Scott County , Minnesota $82,190 35 Hamilton County , Indiana $81,947 36 Bergen County , New Jersey $81,708 37 Frederick County , Maryland $81,686 38 Carroll County , Maryland $81,621 39 Fairfield County , Connecticut $81,268 40 Queen Anne 's County , Maryland $81,096 41 York County , Virginia $81,055 42 Norfolk County , Massachusetts $81,027 43 City of Alexandria , Virginia $80,847 44 Collin County , Texas $80,504 45 Carver County , Minnesota $80,280 46 St. Mary 's County , Maryland $80,053 47 Kendall County , Illinois $79,897 48 Fort Bend County , Texas $79,845 49 Westchester County , New York $79,619 50 Goochland County , Virginia $79,547 51 Summit County , Utah $79,461 52 Oldham County , Kentucky $79,417 53 Washington County , Minnesota $79,109 54 Elbert County , Colorado $78,958 55 Lake County , Illinois $78,948 56 Contra Costa County , California $78,385 57 Rockwall County , Texas $78,032 58 Middlesex County , New Jersey $77,615 59 Middlesex County , Massachusetts $77,377 60 Tolland County , Connecticut $77,175 61 Harford County , Maryland $77,010 62 DuPage County , Illinois $76,581 63 Spotsylvania County , Virginia $76,574 64 McHenry County , Illinois $76,482 65 Hanover County , Virginia $76,425 66 Montgomery County , Pennsylvania $76,380 67 Burlington County , New Jersey $76,258 68 King George County , Virginia $76,241 69 Will County , Illinois $75,906 70 Rockingham County , New Hampshire $75,825 71 City and County of Broomfield , Colorado $75,590 72 Ventura County , California $75,348 73 City of Manassas , Virginia $75,173 74 Waukesha County , Wisconsin $75,064 75 Ozaukee County , Wisconsin $74,996 76 Middlesex County , Connecticut $74,906 77 Bucks County , Pennsylvania $74,828 78 Placer County , California $74,447 79 Orange County , California $74,344 80 James City County , Virginia $73,903 81 Johnson County , Kansas $73,733 82 Powhatan County , Virginia $73,593 83 Clarke County , Virginia $73,244 84 Plymouth County , Massachusetts $73,131 85 Dakota County , Minnesota $72,850 86 Gloucester County , New Jersey $72,664 87 Aleutians West Census Area , Alaska $72,219 88 Livingston County , Michigan $72,129 89 Eagle County , Colorado $71,337 90 Chesterfield County , Virginia $71,321 91 Warren County , Ohio $71,274 92 Prince George 's County , Maryland $71,260 93 Mercer County , New Jersey $71,217 94 Richmond County , New York $71,084 95 Denton County , Texas $70,622 96 New Kent County , Virginia $70,590 97 St. Charles County , Missouri $70,331 98 Honolulu County , Hawaii $70,093 99 El Dorado County , California $70,000 100 Alameda County , California $69,384 2009 The rankings are based on the median annual household income estimates from 2005 to 2009 in each county in the nation , provided by the United States Census Bureau 's American Community Survey , in 2009 inflation - adjusted dollars . Since cities in Virginia are independent of surrounding counties they are included in the Census Bureau 's ranking . Number of counties by state in following list : Virginia 5 plus 3 independent cities , Maryland 4 , New Jersey 3 , New York 3 , California 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 , New Mexico 1 , Ohio 1 , Tennessee 1 . Of the top 25 counties , 10 are part of the Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area , 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area , and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area . By Census region , 14 counties are located in the South , 6 in the Northeast , 4 in the West , and 1 located in the Midwest . 17 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis . ( show ) 2009 Rank County 2005 -- 09 ACS Median household income 2005 -- 09 ACS Margin of error 2000 Census Median household income 2000 Census Margin of error Change from 2000 Census to 2005 -- 09 ACS City of Falls Church , Virginia $113,313 3,595 96,449 5,613 16,864 Loudoun County , Virginia $112,021 1,833 103,817 1,477 8,204 Fairfax County , Virginia $104,259 955 104,335 709 − 76 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $102,500 2,533 102,839 1,717 − 339 5 Howard County , Maryland $101,003 1,325 95,474 1,128 5,529 6 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $100,423 5,635 101,687 4,364 − 1,264 7 Douglas County , Colorado $99,522 1,394 106,754 1,402 − 7,232 8 Morris County , New Jersey $96,316 1,374 99,559 1,085 − 3,243 9 Somerset County , New Jersey $96,233 1,782 99,035 1,399 − 2,802 10 City of Fairfax , Virginia $96,232 5,204 87,075 3,616 9,157 11 Arlington County , Virginia $93,806 1,652 81,101 1,183 12,705 12 Nassau County , New York $92,450 800 92,724 463 − 274 13 Montgomery County , Maryland $92,213 962 92,107 635 106 14 Calvert County , Maryland $90,621 2,753 84,890 1,868 5,731 15 Stafford County , Virginia $90,586 1,895 86,003 1,555 4,583 16 Prince William County , Virginia $88,850 1,545 84,910 959 3,940 17 Williamson County , Tennessee $88,358 1,787 88,957 1,769 − 599 18 Forsyth County , Georgia $88,040 1,808 88,681 1,803 − 641 19 Putnam County , New York $88,036 2,574 93,044 1,503 − 5,008 20 Marin County , California $87,728 1,569 91,792 1,314 − 4,064 21 Charles County , Maryland $86,141 2,341 80,068 1,460 6,073 22 Santa Clara County , California $85,569 864 95,691 507 − 10,122 23 Delaware County , Ohio $85,054 2,214 86,581 1,697 − 1,527 24 City of Poquoson , Virginia $84,688 5,283 78,422 3,527 6,266 25 Suffolk County , New York $84,530 803 84,045 403 485 2008 This data is average 2006 -- 2008 from the American Community Survey of the United States Bureau of the Census . Number of counties by state in following lists : Virginia 6 plus 2 independent cities , Maryland 4 , New Jersey 3 , New York 3 , California 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 , Pennsylvania 1 , Tennessee 1 , Utah 1 . Of the top 25 counties , 11 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area , 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area , and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area . By Census region , 14 counties are located in the South , 7 in the Northeast , 4 in the West , with none located in the Midwest . 18 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis . Educational attainment is based on bachelor 's degree attainment ( and above ) for people 25 and older in the county . ( show ) 2008 Rank County Median Household Income Population Educational Attainment Loudoun County , Virginia $110,643 277,433 58 % Fairfax County , Virginia $106,785 1,005,980 60 % Howard County , Maryland $101,710 272,412 60 % Somerset County , New Jersey $103,227 321,589 53 % 5 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $100,947 129,000 52 % 6 City of Fairfax , Virginia $98,133 23,281 52 % 7 Morris County , New Jersey $97,565 486,459 52 % 8 Douglas County , Colorado $97,480 270,286 54 % 9 Arlington County , Virginia $96,390 204,889 71 % 10 Montgomery County , Maryland $93,999 942,747 59 % 11 Nassau County , New York $93,579 1,352,817 45 % 12 Stafford County , Virginia $89,536 120,219 36 % 13 Calvert County , Maryland $89,049 88,126 30 % 14 Prince William County , Virginia $88,675 358,719 38 % 15 Putnam County , New York $88,580 99,195 40 % 16 Goochland County , Virginia $88,552 20,494 32 % 17 Williamson County , Tennessee $88,316 165,336 53 % 18 Marin County , California $88,101 246,985 55 % 19 Santa Clara County , California $87,287 1,734,756 46 % 20 Forsyth County , Georgia $86,938 158,009 46 % 21 Charles County , Maryland $86,586 140,032 28 % 22 Summit County , Utah $85,258 35,448 53 % 23 City of Alexandria , Virginia $85,135 140,657 63 % 24 Chester County , Pennsylvania $84,844 485,083 51 % 25 Suffolk County , New York $84,767 1,510,716 34 % United States $52,175 304,374,846 27 % 2007 Number of counties by state in following lists : Virginia 6 , Maryland 5 , New Jersey 3 , New York 2 , California 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 . 10 of the 20 counties are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area and 5 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area . By Census region , 12 counties are located in the South , 5 in the Northeast , and 3 in the West . 16 of the 20 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis . ( show ) 2007 -- Counties with populations of 250,000 or more Rank County Median Household Income Loudoun County , Virginia $107,207 Fairfax County , Virginia $105,241 Howard County , Maryland $101,672 Somerset County , New Jersey $97,658 5 Morris County , New Jersey $94,684 6 Douglas County , Colorado $92,824 7 Montgomery County , Maryland $91,835 8 Suffolk County , New York $89,782 9 Prince William County , Virginia $87,243 10 Santa Clara County , California $84,360 ( show ) 2007 -- Counties with populations 65,000 -- 250,000 Rank County Median Household Income Hunterdon County , New Jersey $100,327 Calvert County , Maryland $95,134 Arlington County , Virginia $94,876 Stafford County , Virginia $87,629 5 Fauquier County , Virginia $84,888 6 Forsyth County , Georgia $84,872 7 Putnam County , New York $84,624 8 Marin County , California $83,870 9 Charles County , Maryland $83,412 10 Carroll County , Maryland $82,492 2006 Source : US Census Bureau , 2006 American Community Survey , via Forbes Number of counties by state in the top 20 : Virginia 5 plus 1 independent city , California 3 , Maryland 3 , New Jersey 3 , New York 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 , Tennessee 1 . Forty - two states do not have any counties in the top 20 . ( show ) 2006 Rank County Median Household Income Fairfax County , Virginia $100,318 Loudoun County , Virginia $99,371 Howard County , Maryland $94,260 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $93,297 5 Douglas County , Colorado $92,125 6 Somerset County , New Jersey $91,688 7 Morris County , New Jersey $89,587 8 Montgomery County , Maryland $87,624 9 Arlington County , Virginia $87,350 10 Suffolk County , New York $85,994 11 Marin County , California $85,892 12 Stafford County , Virginia $85,014 13 Calvert County , Maryland $84,891 14 Santa Clara County , California $84,838 15 Forsyth County , Georgia $83,682 16 San Mateo County , California $82,123 17 Putnam County , New York $81,907 18 Williamson County , Tennessee $81,449 19 Prince William County , Virginia $80,783 20 City of Alexandria , Virginia $80,449 2000 Census ( edit ) Number of counties by state in the top 100 100 highest counties by median household income Source : US Census Bureau : 2000 Census Number of counties by state in the top 100 : Virginia 10 plus 5 independent cities , Maryland 9 , California 8 , New Jersey 8 , Georgia 7 , Colorado 6 , Illinois 6 , Minnesota 5 , New York 5 , Texas 5 , Alaska 3 , Connecticut 3 , Ohio 3 , Pennsylvania 3 , Wisconsin 2 , Massachusetts 2 , Michigan 2 , Indiana 1 , Kansas 1 , Kentucky 1 , Missouri 1 , New Hampshire 1 , New Mexico 1 , Tennessee 1 , Utah 1 . Twenty - five states do not have any counties in the top 100 . United States of America : $41,994 Rank County Median Household Income Douglas County , Colorado $82,929 Fairfax County , Virginia $81,050 Loudoun County , Virginia $80,648 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $79,888 5 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $78,993 6 Morris County , New Jersey $77,340 7 Somerset County , New Jersey $76,933 8 City of Falls Church , Virginia $74,924 9 Santa Clara County , California $74,335 10 Howard County , Maryland $74,167 11 Suffolk County , New York $73,979 12 Nassau County , New York $72,030 13 Montgomery County , Maryland $71,551 14 Marin County , California $71,306 15 Fayette County , Georgia $71,227 16 Hamilton County , Indiana $71,026 17 Collin County , Texas $70,835 18 San Mateo County , California $70,819 19 Johnson County , Kansas $69,817 20 Williamson County , Tennessee $69,104 21 Forsyth County , Georgia $68,890 22 Rockland County , New York $67,971 23 DuPage County , Illinois $67,887 24 City of Fairfax , Virginia $67,642 25 Livingston County , Michigan $67,400 26 Delaware County , Ohio $67,258 27 Lake County , Illinois $66,973 28 Stafford County , Virginia $66,809 29 Scott County , Minnesota $66,612 30 Washington County , Minnesota $66,305 31 Prince William County , Virginia $65,960 32 Calvert County , Maryland $65,945 33 Carver County , Minnesota $65,540 34 Columbia County , Georgia $65,507 35 Chester County , Pennsylvania $65,295 36 Putnam County , New York $65,288 37 Sussex County , New Jersey $65,266 38 Fairfield County , Connecticut $65,249 39 Bergen County , New Jersey $65,241 40 Rockwall County , Texas $65,164 41 Summit County , Utah $64,962 42 McHenry County , Illinois $64,826 43 Kendall County , Illinois $64,625 44 Monmouth County , New Jersey $64,231 45 City and County of Broomfield , Colorado $63,903 46 Fort Bend County , Texas $63,831 47 Contra Costa County , California $63,675 48 Westchester County , New York $63,582 49 Norfolk County , Massachusetts $63,432 50 Oldham County , Kentucky $63,229 51 North Slope Borough , Alaska $63,173 52 Arlington County , Virginia $63,001 53 Waukesha County , Wisconsin $62,839 54 Ozaukee County , Wisconsin $62,745 55 Eagle County , Colorado $62,682 56 Elbert County , Colorado $62,480 57 Will County , Illinois $62,238 58 Charles County , Maryland $62,199 59 City and Borough of Juneau , Alaska $62,034 60 Fauquier County , Virginia $61,999 61 Oakland County , Michigan $61,907 62 Orange County , California $61,899 63 Dakota County , Minnesota $61,863 64 Anne Arundel County , Maryland $61,768 65 Middlesex County , New Jersey $61,446 66 Aleutians West Census Area , Alaska $61,406 67 City of Poquoson , Virginia $60,920 68 Cherokee County , Georgia $60,896 69 Montgomery County , Pennsylvania $60,829 70 Middlesex County , Massachusetts $60,821 71 City of Manassas Park , Virginia $60,794 72 Williamson County , Texas $60,642 73 Gwinnett County , Georgia $60,537 74 City of Manassas , Virginia $60,409 75 Frederick County , Maryland $60,276 76 Geauga County , Ohio $60,200 77 Carroll County , Maryland $60,021 78 Bucks County , Pennsylvania $59,727 79 Ventura County , California $59,666 80 Pitkin County , Colorado $59,375 81 Kane County , Illinois $59,351 82 Hanover County , Virginia $59,223 83 Middlesex County , Connecticut $59,175 84 Tolland County , Connecticut $59,044 85 Burlington County , New Jersey $58,608 86 Chesterfield County , Virginia $58,537 87 Cobb County , Georgia $58,289 88 Denton County , Texas $58,216 89 Rockingham County , New Hampshire $58,150 90 York County , Virginia $57,956 91 Warren County , Ohio $57,952 92 Anoka County , Minnesota $57,754 93 Placer County , California $57,535 94 Spotsylvania County , Virginia $57,525 95 San Benito County , California $57,469 96 Jefferson County , Colorado $57,339 97 Henry County , Georgia $57,309 98 St. Charles County , Missouri $57,258 99 Harford County , Maryland $57,234 100 Queen Anne 's County , Maryland $57,037 Per capita income ( edit ) 2010 Census ( edit ) CA1 - 3 Personal income summary : Per capita personal income , 2010 , BEA Rank County Per Capita Personal Income New York County , New York $111,386 Teton County , Wyoming $94,672 Marin County , California $89,936 Howard County , Maryland $80,165 5 Arlington County , Virginia $79,967 6 Alexandria , Virginia $76,362 7 Pitkin County , Colorado $76,318 8 Town and County of Nantucket , Massachusetts $73,654 9 Westchester County , New York $73,159 10 Fairfield County , Connecticut $71,768 11 District of Columbia ( federal district ) $70,710 12 City and County of San Francisco , California $70,190 13 Somerset County , New Jersey $69,886 14 Morris County , New Jersey $69,811 15 Summit County , Utah $68,524 16 San Mateo County , California $67,964 17 Montgomery County , Maryland $67,639 18 Slope County , North Dakota $67,089 19 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $67,053 20 Fairfax County & Fairfax City & Falls Church , Virginia $66,679 21 Douglas County , Colorado $66,047 22 Nassau County , New York $65,615 23 Bergen County , New Jersey $65,486 24 Blaine County , Idaho $63,883 25 Howard County , Maryland $63,375 Average per capita income 2009 Number of counties by state in the top 20 : New Jersey 4 ; California 3 ; New York 2 ; Virginia 1 county , 1 independent city , and 1 statistical unit comprising a county and two independent cities ; Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Idaho , Maryland , Texas , South Dakota , and Wyoming 1 each . Of the 20 counties , 7 are part of the New York Metropolitan Area , 4 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area , and 3 are part of the San Francisco Bay Area . By Census region , 7 counties are located in the Northeast , 6 in the South , and 6 in the West . ( show ) Average per capita income 2009 Rank County Average Per Capita Income Teton County , Wyoming $132,728 New York County , New York $120,790 Loving County , Texas $99,593 Pitkin County , Colorado $93,465 5 Marin County , California $91,483 6 Suffolk County , New York $91,376 7 Fairfield County , Connecticut $74,878 8 San Mateo County , California $71,753 9 Morris County , New Jersey $71,713 10 City and County of San Francisco , California $71,342 11 Somerset County , New Jersey $70,949 12 City of Alexandria , Virginia $70,632 13 Arlington County , Virginia $68,270 14 Fairfax County , City of Fairfax , and Falls Church , Virginia $67,909 15 Montgomery County , Maryland $67,525 16 Bergen County , New Jersey $67,125 17 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $66,449 18 Sully County , South Dakota $64,352 19 Blaine County , Idaho $64,207 20 Collier County , Florida $63,276 2000 Census ( edit ) Number of counties ranked in the top 100 nationally , by state 100 highest ranked counties by per capita income Number of counties by state in the top 100 : Colorado 10 , Virginia 7 counties plus 3 independent cities , New Jersey 9 , California 8 , Florida 6 , New York 6 , Georgia 4 , Maryland 4 , Minnesota 4 , Connecticut 3 , Massachusetts 3 , Michigan 3 , Pennsylvania 3 , Texas 3 , Illinois 2 , North Carolina 2 , Ohio 2 , Washington 2 , Wisconsin 2 , Idaho 1 , Alaska 1 , Alabama 1 , District of Columbia 1 , Indiana 1 , Kansas 1 , Missouri 1 , Nevada 1 , New Hampshire 1 , New Mexico 1 , Rhode Island 1 , Tennessee 1 , Utah 1 , Wyoming 1 . Eighteen states do not have any counties in the top 100 . United States of America per capita average : $21,587 Rank County Per Capita Income Marin County , California $44,962 New York County , New York ( Manhattan ) $42,922 City of Falls Church , Virginia $41,052 Pitkin County , Colorado $40,811 5 Fairfield County , Connecticut $38,350 6 Teton County , Wyoming $38,260 7 Somerset County , New Jersey $37,970 8 Arlington County , Virginia $37,706 9 City of Alexandria , Virginia $37,645 10 Morris County , New Jersey $36,964 11 Fairfax County , Virginia $36,888 12 Westchester County , New York $36,726 13 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $36,370 14 San Mateo County , California $36,045 15 Montgomery County , Maryland $35,684 16 San Miguel County , Colorado $35,329 17 Douglas County , Colorado $34,848 18 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $34,646 19 City and County of San Francisco , California $34,556 20 Summit County , Utah $33,767 21 Bergen County , New Jersey $33,638 22 Loudoun County , Virginia $33,530 23 Collin County , Texas $33,345 24 Hamilton County , Indiana $33,109 25 Santa Clara County , California $32,795 26 Oakland County , Michigan $32,534 27 Williamson County , Tennessee $32,496 28 Norfolk County , Massachusetts $32,484 29 Howard County , Maryland $32,402 30 Nassau County , New York $32,151 31 Lake County , Illinois $32,102 32 Eagle County , Colorado $32,011 33 Ozaukee County , Wisconsin $31,947 34 Chester County , Pennsylvania $31,627 35 Delaware County , Ohio $31,600 36 Blaine County , Idaho $31,346 37 DuPage County , Illinois $31,315 38 Town and County of Nantucket , Massachusetts $31,314 39 City of Fairfax , Virginia $31,247 40 Middlesex County , Massachusetts $31,199 41 Collier County , Florida $31,195 42 Monmouth County , New Jersey $31,149 43 Johnson County , Kansas $30,919 44 Montgomery County , Pennsylvania $30,898 45 Contra Costa County , California $30,615 46 San Juan County , Washington $30,603 47 Putnam County , New York $30,127 48 Fulton County , Georgia $30,003 49 Ventura County , California $29,634 50 Martin County , Florida $29,584 51 King County , Washington $29,521 52 Fayette County , Georgia $29,464 53 James City County , Virginia $29,256 54 Waukesha County , Wisconsin $29,164 55 Forsyth County , Georgia $29,114 56 Goochland County , Virginia $29,105 57 Boulder County , Colorado $28,976 58 Albemarle County , Virginia $28,852 59 Palm Beach County , Florida $28,801 60 Routt County , Colorado $28,792 61 Hennepin County , Minnesota $28,789 62 Fauquier County , Virginia $28,757 63 Summit County , Colorado $28,676 64 St. Johns County , Florida $28,674 65 Washington , D.C. $28,659 66 Rockwall County , Texas $28,573 67 Carver County , Minnesota $28,486 68 Litchfield County , Connecticut $28,408 69 Sarasota County , Florida $28,326 70 Middlesex County , Connecticut $28,251 71 Talbot County , Maryland $28,164 72 Clear Creek County , Colorado $28,160 73 Washington County , Minnesota $28,148 74 Arapahoe County , Colorado $28,147 75 Rockland County , New York $28,082 76 Livingston County , Michigan $28,069 77 Jefferson County , Colorado $28,066 78 Placer County , California $27,963 79 Geauga County , Ohio $27,944 80 Mercer County , New Jersey $27,914 81 Cobb County , Georgia $27,863 82 St. Louis County , Missouri $27,595 83 Anne Arundel County , Maryland $27,578 84 Bucks County , Pennsylvania $27,430 85 Mecklenburg County , North Carolina $27,352 86 Douglas County , Nevada $27,288 87 Indian River County , Florida $27,227 88 Shelby County , Alabama $27,176 89 Washtenaw County , Michigan $27,173 90 Dakota County , Minnesota $27,008 91 Wake County , North Carolina $27,004 92 Sussex County , New Jersey $26,992 93 Union County , New Jersey $26,992 94 Denton County , Texas $26,895 95 Newport County , Rhode Island $26,779 96 City and Borough of Juneau , Alaska $26,719 97 Alameda County , California $26,680 98 Rockingham County , New Hampshire $26,656 99 Suffolk County , New York $26,577 100 Middlesex County , New Jersey $26,535 Highest - income counties and places by state ( edit ) For more detailed lists of rankings of counties and places in the individual states , see the following pages : Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See also ( edit ) List of United States counties by per capita income List of lowest - income counties in the United States Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frasier , Steve . `` Ruling America '' . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ `` Washington region boasts four richest counties in U.S. '' American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Ross , Kelley L. ( 2017 ) . `` The Ruling Class , The Hunger Games : The One Percent '' . Political Economy . The Proceedings of the Friesian School , Fourth Series . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . What is especially striking about the chart is something that we might not expect . Of the original 25 counties listed , 11 of them , all in red , form a ring in Maryland and Virginia right around Washington , D.C. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Top 100 counties -- Median household income , 2011 . Washingtonpost.com ( September 20 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ American FactFinder . Factfinder2.census.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ State and County QuickFacts Archived March 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Quickfacts.census.gov ( February 20 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Median Household Income in 2009 Inflation - Adjusted Dollars based on the 2005 -- 09 American Community Survey , United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census Bureau Homepage '' . Census.gov . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Earnings , and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Woolsey , America 's Richest Counties , Forbes.com , 01.22. 08 , 6 : 00 PM ET Forbes.com Web site . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census 2000 Demographic Profiles '' . Censtats.census.gov . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Data '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aristide Economoupolos / The Star - Leder . `` N.J. has four of nation 's 20 highest - income counties '' . Nj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . United States locations by per capita income Nationwide U.S. states by per capita income United States counties by per capita income State locations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania ( counties ) Pennsylvania ( places ) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Related lists Highest - income counties in the United States Highest - income metropolitan statistical areas in the United States Highest - income urban areas in the United States Highest - income ZCTAs in the United States Lowest - income counties in the United States Poorest places in the United States United States county - related lists General Index By state Former counties Secession proposals Demographics Population African - 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ownership Household income Immigration Income inequality Language LGBT Middle classes Personal income Poverty Social class Unemployment by state Wealth By religion Baha'is Buddhists Christians Catholics Coptics Protestants Hindus Jains Jews Muslims Ahmadiyyas Neopagans Non-religious Rastafaris Scientologists Sikhs Zoroastrians By continent and ethnicity Africa African diaspora in the Americas Afro - Caribbean / West Indian Americans Bahamian Americans Belizean Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Jamaican Americans Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans African immigrants to the United States Central Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States North Africans in the United States Southeast Africans in the United States Southern Africans in the United States West Africans in the United States Asia Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans East Asia Chinese Americans Hong Kong Americans Tibetan Americans Japanese Americans Korean Americans Mongolian Americans Taiwanese Americans South Asia Bangladeshi Americans Bhutanese Americans Indian Americans Nepalese Americans Pakistani Americans Romani Americans Sri Lankan Americans Southeast Asia Burmese Americans Cambodian Americans Filipino Americans Hmong Americans Indonesian Americans Laotian Americans Malaysian Americans Singaporean Americans Thai Americans Vietnamese Americans West Asia Arab Americans Assyrian Americans Iranian Americans Israeli Americans Jewish Americans Europe White Americans English Americans French Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Scandinavian Americans Slavic Americans Spanish Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Americans Oceania Pacific Islands Americans Chamorro Americans Native Hawaiians Samoan Americans Tongan Americans Americans of Euro Oceanic origin Australian Americans New Zealand Americans North America Native Americans and Alaska Natives Canadian Americans Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans ( Stateside ) South America Hispanic and Latino Americans Brazilian Americans Colombian Americans Ecuadorian Americans Multiethnic Melungeon People of the United States / Americans American ancestry Maps of American ancestries 2010 Census Race and ethnicity in the Census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States&oldid=841232821 '' Categories : Lists of superlatives Income in the United States United States locations by per capita income Lists of counties of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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About Wikipedia	what is the average income in marin county	[ "\n\nRank\nCounty\nState\nMedian Household Income\n\n\n1\nLoudoun County\nVirginia\n\n$134,464\n\n\n\n2\nHoward County\nMaryland\n\n$120,941\n\n\n\n3\nFairfax County\nVirginia\n\n$115,717\n\n\n\n4\nHunterdon County\nNew Jersey\n\n$113,684\n\n\n\n5\nSanta Clara County\nCalifornia\n\n$111,069\n\n\n\n6\nArlington County\nVirginia\n\n$110,388\n\n\n\n7\nDouglas County\nColorado\n\n$109,292\n\n\n\n8\nSan Mateo County\nCalifornia\n\n$108,627\n\n\n\n9\nMorris County\nNew Jersey\n\n$106,985\n\n\n\n10\nWilliamson County\nTennessee\n\n$106,054\n\n\n\n11\nNassau County\nNew York\n\n$105,870\n\n\n\n12\nSomerset County\nNew Jersey\n\n$104,478\n\n\n\n13\nMarin County\nCalifornia\n\n$103,845\n\n\n\n14\nSan Francisco County\nCalifornia\n\n$103,801\n\n\n\n15\nDelaware County\nOhio\n\n$101,693\n\n\n\n16\nForsyth County\nGeorgia\n\n$100,909\n\n\n\n17\nMontgomery County\nMaryland\n\n$99,763\n\n\n\n18\nCalvert County\nMaryland\n\n$98,732\n\n\n\n19\nPrince William County\nVirginia\n\n$97,986\n\n\n\n20\nStafford County\nVirginia\n\n$97,484\n\n\n\n21\nPutnam County\nNew York\n\n$96,992\n\n\n\n22\nAnne Arundel County\nMaryland\n\n$96,483\n\n\n\n23\nCharles County\nMaryland\n\n$95,735\n\n\n\n24\nRockwall County\nTexas\n\n$95,731\n\n\n\n25\nMiddlesex County\nMassachusetts\n\n$95,249\n\n\n" ]	[ "$103,845" ]
-7504356850171492865	Providence St. Vincent Medical Center	Providence St. Vincent Medical Center - wikipedia Providence St. Vincent Medical Center Jump to : navigation , search Providence St. Vincent Medical Center Providence Health & Services Geography Location West Haven - Sylvan , Washington County , Oregon , United States Coordinates 45 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 46 ′ 18 '' W / 45.510 ° N 122.7718 ° W / 45.510 ; - 122.7718 Coordinates : 45 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 46 ′ 18 '' W / 45.510 ° N 122.7718 ° W / 45.510 ; - 122.7718 Organization Care system Medicare / Medicaid / Charity / Public Hospital type General Affiliated university None Services Beds 523 History Founded 1875 Links Website www.providence.org/stvincent Lists Hospitals in Oregon Providence St. Vincent Medical Center , is a non-profit , acute care teaching hospital in West Haven - Sylvan in the Portland metropolitan area in the state of Oregon , United States . The hospital was founded in 1875 by the Sisters of Providence , a Roman Catholic sisterhood from Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is Providence Health & Services 's largest Oregon hospital . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Post-millennium 2 Programs and institutes 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Original St. Vincent Hospital building in Portland , c. 1910 . Dedicated on July 19 , 1875 , it was the state 's first permanent hospital , founded in the Northwest district of Portland , Oregon , by the Sisters of Providence , a Roman Catholic sisterhood from Montreal , Quebec , Canada . In January 1971 , the original campus in northwest Portland was closed and the current facility opened in Washington County . On January 31 , 1971 , the hospital used in - part large military buses capable of carrying 18 stretchers at a time to transport patients to the new hospital building . The facility at that time had a single , 13 - story tower that consisted of seven floors of patient rooms . The new building had 400 hospital beds , while the old hospital had 420 beds . Post-millennium ( edit ) In 2004 , the hospital was one of three in Oregon named by Solucient as a top 100 hospital in the United States . In November 2009 , the employees at the hospital , in conjunction with Medline Industries , produced the `` Pink Glove Dance '' video ( set to `` Down '' ) to raise awareness of breast cancer , with the video going viral on the Internet and making national news . In October 2015 , work began on a four - year , $85 million remodeling of the nine - story main hospital building , which was built in 1971 . Along with seismic retrofitting and modest expansion , the project will add a new aluminum exterior over the building 's existing exposed - concrete surface , greatly changing its appearance when completed . Programs and institutes ( edit ) St. Vincent has specialized programs including Providence Heart and Vascular Institute , Oregon Medical Laser Center , Providence Multiple Sclerosis Center , and Providence Stroke Center . The hospital is licensed for 523 beds , and has over 3,500 employees . There are approximately 1,647 medical staff . Providence St. Vincent Medical Center is also one of four nursing magnet hospitals in Oregon , the others being Oregon Health & Science University Hospital , Providence Portland Medical Center , and Veterans Affairs Hospital in Portland . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Providence St. Vincent Medical Center '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Providence in the West : A Timeline , 1856 - 1902 '' . Sisters of Providence . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Gerry ( April 16 , 1993 ) . `` Friday Surprise : Times may be a-changin ' but names often retained '' . The Oregonian . pp. A22 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goetze , Janet ( June 19 , 2006 ) . `` Patients make move from old hospital to new '' . The Oregonian . pp. B2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Ann ( December 13 , 1970 ) . `` St. Vincent Plans Move '' . The Oregonian . p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Business Briefs : Providence Milwaukie listed as a top hospital '' , The Oregonian , June 3 , 2004 , South Zoner , p. 2 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , John ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Pink Glove Dance Video Spreads Breast Cancer Awareness '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jessie ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Everyone 's getting ' down ' with Providence 's pink glove dance '' . Beaverton Valley Times . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Appleton , Eric ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` $85 million remodel begins at St. Vincent '' . Beaverton Valley Times . pp. A1 , A9 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` ANCC List Of Magnet ® Recognized Hospitals '' . www.clinicalmanagementconsultants.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Providence St. Vincent Medical Center . Official website Portland Business Journal Hospitals in Oregon Portland metropolitan Adventist Medical Center Doernbecher Children 's Hospital Kaiser Sunnyside Medical Center Kaiser Westside Medical Center Legacy Emanuel Medical Center Randall Children 's Hospital Legacy Meridian Park Hospital Legacy Mount Hood Medical Center Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center Portland Shriners Hospital Providence Milwaukie Hospital Providence Newberg Medical Center Providence Portland Medical Center Providence St. Vincent Medical Center Providence Willamette Falls Medical Center Tuality Community Hospital Tuality Forest Grove Hospital Willamette Valley Medical Center Veterans Affairs Medical Center Willamette Valley Cottage Grove Community Hospital Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center McKenzie - Willamette Medical Center Sacred Heart Medical Center at RiverBend Sacred Heart Medical Center University District Salem Hospital Samaritan Albany General Hospital Samaritan Lebanon Community Hospital Santiam Hospital Silverton Hospital West Valley Hospital Oregon Coast Bay Area Hospital Columbia Memorial Hospital Curry General Hospital Coquille Valley Hospital Peace Harbor Hospital Lower Umpqua Hospital District Providence Seaside Hospital Samaritan North Lincoln Hospital Samaritan Pacific Communities Hospital Southern Coos Hospital and Health Center Tillamook County General Hospital Southern Oregon Ashland Community Hospital Asante Three Rivers Medical Center Mercy Medical Center Providence Medford Medical Center Rogue Regional Medical Center Veterans Affairs Roseburg Healthcare System Eastern Oregon Blue Mountain Hospital Eastern Oregon Psychiatric Center Good Shepherd Healthcare System Grande Ronde Hospital Harney District Hospital Holy Rosary Medical Center Lake District Hospital Mid-Columbia Medical Center Pioneer Memorial Hospital Providence Hood River Memorial Hospital St. Anthony Hospital St. Charles Medical Center -- Bend St. Charles Medical Center -- Madras St. Charles Medical Center -- Redmond St. Elizabeth Health Services Sky Lakes Medical Center Wallowa Memorial Hospital Psychiatric Oregon State Hospital Research & teaching Oregon Health & Science University Hospital Defunct hospitals Bess Kaiser Hospital Dammasch State Hospital Eastmoreland Hospital Fairview Training Center Hot Lake Sanitorium Morningside Hospital Oregon Hospital for the Insane Oregon State Tuberculosis Hospital University Tuberculosis Hospital Woodland Park Hospital Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Providence_St._Vincent_Medical_Center&oldid=786237463 '' Categories : Hospitals established in 1875 Hospital buildings completed in 1971 Hospitals in Oregon Providence Health & Services Buildings and structures in Washington County , Oregon 1875 establishments in Oregon West Haven - Sylvan , Oregon Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2017 , at 04 : 48 . About Wikipedia	what county is st vincent's hospital in oregon	[ "In January 1971, the original campus in northwest Portland was closed and the current facility opened in Washington County.[4] On January 31, 1971, the hospital used in-part large military buses capable of carrying 18 stretchers at a time to transport patients to the new hospital building.[5] The facility at that time had a single, 13-story tower that consisted of seven floors of patient rooms.[5] The new building had 400 hospital beds, while the old hospital had 420 beds.[5]" ]	[ "Washington County" ]
9002397217006271187	It (2017 film)	It ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema Ratpac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $696.4 million It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . A second installment is planned . The film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and has grossed $696 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing horror film and the third highest - grossing R - rated film of all - time ( after Deadpool and The Matrix Reloaded ) . It is also the 10th highest - grossing film of 2017 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , with many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , stuttering teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it , Georgie sees a clown in the sewer who introduces himself as `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . The clown entices Georgie to come closer by talking about the circus , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer drain . The following summer , Bill and his friends ( loudmouth Richie Tozier , hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak , and timid Stan Uris ) run afoul of bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to check it out , believing his brother may still be alive . `` New kid '' Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries , and is lured into the basement of the library by Pennywise , before escaping the library . He is attacked by Bowers ' gang for being fat and has an ' H ' carved into his stomach . He is able to escape before Henry can finish his name and flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl named Betty Ripsom , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise looking for Ben . The Losers see Ben bloody , and rush to the nearest drug store to fix him up . They do n't have enough money ; however , Beverly Marsh , a classmate and friend of Ben bullied by girls over rumors of promiscuity , helps them steal the products . Beverly helps clean Ben 's wound and joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends homeschooled Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers in a rock war . Each member of the group encounters terrifying phenomena in various forms , include a menacing clown for Richie , a headless boy for Ben , a fountain of blood for Beverly , a diseased and rotting leper for Eddie , a creepy painting come to life for Stan , Mike 's parents burning alive , and finally a phantom Georgie for Bill . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that Pennywise ( or `` It '' ) assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines -- which all lead to the town 's original well under the creepy , abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront It , only to be separated and terrorized . Bill and Richie leave Eddie behind , and Eddie sees the leper . Richie then gets locked in a room full of clown dolls , and sees a casket with a doll of himself inside . Pennywise jumps out from behind the casket and chases Richie out the door . They realize Eddie is gone , and find him right before Pennywise kills him . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . However , after the encounter Eddie is forbidden to see the group by his overprotective mother , Richie argues that fighting It is n't worth their lives , leading him to say Georgie is indeed dead in which Bill punches Richie in the face . Richie , Stan and Mike leave the group out of fear , and only Bill , Ben , and Beverly remain resolute in fighting It and prepare for another confrontation . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers ' Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Henry Bowers , who has killed his father after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Henry down the well to his apparent death . Amidst , Beverly wakes up in Pennywise 's lair . She tries to run away , but Pennywise catches her , and shows her its true form ; the Deadlights . The Losers descend into the sewers and Stan is separated and almost killed by It in the form of the `` Flute Lady '' , but is rescued by the Losers . They find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he is Pennywise in disguise , and shoots It with Mike 's bolt gun . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . Richie lists bad things Bill has done to him , but realizes friendship is important , and attacks Pennywise with a baseball bat . The Losers see their various fears , but wound It quickly . After a brutal battle they defeat Pennywise and It retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Their victory is bittersweet , as Bill finds his brother 's raincoat and accepts his death while his friends comfort him and the missing children 's bodies float to the ground . The Losers then leave the sewers . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting It as adults . The Losers swear a blood oath that they will return to Derry as adults if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all by cutting their palms with a glass shard . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group disperses . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . Before she leaves , Bill reveals his feelings and they share a kiss . Cast Jaeden Lieberher as William `` Bill '' Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stanley `` Stan '' Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as her violent father is sexually abusive to her . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' On her connection with her fellow co-stars , she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character : `` I relate to Beverly -- the way she deals with her emotions , and the way she was around the Losers . I felt that way around the actual actors . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richard `` Richie '' Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard , famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things , shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account , with the photo captioned as `` The Losers Club take Toronto '' , showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Chosen Jacobs as Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of high school thugs , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who meets his end early at the hands of Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Victor `` Vic '' Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command ; Javier Botet appears as The Leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; Tatum Lee appears as Judith , one of It 's horrifying creations ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Megan Charpentier appears as Greta Keene , the pharmacist 's daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also revealed that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider.com , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hocksetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 80s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial , Gould 's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop , The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony 's Barber Shop , an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners , Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop , a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman ( 1989 ) and Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) , thus confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music On March 23 , 2017 , Benjamin Wallfisch was announced as the composer of It 's score . The soundtrack album was released in preview in August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Home Media The film is scheduled to be released on 4K , Blu - ray and DVD on January 9 , 2018 . Marketing This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer reached 197 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office As of December 15 , 2017 , It has grossed $327.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $368.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $696.4 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 288 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades It received a 2017 Golden Trailer Awards nomination for Best Horror , which it subsequently won . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider.com , mentioned the final film of the planned It duology , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that the sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with Gary Dauberman penning the script . Later in December 2017 , Agent Cody Banks writer Jeffrey Jurgensen was also listed as a screenwriter . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise , in various interviews -- most notably with Collider.com . Additionally the name Pennywise the Dancing Clown is what Pennywise introduces himself as to Georgie Denbrough ; the term It is n't used in either of these cases . References Jump up ^ `` IT '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmovie.com/movie/it-v638977 ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros Editors ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- Warner Bros '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . 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Lincoln , Ross ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sophia Lillis Joins New Line 's ' It ' Remake ; Aunjanue Ellis Sign on To Christine Crokos ' ' Pimp ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It Director Andy Muschietti Vows To Deliver A No Holds Barred Adaptation Of The King Classic '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : T. Collins , Sean ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Encounter With Pennywise , Remake Details '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT -- First Photo of the New Losers Club ! '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` First look at the Loser 's Club from Stephen King adaptation It '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the New Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Is Responsible for ' Stranger Things ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' IT '' Director Talks Freedom Of An R - Rating `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' It ' stars had their ' favorite summer ever ' with Pennywise the clown ( really ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` A Terrifying Vision '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' : 40 + Things to Know About the Terrifying Stephen King Adaptation '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MTV News Staff ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ONE IT STAR COULDN 'T STOP LAUGHING THE FIRST TIME THEY MET PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatfull , Jonathan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake first look at the Losers ' Club '' . SciFiNow . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Pennywise Comes After Nicholas Hamilton '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClendon , Lamarco ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton on Filming Stephen King 's ' It ' Remake '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` A Paper Boat '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Geek , Den ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It : Filming Update , Release Date , Cast , Photos & More '' . Den of Geek ! . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bloodline ' Actor Joins Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keane , Stuart ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Adaptation Casts Another Key Child Role , And This One Hardly Featured in the Original '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snicks ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Film Version of Stephen King 's `` It '' Will Retain Novel 's Creepy Homoerotic Storyline `` . NewNowNext . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Barbara Muschietti , producer of film based on Stephen King 's novel ' It ' , talks about experience in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ How to Write a Novel Editors ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It '' . How to Write a Novel . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` IT Characters List '' . Stephen King . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It Movie Adaptation Has Begun Production '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon , Charles ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Why Stephen King 's IT scares off film - makers '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Owen ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It -- everything you need to know '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamman , Cody ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` TATUM LEE TO PLAY A HORRIFYING CREATION IN THE IT REMAKE '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Jancy ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's The Full Cast List for the New ' IT ' Movie '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McGloin , Matt ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King `` It '' Movie Wraps `` . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Daniel ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Might ' It : Part 2 ' Be Filming Sooner Than Expected ? '' . Cinema Runner . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Teaser Trailer : Pennywise Creeps Back Into Our Lives '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Opie , David ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` It 's coming , as Hollywood plans Stephen King adaptation '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dionne , Zach ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ' IT ' REMAKE : STEPHEN KING 'S PENNYWISE IS BACK '' . Fuse . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Warner Bros Remaking Stephen King 's It '' . / Film . 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Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Screenwriter Gives Update on Big Screen Adaptation of Stephen King 's It '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castina ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Stephen King 's `` It '' Bound For Big Screen `` . PopCrunch . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : More on the IT Remake ! Rated R ? '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Remake of Stephen King 's It will be Rated - R and Set in the Mid-1980s '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Niki ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` SCREENWRITER DAVID KAJGANICH GIVES AN UPDATE ON STEPHEN KING 'S IT '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serafini , Matt ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Early Details on the IT Remake '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` Director Cary Fukunaga Talks TRUE DETECTIVE , Making an 8 - Hour Film , Future Seasons , BEASTS OF NO NATION , Modernizing Horror with IT , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Be Adapted by Cary Fukunaga into Two Films ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Will Shoot Next Summer '' . Coming Soon . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Will Shoot Stephen King 's It Next Summer '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake put on indefinite hold as director Cary Fukunaga walks out '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga on Adapting It , His Musical With Owen Pallett , and # TrueDetectiveSeason2 '' . Slate . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Director Seeks `` Perfect Pennywise '' Clown `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter cast as Pennywise in Cary Fukunaga 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter to Play the Evil Clown in ' It ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Loses Director Cary Fukunaga '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Out as Director of Stephen King 's ' It ' at New Line ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Offers New Details on Why ' It ' Remake Fell Apart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga opens up about IT departure -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` The remake of IT may be dead '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sky News Editors , Justin ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` It Remake ' Dead ' As Director Walks Away '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` IT Emphasizes Pennywise 's Most Terrifying Virtue '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mama 's Andrés Muschietti in Negotiations To Direct It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayorga , Emilio ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Muschiettis to Produce Supernatural Thriller ' Shadows ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Annie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Starts Next Summer on Remake of Stephen King Classic ' It ' '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Film Next Summer ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It May Start Filming in 2016 ; Two Movies Still Planned '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Bigger Splash ' Writer David Kajganich on His Unique Approach to the Remake and ' It ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northumberland News Editor ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Dan Lin Confirms ' It ' Rating and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : Impressions of First Footage from IT & New Footage from ANNABELLE 2 '' . Daily Dead . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The new Pennywise terrified the young cast of Stephen King 's IT reboot '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Richard ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Panel : Face Your Fears '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mad Movies Editors ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ÇA BY ANDY MUSCHIETTI '' . Mad Movies . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kino.dk/film/i/it/it-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmweb.no/film/article1302530.ece Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline.com . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Are You Afraid Of The Dark ? Movie Gets October 2019 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Official website It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Films directed by Andy Muschietti Mama ( 2013 ) It ( 2017 ) Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective ( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=815688324 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s teen horror films 2010s psychological horror films Horror adventure films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s mystery films 2010s thriller films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Films about children Films about domestic violence Films about bullying Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films produced by Dan Lin Warner Bros. films New Line Cinema films Films about shapeshifting Incest in film Maine in fiction American coming - of - age films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 14 . 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About Wikipedia	when does the new movie it take place	[ "By July 8, 2016, Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library,[158] The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office,[158] Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial,[158] Gould's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop,[158] The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony's Barber Shop,[158] an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners,[158] Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop,[158] a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park,[158] US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown,[158] and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman (1989) and Lethal Weapon 2 (1989), thus confirming the film's 1989 setting.[158][159][160]" ]	[ "1989" ]
-4038797402642627962	National Basketball Association	National Basketball Association - Wikipedia National Basketball Association Jump to : navigation , search `` NBA '' redirects here . For other subjects called NBA , see NBA ( disambiguation ) . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Current season , competition or edition : 2018 NBA Playoffs Sport Basketball Founded June 6 , 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 06 - 06 ) ( as BAA ) , New York City , New York , United States Inaugural season 1946 -- 47 Commissioner Adam Silver No. of teams 30 Countries United States ( 29 teams ) Canada ( 1 team ) Headquarters New York City Continent FIBA Americas ( Americas ) Most recent champion ( s ) Golden State Warriors ( 5th title ) Most titles Boston Celtics ( 17 titles ) TV partner ( s ) United States : ABC / ESPN NBA TV TNT Canada : NBA TV Canada TSN / TSN2 Sportsnet / Sportsnet One Official website NBA.com The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America ; composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The NBA is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York , NY . NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Creation and merger ( 1946 -- 1956 ) 1.2 Celtics ' dominance , league expansion and competition ( 1956 -- 1979 ) 1.3 Surging popularity ( 1979 -- 1998 ) 1.4 Modern era ( 1998 -- present ) 1.5 International influence 1.6 Other developments 2 Teams 3 Regular season 4 Playoffs 5 League championships 6 Media coverage 7 International competitions 8 Ticket prices and viewership demographics 8.1 Viewership demographics 9 Notable people 9.1 Presidents and commissioners 9.2 Players 9.3 Foreign players 9.3. 1 International influence 9.4 Coaches 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Creation and merger ( 1946 -- 1956 ) Main article : Basketball Association of America The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada . On November 1 , 1946 , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens , in a game the NBA now refers to as the first played game in NBA history . The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers . Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues , including the American Basketball League and the NBL , the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities . During its early years , the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters . For instance , the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league 's 1948 title , and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title . Prior to the 1948 -- 49 season , however , NBL teams from Fort Wayne , Indianapolis , Minneapolis , and Rochester jumped to the BAA , which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional . On August 3 , 1949 , the remaining NBL teams -- Syracuse , Anderson , Tri-Cities , Sheboygan , Denver , and Waterloo -- merged into the BAA . In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications , the league name was changed to the present National Basketball Association , even though the merged league retained the BAA 's governing body , including Podoloff . To this day , the NBA claims the BAA 's history as its own . It now reckons the arrival of the NBL teams as an expansion , not a merger , and does not recognize NBL records and statistics . The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities , as well as large arenas and smaller gymnasiums and armories . In 1950 , the NBA consolidated to eleven franchises , a process that continued until 1953 -- 54 , when the league reached its smallest size of eight franchises : the New York Knicks , Boston Celtics , Philadelphia Warriors , Minneapolis Lakers , Rochester Royals , Fort Wayne Pistons , Tri-Cities Blackhawks , and Syracuse Nationals , all of which remain in the league today . The process of contraction saw the league 's smaller - city franchises move to larger cities . The Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951 , and then to St. Louis in 1955 . The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester , New York , to Cincinnati in 1957 and the Pistons relocated from Fort Wayne , Indiana , to Detroit in 1957 . Japanese - American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947 -- 48 season when he played for the New York Knicks . He remained the only non-white player in league history prior to the first African - American , Harold Hunter , signing with the Washington Capitols in 1950 . Hunter was cut from the team during training camp , but several African - American players did play in the league later that year , including Chuck Cooper with the Celtics , Nathaniel `` Sweetwater '' Clifton with the Knicks , and Earl Lloyd with the Washington Capitols . During this period , the Minneapolis Lakers , led by center George Mikan , won five NBA Championships and established themselves as the league 's first dynasty . To encourage shooting and discourage stalling , the league introduced the 24 - second shot clock in 1954 . If a team does not attempt to score a field goal ( or the ball fails to make contact with the rim ) within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball , play is stopped and the ball given to its opponent . Celtics ' dominance , league expansion and competition ( 1956 -- 1979 ) In 1957 , rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics , which already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach , and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons . Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s , setting new single game records in scoring ( 100 ) and rebounding ( 55 ) . Russell 's rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports . Bill Russell defending against Wilt Chamberlain in 1966 . The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics . Led by Russell , Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach , Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966 . This championship streak is the longest in NBA history . They did not win the title in 1966 -- 67 , but regained it in the 1967 -- 68 season and repeated in 1969 . The domination totaled nine of the ten championship banners of the 1960s . Through this period , the NBA continued to evolve with the shift of the Minneapolis Lakers to Los Angeles , the Philadelphia Warriors to San Francisco , the Syracuse Nationals to Philadelphia to become the Philadelphia 76ers , and the St. Louis Hawks moving to Atlanta , as well as the addition of its first expansion franchises . The Chicago Packers ( now Washington Wizards ) became the ninth NBA team in 1961 . From 1966 to 1968 , the league expanded from 9 to 14 teams , introducing the Chicago Bulls , Seattle SuperSonics ( now Oklahoma City Thunder ) , San Diego Rockets ( who relocated to Houston four years later ) , Milwaukee Bucks , and Phoenix Suns . In 1967 , the league faced a new external threat with the formation of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . The leagues engaged in a bidding war . The NBA landed the most important college star of the era , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( then known as Lew Alcindor ) . However , the NBA 's leading scorer , Rick Barry , jumped to the ABA , as did four veteran referees -- Norm Drucker , Earl Strom , John Vanak , and Joe Gushue . In 1969 , Alan Siegel , who oversaw the design of Jerry Dior 's Major League Baseball logo a year prior , created the modern NBA logo inspired by the MLB 's . It incorporates the silhouette of the legendary Jerry West based on a photo by Wen Roberts , although NBA officials denied a particular player as being its influence because , according to Siegel , `` They want to institutionalize it rather than individualize it . It 's become such a ubiquitous , classic symbol and focal point of their identity and their licensing program that they do n't necessarily want to identify it with one player . '' The iconic logo debuted in 1971 ( with a small change to the typeface on the NBA wordmark in 2017 ) and would remain a fixture of the NBA brand . The ABA succeeded in signing a number of major stars in the 1970s , including Julius Erving of the Virginia Squires , in part because it allowed teams to sign college undergraduates . The NBA expanded rapidly during this period , one purpose being to tie up the most viable cities . From 1966 to 1974 , the NBA grew from nine franchises to 18 . In 1970 , the Portland Trail Blazers , Cleveland Cavaliers , and Buffalo Braves ( now the Los Angeles Clippers ) all made their debuts expanding the league to 17 . The New Orleans Jazz ( now in Utah ) came aboard in 1974 bringing the total to 18 . Following the 1976 season , the leagues reached a settlement that provided for the addition of four ABA franchises to the NBA , raising the number of franchises in the league at that time to 22 . The franchises added were the San Antonio Spurs , Denver Nuggets , Indiana Pacers , and New York Nets ( now the Brooklyn Nets ) . Some of the biggest stars of this era were Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Rick Barry , Dave Cowens , Julius Erving , Elvin Hayes , Walt Frazier , Moses Malone , Artis Gilmore , George Gervin , Dan Issel , and Pete Maravich . The end of the decade , however , saw declining TV ratings , low attendance and drug - related player issues -- both perceived and real -- that threatened to derail the league . Surging popularity ( 1979 -- 1998 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The league added the ABA 's innovative three - point field goal beginning in 1979 to open up the game . That same year , rookies Larry Bird and Magic Johnson joined the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers respectively , initiating a period of significant growth in fan interest in the NBA throughout the country and the world . The two had faced each other in the 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game , and they later played against each other in three NBA Finals ( 1984 , 1985 , and 1987 , featuring 11 players and coaches who would later be inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame ) . Like the 1960s , when the Celtics and Lakers faced each other in six NBA Finals , the two teams again dominated the NBA . In the 10 seasons of the 1980s , Johnson led the Lakers to five titles in eight Finals while Bird led the Celtics to three titles in five Finals . Also in the early 1980s , the NBA added one more expansion franchise , the Dallas Mavericks , bringing the total to 23 teams . Later on , Larry Bird won the first three three - point shooting contests . Former league commissioner David Stern , who took office on February 1 , 1984 , oversaw the expansion and growth of the NBA to a global commodity . Michael Jordan going in for a dunk Michael Jordan entered the league in 1984 with the Chicago Bulls , providing an even more popular star to support growing interest in the league . This resulted in more cities demanding teams of their own . In 1988 and 1989 , four cities got their wishes as the Charlotte Hornets , Miami Heat , Orlando Magic , and Minnesota Timberwolves made their NBA debuts , bringing the total to 27 teams . The Detroit Pistons won the back - to - back in 1989 and 1990 , led by coach Chuck Daly and guard Isiah Thomas . Jordan and Scottie Pippen led the Bulls to two three - peats in eight years during the 1991 -- 98 seasons . Hakeem Olajuwon won back - to - back titles with the Houston Rockets in 1994 and 1995 . The 1992 Olympic basketball Dream Team , the first to use current NBA stars , featured Michael Jordan as the anchor , along with Bird , Johnson , David Robinson , Patrick Ewing , Scottie Pippen , Clyde Drexler , Karl Malone , John Stockton , Chris Mullin , Charles Barkley , and star NCAA amateur Christian Laettner . The team was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , while 11 of the 12 players on the roster ( all but Laettner ) and three of the four coaches have been elected to the Hall of Fame as individuals . In 1995 , the NBA expanded to Canada with the addition of the Vancouver Grizzlies and the Toronto Raptors . In 2001 , the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis , which left the Raptors as the only Canadian team in the NBA . In 1996 , the NBA created a women 's league , the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . In 1998 , the NBA owners began a lockout which lasted 191 days and was settled on January 18 , 1999 . As a result of this lockout the 1998 -- 99 NBA season was reduced from 82 to 50 games ( 61 % of a normal season ) , and the All - Star Game was cancelled . The San Antonio Spurs won their first championship , and first by a former ABA team , by beating the New York Knicks , who were the first , and are the only , eighth seed to ever make it to the NBA Finals . Modern era ( 1998 -- present ) Since the breakup of the Chicago Bulls championship roster in the summer of 1998 , the Western Conference has dominated , with the Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combining to win the title nine out of the next fourteen seasons . Tim Duncan and David Robinson won the 1999 championship with the Spurs , and Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant started the 2000s with three consecutive championships for the Lakers . The Spurs reclaimed the title in 2003 against the Nets . In 2004 , the Lakers returned to the Finals , only to lose in five games to the Detroit Pistons . Dirk Nowitzki and John Wall in action as the Dallas Mavericks face the Washington Wizards in 2011 After the Spurs took home the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy in 2005 , the 2006 Finals featured two franchises making their inaugural Finals appearances . The Miami Heat , led by their star shooting guard , Dwyane Wade , and Shaquille O'Neal , who had been traded from the Lakers during summer 2004 , won the series over the Dallas Mavericks in six after losing the first two games . The Lakers / Spurs dominance continued in 2007 with a four - game sweep by the Spurs over the Cleveland Cavaliers , who were led by LeBron James . The 2008 Finals saw a rematch of the league 's highest profile rivalry , the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers , with the Celtics winning , for their 17th championship , thanks to their new big three of Paul Pierce , Ray Allen , and Kevin Garnett . In 2009 , Kobe Bryant and the Lakers returned to the Finals , this time defeating the Dwight Howard - led Orlando Magic . Bryant won his first Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his 13th season after leading the Lakers to their first NBA championship since the departure of Shaquille O'Neal . The 2010 NBA All - Star Game was held at Cowboys Stadium in front of the largest crowd ever , 108,713 . At the end of that season , the Celtics and the Lakers renewed their rivalry from 2008 when they met again in the NBA Finals for a record 12th time . The Lakers won the title by winning Game 7 , 83 -- 79 . Before the start of the 2010 -- 11 season the NBA had an exciting summer with one of the most anticipated free agent classes of all time . Two of which signed , and one resigned , with the Miami Heat , leading to a season that was heavily centered on their eventual success or failure at taking home the championship . The Heat , led by LeBron James , Dwyane Wade , and Chris Bosh , did in fact make the Finals against the Dallas Mavericks , in a rematch for the franchises of the 2006 Finals . The Mavericks , led by Dirk Nowitzki ( the eventual NBA Finals MVP ) , took the series in six games . This was the Mavericks ' first title . Veterans Shawn Marion , Jason Kidd , Jason Terry , and Peja Stojaković celebrated their first NBA championship . On July 1 , 2011 , at 12 : 01 am , the NBA announced another lockout . After the first few weeks of the season were canceled , the players and owners ratified a new collective bargaining agreement on December 8 , 2011 , setting up a shortened 66 - game season . Following the shortened season , the Miami Heat made a return to the Finals with the trio of Dwyane Wade , LeBron James , and Chris Bosh against Oklahoma City Thunder 's Kevin Durant , Russell Westbrook , and James Harden . The Heat went on to defeat the Thunder in five games , capturing their second NBA title in six years . Their success would continue into the following season , which concluded with their victory over the San Antonio Spurs in the 2013 NBA Finals . The two teams would meet for a rematch in the following year 's Finals , where the Spurs defeated the Heat in five games . Off the court , commissioner David Stern retired on February 1 , 2014 , exactly 30 years to the day from taking office . He was succeeded by his deputy , Adam Silver . Following the 2014 Finals , LeBron James announced that he would return to the Cleveland Cavaliers . James led the Cavaliers to their second Finals appearance , where they lost to the Golden State Warriors in six games . The following year , in a rematch , the 2016 NBA Finals concluded with the Cavaliers defeating the Warriors in seven games to win their first NBA Championship . The dominance of those two teams continued in 2017 , when the Warriors , having signed Kevin Durant as a free agent , took the third straight Finals matchup between the two teams in five games , with Durant named Finals MVP , and again in 2018 when they went to a fourth straight Finals matchup . International influence Further information : List of foreign NBA players Following pioneers like Vlade Divac ( Serbia ) and Dražen Petrović ( Croatia ) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s , an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA . Since 2006 , the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour , and since 2009 , in the EuroLeague American Tour . The 2013 -- 14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters , representing 39 countries and comprising over 20 % of the league . The beginning of the 2017 - 18 season saw a record 108 international players representing 42 different countries marking 4 consecutive years of at least 100 international players and each team having at least one international player . Other developments In 2001 , an affiliated minor league , the National Basketball Development League , now called the NBA G League , was created . Before the league was started , there were strong rumors that the NBA would purchase the Continental Basketball Association , and call it its developmental league . Two years after the Hornets ' relocation to New Orleans , the NBA returned to North Carolina , as the Charlotte Bobcats were formed as an expansion team in 2004 . The Hornets temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City in 2005 for two seasons because of damage caused by Hurricane Katrina . The team returned to New Orleans in 2007 . A new official game ball was introduced on June 28 , 2006 , for the 2006 -- 07 season , marking the first change to the ball in over 35 years and only the second ball in 60 seasons . Manufactured by Spalding , the new ball featured a new design and new synthetic material that Spalding claimed offered a better grip , feel , and consistency than the original ball . However , many players were vocal in their disdain for the new ball , saying that it was too sticky when dry , and too slippery when wet . Commissioner Stern announced on December 11 , 2006 , that beginning January 1 , 2007 , the NBA would return to the traditional leather basketball in use prior to the 2006 -- 07 season . The change was influenced by frequent player complaints and confirmed hand injuries ( cuts ) caused by the microfiber ball . The Players ' Association had filed a suit in behalf of the players against the NBA over the new ball . As of the 2017 -- 18 season , the NBA team jerseys are manufactured by Nike , replacing the previous supplier , Adidas . All teams will wear jerseys with the Nike logo except the Charlotte Hornets , whose jerseys will instead have the Jumpman logo associated with longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan , who owns the Hornets . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) began an investigation on July 19 , 2007 , over allegations that veteran NBA referee Tim Donaghy bet on basketball games he officiated over the past two seasons and that he made calls affecting the point spread in those games . On August 15 , 2007 , Donaghy pleaded guilty to two federal charges related to the investigation . Donaghy claimed in 2008 that certain referees were friendly with players and `` company men '' for the NBA , and he alleged that referees influenced the outcome of certain playoff and finals games in 2002 and 2005 . NBA commissioner David Stern denied the allegations and said Donaghy was a convicted felon and a `` singing , cooperating witness '' . Donaghy served 15 months in prison and was released in November 2009 . According to an independent study by Ronald Beech of Game 6 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals between the Los Angeles Lakers and Sacramento Kings , although the refs increased the Lakers ' chances of winning through foul calls during the game , there was no collusion to fix the game . On alleged `` star treatment '' during Game 6 by the refs toward certain players , Beech claimed , `` there does seem to be issues with different standards and allowances for different players . '' The NBA Board of Governors approved the request of the Seattle SuperSonics to relocate to Oklahoma City on April 18 , 2008 . The team , however , could not move until it had settled a lawsuit filed by the city of Seattle , which was intended to keep the SuperSonics in Seattle for the remaining two seasons of the team 's lease at KeyArena . Following a court case , the city of Seattle settled with the ownership group of the SuperSonics on July 2 , 2008 , allowing the team to move to Oklahoma City immediately in exchange for terminating the final two seasons of the team 's lease at KeyArena . The Oklahoma City Thunder began playing in the 2008 -- 09 season . The first outdoor game in the modern era of the league was played at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden on October 11 , 2008 , between the Phoenix Suns and the Denver Nuggets . A referee lockout began on September 1 , 2009 , when the contract between the NBA and its referees expired . The first preseason games were played on October 1 , 2009 , and replacement referees from the WNBA and NBA Development League were used , the first time replacement referees had been used since the beginning of the 1995 -- 96 season . The NBA and the regular referees reached a deal on October 23 , 2009 . The first official NBA league games on European ground took place in 2011 . In two matchups , the New Jersey Nets faced the Toronto Raptors at the O2 Arena in London in front of over 20,000 fans . The 2011 -- 12 NBA season , scheduled to begin November 1 , 2011 , with a matchup between the defending champion Dallas Mavericks and the Chicago Bulls , was postponed due to a labor dispute . The lockout officially ended on December 8 , 2011 , when players and owners ratified a new collective bargaining agreement , and the season began on Christmas Day . After the 2012 -- 13 season , the New Orleans Hornets renamed themselves the Pelicans . During the 2013 -- 14 season , Stern retired as commissioner after 30 years , and deputy commissioner Adam Silver ascended to the position of commissioner . During that season 's playoffs , the Bobcats officially reclaimed the Hornets name , and by agreement with the league and the Pelicans , also received sole ownership of all history , records , and statistics from the Pelicans ' time in Charlotte . As a result , the Hornets are now officially considered to have been founded in 1988 , suspended operations in 2002 , and resumed in 2004 as the Bobcats , while the Pelicans are officially treated as a 2002 expansion team . ( This is somewhat similar to the relationship between the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens in the NFL . ) Donald Sterling , who was then - owner of the Los Angeles Clippers , received a lifetime ban from the NBA on April 29 , 2014 , after racist remarks he made became public . Sterling was also fined US $2.5 million , the maximum allowed under the NBA Constitution . Becky Hammon was hired by the San Antonio Spurs on August 5 , 2014 , as an assistant coach , becoming the second female coach in NBA history but the first full - time coach . This also makes her the first full - time female coach in any of the four major professional sports in North America . The NBA announced on April 15 , 2016 , that it would allow all 30 of its member clubs to sell corporate sponsor advertisement patches on official game uniforms , beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . The sponsorship advertisement patches would appear on the left front of jerseys , opposite Nike 's logo , marking the first time a manufacturer 's logo would appear on NBA jerseys , and would measure approximately 2.5 by 2.5 inches . The NBA would become the first major North American professional sports league to allow corporate sponsorship logos on official team uniforms , and the last to have a uniform manufacturer logo appear on its team uniforms . The first team to announce a jersey sponsorship was the Philadelphia 76ers , who agreed to a deal with StubHub . On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an updated rendition of its logo ; it is largely identical to the previous design , except with revised typography and a `` richer '' color scheme . The league began to phase in the updated logo across its properties during the 2017 NBA Summer League , but it will not immediately be used on equipment or uniforms due to lead time . The NBA also officially released new Nike uniforms for all 30 teams beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . The league eliminated `` home '' and `` away '' uniform designations . Instead , each team would have four uniforms : the `` Association '' edition , which is the team 's traditional white uniform , the `` Icon '' edition , which is the team 's primary color uniform , and two other uniform editions , to be unveiled at a later date . Teams See also : List of defunct National Basketball Association teams , List of relocated National Basketball Association teams , Timeline of the National Basketball Association , and Expansion of National Basketball Association Raptors Celtics Knicks Nets 76ers Bulls Cavaliers Pistons Pacers Bucks Hawks Hornets Heat Magic Wizards Mavericks Rockets Grizzlies Pelicans Spurs Nuggets Timberwolves Trail Blazers Thunder Jazz Warriors Kings Suns Clippers Lakers Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The NBA originated in 1946 with 11 teams , and through a sequence of team expansions , reductions , and relocations currently consists of 30 teams . The United States is home to 29 teams and one is located in Canada . The current league organization divides thirty teams into two conferences of three divisions with five teams each . The current divisional alignment was introduced in the 2004 -- 05 season . Reflecting the population distribution of the United States and Canada as a whole , most teams are in the eastern half of the country : thirteen teams are in the Eastern Time Zone , nine in the Central , three in the Mountain , and five in the Pacific . Division Team City / State Arena Capacity Founded Joined Head coach Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Boston , Massachusetts TD Garden 18,624 42 ° 21 ′ 59 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 44 '' W / 42.366303 ° N 71.062228 ° W / 42.366303 ; - 71.062228 ( Boston Celtics ) 1946 Brad Stevens Brooklyn Nets New York City , New York Barclays Center 17,732 40 ° 40 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 29 '' W / 40.68265 ° N 73.974689 ° W / 40.68265 ; - 73.974689 ( Brooklyn Nets ) 1967 * 1976 Kenny Atkinson New York Knicks New York City , New York Madison Square Garden 19,812 40 ° 45 ′ 02 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 37 '' W / 40.750556 ° N 73.993611 ° W / 40.750556 ; - 73.993611 ( New York Knicks ) 1946 David Fizdale Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wells Fargo Center 21,600 39 ° 54 ′ 04 '' N 75 ° 10 ′ 19 '' W / 39.901111 ° N 75.171944 ° W / 39.901111 ; - 75.171944 ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1946 * 1949 Brett Brown Toronto Raptors Toronto , Ontario Air Canada Centre 19,800 43 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 79 ° 22 ′ 45 '' W / 43.643333 ° N 79.379167 ° W / 43.643333 ; - 79.379167 ( Toronto Raptors ) 1995 Vacant Central Chicago Bulls Chicago , Illinois United Center 20,917 41 ° 52 ′ 50 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 27 '' W / 41.880556 ° N 87.674167 ° W / 41.880556 ; - 87.674167 ( Chicago Bulls ) 1966 Fred Hoiberg Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland , Ohio Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 41 ° 29 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 17 '' W / 41.496389 ° N 81.688056 ° W / 41.496389 ; - 81.688056 ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) 1970 Tyronn Lue Detroit Pistons Detroit , Michigan Little Caesars Arena 20,491 42 ° 41 ′ 49 '' N 83 ° 14 ′ 44 '' W / 42.696944 ° N 83.245556 ° W / 42.696944 ; - 83.245556 ( Detroit Pistons ) 1941 * 1948 Vacant Indiana Pacers Indianapolis , Indiana Bankers Life Fieldhouse 17,923 39 ° 45 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 09 ′ 20 '' W / 39.763889 ° N 86.155556 ° W / 39.763889 ; - 86.155556 ( Indiana Pacers ) 1967 1976 Nate McMillan Milwaukee Bucks Milwaukee , Wisconsin Bradley Center 18,717 43 ° 02 ′ 37 '' N 87 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W / 43.043611 ° N 87.916944 ° W / 43.043611 ; - 87.916944 ( Milwaukee Bucks ) 1968 Mike Budenholzer Southeast Atlanta Hawks Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena 15,711 33 ° 45 ′ 26 '' N 84 ° 23 ′ 47 '' W / 33.757222 ° N 84.396389 ° W / 33.757222 ; - 84.396389 ( Atlanta Hawks ) 1946 * 1949 Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Charlotte , North Carolina Spectrum Center 19,077 35 ° 13 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 21 '' W / 35.225 ° N 80.839167 ° W / 35.225 ; - 80.839167 ( Charlotte Hornets ) 1988 * James Borrego Miami Heat Miami , Florida American Airlines Arena 19,600 25 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 80 ° 11 ′ 17 '' W / 25.781389 ° N 80.188056 ° W / 25.781389 ; - 80.188056 ( Miami Heat ) 1988 Erik Spoelstra Orlando Magic Orlando , Florida Amway Center 18,846 28 ° 32 ′ 21 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 01 '' W / 28.539167 ° N 81.383611 ° W / 28.539167 ; - 81.383611 ( Orlando Magic ) 1989 Vacant Washington Wizards Washington , D.C. Capital One Arena 20,356 38 ° 53 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 15 '' W / 38.898056 ° N 77.020833 ° W / 38.898056 ; - 77.020833 ( Washington Wizards ) 1961 * Scott Brooks Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Denver , Colorado Pepsi Center 19,520 39 ° 44 ′ 55 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 27 '' W / 39.748611 ° N 105.0075 ° W / 39.748611 ; - 105.0075 ( Denver Nuggets ) 1967 1976 Michael Malone Minnesota Timberwolves Minneapolis , Minnesota Target Center 19,356 44 ° 58 ′ 46 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 34 '' W / 44.979444 ° N 93.276111 ° W / 44.979444 ; - 93.276111 ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) 1989 Tom Thibodeau Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Chesapeake Energy Arena 18,203 35 ° 27 ′ 48 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 54 '' W / 35.463333 ° N 97.515 ° W / 35.463333 ; - 97.515 ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) 1967 * Billy Donovan Portland Trail Blazers Portland , Oregon Moda Center 19,441 45 ° 31 ′ 54 '' N 122 ° 40 ′ 00 '' W / 45.531667 ° N 122.666667 ° W / 45.531667 ; - 122.666667 ( Portland Trail Blazers ) 1970 Terry Stotts Utah Jazz Salt Lake City , Utah Vivint Smart Home Arena 19,911 40 ° 46 ′ 06 '' N 111 ° 54 ′ 04 '' W / 40.768333 ° N 111.901111 ° W / 40.768333 ; - 111.901111 ( Utah Jazz ) 1974 * Quin Snyder Pacific Golden State Warriors Oakland , California Oracle Arena 19,596 37 ° 45 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 11 '' W / 37.750278 ° N 122.203056 ° W / 37.750278 ; - 122.203056 ( Golden State Warriors ) 1946 * Steve Kerr Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles , California Staples Center 19,060 34 ° 02 ′ 35 '' N 118 ° 16 ′ 02 '' W / 34.043056 ° N 118.267222 ° W / 34.043056 ; - 118.267222 ( Los Angeles Clippers ) 1970 * Doc Rivers Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles , California Staples Center 18,997 34 ° 02 ′ 35 '' N 118 ° 16 ′ 02 '' W / 34.043056 ° N 118.267222 ° W / 34.043056 ; - 118.267222 ( Los Angeles Lakers ) 1947 * 1948 Luke Walton Phoenix Suns Phoenix , Arizona Talking Stick Resort Arena 18,055 33 ° 26 ′ 45 '' N 112 ° 04 ′ 17 '' W / 33.445833 ° N 112.071389 ° W / 33.445833 ; - 112.071389 ( Phoenix Suns ) 1968 Igor Kokoškov Sacramento Kings Sacramento , California Golden 1 Center 17,500 38 ° 38 ′ 57 '' N 121 ° 31 ′ 05 '' W / 38.649167 ° N 121.518056 ° W / 38.649167 ; - 121.518056 ( Sacramento Kings ) 1923 * 1948 Dave Joerger Southwest Dallas Mavericks Dallas , Texas American Airlines Center 19,200 32 ° 47 ′ 26 '' N 96 ° 48 ′ 37 '' W / 32.790556 ° N 96.810278 ° W / 32.790556 ; - 96.810278 ( Dallas Mavericks ) 1980 Rick Carlisle Houston Rockets Houston , Texas Toyota Center 18,055 29 ° 45 ′ 03 '' N 95 ° 21 ′ 44 '' W / 29.750833 ° N 95.362222 ° W / 29.750833 ; - 95.362222 ( Houston Rockets ) 1967 * Mike D'Antoni Memphis Grizzlies Memphis , Tennessee FedExForum 18,119 35 ° 08 ′ 18 '' N 90 ° 03 ′ 02 '' W / 35.138333 ° N 90.050556 ° W / 35.138333 ; - 90.050556 ( Memphis Grizzlies ) 1995 * J.B. Bickerstaff New Orleans Pelicans New Orleans , Louisiana Smoothie King Center 16,867 29 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 90 ° 04 ′ 55 '' W / 29.948889 ° N 90.081944 ° W / 29.948889 ; - 90.081944 ( New Orleans Pelicans ) 2002 * Alvin Gentry San Antonio Spurs San Antonio , Texas AT&T Center 18,418 29 ° 25 ′ 37 '' N 98 ° 26 ′ 15 '' W / 29.426944 ° N 98.4375 ° W / 29.426944 ; - 98.4375 ( San Antonio Spurs ) 1967 * 1976 Gregg Popovich Notes An asterisk ( * ) denotes a franchise move . See the respective team articles for more information . The Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers and Rochester Royals all joined the NBA ( BAA ) in 1948 from the NBL . The Syracuse Nationals and Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA in 1949 as part of the BAA - NBL absorption . The Indiana Pacers , New York Nets , San Antonio Spurs , and Denver Nuggets all joined the NBA in 1976 as part of the NBA - ABA merger . The Charlotte Hornets are regarded as a continuation of the original Charlotte franchise . Because of this , the New Orleans Pelicans are no longer the same franchise as the original Charlotte Hornets . The Hornets were known as the Bobcats from 2004 -- 2014 . The New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002 . The Charlotte Hornets rejoined the league in 2004 . Regular season Following the summer break , teams begin training camps in late September . Training camps allow the coaching staff to evaluate players ( especially rookies ) , scout the team 's strengths and weaknesses , prepare the players for the rigorous regular season , and determine the 12 - man active roster ( and a 3 - man inactive list ) with which they will begin the regular season . Teams have the ability to assign players with less than two years of experience to the NBA G League . After training camp , a series of preseason exhibition games are held . Preseason matches are sometimes held in non-NBA cities , both in the United States and overseas . The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October . During the regular season , each team plays 82 games , 41 each home and away . A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year ( 16 games ) . Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times ( 24 games ) , and the remaining four teams three times ( 12 games ) . Finally , each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece ( 30 games ) . This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams ( but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB ) . Over five seasons , each team will have played 80 games against their division ( 20 games against each opponent , 10 at home , 10 on the road ) , 180 games against the rest of their conference ( 18 games against each opponent , 9 at home , 9 on the road ) , and 150 games against the other conference ( 10 games against each team , 5 at home , 5 on the road ) . The NBA is one of only two of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada in which teams play every other team during the regular season ( the other being the National Hockey League ) . Each team hosts and visits every other team at least once every season . From 2005 to 2008 , the NBA had the distinction of being the only one of the four major leagues in which all teams play every other team . The NBA is also the only league that regularly schedules games on Christmas Day . The league has been playing games regularly on the holiday since 1947 , though the first Christmas Day games were not televised until 1983 -- 84 . Games played on this day have featured some of the best teams and players . Christmas is also notable for NBA on television , as the holiday is when the first NBA games air on network television each season . Games played on this day have been some of the highest - rated games during a particular season . In February , the regular season pauses to celebrate the annual NBA All - Star Game . Fans vote throughout the United States , Canada , and on the Internet , and the top vote - getters at each position in each conference are given a starting spot on their conference 's All - Star team . Coaches vote to choose the remaining 14 All - Stars . Then , Eastern conference players face the Western conference players in the All - Star game . The player with the best performance during the game is rewarded with a Game MVP award . Other attractions of the All - Star break include the Rising Stars Challenge ( originally Rookie Challenge ) , where the top rookies and second - year players in the NBA play in a 5 - on - 5 basketball game , with the current format pitting U.S. players against those from the rest of the world ; the Skills Challenge , where players compete to finish an obstacle course consisting of shooting , passing , and dribbling in the fastest time ; the Three Point Contest , where players compete to score the highest number of three - point field goals in a given time ; and the NBA Slam Dunk Contest , where players compete to dunk the ball in the most entertaining way according to the judges . These other attractions have varying names which include the names of the various sponsors who have paid for naming rights . Shortly after the All - Star break is the trade deadline , which is set to fall on the 16th Thursday of the season ( usually in February ) at 3pm Eastern Time . After this date , teams are not allowed to exchange players with each other for the remainder of the season , although they may still sign and release players . Major trades are often completed right before the trading deadline , making that day a hectic time for general managers . Around the middle of April , the regular season ends . It is during this time that voting begins for individual awards , as well as the selection of the honorary , league - wide , post-season teams . The Sixth Man of the Year Award is given to the best player coming off the bench ( must have more games coming off the bench than actual games started ) . The Rookie of the Year Award is awarded to the most outstanding first - year player . The Most Improved Player Award is awarded to the player who is deemed to have shown the most improvement from the previous season . The Defensive Player of the Year Award is awarded to the league 's best defender . The Coach of the Year Award is awarded to the coach that has made the most positive difference to a team . The Most Valuable Player Award is given to the player deemed the most valuable for ( his team ) that season . Additionally , Sporting News awards an unofficial ( but widely recognized ) Executive of the Year Award to the general manager who is adjudged to have performed the best job for the benefit of his franchise . The post-season teams are the All - NBA Team , the All - Defensive Team , and the All - Rookie Team ; each consists of five players . There are three All - NBA teams , consisting of the top players at each position , with first - team status being the most desirable . There are two All - Defensive teams , consisting of the top defenders at each position . There are also two All - Rookie teams , consisting of the top first - year players regardless of position . Playoffs Main article : NBA playoffs The NBA Playoffs begin in late April , with the top eight teams in each conference , regardless of divisional alignment , competing for the Championship . Seeds are awarded in strict order of regular - season record ( with a tiebreaker system used as needed ) . Having a higher seed offers several advantages . Since the first seed begins the playoffs playing against the eighth seed , the second seed plays the seventh seed , the third seed plays the sixth seed , and the fourth seed plays the fifth seed , having a higher seed means a team faces a weaker team in the first round . The team in each series with the better record has home court advantage , including the First Round . Before the league changed its playoff determination format for the 2006 -- 07 season , this meant that , for example , if the team that received the 6 seed had a better record than the team with the 3 seed ( by virtue of a divisional championship ) , the 6 seed would have home court advantage , even though the other team had a higher seed . Therefore , the team with the best regular season record in the league is guaranteed home court advantage in every series it plays . For example , in 2006 , the Denver Nuggets won 44 games and captured the Northwest Division and the # 3 seed . Their opponent was the # 6 seed Los Angeles Clippers , who won 47 games and finished second in the Pacific Division . Although Denver won its much weaker division , the Clippers had home - court advantage and won the series in 5 . The playoffs follow a tournament format . Each team plays an opponent in a best - of - seven series , with the first team to win four games advancing into the next round , while the other team is eliminated from the playoffs . In the next round , the successful team plays against another advancing team of the same conference . All but one team in each conference are eliminated from the playoffs . Since the NBA does not re-seed teams , the playoff bracket in each conference uses a traditional design , with the winner of the series matching the 1st and 8th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 4th and 5th seeded teams , and the winner of the series matching the 2nd and 7th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 3rd and 6th seeded teams . In every round , the best - of - 7 series follows a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 home - court pattern , meaning that one team will have home court in games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 , while the other plays at home in games 3 , 4 , and 6 . From 1985 to 2013 , the NBA Finals followed a 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern , meaning that one team had home court in games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 , while the other played at home in games 3 , 4 , and 5 . The final playoff round , a best - of - seven series between the victors of both conferences , is known as the NBA Finals , and is held annually in June . The victor in the NBA Finals wins the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Each player and major contributor -- including coaches and the general manager -- on the winning team receive a championship ring . In addition , the league awards the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award to the best performing player of the series . The league began using its current format , with the top eight teams in each conference advancing regardless of divisional alignment , in the 2015 -- 16 season . Previously , the top three seeds went to the division winners . League championships Main article : List of NBA champions The Boston Celtics have won the most championships with 17 NBA Finals wins . The second most successful franchise is the Los Angeles Lakers , who have 16 overall championships ( 11 in Los Angeles , 5 in Minneapolis ) . Following the Lakers , are the Chicago Bulls with six championships , all won over an 8 - year span during the 1990s . The San Antonio Spurs have five championships , all since 1999 , and the Golden State Warriors also have five championships overall ( 2 in Philadelphia , 3 in Oakland ) . Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 9 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets ( now Washington Wizards ) 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester Royals ( now Sacramento Kings ) 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 Utah Jazz ( formerly New Orleans Jazz ) 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey Nets ( now Brooklyn Nets ) 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Current teams that have no NBA Finals appearances : Charlotte Hornets ( formerly Charlotte Bobcats ) Denver Nuggets Los Angeles Clippers ( formerly Buffalo Braves , San Diego Clippers ) Memphis Grizzlies ( formerly Vancouver Grizzlies ) Minnesota Timberwolves New Orleans Pelicans ( formerly New Orleans Hornets , New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ) Toronto Raptors Media coverage Main article : National Basketball Association on television See also : List of current National Basketball Association broadcasters As one of the major sports leagues in North America , the National Basketball Association has a long history of partnership with television networks in the United States . The League signed a contract with DuMont in its 8th season ( 1953 -- 54 ) , marking the first year the NBA had a national television broadcaster . Similar to NFL , the lack of television stations leads to NBC taking over the rights beginning the very next season until April 7 , 1962 - NBC 's first tenure with the NBA . Currently in the U.S. , the NBA has a contract with ESPN and TNT through the 2024 -- 25 season . Games that are not broadcast nationally are usually aired over regional sports network specific to the area where the teams are located . International competitions The National Basketball Association has sporadically participated in international club competitions . From 1987 to 1999 the NBA champions played against the continental champions of the Fédération Internationale de Basketball ( FIBA ) in the McDonald 's Championship . This tournament was won by the NBA invitee every year it was held . Ticket prices and viewership demographics In 2012 , a ticket cost from $10 to $3,000 apiece , depending on the location of the seat and the success of the teams that were playing . Viewership demographics According to Nielsen 's survey , the NBA has the youngest audience , with 45 percent of its viewers under 35 , but the least likely , along with Major League Baseball , to be watched by women , who make up only 30 % of the viewership . It also has the highest share of black viewers with 45 percent of its viewers being black and only about 40 percent of viewers being white , making it the only top North American sport that does n't have a white majority audience . Notable people Further information : Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Presidents and commissioners Further information : Commissioner of the NBA Maurice Podoloff , President from 1946 to 1963 Walter Kennedy , President from 1963 to 1967 and Commissioner from 1967 to 1975 Larry O'Brien , Commissioner from 1975 to 1984 David Stern , Commissioner from 1984 to 2014 Adam Silver , Commissioner from 2014 to present Players 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Lists of National Basketball Association players List of foreign NBA players , a list that is exclusively for players who are not from the United States Foreign players International influence Further information : List of foreign NBA players Following pioneers like Vlade Divac ( Serbia ) and Dražen Petrović ( Croatia ) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s , an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA . Below is a short list of foreign players who have won NBA awards or have been otherwise recognized for their contributions to basketball , either currently or formerly active in the league : Dražen Petrović , Croatia -- 2002 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , 1986 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 Euroscar Player of the Year , 1986 and 1993 Mr. Europa Player of the Year , MVP of the 1986 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 1989 , 2 - time Olympic silver medalist , World Champion , European Champion , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Šarūnas Marčiulionis , Lithuania -- 2014 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . First Soviet Union and one of the very first Europeans to sign contract with NBA club and to play solidly in the league , helping to lead the way for the internationalization of the league in the late 1990s . Toni Kukoč , Croatia -- 3 - time NBA Champion with Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) , named in 2008 as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Vlade Divac , Serbia -- 2 - time Olympic silver medalist , 2001 NBA All - Star , 2 - time World Champion , 3 - time European Champion , 1989 Mr. Europa , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Arvydas Sabonis , Lithuania -- 2011 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 , 1999 Euroscar Player of the Year , 1985 , 1997 Mr. Europa Player of the Year , Olympic gold medalist in 1988 with the Soviet Union and bronze medalist in 1992 and 1996 with Lithuania , 1996 NBA All - Rookie First Team , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Peja Stojaković , Serbia -- NBA Champion with Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) , MVP of the EuroBasket 2001 , member of the all - tournament team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship , 2001 Euroscar winner , 2001 and 2002 Mr. Europa , 2002 and 2003 NBA Three - Point Shootout champion , 3 - time NBA All - Star ( drafted in 1996 , entered the NBA in 1998 ) Dirk Nowitzki , Germany -- NBA Champion with Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) , MVP of the 2002 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 2005 , member of the all - tournament team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship , 2002 -- 2006 and 2011 Euroscar winner , 2005 Mr. Europa , 2005 and 2011 FIBA Europe Player of the Year , 2007 NBA MVP , 2011 Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award , 2006 NBA Three - Point Shootout champion and 13 - time NBA All - Star ( entered the NBA in 1998 ) Hedo Türkoğlu , Turkey -- 2008 Most Improved Player Award winner , member of the all - tournament team in the 2010 FIBA World Championship ( entered the NBA in 2000 ) Pau Gasol , Spain -- 2 - time NBA Champion with Los Angeles Lakers ( 2009 & 2010 ) , Six time NBA All - Star , 2002 NBA Rookie of the Year , 2004 and 2009 Mr. Europa , 2006 FIBA World Championship MVP , 2008 and 2009 Euroscar and FIBA Europe Player of the Year , EuroBasket 2009 MVP , winner of the NBA Citizenship Award in 2012 ( entered the NBA in 2001 ) Andrei Kirilenko , Russia -- 2004 NBA All - Star , EuroBasket 2007 MVP , 2007 FIBA Europe Player of the Year ( drafted in 1999 , played in the NBA from 2001 to 2011 before returning to Russia due to the lockout , returned in 2012 as a member of the Minnesota Timberwolves . ) Tony Parker , France -- 4 - time NBA Champion with the Spurs , 2007 NBA Finals MVP , 6 - time All - Star and 2007 Euroscar winner ( entered the NBA in 2001 ) Manu Ginóbili , Argentina -- 4 - time NBA Champion with San Antonio Spurs , 2008 Sixth Man Award winner , 2 - time All - Star , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors , gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics with Argentina ( drafted in 1999 , entered the NBA in 2002 ) Yao Ming , China -- 2016 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , first pick in the 2002 NBA draft and 8 - time NBA All - Star ( played in the NBA from 2002 to 2011 ) Leandro Barbosa , Brazil -- NBA Champion with Golden State Warriors ( 2015 ) , 2007 Sixth Man Award winner ( entered the NBA in 2003 ) Andrea Bargnani , Italy -- First pick in the 2006 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors ( entered the NBA in 2006 ) On some occasions , young players , most but not all from the English - speaking world , have attended U.S. colleges before playing in the NBA . Notable examples are : Nigerian Hakeem Olajuwon ( top draft pick in 1984 , 2 - time champion , 12 - time All - Star , 1994 MVP , 1994 and 1995 Finals MVP , 1994 and 1995 Defensive Player of the Year , only player to receive the MVP Award , Defensive Player of the Year Award , and Finals MVP award in the same season , and Hall of Famer ) Congolese Dikembe Mutombo ( Four time NBA Defensive Player of the Year , selected fourth overall by the Denver Nuggets in the 1991 NBA Draft and 8 - time NBA All - Star ) Dutchman Rik Smits ( 1988 second overall pick , 1998 NBA All - Star , played 12 years for the Indiana Pacers ) German Detlef Schrempf ( Sixth Man Award winner in 1991 and 1992 , 3 - time All - Star ) Canadian Steve Nash ( 2005 and 2006 MVP , 8 - time All - Star ) Australians Luc Longley ( 3 - time champion with the Bulls in the 1990s ) and Andrew Bogut , ( top draft pick in 2005 ) . Sudanese - born Englishman Luol Deng ( 2007 winner of the NBA Sportsmanship Award , 2 - time All - Star ) Since 2006 , the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour , and since 2009 in the EuroLeague American Tour . The 2013 -- 14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters , representing 39 countries and comprising over 20 % of the league The NBA defines `` international '' players as those born outside the 50 United States and Washington , D.C. This means that : Players born in U.S. possessions such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. , Virgin Islands , most notably USVI native Tim Duncan , are counted as `` international '' even though they are U.S. citizens by birth , and may even have represented the U.S. in international competition ( like Duncan ) . U.S. - born players are not counted as `` international '' even if they were born with citizenship in another country and represent that country internationally , such as Joakim Noah , and Kosta Koufos . Coaches List of current National Basketball Association head coaches List of National Basketball Association head coaches List of National Basketball Association player - coaches List of NBA championship head coaches List of foreign NBA coaches Top 10 Coaches in NBA History See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues List of NBA champions List of National Basketball Association awards List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada List of TV markets and major sports teams in the United States Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada National Basketball Association Cheerleading National Basketball Association Nielsen ratings National Basketball Association rivalries NBA Salary Cap List of NBA Playoffs Series NBA Summer League Affiliates NBA G League ( formerly the NBA Development League ) Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Miscellaneous Criticisms and controversies Music Nielsen ratings Mobile Applications ESPN MVP Mobilecdn Mozilla Firefox Addons NBA Scoreboard Notable statistics List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season streaks Store NBA Store Television partners ABC CBS ESPN Kwesé Sports NBA TV NBC TNT Video games NBA 06 NBA 07 NBA 08 NBA 09 : The Inside NBA 2K NBA Ballers NBA Ballers : Chosen One NBA Ballers : Phenom NBA Ballers : Rebound NBA Hangtime NBA Hoopz NBA Jam NBA Live NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC NBA Street References ^ Jump up to : Koppett , Leonard ( December 7 , 2007 ) . `` The NBA -- 1946 : A New League '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . On June 6 , 1946 - two years to the day after the invasion of Normandy , exactly ten months after the first atom bomb fell on Japan - they formed the Basketball Association of America during a meeting at New York 's Commodore Hotel , next to Grand Central Station . Jump up ^ `` Members of USA Basketball '' . USA Basketball . June 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` REVEALED : The world 's best paid teams , Man City close in on Barca and Real Madrid '' . SportingIntelligence.com . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Cork . `` The NBA is the highest - paying sports league in the world '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Basketball in Canada '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` NBA is born '' . History . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McDowell , Sam ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sumner grad Harold Hunter , first African - American to sign with NBA team , dies at 86 '' . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA pioneer Harold Hunter , an ex-Xavier coach , died Thursday '' . Times - Picayune . March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former Tennessee State basketball coach Harold Hunter dies '' . The City Paper . March 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 51 : Lakers Win First NBA Finals '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Rules History '' . NBA . May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Wins Celtics.com -- The official website of the Boston Celtics '' . Nba.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salzberg , Charles ( 1998 ) . From Set Shot to Slam Dunk . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9250 - 5 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` That iconic NBA silhouette can be traced back to him '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NBA Logo Review CompanyLogos.ws . Retrieved on May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 SEASON OVERVIEW '' . NBA . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Redemption : Bryant leads Lakers to 15th NBA title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Record crowd at All - Star Game '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Lakers edge Celtics in Game 7 , win 16th title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` NBA cancels first 2 weeks of season '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.B.A. Owners and Players Ratify Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Record 92 foreign players on NBA rosters to start season '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ release , Official . `` NBA rosters feature 108 international players from record 42 countries and territories NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NBA D - League Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Introduces New Game Ball '' . NBA . June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( December 12 , 2006 ) . `` Leather ball will return on Jan. 1 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( December 8 , 2006 ) . `` NBA ball controversy reaches new level '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dator , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Hornets will be the only NBA team to have jerseys licensed by Jumpman '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donaghy under investigation for betting on NBA games , ESPN . July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Lakers - Kings Game 6 at heart of Donaghy allegations '' . June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Virgin , Ryan ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` David Stern and Tim Donaghy 's Motives Are Not That Different '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beech , Ronald ( 2008 ) . `` Reviewing the calls : Lakers - Kings Game 6 '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board of Governors Approve Sonics Move to Oklahoma City Pending Resolution of Litigation '' . National Basketball Association . April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Commissioner David Stern Statement on Settlement Between Sonics and the City of Seattle '' . National Basketball Association . July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( October 12 , 2008 ) . `` Outdoor game sees shooting , temperature drop '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , referees agree to two - year deal , ending lockout '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` NBA refs to return for regular season '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Officially Adopt New Namesake '' . New Orleans Pelicans. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . NBA.com . May 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers owner Sterling banned for life by the NBA '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs make WNBA 's Hammon first female NBA assistant '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Kate ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Becky Hammon was born to coach '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers And StubHub Announce First Jersey Sponsorship In Major American Professional Sports '' ( Press release ) . Philadelphia 76ers . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . National Basketball Association . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Lang ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` NBA , Nike unveil new uniforms for 2017 - 18 season '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schuhmann , John ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Knicks , Kobe and more part of Christmas Day lore '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Jeff ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Christmas Tradition '' . The Riverside ( Ca . ) Press - Enterprise . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Art ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Christmas Day clashes bring back fond memories '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Trading Deadline Trades Since 1987 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 '' . NBA . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA to seed playoff teams in each conference by record '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New club basketball championship to debut in 2010 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reader 's Digest : 50 . January 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek . `` Which Sports Have the Whitest / Richest / Oldest Fans ? '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salvadore , Damon ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` Leandro Barbosa Makes NBA History as Golden State Warriors Defeat Cleveland Cavaliers in Finals '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Further reading Rosen , Charley ( 2009 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Editors of Sports Illustrated ( 2007 ) . Sports Illustrated : The Basketball Book . Sports Illustrated . ISBN 1 - 933821 - 19 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Havlicek , John ( 2003 ) . NBA 's Greatest 1st edition . DK . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9977 - 0 . Peterson , Robert W. ( 2002 ) . Cages to Jump Shots : Pro Basketball 's Early Years . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8772 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Basketball Association . Official website The league also has an official English - language website with a more worldwide perspective , with emphasis on stories outside North America . Localized English - language versions , some of which are partnerships with regional media outlets , also exist for Africa , Australia , Canada , India , New Zealand , and the Philippines . 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0 ISNI : 0000 0004 0472 7354 LCCN : n50063691 SUDOC : 033915261 VIAF : 122790672 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Basketball_Association&oldid=843531179 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Professional sports leagues in the United States Professional sports leagues in Canada Basketball leagues in the United States Basketball leagues in Canada Sports leagues established in 1946 Organizations based in New York City 1946 establishments in New York ( state ) Men 's basketball Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Адыгабзэ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many games in a regular season nba	[ "During the regular season, each team plays 82 games, 41 each home and away. A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year (16 games). Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times (24 games), and the remaining four teams three times (12 games). Finally, each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece (30 games). This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams (but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB). Over five seasons, each team will have played 80 games against their division (20 games against each opponent, 10 at home, 10 on the road), 180 games against the rest of their conference (18 games against each opponent, 9 at home, 9 on the road), and 150 games against the other conference (10 games against each team, 5 at home, 5 on the road)." ]	[ "82" ]
-6482933920132593543	Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017	Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 - Wikipedia Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Totality as seen from Madras , Oregon Map Type of eclipse Nature Total Gamma 0.4367 Magnitude 1.0306 Maximum eclipse Duration 160 sec ( 2 m 40 s ) 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37 ; - 87.7 Max . width of band 115 km ( 71 mi ) Times ( UTC ) ( P1 ) Partial begin 15 : 46 : 48 ( U1 ) Total begin 16 : 48 : 32 Greatest eclipse 18 : 26 : 40 ( U4 ) Total end 20 : 01 : 35 ( P4 ) Partial end 21 : 04 : 19 References Saros 145 ( 22 of 77 ) Catalog # ( SE5000 ) 9546 Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula . Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other eclipses over the United States 3 Total eclipse viewing events 3.1 California 3.2 Oregon 3.3 Idaho 3.4 Wyoming 3.5 Nebraska 3.6 Missouri 3.7 Illinois 3.8 Kansas 3.9 Kentucky 3.10 Tennessee 3.11 North Carolina 3.12 Georgia 3.13 South Carolina 4 Viewing from outside the United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 4.3 Russia 4.4 West Africa 4.5 Europe 5 Media and scientific coverage 6 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 7 Eye damage 8 Video illustrations 9 Gallery 10 Planning 11 Post-eclipse traffic problems 12 Impact on solar power 13 Commemorative stamp 14 Related eclipses 14.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 14.2 Saros series 145 14.3 Metonic series 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Visibility ( edit ) Animation of the shadow created by the eclipse . The dot in the centre of the moving oval represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) California ( edit ) Oakland -- A viewing party was held at the Chabot Space and Science Center . Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse . Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond Ring effect at the end of totality in Oregon . Some prominences can also be seen . Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a global eclipse gathering dubbed Oregon Eclipse . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Total Eclipse seen from Weiser , Idaho . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events with NASA Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse homestead events page Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Missouri ( edit ) St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Kentucky ( edit ) Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality as seen from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites During total eclipse the stars and 4 planets were visible , including the star Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27 , 82 % . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , the eclipse was only visible partially , in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line in the map , the eclipse was not visible . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading to the eclipse , there were many counterfeits of light - filtering glasses for eclipse viewing . The user should see little through genuine eclipse glasses except for the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , and similar intense sources . However , effective eclipse glasses must filter UV and infrared , as well as visible light . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification , or even citing the same standard number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory , or those bearing incomplete certification information . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . The AAS said that determining whether eclipse lenses were safe required a spectrophotometer . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Video illustrations ( edit ) Play media Umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media This video features several visualizations of the event . Gallery ( edit ) Totality Sequence of Solar eclipse starting 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT on August 21 , 2017 . The photos taken in Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring from the eclipse in Corvallis , Oregon Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska The total eclipse as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Total solar eclipse as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Complete Sun coverage in Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina One second after complete Sun coverage in Saint Paul , South Carolina Mid-eclipse in Simpsonville , South Carolina Mid-eclipse in Simpsonville , South Carolina Partial San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington Composite image of seven frames of the International Space Station as it transits the Sun during a partial solar eclipse near Banner , Wyoming Far western Nebraska Simpsonville , South Carolina Tree leaves projecting crescent shadows from Moon , Pennsylvania Brooklyn , New York Virginia Beach White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Views outside of the US Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes , and another hour to reach Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) further south . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Related eclipses ( edit ) Photograph of the 1871 eclipse . Solar eclipses are prized by artists and scientists alike because they allow for the normally obscured corona of the Sun to be photographed ( see Astrophotography ) . Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chan , Melissa ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse : Everything You Need to Know '' . 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Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Total Eclipse of the Sun Jump up ^ Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Photos and videos Space.com Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054 Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Solar eclipses in fiction Book Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017&oldid=800604237 '' Categories : 2017 in science 2017 in space 21st - century solar eclipses August 2017 events August 2017 events in the United States Total solar eclipses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 15 : 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About Wikipedia	when are we going to have a solar eclipse	[ "Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).", "Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).", "Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).", "Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states)." ]	[ "October 2023", "April 2024", "August 2045", "June 2048" ]
268525348435643300	Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack)	Saturday Night Fever ( soundtrack ) - Wikipedia Saturday Night Fever ( soundtrack ) Saturday Night Fever Soundtrack album by Bee Gees & various artists Released November 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 15 ) Recorded 1975 -- 1977 Genre Disco Length 75 : 54 Label RSO , Polydor , Reprise Producer Bill Oakes ( Music Supervisor ) Bee Gees chronology Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live ( 1977 ) Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) Spirits Having Flown ( 1979 ) Singles from Saturday Night Fever `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' Released : June 1 , 1976 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Released : September 1977 `` Stayin ' Alive '' Released : 13 December 1977 `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Released : 6 January 1978 `` Boogie Shoes '' Released : 19 January 1978 `` Night Fever '' Released : 7 February 1978 Saturday Night Fever is the soundtrack album from the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever starring John Travolta . It remains the best selling soundtrack of all time with over 45 million units sold . In the United States , the album was certified 16 × Platinum for shipments of at least 16 million units . The album stayed atop the album charts for 24 straight weeks from January to July 1978 and stayed on Billboard 's album charts for 120 weeks until March 1980 . In the UK , the album spent 18 consecutive weeks at No. 1 . The album epitomized the disco phenomenon on both sides of the Atlantic and was an international sensation . The album has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being culturally significant . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Origins and recording 1.2 Releases 1.3 Legacy 2 Track listing 2.1 Additional songs recorded for the film but not used 3 Personnel 4 Awards 4.1 Grammy Awards 4.2 American Music Awards 5 Singles 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Decade - end charts 7 Certifications / sales 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Origins and Recording ( edit ) According to the DVD commentary for Saturday Night Fever , the producers intended to use the song `` Lowdown '' by Boz Scaggs in the rehearsal scene between Tony and Annette in the dance studio , and choreographed their dance moves to the song . However , representatives for Scaggs 's label , Columbia Records , refused to grant legal clearance for it , as they wanted to pursue another disco movie project , which never materialized . Composer David Shire , who scored the film , had to in turn write a song to match the dance steps demonstrated in the scene and eliminate the need for future legal hassles . However , this track does not appear on the movie 's soundtrack . The Bee Gees 's involvement in the film did not begin until post-production . As John Travolta asserted , `` The Bee Gees were n't even involved in the movie in the beginning ... I was dancing to Stevie Wonder and Boz Scaggs . '' Producer Robert Stigwood commissioned the Bee Gees to create the songs for the film . Robin Gibb recalled : We were recording our new album in the north of France . And we 'd written about and recorded about four or five songs for the new album when Stigwood rang from LA and said , ' We 're putting together this little film , low budget , called Tribal Rites of a Saturday Night . Would you have any songs on hand ? ' , and we said , ' Look , we ca n't , we have n't any time to sit down and write for a film ' . We did n't know what it was about . -- Robin Gibb The brothers wrote the songs `` virtually in a single weekend '' at Château d'Hérouville studio in France . The first song they recorded was `` If I Ca n't Have You '' , but their version was not used on the film . Barry Gibb remembered the reaction when Stigwood and music supervisor Bill Oakes arrived and listened to the demos : They flipped out and said these will be great . We still had no concept of the movie , except some kind of rough script that they 'd brought with them ... Maurice Gibb recalled , `` We played him demo tracks of ' If I Ca n't Have You ' , ' Night Fever ' and ' More Than a Woman ' . He asked if we could write it more discoey . '' The Brothers Gibb then wrote a song called `` Saturday Night '' but as Maurice explains , `` There were so many songs called ' Saturday Night ' even one by the Bay City Rollers , so when we rewrote it for the movie , we called it ' Stayin ' Alive ' . Recording `` Stayin ' Alive '' was not simple . Engineer Karl Richardson copied a choice few seconds of drumming from `` Night Fever '' , cut out the piece of tape and glued the ends together , then fed it back into a recorder by a makeshift arrangement to create a new drum track . Drummer Dennis Bryon did not attend the recording of `` Stayin ' Alive '' . Releases ( edit ) The original issue of the album included the original studio version of `` Jive Talkin ' '' ; later LP pressings included a version culled from Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live . All CD releases have included the original `` Jive Talkin ' '' . `` Jive Talkin ' '' was to have been used in a deleted scene taking place the day after Tony Manero 's first Saturday night at the disco , but as the sequence was cut for the final film , the song was cut as well . In addition to the Bee Gees songs , additional incidental music was composed and adapted by David Shire . Three of Shire 's cues -- `` Manhattan Skyline '' , `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( based on the classical piece `` Night on Bald Mountain '' ) and `` Salsation '' -- are included on the soundtrack album as well . Five additional cues -- `` Tony and Stephanie '' , `` Near the Verrazano Bridge '' ( both adapted from the Bee Gees ' song `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ) , `` Barracuda Hangout '' , `` Death on the Bridge '' and `` All Night Train '' -- while heard in the film , remain unreleased on CD . In 1994 , the soundtrack was re-released on CD through Polydor Records . In 2006 , the album was re-released on Reprise Records as part of the Bee Gees ' regaining control of their master tapes . To commemorate the movie 's 40th anniversary , Capitol Records released a newly remastered version on April 21 , 2017 with the original artwork and gatefold packaging . On 17 November 2017 , a deluxe box set was released with the original soundtrack , 4 new mixes of `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' , `` How Deep Is Your Love '' and `` You Should Be Dancing '' , a collector 's book , art prints , a movie poster and a turntable mat . Legacy ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau ( B+ ) Pitchfork Media ( 8.7 / 10.0 ) Along with the success of the movie , the soundtrack , composed and performed primarily by the Bee Gees , is the best - selling soundtrack album of all time . Saturday Night Fever had a large cultural impact in the United States . The Bee Gees had originally written and recorded five of the songs used in the film -- `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' , `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` More Than a Woman '' ( performed in the film in two different versions -- one version by Tavares , and another by the Bee Gees ) and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( performed in the movie by Yvonne Elliman ) as part of a regular album . They had no idea at the time they would be making a soundtrack and said that they basically lost an album in the process . Two previously released Bee Gees songs -- `` Jive Talkin ' '' and `` You Should Be Dancing '' -- are also included on the soundtrack . Other previously released songs from the disco era round out the music in the movie . The soundtrack also won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year . It is the only disco album to do so , and one of only three soundtrack albums so honored . In 2012 , the album was ranked No. 132 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . The soundtrack hit the No. 1 spot on the Billboard chart 's Pop Album and Soul Album charts . In 2003 the TV network VH1 named it the 57th greatest album of all time , and it was ranked 80th in a 2005 survey held by British television 's Channel 4 to determine the 100 greatest albums of all time . Pitchfork Media listed Saturday Night Fever as the 34th best album of the 1970s . The album was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress on March 21 , 2013 for long - term preservation . Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Bee Gees Albhy Galuten Karl Richardson 4 : 45 2 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 4 : 05 3 . `` Night Fever '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 3 : 32 4 . `` More Than a Woman '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 3 : 18 5 . `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( performed by Yvonne Elliman ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Freddie Perren 3 : 00 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 6 . `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' ( performed by Walter Murphy ) Murphy Beethoven Thomas J. Valentino 3 : 03 7 . `` More Than a Woman '' ( performed by Tavares ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Perren 3 : 17 8 . `` Manhattan Skyline '' ( performed by David Shire ) Shire Shire Bill Oakes 4 : 45 9 . `` Calypso Breakdown '' ( performed by Ralph MacDonald ) William Eaton MacDonald William Salter 7 : 51 Side three No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 10 . `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( performed by David Shire ) Modest Mussorgsky Shire Shire Oakes 5 : 13 11 . `` Open Sesame '' ( performed by Kool & the Gang ) Robert Bell Kool & the Gang 4 : 01 12 . `` Jive Talkin ' '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Arif Mardin 3 : 44 13 . `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 4 : 14 14 . `` Boogie Shoes '' ( performed by KC and the Sunshine Band ) Harry Wayne Casey Richard Finch Casey Finch 2 : 17 Side four No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 15 . `` Salsation '' ( performed by David Shire ) Shire Shire Oakes 3 : 51 16 . `` K - Jee '' ( performed by MFSB ) Charlie Hearndon Harvey Fuqua Bobby Martin Broadway Eddie 4 : 13 17 . `` Disco Inferno '' ( performed by The Trammps ) Leroy Green Ron Kersey Kersey 10 : 51 Total length : 1 : 15 : 54 Notes signifies arranged by Additional songs recorded for the film but not used ( edit ) `` Emotion '' by Samantha Sang -- 3 : 43 `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Bee Gees -- 3 : 25 `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' by Bee Gees -- 4 : 07 `` Warm Ride '' by Bee Gees -- 3 : 16 Personnel ( edit ) Barry Gibb -- lead , harmony and backing vocals , rhythm guitar ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Robin Gibb -- lead ( track 2 ) , harmony and backing vocals ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Maurice Gibb -- bass , harmony and backing vocals ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Alan Kendall -- electric guitar ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Blue Weaver -- keyboards , synthesizer , piano ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Dennis Bryon -- drums , percussion ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Joe Lala -- percussion ( tracks 1 -- 4 ) Stephen Stills -- percussion ( track 13 ) Mike Baird -- drums ( track 10 ) Michael Boddicker -- synthesizer ( tracks 8 , 10 ) Bob Bowles -- guitar ( tracks 5 , 7 ) Dennis Budimir -- guitar ( track 10 ) Sonny Burke -- piano ( tracks 5 , 7 , 8 ) ; electric keyboards ( track 15 ) Eddie Cano -- acoustic piano ( track 15 ) Mike Caruso -- guitar ( track 6 ) Paulinho da Costa -- percussion ( tracks 5 , 7 ) Scott Edwards -- bass ( tracks 5 , 10 , 15 ) Steve Forman -- percussion ( tracks 8 , 10 , 15 ) James Gadson -- drums ( tracks 5 , 7 -- 8 ) Ralph Grierson -- keyboards ( track 10 ) Mitch Hoder -- guitar ( track 8 ) Abraham Laboriel -- bass ( track 8 ) Freddie Perren -- synthesizer , keyboards , percussion ( track 5 ) Emil Richards -- percussion ( track 10 ) Jerome Richardson -- flute solo ( track 15 ) Tony Terran -- trumpet solo ( track 15 ) Lee Ritenour -- guitar ( tracks 8 , 10 , 15 ) David Shire -- adaptation ( track 10 ) Mark Stevens -- drums ( track 15 ) Chino Valdez -- congas ( track 15 ) Bob Zimmitti -- percussion ( tracks 5 , 7 , 15 ) John Tobler -- liner notes Bill Oakes -- compilation , album supervision Awards ( edit ) Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group Won 1979 Saturday Night Fever Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group Won Saturday Night Fever Album of the Year Won `` Stayin ' Alive '' Best Arrangement of Voices Won Barry Gibb , Albhy Galuten , Karl Richardson ( producers ) Producer of the Year Won Saturday Night Fever Hall of Fame Award Won American Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1979 Saturday Night Fever Favorite Soul / R&B album Won Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Position `` Jive Talkin ' '' Pop Singles 1976 `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' Pop Singles `` You Should Be Dancing '' Pop Singles `` Open Sesame '' Pop Singles 55 1977 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Adult Contemporary Pop Singles 1978 `` Night Fever '' R&B Singles 8 Pop Singles `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Pop Singles `` Stayin ' Alive / Night Fever / More Than a Woman '' Club Play Singles `` Stayin ' Alive '' Pop Singles R&B Singles `` Disco Inferno '' Pop Singles 11 `` More Than a Woman '' ( Tavares version ) Pop Singles 32 `` Boogie Shoes '' Pop Singles 35 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austrian Albums Chart Canadian RPM Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart French SNEP Albums Chart Italian Albums Chart Japanese Oricon Albums Chart New Zealand Albums Chart Norwegian VG - lista Albums Chart Swedish Albums Chart UK Albums Chart U.S. Billboard 200 West German Media Control Albums Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position Australian Albums Chart Austrian Albums Chart Canadian Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart French Albums Chart 7 Italian Albums Chart Japanese Albums Chart UK Albums Chart U.S. Billboard 200 West German Albums Chart Chart ( 1979 ) Position U.S. Billboard 200 27 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 79 ) Position Japanese Albums Chart 9 UK Albums Chart 5 Certifications / sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 1,000,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 2,161,800 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Hong Kong ( IFPI Hong Kong ) Platinum 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 50,000 Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 693,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 7 × Platinum 2,100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 16 × Platinum 16,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums List of best - selling albums in France List of best - selling albums in Germany List of best - selling albums in the United States List of diamond - certified albums in Canada List of number - one albums of 1978 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B albums of 1978 ( U.S. ) Sesame Street Fever References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- November 30 , 2009 '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Sullivan ; Chronicle Pop Culture Critic ( January 14 , 2003 ) . `` APPRECIATION / Contributor to a sound that went beyond disco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris . `` Library of Congress adds ' Saturday Night Fever , ' Simon and Garfunkel , Pink Floyd to audio archive - San Jose Mercury News '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Kashner , `` Fever Pitch '' , Movies Rock ( Supplement to The New Yorker ) , Fall 2007 , unnumbered page . Jump up ^ Rose , Frank ( July 14 , 1977 ) . `` How Can You Mend a Broken Group ? The Bee Gees Did It With Disco '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Melinda Bilyeu ; Hector Cook ; Andrew Môn Hughes . The Bee Gees . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic review '' . Jump up ^ Album : Saturday Night Fever . Robert Christgau . Jump up ^ Various Artists : Saturday Night Fever Album Reviews . Pitchfork ( July 13 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY.com '' . GRAMMY.com . February 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel song among those to be preserved '' . CFN13 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the groove : Grammys go disco '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel. 16 February 1979 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` austriancharts.at Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in German ) . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste : Bee Gees '' . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Gli album più venduti del 1978 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Oricon Album Chart Book : Complete Edition 1970 -- 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . 2006 . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 077 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . VG - lista . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Albums -- 1970s '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Saturday Night Fever > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search : Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.st - Jahreshitparade 1978 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Albums of 1978 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1978 '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Albums ( CD ) de 1978 par InfoDisc '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Year - End Albums Chart 1978 '' ( 1978 年アルバム年間ヒットチャート ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1970s Albums Chart Archive '' . everyhit.com . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Albums of 1978 '' . billboard.biz . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Jahrescharts : 1978 '' . charts.de . Media Control Charts . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard.com -- Year End Charts -- Year - end Albums -- The Billboard 200 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- Saturday Night Fever '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Saturday Night Fever '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select BEE GEES and click OK . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums `` Tout Temps '' `` . infodisc.fr ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bee Gees ; ' Saturday Night Fever ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Gold Disc Award 1979 '' . IFPI . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Artisti Vari -- Saturday Night Fever '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Original Soundtrack -- Saturday Night Fever -- OST '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Saturday Night Fever -- OST in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Murells , Joseph ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) . Million selling records from the 1900s to the 1980s : an illustrated directory . Batsford . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Saturday Night Fever '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . External links ( edit ) Album online on Radio3Net a radio channel of Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company Saturday Night Fever on Discogs Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Side one `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Night Fever '' `` More Than a Woman '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( Yvonne Elliman ) Side two `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' ( Walter Murphy ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( Tavares ) `` Manhattan Skyline '' ( David Shire ) `` Calypso Breakdown '' ( Ralph MacDonald ) Side three `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( David Shire ) `` Open Sesame '' ( Kool & the Gang ) `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` Boogie Shoes '' ( KC and the Sunshine Band ) Side four `` Salsation '' ( David Shire ) `` K - Jee '' ( MFSB ) `` Disco Inferno '' ( The Trammps ) Saturday Night Fever Films Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive People John Travolta Robert Stigwood Norman Wexler John Badham Sylvester Stallone Music Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Staying Alive soundtrack `` Far from Over '' Bee Gees David Shire Related topics Stage adaptation Nik Cohn `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Tony Manero Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Commons Portal Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele 2017 : Damn -- Kendrick Lamar UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1971 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1972 : 20 Dynamic Hits ( various artists ) 1973 : Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player ( Elton John ) 1974 : The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 ( The Carpenters ) 1975 : The Best of The Stylistics ( The Stylistics ) 1976 : Greatest Hits ( ABBA ) 1977 : Arrival ( ABBA ) 1978 : Saturday Night Fever ( original soundtrack ) 1979 : Parallel Lines ( Blondie ) 1980 : Super Trouper ( ABBA ) 1981 : Kings of the Wild Frontier ( Adam and the Ants ) 1982 : Love Songs ( Barbra Streisand ) 1983 : Thriller ( Michael Jackson ) 1984 : Ca n't Slow Down ( Lionel Richie ) 1985 : Brothers in Arms ( Dire Straits ) 1986 : True Blue ( Madonna ) 1987 : Bad ( Michael Jackson ) 1988 : Kylie ( Kylie Minogue ) 1989 : Ten Good Reasons ( Jason Donovan ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)&oldid=865526092 '' Categories : 1977 soundtracks Bee Gees albums Polydor Records soundtracks RSO Records soundtracks Reprise Records soundtracks United States National Recording Registry recordings Film soundtracks Disco soundtracks Grammy Award for Album of the Year Juno Award for International Album of the Year albums Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use mdy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 13 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what pop groups music was used in the movie saturday night fever	[ "Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Stayin' Alive\" (performed by Bee Gees)Barry GibbRobin GibbMaurice GibbBee GeesAlbhy GalutenKarl Richardson4:452.\"How Deep Is Your Love\" (performed by Bee Gees)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbBee GeesGalutenRichardson4:053.\"Night Fever\" (performed by Bee Gees)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbBee GeesGalutenRichardson3:324.\"More Than a Woman\" (performed by Bee Gees)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbBee GeesGalutenRichardson3:185.\"If I Can't Have You\" (performed by Yvonne Elliman)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbFreddie Perren3:00" ]	[ "Bee Gees" ]
6040583646709216132	Keg	Keg - wikipedia Keg Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the metal container . For the drum , see music of the Virgin Islands . For beer which is served from a pressurized keg , see Keg beer . 50 liter DIN keg , cutaway A keg is a small barrel . Traditionally , a wooden keg is made by a cooper and used to transport items such as nails , gunpowder , and a variety of liquids . More recently , a keg is often constructed of aluminum or steel . It is commonly used to store , transport , and serve beer . Other alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks , carbonated or non-carbonated , may be housed in a keg as well . Such liquids are generally kept under pressure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beer keg 1.1 Size 1.2 U.S. keg sizes 1.3 DIN - keg and Euro - keg 1.4 Specifications for a U.S. 1 / 2 barrel keg 1.5 Tapping a keg 2 Other types of kegs 2.1 Cornelius keg 2.2 Mini keg 2.3 Beer ball 2.4 One - way kegs 2.5 Quarter barrel ( pony keg ) 2.6 Sixth barrel 2.7 Eighth barrel 3 UK and Irish keg supply structure 4 Keg laws 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Books 7 External links Beer keg ( edit ) Beer kegs are made of stainless steel , or less commonly , of aluminium . A keg has a single opening on one end , called a `` bung . '' A tube called a `` spear '' extends from the opening to the other end . There is a self - closing valve that is opened by the coupling fitting which is attached when the keg is tapped . There is also an opening at the top of the spear that allows gas ( usually carbon dioxide ) to drive the beer out of the keg . The coupling fitting has one or two valves that control the flow of beer out of and gas into the keg . The keg must be in the upright position , that is , with the opening on top , for the beer to be dispensed . Kegs can be contrasted to casks , which have two or more openings and no spear . Most major breweries now use internally speared kegs . Size ( edit ) Main article : Barrel sizes Historically a beer barrel was a standard size of 50 gallons , as opposed to a wine barrel at 32 gallons , or an oil barrel at 42 gallons . Over the years barrel sizes have evolved and breweries throughout the world use different sized containers . Even when the content capacity of two kegs are equal -- e.g. metricized to 50 liters -- the keg shape and keg tap system may differ greatly . U.S. keg sizes ( edit ) Most U.S. brewers sell beer in ⁄ barrels of 15.5 gallons , ⁄ barrels of 7.75 gallons , and ⁄ barrels of 5.17 gallons . Since keg sizes are not standardized , the keg can not be used as a standard unit of measure for liquid volumes . This size standard varies from country to country and brewery to brewery with many countries using the metric system rather than U.S. gallons . A typical keg ( half - barrel ) with a single opening in the center of the top end A keg , or half - barrel is a 15.5 U.S. gallon vessel . A quarter - barrel has a volume of 7.75 U.S. gallons . Generally a keg is a vessel smaller than a barrel ; thus , it is 30 gallons or smaller . In the U.S. the terms half - barrel and quarter - barrel are derived from the U.S. beer barrel , legally defined as being equal to 31 U.S. gallons ( this is not the same volume as some other units also known as barrels ) . A 15.5 U.S. gallon keg is also equal to : 12.7 Imperial gallons 58.67 liters 103.25 Imperial pints 124 U.S. pints 496 U.S. gills 165 twelve fluid ounce ( U.S. measure ) drinks About 90 bombers ( 22 fl oz bottles ) About 6.88 24 - unit cases of 12 fl oz cans About 5.5 30 - racks of 12 fl oz cans 1,984 fluid ounces ( U.S. ) However , beer kegs can come in many sizes : Size ( US gal ) Size ( liters ) No. of 12 fl oz drinks No. of 16 fl oz drinks No. of 20 fl oz drinks Weight of full keg ( lb ) Also known as 1.32 5 14 10.6 8.5 -- Mini Keg / Bubba ( single - use / recyclable ) 3.875 14.67 41.3 31 24.8 -- Eighth Barrel 5 18.9 53 40 32 55 -- 60 Soda syrup / Corny Keg / Home Brew 5.16 19.8 56 42 33 58 -- 60 Sixth Barrel / Torpedo Keg / Sixtel / Log 6.6 25 70 50.25 42 -- `` Half Barrel '' ( Europe ) 7.75 29.3 82 62 49 90 Quarter Barrel / Pony Keg 13.2 50 140 105 84 -- Import Keg ( standard European `` Barrel '' ) 15.5 58.66 165.3 124 99.2 140 -- 170 Half Barrel / Full Keg DIN - keg and Euro - keg ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In European countries the most common keg size is 50 liters -- this includes the UK with its non-metric keg system where the standard keg of 11 imperial gallons is almost exactly 50 liters in the metric system . The German DIN 6647 - 1 and DIN 6647 - 2 have also defined kegs in the sizes of 30 and 20 liters . A newer Euro regulation defines 50 , 30 , 25 and 20 liters where the keg shape is usually thicker but not as tall as the German keg specifications . content DIN 6647 - 1 / - 2 DIN - Keg Diameter Euro - Keg Euro - Keg Diameter 20 litres ( 4.4 imp gal ) 310 mm ( high ) 363 mm ( ø steel keg ) 216 mm ( high ) 395 mm ( ø steel keg ) 25 litres ( 5.5 imp gal ) - - 327 mm ( high ) 395 mm ( ø steel keg ) 30 litres ( 6.6 imp gal ) 400 mm ( high ) 381 mm ( ø steel keg ) 365 mm ( high ) 408 mm ( ø steel keg ) 50 litres ( 11 imp gal ) 600 mm ( high ) 381 mm ( ø steel keg ) 532 mm ( high ) 408 mm ( ø steel keg ) In some areas it is common to refer to the size not in liters but in beers . In areas such as Germany , where the standard beer size is 0.5 liters , that means a 50 - liter keg contains 100 beers . Specifications for a U.S. 1 / 2 barrel keg ( edit ) Accepted specifications for a standard keg are : Height of keg 23.3 inches Diameter of keg 16.1 -- 17.15627 inches Contents 1984.0 U.S. fluid ounces 15.5 U.S. gallons 12.91 imp . gallons 58.7 liters Full keg weight 161.5 pounds ( 72.8 kg ) Empty keg weight 29.7 pounds ( 13.5 kg ) Beer weight 131.8 pounds ( 59.3 kg ) 24 × 12 fl oz case equivalent 6.9 cases 12 fl oz servings 165.3 16 fl oz ( 1 U.S. pint ) servings 124 Tapping a keg ( edit ) There are two different types of tapping equipment that are available for kegs : party pumps and gas taps . Party pumps utilize outside air , thus introducing oxygen and bacteria into the keg . This causes the beer to oxidize , affecting the taste . Kegs operating a party pump should be used within 18 -- 24 hours so that the beer does not become unpalatable . Gas pumps may use CO , although it is recommended to use a mixed gas ( usually nitrogen - CO ) so the beer does not get overcarbonated when being tapped for a long time ( Guinness requires 25 % CO and 75 % nitrogen ) . Gas pumps can preserve a keg up to 120 days with proper refrigeration . As with any pressurized container , a keg can cause injury , even at normal operating pressure , whether with compressed air or carbon dioxide : `` The tapping system and pressure regulator both should be equipped with a pressure relief ( blow off ) device . If you are not familiar with tapping equipment , consult your retailer ... '' ( printed on an Anheuser - Busch 's keg cap ) In the US and Australia , kegs or beer coils are usually kept in a bucket of ice and / or water to keep the beer cool . European consumers , when not using a party pump , mainly use inline beer chillers to pour a beer in an ideal temperature for serving . Those chillers usually also have their own air compressor for keg pressurization . Other types of kegs ( edit ) Cornelius keg ( edit ) Main article : Cornelius keg A Cornelius keg ( also known as a Corney or soda keg ) was originally used by the soft drink industry , now commonly used to store and dispense beer , especially homebrewed . Cornelius kegs were originally made by Cornelius , Inc . Since the arrival of newer technology such as bag - in - box packages soft drink bottlers have mostly abandoned their Cornelius kegs , often making them available to hobbyists . Mini keg ( edit ) Mini keg of Grolsch beer . The mini keg is a 5 - liter keg produced for retail sales . Some brands come with a spout and pour from the bottom via gravity , while others may use a low cost pressurized tap . Mini kegs are typically not returned to the manufacturer for cleaning and refilling . The disposable kegs , being made of aluminum , may be recycled . In Canada , Molson brewery dubbed the mini keg `` Bubba '' . This name has now been genericized to generally apply to all 5 - liter mini kegs in Canada . This might cause confusion , as a company called Bubba Keg is established in the U.S. , and appears to not be associated with Molson . Today , mini kegs are widely available in liquor stores worldwide , with Heineken , Grolsch and Bitburger all adopting the design . Recently in Austria , beer is available in mini kegs , either by a one - way type keg made of steel or out of a reinforced thermoplastic for about a 4 € deposit . Beer ball ( edit ) Another type of mini keg is the `` beer ball '' or the `` party ball '' , a disposable plastic ball that usually holds around 5.2 US gallons ( 20 l ) , roughly the equivalent of 55 twelve - ounce beers , though they can also be found in a smaller 3.8 - US - gallon ( 14 l ) size . Like kegs , it is necessary to tap the ball before the beer inside can be served . One - way kegs ( edit ) Example of bag - in - ball technology One - way kegs , also known as disposable kegs or PET kegs , were invented in 1996 . They are usually made of plastic . Some types have a cardboard outer packaging , which makes them easier to stack and transport , and also protects the plastic container . Some may use either bag in ball or spear technology . A stronger , more pressure resistant type of one way kegs make use of a double wall technology . Quarter barrel ( pony keg ) ( edit ) A quarter barrel , more commonly known as pony keg , is a beer vessel containing approximately 7.75 U.S. gallons ( 29.33 liters ) of fluid . It is half the size of the standard beer keg and equivalent to a quarter of a barrel . The term pony refers to its smaller size -- compare pony glass ( quarter - pint ) and pony bottle . It will serve roughly 82 twelve - ounce cups . The shape of a pony keg resembles that of a full - sized keg , while being much easier to move manually . However , it shares many inconveniences with the bigger kegs , such as : often requiring a deposit when purchased ; needing a tap to serve the contents ; and posing difficulties in determining the amount of beer remaining ( weighing the keg or observing its buoyancy are common techniques ) . Despite this , a pony keg can be a cheap way to provide beer for a medium - sized party . Sixth barrel ( edit ) A sixth barrel keg contains approximately 5.2 gallons , and is becoming the choice for many establishments and breweries that wish to use kegs smaller than a half barrel . The sixth barrel kegs are nominally larger in size and volume compared to the Cornelius keg . They are normally fitted with a standard US Type D Sanke coupler on a single downspout ; whereas , Corny kegs are normally fitted with a flip - hatch , and a dual connector pin - lock or ball - lock top . Although the sixth barrel torpedo keg is approximately the same height as the standard half barrel , the smaller foot print of the sixth barrel allows retailers have a greater variety of beer in a small space . This size keg is quickly replacing the quarter barrel size which has the same foot print as a half barrel keg , but is only half as tall . Other than smaller circumference , sixth barrel kegs are very similar to their full - sized counterparts in construction . A stainless Micromatic brand sixth barrel keg weighs approximately 14 - 15 pounds ( 6.3 -- 6.8 kg ) when empty , and approximately 58 - 60 pounds ( 26.3 - 27.2 kg ) when full . Eighth barrel ( edit ) An eighth barrel has the same dimensions as a sixth barrel , but the bottom 7 inches are hollow . UK and irish keg supply structure ( edit ) 88 - pint beer kegs lined up outside a pub in Portlaoise , Ireland The beer vessel supply structure in the UK and Ireland is quite different , whilst the couplers for kegs have been largely standardised to sankey , grundy and interbrew , a couple of others exist such as UEC and U-Type ; however these are much less common . The kegs themselves are made from stainless steel or aluminium . The standard keg size is 11 imperial gallons ( 50 liter / 88 imperial pints approx ) and the vast majority of keg beers are supplied in this keg size . There are also smaller 30 liters ( 52.76 imperial pints ) kegs usually reserved for more specialist and / or premium European beers . A number of manufacturers also produce 18 imperial gallon ( approximately 82 liters / 144 imperial pints ) and 22 imperial gallon ( approximately 100 liters / 172 imperial pints ) kegs , however owing to their size they are not so popular as manual handling is seen by some to be difficult , and as a result they tend to be used only for large scale events and bars with high throughput . For bars that sell an excessive volume of beer there is the 36 imperial gallon ( 150 liter / 260 imperial pint ) keg , however due to its very large size few people can move them making it an impractical choice . Keg laws ( edit ) Main article : Keg registration In the U.S. as of 2005 , there are 21 states and numerous localities that have keg registration laws . The laws vary widely in terms of whom they target , what their intended purpose is , and how strongly they are enforced . See also ( edit ) Cask ale Draught beer Firkin Growler ( jug ) Keg stand Bag - in - box BeerTender Keg in the Closet References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Old Sturbridge Village FAQ '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Briggs , D.E. ; Boulton , C.A. ; Brookes , P.A. ; Stevens , R. , Brewing , Science and Practice , CRC Press , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2547 - 1 Jump up ^ keg . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ 27 CFR § 25.11 . Jump up ^ `` Retailers Guide to Draft Beer Dispensing '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . Books ( edit ) Soroka , W , Fundamentals of Packaging Technology , IoPP , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 930268 - 25 - 4 Yam , K.L. , Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology , John Wiley & Sons , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08704 - 6 External links ( edit ) How to Tap a Keg -- A wikiHow article Keg Beer Dispensing Articles and Education How to remove and reassemble the valve in a sanke keg Beer keg valve master list . ( hide ) Packaging General topics Active packaging Child - resistant packaging Contract packager Disposable food packaging Food packaging Luxury packaging Modified atmosphere / modified humidity packaging Package pilferage Package testing Packaging engineering Pharmaceutical packaging Reusable packaging Shelf life Sustainable packaging Tamper - evident Tamper resistance Wrap rage Containers Aerosol Container Aluminium bottle Aluminum can Ampoule Antistatic bag Bag - in - box Bags and flexible containers Barrel Beer bottle Biodegradable bag Blister pack Boil - in - Bag Bottle Box Bulk box Cage Case Carboy Carton Chub Clamshell Corrugated box design Crate Disposable cup Drum Envelope Flexible intermediate bulk container Foam food container Folding carton Glass bottle Growler Insulated shipping container Intermediate bulk container Jar Jerrycan Jug Juicebox Keg Multi-pack Oyster pail Packet ( container ) Padded mailer Pail Paper bag Paper sack Plastic bag Plastic bottle Popcorn bag Retort pouch Sachet Security bag Self - heating can Self - heating food packaging Shipping container Skin pack Spray bottle Tin can Tub ( container ) Tube Unit load Vial Wooden box Materials and components Adhesive Aluminium foil Bioplastic Biodegradable plastic BoPET Bubble wrap Bung Cellophane Closure Coated paper Coating Corrugated fiberboard Corrugated plastic Cushioning Desiccant Double seam Foam peanut Glass Hot - melt adhesive Kraft paper Label Lid Linear low - density polyethylene Liquid packaging board Low - density polyethylene Metallised film Modified atmosphere Molded pulp Nonwoven fabric Overwrap Oxygen scavenger Packaging gas Pallet Paper Paper pallet Paperboard Plastic film Plastic pallet Plastic wrap Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Pressure - sensitive tape Screw cap Screw cap ( wine ) Security printing Security tape Shock detector Shock and vibration data logger Shrink wrap Slip sheet Staple ( fastener ) Strapping Stretch wrap Susceptor Tamper - evident band Tear tape Temperature data logger Time temperature indicator Tinplate Velostat Processes Aseptic processing Authentication Automatic identification and data capture Blow fill seal Blow molding Calendering Canning Coating Containerization Curtain Coating Die cutting Die forming ( plastics ) Electronic article surveillance Extrusion Extrusion coating Glass production Graphic design HACCP Hermetic seal Induction sealing Injection molding Laminating Laser cutting Molding Papermaking Plastic welding Plastics extrusion Printing Quality assurance Radio - frequency identification Roll slitting Shearing ( manufacturing ) Thermoforming Track and trace Vacuum forming Ultrasonic welding Vacuum packaging Verification and validation Machinery Barcode printer Barcode reader Bottling line Calender Can seamer Cartoning machine Case sealer Check weigher Conveyor system Extended core stretch wrapper Filler Heat gun Heat sealer Industrial robot Injection molding machine Label printer applicator Lineshaft roller conveyor Logistics automation Material handling equipment Mechanical brake stretch wrapper Multihead weigher Orbital stretch wrapping Palletizer Rotary wheel blow molding systems Shrink tunnel Staple gun Tape dispenser Turntable stretch wrapper Vertical form fill sealing machine Environment , post-use Biodegradation Environmental engineering Glass recycling Industrial ecology Life - cycle assessment Litter Paper recycling Plastic recycling Recycling Reusable packaging Reverse logistics Source reduction Sustainable packaging Waste management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keg&oldid=806427393 '' Categories : Brewing Beer vessels and serving Liquid containers Alcohol measurement Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many ounces is a half keg of beer	[ "165 twelve fluid ounce (U.S. measure) drinks" ]	[ "165 twelve fluid ounce (U.S. measure) drinks" ]
-1124760967421453993	Walt Disney anthology television series	Walt Disney anthology television series - wikipedia Walt Disney anthology television series Jump to : navigation , search Walt Disney anthology television series Opening title for The Wonderful World of Disney used since 2015 . Also known as Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ) Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ) The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ) The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ) The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1969 -- 1979 , 1983 -- 1986 , 1991 -- present ) Genre Anthology series Created by Walt Disney Presented by Walt Disney ( 1954 -- 1966 ) Michael Eisner ( 1986 -- 2002 ) Narrated by Dick Wesson ( 1954 -- 1979 ) Mark Elliot ( 1979 -- 1988 ) Danny Dark ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Opening theme `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' ( 1954 -- 1961 and 1968 -- 2015 ; various instrumental adaptations ) `` The Wonderful World of Color '' ( 1961 -- 1968 ) `` Heaven 's Triumph '' ( 2015 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 53 No. of episodes 1,224 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Multi-camera ( hosted segments ) Running time 156 -- 180 minutes Distributor Walt Disney Productions ( 1954 -- 1983 ) Walt Disney Domestic Television Distribution ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Buena Vista Television ( 1985 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1954 -- 1961 , 1986 -- 1988 and 1997 -- present ) NBC ( 1961 -- 1981 and 1988 -- 1991 ) CBS ( 1981 -- 1986 , 1991 -- 1997 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 27 , 1954 ( 1954 - 10 - 27 ) -- present Website movies.disney.com/disneyland-usa Walt Disney Productions ( later The Walt Disney Company ) has produced an anthology television series under several different titles since 1954 . The original version of the series premiered on ABC on Wednesday , October 27 , 1954 . The show was broadcast weekly on one of the Big Three television networks until 1990 , a 36 - year span with only a two - year hiatus from 1984 until 1985 . The series was broadcast on Sunday for 25 of those years . From 1991 until 1997 , the series aired infrequently . The program resumed a regular schedule in 1997 on the ABC fall schedule , coinciding with Disney 's recent purchase of the network . From 1997 until 2008 , the program aired regularly on ABC . Since then , ABC has continued the series as an occasional special presentation . The show has had only two hosts , Walt Disney and Disney Chairman Michael Eisner . The show is the second longest running prime - time program on American television , behind rival film anthology , the Hallmark Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Titles 2 History 2.1 Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ) 2.2 Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ) 2.3 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color ( 1961 -- 1969 ) 2.4 The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1969 -- 1979 ) 2.5 Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ) 2.6 Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ) 2.7 The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ) 2.8 The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ) 2.9 The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1991 -- present ) 3 Reruns 4 Films not yet televised 5 Programming 6 Theme music 7 International broadcasts 7.1 Argentina 7.1. 1 The Telefe era 7.1. 2 The Canal 13 era 7.2 Brazil 8 Episodes 9 Ratings 9.1 Nielsen seasonal ratings 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Emmy Awards 10.1. 1 Won 10.1. 2 Nominated 11 Home video 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Titles ( edit ) Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ; ABC ) Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ; ABC ) Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color ( 1961 -- 1969 ; NBC ) The Wonderful World of Disney ( first era ; 1969 -- 1979 ; NBC ) Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ; NBC ) Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ; CBS ) The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ; ABC ; The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ; NBC ) The Wonderful World of Disney ( third era ; 1997 -- present ; ABC ) History ( edit ) The anthology series was an outgrowth of Walt Disney looking for funding for Disneyland with his brother Roy Disney approaching all the big three networks with American Broadcasting - Paramount Theatres taking the deal for programming for ABC . Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) Although Walt Disney was the first major film producer to venture into television , there were two established independent film producers that successfully ventured into television production before Disney , Hal Roach and Jerry Fairbanks . Disney wanted to produce a television program in order to finance the development of the Disneyland amusement park . After being turned down by both CBS and NBC , Disney eventually signed a deal with ABC ( which had merged with United Paramount Theaters in 1953 ) on March 29 , 1954 . The show contained teasers for Walt 's park , as well as episodes representing life in one of the park 's main sections : Adventureland , Tomorrowland , Fantasyland and Frontierland , with the opening titles used from its inception until the show 's move to NBC in 1961 , showing the entrance to Disneyland itself , as well as the four aforementioned lands , which were then identified as the main feature of that evening 's program . Consequently , `` Davy Crockett '' and other pioneers of the Old West , and American history in general appeared in `` Frontier Land '' . Similarly , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea might be the focus of an evening spent in `` Adventure Land '' , although a documentary on the film could also be possibly presented as a topic for such episodes , including clips from the actual film . Topics for `` Fantasy Land '' would include either actual cartoons , and animated films , as well as documentaries on `` The Making of ... '' ( such as behind - the - scenes presentation of Peggy Lee singing the duet of the wicked Siamese cats in Lady and the Tramp , or the barbershop quartet of lost dogs in the municipal Dog Pound ) ; excerpts from a True - Life Adventure documentary may also be included ( for example , one on the life and works of beavers and their dam - building ) or those using stroboscopic stop - action photography ( such as investigating what really happened when a rain - drop fell in a puddle , as part of a `` Fantasy Land '' episode ) , explaining the techniques of cartoon animation . The multi-plane camera used to create the three - dimensional effects of Bambi was also as a topic for a `` Fantasy Land '' - set telecast . In one episode , four different artists were given the task of drawing the same tree , with each artist using his own preferred ways of drawing and imagining a tree ; this led to cartoon examples of differently animated trees , as in some of the early Silly Symphonies shorts , and later full - length animated films . `` Tomorrow Land '' was an opportunity for the Disney studio staff to present cutting - edge science and technology , and to predict possible futures , such as futuristic automobiles , and highways . This format remained basically unchanged through the 1980s , though new material was scarce in later years . Other episodes were segments from Disney films such as ( Seal Island and Alice in Wonderland ) , or cartoons of Donald Duck and other Disney standbys . The program spawned the Davy Crockett craze of 1955 with the airing of a three - episode series ( not shown over the course of consecutive weeks ) about the historical American frontiersman , starring Fess Parker in the title role . Millions of dollars of merchandise relating to the title character were sold , and the theme song , `` The Ballad of Davy Crockett '' , became a hit record that year . Three historically based hour - long programs aired during late 1954 / early 1955 , and were followed up by two dramatized installments the following year . The TV episodes were later edited into two theatrical films . On July 17 , 1955 , the opening of Disneyland was covered on a live television special , Dateline : Disneyland , which is not technically considered to be part of the series . It was hosted by Art Linkletter , who Walt Disney had worked out a deal with prior to the opening to allow Linkletter to lease a shop on Main Street in return for the broadcast . Art Linkletter was assisted by Bob Cummings , and Ronald Reagan , and the program featured various other guests , including various appearances of Walt himself as he dedicated the various land of Disneyland . Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) In 1959 , the series was retitled Walt Disney Presents and moved to a Friday night timeslot ; by 1960 , ABC had switched it to Sunday nights , where it would remain for 21 years . During this iteration , The Peter Tchaikovsky Story , an episode made to promote Walt 's latest animated feature , Sleeping Beauty , was one of the first stereo simulcasts on TV ; FM radio stations across the country carried the audio at the same time as ABC broadcast the TV show in mono for those without FM radios . In addition to episodes devoted to the latest additions at Disneyland , many episodes during this period were westerns such as Texas John Slaughter and Elfego Baca , while others talked about the United States ' burgeoning efforts to explore outer space and others , such as Moochie of the Little League , were set in the then - present day . Some episodes even mixed live - action and animation , showing Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , Goofy and Jiminy Cricket talking with Walt himself , while one 1959 episode turned the spotlight on Chip ' n ' Dale , combining their theatrical cartoons with mixed media wrap - around footage . Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of color ( 1961 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Although the basic format remained the same , the series moved to NBC on September 24 , 1961 to take advantage of that network 's ability to broadcast programming in color . In addition , Walt Disney 's relationship with ABC had soured as the network resisted selling its stake in the theme park before doing so in 1960 . In a display of foresight , Disney had filmed many of the earlier shows in color , allowing them to easily be repeated on NBC ; since all but three of Disney 's feature - length films were also made in color ( the three black - and - white exceptions were The Shaggy Dog , The Absent - Minded Professor and Son of Flubber , all family comedies starring Fred MacMurray ) , they could now also be telecast in that format . To emphasize the new feature , the series was retitled Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color when NBC began airing it , retaining that moniker until 1969 , by which point the Big three networks were all broadcasting in color . The first NBC episode even dealt with the principles of color , as explained by a new character named Ludwig Von Drake ( voiced by Paul Frees ) , a bumbling professor with a thick German accent , who was the uncle of Donald Duck . Von Drake was the first Disney character created specifically for television . Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color title sequence Walt Disney died on December 15 , 1966 , twelve years after the anthology series premiered . While the broadcast that aired three days after his death featured a memorial tribute from Huntley - Brinkley Report anchor Chet Huntley with film and television star Dick Van Dyke , the intros that Walt already filmed prior to his death continued to air for the remainder of the season . After that , the studio decided that Walt 's persona as host was such a key part of the show 's appeal to viewers that the host segment was dropped . The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1969 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) The series was retitled The Wonderful World of Disney in September 1969 , as the previous title was no longer needed due to the aforementioned developments in color broadcasting . It continued to gain solid ratings , often ranking in the Top 20 , until the mid-1970s . In 1976 , Disney showed its hit 1961 film The Parent Trap on television for the first time , as a 21⁄2 - hour special . This marked a major step in broadcasting for the studio , which had never shown one of its more popular films on television in a time slot longer than an hour ( although it had shown Now You See Him , Now You Do n't and Napoleon and Samantha respectively in a two - hour format in 1975 ) . Walt Disney Productions also began running some of its multi-episode television programs , such as 1962 's Sammy The Way - Out Seal , as televised feature films on the anthology series . A slightly edited version of the 1954 Disney classic 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea made its television debut as a two - hour special on NBC in October 1976 . Several other Disney films , some of them not especially successful ( such as Superdad , which was an outright flop in its initial theatrical release ) were also aired on the program in the form of two - hour broadcasts that year . However , the multi-episode format for feature films had not been discontinued ; as late as 1981 , films such as Pollyanna were still being shown on the Disney program in several installments running a week apart . During the early 1970s , the show began to increasingly concentrate less on animated cartoons and dramatic or comedy films , and began to place an emphasis on nature - oriented programs ( such as the True - Life Adventures ) . The show 's continued ratings success in the post-Walt era came to an end during the 1975 -- 76 season . At this time , Walt Disney Productions was facing a decline in fortunes due to falling box - office revenues , while NBC as a whole was also slipping in the ratings . The anthology series became even more dependent on airings of live - action theatrical features , its True - Life Adventures , reruns of older episodes , and cartoon compilations . Nothing from the Disney animated features canon aired , with the exceptions of Alice in Wonderland and Dumbo . Additionally , in 1975 , when CBS regained the broadcast rights to the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film The Wizard of Oz , it was scheduled opposite Disney , as it had been between 1960 and 1968 . At that time , telecasts of that film were highly rated annual events , which largely attracted the same family audience as the Disney series . From 1968 to 1975 , when NBC held the television rights to Oz ( which it had acquired from CBS in 1967 ) , it usually pre-empted Disney to show it . However , the show 's stiffest weekly competition came from CBS 's newsmagazine 60 Minutes . In 1975 , an amendment to the Prime Time Access Rule gave the Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time slot back to the networks , allowing NBC to move Disney back by a half - hour . It also allowed CBS to schedule 60 Minutes at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time starting on December 7 ; prior to this , 60 Minutes had aired at 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern and did not begin its seasons until after the National Football League season ended . Disney fell out of the Top 30 , while 60 Minutes saw its ratings rise significantly . Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) In September 1979 , the studio agreed to the network 's request for changes to the program . The show shortened its title to Disney 's Wonderful World , and updated the opening sequence with a computer - generated logo and disco - flavored theme song , but largely kept the same format . The problems for the show continued . As a result of the ratings strength of 60 Minutes ; compounded by low ratings , increasingly less original material , and frequent pre-emptions ( primarily due to sporting events such as NFL game telecasts ) , NBC cancelled Disney in 1981 . One factor that was beyond the control of either Disney or NBC was a 94 - day 1980 strike by the Screen Actors ' Guild that cut the number of shows for the 1980 -- 1981 season , but the damage was done nonetheless . Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Following NBC 's announcement that it would drop the anthology series , CBS picked up the program and began airing it on Saturdays at 8 : 00pm Eastern Time , In September 1981 . Despite a more elaborate credit sequence and another title change , to simply Walt Disney , the series ' format remained unchanged . During the 1981 -- 1982 season , the series had a full season 's worth of material again , but little of it was new . Among the little that actually was new were a handful of pilots based on Pollyanna , Escape to Witch Mountain and The Apple Dumpling Gang , but only the latter sold and became the half - hour sitcom Gun Shy the following season , one of the studio 's first entries in that genre . The 1982 -- 1983 season had enough material to fill the time slot , but almost all of it was pre-existing material , the lone exception being the celebrity - laden opening ceremony of EPCOT on October 23 . It also did not help matters that NBC slotted the family - friendly sitcoms Diff'rent Strokes and Silver Spoons at 8 : 00 PM and 8 : 30 PM up against it in order to draw children away from CBS . After moving to Tuesday at the beginning of 1983 , it went on hiatus on February 15 while the aforementioned Gun Shy took up the second half of its time slot . When it came back for summer reruns on May 3 it was still on Tuesday at 8 : 00 PM ; its final network broadcast was on September 24 , bringing an uninterrupted 29 - year run on all three networks to a close . The end of the show coincided with the launch of the studio 's cable television network , The Disney Channel . While ratings were a factor , the final decision to end the show came from Walt Disney Productions ' then - CEO E. Cardon Walker , who felt that having both the show and the new channel active would result in cannibalization of viewership . The new channel would provide a home for the show in reruns for the next two decades , but for the time being Disney 's presence on U.S. network TV would be limited to the occasional holiday special , theme park anniversary , or cartoon compilation . The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) After the studio -- which was rechristened as The Walt Disney Company in late 1986 -- underwent a change in management , Disney sought to bring back some sort of programming to broadcast television . Their efforts led to the premiere of The Disney Sunday Movie , which debuted on February 2 , 1986 on ABC . Many names were considered to serve as presenter for the revived show , including Julie Andrews , Dick Van Dyke , Cary Grant , Tom Hanks , Walter Cronkite , Roy E. Disney ( who closely resembled his uncle ) , and even Mickey Mouse . The studio finally decided to have Michael Eisner , the company 's recently hired CEO , host the series . Although he was not a performer , after filming a test video with his wife Jane and a member of his executive team ( which required multiple takes ) , studio management believed he could do the hosting job . Eisner hired Michael Kay , a director of political commercials for then - U.S. Senator Bill Bradley , to help him improve his on - camera performance . The Disney Sunday Movie initially aired as ABC 's lead - off program on Sundays , running from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time . By this point , the format was similar to a movie - of - the - week . Gary Barton , a Disney senior vice president , was in charge of the program . `` Help Wanted : Kids '' was the first episode 's film . Other first revival year films were , Young Again , The Richest Cat in the World and My Town . Some times the slot would feature special instead of dramatic material like `` Disney Goes to the Oscars , '' featuring the studio 's Academy Award winners , and `` The Greatest Moments in Disney Animation '' . A handful of Disney Channel original films made their network television debuts during these iteration as well , but no Touchstone films were part of the show as they were not considered appropriate for children . However , Splash , Too , a sequel to the 1984 film , aired on the series over two weeks in May 1988 . The show had increased Disney park attendance and ABC 's rating for the evening by an average 27 % for the reason of the season . Disney , wanting to make it regular view habit , gave ABC additional films from its library including Old Yeller , The Apple Dumpling Gang and `` Candleshoe '' for the normal rerun mid-year period . The Last Electric Knight series movie produced a spin - off , originally to be called Karate Kid for ABC 's 1986 - 1987 season . The program 's ratings were never strong as the established 60 Minutes and scripted mystery series Murder , She Wrote on CBS , both of which Disney was competing with for viewers , remained the leading prime time programs on Sunday nights . In 1987 , ABC reduced The Disney Sunday Movie from two hours to one . The move did not help drive ratings , and the network decided not to renew its contract with Disney , and pick up a fourth season of the second iteration of the anthology series . The Disney Sunday Movie was also being run on the Disney Channel , also hosted by Eisner . The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) In the spring of 1988 , NBC decided to renew its association with the company after it cut ties to the anthology series eight years earlier ; the network brought the series , now named The Magical World of Disney , to serve as the lead - in of its Sunday lineup in September 1988 . As the program had done during its last season as The Disney Sunday Movie , The Magical World of Disney ran for one hour , airing at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ; Michael Eisner also returned as its presenter . During this period , the show attempted to reintroduce the rotating format the show started out with in 1954 . It also introduced new versions of Walt - era movies and TV shows such as The Absent - Minded Professor , a reboot of Davy Crockett , and the musical Polly , which was based on the book Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter and the Walt Disney 's 1960 film adaptation of it . In the 1989 -- 1990 season , during which the company was negotiating with Jim Henson to buy The Muppets , they aired two Muppet specials ; one of them was The Muppets at Walt Disney World , which turned out to be Henson 's last Muppet special . He died May 16 , 1990 , 10 days after the special aired , and it would be more than a decade before the company finally acquired The Muppets . After two seasons experiencing the same lackluster ratings as it had accrued during the tail end of its initial NBC run and its subsequent runs on CBS and ABC , Disney elected to move The Magical World of Disney off of broadcast television and began airing the anthology on The Disney Channel -- in the same time slot it had been airing for the past decade -- starting in September 1990 , expanding back to a two - hour format . Since The Disney Channel operated as a premium channel at the time , films presented on the series were presented without commercial interruption . The Magical World of Disney originally aired on the cable channel as a weekly Sunday - only program for its first 51⁄2 years ; however in September 1996 , as part of the first phase of a programming revamp that culminated in its formal conversion into a commercial - free basic cable channel in April 1997 , The Disney Channel expanded the Magical World brand to encompass its Monday through Saturday prime - time film block , maintaining its 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern time slot . The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1991 -- present ) ( edit ) The Wonderful World of Disney returned in 1991 as an umbrella title for Disney specials airing on major networks ( CBS airings used the historical title The Wonderful World of Disney , while other networks broadcast the show with another title , A Disney Special ) . In 1997 , with Disney acquiring ABC the previous year , ABC gave the series a regular slot in the schedule . Disney CEO Eisner formed Disney Telefilms by 1995 to supply original films to the series and program together with ABC . It led the network 's Sunday night lineup at the 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern time slot , resulting in the displacement of Sunday mainstay America 's Funniest Home Videos , which had occupied the slot since 1992 . On September 28 , 1997 , the revived The Wonderful World of Disney premiered with the network television premiere of Toy Story . On October 5 , 1997 , Disney Telefilms ' first production , Toothless , debuted on the series . In addition to the planned 16 original Disney tele - movies , ABC and Disney add a couple direct to video movies and films from other sources . A cartoon equivalent , `` The Magical World of Toons '' was the daily prime time programming block coinciding with the launch of its channel , Toon Disney , on April 18 , 1998 . `` Magical World '' continued at least until 2002 . In 2002 , a Spanish language version of the program premiered on Telemundo ( which , incidentally , was acquired by the English version 's former home , NBC , that same year ) as El Maravilloso el Mundo de Disney , with more of a focus on Disney theatrical films than the English broadcasts at the time . In September 2003 , The Wonderful World of Disney moved to Saturdays at 8 : 00pm Eastern time , with the previous Sunday time slot being ceded to AFV ( which moved back to Sundays that season ) and drama series in the 8 : 00 p.m. hour . There were rare exceptions to the program 's format during this time ; for example , a Little House on the Prairie miniseries ran for several weeks in 2004 under the Wonderful World of Disney banner . For most of its second run on ABC , the program aired throughout the television season , with the exception of the 2005 -- 06 season ( when it aired during the midseason only ) , and in 2007 and 2008 ( when it was relegated to the summer months ) , with a broader array of films occupying the network 's Saturday prime time slot at other times , when sports programming did not air . At this point , the series began to shift focus toward Disney theatrical films , relying less on original television films ; however , the series aired two Disney Channel Original Movies ( 2003 's Cadet Kelly and 2008 's Camp Rock , currently the only Disney Channel television films to have aired on non-Disney Channel - branded network domestically ) during its ABC run . The second ABC revival also included some family - oriented films produced by studios other than Disney under the Wonderful World banner , such as 20th Century Fox 's The Sound of Music and Warner Bros . ' Harry Potter film series , as well as television films such as Princess of Thieves ( from Granada Productions ) and the 2001 remake of Brian 's Song ( from Columbia TriStar Television , now Sony Pictures Television ) . In 2012 , the network briefly revived the brand for a special presentation of Cars . On December 12 , 2015 , ABC 's The Wonderful World of Disney officially returned to its anthology format with a showing of Mary Poppins , hosted by Dick Van Dyke. Van Dyke took viewers on a tour through the Disney Archives , as they explore props and costumes from the production of Mary Poppins and discuss the film 's history and context within the Disney legacy . It was then shown on February 21 , 2016 , with the special Disneyland 60 , which honored Disneyland 's 60th anniversary ; on November 24 , 2016 , for their Magical Holiday Celebration , filmed at Walt Disney World ; and on December 11 , 2016 , for the network television premiere of Frozen . Reruns ( edit ) Around the same time that the 1980s incarnations aired on ABC and NBC , reruns of older episodes of the Disney anthology series , airing under the Wonderful World of Disney banner , were syndicated to broadcast television stations throughout the United States as well as in various international markets . In Australia , the program aired on Network Seven on Saturdays at 6 : 30pm , before it was dropped in 1994 due to Optus Vision ( later Foxtel ) 's launch of a domestic version of The Disney Channel , with Saturday Disney replacing it as the channel 's main block of Disney films . Reruns of the shows were a staple of The Disney Channel for several years under the title Walt Disney Presents ( which used the same title sequence as the 1980s CBS incarnation ) , when it was an outlet for vintage Disney cartoons , television series and films , basically serving the same function that the anthology series served in the days before cable . The original opening titles were restored to the episodes in 1997 . Reruns of the anthology series were discontinued when the channel purged all vintage material with the removal of its Vault Disney late - night block on September 16 , 2002 . However , a few select episodes are available on VHS or DVD ( some of which are exclusive to the Disney Movie Club ) , with the possibility of additional future releases . Recently , live - action Disney films from the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s have aired on Turner Classic Movies , without commercial interruption , and presented uncut and with letterboxing . All of the episodes and existing material used on the series up to 1996 are listed in the Bill Cotter book The Wonderful World of Disney Television , which was released in 1997 by Hyperion Books ( which was owned by The Walt Disney Company at the book 's publication ) . Films not yet televised ( edit ) As of 2010 , there are still two classic Disney films that have never been shown on television in the U.S. at all in their entirety . They are Fantasia and Song of the South . Though it has been re-released to U.S. theatres several times , and the Zip - A-Dee - Doo - Dah and Tar Baby segments have been shown on television , along with an episode about Joel Chandler Harris that mixed historical re-enactments with scenes from the film , Song of the South has never been released on VHS or an authorized DVD in the U.S. , due to the company 's unease over the portrayal of Uncle Remus , a key black character in the film . However , it was released to videotape and / or laserdisc in the UK , Europe and Asia . No reason has been given for the withholding of Fantasia for telecast . Nearly all of the segments of Fantasia have been shown on television separately on the Disney TV program , notably The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , as well as the uncensored Pastoral Symphony , but never the entire film with all its animated segments from start to finish . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs never aired in its entirety until it was telecast on February 14 , 2010 on ABC Family , nearly 56 years after the beginning of the first Disney anthology show . From 1983 to 2002 , the film was only shown in the form of various clips on the Disney Channel . Programming ( edit ) Originally hosted by Walt Disney himself , the original format of the Disney anthology series consisted of a balance of theatrical animated cartoons , live - action features , and other informational material ( some original , some pre-existing ) from the studio 's library . For many years , the show also featured edited one - hour versions of such then - recent Disney films as Alice in Wonderland , and in other cases , telecasts of complete Disney films that were split into two or more one - hour episodes . Later original programs consisted of dramatizations of other historical figures and legends along the lines of the Davy Crockett mini-series . These included a miniseries based on Daniel Boone ( not the Fess Parker characterization ) , Texas John Slaughter , Elfego Baca , Francis Marion ( the `` Swamp Fox '' ) and 1977 's Kit Carson and the Mountain Man ( with Christopher Connelly as Kit Carson , Robert Reed as John C. Fremont , and Gregg Palmer as mountain man Jim Bridger ) . Occasionally , a more educational - based segment would be featured ( such as The Story of the Animated Drawing ) , including nature and animal programs similar to the True - Life Adventures that were released in theaters , as well as various dramatic installments which were either structured as single - part , two - part , and sometimes , multi-part editions . Much of the original informational excerpts were to create awareness for Disneyland . In spite of essentially serving as advertisements for the park , entertainment value was emphasized as well to make the shows palatable . Some of the program 's informational content was formatted to promote upcoming feature film releases by the studio ( such as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Darby O'Gill and the Little People ) , with some programs focusing on the art and technology of animation itself . Theme music ( edit ) From 1954 to 1961 , the series used the song `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' as its theme . The recording was taken directly from the soundtrack of the movie Pinocchio . From 1961 to 1969 , an original song was used , `` The Wonderful World of Color '' written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman . This song helped to emphasize the use of color with its lyrics . From 1969 to 1979 , `` The Wonderful World of Disney '' , orchestral medleys of various Disney songs from movies and theme parks as theme songs . From 1979 to 1980 , `` Disney 's Wonderful World '' , a disco - styled theme was written to emphasize the new visual changes , even though the format remained the same . John Debney composed the melody and John Klawitter wrote the lyrics . From 1980 to 1981 , the series discarded the Debney / Klawitter theme and went back to an earlier orchestral medley theme while keeping the 1979 credits motif and title . From 1981 to 1983 , `` Walt Disney '' , a short disco arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' , arranged by Frank Gari , served as theme against some elaborate , then - state - of - the - art computer graphics . CBC Television in Canada also used this title sequence and theme music for their own versions of the show . The sequence was also used as the opening sequence on international Walt Disney Home Video releases until 1987 . From 1986 to 1988 , a synthesized , pop - rock arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' with some clapping was the theme . This was used again for the 1989 -- 90 season of The Magical World of Disney and the 1991 -- 96 run on The Disney Channel . In 1988 , an orchestral medley of `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' and `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' was used . This was switched back to the 1986 theme in 1989 . From 1991 to 1997 , an orchestral medley of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' and `` Part of Your World '' ( the latter from Disney 's at the time recent hit The Little Mermaid ) was used for network airings of the show ( known as The Wonderful World of Disney on CBS and A Disney Special on other networks ) as well as The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage , a collaboration with Stephen J. Cannell Productions . This theme was also used internationally . From 1997 to 2002 , an orchestral medley of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' and `` A Whole New World '' ( the latter was used in the movie Aladdin ) were used ; also used occasionally was the Louis Armstrong hit `` What a Wonderful World '' . This theme is still used internationally beyond 2002 . From 2002 to 2007 , a newer orchestral arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' with a wordless choir was used for ABC airings in the United States . From 2007 to 2008 , another orchestral arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' ( in actuality , the theme from the current Walt Disney Pictures logo , composed by Mark Mancina ) and a brand - new opening title sequence ( depicting a montage of the company 's work ) are used for ABC airings in the United States . From 2015 on , `` Heaven 's Triumph '' , composed by Robert Etoll via Q - Factory , was used along with a brand - new opening title sequence ( updated to include Star Wars and Marvel properties ) . International broadcasts ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) The Telefe era ( edit ) El mundo de Disney ( The World of Disney ) aired for the first time on the OTA network Telefe in 1990 , hosted by Leonardo Greco . He remained as the sole presenter of the show , lasting until 1995 , when the series concluded . The programme started airing at 8 : 00pm nightly from the second half of 1990 until December 1992 . By 1993 , it was moved to weekday afternoons at 5 : 00pm . When it was coming to an end , around 1994 , shifted to Sunday afternoons , and aired a long marathon of movies and cartoons . According to Greco , this programme was possible because of a distributor who acquired the material , and was allowed to be shown without following a strict format , because the company wanted to do so . Telefe wanted a comeback , and appointed chef and host Maru Botana ( then network talent ) to present Planeta Disney ( Disney Planet ) on Sunday evenings , at 8 : 00pm , beginning November 21 , 2004 . Starting on July 9 , 2005 , Botana was replaced with two personalities employed by Disney , Carolina Ibarra and Dani Martins . They both shared the duties of hosting this show and the South American edition of Zapping Zone , on Disney Channel . This lasted for one year and a half , with a relative success . The Canal 13 era ( edit ) While Telefe had a major success carrying the animated movies and some TV series like Blossom or Dinosaurs ( distributed by Buena Vista Television ) , Canal 13 saw the possibility of buying material from the company and airing it ( sometimes competing against the Telefe 's programme ) on Sunday afternoons , beginning in 1994 , which at that time was filled with telecasts of ancient Argentinian films from the 1950s , 1960s or 1970s , and by reruns of Tarzan and The Three Stooges . The only clear difference was that only movies starring human actors , like Chitty Chitty Bang Bang or The Island at the Top of the World , could be broadcast , and not the cartoons . This experiment lasted until early 1996 . By 2007 , the network took off from Telefe the exclusive rights to show all the Disney franchise movies and programs , and began to air its movies on Sunday evenings at 7 : 00pm , without a host . This also allowed Canal 13 to detain rights for other shows not related with Disney , but with the ABC network , like Lost or Grey 's Anatomy , and to produce a localised version of the high - grossed film High School Musical . Brazil ( edit ) The ABC run of the program under The Magical World of Disney title originally aired in that country under the title Cine Disney on the Brazilian version of Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão ( SBT ) . The ABC run of the program under The Wonderful World of Disney title originally aired in that country under the title O Maravilhoso Mundo de Disney on the Brazilian version of Disney Channel ; the program moved to SBT as Mundo Disney in 2015 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Walt Disney anthology television series episodes Ratings ( edit ) Nielsen seasonal ratings ( edit ) Network Season Timeslot TV Season Season Premiere Season Finale Season Rank Viewers ( m ) ABC Wednesday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1954 -- 1955 October 27 , 1954 July 13 , 1955 # 6 12.00 1955 -- 1956 September 14 , 1955 May 30 , 1956 # 4 13.05 1956 -- 1957 September 12 , 1956 June 5 , 1957 # 14 12.37 1957 -- 1958 September 11 , 1957 May 14 , 1958 5 Friday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1958 -- 1959 October 3 , 1958 May 29 , 1959 6 1959 -- 1960 October 2 , 1959 April 1 , 1960 7 Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1960 -- 1961 October 16 , 1960 June 11 , 1961 NBC 8 1961 -- 1962 September 24 , 1961 April 15 , 1962 # 23 11.02 9 1962 -- 1963 September 23 , 1962 March 24 , 1963 # 24 11.22 10 1963 -- 1964 September 29 , 1963 May 17 , 1964 # 21 11.87 11 1964 -- 1965 September 20 , 1964 April 4 , 1965 # 11 13.54 12 1965 -- 1966 September 19 , 1965 April 10 , 1966 # 17 12.49 13 1966 -- 1967 September 11 , 1966 April 2 , 1967 # 19 11.85 14 1967 -- 1968 September 10 , 1967 April 28 , 1968 # 25 11.73 15 1968 -- 1969 September 15 , 1968 March 23 , 1969 # 22 12.41 16 1969 -- 1970 September 14 , 1969 March 29 , 1970 # 9 13.81 17 1970 -- 1971 September 13 , 1970 March 14 , 1971 # 14 13.46 18 1971 -- 1972 September 19 , 1971 April 9 , 1972 # 19 13.66 19 1972 -- 1973 September 17 , 1972 April 1 , 1973 # 9 15.23 20 1973 -- 1974 September 16 , 1973 March 13 , 1974 # 13 14.76 21 1974 -- 1975 September 15 , 1974 March 23 , 1975 # 18 15.07 22 1975 -- 1976 September 14 , 1975 July 25 , 1976 23 1976 -- 1977 September 26 , 1976 May 22 , 1977 24 1977 -- 1978 September 18 , 1977 June 4 , 1978 25 1978 -- 1979 September 17 , 1978 May 13 , 1979 26 1979 -- 1980 September 16 , 1979 July 27 , 1980 27 1980 -- 1981 September 14 , 1980 August 16 , 1981 CBS 28 Saturday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1981 -- 1982 September 26 , 1981 July 31 , 1982 29 1982 -- 1983 September 25 , 1982 September 24 , 1983 ABC 30 1985 -- 1986 February 2 , 1986 June 22 , 1986 31 1986 -- 1987 September 21 , 1986 August 30 , 1987 32 1987 -- 1988 October 4 , 1987 May 22 , 1988 NBC 33 1988 -- 1989 October 9 , 1988 July 23 , 1989 34 1989 -- 1990 October 1 , 1989 August 26 , 1990 CBS 35 Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1990 -- 1991 September 23 , 1990 September 15 , 1991 36 1991 -- 1992 September 22 , 1991 September 13 , 1992 37 1992 -- 1993 September 20 , 1992 September 12 , 1993 38 1993 -- 1994 September 19 , 1993 September 11 , 1994 39 1994 -- 1995 September 18 , 1994 September 10 , 1995 40 1995 -- 1996 September 17 , 1995 August 25 , 1996 41 1996 -- 1997 September 2 , 1996 December 1 , 1996 ABC 42 1997 -- 1998 September 28 , 1997 May 18 , 1998 # 30 13.50 43 1998 -- 1999 September 27 , 1998 May 30 , 1999 # 45 11.90 44 1999 -- 2000 September 26 , 1999 May 14 , 2000 # 29 12.82 45 2000 -- 2001 October 8 , 2000 May 31 , 2001 # 39 12.10 46 2001 -- 2002 September 16 , 2001 May 19 , 2002 # 38 11.20 47 2002 -- 2003 November 3 , 2002 July 27 , 2003 # 53 10.10 48 Saturday 8 : 00 p.m. ET 2003 -- 2004 September 27 , 2003 May 10 , 2004 # 99 7.39 49 2004 -- 2005 October 16 , 2004 June 17 , 2005 # 96 6.93 50 2005 -- 2006 November 3 , 2005 July 8 , 2006 # 137 5.30 51 2006 -- 2007 December 16 , 2006 August 4 , 2007 # 208 4.28 52 2007 -- 2008 December 23 , 2007 December 24 , 2008 # 172 4.01 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) Won ( edit ) Best Individual Program of the Year ( Operation Undersea , 1955 ) Best Television Film Editing ( Lynn Harrison , Grant K. Smith , Operation Undersea , 1955 ) Best Action or Adventure Series ( 1956 ) Best Producer -- Film Series ( Walt Disney , 1956 ) Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Children 's Programming ( 1963 ) Outstanding Program Achievements in Entertainment ( Walt Disney , 1965 ) Special Classification of Outstanding Program and Individual Achievement -- Programs ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1971 ) Outstanding Main Title Design ( 1998 ) Nominated ( edit ) Best Television Film Editing ( Chester W. Schaeffer , `` Davy Crockett : Indian Fighter '' , 1955 ) Best Single Program of the Year ( `` Davy Crockett and River Pirates '' , 1956 ) Best Musical Contribution for Television ( Oliver Wallace , 1957 ) Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Children 's Programming ( 1962 ) Outstanding Program Achievements in the Fields of Variety and Music -- Variety ( 1962 ) Outstanding Children 's Program ( Walt Disney , Ron Miller ( Further Adventures of Gallagher , 1966 ) Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Programs ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1969 ) Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Programs ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1970 ) Special Classification of Outstanding Program and Individual Achievement -- General Programming ( Ron Miller , producer , 1972 ) Special Classification of Outstanding Program Achievement ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1977 ) Outstanding Children 's Program ( The Art of Disney Animation , 1981 ) Home video ( edit ) Several home video releases have included episodes of the anthology series . On Vacation with Mickey Mouse and Friends Kids Is Kids The Adventures of Chip ' N ' Dale Disney 's Halloween Treat A Disney Christmas Gift Winnie the Pooh and Friends Bambi Platinum Edition Tricks of Our Trade ( excerpt ) Alice in Wonderland Masterpiece Edition One Hour in Wonderland ( complete episode ) Operation Wonderland Featurette The Fred Waring Show ( first half ) 1954 Introduction 1964 Introduction Alice in Wonderland Special Un-Anniversary Edition One Hour in Wonderland ( complete episode ) Operation Wonderland Featurette The Fred Waring Show ( first half ) 1954 Introduction 1964 Introduction Alice in Wonderland 60th Anniversary Edition One Hour in Wonderland ( complete episode ) Operation Wonderland Featurette The Fred Waring Show ( first half ) 1954 Introduction 1959 Introduction 1964 Introduction Peter Pan Special Edition The Peter Pan Story Featurette Peter Pan Platinum Edition The Peter Pan Story Featurette Dumbo 60th Anniversary Edition Walt Disney Introduction Dumbo Big Top Edition Walt Disney Introduction Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Platinum Edition Tricks of Our Trade ( two excerpts ) The Silly Symphony Story ( excerpt ) Pete 's Dragon Gold Collection / High Flying Edition The Plausible Impossible ( excerpt ) The Aristocats Special Edition The Great Cat Family Disneyland , USA The Disneyland Story Disneyland After Dark Disneyland 10th Anniversary Behind the Scenes at the Walt Disney Studios The Story of the Animated Drawing The Plausible Impossible Tricks of Our Trade Tomorrow Land Man in Space Man and the Moon Mars and Beyond Our Friend the Atom The Complete Pluto , Volume 1 A Story of Dogs ( featuring excerpt from `` Pluto 's Picture Book '' ) The Chronological Donald , Volume Two A Day in the Life of Donald Duck Your Host , Walt Disney I Captured the King of the Leprechauns Backstage Party Where Do the Stories Come From The Fourth Anniversary Show Disneyland 10th Anniversary True Life Adventures ( 4 volumes ) Disneyland : Secrets , Stories and Magic The Golden Horseshoe Revue Disneyland Goes To the World 's Fair Disneyland Around the Seasons So Dear to My Heart So Dear to My Heart ( introduction ) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Monsters of the Deep ( excerpt ) Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition A Story of Dogs ( `` making - of '' segment and excerpt ) A Cavalcade of Songs ( 3 - minute - long excerpt ) Old Yeller Best Doggone Dog in the West Darby O'Gill and the Little People I Captured The King of the Leprechauns Johnny Tremain * The Liberty Story ( first half ) * Johnny Tremain , Part One ( excerpt ) * Johnny Tremain , Part Two ( excerpt ) Sleeping Beauty Special Edition An Adventure in Art ( segment : `` Four Artists Paint One Tree '' ) The Peter Tchaikovsky Story ( Life of Tchaikovsky segment only ) Sleeping Beauty Platinum Edition An Adventure in Art ( segment : `` Four Artists Paint One Tree '' ) The Peter Tchaikovsky Story ( complete episode -- two versions ) Pollyanna Pollyanna , Part One ( introduction ) Pollyanna , Part Two ( introduction ) Pollyanna , Part Three ( introduction ) Swiss Family Robinson Escape to Paradise / Water Birds ( first half ) The Parent Trap The Title Makers ( first half ) The Sword in the Stone Gold Collection All About Magic ( complete episode ) The Sword in the Stone 45th Anniversary Edition All About Magic ( excerpt ) A Goofy Movie Gold Collection Goof Troop : Calling All Goofs ( complete episode ) The Goofy Success Story ( complete episode ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow ( first half ) In the 1980s , Walt Disney Home Video released 15 volumes of the anthology series on VHS , while many episodes have been released on DVD from either the Disney Movie Club or the Disney Generations movies - on - demand ( MOD ) program on Amazon.com . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Television in the United States portal Zorro ( 1957 TV series ) Disneyland Park ( Anaheim ) The Mickey Mouse Club Disney Channel List of Disney television films Hallmark Hall of Fame World Masterpiece Theater References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.rotoscopers.com/2015/12/02/dick-van-dyke-hosts-wonderful-world-of-disney-return-to-abc/ ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Scott ( September 28 , 1997 ) . `` ABC revives weekly Disney series '' . Deseret News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Sean . `` Walt Disney Programs '' . Encyclopedia of Television . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney -- Pop Culture Legends , by Jim Fanning , 1994 . Page 100 . Retrieved from Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of Disneyland Theme Park '' . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company . Ken Polsson . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney Presents ( a Titles & Air Dates Guide ) '' . Epguides.com . August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiecEZdR0aI ^ Jump up to : Bill Cotter ( 1997 ) . The Wonderful World of Disney Television . New York : Hyperion Books . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6359 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Peter Tchaikovsky Story ( Television ) '' . d23.com . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Disneyland Theme Park ( 1960 -- 1965 ) '' . Islandnet.com . February 1 , 1956 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Color Television '' . 161.58. 9.168 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Brooks ; Earle Marsh ( 1985 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- present ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Ballantine . p. 1092 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31864 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix B -- The Anthology Series '' . BillCotter.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cotter , Bill . `` Appendix B : The Anthology Series Schedules '' ( PDF ) . billcotter.com . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( 8 May 1981 ) . `` Scott 's World : Networks Load Guns '' . upi.com . UPI Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Ed ( 24 July 1980 ) . `` Actors strike could delay fall TV season '' . csmonitor.com . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James B. Stewart ( 2005 ) . `` 1 '' . Disneywar ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 76 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80993 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gendel , Morgan ( January 9 , 1986 ) . `` Disney Betting On New Series '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Masters ( 2000 ) . `` 13 '' . The Keys to the Kingdom : The Rise of Michael Eisner and the Fall of Everybody Else ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 662109 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stoddard charts ABC 's long road ahead '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting Magazine : 38 -- 39 . June 30 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ron ( 22 March 1988 ) . `` Nbc Moves Ahead With ` Back To Basics ` Lineup '' . articles.chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Allison ( March 14 , 2004 ) . `` Game Boy '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media , LLC . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 9 , 1998 ) . `` Disney Telefilms ups exex '' . Variety . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Sets ABC Pix '' . Variety . May 1 , 1997 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toon Disney Launch . '' . Animation World Magazine . May 1998 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ ABC Cable Network Group ( July 10 , 2001 ) . `` Disney 's Pepper Ann Takes Her Quest for Coolness to Toon Disney Beginning September 2001 ; All - Toon Channel Debuts New Schedule Sept. 3 . '' . Business Wire . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://mickeystravel.com/site/resorts/2012/06/08/the-man-behind-the-voice-of-brent-mustangburger-tours-cars-land-at-disney-california-adventure-park/ Jump up ^ Dick Van Dyke to host `` Mary Poppins '' on `` The Wonderful World of Disney '' Inside the Magic , Retrieved December 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ ABC special celebrates Disneyland turning 60 WBAY , Retrieved January 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful World of Disney : Magical Holiday Celebration ABC Press '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Frozen Film Makes Network Premiere December 11 Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Al Delugach ( October 28 , 1985 ) . `` Disney to Put 20 Films Into TV Syndication '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ Diane Haithman ( July 1 , 1987 ) . `` KTTV Offers A Daily Dose Of Disney '' . Los Angeles Times . Times Mirror Company . Jump up ^ Jim Hill ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` Vhat Vood Vault Do ? '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Greco : `` Amo este país , aunque hay que arreglarle algunas cosas '' `` . Jump up ^ Noventosos ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Entrevista con Leonardo Greco , la cara de Disney en la Argentina de los 90 '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Planeta Disney '' en la órbita de Telefé `` . Jump up ^ `` Vuelven Pluto y compañía '' . Jump up ^ `` Una órbita siempre ampliada -- Espectáculos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- Programación de TV -- domingo 3 de diciembre de 1995 '' . Jump up ^ `` Página / 12 : : espectaculos '' . Jump up ^ `` The Final Countdown '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . May 29 , 1998 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final ratings for the 1998 -- 1999 TV season '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Justin Oppelaar ( October 9 , 2002 ) . `` Charts all shook up '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 6 , 2003 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Disneyland ( 1956 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Disneyland on IMDb Disneyland at TV.com The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1997 ) at TV.com Disney interview in TV Guide ( 1961 ) ( regarding the move from ABC to NBC ) Information about the book The Wonderful World of Disney Television by Bill Cotter Episode list ( 1954 -- 1996 ) The Wonderful World of Disney - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television ( hide ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series 1951 -- 1975 The Alan Young Show ( 1951 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1952 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1953 ) Omnibus ( 1954 ) Disneyland ( 1955 ) The Ed Sullivan Show / Your Hit Parade ( 1956 ) Caesar 's Hour ( 1957 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1958 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1959 ) The Fabulous Fifties ( 1960 ) Astaire Time ( 1961 ) The Garry Moore Show ( 1962 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1963 ) The Danny Kaye Show ( 1964 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1966 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1967 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1968 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1969 ) The David Frost Show ( 1970 ) The Flip Wilson Show / The David Frost Show ( 1971 ) The Carol Burnett Show / The Dick Cavett Show ( 1972 ) The Julie Andrews Hour ( 1973 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Saturday Night Live ( 1976 ) Van Dyke and Company ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show ( 1978 ) Steve & Eydie Celebrate Irving Berlin ( 1979 ) Baryshnikov on Broadway ( 1980 ) Lily : Sold Out ( 1981 ) Night of 100 Stars ( 1982 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1984 ) Motown Returns to the Apollo ( 1985 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1986 ) 41st Tony Awards ( 1987 ) Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration ( 1988 ) The Tracey Ullman Show ( 1989 ) In Living Color ( 1990 ) 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1992 ) Saturday Night Live ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 1995 ) Dennis Miller Live ( 1996 ) Tracey Takes On ... ( 1997 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1998 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1999 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2014 Late Show with David Letterman ( 2001 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2007 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2008 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2009 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2010 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2011 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2012 ) The Colbert Report ( 2013 ) The Colbert Report ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series&oldid=803459177 '' Categories : Television series by Disney American Broadcasting Company network shows NBC network shows CBS network shows First - run syndicated television programs in the United States 1950s American animated television series 1960s American animated television series 1970s American animated television series 1980s American animated television series 1990s American animated television series 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2012 American television series debuts Television series revived after cancellation American anthology television series Motion picture television series Television series with live action and animation Disney Channel shows Peabody Award - winning television programs 1954 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings Walt Disney anthology television series Disney - related lists Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the wonderful world of disney air	[ "The original version of the series premiered on ABC on Wednesday, October 27, 1954. The show was broadcast weekly on one of the Big Three television networks until 1990, a 36-year span with only a two-year hiatus from 1984 until 1985. The series was broadcast on Sunday for 25 of those years. From 1991 until 1997, the series aired infrequently." ]	[ "October 27, 1954" ]
-5064476129197734746	You've Got Time	You 've Got Time - wikipedia You 've Got Time `` You 've Got Time '' Single by Regina Spektor from the album Music from Orange Is the New Black Released July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) Length 3 : 08 ( full version ) 1 : 11 ( credits ) Label Sire Records Songwriter ( s ) Regina Spektor Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Regina Spektor singles chronology `` How '' ( 2012 ) `` You 've Got Time '' ( 2013 ) `` Bleeding Heart '' ( 2016 ) `` How '' ( 2012 ) `` You 've Got Time '' ( 2013 ) `` Bleeding Heart '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` You 've Got Time '' on YouTube `` You 've Got Time '' is the main title theme song for the Netflix Original Series Orange Is the New Black , written , composed and performed by Regina Spektor . The song was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents 1 Composition 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Composition ( edit ) The song was written specifically for Orange Is the New Black by Regina Spektor , who was approached by the show 's creator , Jenji Kohan . Kohan said , `` I listened to Regina 's albums obsessively while writing the series , so I immediately thought of her for our theme song . '' Additionally Spektor had previously performed a cover of `` Little Boxes , '' the theme song used on Kohan 's series Weeds . Kohan gave Spektor access to rough edits of the episodes while the first season was in production . Spektor said she composed the song while `` thinking about the idea of what it must be like to be in prison and the different states of mind . '' After recording the song with producer Rob Cavallo , she brought the demo to Kohan , initially apprehensive that Kohan would not like it . `` We took out the rough mix and listened to it with headphones and sort of held our breath , like , ' Is she going to like it ? ' And then she said , ' This is fucking awesome , I love it ! It 's going to fit really well ! ' '' Reception ( edit ) The song has been well received . Casey Cipriani of Indiewire wrote that the song 's lyrics suggesting animals trapped in a cage was ideal for Orange Is the New Black . Garin Pirnia of Rolling Stone noted that after the song begins with Spektor 's `` aggressive '' guitar playing , `` ' You 've Got Time ' softens during the bridge , though , generating an aura of hope . When Spektor sings the title refrain , it works literally for the prison motif but also alludes to the show 's themes of redemption and forgiveness . '' `` You 've Got Time '' was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . It was Spektor 's first Grammy nomination . The song was covered by The Wind and The Wave for its 2015 album , Covers One . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Single ! `` You 've Got Time '' `` . ReginaSpektor.com . July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor 's original theme song for the Netflix dramedy Orange Is the New Black -- hear it here and see the credits sequence '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pirnia , Garin ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Regina Spektor : My ' Orange Is the New Black ' Theme ' Really Fits '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Amy Rose ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` How Regina Spektor Wrote The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Theme Song `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , Casey ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` How the Closing Credit Songs in ' Orange is the New Black ' Suit Each Episode '' . Indiewire . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Scored Grammy Nomination For Theme Song ' You 've Got Time ' By Regina Spektor '' . Huffington Post . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wind And The Wave Set To Release Covers One Ep On February 17th - RCA Records '' . RCA Records . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` You 've Got Time '' on YouTube ( full length ) Regina Spektor Studio albums 11 : 11 ( 2001 ) Songs ( 2002 ) Soviet Kitsch ( 2004 ) Begin to Hope ( 2006 ) Far ( 2009 ) What We Saw from the Cheap Seats ( 2012 ) Remember Us to Life ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Bull Moose Live in California 2006 EP iTunes Live from SoHo Live in London Live on Soundstage Compilation albums Mary Ann Meets the Gravediggers and Other Short Stories Songs `` Carbon Monoxide '' `` Your Honor / The Flowers '' `` Us '' `` On the Radio '' `` Fidelity '' `` Samson '' `` Better '' `` Summer in the City '' `` Edit '' `` Laughing With '' `` Eet '' `` No Surprises '' `` All the Rowboats '' `` Do n't Leave Me ( Ne Me Quitte Pas ) '' `` How '' `` You 've Got Time '' Related articles List of songs recorded by Regina Spektor Discography Jack Dishel / Only Son Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Seasons 6 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_Time&oldid=852765508 '' Categories : Regina Spektor songs Television theme songs 2013 songs Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo Sire Records singles Songs written by Regina Spektor Songs about prison Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 06 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings theme song from orange is the new black	[ "\"You've Got Time\" is the main title theme song for the Netflix Original Series Orange Is the New Black, written, composed and performed by Regina Spektor. The song was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.\n" ]	[ "Regina Spektor" ]
526145868709565706	Indian Institute of Public Administration	Indian Institute of public Administration - Wikipedia Indian Institute of public Administration Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Indian Institute of Public Administration Established 1954 Chairman T.N. Chaturvedi President Mohammad Hamid Ansari , Vice President of India Location Indraprastha Estate , Mahatma Gandhi Marg , New Delhi Website www.iipa.org.in The Indian Institute of Public Administration ( IIPA ) was established in 1954 and is research and training organization under the Ministry of Personnel of the Government of India . It was set up as a direct result of the support and vision of its first President , India 's Prime Minister , Pandit Nehru , who placed a great responsibility on the IIPA to enhance the frontiers of knowledge in public policy and governance through applied research and education as well as training of administrators to serve the people of India . Enhancing leadership and managerial qualities on the one hand and developing a service - orientation on the other are the thrust areas of the Institute 's education and training activities . Its faculty is involved with research work mainly to suggest policy changes to ensure improved delivery of public services . The Institute has been set up to equip the public servants with knowledge , skills , and behaviour required for managing the task of governance . In its effort to enhance the leadership , managerial , and administrative capabilities of the executives in government and public sector enterprises , the Institute works in close collaboration with national and international organisations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Guiding Principles 1.2 Activities 2 Faculty and Academic Centres 3 Research 4 Training and Educational Programmes 5 Policy Advice 6 Conferences / Workshops / Seminars 7 Dissemination of Information 8 Campus And Infrastructure 9 IIPA Library History ( edit ) Guiding principles ( edit ) To promote and provide for the study of Public Administration and economic and political science with special reference to public administration and the machinery of government and educational purposes incidental thereto . To undertake , organise and facilitate study courses , conferences and lectures and research in matters relating to public administration and the machinery of government . To undertake and provide for the publication of journals and of research papers and books to impart training in and promote the study of public administration . To establish and maintain libraries and information services to facilitate the study of public administration and spreading information in regard thereto . To constitute or cause to be constituted Regional Branches at convenient centers in India to promote the objects of the society . To cooperate with approved institutions and bodies for the purposes of helping the cause of public administration Activities ( edit ) The major activities of the Institute are : Training , Research , Advisory services , and Information dissemination and exchange . Through six decades of experience in research , training and rendering policy advice , conferences and seminars , case studies and publications , the IIPA has made significant contribution to public administration at the Union , State and Local levels . Faculty and academic centres ( edit ) The Institute has a distinguished faculty in the areas of public administration , political science , economics , finance , law and justice , management , behavioural science , rural studies , urban studies , sociology , policy science , environment , e-governance and information and communication technology . The academic interaction between the faculty members of the Institute is facilitated through the academic centres of the Institute . The Institute has the following twelve Centres : Centre for Economic Analysis and Financial Management Centre for Human Resource Development and Behavioural Studies Centre for Management Studies and Public Enterprises Centre for Public Policy , Planning and Development Studies Centre for Rural Development Administration and Panchayati Raj Centre for Social Welfare Administration and Administration of Justice Centre for Urban Studies Centre for Consumer Studies Centre for Learning in ICT and E-Governance Centre for Climate Change , Environment and Drought Administration Centre for Values and Ethics in Public Affairs Governance Data Base and Resource Centre Research ( edit ) The Institute undertakes research in a large number of diverse areas that include economic and social policies , legal framework for administration at various levels , procedural and organisational change in government , citizen - centric administration , effective development of urban and rural areas , disaster management , consumer protection and welfare , poverty alleviation and gender studies . It specialises in policy evaluations , service delivery and impact analysis studies . At any point of time around 30 research studies are on - going . Training and educational programmes ( edit ) The Institute conducts around 120 short and long - term learning programmes aimed at capacity enhancement of civil servants , officers from the defence forces , technocrats and executives of public sector undertakings ( PSUs ) . These programmes are either fee - based or sponsored by the Government . It designs customised programmes for other organisations . Its flagship training initiatives include a ten - month Advanced Professional Programme in Public Administration ( APPPA ) that is sponsored by Department of Personnel and Training ( DoPT ) . This multi-faceted programme for senior officers of the Central Government was started in 1975 and is now in its fortieth year . Another important area is managerial skill - development for senior scientists supported by the Department of Science and Technology . Customised programmes for private sector industry especially in areas of interface with Government at all levels and activating knowledge centres in Ministries and State Governments are new initiatives . The Institute also organises a number of international training programmes for participants from developing and developed countries . Most training programmes are meant for in - service personnel only , viz. , Officers from Central Ministries / Departments including Armed Forces ; State Governments ; Public Sector / State Enterprises and Departments of Local Self Governments and faculty of universities and institutes . Policy advice ( edit ) IIPA undertakes a large number of assignments for Government , Public Sector Undertakings and multilateral , bilateral and other international agencies on a wide range of policy related areas . The Institute 's faculty serves on a large number of Committees constituted by Union , State and Local Governments , Planning Commission , Cabinet Secretariat , as well as expert groups constituted by international agencies and thereby contribute to the task of nation building . Conferences / workshops / seminars ( edit ) The Institute organises conferences / seminars / workshops on contemporary themes and public policy issues with a view to bringing together practising administrators and academia to evolve policy inputs for good governance . IIPA also conducts skill - development interaction for Civil Society and the public on topical Governance related issues . Dissemination of information ( edit ) The Institute has enriched the literature on Public Administration through a large number of books and monographs besides research studies , proceedings of seminars / conferences and lectures , etc . The Institute publishes five periodicals regularly : Indian Journal of Public Administration ( IJPA , Quarterly , published since 1955 ) . LokPrashasan ( Hindi , six - monthly , published since 2009 ) Nagarlok ( Quarterly , published since 1969 ) Documentation in Public Administration ( DPA , Quarterly , published since 1973 ) . IIPA Newsletter ( Monthly , published since 1955 ) So far IIPA has published more than 400 books , monographs , reports , working papers , and compendiums in spheres of governance and public administration . Campus and infrastructure ( edit ) The Institute is located in the heart of Delhi in a sprawling seven acres of greenery . It has a conference hall and several lecture halls , all equipped with updated teaching aids and communication facilities , a computer centre with the latest hardware and relevant software , a library rich in collection and subscription and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 500 . The Institute campus has ample facilities for organising conferences , seminars , and training sessions . The facilities include state of the art audio - video system , data projection systems , a modern computer center , Internet facilities , a well - equipped library , an auditorium , and a well - furnished hundred - room hostel with mess facilities in the campus . The Institute also has a branch of a nationalised bank ( UCO ) on the campus . A part - time medical officer appointed by the Institute is available in the campus on alternate working days to provide first aid facilities . IIPA library ( edit ) The IIPA Library is one of the major social science resource centres in India and its Public Documents section is amongst the best in the country . It is automated with a collection of over 2.5 lakh books and periodicals . It facilitates access to several thousand journals and other resources through a number of electronic databases and has digitised important documents for posterity . It is a depository library for the publications of the World Bank and has been accorded co-operating library status for the publications of International Monetary Fund . The library thus facilitates on - line access to the knowledge portals of the World Bank and its associate institutions . At the National level , IIPA library maintains linkages with various national library networks . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Public_Administration&oldid=774929773 '' Categories : 1954 establishments in India Educational institutions established in 1954 Government agencies established in 1954 Government agencies of India Organisations based in Delhi Research institutes established in 1954 Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( India ) Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2017 All articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2017 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia	indian institute of public administration is situated at	[ "\nThe Indian Institute of Public Administration\n\nEstablished\n1954\n\n\nChairman\nT. N. Chaturvedi\n\n\nPresident\nMohammad Hamid Ansari,Vice President of India\n\n\nLocation\nIndraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.iipa.org.in\n\n" ]	[ "Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi" ]
-1934067982338553662	Mission San Gabriel Arcángel	Mission San Gabriel Arcángel - wikipedia Mission San Gabriel Arcángel Jump to : navigation , search Mission San Gabriel Arcángel A view of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in April 2005 . The open stairway at the far right leads to the choir loft , and to the left is the six - bell campanario ( `` bell wall '' ) that was built after the original bell structure , located at the far end of the church , toppled during the 1812 Wrightwood earthquake . Location in Los Angeles County Location 428 South Mission Dr . San Gabriel , California 91776 - 1299 Coordinates 34 ° 5 ′ 50.59 '' N 118 ° 6 ′ 22.68 '' W / 34.0973861 ° N 118.1063000 ° W / 34.0973861 ; - 118.1063000 Coordinates : 34 ° 5 ′ 50.59 '' N 118 ° 6 ′ 22.68 '' W / 34.0973861 ° N 118.1063000 ° W / 34.0973861 ; - 118.1063000 Name as founded La Misión del Santo Príncipe El Arcángel , San Gabriel de Los Temblores English translation The Mission of the Saintly Prince The Archangel , St. Gabriel of the Tremblors Patron Gabriel , Holy Prince of Archangels Nickname ( s ) `` Pride of the Alta California Missions '' `` Mother of Agriculture in California '' Founding date September 8 , 1771 Founding priest ( s ) Pedro Benito Cambón and Angel de la Somera ( 1st ) ; Father Presidente Junípero Serra ( 2nd ) Founding Order Fourth Military district First Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Tongva Gabrieliño Native place name ( s ) ' Iisanchanga , Shevaanga Baptisms 7,825 Marriages 1 , 18 Burials 5,670 Secularized 1834 Returned to the Church 1859 Governing body Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles Current use Chapel / Museum U.S. National Register of Historic Places Designated 1971 Reference no . # 71000158 California Historical Landmark Reference no . # 158 Website http://www.sangabrielmission.org Mission San Gabriel Arcángel is a fully functioning Roman Catholic mission and a historic landmark in San Gabriel , California . The settlement was founded by Spaniards of the Franciscan order on `` The Feast of the Birth of Mary , '' September 8 , 1771 , as the fourth of what would become 21 Spanish missions in California . San Gabriel Arcángel , named after the Archangel Gabriel and often referred to as the `` Godmother of the Pueblo of Los Angeles '' , was designed by Antonio Cruzado , who hailed from Córdoba , Spain . Cruzado gave the building its strong Moorish architectural influence . The capped buttresses and the tall , narrow windows are unique among the missions of the California chain . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mission industries 3 Mission bells 4 Visitors 5 Matrimonial Investigation Records of the San Gabriel Mission 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Mission San Gabriel was founded on September 8 , 1771 by Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera and Fray Pedro Benito Cambon . The planned site for the Mission was along the banks of the Río de los Temblores ( the River of the Earthquakes -- the Santa Ana River ) . The priests chose an alternate site on a fertile plain located directly alongside the Rio Hondo in the Whittier Narrows . The site of the Misión Vieja ( or `` Old Mission '' ) is located near the intersection of San Gabriel Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue . In 1776 , a flash flood destroyed much of the crops and ruined the Mission complex , which was subsequently relocated five miles closer to the mountains in present - day San Gabriel ( the native settlement of ' Iisanchanga ) . The Mission is the base from which the pueblo that became the city of Los Angeles was sent . On December 9 , 1812 ( the `` Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin '' ) , a series of massive earthquakes shook Southern California . The 1812 Wrightwood earthquake caused the three - bell campanario , located adjacent to the chapel 's east façade , to collapse . A larger , six - bell structure was subsequently constructed at the far end of the capilla . While no pictorial record exists to document what the original structure looked like , architectural historian Rexford Newcomb deduced the design and published a depiction in his 1916 work The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta ( upper ) California . Legend has it that the founding expedition was confronted by a large group of native Tongva peoples whose intention was to drive the strangers away . One of the priests laid a painting of `` Our Lady of Sorrows '' on the ground for all to see , whereupon the natives , designated by the settlers as the Gabrieliños , immediately made peace with the missionaries , because they were so moved by the painting 's beauty . Today the 300 year old work hangs in front of and slightly to the left of the old high altar and reredos in the Mission 's sanctuary . A large stone cross stands in the center of the campo santo ( cemetery ) , first consecrated in 1778 and then again on January 29 , 1939 by the Los Angeles Archbishop John Cantwell . It serves as the final resting place for some 6,000 `` neophytes ; '' a small stone marker denotes the gravesite of José de Los Santos , the last American Indian to be buried on the grounds , at the age of 101 in February 1921 . Also interred at the Mission are the bodies of numerous Franciscan priests who died during their time of service , as well as the remains of Reverend Raymond Catalan , C.M.F. , who undertook the restoration of the Mission 's gardens . Entombed at the foot of the altar are the remains of eight Franciscan priests ( listed in order of interment ) : Miguel Sánchez , Antonio Cruzado , Francisco Dumetz , Roman Ulibarri , Joaquin P. Nuez , Gerónimo Boscana , José Bernardo Sánchez , and Blas Ordaz . Buried among the priests is centenarian Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné , the `` keeper of the keys '' under Spanish rule ; her grave is marked by a bench dedicated in her memory . Mission San Gabriel Arcángel c. 1900 . The trail in the foreground is part of the original El Camino Real . Well over 25,000 baptisms were conducted at San Gabriel between 1771 and 1834 , making it the most prolific in the mission chain . In its heyday it furnished food and supplies to settlements and other missions throughout California . A majority of the Mission structures fell into ruins after it was secularized in November 1834 . The once - extensive vineyards were falling to decay , with fences broken down and animals roaming freely through it . The Mission 's chapel functioned as a parish church for the City of San Gabriel from 1862 until 1908 , when the Claretian Missionaries came to San Gabriel and began the job of rebuilding and restoring the Mission . In 1874 , tracks were laid for Southern Pacific Railroad near the mission . In 2012 , artifacts from the mission era were found when the tracks were lowered into a trench known as the Alameda Corridor - East . On October 1 , 1987 the Whittier Narrows earthquake damaged the property . A significant portion of the original complex has since been restored . Mission industries ( edit ) The goal of the missions was to become self - sufficient in relatively short order . Farming was the most important industry of any mission . Prior to the missions , the native - Americans had developed a complex , self - sufficient culture . The missionaries believed the native Tongva people were inferior and in need of conversion to Christianity . The mission priests established what they thought of as a manual training school : to teach the Indians their style of agriculture , the mechanical arts , and the raising and care of livestock . The missions , utilizing the labor of the neophytes , produced everything they used and consumed . After 1811 , the mission Indians could be said to sustain the entire military and civil government of California . `` The names of the rancherias associated with San Gabriel Mission were : Acuragna , Alyeupkigna , Awigna , Azucsagna , Cahuenga , Chokishgna , Chowigna , Cucomogna , Hahaulogna , Harasgna , Houtgna , Hutucgna , Isanthcogna , Maugna , Nacaugna , Pascegna , Pasinogna , Pimocagna , Pubugna , Sibagna , Sisitcanogna , Sonagna , Suangna , Tibahagna , Toviscanga , Toybipet , Yangna . '' To efficiently manage its extensive lands , Mission San Gabriel established several outlying sub-missions , known as asistencias . Several of these became or were included in land grants following the Mexican secularization of the missions in the 1830s , including : Rancho Santa Ana del Chino Rancho La Puente San Bernardino de Sena Estancia Rancho Santa Anita In 1816 , the Mission built a grist mill on a nearby creek . El Molino Viejo still stands , now preserved as a museum and historic landmark . Other mission industries included cowhide tanning / exporting and tallow - rendering ( for making soap and for export ) , lime kilns , tile making , cloth weaving for blankets and clothing , and adobe bricks . Mission bells. ( edit ) Bells were important to daily life at any mission . They were rung to mark mealtimes , to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services , to mark births and funerals , to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary , and at other times ; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing of the mission bells. The mission bells were also used to tell time . Visitors ( edit ) Today visitors can tour the church , museum and grounds . The adobe museum building was built in 1812 and was originally used for sleeping quarters and book storage . Exhibits include mission relics , books and religious artifacts . The grounds feature operations from the original mission complex , including indoor and outdoor kitchens , winery , water cisterns , soap and candle vats , tanning vats for preparing cattle hides , and a cemetery . There is also a gift shop . A streetcar of the Pacific Electric Railway makes a stop at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel c. 1905 . Matrimonial Investigation records of the San Gabriel Mission ( edit ) As part of the William McPherson Collection in the Special Collections at Claremont Colleges ' Honnold / Mudd Library , the Matrimonial Investigation Records of the San Gabriel Mission are a valuable resource for research on the pre-statehood activities of the Mission . William McPherson was a rancher , scholar , and collector from Orange County , California who donated his extensive collection of mission documents , primarily from the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , to Special Collections in 1964 . The matrimonial records span 1788 -- 1861 and are notarized interviews with couples wanting to marry in the Roman Catholic Church , performed to establish the couples ' freedom to marry . The collection includes 165 investigations , with 173 men and 170 women . Because the donated records are fragile , they are no longer available to be photocopied . The California Digital Library has an online guide available to search the collection . See also ( edit ) Spanish missions in California Mission San Francisco Solano ( California ) Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles Asistencia El Molino Viejo San Bernardino Asistencia USNS Mission San Gabriel ( AO - 124 ) -- a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné Hugo Reid San Gabriel Mission High School Henninger Flats Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Leffingwell , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 113 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 41 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 48 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 196 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Engelhardt , San Diego Mission , pp. v , 228 `` The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego , San Luis Rey , San Juan Capistrano , and San Gabriel ... '' Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ `` San Gabriel Arcángel '' . California Missions . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Bellezza . Missions of Los Angeles . Jump up ^ McCawley , p 189 Jump up ^ http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/ci_15440867?source=rss Pasadena Star News Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` At a planned train trench , an archaeological treasure trove '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Earnhardt 1922 , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` History of San Gabriel Arcangel Mission '' . Access Genealogy . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mission , Museum , Grounds , Gardens , and Gift Shop '' , San Gabriel Mission ^ Jump up to : Claremont Colleges Digital Library . Claremont Colleges Digital Library . Jump up ^ Special Collections . William McPherson Collection . References ( edit ) Baer , Kurt ( 1958 ) . Architecture of the California Missions . University of California Press , Los Angeles , CA . Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1920 ) . San Diego Mission . James H. Barry Company , San Francisco , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1922 ) . San Juan Capistrano Mission . Standard Printing Co. , Los Angeles , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Engelhardt , Zephyrin ( 1931 ) . Mission San Gabriel Arcángel . Franciscan Herald Press , Chicago , IL . Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . McCawley , William ( 2006 ) . The First Angelinos : The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles . Malki Museum Press and Ballena Press , Banning and Novato , CA . ISBN 0 - 9651016 - 1 - 4 . Newcomb , Rexford ( 1973 ) . The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California . Dover Publications , Inc. , New York , NY . ISBN 0 - 486 - 21740 - X . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Wright , R. ( 1950 ) . California 's Missions . Hubert A. and Martha H. Lowman , Arroyo Grande , CA . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Advantage Publishers Group , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . Young , S. & Levick , M. ( 1988 ) . The Missions of California . Chronicle Books LLC , San Francisco , CA . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3694 - 0 . External links ( edit ) San Gabriel Mission Parish Elevation and Site Layout sketches of the Mission proper Listing , drawings , and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey Official website of the Gabrieleno / Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel San Gabriel Mission High Details of the Mission and photos Mission 's Fan Page on Facebook Matrimonial Investigation Records of the San Gabriel Mission at Claremont Colleges Digital Library Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 102 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Gabriel Arcángel . 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San Fernando Pastoral Region Deanery 5 ( West San Fernando Valley ) St. Cyril of Jerusalem Church and School , Encino Deanery 6 ( Crescenta Valley , Glendale and Eagle Rock ) Holy Family Catholic Church , Glendale Incarnation Catholic Church and School , Glendale Deanery 7 ( Central San Fernando Valley and Burbank ) Cathedral of St. Mary Byzantine Catholic Church , Sherman Oaks St. Charles Borromeo Church , North Hollywood St. Finbar Catholic Church and School , Burbank St. Robert Bellarmine Catholic Church , Burbank Deanery 8 ( Santa Clarita Valley and Lancaster / Palmdale ) : Blessed Junipero Serra Catholic Church , Lancaster San Gabriel Pastoral Region Deanery 9 ( East LA , Boyle Heights , City Terrace ) : All Saints Catholic Church , Los Angeles Assumption Catholic Church , Los Angeles Deanery 10 ( Pasadena , Altadena , San Gabriel , Monterey Park , Montebello , Alhambra ) All Souls Catholic Church , Alhambra Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church , Pasadena St. Andrew 's Catholic Church , Pasadena Mission San Gabriel Parish , San Gabriel Deanery 11 ( Arcadia , Covina , Glendora , Monrovia , La Puente ) : Annunciation Catholic Church , Arcadia Deanery 12 ( San Dimas , Claremont , Pomona , Diamond Bar , La Puente , Valinda , Walnut ) : San Pedro Pastoral Region Deanery 17 ( Downey , Compton , Huntington Park , Lynwood ) : Deanery 18 ( Whittier , La Mirada , Pico Rivera , Norwalk ) : Beatitudes of Our Lord Catholic Church , La Mirada Deanery 19 ( South Bay and San Pedro ) American Martyrs Catholic Church , Manhattan Beach SS . Peter and Paul 's Church , Wilmington Deanery 20 ( Long Beach ) : Santa Barbara Pastoral Region Deanery 1 ( Lompoc , Solvang , Santa Maria ) La Purisima Mission , Lompoc Mission Santa Inés , Solvang Deanery 2 ( Santa Barbara ) Santa Barbara Mission , Santa Barbara Our Lady of Sorrows Church , Santa Barbara Deanery 3 ( Oxnard , Ventura , Ojai , Fillmore , Santa Paula ) Mission San Buenaventura , Ventura Deanery 4 ( Simi Valley , Westlake Village , Thousand Oaks , Moorpark , Camarillo ) : Blessed Junipero Serra Catholic Church , Camarillo Education in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles Archdiocese Seminaries St. John 's Seminary Our Lady of the Angels Pastoral Region Universities and Colleges Loyola Marymount University , Los Angeles Mount St. Mary 's College , Los Angeles High schools Bishop Conaty - Our Lady of Loretto High School , Harvard Heights Cathedral High School , Los Angeles ( Boys ) Immaculate Heart High School , Los Feliz ( Girls ) Loyola High School , Harvard Heights ( Boys ) Marymount High School , Bel Air ( Girls ) Notre Dame Academy , Los Angeles ( Girls ) St. Bernard High School , Playa del Rey St. Mary 's Academy , Inglewood ( Girls ) St. Monica Catholic High School , Santa Monica Verbum Dei High School , Watts ( Boys ) High schools , closed Daniel Murphy High School , Los Angeles San Fernando Pastoral Region Universities and Colleges : High schools Bellarmine - Jefferson High School , Burbank Bishop Alemany High School , Mission Hills Chaminade High School , West Hills Crespi Carmelite High School , Encino Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy , La Cañada Flintridge Holy Family High School , Glendale Louisville High School , Woodland Hills Notre Dame High School , Sherman Oaks Paraclete High School , Lancaster Providence High School , Burbank St. Francis High School , La Cañada Flintridge St. Genevieve High School , Panorama City San Gabriel Pastoral Region Universities and Colleges : High schools Ramona Convent Secondary School , Alhambra St. Lucy 's Priory High School , Glendora Bishop Amat Memorial High School , La Puente Damien High School , La Verne Salesian High School , Los Angeles Cantwell - Sacred Heart of Mary High School , Montebello La Salle High School , Pasadena Mayfield Senior School , Pasadena St. Monica Academy , Pasadena Pomona Catholic High School , Pomona San Gabriel Mission High School , San Gabriel Alverno High School , Sierra Madre San Pedro Pastoral Region Universities and Colleges Marymount College , Palos Verdes High schools St. John Bosco High School , Bellflower Queen of Angels Academy , Compton St. Pius X / St. Matthias Academy , Downey Junipero Serra High School , Gardena St. Joseph High School , Lakewood St. Anthony High School , Long Beach Don Bosco High School , Rosemead Mary Star of the Sea High School , San Pedro St. Paul High School , Santa Fe Springs Bishop Montgomery High School , Torrance Santa Barbara Pastoral Region Universities and Colleges St. John 's Seminary , Camarillo Thomas Aquinas College , Santa Paula High schools Bishop Garcia Diego High School , Santa Barbara La Reina High School , Thousand Oaks St. Bonaventure High School , Ventura St. Joseph High School , Santa Maria Santa Clara High School , Oxnard Villanova Preparatory School , Ojai Hospitals and Cemeteries in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles Our Lady of the Angels Pastoral Region Hospitals Saint John 's Health Center , Santa Monica Cemeteries Crypt Mausoleum of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels , Los Angeles Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City San Fernando Pastoral Region Hospitals Northridge Hospital Medical Center , Northridge Providence Holy Cross Medical Center , Mission Hills Cemeteries San Fernando Mission Cemetery , San Fernando San Gabriel Pastoral Region Hospitals : Cemeteries Calvary Cemetery , East Los Angeles San Pedro Pastoral Region Hospitals : Cemeteries : Santa Barbara Pastoral Region Hospitals : Cemeteries : Catholicism portal Franciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First , San Diego ( 1769 ) Second , Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third , Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth , San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mission_San_Gabriel_Arcángel&oldid = 832441189 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California San Gabriel , California 1771 in Alta California Churches in Los Angeles County , California Museums in Los Angeles County , California History museums in California Religious museums in California 1771 establishments in California Religious organizations established in 1771 Roman Catholic churches completed in 1776 18th - century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles California Historical Landmarks History of Los Angeles History of Los Angeles County , California Landmarks in Los Angeles National Historic Landmarks in California Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County , California Spanish Colonial architecture in California Tongva Old Spanish Trail ( trade route ) Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 01 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the founding father of the san gabriel mission	[ "Mission San Gabriel was founded on September 8, 1771 by Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera and Fray Pedro Benito Cambon. The planned site for the Mission was along the banks of the Río de los Temblores (the River of the Earthquakes—the Santa Ana River). The priests chose an alternate site on a fertile plain located directly alongside the Rio Hondo in the Whittier Narrows.[12] The site of the Misión Vieja (or \"Old Mission\") is located near the intersection of San Gabriel Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue. In 1776, a flash flood destroyed much of the crops and ruined the Mission complex, which was subsequently relocated five miles closer to the mountains in present-day San Gabriel (the native settlement of 'Iisanchanga). The Mission is the base from which the pueblo that became the city of Los Angeles was sent. On December 9, 1812 (the \"Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin\"), a series of massive earthquakes shook Southern California. The 1812 Wrightwood earthquake caused the three-bell campanario, located adjacent to the chapel's east façade, to collapse. A larger, six-bell structure was subsequently constructed at the far end of the capilla. While no pictorial record exists to document what the original structure looked like, architectural historian Rexford Newcomb deduced the design and published a depiction in his 1916 work The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta (upper) California.", "Mission San Gabriel was founded on September 8, 1771 by Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera and Fray Pedro Benito Cambon. The planned site for the Mission was along the banks of the Río de los Temblores (the River of the Earthquakes—the Santa Ana River). The priests chose an alternate site on a fertile plain located directly alongside the Rio Hondo in the Whittier Narrows.[12] The site of the Misión Vieja (or \"Old Mission\") is located near the intersection of San Gabriel Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue. In 1776, a flash flood destroyed much of the crops and ruined the Mission complex, which was subsequently relocated five miles closer to the mountains in present-day San Gabriel (the native settlement of 'Iisanchanga). The Mission is the base from which the pueblo that became the city of Los Angeles was sent. On December 9, 1812 (the \"Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin\"), a series of massive earthquakes shook Southern California. The 1812 Wrightwood earthquake caused the three-bell campanario, located adjacent to the chapel's east façade, to collapse. A larger, six-bell structure was subsequently constructed at the far end of the capilla. While no pictorial record exists to document what the original structure looked like, architectural historian Rexford Newcomb deduced the design and published a depiction in his 1916 work The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta (upper) California." ]	[ "Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera", "Fray Pedro Benito Cambon" ]
-4979947628214462479	List of all-time NBA win-loss records	List of all - time NBA win - loss records - wikipedia List of all - time NBA win - loss records Tim Duncan and Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs , who have the best all - time win - loss record percentage in the NBA The following is a listing of all 30 current National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams ranked by win - loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season . The records include wins and losses recorded by a team 's playing time in the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Defunct BAA / NBA franchises are also listed , provided they played at least one season , beginning with the 1949 -- 50 NBA season , which was the first season following the merger between the BAA and the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . Additionally , the records do not count wins and losses recorded by a team 's playing time in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , despite the 1976 NBA - ABA merger . The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win - loss record percentage , with . 622 . The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win - loss record percentage , with . 397 . The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins , with 3,329 , while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 3,010 . The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games , with 5,642 . Conversely , the Pelicans have played the least overall games , with 1,296 . Contents 1 Active franchises 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Playoffs 2 Defunct franchises 2.1 Regular season 3 References 4 Notes Active franchises ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest all - time win - loss record percentage in NBA history Best win - loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Pct . First NBA season Total games Division San Antonio Spurs 2,114 1,282 . 622 1976 -- 77 3,396 Southwest Los Angeles Lakers 3,296 2,237 . 596 1948 -- 49 5,533 Pacific Boston Celtics 3,329 2,313 . 590 1946 -- 47 5,642 Atlantic Oklahoma City Thunder 2,234 1,900 . 540 1967 -- 68 4,134 Northwest 5 Utah Jazz 1,914 1,646 . 538 1974 -- 75 3,560 Northwest 6 Portland Trail Blazers 2,081 1,807 . 535 1970 -- 71 3,888 Northwest 7 Phoenix Suns 2,167 1,885 . 535 1968 -- 69 4,052 Pacific 8 Houston Rockets 2,172 1,962 . 525 1967 -- 68 4,134 Southwest 9 Miami Heat 1,255 1,157 . 520 1988 -- 89 2,412 Southeast 10 Chicago Bulls 2,183 2,032 . 518 1966 -- 67 4,215 Central 11 Philadelphia 76ers 2,806 2,662 . 513 1949 -- 50 5,468 Atlantic 12 Milwaukee Bucks 2,069 1,983 . 511 1968 -- 69 4,052 Central 13 Dallas Mavericks 1,539 1,529 . 502 1980 -- 81 3,068 Southwest 14 Indiana Pacers 1,696 1,699 . 500 1976 -- 77 3,395 Central 15 Atlanta Hawks 2,717 2,753 . 497 1949 -- 50 5,470 Southeast 16 New York Knicks 2,761 2,878 . 490 1946 -- 47 5,639 Atlantic 17 Detroit Pistons 2,692 2,840 . 487 1948 -- 49 5,532 Central 18 Denver Nuggets 1,649 1,747 . 486 1976 -- 77 3,396 Northwest 19 Golden State Warriors 2,715 2,923 . 482 1946 -- 47 5,638 Pacific 20 Orlando Magic 1,116 1,214 . 479 1989 -- 90 2,330 Southeast 21 New Orleans Pelicans 610 686 . 471 2002 -- 03 1,296 Southwest 22 Cleveland Cavaliers 1,829 2,059 . 470 1970 -- 71 3,888 Central 23 Toronto Raptors 844 994 . 459 1995 -- 96 1,838 Atlantic 24 Sacramento Kings 2,523 3,010 . 456 1948 -- 49 5,533 Pacific 25 Washington Wizards 2,096 2,519 . 454 1961 -- 62 4,615 Southeast 26 Charlotte Hornets 988 1,260 . 440 1988 -- 89 2,248 Southeast 27 Brooklyn Nets 1,408 1,988 . 415 1976 -- 77 3,396 Atlantic 28 Memphis Grizzlies 759 1,079 . 413 1995 -- 96 1,838 Southwest 29 Los Angeles Clippers 1,562 2,326 . 402 1970 -- 71 3,888 Pacific 30 Minnesota Timberwolves 925 1,405 . 397 1989 -- 90 2,330 Northwest Playoffs ( edit ) The following playoff listing is accurate through the end of the 2018 NBA Playoffs . The Los Angeles Lakers have the most post-season wins ( 438 ) , most post-season games played ( 734 ) , and highest post-season winning percentage (. 597 ) out of any NBA team . The Minnesota Timberwolves have the fewest post-season wins ( 18 ) and the lowest post-season winning percentage (. 346 ) . The New Orleans Pelicans have the fewest post-season games played ( 49 ) . Best win - loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Pct . Last playoff appearance Total games Division Los Angeles Lakers 438 296 . 597 2013 734 Pacific Boston Celtics 366 278 . 568 2018 644 Atlantic Miami Heat 124 100 . 554 2018 224 Southeast San Antonio Spurs 219 177 . 553 2018 396 Southwest 5 Cleveland Cavaliers 125 104 . 546 2018 229 Central 6 Chicago Bulls 186 158 . 541 2017 344 Central 7 Golden State Warriors 176 151 . 538 2018 327 Pacific 8 Detroit Pistons 188 178 . 514 2016 366 Central 9 Philadelphia 76ers 221 210 . 513 2018 431 Atlantic 10 Oklahoma City Thunder 160 159 . 502 2018 319 Northwest 11 New York Knicks 186 189 . 496 2013 375 Atlantic 12 Indiana Pacers 115 118 . 494 2018 233 Central 13 Houston Rockets 147 152 . 492 2018 299 Southwest 14 Phoenix Suns 133 141 . 485 274 Pacific 15 Utah Jazz 123 140 . 468 2018 263 Northwest 16 Dallas Mavericks 91 105 . 464 2016 196 Southwest 17 Orlando Magic 57 66 . 463 2012 123 Southeast 18 Milwaukee Bucks 111 130 . 461 2018 241 Central 19 Portland Trail Blazers 108 139 . 437 2018 247 Northwest 20 Brooklyn Nets 62 80 . 437 2015 142 Atlantic 21 Atlanta Hawks 153 202 . 431 2017 355 Southeast 22 Sacramento Kings 80 107 . 428 2006 187 Pacific 23 Los Angeles Clippers 44 60 . 423 2017 104 Pacific 24 Washington Wizards 98 134 . 422 2018 232 Southeast 25 New Orleans Pelicans 20 29 . 408 2018 49 Southwest 26 Toronto Raptors 32 50 . 390 2018 82 Atlantic 27 Memphis Grizzlies 29 46 . 387 2017 75 Southwest 28 Denver Nuggets 61 101 . 377 2013 162 Northwest 29 Charlotte Hornets 23 40 . 365 2016 63 Southeast 30 Minnesota Timberwolves 18 34 . 346 2018 52 Northwest Defunct franchises ( edit ) The following is a listing of the all - time win - loss records of defunct NBA franchises . Amongst defunct franchises , the Chicago Stags have the highest win - loss record percentage , with . 612 . The Denver Nuggets have the lowest win - loss record percentage , with . 177 . The Baltimore Bullets have the most games played ( 450 ) , wins ( 158 ) , and losses ( 292 ) for a defunct NBA franchise . The Denver Nuggets , Sheboygan Red Skins , and Waterloo Hawks are tied for the fewest games played , with 62 . For the purposes of the defunct franchises win - loss records listing , teams that recorded playing time in the BAA are only included if they additionally played during at least one season following the BAA -- NBL merger . For this reason , the Pittsburgh Ironmen , Indianapolis Jets , Detroit Falcons , Toronto Huskies , and Cleveland Rebels are excluded . Regular season ( edit ) Rank Team GP Won Lost Pct . First NBA season Last NBA season Chicago Stags 237 145 92 . 612 1946 -- 47 1949 -- 50 Washington Capitols 271 157 114 . 579 1946 -- 47 1950 -- 51 Anderson Packers 64 37 27 . 578 1949 -- 50 St. Louis Bombers 237 122 115 . 515 1946 -- 47 1949 -- 50 5 Indianapolis Olympians 269 132 137 . 491 1949 -- 50 1952 -- 53 6 Sheboygan Red Skins 62 22 40 . 355 1949 -- 50 7 Baltimore Bullets 450 158 292 . 351 1947 -- 48 1954 -- 55 8 Waterloo Hawks 62 19 43 . 306 1949 -- 50 9 Denver Nuggets 62 11 51 . 177 1949 -- 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA Season Recaps '' . National Basketball Association . July 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aschburner , Steve ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` We All Count Numbers But Do All Numbers Count ? '' . Hang Time Blog . National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA & ABA Team Index '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports - Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets back in 2014 - 15 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets assume historical records from New ( Orleans ) Pelicans '' . ProBasketballTalk . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ BAA win - loss records are included , as the NBA claims the BAA 's history as its own . For example , at NBA History online its table of one - line `` NBA Season Recaps '' begins 1946 -- 47 without comment . Jump up ^ For the purposes of this list , NBL statistics are not included , as unlike with BAA statistics prior to the BAA - NBL merger , the NBA has not included NBL statistics when recapping their history . ^ Jump up to : The New Orleans Pelicans began play as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 NBA season , due to the original Charlotte Hornets ( which began play in the 1988 -- 89 NBA season ) relocating to New Orleans . The city of Charlotte was then awarded the 30th NBA franchise , dubbed the Charlotte Bobcats , which began play in the 2004 -- 05 NBA season . The New Orleans Hornets rebranded as the New Orleans Pelicans , with the 2013 -- 14 NBA season being their first under the Pelicans name . The Bobcats then rebranded as the Charlotte Hornets , first playing under the Hornets name in 2014 . This second incarnation of Charlotte Hornets retained statistics and records of the original Charlotte Hornets franchise which played from the 1988 -- 89 NBA season to the 2001 -- 02 NBA season -- as well as the statistics and records accumulated while playing as the Bobcats -- while the New Orleans Pelicans franchise was retroactively regarded as a 2002 -- 03 season expansion franchise , maintaining the statistics and records accumulated from that season onwards . Jump up ^ This team 's history and records are not affiliated with the current day Washington Wizards who played as the Baltimore Bullets from 1963 -- 64 to 1972 -- 73 . Jump up ^ This team 's history and records are not affiliated with current day Denver Nuggets team . National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_all-time_NBA_win-loss_records&oldid=865965046 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 10 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what nba franchise has the highest winning percentage of all time	[ "The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win-loss record percentage, with .622.[3] The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win-loss record percentage, with .397.[3] The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins, with 3,329, while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 3,010.[3] The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games, with 5,642.[3] Conversely, the Pelicans have played the least overall games, with 1,296.[3]\n" ]	[ "San Antonio Spurs" ]
-4481404210056476738	F.C. Crotone	F.C. Crotone - wikipedia F.C. Crotone Jump to : navigation , search F.C. Crotone Full name Football Club Crotone Nickname ( s ) I Pitagorici ( The Pythagoreans ) Gli Squali ( The Sharks ) I Rossoblu ( The Red and Blues ) Founded 1910 ; 108 years ago ( 1910 ) Ground Ezio Scida Ground Capacity 16,547 Chairman Gianni Vrenna Manager Walter Zenga League Serie A 2016 -- 17 Serie A , 17th Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Football Club Crotone is an Italian football club based in Crotone , Calabria . Founded in 1910 , holding home games at Stadio Ezio Scida , which has a 16,547 - seat capacity . The club plays in Serie A after being promoted from Serie B in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Colors and badge 3 Current squad 3.1 Out on loan 4 Primavera squad 5 Managers 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The first team from Crotone , Milone Crotone , was founded in 1910 and participated in several minor leagues including Prima Divisione ( which later would be known as Serie C ) . Following World War II , a new club , Unione Sportiva Crotone replaced the previous one , playing seven seasons in Serie C . In 1963 the club was relegated to Serie D , but returned to the third division the following year , remaining there for fourteen consecutive seasons , missing promotion in 1977 when finishing third behind Bari and Paganese . In 1978 , following the Italian football league reorganisation , Crotone was relegated to Serie C2 and the following year was declared bankrupt . A new club , Associazione Sportiva Crotone , began competing again in the Prima Categoria ( eighth division ) . Crotone was promoted to Serie C2 in 1984 -- 85 , but only for one season . The team 's name was changed to Kroton Calcio , and the club was promoted again to C2 after the 1986 -- 87 season , where it played until 1991 . A second bankruptcy led to the foundation of Football Club Crotone Calcio with Raffaele Vrenna as chairman , starting in the Promozione ( 7th level ) . Crotone gained successive promotions to Serie C2 and C1 , winning in the play - offs against Locri and Benevento , respectively . Under Antonello Cuccureddu , Crotone first reached Serie B in 2000 , returning to the second level two seasons later . Again in division two in 2004 , after disposing of Viterbese in the promotion play - offs , it remained in the category until the 2006 -- 07 season . After being beaten by Taranto in the 2008 play - offs , Crotone returned to the second division the following season , defeating Benevento . The team was promoted to the Italian top flight ( Serie A ) , for the 2016 -- 17 season for the first time in its history . They finished in 17th , securing a place in the next Serie A season , by beating Lazio 3 -- 1 on the last matchday , knocking down Empoli as they lost their match against Palermo . Colors and badge ( edit ) Team colours are dark blue and red . Current squad ( edit ) As of 31 January 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Alex Cordaz ( captain ) GK Marco Festa 5 MF Adrian Stoian 6 MF Marcus Rohdén 7 DF Federico Ceccherini 9 FW Andrea Nalini 10 MF Andrea Barberis 11 FW Federico Ricci ( on loan from Sassuolo ) 13 MF Mariano Izco 17 FW Ante Budimir ( on loan from Sampdoria ) 19 MF Moussa Diaby ( on loan from Paris Saint - Germain ) 20 DF Daniel Pavlović 21 MF Niccolò Zanellato ( on loan from Milan ) 23 DF Marco Capuano ( on loan from Cagliari ) No . Position Player 29 FW Marcello Trotta ( on loan from Sassuolo ) 31 DF Mario Sampirisi 32 FW Marco Tumminello ( on loan from Roma ) 34 DF Stefan Simić ( on loan from Milan ) 37 DF Davide Faraoni 38 MF Rolando Mandragora ( on loan from Juventus ) 78 GK Aniello Viscovo 87 MF Bruno Martella 89 MF Giovanni Crociata 92 MF Ahmad Benali ( on loan from Pescara ) 93 DF Arlind Ajeti ( on loan from Torino ) 99 FW Simy Nwankwo Out on loan ( edit ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player DF Luca Bruno ( at Siracusa until 30 June 2018 ) DF Mirko Esposito ( at Catania until 30 June 2018 ) DF Manuel Nicoletti ( at Catanzaro until 30 June 2018 ) DF Giuseppe Cuomo ( at Rende until 30 June 2018 ) DF Leandro Cabrera ( at Getafe until 30 June 2018 ) No . Position Player MF Oliver Kragl ( at Foggia until 30 June 2018 ) MF Andrej Kotnik ( at Formentera until 30 June 2018 ) MF Marco Firenze ( at Pro Vercelli until 30 June 2018 ) FW Andrea Tripicchio ( at Casertana until 30 June 2018 ) MF Aristóteles Romero ( at Ankaran until 30 June 2018 ) MF Ćazim Suljić ( at Ankaran until 30 June 2018 ) Primavera squad ( edit ) As of 5 January 2017 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player -- GK Matias Macci -- GK Umberto Pettinato -- GK Nerijus Tabokas -- DF Francesco Amaranto -- DF Marco Capone -- DF Michele Carrozza -- DF Giuseppe Cuomo -- DF Adolfo Federico -- DF Augusto Nebbioso -- DF Ibrahime Mbaye -- MF Mario Aggiorno -- MF Francesco Araldo -- MF Felice Cimino No . Position Player -- MF Armando Cistaro -- MF Matteo Gennari -- MF Pasquale Giannotti -- MF Daniele Pupa -- MF Francesco Villa -- FW Pietro Bartolotti -- FW Giuseppe Borello -- FW Marco Calderaro -- FW Antonio Colacchio -- FW Mario Fiorentino -- FW Gianfranco Galli -- FW Giuseppe Gerace -- FW Francesco Pellizzi Managers ( edit ) Antonio Bacchetti ( 1954 -- 55 ) Bruno Giordano ( 1996 -- 97 ) Antonello Cuccureddu ( 1999 -- 01 ) Giuseppe Papadopulo ( 2000 -- 01 ) Antonio Cabrini ( 2001 ) Stefano Cuoghi ( 2001 -- 02 ) Franco Selvaggi ( 2002 ) Gian Piero Gasperini ( 2003 -- 06 ) Andrea Agostinelli ( 2004 -- 05 ) Elio Gustinetti ( 2006 -- 07 ) Guido Carboni ( 2007 ) Francesco Moriero ( 2008 -- 09 ) Franco Lerda ( 2009 -- 10 ) Leonardo Menichini ( 2010 ) Eugenio Corini ( 2010 -- 11 ) Leonardo Menichini ( 2010 -- 12 ) Massimo Drago ( 2012 -- 15 ) Ivan Jurić ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Davide Nicola ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Walter Zenga ( 2017 -- ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Società '' ( in Italian ) . F.C. Crotone . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crotone promoted to Serie A for first time in their history '' . espnfc.com. 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ La rosa del F.C. Crotone Prima squadra Jump up ^ La rosa del F.C. Crotone Primavera External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Italian ) F.C. Crotone The club Seasons Grounds Stadio Ezio Scida Serie A 2017 -- 18 clubs Atalanta Benevento Bologna Cagliari Chievo Crotone Fiorentina Genoa Hellas Verona Internazionale Juventus Lazio Milan Napoli Roma Sampdoria Sassuolo SPAL Torino Udinese Former clubs Alessandria Ancona Ascoli Avellino Bari Brescia Carpi Casale Catania Catanzaro Cesena Como Cremonese Empoli Foggia Frosinone Lecce Lecco Legnano Livorno Lucchese Mantova Messina Modena Novara Padova Palermo Parma Pescara Perugia Piacenza Pisa Pistoiese Pro Patria Pro Vercelli Reggiana Reggina Salernitana Siena Ternana Treviso Triestina Varese Venezia Vicenza Organisations Lega Serie A Lega Calcio ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign Managers Broadcasters Statistics and awards Records Team of the Year Footballer of the Year Coach of the Year Goalkeeper of the Year Referee of the Year Football Club of the Year Italian Footballer of the Year Foreign Footballer of the Year Young Footballer of the Year Defender of the Year Top scorers Players with 100 + goals Hat - tricks Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Associated competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Serie B Serie C Serie D European UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Football in Italy Overview National association League system List of clubs List of venues Records Scudetto Cadetti Capocannoniere International Italy B team C team Olympic team Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 18 Under - 17 Under - 16 Under - 15 Italy women Leagues Lega Serie A Lega Serie B Serie C Lega Nazionale Dilettanti Lega Calcio defunct League competitions Serie A Prima Divisione defunct Divisione Nazionale defunct Serie B Serie C Lega Pro Prima Divisione defunct Lega Pro Seconda Divisione defunct Serie D Eccellenza Promozione Prima Categoria Seconda Categoria Terza Categoria Cup competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Coppa Italia Serie C Supercoppa di Serie C Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione defunct Coppa Italia Serie D Coppa Italia Dilettanti Youth competitions Leagues Campionato Primavera 1 Campionato Primavera 2 Campionato Nazionale Dante Berretti Campionato Juniores Nazionali Campionato Nazionale Primavera ( defunct ) Coppa Italia Primavera Supercoppa Primavera Torneo di Viareggio Women 's competitions Serie A Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Awards Gran Galà del Calcio AIC Italian Football Hall of Fame Miscellaneous Totonero 1980 Totonero 1986 Italian Law 91 / 1981 , Article 18B financial doping scandals Caso Genoa 2006 Italian football scandal 2011 -- 12 Italian football scandal 2015 Italian football scandal Article 52 of N.O.I.F. Serie A players Foreign Serie A players Foreign Serie B players Seasons 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F.C._Crotone&oldid=825331125 '' Categories : F.C. Crotone Football clubs in Calabria Association football clubs established in 1910 Serie B clubs Serie C clubs 1910 establishments in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which season was crotone promoted to the serie a league	[ "Football Club Crotone is an Italian football club based in Crotone, Calabria. Founded in 1910, holding home games at Stadio Ezio Scida, which has a 16,547-seat capacity. The club plays in Serie A after being promoted from Serie B in 2016." ]	[ "2016" ]
6660558081569891159	Mall of the Emirates	Mall of the Emirates - wikipedia Mall of the Emirates Jump to : navigation , search Mall of the Emirates مول الإمارات Location Dubai , United Arab Emirates Coordinates 25 ° 7 ′ 5 '' N 55 ° 12 ′ 2 '' E / 25.11806 ° N 55.20056 ° E / 25.11806 ; 55.20056 Coordinates : 25 ° 7 ′ 5 '' N 55 ° 12 ′ 2 '' E / 25.11806 ° N 55.20056 ° E / 25.11806 ; 55.20056 Opening date September 28 , 2005 Owner Majid Al Futtaim ( MAF Holding ) No. of stores and services 700 + No. of anchor tenants 11 Total retail floor area 2,400,000 square feet ( 220,000 m ) No. of floors Parking 7000 + Public transit access Mall of the Emirates Metro Station Red Line Bus routes : 84 , 93 , F29 , F30 , F33 Website Mall of the Emirates Website Mall of the Emirates ( Arabic : مول الإمارات ‎ ) is a shopping mall in Dubai . Developed and owned by Majid Al Futtaim Properties , it opened in November 2005 and is located at interchange four on Sheikh Zayed road . The multi-level shopping mall currently features more than 630 retail outlets , 7900 parking spaces , over 100 restaurants & Cafes , 80 luxury stores and 250 flagship stores . It has a total gross leasable area of 255,489 square meters . It also hosts family leisure activities including Ski Dubai ( the Middle East 's first indoor ski resort and snow park ) , the 500 - seat capacity Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre and Magic planet , one of the largest indoor family entertainment centres in Dubai . In November 2005 , it was named the World 's Leading New Shopping Mall at the World Travel Awards in London . Forbes has also recognized Mall of the Emirates as one of the top five shopping malls in Dubai . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction and history 2 Milestones 3 Shopping 4 Entertainment 5 Ski Dubai 6 Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre 7 Vox Cinemas 8 Magic Planet 9 Dining 10 Expansion 11 Gallery 12 References 13 External links Construction and history ( edit ) The project was launched in October 2003 at an estimated cost of AED 800 million ( US $218 million ) , and was scheduled to be completed in September 2005 . The architecture in the three - storey complex combines Arabic and Mediterranean elements , with each level connected to a car park . The mall was designed by the American architectural firm F + A Architects . The main building contract was handled by Khansaheb , while the Ski Dubai contract was given to Pomagalski . The chair lifts in the snow park and the structural steel works were handled by Emirates Building System and the piling by Bauer . The mall opened for business on September 28 , 2005 with an official inauguration in November . Milestones ( edit ) September 2005 -- Mall of the Emirates opens November 2005 -- Opening of Ski Dubai , the Middle East 's first indoor ski resort and snow park April 2006 -- Kempinski opens hotel at the mall September 2008 -- mall announces expansion to increase facilities for shopping , dining and parking September 2009 -- completion of metro link to mall from the Red Line of the Dubai Metro August 2010 -- launch of Fashion Dome 2012 -- ranked the 7th most productive shopping centre in the world , earning USD 1,423 per square foot per annum , according to research by the international Council of Shopping Centres ( ICSC ) June 2013 -- Mall of the Emirates announces Evolution 2015 , a multi-stage AED 1 billion redevelopment project September 2015 -- Mall of the Emirates opened the new expansion on Level 2 . Shopping ( edit ) Shops at the mall include a Carrefour hypermarket , Centrepoint , Debenhams , Harvey Nichols , Home Centre , Jashanmal and Marks & Spencer . There are outlets for books , stationery , toys , gift , fashion , art , accessories , electronics , jewellery , watches , furniture , cosmetics , perfumes and financial services . Entertainment ( edit ) The mall also hosts a number of family leisure offerings . These include the Magic Planet family entertainment area , a 14 - screen VOX Cinema , Ski Dubai , and the Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre . Ski Dubai ( edit ) Main article : Ski Dubai Ski slope in Ski Dubai Ski Dubai is a large indoor skiing facility at Mall of the Emirates , offering snowboarding , ski lessons , children 's play area and cafe . It opened in November 2005 and houses the world 's largest indoor snow park . It is operated by Majid Al Futtaim Leisure & Entertainment . Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre ( edit ) Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre ( DUCTAC ) is a non-profit , cross-community creative centre that opened in November 2006 , under the patronage of Princess Haya bint Hussein . It is spread over 7,424 square metres on the second floor of the Mall of the Emirates . There is a two - level theatre and rehearsal spaces , along with an arts centre housing galleries , classrooms , studios , music school , library and high specification visual arts gallery . VOX Cinemas ( edit ) Vox Cinemas has a 14 - screen multiplex cinema at Mall of the Emirates , including 2 VOX Gold screens . VOX Cinemas is owned and operated by Majid Al Futtaim Cinemas . It is located in the new expansion area at Mall of the Emirates level 2 and consists of 24 - screens including an IMAX with Laser theatre , Vox Kids , 4DX Cinema and Theatre by Rhodes . Magic Planet ( edit ) Magic Planet is an indoor family entertainment centre with two entertainment zones for children and young adults . It has a ten - pin bowling alley with 12 lanes , pool and billiard tables , 180 amusement machines , and other attractions including a carousel , racing simulators , Jumping Star , soft play and bumper cars . It also includes the RoboCoaster ( a two - person thrill ride unique to the Middle East ) and XD Dark Ride , a `` 7D '' adventure with 3D movie graphics and 4D effects including motion , wind and light . Dining ( edit ) The mall has over 100 restaurants and cafes including eight restaurants in the Fashion Dome : Two international food courts Restaurants including St. Maxim 's , Salmontini , Karam Beirut and Apres and Sezzam on the first floor UAE 's African - themed diner Tribes at the Fashion Dome Häagen - Dazs cafe 12 new dining options on Level 2 including Omina Baharat , 800 Degrees Nepolitana Pizzeria , Dean & Deluca , Eat Greek Kouzina , Din Tai Fung , Azkadenya , Texas De Brazil & Common Grounds . The Cheesecake Factory , American restaurant Al Halabi -- Lebanese restaurant P.F Chang 's -- American Chinese restaurant Miu Shanghai Tea House and Restaurant offers a menu comprising an eclectic culinary array from Japan , China , Thailand and Indonesia . YO ! Sushi -- conveyor belt sushi Expansion ( edit ) Mall of the Emirates ' AED 1 billion multi-stage redevelopment project , Evolution 2015 , completed in September 2015 . The new Fashion District featuring 30 contemporary brands marked the completion of Phase 1 . Phase 2 has added a second taxi rank located next to Ski Dubai on level 4 . Phase 3 , unveiled a new retail extension on Level 2 -- an additional 36,000 sqm of retail space added to include 40 new retailers On 10 September 2013 , Mall of the Emirates announced a multi-stage redevelopment project worth an estimated AED 1 billion ( US $274 million ) , which is called as Evolution 2015 . Phase one of the project which will increase 5,000 sqm area more is already completed but expected to open in mid-2015 includes new shopping , dining and entertainment concepts . However , due to the limitations of its location , the mall will be expanded upwards by constructing a second floor on top of the Carrefour area . On 25 August 2014 , Mall of the Emirates announced phase two of its strategic redevelopment project , Evolution 2015 which is now currently underway . In this stage , the mall will be expanded by gross leasable area of 26,000 meter sq . This project includes an additional of 1300 new spaces for car parking , 12 new restaurants , new prayer rooms for both , men and women and the relocation of the current VOX Cinemas which will now have 24 screens . The new expansion project `` Evolution 2015 '' was officially opened on 28 September 2015 which increased the gross leasable area to 26,000 meter sq . On 30 September 2015 , David Beckham visited the mall for the inauguration of the Adidas store which was built in the newly expanded section . Gallery ( edit ) Ski Dubai seen from the Sheikh Zayed Road Looking into Ski Dubai from inside the mall References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Your Local Travel Guide to Worldwide Destinations -- My Destination '' . MyDestination.com Hubsite Travel . Jump up ^ Matthew Kassel ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` The Coolest Shopping Malls -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . ^ Jump up to : Dubai FAQs . `` Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` The Five Best Shopping Malls In Dubai '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gulf Construction Online -- Work progresses on Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ Yamurai Zendera . `` Special report : The UAE 's most iconic projects '' . Jump up ^ Tim Newbold . `` Mall of the Emirates all set to open today -- Khaleej Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the emirates , let 's largest shopping mall '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the Emirates ( MoE ) -- Al Barshaa 1 , Dubai , United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) ( مول الإمارات ) -- TEN Yellow Pages '' . Jump up ^ `` Luxury 5 Star Hotel in Dubai -- Kempinski Hotel Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ Staff Report . `` Mall of the Emirates to undergo big expansion '' . Jump up ^ Dubai FAQs . `` Dubai Metro Red Line '' . Jump up ^ Daisy Carrington ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Enter the Fashion Dome '' . Time Out Dubai . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's MOE Ranks Among World 's Top 10 Lucrative Malls '' . Gulf Business . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the Emirates Announces Evolution 2015 ; Multi-Stage AED 1 Billion Redevelopment '' . 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Mall of Emirates extension opening on September28 ; Will Apple store open too ? '' . Emirates 24 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Shops in Mall of the Emirates -- Dubai , United Arab Emirates -- TEN Yellow Pages '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Search '' . Time Out Dubai . Jump up ^ Dubai FAQs . `` Ski Dubai '' . Jump up ^ `` Ski Dubai -- Majid Al Futtaim '' . Jump up ^ `` Your Local Travel Guide to Worldwide Destinations '' . MyDestination.com Hubsite Travel . Jump up ^ Jyoti Kalsi , Special to Weekend Review . `` View installations that relate to Dubai at Ductac '' . gulfnews.com . Jump up ^ `` DUCTAC Studios '' . tangodubai.org . Jump up ^ `` VOX Mall of the Emirates Cinema '' . TotallyEmirates . Jump up ^ `` Pictures - Mall of the Emirates new Dhs 1 billion expansion '' . gulfbusiness.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Dubai 's Mall of the Emirates ' Dh1bn ' vertical ' expansion opens '' . Emirates 24 - 7 . Jump up ^ Staff Report . `` Mall of the Emirates to unveil Dh1b extension on Sept 28 -- Khaleej Times '' . Jump up ^ Super User . `` Magic Planet '' . UAE4Kidz . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mall of the Emirates . `` Best restaurants in Dubai -- Fast foods , Cafes , International food courts , Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Mall of the Emirates extension to open on Sept 28 '' . Jump up ^ Mall of the Emirates . `` Shopping 's never been better , Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Mall of the Emirates to get extra floor in $274 m expansion '' . ArabianIndustry.com . Jump up ^ Mall of the Emirates . `` Shopping 's never been better , Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the Emirates unveils new extension on live broadcast '' . Gulf News . 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham opens new Adidas store at Mall of the Emirates '' . The National . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mall of the Emirates at Wikimedia Commons Official website Majid Al Futtaim Group Majid Al Futtaim Subsidiaries City Centre Mirdif Mall of Egypt Mall of the Emirates Ski Dubai VOX Cinemas Shopping malls in the United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi Mall Al Wahda Mall Dalma Mall Khalidiyah Mall Marina Mall Mushrif Mall Dubai Current Arabian Center BurJuman City Centre Deira City Center Me'aisem City Centre Mirdif The Dubai Mall Dubai Outlet Mall Festival Waterfront Centre Ibn Battuta Mall Mall of Arabia Mall of the Emirates Mercato Shopping Mall Wafi Mall Planned Mall of the World Elsewhere Al Shaab Village Al Ain Mall Developments in Dubai Skyscrapers Burj Al Alam Infinity Tower Damac Heights Dubai Pearl Emirates Towers Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Almas Tower Address Boulevard Jumeirah Lake Towers Trump International Hotel and Tower Pentominium The Wave Tower Shopping centres Arabian Center BurJuman City Centre Deira Dubai Outlet Mall The Dubai Mall Ibn Battuta Mall Mall of Arabia Mall of the Emirates Mall of the World Mercato Shopping Mall Entertainment City of Arabia Dubai Autodrome Dubailand Dubai Sports City Global Village Transport Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai Metro Green Line Red Line Dubai Tram Dubai Trolley Palm Jumeirah Monorail Land reclamation Bluewaters Island Dubai Waterfront Jumeirah Islands Logo Islands Marsa Al Arab Palm Islands Deira Island Palm Jebel Ali Palm Jumeirah The Universe The World Other projects Arabian Canal Atlantis , The Palm Bawadi Business Bay Culture Village Downtown Dubai Dubai Design District Dubai Festival City Dubai Golf City Dubai International City Dubai Lifestyle City Dubai Marina Dubai Meydan City Dubai Multi Commodities Centre Dubai South Dubai TechnoPark Falconcity of Wonders Hydropolis Jebel Ali Village Jumeirah Garden City Mohammed bin Rashid City Palm Grandeur Sustainable City Town Square Wafi City List of development projects in Dubai List of tallest buildings in Dubai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall_of_the_Emirates&oldid=841618453 '' Categories : Shopping malls established in 2005 Shopping malls in Dubai Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many shops in mall of the emirates	[ "The multi-level shopping mall currently features more than 630 retail outlets, 7900 parking spaces, over 100 restaurants & Cafes, 80 luxury stores and 250 flagship stores. It has a total gross leasable area of 255,489 square meters. It also hosts family leisure activities including Ski Dubai (the Middle East’s first indoor ski resort and snow park), the 500-seat capacity Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre and Magic planet, one of the largest indoor family entertainment centres in Dubai.[1][2]" ]	[ "630 retail outlets, 7900 parking spaces, over 100 restaurants & Cafes, 80 luxury stores and 250 flagship stores" ]
1916583936219302135	Heavy water	Heavy water - wikipedia Heavy water Not to be confused with hard water or tritiated water . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Heavy water Names IUPAC name ( H ) - Water Other names Deuterium oxide Water - d Dideuterium monoxide Properties Chemical formula O Molar mass 20.0276 g mol Appearance Colorless liquid Odor Odorless Density 1.107 g mL Melting point 3.82 ° C ; 38.88 ° F ; 276.97 K Boiling point 101.4 ° C ( 214.5 ° F ; 374.5 K ) Solubility in water Miscible log P − 1.38 Refractive index ( n ) 1.328 Viscosity 1.25 mPa s ( at 20 ° C ) Dipole moment 1.87 D Hazards NFPA 704 0 0 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Heavy water ( deuterium oxide , H O , D O ) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D , also known as heavy hydrogen ) , rather than the common hydrogen - 1 isotope ( H or H , also called protium ) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water . The presence of deuterium gives the chemical different nuclear properties , and the increase of mass gives it different physical and chemical properties compared to normal `` light water '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 Other heavy forms of water 2.1 Semiheavy water 2.2 Heavy - oxygen water 2.3 Tritiated water 3 Physical properties 4 History 5 Effect on biological systems 5.1 Effect on animals 5.2 Toxicity in humans 5.3 Heavy water radiation contamination confusion 6 Production 6.1 Argentina 6.2 Soviet Union 6.3 United States 6.4 India 6.5 Empire of Japan 6.6 Norway 6.7 Canada 6.8 Iran 6.9 Pakistan 6.10 Other countries 7 Applications 7.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance 7.2 Organic chemistry 7.3 Fourier transform spectroscopy 7.4 Neutron moderator 7.5 Neutrino detector 7.6 Metabolic rate testing in physiology and biology 7.7 Tritium production 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Explanation ( edit ) Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope with a nucleus containing a neutron and a proton ; the nucleus of a protium ( normal hydrogen ) atom consists of just a proton . The additional neutron makes a deuterium atom roughly twice as heavy as a protium atom . A molecule of heavy water has two deuterium atoms in place of the two protium atoms of ordinary `` light '' water . The weight of a heavy water molecule , however , is not substantially different from that of a normal water molecule , because about 89 % of the molecular weight of water comes from the single oxygen atom rather than the two hydrogen atoms . The colloquial term heavy water refers to a highly enriched water mixture that contains mostly deuterium oxide D O , but also some hydrogen - deuterium oxide ( HDO ) and a smaller number of ordinary hydrogen oxide H O molecules . For instance , the heavy water used in CANDU reactors is 99.75 % enriched by hydrogen atom - fraction -- meaning that 99.75 % of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type . For comparison , ordinary water ( the `` ordinary water '' used for a deuterium standard ) contains only about 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms , meaning that 0.0156 % of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type . Heavy water is not radioactive . In its pure form , it has a density about 11 % greater than water , but is otherwise physically and chemically similar . Nevertheless , the various differences in deuterium - containing water ( especially affecting the biological properties ) are larger than in any other commonly occurring isotope - substituted compound because deuterium is unique among heavy stable isotopes in being twice as heavy as the lightest isotope . This difference increases the strength of water 's hydrogen - oxygen bonds , and this in turn is enough to cause differences that are important to some biochemical reactions . The human body naturally contains deuterium equivalent to about five grams of heavy water , which is harmless . When a large fraction of water ( > 50 % ) in higher organisms is replaced by heavy water , the result is cell dysfunction and death . Heavy water was first produced in 1932 , a few months after the discovery of deuterium . With the discovery of nuclear fission in late 1938 , and the need for a neutron moderator that captured few neutrons , heavy water became a component of early nuclear energy research . Since then , heavy water has been an essential component in some types of reactors , both those that generate power and those designed to produce isotopes for nuclear weapons . These heavy water reactors have the advantage of being able to run on natural uranium without using graphite moderators that pose radiological and dust explosion hazards in the decommissioning phase . Most modern reactors use enriched uranium with ordinary water as the moderator . Other heavy forms of water ( edit ) Semi-heavy water ( edit ) Semiheavy water , HDO , exists whenever there is water with light hydrogen ( protium , H ) and deuterium ( D or H ) in the mix . This is because hydrogen atoms ( hydrogen - 1 and deuterium ) are rapidly exchanged between water molecules . Water containing 50 % H and 50 % D in its hydrogen actually contains about 50 % HDO and 25 % each of H O and D O , in dynamic equilibrium . In normal water , about 1 molecule in 3,200 is HDO ( one hydrogen in 6,400 is in the form of D ) , and heavy water molecules ( D O ) only occur in a proportion of about 1 molecule in 41 million ( i.e. one in 6,400 ) . Thus semiheavy water molecules are far more common than `` pure '' ( homoisotopic ) heavy water molecules . Heavy - oxygen water ( edit ) Water enriched in the heavier oxygen isotopes O and O is also commercially available , e.g. , for use as a non-radioactive isotopic tracer . It is `` heavy water '' as it is denser than normal water ( H O is approximately as dense as D O , H O is about halfway between H O and D O ) -- but is rarely called heavy water , since it does not contain the deuterium that gives D O its unusual nuclear and biological properties . It is more expensive than D O due to the more difficult separation of O and O. H O is also used for production of fluorine - 18 for radiopharmaceuticals and radiotracers and for positron emission tomography . Tritiated water ( edit ) Tritiated water contains tritium ( H ) in place of protium ( H ) or deuterium ( H ) , and therefore it is radioactive . Physical properties ( edit ) Physical properties of isotopologues of water Property D O ( Heavy water ) HDO ( Semiheavy water ) H O ( Light water ) Freezing point 3.82 ° C ( 38.88 ° F ) ( 276.97 K ) 2.04 ° C ( 35.67 ° F ) ( 275.19 K ) 0.0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ( 273.15 K ) Boiling point 101.4 ° C ( 214.5 ° F ) ( 374.55 K ) 100.7 ° C ( 213.3 ° F ) ( 373.85 K ) 100.0 ° C ( 212 ° F ) ( 373.15 K ) Density at STP ( g / mL ) 1.1056 1.054 0.9982 Temp. of maximum density 11.6 ° C Unverified 3.98 ° C Dynamic viscosity ( at 20 ° C , mPa s ) 1.2467 1.1248 1.0016 Surface tension ( at 25 ° C , N / m ) 0.07187 0.07193 0.07198 Heat of fusion ( kJ / mol ) 6.132 6.227 6.00678 Heat of vaporisation ( kJ / mol ) 41.521 Unverified 40.657 pH ( at 25 ° C ) 7.44 ( `` pD '' ) 7.266 ( `` pHD '' ) 7.0 pK ( at 25 ° C ) 7.44 ( `` pK D O '' ) Unverified 7.0 Refractive index ( at 20 ° C , 0.5893 μm ) 1.32844 Unverified 1.33335 The physical properties of water and heavy water differ in several respects . Heavy water is less dissociated than light water at given temperature , and the true concentration of D ions is less than H ions would be for a light water sample at the same temperature . The same is true of OD vs. OH ions . For heavy water Kw D O ( 25.0 ° C ) = 1.35 × 10 , and ( D ) must equal ( OD ) for neutral water . Thus pKw D O = p ( OD ) + p ( D ) = 7.44 + 7.44 = 14.87 ( 25.0 ° C ) , and the p ( D ) of neutral heavy water at 25.0 ° C is 7.44 . The pD of heavy water is generally measured using pH electrodes giving a pH ( apparent ) value , or pHa , and at various temperatures a true acidic pD can be estimated from the directly pH meter measured pHa , such that pD+ = pHa ( apparent reading from pH meter ) + 0.41 . The electrode correction for alkaline conditions is 0.456 for heavy water . The alkaline correction is then pD+ = PHa ( apparent reading from pH meter ) + 0.456 . These corrections are slightly different from the differences in p ( D+ ) and p ( OD - ) of 0.44 from the corresponding ones in heavy water . Heavy water is 10.6 % denser than ordinary water , and heavy water 's physically different properties can be seen without equipment if a frozen sample is dropped into normal water , as it will sink . If the water is ice - cold the higher melting temperature of heavy ice can also be observed : it melts at 3.7 ° C , and thus does not melt in ice - cold normal water . An early experiment reported not the `` slightest difference '' in taste between ordinary and heavy water . However , rats given a choice between distilled normal water and heavy water were able to avoid the heavy water based on smell , and it may have a different taste . No physical properties are listed for `` pure '' semi-heavy water , because it is unstable as a bulk liquid . In the liquid state , a few water molecules are always in an ionised state , which means the hydrogen atoms can exchange among different oxygen atoms . Semi-heavy water could , in theory , be created via a chemical method , but it would rapidly transform into a dynamic mixture of 25 % light water , 25 % heavy water , and 50 % semi-heavy water . However , if it were made in the gas phase and directly deposited into a solid , semi heavy water in the form of ice could be stable . This is due to collisions between water vapour molecules being almost completely negligible in the gas phase at standard temperatures , and once crystallized collisions between the molecules cease altogether due to the rigid lattice structure of solid ice . History ( edit ) Harold Urey discovered the isotope deuterium in 1931 and was later able to concentrate it in water . Urey 's mentor Gilbert Newton Lewis isolated the first sample of pure heavy water by electrolysis in 1933 . George de Hevesy and Erich Hofer used heavy water in 1934 in one of the first biological tracer experiments , to estimate the rate of turnover of water in the human body . The history of large - quantity production and use of heavy water in early nuclear experiments is given below . Emilian Bratu and Otto Redlich studied the autodissociation of heavy water in 1934 . Effect on biological systems ( edit ) Different isotopes of chemical elements have slightly different chemical behaviors , but for most elements the differences are far too small to use , or even detect . For hydrogen , however , this is not true . The larger chemical isotope - effects seen between protium ( light hydrogen ) versus deuterium and tritium manifest because bond energies in chemistry are determined in quantum mechanics by equations in which the quantity of reduced mass of the nucleus and electrons appears . This quantity is altered in heavy - hydrogen compounds ( of which deuterium oxide is the most common ) more than for heavy - isotope substitution in other chemical elements . This isotope effect of heavy hydrogen is magnified further in biological systems , which are very sensitive to small changes in the solvent properties of water . Heavy water is the only known chemical substance that affects the period of circadian oscillations , consistently increasing the length of each cycle . The effect is seen in unicellular organisms , green plants , isopods , insects , birds , mice , and hamsters . The mechanism is unknown . To perform their tasks , enzymes rely on their finely tuned networks of hydrogen bonds , both in the active center with their substrates , and outside the active center , to stabilize their tertiary structures . As a hydrogen bond with deuterium is slightly stronger than one involving ordinary hydrogen , in a highly deuterated environment , some normal reactions in cells are disrupted . Particularly hard - hit by heavy water are the delicate assemblies of mitotic spindle formation necessary for cell division in eukaryotes . Plants stop growing and seeds do not germinate when given only heavy water , because heavy water stops eukaryotic cell division . The deuterium cell is larger and it is a modification of the direction of division . The cell membrane also changes , and it reacts first to the impact of heavy water . In 1972 it was demonstrated that an increase in the percentage content of deuterium in water reduces plant growth . Research conducted on the growth of prokaryote microorganisms in artificial conditions of a heavy hydrogen environment showed that in this environment , all the hydrogen atoms of water could be replaced with deuterium . Experiments showed that bacteria can live in 98 % heavy water . However , all concentrations over 50 % of deuterium in the water molecules were found to kill plants . Effect on animals ( edit ) Experiments in mice , rats , and dogs have shown that a degree of 25 % deuteration causes ( sometimes irreversible ) sterility , because neither gametes nor zygotes can develop . High concentrations of heavy water ( 90 % ) rapidly kill fish , tadpoles , flatworms , and Drosophila . Mammals ( for example , rats ) given heavy water to drink die after a week , at a time when their body water approaches about 50 % deuteration . The mode of death appears to be the same as that in cytotoxic poisoning ( such as chemotherapy ) or in acute radiation syndrome ( though deuterium is not radioactive ) , and is due to deuterium 's action in generally inhibiting cell division . It is more toxic to malignant cells than normal cells but the concentrations needed are too high for regular use . As in chemotherapy , deuterium - poisoned mammals die of a failure of bone marrow ( bleeding and infection ) and intestinal - barrier functions ( diarrhea and fluid loss ) . Despite the problems of plants and animals in living with too much deuterium , prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria , which do not have the mitotic problems induced by deuterium , may be grown and propagated in fully deuterated conditions , resulting in replacement of all hydrogen atoms in the bacterial proteins and DNA with the deuterium isotope . Full replacement with heavy atom isotopes can be accomplished in higher organisms with other non-radioactive heavy isotopes ( such as carbon - 13 , nitrogen - 15 , and oxygen - 18 ) , but this can not be done for the stable heavy isotope of hydrogen . Deuterium oxide is used to enhance boron neutron capture therapy , but this effect does not rely on the biological effects of deuterium per se , but instead on deuterium 's ability to moderate ( slow ) neutrons without capturing them . Toxicity in humans ( edit ) Because it would take a very large amount of heavy water to replace 25 % to 50 % of a human being 's body water ( water being in turn 50 -- 75 % of body weight ) with heavy water , accidental or intentional poisoning with heavy water is unlikely to the point of practical disregard . Poisoning would require that the victim ingest large amounts of heavy water without significant normal water intake for many days to produce any noticeable toxic effects . Oral doses of heavy water in the range of several grams , as well as heavy oxygen O , are routinely used in human metabolic experiments . See doubly labeled water testing . Since one in about every 6,400 hydrogen atoms is deuterium , a 50 kg human containing 32 kg of body water would normally contain enough deuterium ( about 1.1 g ) to make 5.5 g of pure heavy water , so roughly this dose is required to double the amount of deuterium in the body . A loss of blood pressure may partially explain the reported incidence of dizziness upon ingestion of heavy water . However , it is more likely that this symptom can be attributed to altered vestibular function . Heavy water radiation contamination confusion ( edit ) Although many people associate heavy water primarily with its use in nuclear reactors , pure heavy water is not radioactive . Commercial - grade heavy water is slightly radioactive due to the presence of minute traces of natural tritium , but the same is true of ordinary water . Heavy water that has been used as a coolant in nuclear power plants contains substantially more tritium as a result of neutron bombardment of the deuterium in the heavy water ( tritium is a health risk when ingested in large quantities ) . In 1990 , a disgruntled employee at the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station in Canada obtained a sample ( estimated as about a `` half cup '' ) of heavy water from the primary heat transport loop of the nuclear reactor , and loaded it into a cafeteria drink dispenser . Eight employees drank some of the contaminated water . The incident was discovered when employees began leaving bioassay urine samples with elevated tritium levels . The quantity of heavy water involved was far below levels that could induce heavy water toxicity , but several employees received elevated radiation doses from tritium and neutron - activated chemicals in the water . This was not an incident of heavy water poisoning , but rather radiation poisoning from other isotopes in the heavy water . Some news services were not careful to distinguish these points , and some of the public were left with the impression that heavy water is normally radioactive and more severely toxic than it is . Even if pure heavy water had been used in the water cooler indefinitely , it is not likely the incident would have been detected or caused harm , since no employee would be expected to get much more than 25 % of their daily drinking water from such a source . Production ( edit ) On Earth , deuterated water , HDO , occurs naturally in normal water at a proportion of about 1 molecule in 3,200 . This means that 1 in 6,400 hydrogen atoms is deuterium , which is 1 part in 3,200 by weight ( hydrogen weight ) . The HDO may be separated from normal water by distillation or electrolysis and also by various chemical exchange processes , all of which exploit a kinetic isotope effect . ( For more information about the isotopic distribution of deuterium in water , see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water . ) In theory , deuterium for heavy water could be created in a nuclear reactor , but separation from ordinary water is the cheapest bulk production process . The difference in mass between the two hydrogen isotopes translates into a difference in the zero - point energy and thus into a slight difference in the speed of the reaction . Once HDO becomes a significant fraction of the water , heavy water becomes more prevalent as water molecules trade hydrogen atoms very frequently . Production of pure heavy water by distillation or electrolysis requires a large cascade of stills or electrolysis chambers and consumes large amounts of power , so the chemical methods are generally preferred . The most cost - effective process for producing heavy water is the dual temperature exchange sulfide process ( known as the Girdler sulfide process ) developed in parallel by Karl - Hermann Geib and Jerome S. Spevack in 1943 . An alternative process , patented by Graham M. Keyser , uses lasers to selectively dissociate deuterated hydrofluorocarbons to form deuterium fluoride , which can then be separated by physical means . Although the energy consumption for this process is much less than for the Girdler sulfide process , this method is currently uneconomical due to the expense of procuring the necessary hydrofluorocarbons . As noted , modern commercial heavy water is almost universally referred to , and sold as , deuterium oxide . It is most often sold in various grades of purity , from 98 % enrichment to 99.75 -- 99.98 % deuterium enrichment ( nuclear reactor grade ) and occasionally even higher isotopic purity . Argentina ( edit ) Argentina is the main producer of heavy water , using an ammonia / hydrogen exchange based plant supplied by Switzerland 's Sulzer company . It is also a major exporter to Canada , USA , Germany , and other countries . The heavy water production facility located at Arroyito , Neuquén Province is the world 's largest heavy water production facility . Argentina produces 200 tons of heavy water per year using , not H S bithermal method , but monothermal ammonia - hydrogen isotopic exchange . Soviet Union ( edit ) In October 1939 , Soviet physicists Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Yulii Borisovich Khariton concluded that heavy water and carbon were the only feasible moderators for a natural uranium reactor , and in August 1940 , along with Georgy Flyorov , submitted a plan to the Russian Academy of Sciences calculating that 15 tons of heavy water were needed for a reactor . With the Soviet Union having no uranium mines at the time , young Academy workers were sent to Leningrad photographic shops to buy uranium nitrate , but the entire heavy water project was halted in 1941 when German forces invaded during Operation Barbarossa . By 1943 , Soviet scientists had discovered that all scientific literature relating to heavy water had disappeared from the West , which Flyorov in a letter warned Soviet leader Joseph Stalin about , and at which time there was only 2 -- 3 kg of heavy water in the entire country . In late 1943 , the Soviet purchasing commission in the U.S. obtained 1 kg of heavy water and a further 100 kg in February 1945 , and upon World War II ending , the NKVD took over the project . In October 1946 , as part of the Russian Alsos , the NKVD deported to the Soviet Union from Germany the German scientists who had worked on heavy water production during the war , including Karl - Hermann Geib , the inventor of the Girdler sulfide process . These German scientists worked under the supervision of German physical chemist Max Volmer at the Institute of Physical Chemistry in Moscow with the plant they constructed producing large quantities of heavy water by 1948 . United States ( edit ) During the Manhattan Project the United States constructed three heavy water production plants as part of the P - 9 Project at Morgantown Ordnance Works , near Morgantown , West Virginia ; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works , near Dana and Newport , Indiana ; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works , near Childersburg and Sylacauga , Alabama . Heavy water was also acquired from the Cominco plant in Trail , British Columbia , Canada . The Chicago Pile - 3 experimental reactor used heavy water as a moderator and went critical in 1944 . The three domestic production plants were shut down in 1945 after producing around 20 metric tons of product ( around 20,000 litres ) . The Wabash plant was reopened and began resumption of heavy water production in 1952 . In 1953 , the United States began using heavy water in plutonium production reactors at the Savannah River Site . The first of the five heavy water reactors came online in 1953 , and the last was placed in cold shutdown in 1996 . The SRS reactors were heavy water reactors so that they could produce both plutonium and tritium for the US nuclear weapons program . The U.S. developed the Girdler sulfide chemical exchange production process -- which was first demonstrated on a large scale at the Dana , Indiana plant in 1945 and at the Savannah River Plant , South Carolina in 1952 . DuPont operated the SRP for the USDOE until 1 April 1989 , when Westinghouse took it over . India ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India is one of the world 's largest producers of heavy water through its Heavy Water Board and also exports to countries like Republic of Korea and the US . Development of heavy water process in India happened in three phases : The first phase ( late 1950s to mid-1980s ) was a period of technology development , the second phase was of deployment of technology and process stabilisation ( mid-1980s to early 1990s ) and third phase saw consolidation and a shift towards improvement in production and energy conservation . Empire of Japan ( edit ) In the 1930s , it was suspected by the United States and Soviet Union that Austrian chemist Fritz Johann Hansgirg built a pilot plant for the Empire of Japan in Japanese ruled northern Korea to produce heavy water by using a new process he had invented . Norway ( edit ) Main article : Norwegian heavy water sabotage `` Heavy water '' made by Norsk Hydro In 1934 , Norsk Hydro built the first commercial heavy water plant at Vemork , Tinn , with a capacity of 12 tonnes per year . From 1940 and throughout World War II , the plant was under German control and the Allies decided to destroy the plant and its heavy water to inhibit German development of nuclear weapons . In late 1942 , a planned raid by British airborne troops failed , both gliders crashing . The raiders were killed in the crash or subsequently executed by the Germans . On the night of 27 February 1943 Operation Gunnerside succeeded . Norwegian commandos and local resistance managed to demolish small , but key parts of the electrolytic cells , dumping the accumulated heavy water down the factory drains . On 16 November 1943 , the Allied air forces dropped more than 400 bombs on the site . The Allied air raid prompted the Nazi government to move all available heavy water to Germany for safekeeping . On 20 February 1944 , a Norwegian partisan sank the ferry M / F Hydro carrying heavy water across Lake Tinn , at the cost of 14 Norwegian civilian lives , and most of the heavy water was presumably lost . A few of the barrels were only half full , and therefore could float , and may have been salvaged and transported to Germany . Recent investigation of production records at Norsk Hydro and analysis of an intact barrel that was salvaged in 2004 revealed that although the barrels in this shipment contained water of pH 14 -- indicative of the alkaline electrolytic refinement process -- they did not contain high concentrations of D O. Despite the apparent size of the shipment , the total quantity of pure heavy water was quite small , most barrels only containing 0.5 -- 1 % pure heavy water . The Germans would have needed a total of about 5 tons of heavy water to get a nuclear reactor running . The manifest clearly indicated that there was only half a ton of heavy water being transported to Germany . Hydro was carrying far too little heavy water for one reactor , let alone the 10 or more tons needed to make enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon . Israel admitted running the Dimona reactor with Norwegian heavy water sold to it in 1959 . Through re-export using Romania and Germany , India probably also used Norwegian heavy water . Canada ( edit ) As part of its contribution to the Manhattan Project , Canada built and operated a 6 - tonnes - per - year electrolytic heavy water plant at Trail , British Columbia , which started operation in 1943 . The Atomic Energy of Canada Limited ( AECL ) design of power reactor requires large quantities of heavy water to act as a neutron moderator and coolant . AECL ordered two heavy water plants , which were built and operated in Atlantic Canada at Glace Bay , Nova Scotia ( by Deuterium of Canada Limited ) and Port Hawkesbury , Nova Scotia ( by General Electric Canada ) . These plants proved to have significant design , construction and production problems . Consequently , AECL built the Bruce Heavy Water Plant ( 44 ° 11 ′ 07 '' N 81 ° 21 ′ 42 '' W / 44.1854 ° N 81.3618 ° W / 44.1854 ; - 81.3618 ( Bruce Heavy Water Plant ) ) , which it later sold to Ontario Hydro , to ensure a reliable supply of heavy water for future power plants . The two Nova Scotia plants were shut down in 1985 when their production proved unnecessary . The Bruce Heavy Water Plant ( BHWP ) in Ontario was the world 's largest heavy water production plant with a capacity of 1600 tonnes per year at its peak ( 800 tonnes per year per full plant , two fully operational plants at its peak ) . It used the Girdler sulfide process to produce heavy water , and required 340,000 tonnes of feed water to produce one tonne of heavy water . It was part of a complex that included eight CANDU reactors , which provided heat and power for the heavy water plant . The site was located at Douglas Point / Bruce Nuclear Generating Station near Tiverton , Ontario on Lake Huron where it had access to the waters of the Great Lakes . AECL issued the construction contract in 1969 for the first BHWP unit ( BHWP A ) . Commissioning of BHWP A was done by Ontario Hydro from 1971 through 1973 , with the plant entering service on June 28 , 1973 and design production capacity being achieved in April 1974 . Due to the success of BHWP A and the large amount of heavy water that would be required for the large numbers of upcoming planned CANDU nuclear power plant construction projects , Ontario Hydro commissioned three additional heavy water production plants for the Bruce site ( BHWP B , C , and D ) . BHWP B was placed into service in 1979 . These first two plants were significantly more efficient than planned , and the number of CANDU construction projects ended up being significantly lower than originally planned , which led to the cancellation of construction on BHWP C & D. In 1984 BHWP A was shut down . By 1993 Ontario Hydro had produced enough heavy water to meet all of its anticipated domestic needs ( which were lower than expected due to improved efficiency in the use and recycling of heavy water ) , so they shut down and demolished half of the capacity of BHWP B . The remaining capacity continued to operate in order to fulfill demand for heavy water exports until it was permanently shut down in 1997 , after which the plant was gradually dismantled and the site cleared . AECL is currently researching other more efficient and environmentally benign processes for creating heavy water . This is essential for the future of the CANDU reactors since heavy water represents about 15 -- 20 % of the total capital cost of each CANDU plant . Iran ( edit ) Since 1996 a plant for production of heavy water was being constructed at Khondab near Arak . On 26 August 2006 , Iranian President Ahmadinejad inaugurated the expansion of the country 's heavy - water plant . Iran has indicated that the heavy - water production facility will operate in tandem with a 40 MW research reactor that had a scheduled completion date in 2009 . Iran produced deuterated solvents in early 2011 for the first time . The core of the IR - 40 is supposed to be re-designed based on the nuclear agreement in July 2015 . Iran is currently allowed to store only 130 Tons of heavy - water . Pakistan ( edit ) The 50 MW heavy water and natural uranium research reactor at Khushab , in Punjab province , is a central element of Pakistan 's program for production of plutonium , deuterium and tritium for advanced compact warheads ( i.e. thermonuclear weapons ) . Pakistan succeeded in acquiring a tritium purification and storage plant and deuterium and tritium precursor materials from two German firms . Other countries ( edit ) Romania produces heavy water at the Drobeta Girdler sulfide plant for domestic and export purposes . France operated a small plant during the 1950s and 1960s . Heavy water exists in elevated concentration in the hypolimnion of Lake Tanganyika in East Africa . It is likely that similar elevated concentrations exist in lakes with similar limnology , but this is only 4 % enrichment ( 24 vs 28 ) and surface waters are usually enriched in D O by evaporation to even greater extend by faster H O evaporation . Applications ( edit ) Nuclear magnetic resonance ( edit ) Deuterium oxide is used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy when using water as solvent if the nuclide of interest is hydrogen . This is because the signal from light - water ( H O ) solvent molecules interfere with observing the signal from the molecule of interest dissolved in it . Deuterium has a different magnetic moment and therefore does not contribute to the H - NMR signal at the hydrogen - 1 resonance frequency . For some experiments , it may be desirable to identify the labile hydrogens on a compound , that is hydrogens that can easily exchange away as H ions on some positions in a molecule . With addition of D O , sometimes referred to as a D O shake , labile hydrogens exchange away and are substituted by deuterium ( H ) atoms . These positions in the molecule then do not appear in the H - NMR spectrum . Organic Chemistry ( edit ) Deuterium oxide is often used as the source of deuterium for preparing specifically labelled isotopologues of organic compounds . For example , C-H bonds adjacent to ketonic carbonyl groups can be replaced by C-D bonds , using acid or base catalysis . Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide , made from dimethyl sulfoxide and methyl iodide can be recrystallized from deuterium oxide , and then dissociated to regenerate methyl iodide and dimethyl sulfoxide , both deuterium labelled . In cases where specific double labelling by deuterium and tritium is contemplated , the researcher must be aware that deuterium oxide , depending upon age and origin , can contain some tritium . Fourier transform spectroscopy ( edit ) Deuterium oxide is often used instead of water when collecting FTIR spectra of proteins in solution . H O creates a strong band that overlaps with the amide I region of proteins . The band from D O is shifted away from the amide I region . Neutron moderator ( edit ) Heavy water is used in certain types of nuclear reactors , where it acts as a neutron moderator to slow down neutrons so that they are more likely to react with the fissile uranium - 235 than with uranium - 238 , which captures neutrons without fissioning . The CANDU reactor uses this design . Light water also acts as a moderator , but because light water absorbs more neutrons than heavy water , reactors using light water for a reactor moderator must use enriched uranium rather than natural uranium , otherwise criticality is impossible . A significant fraction of outdated power reactors , such as the RBMK reactors in the USSR , were constructed using normal water for cooling but graphite as a moderator . However , the danger of graphite in power reactors ( graphite fires in part led to the Chernobyl disaster ) has led to the discontinuation of graphite in standard reactor designs . Because they do not require uranium enrichment , heavy water reactors are more of a concern in regards to nuclear proliferation . The breeding and extraction of plutonium can be a relatively rapid and cheap route to building a nuclear weapon , as chemical separation of plutonium from fuel is easier than isotopic separation of U-235 from natural uranium . Among current and past nuclear weapons states , Israel , India , and North Korea first used plutonium from heavy water moderated reactors burning natural uranium , while China , South Africa and Pakistan first built weapons using highly enriched uranium . In the U.S. , however , the first experimental atomic reactor ( 1942 ) , as well as the Manhattan Project Hanford production reactors that produced the plutonium for the Trinity test and Fat Man bombs , all used pure carbon ( graphite ) neutron moderators combined with normal water cooling pipes . They functioned with neither enriched uranium nor heavy water . Russian and British plutonium production also used graphite - moderated reactors . There is no evidence that civilian heavy water power reactors -- such as the CANDU or Atucha designs -- have been used to produce military fissile materials . In nations that do not already possess nuclear weapons , nuclear material at these facilities is under IAEA safeguards to discourage any diversion . Due to its potential for use in nuclear weapons programs , the possession or import / export of large industrial quantities of heavy water are subject to government control in several countries . Suppliers of heavy water and heavy water production technology typically apply IAEA ( International Atomic Energy Agency ) administered safeguards and material accounting to heavy water . ( In Australia , the Nuclear Non-Proliferation ( Safeguards ) Act 1987 . ) In the U.S. and Canada , non-industrial quantities of heavy water ( i.e. , in the gram to kg range ) are routinely available without special license through chemical supply dealers and commercial companies such as the world 's former major producer Ontario Hydro . Neutrino detector ( edit ) The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory ( SNO ) in Sudbury , Ontario uses 1,000 tonnes of heavy water on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada Limited . The neutrino detector is 6,800 feet ( 2,100 m ) underground in a mine , to shield it from muons produced by cosmic rays . SNO was built to answer the question of whether or not electron - type neutrinos produced by fusion in the Sun ( the only type the Sun should be producing directly , according to theory ) might be able to turn into other types of neutrinos on the way to Earth . SNO detects the Cherenkov radiation in the water from high - energy electrons produced from electron - type neutrinos as they undergo charged current ( CC ) interactions with neutrons in deuterium , turning them into protons and electrons ( however , only the electrons are fast enough to produce Cherenkov radiation for detection ) . SNO also detects neutrino ↔ electron scattering ( ES ) events , where the neutrino transfers energy to the electron , which then proceeds to generate Cherenkov radiation distinguishable from that produced by CC events . The first of these two reactions is produced only by electron - type neutrinos , while the second can be caused by all of the neutrino flavors . The use of deuterium is critical to the SNO function , because all three `` flavours '' ( types ) of neutrinos may be detected in a third type of reaction as well , neutrino - disintegration , in which a neutrino of any type ( electron , muon , or tau ) scatters from a deuterium nucleus ( deuteron ) , transferring enough energy to break up the loosely bound deuteron into a free neutron and proton via a neutral current ( NC ) interaction . This event is detected when the free neutron is absorbed by Cl present from NaCl deliberately dissolved in the heavy water , causing emission of characteristic capture gamma rays . Thus , in this experiment , heavy water not only provides the transparent medium necessary to produce and visualize Cherenkov radiation , but it also provides deuterium to detect exotic mu type ( μ ) and tau ( τ ) neutrinos , as well as a non-absorbent moderator medium to preserve free neutrons from this reaction , until they can be absorbed by an easily detected neutron - activated isotope . Metabolic rate testing in Physiology. and Biology ( edit ) Main article : Doubly labeled water test Heavy water is employed as part of a mixture with H O for a common and safe test of mean metabolic rate in humans and animals undergoing their normal activities . Tritium production ( edit ) See also : Tritium § Deuterium Tritium is the active substance in self - powered lighting and controlled nuclear fusion , its other uses including autoradiography and radioactive labeling . It is also used in nuclear weapon design for boosted fission weapons and initiators . Some tritium is created in heavy water moderated reactors when deuterium captures a neutron . This reaction has a small cross-section ( probability of a single neutron - capture event ) and produces only small amounts of tritium , although enough to justify cleaning tritium from the moderator every few years to reduce the environmental risk of tritium escape . Producing a lot of tritium in this way would require reactors with very high neutron fluxes , or with a very high proportion of heavy water to nuclear fuel and very low neutron absorption by other reactor material . The tritium would then have to be recovered by isotope separation from a much larger quantity of deuterium , unlike production from lithium - 6 ( the present method ) , where only chemical separation is needed . Deuterium 's absorption cross section for thermal neutrons is 0.52 milli barns ( 5.2 × 10 m ; 1 barn = 10 m ) , while those of oxygen - 16 and oxygen - 17 are 0.19 and 0.24 millibarns , respectively . O makes up 0.038 % of natural oxygen , making the overall cross section 0.28 millibarns . Therefore , in D O with natural oxygen , 21 % of neutron captures are on oxygen , rising higher as O builds up from neutron capture on O. Also , O may emit an alpha particle on neutron capture , producing radioactive carbon - 14 . See also ( edit ) Water portal Cold fusion Interstellar ice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parpart , Arthur K. ( December 1935 ) . `` The permeability of the mammalian erythrocyte to deuterium oxide ( heavy water ) '' . Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology. 7 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 162 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1030070202 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Svishchev , I.M. ; Kusalik , P.G. ( January 1994 ) . `` Dynamics in liquid water , water - d2 , and water - t2 : a comparative simulation study '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry . 98 ( 3 ) : 728 -- 733 . doi : 10.1021 / j100054a002 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . 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Redlich , Die elektrolytische Dissoziation des schweren Wassers ; vorläufige Mitttelung , Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie , 170 , 153 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pittendrigh , C.S. ; Caldarola , P.C. ; Cosbey , E.S. ( July 1973 ) . `` A Differential Effect of Heavy Water on Temperature - Dependent and Temperature - Compensated Aspects of the Circadian System of Drosophila pseudoobscura '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 70 ( 7 ) : 2037 -- 2041 . Bibcode : 1973PNAS ... 70.2037 P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 70.7. 2037 . PMC 433660 . PMID 4516204 . Jump up ^ Katz , J.J. 1965 . Chemical and biological studies with deuterium . 39th Annual Priestly Lecture , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pa . pp. 1 -- 110 , August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O. V ; Ignatov , I. ( 2012 ) . `` Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells '' . Biomedicine. 1 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 31 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bild , W ; Năstasă , V ; Haulică ( 2004 ) . `` In Vivo and in Vitro Research on the Biological Effects of Deuterium - depleted water : Influence of Deuterium - depleted water on Cultured Cell Growth '' . Rom J. Physiol. 41 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 53 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Crespi , H. , Conrad , S. , Uphaus , R. , Katz , J. ( 1960 ) Cultivation of Microorganisms in Heavy Water , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , Deuterium Isotopes in Chemistry and Biology , pp. 648 -- 666 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O.V. , I. Ignatov , I. ( 2013 ) Microbiological Synthesis of 2H - Labeled Phenylalanine , Alanine , Valine , and Leucine / Isoleucine with Different Degrees of Deuterium Enrichment by the Gram - Positive Facultative Methylotrophic Bacterium Вrevibacterium Methylicum , International Journal of Biomedicine Vol. 3 , N 2 , pp. 132 - 138 . Jump up ^ Katz , J. ; Crespy , H.L. ( 1972 ) . `` Biologically important isotope hybrid compounds in nmr : 1H Fourier transform nmr at unnatural abundance '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 32 : 221 -- 250 . doi : 10.1351 / pac197232010221 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O.B. ; Skladnev , D.A. ; Egorova , T.A. ; Shvets , V.I. ( 1996 ) . `` Biological Effects of Heavy Water '' . Bioorganic Chemistry . 22 ( 10 -- 11 ) : 861 -- 874 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O.V. , Shvez , V. I , Skladnev , D.A. , Ignatov , I. ( 2012 ) Studying of Microbic Synthesis of Deuterium Labeled L - Phenylalanin by Methylotrophic Bacterium Brevibacterium Methylicum on Media with Different Content of Heavy Water , Biopharmaceutical journal , Moscow , No. 1 , Vol. 4 , No 1 , pp. 11 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O.V. , Ignatov , I. ( 2012 ) Isotopic Effects of Deuterium in Bacteria and Micro-Algae in Vegetation in Heavy Water , Water : Chemistry and Ecology , No. 3 , Moscow , pp. 83 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Skladnev D.A. , Mosin O.V. , Egorova T.A. , Eremin S.V. , Shvets V.I. ( 1996 ) Methylotrophic Bacteria as Sources of 2H - and 13C - amino Acids . Biotechnology , pp. 14 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : D.J. Kushner ; Alison Baker ; T.G. Dunstall ( 1999 ) . `` Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds '' . Can . J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 77 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 88 . doi : 10.1139 / cjpp - 77 - 2 - 79 . PMID 10535697 . used in boron neutron capture therapy ... D2O is more toxic to malignant than normal animal cells ... Protozoa are able to withstand up to 70 % D2O . Algae and bacteria can adapt to grow in 100 % D2O Jump up ^ Thomson , J.F. ( 1960 ) . `` Physiological Effects of D O in Mammals . Deuterium Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 84 : 736 -- 744 . Bibcode : 1960NYASA ... 84 ... 736T . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1960. tb39105. x . Jump up ^ Trotsenko , Y.A. , Khmelenina , V.N. , Beschastny , A.P. ( 1995 ) The Ribulose Monophosphate ( Quayle ) Cycle : News and Views . Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds , in : Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds ( Lindstrom M.E. , Tabita F.R. , eds . ) . San Diego ( USA ) , Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers , pp. 23 - 26 . Jump up ^ Watson , P.E. ; et al. ( 1980 ) . `` Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 33 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Money , K.E. ; Myles ( February 1974 ) . `` Heavy water nystagmus and effects of alcohol '' . Nature . 247 ( 5440 ) : 404 -- 405 . Bibcode : 1974Natur. 247 ... 404M . doi : 10.1038 / 247404a0 . PMID 4544739 . Jump up ^ `` Point Lepreau in Canada '' . NNI ( No Nukes Inforesource ) . Archived from the original on 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 6 March 1990 ) . `` Radiation Punch Nuke Plant Worker Charged With Spiking Juice '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Waltham , Chris ( August 1998 ) . An Early History of Heavy Water ( PDF ) ( Report ) . University of British Columbia . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Method for isotope replenishment in an exchange liquid used in a laser '' . Google.com . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trimod Besta : Arroyito Heavy Water Production Plant , Argentina '' ( PDF ) . Trimodbesta.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ecabert , R . `` The heavy water production plant at Arroyito , Arge ... INIS '' . Inis.iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Garcia , E.E. `` The projects for heavy water production of the Arg ... INIS '' . Inis.iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Conde Bidabehere , Luis F. `` Heavy water . An original project in the Argentine ... INIS '' . Inis.iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SELECTION OF A SAFEGUARDS APPROACH FOR THE ARROYITO HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION PLANT '' ( PDF ) . Iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1942-1945/espionage.htm Jump up ^ Pietsch , Barbara ; Sadovsky , A.S. ( May 2015 ) . Heavywater . History of One Priority . Part 3 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . J11505 . Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry . ISSN 2227 - 6920 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 -- via International periodic scientific journal ( SWorld ) . Jump up ^ Oleynikov , Pavel V. ( 2000 ) . German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Nonproliferation Review . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Convert metric tonnes of water to liters of water water volume vs. weight conversion '' . Convert-to.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Streifer , Bill . 1945 : When Korea Faced Its Post-Colonial Future ( Report ) . Academia.edu . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ See Norsk Hydro Rjukan Jump up ^ Gallagher , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Assault In Norway : Sabotaging the Nazi Nuclear Program . Guilford , Connecticut : The Lyons Press . ISBN 1585747505 . ^ Jump up to : NOVA ( 8 November 2005 ) . `` Hitler 's Sunken Secret ( transcript ) '' . NOVA Web site . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Scandals Oslo Must Put to Rest '' Archived 23 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... International Herald Tribune , 1988 - 10 - 07 , p. 6 ( 14 September 1988 ) . Retrieved from Wisconsinproject.org on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Milhollin , Gary ( 1987 ) . `` Heavy Water Cheaters '' . Foreign Policy ( 69 ) : 100 . doi : 10.2307 / 1148590 . ISSN 0015 - 7228 . Jump up ^ Google Earth Jump up ^ ( PDF ) . Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission . March 2003 https://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/EADDB84F-docs/report_e.pdf . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ DAVIDSON , G.D. ( 1978 ) . `` Bruce Heavy Water Plant Performance '' . Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes . AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY . pp. 27 -- 39 . ISBN 0841204209 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Galley , M.R. ; Bancroft , A.R. ( October 1981 ) . `` CANADIAN HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION - 1970 TO 1980 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arak -- Heavy Water Production Plant '' . globalsecurity.org. 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iran 's president launches a new nuclear project '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 27 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Arak -- Iran Special Weapons Facilities '' . globalsecurity.org. 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` آب سنگین اراک ، بهانه‌جویی جدید غرب - ایسنا '' . Isna.ir . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Khushab Heavy Water Plant '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History or Utopia : 45 ) Heavy water , nuclear reactors and ... the living water '' . Peopletales.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Limnology and hydrology of Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi ; Studies and reports in hydrology ; Vol. : 54 ; 1997 '' ( PDF ) . Unesdoc.unesco.org . p. 39 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . H Craig 1975 Jump up ^ H Craig 1974 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ct114wz#page-55 Jump up ^ `` HEAVY WATER REACTORS : STATUS AND PROJECTED DEVELOPMENT '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The SNO Detector '' . The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute , Queen 's University at Kingston . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . External links ( edit ) Heavy Water and Heavy Water -- Part II at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Heavy Water Production , Federation of American Scientists Heavy Water : A Manufacturer 's Guide for the Hydrogen Century Is `` heavy water '' dangerous ? Straight Dope Staff Report . 9 December 2003 Annotated bibliography for heavy water from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Ice is supposed to float , but with a little heavy water , you can make cubes that sink Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Objects Oleg Mosin , Ignat Ignatov J. Chem. Phys. 41 , 1964 Water Overviews Outline Data Model Properties States Liquid Ice Vapor Steam Forms Deuterium - depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Portal Commons Wiktionary Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Category : Astrochemistry Portal : Astrobiology Oxygen compounds AgO Al O AmO Am O As O As O Au O B O BaO BeO Bi O BiO Bi O BrO Br O Br O CO CO C O CaO CaO CdO CeO Ce O Ce O ClO Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O CoO Co O Co O CrO Cr O Cr O Cr O CsO Cs O CuO D O Dy O Er O Eu O OF O O FeO Fe O Fe O Ga O Ga O GeO GeO H O H O H O HfO HgO Hg O Ho O I O I O I O I O In O IrO KO K O La O Li O Li O Lu O MgO Mg O MnO MnO Mn O Mn O MoO MoO Mo O NO NO N O N O N O N O NaO Na O Na O NbO NbO Nd O Chemical formulas Binary compounds of hydrogen Alkali metal hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH Lithium hydride , LiH ionic metal hydride Beryllium hydride Left ( gas phase ) : BeH covalent metal hydride Right : ( BeH ) ( solid phase ) polymeric metal hydride Borane and diborane Left : BH ( special conditions ) , covalent metalloid hydride Right : B H ( standard conditions ) , dimeric metalloid hydride Methane , CH covalent nonmetal hydride Ammonia , NH covalent nonmetal hydride Water , H O covalent nonmetal hydride Hydrogen fluoride , HF covalent nonmetal hydride Alkaline earth hydrides Monohydrides BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH Group 13 hydrides Boranes BH Alanes AlH Al H Gallanes GaH Ga H Indiganes InH In H Thallanes TlH Tl H Group 14 hydrides Linear alkanes CH more ... Linear alkenes more ... Linear alkynes more ... Silanes SiH Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H more ... Silenes Si H Silynes Si H SiH Germanes GeH Ge H Ge H Ge H Ge H Stannanes SnH Sn H Plumbanes PbH CH CH CH Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Annulenes Many more Pnictogen hydrides Azanes NH more ... Azenes Phosphanes PH more ... Phosphenes Arsanes AsH As H Stibanes SbH Bismuthanes BiH HN NH radical Hydrogen chalcogenides Polyoxidanes H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O more ... Polysulfanes more ... Selanes H Se H Se Tellanes H Te H Te Polanes PoH HO HO HO H O -- O H S = S ( HS ) S+ -- S -- HS HDO D O T O Hydrogen halides HF HCl HBr HI HAt Transition metal hydrides ScH YH YH TiH ZrH HfH VH VH NbH NbH TaH CrH CrH CrH NiH PdH ( x < 1 ) FeH FeH FeH CuH ZnH CdH HgH Lanthanide hydrides LaH LaH CeH CeH PrH PrH NdH NdH SmH SmH EuH GdH GdH TbH TbH DyH DyH HoH HoH ErH ErH TmH TmH YbH YbH LuH LuH Actinide hydrides AcH ThH Th H PaH UH NpH NpH PuH PuH AmH AmH CmH Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&oldid=850445480 '' Categories : Deuterated solvents Forms of water Neutron moderators Nuclear reactor coolants Oxygen compounds Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 22 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	at what temperature would a sample of heavy water freeze	[ "\nPhysical properties of isotopologues of water[9]\n\n\nProperty\nD2O (Heavy water)\nHDO (Semiheavy water)\nH2O (Light water)\n\n\nFreezing point\n3.82 °C (38.88 °F) (276.97 K)\n2.04 °C (35.67 °F) (275.19 K)\n0.0 °C (32 °F) (273.15 K)\n\n\nBoiling point\n101.4 °C (214.5 °F) (374.55 K)\n100.7 °C (213.3 °F) (373.85 K)\n100.0 °C (212 °F) (373.15 K)\n\n\nDensity at STP (g/mL)\n1.1056\n1.054\n0.9982\n\n\nTemp. of maximum density\n11.6 °C\nUnverified\n3.98 °C[10]\n\n\nDynamic viscosity (at 20 °C, mPa·s)\n1.2467\n1.1248\n1.0016\n\n\nSurface tension (at 25 °C, N/m)\n0.07187\n0.07193\n0.07198\n\n\nHeat of fusion (kJ/mol)\n6.132\n6.227\n6.00678\n\n\nHeat of vaporisation (kJ/mol)\n41.521\nUnverified\n\n40.657\n\n\npH (at 25 °C)[11]\n7.44 (\"pD\")\n7.266 (\"pHD\")\n7.0\n\n\npKb (at 25 °C)[11]\n7.44 (\"pKb D2O\")\nUnverified\n7.0\n\n\nRefractive index (at 20 °C, 0.5893 μm)[12]\n1.32844\nUnverified\n1.33335\n" ]	[ "3.82 °C (38.88 °F) (276.97 K)" ]
-2528703497092655853	Edward Ferrars	Edward Ferrars - Wikipedia Edward Ferrars Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Edward Ferrars Full name Edward Ferrars Gender Male Age 23 Income £ 100 / year , after being cut off Education privately tutored in the home of the Reverend Mr. Pratt , then at Oxford Primary residence Mainly in London with his mother ; occasionally at Norland Park ; the rest of the time in Oxford London residence With his mother Family Romantic interest ( s ) Miss Lucy Steele , Elinor Dashwood , Miss Morton Parents Late Mr. Ferrars , Mrs. Ferrars Sibling ( s ) Fanny Ferrars Dashwood , Robert Ferrars Edward Ferrars is a fictional character in Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility . He is the elder of Fanny Dashwood 's two brothers and forms an attachment to Elinor Dashwood . As first described in Sense and Sensibility : `` Edward Ferrars was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address . He was not handsome , and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing . He was too diffident to do justice to himself ; but when his natural shyness was overcome , his behaviour gave every indication of an open , affectionate heart . His understanding was good , and his education had given it solid improvement . But he was neither fitted by abilities nor disposition to answer the wishes of his mother and sister , who longed to see him distinguished -- as -- they hardly knew what . '' His personality , while it lacks the flash of Marianne Dashwood 's romantic interest Willoughby , indicates more fortitude . Despite the good common sense that links him to Elinor , he is able to attach himself to other people and form bonds of friendship and love with ease . He exemplifies great loyalty when he sacrifices his potential happiness with Elinor to honor a promise he made to another girl when he was younger . He and Marianne 's future husband Colonel Brandon are both models of great character under unimpressive exteriors . This simplicity makes them rather less three - dimensional than Pride and Prejudice 's Fitzwilliam Darcy and Emma 's Mr. Knightley . He eventually marries Elinor after he is abandoned by Lucy Steele for his now propertied brother . Notable portrayals ( edit ) Chet Stratton in 1950 Robin Ellis in 1971 Bosco Hogan in 1981 Hugh Grant in the 1995 film adaptation Ajith Kumar in the 2000 Tamil adaptation Kandukondain Kandukondain Dan Stevens in the 2008 BBC serial adaption Nicholas D'Agosto as `` Edward Ferris '' in the 2011 film From Prada to Nada Henry Devas in Helen Edmundson 's 2013 BBC Radio 4 adaptation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - Sense And Sensibility - Media Centre '' . External links ( edit ) Jane Austen portal Fictional characters portal Sense and Sensibility at Project Gutenberg Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility Characters Elinor Dashwood Edward Ferrars Marianne Dashwood John Willoughby Colonel Brandon Films Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) Soundtrack List of accolades Kandukondain Kandukondain ( 2000 ) From Prada to Nada ( 2011 ) Miniseries Sense and Sensibility ( 1971 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1981 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 2008 ) Novels The Secrets of Love ( 2005 ) Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters ( 2009 ) Others Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 ) This article about a literature character is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Ferrars&oldid=837505515 '' Categories : Sense and Sensibility characters Fictional characters introduced in 1811 Fictional gentry Literary character stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does edward marry in sense and sensibility	[ "He eventually marries Elinor after he is abandoned by Lucy Steele for his now propertied brother." ]	[ "Elinor" ]
2027548876756782696	Bilbo Baggins	Bilbo Baggins - wikipedia Bilbo Baggins Jump to : navigation , search For the Scottish backing band , see Bilbo Baggins ( band ) . Bilbo Baggins Tolkien 's legendarium character J.R.R. Tolkien 's illustration of Bilbo Baggins . Aliases Bilba Labingi Race Hobbit Book ( s ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Bilbo Baggins is the title character and protagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien 's 1937 novel The Hobbit , as well as a supporting character in The Lord of the Rings . In Tolkien 's narrative conceit , in which all the writings of Middle - earth are translations from the fictitious volume of The Red Book of Westmarch , Bilbo is the author of The Hobbit and translator of various `` works from the elvish '' ( as mentioned in the end of The Return of the King ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 The Hobbit 1.2 The Lord of the Rings 1.2. 1 The Appendices 1.2. 2 Poems and songs written by Bilbo 1.3 Bilbo 's Last Song 2 Portrayals in adaptations 3 Family tree 4 Namesakes 5 See also 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Appearances ( edit ) The Hobbit ( edit ) In The Hobbit , Bilbo Baggins , a hobbit in comfortable middle age at 50 years old , was hired as a `` burglar , '' despite his objections , by the wizard Gandalf and 13 Dwarves led by their king Thorin Oakenshield on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain and its treasure from the dragon Smaug . The adventure took Bilbo and the companions through the wilderness , to the elf haven of Rivendell , across the Misty Mountains and the black forest of Mirkwood , to Lake - town in the middle of Long Lake , and eventually to the Mountain itself . Here , after the dragon was killed and the Mountain was reclaimed , the Battle of Five Armies took place . In his journey , Bilbo encountered other fantastic creatures , including trolls , elves , giant spiders , a man who can change shape into a bear , goblins , eagles , wolves and a slimy , murderous creature named Gollum . Underground , near Gollum 's lair , Bilbo accidentally found a magic ring of invisibility , which he used to escape from Gollum . By the end of the journey , Bilbo had become wiser and more confident , having saved the day in many precarious situations . Bilbo 's journey has been compared to a pilgrimage of grace . The Hobbit can be characterized as a `` Christian bildungsroman which equates progress to wisdom gained in the form of a rite of passage . He rescued the dwarves from giant spiders with the magic ring and a short Elven - sword he acquired . He used the ring to sneak around in dangerous places , as well as his wits to smuggle the dwarves out of the elves ' prisons . When tensions arose over ownership of the recovered treasure , he tried unsuccessfully to bring the opposing sides to compromise , using the Arkenstone , a stolen heirloom jewel , as leverage . This strained his relationship with Thorin , but the two were reconciled at Thorin 's deathbed . At the end of the story , Bilbo returned to his home in the Shire only to find that several of his relatives , believing him to be dead , were trying to claim his home and possessions . In addition to becoming wealthy from his share of the dwarves ' treasure , he found that he , like Adam , had traded respectability for experience and wisdom . At the end , Gandalf proclaims Bilbo is no longer the Hobbit he was . This is certainly true as Bilbo has fully matured . Continuing the pilgrimage theme , a true pilgrimage does not end at the destination , but rather when the wanderer is absolved , blessed , and ready to return home . The Lord of the Rings ( edit ) This Middle - earth - related Section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fellowship of the Ring , the first volume of The Lord of the Rings , begins with Bilbo 's `` eleventy - first '' ( 111th ) birthday , 60 years after the beginning of The Hobbit . The main character of the novel is Frodo Baggins , Bilbo 's cousin , who celebrates his 33rd birthday and legally comes of age on the same day . In T.A. 2989 ( S.R. 1389 ) , Bilbo , a lifelong bachelor , adopted Frodo , the orphaned son of his first cousin Primula Brandybuck and his second cousin Drogo Baggins , and made him his heir . Though Frodo was actually `` his first and second cousin once removed either way '' , the two regarded each other as uncle and nephew . All this time Bilbo had kept his magic ring , with no idea of its significance , using it mostly to hide from his obnoxious cousins , the Sackville - Bagginses , when they came to visit . Gandalf 's investigations revealed it to be the One Ring forged by the Dark Lord Sauron . The Ring had prolonged Bilbo 's life beyond the normal hobbit span , and at 111 he still looked 50 . While the Ring did not initially corrupt him as it had its previous owners , it was beginning to affect him ; over the years , it had begun to prey on his mind when out of his sight , and he lost sleep and felt `` thin , sort of stretched ... like butter that has been scraped over too much bread '' . On the night of his and Frodo 's birthday , Bilbo threw himself a party and invited all of the Shire . He signed his home , Bag End , and estate over to Frodo . He then gave a farewell address to his neighbors , at the end of which he put on the Ring and vanished from sight . As Bilbo prepared finally to leave the house , he reacted with panic and suspicion when Gandalf tried to persuade him to leave the Ring with Frodo . Bilbo refused to give up the Ring , referring to it as his `` precious '' -- just as Gollum had . Gandalf lost his temper with his old friend and talked some sense into him . Bilbo admitted he would have liked to be rid of the Ring , and he left it behind , becoming the first person to do so voluntarily . He left the Shire that night , and was never seen in Hobbiton again . His earlier adventure , his eccentric habits as a hobbit , and his sudden disappearance led to the enduring figure of `` Mad Baggins '' in hobbit folklore , who disappeared with a flash and a bang and returned with gold and jewels . Freed of the Ring 's power over his senses , Bilbo travelled first to Rivendell , and then on to visit the dwarves of the Lonely Mountain . After he returned to Rivendell he spent much of the next 17 years living a pleasant life of retirement : eating , sleeping , writing poetry , and working on his memoirs , There and Back Again , known as The Hobbit . He became a scholar of Elven lore , leaving behind the Translations from the Elvish , which forms the basis of what is known to us as The Silmarillion . When Frodo and his friends Samwise Gamgee , Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took stopped in Rivendell on their quest to destroy the Ring , Bilbo was still alive but now visibly aged , the years having caught up with him after he surrendered the Ring . Upon seeing the Ring again , he suddenly tried to take it from Frodo ; he returned to his senses when a terrified Frodo backed away , and he broke down in tears , apologizing for bringing the burden of the Ring onto Frodo . After the quest to destroy the Ring was fulfilled in The Return of the King , Gandalf and the four Hobbits visited Rivendell on their way back to the Shire and found Bilbo still living there . He gave Frodo a set of manuscripts that later became Translations from the Elvish , and also gave Sam a small bag of gold that represented the last of his share from Smaug 's vast hoard . Two years later Bilbo accompanied Gandalf , Elrond , Galadriel , and Frodo to the Grey Havens , there to take ship for Tol Eressëa across the sea , on 29th ' September ' T.A. 3021 . He had already celebrated his 131st birthday by this time , surpassing the Old Took by one year and becoming the oldest Hobbit ever in Middle - earth . ( The natural lifespan of Hobbits is about 100 years . ) The appendices ( edit ) According to Appendix C of The Lord of the Rings , Bilbo was born to Bungo Baggins and Belladonna Took in T.A. 2890 , or S.R. 1290 . The Lord of the Rings gives the date of Bilbo 's birthday as 22 September , but the actual date in the Shire calendar was Halimath 22 ; Tolkien tells us in Appendix D that he `` used our modern names '' for the months `` to avoid confusion , while the seasonal implications of our names are more or less the same '' , so that Halimath is translated as September , but that `` the Shire dates were actually in advance of ours by some ten days , and our New Year 's Day corresponded more or less to the Shire January 9 '' . The Bagginses of Bag End were one of the oldest , wealthiest , and most respectable Hobbit families in Hobbiton until the year 2941 ( SR 1341 ) , when Bilbo inexplicably disappeared on his adventure and was thought dead . Poems and songs written by Bilbo ( edit ) `` A Walking Song '' `` All that is gold does not glitter '' `` The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late '' `` The Road Goes Ever On '' Bilbo 's last Song ( edit ) Tolkien 's posthumously published poem `` Bilbo 's Last Song '' , illustrated by Pauline Baynes , describes Bilbo 's contemplation of his forthcoming voyage to the Undying Lands . The illustrations evoke his last ride in the company of Elrond from Rivendell to the Grey Havens , as described in The Lord of the Rings . Portrayals in adaptations ( edit ) Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring In the 1968 BBC Radio serialization of The Hobbit , Bilbo was played by Paul Daneman . Nicol Williamson portrayed Bilbo with a light West Country accent in the 1974 performance released on Argo Records . In the 1977 Rankin / Bass animated version of The Hobbit , Bilbo was voiced by Orson Bean . Bean also voiced both the aged Bilbo and Frodo in the same company 's 1980 adaptation of The Return of the King . In Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings , Bilbo was voiced by Norman Bird . Billy Barty was the model for Bilbo , as well as Frodo and Sam , in the live - action recordings Bakshi used for rotoscoping . The 3000th story to be broadcast in the BBC 's long - running children 's programme Jackanory was The Hobbit , in 1979 . Four narrators told the story , with Bilbo 's part being played by Bernard Cribbins In the BBC 's 1981 radio serialization of The Lord of the Rings , Bilbo is played by John Le Mesurier . Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey In the 1993 television miniseries Hobitit by Finnish broadcaster Yle , Bilbo is portrayed by Martti Suosalo . Throughout the 2003 video game the players control Bilbo , voiced by Michael Beatie . The game follows the plot of the book , but adds the elements of platform gameplay and various side - objectives along the main quests . In The Lord of the Rings Online ( 2007 ) Bilbo resides in Rivendell , mostly playing riddle games with the Elf Lindir in the Hall of Fire . The game also includes multiple outlanding stories about Bilbo 's adventures and his ultimate fate from various Hobbits in the Shire . In Peter Jackson 's films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Bilbo is played by Ian Holm , who had played Frodo in the BBC radio series 20 years earlier . The movies omit the 17 - year gap between Bilbo 's 111th birthday and Frodo 's departure from the Shire , as a result Bilbo mentions in Rivendell that he was unable to revisit the Lonely Mountain before his retirement . In Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit film series , a prequel to The Lord of the Rings , the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) and The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) . Family tree ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Balbo Baggins Berylla Boffin Laura Grubb Mungo Pansy Fastolph Bolger Ponto Mimosa Bunce Lily Togo Goodbody Largo Tanta Hornblower Bungo Belladonna Took Belba Rudigar Bolger Longo Camellia Sackville Linda Bodo Proudfoot Bingo Chica Chubb Fosco Ruby Bolger Bilbo Baggins Otho Sackville - Baggins Lobelia Bracegirdle Falco Chubb - Baggins ? Dora Drogo Primula Brandybuck Dudo ? Lotho Poppy Filibert Bolger Frodo Daisy Griffo Boffin Namesakes ( edit ) The International Astronomical Union names all colles ( small hills ) on Saturn 's moon Titan after characters in Tolkien 's work . In 2012 , they named a hilly area `` Bilbo Colles '' after Bilbo Baggins . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal The Quest of Erebor Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his `` uncle '' , they were in fact first and second cousins , once removed either way ( his paternal great - great - uncle 's son 's son and his maternal great - aunt 's son ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Joseph ( 2012 ) . Bilbo 's Journey : Discovering the Hidden Meaning of the Hobbit . Charlotte , NC : Saint Benedict Press . ISBN 978 - 1618900586 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` A Long - expected Party '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. `` Prologue , Of the Ordering of the Shire '' . The Lord of the Rings . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , Appendix D . Jump up ^ Nicol Williamson on IMDB Jump up ^ White , James ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Martin Freeman Confirmed As Bilbo ! '' . Empire . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbo Colles '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Bilbo Baggins '' . Tolkien Gateway . Bilbo Baggins on IMDb For an alternate , fuller , version of Bilbo 's family tree see Rodovid Engine . A brief character study of Bilbo Baggins J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit Hobbit ( word ) Legendarium Middle - earth Editions English - language editions Early American editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Gandalf Thorin Oakenshield Balin Dwalin Fíli Kíli Dori Nori Ori Óin Glóin Bifur Bofur Bombur Tom , Bert & Bill Elrond Great Goblin Gollum Lord of the Eagles Beorn Elvenking Master of Lake - town Smaug Bard Dáin Náin Related works The History of The Hobbit Bilbo 's Last Song Adaptations and derivatives Radio The Hobbit ( 1968 ) Film The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Original characters Music Video games The Hobbit ( 1982 ) The Hobbit ( 2003 ) Guardians of Middle - earth ( 2012 ) Lego The Hobbit ( 2014 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) Toys Middle - earth Lego sets portal category wiktionary commons J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilbo_Baggins&oldid=819045009 '' Categories : Middle - earth Hobbits Fictional writers Fictional swordsmen The Lord of the Rings characters Characters in The Hobbit Bearers of the One Ring Fictional characters who can turn invisible Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from December 2010 Use dmy dates from September 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Tolkien articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played young bilbo in lord of the rings	[ "In Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series, a prequel to The Lord of the Rings, the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman[6] while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in An Unexpected Journey (2012) and The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)." ]	[ "Martin Freeman" ]
3211195638816952099	Chris McCandless	Chris McCandless - wikipedia Chris McCandless This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christopher McCandless Self - portrait of McCandless on the Stampede Trail , found undeveloped in his camera after his death . Christopher Johnson McCandless ( 1968 - 02 - 12 ) February 12 , 1968 El Segundo , California , U.S. Disappeared April 28 , 1992 c . August 1992 ( aged 24 ) Stampede Trail , Alaska , U.S. Cause of death Starvation , possibly brought on by poisoning Body discovered September 6 , 1992 Other names Chris McCandless Alexander Supertramp Education Wilbert Tucker Woodson High School Alma mater Emory University Christopher Johnson McCandless ( / məˈkændlɪs / ; February 12 , 1968 -- c . August 1992 ) was an American hiker and itinerant traveler , who also went by the name `` Alexander Supertramp '' . After graduating from college in 1990 , McCandless traveled across the North American continent and eventually hitchhiked to Alaska in April 1992 . There , he set out along an old mining road known as the Stampede Trail , with minimal supplies , hoping to live simply off the land . In September , McCandless ' decomposing body , weighing only 30 kilograms ( 66 lb ) , was found by a hunter in a converted bus , Fairbanks Bus 142 , used as a backcountry shelter along the Stampede Trail , on the eastern bank of the Sushana River . His cause of death was officially ruled to be starvation , although the exact cause remains the subject of some debate . In January 1993 , Jon Krakauer published McCandless ' story in that month 's issue of Outside magazine . He had been assigned the story and had written it under a tight deadline . Inspired by the details of McCandless ' story , Krakauer wrote and published the more extensive biographical book Into the Wild ( 1996 ) , about McCandless ' travels . The book was subsequently adapted into a 2007 film directed by Sean Penn , with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless . That same year , McCandless ' story also became the subject of Ron Lamothe 's documentary The Call of the Wild ( 2007 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Travels 2.1 Alaska 3 Death 3.1 Possible death scenarios 4 Legacy 5 Assessments 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Christopher Johnson McCandless was born in El Segundo , California . He was the first child of Wilhelmina `` Billie '' McCandless ( née Johnson ) and Walter `` Walt '' McCandless . The couple subsequently had one more child , a daughter named Carine . McCandless also had six half - siblings from Walt McCandless ' first marriage , who lived with their mother in California . Author Jon Krakauer later speculated that Walt 's transition between these two marriages may have deeply affected and profoundly shaped McCandless ' world - view . In 1976 , the family relocated to Washington , D.C. , and settled in suburban Annandale , Virginia , when McCandless ' father was hired as an antenna specialist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ; McCandless ' mother worked as a secretary at Hughes Aircraft . The couple went on to establish a successful consultancy business out of their home , specializing in Walt 's area of expertise . McCandless graduated from W.T. Woodson High School in Fairfax , Virginia , in 1986 . He excelled academically , although a number of teachers and fellow students observed that he `` marched to the beat of a different drummer . '' McCandless also served as captain of the cross-country team , where he would urge teammates to treat running as a spiritual exercise in which they were `` running against the forces of darkness ... all the evil in the world , all the hatred . '' In the summer of 1986 , McCandless traveled to Southern California and reconnected with distant relatives and friends . It was during this journey he learned that his father had not yet divorced his first wife when McCandless and his sister Carine were born , and had apparently maintained somewhat of a double life before the move to Virginia . It is speculated that this discovery had a profound impact on the younger McCandless . McCandless graduated from Emory University in May 1990 , with a bachelor 's degree in the double majors of history and anthropology . After graduating , McCandless donated most of his savings to charity and adopted a vagabond lifestyle , working when necessary as a restaurant food preparer and farm hand . An avid outdoorsman , McCandless completed several lengthy wilderness hiking trips and paddled a canoe down a portion of the Colorado River before hitchhiking to Alaska , in April 1992 . Travels ( edit ) By the end of summer in 1990 , McCandless had driven his Datsun through Arizona , California , and South Dakota , where he worked at a grain elevator in Carthage . A flash flood disabled his car , at which point he removed its license plates , took what he could carry , and kept moving on foot . His car was later found , repaired , and put into service as an undercover vehicle for the local police department . Alaska ( edit ) In April 1992 , McCandless hitchhiked from Carthage , South Dakota , to Fairbanks , Alaska . As noted by Krakauer , McCandless was last seen alive at the head of the Stampede Trail on April 28 , 1992 , by a local electrician named Jim Gallien . Gallien had given McCandless a ride from Fairbanks to the start of the rugged track just outside the small town of Healy . Gallien later said he had been seriously concerned about the safety of McCandless ( who introduced himself as `` Alex '' ) , after noticing McCandless ' light pack , minimal equipment , meager rations , and obvious lack of experience . Gallien said he had deep doubts about `` Alex '' 's ability to survive the harsh and unforgiving Alaskan bush . Gallien repeatedly tried to persuade McCandless to defer the trip , at one point offering to detour to Anchorage , and buy him suitable equipment and supplies . However , McCandless ignored Gallien 's persistent warnings and refused his offers of assistance ( though McCandless did accept a pair of Wellington boots , two sandwiches , and a packet of corn chips from Gallien ) . Gallien dropped McCandless off believing McCandless would head back towards the highway within a few days as hunger set in . After hiking along the snow - covered Stampede Trail , McCandless came upon an abandoned bus ( about 28 miles ( 45 km ) west of Healy at 63 ° 52 ′ 5.96 '' N 149 ° 46 ′ 8.39 '' W / 63.8683222 ° N 149.7689972 ° W / 63.8683222 ; - 149.7689972 ) alongside an overgrown section of the trail near Denali National Park . McCandless , according to Into the Wild , attempted to continue `` heading west until I hit the Bering Sea . '' However , he was deterred by the thick Alaskan bush and returned to the bus , where he set up camp and attempted to live off the land . He had 4.5 kilograms ( 9.9 lb ) of rice , a Remington semi-automatic rifle with 400 rounds of . 22LR hollowpoint ammunition , a number of books , including one on local plant life , some personal effects , and a few items of camping equipment . Self - portrait photographs and journal entries indicate he foraged for edible plants and hunted game . McCandless hunted porcupines , squirrels , and birds , such as ptarmigans and Canada geese . On June 9 , 1992 , he stalked and shot a moose . However , the meat spoiled within days after McCandless failed to properly preserve it . It has been speculated that McCandless may have been responsible for vandalizing several cabins in the area that were stocked with food , survival equipment , and emergency supplies . In response , Denali National Park Chief Ranger Ken Kehrer has categorically stated that McCandless was not considered a viable suspect by the National Park Service . McCandless ' journal documents 113 days in the area . In July , after living in the bus for three months , he decided to head back to civilization -- but the trail was blocked by the swollen Teklanika River ; the watercourse by that stage was considerably higher and swifter than when he had crossed in April . McCandless did not have a detailed topographical map of the region and was unaware of a hand - operated tramway that crossed the river eight - tenths of a mile away from where he had previously crossed . At this point , McCandless headed back to the bus and re-established his camp . He posted an S.O.S. note on the bus , which stated : Attention Possible Visitors . S.O.S. I need your help . I am injured , near death , and too weak to hike out . I am all alone , this is no joke . In the name of God , please remain to save me . I am out collecting berries close by and shall return this evening . Thank you , Chris McCandless . August ? Death ( edit ) McCandless ' final written journal entry , noted as `` Day 107 '' , simply read , `` Beautiful Blue Berries . '' The days 108 through 113 contained no words and were marked with only slashes . On September 6 , 1992 , a hunter who was looking for shelter for the night came upon the converted bus McCandless had been staying in . Upon entering , he smelled what he thought was rotting food and discovered `` a lump '' in a sleeping bag . The hunter quickly radioed police , who arrived the following day . They found McCandless ' decomposing body in the sleeping bag . He had died of starvation sometime in August . Possible death scenarios ( edit ) In his book Into the Wild ( 1997 ) , Jon Krakauer suggests two factors may have contributed to McCandless ' death . First , he offered that McCandless was running the risk of a phenomenon known as `` rabbit starvation '' , from overrelying on lean game for nutrition . Krakauer also speculated that McCandless might have been poisoned by a toxic alkaloid called swainsonine , by ingesting seeds ( Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii ) containing the toxin , or possibly by a mold that grows on them ( Rhizoctonia leguminicola ) when he put them damp into a plastic bag . Swainsonine inhibits metabolism of glycoproteins , which causes starvation despite ample caloric intake . However , an article in the September 2007 issue of Men 's Journal , by Matthew Powers , states that extensive laboratory testing showed there were no toxins or alkaloids present in the H. alpinum seeds McCandless had been eating . Dr. Thomas Clausen , the chair of the chemistry and biochemistry department at UAF , said , `` I tore that plant apart . There were no toxins . No alkaloids . I 'd eat it myself '' . Analysis of the wild sweet peas , given as the cause of McCandless ' death in Into the Wild , found no toxic compounds , and there is not a single account in modern medical literature of anyone being poisoned by this species of plant . As Powers put it : `` He did n't find a way out of the bush , could n't catch enough food to survive , and simply starved to death '' . In 2013 , a new hypothesis was proposed . Ronald Hamilton , a retired bookbinder at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania , suggested a link between the symptoms described by McCandless and the poisoning of Jewish prisoners in the Nazi concentration camp in Vapniarca . He put forward the proposal that McCandless starved to death because he was suffering from paralysis in his legs induced by lathyrism , which prevented him from gathering food or hiking out . Lathyrism may be caused by ODAP poisoning from seeds of Hedysarum alpinum ( commonly called wild potato ) . The ODAP , a toxic amino acid , had not been detected by the previous studies of the seeds because they had suspected and tested for a toxic alkaloid , rather than an amino acid , and nobody had previously suspected that Hedysarum alpinum seeds contained this toxin . The protein would be relatively harmless to someone who was well - fed and on a normal diet , but toxic to someone who was malnourished , physically stressed , and on an irregular and insufficient diet , as McCandless was . As Krakauer points out , McCandless ' field guide did not warn of any dangers of eating the seeds , which were not yet known to be toxic . Krakauer suspects this is the meaning of McCandless ' journal entry of July 30 , which states `` EXTREMELY WEAK . FAULT OF POT ( ATO ) SEED . MUCH TROUBLE JUST TO STAND UP . STARVING . GREAT JEOPARDY . '' In September 2013 , Krakauer published an article in The New Yorker following up on Ronald Hamilton 's claims . A sample of fresh Hedysarum alpinum seeds was sent to a laboratory for HPLC analysis . Results suggest that the seeds contained 0.394 % beta - ODAP by weight , a concentration well within the levels known to cause lathyrism in humans , although the interpretation of the results was disputed by other chemists . The article notes that while occasional ingestion of foodstuffs containing ODAP is not hazardous for healthy individuals eating a balanced diet , `` individuals suffering from malnutrition , stress , and acute hunger are especially sensitive to ODAP , and are thus highly susceptible to the incapacitating effects of lathyrism after ingesting the neurotoxin '' . Anchorage , Alaska , reporter Craig Medred pointed out in a January 2015 article in the Alaska Dispatch News that mushrooms which McCandless collected , photographed , and consumed may have also contributed to his death . In February 2015 , Krakauer published a follow up article in The New Yorker that reported on scientific analysis of the H. alpinum seeds McCandless ate . A report in Wilderness and Environmental Medicine demonstrated relatively high levels of L - canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and suggests this as the toxic component in McCandless ' diet , rather than ODAP , as originally supposed by Ronald Hamilton . In his New Yorker article Krakauer goes on to speculate that L - canavanine `` was a contributing factor to '' McCandless ' death . Legacy ( edit ) The converted bus where McCandless lived and died has since become a well - known destination for hikers . Known as `` The Magic Bus '' , the 1946 International Harvester was abandoned by road workers in 1961 on the Stampede Trail where it remains today . A plaque in McCandless ' memory is affixed to the interior . McCandless ' life became the subject of a number of articles , books , films , and documentaries , which helped elevate his life to the status of modern myth . He became a romantic figure to some inspired by what they see as his free - spirited idealism , but to others a controversial misguided figure . `` The Magic Bus '' has become a pilgrimage destination for trekkers who camp at the vehicle , some of whom have also gotten into difficulties due to the Teklanika River . Assessments ( edit ) McCandless has been a polarizing figure since his story came to widespread public attention , with the publication of Krakauer 's January 1993 Outside article . While the author and many others have a sympathetic view of the young traveler , others , particularly Alaskans , have expressed negative views about McCandless and those who romanticize his fate . Alaskan Park Ranger Peter Christian wrote : When you consider McCandless from my perspective , you quickly see that what he did was n't even particularly daring , just stupid , tragic , and inconsiderate . First off , he spent very little time learning how to actually live in the wild . He arrived at the Stampede Trail without even a map of the area . If he ( had ) had a good map he could have walked out of his predicament ( ... ) Essentially , Chris McCandless committed suicide . Sherry Simpson , writing in the Anchorage Press , described her trip to the bus with a friend , and their reaction upon reading the comments that tourists had left lauding McCandless as an insightful , Thoreau - like figure : Among my friends and acquaintances , the story of Christopher McCandless makes great after - dinner conversation . Much of the time I agree with the `` he had a death wish '' camp because I do n't know how else to reconcile what we know of his ordeal . Now and then I venture into the `` what a dumbshit '' territory , tempered by brief alliances with the `` he was just another romantic boy on an all - American quest '' partisans . Mostly I 'm puzzled by the way he 's emerged as a hero . Krakauer defends McCandless , claiming that what critics point to as arrogance was merely McCandless ' desire for `` being the first to explore a blank spot on the map . '' Krakauer continues : `` In 1992 , however , there were no more blank spots on the map -- not in Alaska , not anywhere . But Chris , with his idiosyncratic logic , came up with an elegant solution to this dilemma : He simply got rid of the map . In his own mind , if nowhere else , the terra would thereby remain incognita . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Jon Krakauer 's approximately 9,000 - word article , `` Death of an Innocent '' ( January 1993 ) , was published in Outside . Chip Brown 's full - length article on McCandless , `` I Now Walk Into the Wild '' ( February 8 , 1993 ) , was published in The New Yorker . Jon Krakauer 's non-fiction book , Into the Wild ( 1996 ) , expanded upon his 1993 Outside article and retraced McCandless ' travels leading up to the hiker 's eventual death . An eponymous 2007 film adaptation of Into the Wild , directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless , received a number of awards , including Best Picture from the American Film Institute . Ron Lamothe 's documentary , The Call of the Wild ( 2007 ) , also covers McCandless ' life story . The 2011 book `` Back To The Wild '' compiles photographs , postcards and journal entries by McCandless . A PBS documentary uncovering some additional information , with interviews , titled Return to the Wild : The Chris McCandless Story , first aired on the PBS network in November 2014 . Carine McCandless , Chris ' younger sister , wrote the memoir The Wild Truth ( November 2014 ) , published by HarperCollins . In the book , Carine describes the verbal , physical and sexual abuse her parents allegedly inflicted upon each other and their children , often fueled by alcohol . Carine cites her and her brother 's allegedly abusive childhoods as one of the motivating factors in Chris ' desire to `` disappear '' into the wilderness . In a statement released to the media shortly before the memoir was released , Walt and Billie McCandless denied their daughter 's accusations , stating that her book is , `` fictionalized writing ( that ) has absolutely nothing to do with our beloved son , Chris , his journey or his character . This whole unfortunate event in Chris ' life 22 years ago is about Chris and his dreams . '' See also ( edit ) Lillian Alling Christopher Thomas Knight Carl McCunn Richard Proenneke Everett Ruess Survivalism Timothy Treadwell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon . `` 6 '' . Into the Wild . Anchor Books . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` : : : Terra Incognita films : : : '' . Tifilms.com. 2007 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chip ( February 8 , 1993 ) . `` I Now Walk Into the Wild '' . The New Yorker : pg 38 . ISSN 0028 - 792X . ^ Jump up to : Drahl , Carmen ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Chemists Dispute How ' Into The Wild ' Protagonist Chris McCandless Died '' . Chemical and Engineering News . 91 ( 43 ) : 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , Jon ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` How Chris McCandless Died '' . The New Yorker Blog : Page - Turner . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The fiction that is Jon Krakauer 's ' Into The Wild ' '' . Alaska Dispatch News . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , J. , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Presence of l - canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless . '' Wilderness & Environmental Medicine . doi : 10.1016 / j. wem. 2014.08. 014 Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` How Chris McCandless Died '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , Jon ( 1997 ) . Into The Wild . New York City : Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . Jump up ^ Williams , Preston ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Remembering an Athlete Who Never Returned From the Wild '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , Jon ( January 1993 ) . `` Death of an Innocent : How Christopher McCandless Lost His Way in the Wilds '' ( PDF ) . Outside . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( 1997 ) . Into The Wild . New York City : Anchor . p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Carine ( 2014 ) . The Wild Truth . New York City : Harper One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 232514 - 3 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( 1996 ) . Into the Wild . New York : Doubleday . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . Jump up ^ Into the Wild , page 197 Jump up ^ `` Scan of Chris McCandless ' note '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ Medred , Craig ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Examining Chris McCandless , 20 years after he went ' Into the Wild ' '' . adn.com . The Alaska Dispatch . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Bill ( October 5 , 1992 ) . `` End of the Trail '' . People . Time , Inc. 38 ( 14 ) . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Into the Wild , page 188 ^ Jump up to : Power , Matthew . `` The Cult of Chris McCandless '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ... Men 's Journal , September 2007 . Retrieved Jan 03 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Chris McCandless Now I Walk Into The Wild - Ali Ingah '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ `` When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us '' . usf.edu . October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris McCandless Now I Walk Into The Wild Biography - Christopher McCandless Journal '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ `` Christopher McCandless '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ Jon Krakauer ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Chris McCandless Died : An Update '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sainsbury , Brendan ; Benchwick , Greg ; Bodry , Catherine ( 2015 ) . Lonely Planet : Alaska ( 11 ed . ) . Lonely Planet . p. 274 . ISBN 1 - 742 - 20602 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Saverin , Diana ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Chris McCandless Obsession Problem '' . Outside Online . ^ Jump up to : Holland , Eva ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chasing Alexander Supertramp '' . Atavist . Jump up ^ Ottum , Lisa . `` The Miseducation of Chris McCandless '' . In Hall , Dewey W. Romantic Ecocriticism : Origins and Legacies . Lexington Publishing . pp. 253 -- 270 . ISBN 9781498518024 . Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . Outside Online . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : George Mason University English Department . Text and Community website . Christian , Peter . Chris McCandless from a Park Ranger 's Perspective . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Sherry . `` A Man Made Cold by the Universe '' . Anchorage Press . Archived from the original on 2004 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Gordon ( Feb 1996 ) . `` North to Alaska '' . Metroactive.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( January 1993 ) . `` Death of an Innocent '' ( PDF ) . Outside . Jump up ^ `` Into the Wild '' . The New York Times . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Return to the Wild '' . PBS Programs . November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Johnny ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chris McCandless ' Sister Pens New Book Detailing Parents ' Violence and Abuse '' . People . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Christopher McCandless -- Finding the Christopher McCandless Bus '' . freewheelings.com . Chris McCandless at Find a Grave ChristopherMcCandless.info Website on Christopher McCandless . Chrisspurpose.org -- CJ McCandless Memorial Foundation Dispatches from the Wild -- Excerpts of McCandless ' own articles published in the Emory Wheel student newspaper . Coordinates : 63 ° 52 ′ 06 '' N 149 ° 46 ′ 09 '' W / 63.8684 ° N 149.7693 ° W / 63.8684 ; - 149.7693 BNF : cb13168054v ( data ) GND : 1020883731 ISNI : 0000 0000 5563 8950 LCCN : n95068846 NDL : 00649907 NKC : jn20000701198 SELIBR : 75392 SUDOC : 059848596 VIAF : 14019862 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_McCandless&oldid=852041471 '' Categories : 1968 births 1992 deaths Accidental deaths in Alaska American nomads Deaths by starvation Emory University alumni Hikers People from Annandale , Virginia People from Los Angeles People from El Segundo , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Infobox person using alma mater Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Requests for audio pronunciation ( English ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 07 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the guy from into the wild die	[ "Christopher Johnson McCandless (/məˈkændlɪs/; February 12, 1968[1] – c. August 1992) was an American hiker and itinerant traveler, who also went by the name \"Alexander Supertramp\". After graduating from college in 1990, McCandless traveled across the North American continent and eventually hitchhiked to Alaska in April 1992. There, he set out along an old mining road known as the Stampede Trail, with minimal supplies, hoping to live simply off the land. In September, McCandless' decomposing body, weighing only 30 kilograms (66 lb), was found by a hunter in a converted bus, Fairbanks Bus 142, used as a backcountry shelter along the Stampede Trail, on the eastern bank of the Sushana River. His cause of death was officially ruled to be starvation,[2][3] although the exact cause remains the subject of some debate.[4][5][6][7]\n" ]	[ "starvation" ]
-4135162270031365687	1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic	1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic - wikipedia 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic Jump to : navigation , search The Arch Street wharf , where the first cluster of cases was identified During the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 in Philadelphia , 5,000 or more people were listed in the official register of deaths between August 1 and November 9 . The vast majority of them died of yellow fever , making the epidemic in the city of 50,000 people one of the most severe in United States history . By the end of September , 20,000 people had fled the city . The mortality rate peaked in October , before frost finally killed the mosquitoes and brought an end to the epidemic in November . Doctors tried a variety of treatments , but knew neither the origin of the fever nor that it was transmitted by mosquitoes ( which was not verified until the late nineteenth century ) . The mayor and a committee of two dozen organized a fever hospital at Bush Hill and other crisis measures . The assistance of the Free African Society was requested by the city and readily agreed to by the members , based on the mistaken assumption that native Africans would have the same partial immunity to the new disease as many had to malaria , the most common source of fever epidemics during the summer months . Black nurses aided the sick and the group 's leaders hired additional men to take away corpses , which most people would not touch . Blacks in the city died at the same rate as whites , about 240 altogether . Some neighboring towns refused to let refugees in from Philadelphia , for fear they were carrying the fever . Major port cities such as Baltimore and New York had quarantines against refugees and goods from Philadelphia although New York sent financial aid to the city . The once thriving city soon became distraught under the raging epidemic , leaving many to fight for their own lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings 2 Epidemic declared 2.1 Temporary hospitals 2.2 Panic and refugees 3 Black nurses 4 Controversy over treatment 5 Government responses to crisis 6 Reactions by other cities 7 Carey 's accusations 8 Response of churches 9 End of the epidemic 10 Lists of the dead 11 Controversies over the epidemic 11.1 Cause 11.2 Differing courses of treatment 12 Aftermath 13 Representation in other media 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Primary sources 16.2 Secondary sources 17 External links Beginnings ( edit ) In the spring of 1793 , French colonial refugees , some with slaves , arrived from Cap Français , Saint - Domingue . The 2,000 immigrants were fleeing the slave revolution in the north of the island . They crowded the port of Philadelphia , where the first yellow fever epidemic in 30 years began in the city in August . It is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes . It is transmitted during mosquito bites . The mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water . The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever and other diseases . Physicians and other survivors of the epidemic wrote extensively about it trying to learn from the crisis . In the ports and coastal areas of the United States , even in the northeast , the months of August and September were considered the `` sickly season , '' when fevers were prevalent . In the South , planters and other people wealthy enough usually left the Low Country during this season . Natives thought that newcomers especially had to undergo a `` seasoning '' and were more likely to die of what were thought to be seasonal fevers in their early years in the region . Philadelphia then was the temporary capital of the United States , and the government was due to return in the fall . President George Washington left the city . The first two people to die of yellow fever in early August in Philadelphia were both recent immigrants , one from Ireland and the other from Saint - Domingue . Letters describing their cases were published in a pamphlet about a month after they died . The young doctor sent by the Overseers of the Poor to treat the Irish woman was perplexed , and his treatment did n't save her . A 2013 book by Billy G. Smith , professor of history at Montana State University , makes a case that the principal vector of the 1793 plague in Philadelphia ( and other Atlantic ports ) was the British merchant ship Hankey , which had fled the West African colony of Bolama ( an island off West Africa , present day Guinea - Bissau ) the previous November , trailing yellow fever at every port of call in the Caribbean and eastern Atlantic seaboard . See : The Ship of Death : The Voyage That Changed the Atlantic World . Epidemic declared ( edit ) After two weeks and an increasing number of fever cases , Dr. Benjamin Rush , a doctor 's apprentice during the city 's 1762 yellow fever epidemic , saw the pattern ; he recognized that yellow fever had returned . Rush alerted his colleagues and the government that the city faced an epidemic of `` highly contagious , as well as mortal ... bilious remitting yellow fever . '' Adding to the alarm was that , unlike with most fevers , the principal victims were not the very young or very old . Many of the early deaths were teenagers and heads of families in the dockside areas . Believing that the refugees from Saint - Domingue were carrying the disease , the city imposed a quarantine of two to three weeks on immigrants and their goods , but was unable to enforce it as the epidemic increased its reach . Then the largest city in the US , with around 50,000 residents , Philadelphia was relatively compact and most houses were within seven blocks of its major port on the Delaware River . Docking facilities extended from Southwark south of the city to Kensington to the north . Cases of fever clustered at first around the Arch Street wharf . Rush blamed `` some damaged coffee which putrefied on the wharf near Arch Street '' for causing the fevers . Soon cases appeared in Kensington . As the port was critical to the state 's economy , the Pennsylvania governor , Thomas Mifflin , had responsibility for its health . He asked the port physician , Dr. James Hutchinson , to assess conditions . The doctor found that 67 of about 400 residents near the Arch Street wharf were sick , but only 12 had `` malignant fevers . '' Alarmed by what Rush and others told him , Mayor Matthew Clarkson asked the city 's medical society , the College of Physicians , to meet and advise the city 's government and citizens how to proceed . Rush later described some early cases : On August 7 , he treated a young man for headaches , fever and vomiting , and on the 15th treated his brother . On the same day a woman he was treating turned yellow . On the 18th a man in the third day of a fever had no pulse , was cold , clammy , and yellow , but he could sit up in his bed . He died a few hours later . On the 19th a woman Rush visited died within hours . Another physician said five persons within sight of her door died . None of those victims was a recent immigrant . The College published a letter in the city 's newspapers , written by a committee headed by Rush , suggesting 11 measures to prevent the `` progress '' of the fever . They warned citizens to avoid fatigue , the hot sun , night air , too much liquor , and anything else that might lower their resistance . Vinegar and camphor in infected rooms `` can not be used too frequently upon handkerchiefs , or in smelling bottles , by persons whose duty calls to visit or attend the sick . '' They outlined measures for city officials : stopping the tolling of church bells and making burials private ; cleaning streets and wharves ; exploding gunpowder in the street to increase the amount of oxygen . Everyone should avoid unnecessary contact with the sick . Crews were sent to clean the wharves , streets and the market , which cheered those remaining in the city . Many of those who could left the city . Elizabeth Drinker , a married Quaker woman , kept a journal for years ; her account from August 23 through August 30 tells the quickening story of the spread of the disease in the city and the rising toll of deaths . She also describes the many people leaving the city . Temporary hospitals ( edit ) Like all hospitals of that time , the Pennsylvania Hospital did not admit patients with infectious diseases . Bush Hill . The Seat of Wm. Hamilton Esqr . near Philadelphia , by James Peller Malcom . Bush Hill was the country seat of James Hamilton by this time . The Guardians of the Poor took over Bush Hill , a 150 - acre estate farther outside the city , whose owner William Hamilton was in England for an extended stay . Vice President John Adams had recently rented the main house , so yellow fever patients were placed in the outbuildings . Nurses were hired to treat patients , under orders by young physicians from the city , who were to visit on a daily basis . The end of August was not traditionally a busy time in the city . Many families who could afford to or who had relatives in the countryside lived elsewhere during that hot month . Beginning in September , shipments generally increased with the arrival of fall goods from Britain . In 1793 , the Federal Congress was not scheduled to resume session until November , but the Pennsylvania Assembly met in the first week of September . Founded by the Quaker William Penn , the city was the center of Quaker life in the United States . The Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends was scheduled to be held in the third week of September . Panic and refugees ( edit ) Between the College 's advisory on August 25 and the death of Dr. Hutchinson from yellow fever on September 7 , panic spread throughout the city ; more people fled . Between August 1 and September 7 , 456 people died in the city . On September 8 , 42 deaths were reported . An estimated 20,000 people left the city through September , including national leaders . The daily death toll remained above 30 until October 26 . The worst seven - day period was between October 7 and 13 , when 711 deaths were reported . Some neighboring towns had patrols on the roads to prevent entry by refugees . The major ports of Baltimore and New York prevented refugees from entering and quarantined them and goods from Philadelphia for weeks . The publisher Mathew Carey published a short pamphlet later in the fall in which he described the changes that had occurred in the life of the city : `` Those who ventured abroad , had handkerchiefs or sponges impregnated with vinegar of camphor at their noses , or smelling - bottles full of the thieves ' vinegar . Others carried pieces of tarred rope in their hands or pockets , or camphor bags tied round their necks ... People hastily shifted their course at the sight of a hearse coming towards them . Many never walked on the foot path , but went into the middle of the streets , to avoid being infected in passing by houses wherein people had died . Acquaintances and friends avoided each other in the streets , and only signified their regard by a cold nod . The old custom of shaking hands fell in such general disuse , that many shrunk back with affright at even the offer of a hand . A person with crape ( mourning crepe ) , or any appearance of mourning , was shunned like a viper . '' Black nurses ( edit ) The College of Physicians ' advisory implied the fever was contagious and people should avoid contact with its victims although `` duty '' required that they be cared for . Yet in families , when the person with the fever was a mother or father , they could forbid their children from coming near them . Rush knew of Dr. John Lining 's observation during the 1742 yellow fever epidemic in Charleston , South Carolina , that African slaves appeared to be affected at rates lower than whites ; he thought they had a natural immunity . Writing a short letter to the newspapers under the pseudonym `` Anthony Benezet , '' a Quaker who had provided schooling for blacks , Rush suggested that the city 's people of color had immunity and solicited them `` to offer your services to attend the sick to help those known in distress . '' Richard Allen and Absalom Jones recalled their reaction to the letter in a memoir they published shortly after the epidemic : Early in September , a solicitation appeared in the public papers , to the people of colour to come forward and assist the distressed , perishing , and neglected sick ; with a kind of assurance , that people of our colour were not liable to take the infection . Upon which we and a few others met and consulted how to act on so truly alarming and melancholy occasion . After some conversation , we found a freedom to go forth , confiding in Him who can preserve in the midst of a burning fiery furnace , sensible that it was our duty to do all the good we could to our suffering fellow mortals . We set out to see where we could be useful . The first we visited was a man in Emsley 's alley , who was dying , and his wife lay dead at the time in the house , there were none to assist but two poor helpless children . We administered what relief we could , and applied to the overseers of the poor to have the woman buried . We visited upwards of twenty families that day -- they were scenes of woe indeed ! The Lord was plentiful to strengthen us , and removed all fear from us ... In order the better to regulate our conduct , we called on the mayor the next day , to consult with him on how to proceed , so as to be the most useful . The first object he recommended was a strict attention to the sick , and the procuring of nurses . This was attended to by Absalom Jones and William Gray ; and , in order that the distressed might know where to apply , the mayor advised that upon application to them they would be supplied . Soon after , the mortality increased , the difficulty of getting a corpse taken away , was such , that few were willing to do it , when offered great rewards . The black people were looked to . We then offered our services in the public papers , by advertising that we would remove the dead and procure nurses . Our services were the production of real sensibility -- we sought not fee nor reward , until the increase of the disorder rendered our labour so arduous that we were not adequate to the service we had assumed . Allen noted in his account that because of the increase in mortality , he and Jones had to hire five men to assist them in removing corpses , as most people avoided the sick and the dead . In a September 6 letter to his wife , Rush said that the `` African brethren ... furnish nurses to most of my patients . '' Despite Rush 's theory , most of the city 's people of color were not immune to the fever . Many of the slaves in Charleston in 1742 could have gained immunity before having been transported from Africa , by having been exposed to yellow fever in a mild case . People who survived one attack gained immunity . A total of 240 blacks died , in proportion to their population at the same rate as whites . Controversy over treatment ( edit ) Given the limited resources and knowledge of the times , the city 's response was creditable . The medical community did not know the natural history of yellow fever , a viral infection spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito . Efforts to clean the city did not defeat the spread of the fever as the mosquitoes bred in the clean water . Philadelphia 's newspapers continued to publish during the epidemic , and through the doctors and others tried to understand and combat the epidemic . On September 7 , Dr. Adam Kuhn advised patients to treat symptoms as they arose ; he had studied medicine at the University of Uppsala in Sweden . Rush claimed that he tried Kuhn 's and Steven 's stimulating remedies , and his patients still died . He recommended other treatments , including purging and bloodletting , and published his theories . The hope offered by any of these treatments was soon dashed when it became clear that they did not cure the disease , and the doctors ' competing claims demoralized patients . In his 1794 account of the epidemic , Matthew Carey noted that other doctors claimed to have used calomel before Rush and that `` its efficacy was great and rescued many from death . '' Carey added that the `` efficacy of bleeding , in all cases not attended with putridity , was great . '' Rush taught the African - American nurses how to bleed and purge patients . Allen and Jones wrote that they were thankful that `` we have been the instruments , in the hand of God , for saving the lives of hundreds of our suffering fellow mortals . '' Rush 's brand of medicine became the standard American treatment for fevers in the 1790s and was widely used for the next 50 years . Rush 's claim that his remedies cured 99 out of 100 patients have led historians and modern doctors to ridicule his remedies and approach to medical science . Some contemporaries also attacked him . The newspaper editor William Cobbett attacked Rush 's therapies and called him a Sangrado , after a character in Gil Blas , who bled patients to death . In 1799 Rush won a $5,000 libel judgment against Cobbett . Government responses to crisis ( edit ) The responses of the various levels of government in the city varied . The Federal government had no authority to act and Congress had not been in session since June . President Washington and his cabinet continued to meet until he left the city on September 10 for his scheduled vacation , a period that included laying the cornerstone on September 18 of the new US Capitol to be built in the City of Washington , the designated capital . Employees of the Treasury Department , who collected customs and worked on the country 's financial system , worked throughout the epidemic ; the post office also stayed open . The state legislature cut short its September session after a dead body was found on the steps of State House . Governor Mifflin became ill and was advised by his doctor to leave . The city 's banks remained open . But , banking operations were so slowed by the inability of people to pay off notes because of disruptions from the epidemic that banks automatically renewed notes until the epidemic ended . The mayor Matthew Clarkson organized the city 's response to the epidemic . Most of the Common Council members fled , along with 20,000 other residents . People who did not leave Philadelphia before the second week in September could leave the city only with great difficulty , and they faced road blocks , patrols , inspections and quarantines . On September 12 , Clarkson summoned fellow citizens interested in helping the Guardians of the Poor . They formed a committee to take over from the Guardians and address the crisis . On the 14th , Clarkson was joined by 26 men , who formed committees to reorganize the fever hospital , arrange visits to the sick , feed those unable to care for themselves , and arrange for wagons to carry the sick to the hospital and the dead to Potter 's Field . The Committee acted quickly : after a report of 15 - month - old twins being orphaned , two days later the Committee had identified a house for sheltering the growing number of orphans . As noted above , Richard Allen and Absalom Jones offered the services of members of the Free African Society to the Committee . When the Mayor 's Committee inspected the Bush Hill fever hospital , they found the nurses unqualified and arrangements chaotic . `` The sick , the dying , and the dead were indiscriminately mingled together . The ordure and other evacuations of the sick , were allowed to remain in the most offensive state imaginable ... It was , in fact , a great human slaughter - house . '' On September 15 , Peter Helm , a barrel maker , and Stephen Girard , a merchant and shipowner born in France , volunteered to personally manage the hospital and represent the Mayor 's Committee . They made rapid improvements in hospital operations : bedsteads were repaired and more brought from the prison so patients would not have to lie on the floor . A barn was adapted as a place for convalescing patients . On September 17 , the managers hired 9 female nurses and 10 male attendants , as well as a female matron . They assigned the 14 rooms to separate male and female patients . With the discovery of a spring on the estate , workers were organized to have clean water pumped into the hospital . Helm and Girard informed the Committee that they could accommodate more than the 60 patients then under their care , and soon the hospital had 140 patients . Girard found that the intermittent visits by four young physicians from the city added to the confusion about patient treatment . He hired Jean Deveze , a French doctor with experience treating yellow fever in Saint - Domingue ( now Haiti ) . Deveze cared only for the patients at the hospital , and he was assisted by French apothecaries . Deveze admired Girard 's fearlessness in his devotion to the patients . In a memoir published in 1794 , Deveze wrote of Girard : I even saw one of the diseased ... ( discharge ) the contents of his stomach upon ( him ) . What did Girard do ? ... He wiped the patient 's cloaths , comforted ( him ) ... arranged the bed , ( and ) inspired with courage , by renewing in him the hope that he should recover . -- From him he went to another , that vomited offensive matter that would have disheartened any other than this wonderful man . News that patients treated at the hospital were recovering encouraged many people to believe that medicine was gaining control of the fever . But , it soon became clear that mortality at the hospital remained high ; about 50 % died of those admitted . Reactions by other cities ( edit ) As the death toll in the city rose , officials in neighboring communities and major port cities such as New York and Baltimore established quarantines for refugees and goods from Philadelphia . New York established a `` Committee appointed to prevent the spreading and introduction of infectious diseases in this city '' , which set up citizen patrols to monitor entry to the city . Stage coaches from Philadelphia were not allowed in many cities . Havre de Grace , Maryland , for example , tried to prevent people from Philadelphia from crossing the Susquehanna River to Maryland . Neighboring cities did send food supplies and money ; for example , New York City sent $5000 to the Mayor 's Committee . Woodbury and Springfield , New Jersey ; Chester , Pennsylvania and Elkton , Maryland , were among towns that accepted refugees . President Washington corresponded with members of his cabinet on where to assemble if the epidemic prevented Congress from meeting as scheduled in December . Washington decided to hold the cabinet in early November in Germantown , at that time an independent town ten miles from the heart of Philadelphia . Carey 's accusations ( edit ) In his 1793 account of the epidemic , Mathew Carey contrasted the sacrifices of men like Joseph Inskeep , a Quaker who served on the Mayor 's Committee and also visited the sick , with the selfishness of others . When Inskeep contracted the fever , he asked for the assistance of a family whom he had attended when several of its members were sick . They refused ; he died , which might have happened even with their aid . Carey reported their refusal . He published rumors of greed , especially by landlords who threw convalescing tenants into the street to gain control of their flats . While he praised Richard Allen and Absalom Jones for their work , he suggested that blacks had caused the epidemic , and that some black nurses had charged high fees and even stolen from those for whom they cared . Allen and Jones quickly wrote a pamphlet to defend the people of color in the crisis . The historian Julie Winch believes they wanted to defend their community , knowing how powerful Carey was , and wanting to maintain the reputation of their people in the aftermath of the epidemic . The men noted that the first nurses from the Free African Society had worked without any pay . As the mortality rate increased , they had to hire men to get anyone to deal with the sick and dying . They recounted that the great prices paid did not escape the observation of that worthy and vigilant magistrate , Matthew Clarkson , mayor of the city , and president of the committee . He sent for us , and requested we would use our influence to lessen the wages of the nurses . But on informing him of the cause , i.e. that of the people over-bidding one another , it was concluded unnecessary to attempt any thing on that head ; therefore it was left to the people concerned . Allen and Jones noted that white nurses also profited and stole from their patients . `` We know that six pounds was demanded by and paid to a white woman , for putting a corpse into a coffin ; and forty dollars was demanded and paid to four white men , for bringing it down the stairs . '' Many black nurses served without compensation : `` A poor black man , named Sampson , went constantly from house to house where distress was , and no assistance , without fee or reward . He was smitten with the disorder , and died . After his death his family were neglected by those he had served . Sarah Bass , a poor black widow , gave all the assistance she could , in several families , for which she did not receive any thing ; and when any thing was offered her , she left it to the option of those she served . '' Response of churches ( edit ) Church clergy continued to hold services , which helped keep up residents ' morale . Rev. J. Henry C. Helmuth , who led the city 's German Lutheran congregation , wrote A Short Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia for the Reflecting Christian . He also left a diary . On September 16 he reported that his church was `` very full '' the day before . In one week in October , 130 members of his congregation were buried . On October 13 , he wrote in his diary : Preached to a large gathering about Jes. 26 , 1 . I showed that Philadelphia a very blessed city -- the Lord is among us and especially in our congregation . I proved this with examples of dead and still living people . Baptized a child . Announced that I could not be with the corpses , that the sick should be reported to me in the morning so that I could visit them in the afternoon . The Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends at the Arch Street Meeting House drew 100 attendees , most from outside the city . The meetinghouse is not far from the waterfront where the epidemic had started . In their Yearly Epistle following the meeting , the Friends wrote that to have changed the time or place of the meeting would have been a `` haughty attempt '' to escape `` the rod '' of God , from which there was no escape . The Quaker John Todd , who attended the meeting , contracted the fever and died of it . His young widow , Dolley Payne Todd , later married James Madison , a Virginia congressman whom she met in Philadelphia and a future U.S. president . End of the epidemic ( edit ) President 's House , Philadelphia . Washington left the plague - ridden city for Mount Vernon on September 10 . He and his cabinet reassembled in Germantown in early November . On November 11 , Washington visited the city before the official all clear on November 14 , but did not reoccupy the President 's House until December . Doctors , preachers , and laymen all looked to the coming of autumn to end the epidemic . At first they hoped a seasonal `` equinoctial gale , '' or hurricane , common at that time of year , would blow away the fever . Heavy rains in late September seemed to correlate with a higher rate of cases . Residents next anticipated freezing temperatures at night , which they knew were associated with ending fall fevers . By the first two weeks of October and peak of the crisis , gloom pervaded the city . Most churches had stopped holding services , and the post office moved out of the area of the highest number of cases . The market days continued , and bakers continued to make and distribute bread . Several members of the Mayor 's Committee died . African - American nurses had also begun dying of the fever . Carts took ill victims to Bush Hill and the dead to burial grounds . Doctors also suffered illness and death , and fewer were available to care for patients . Three of Rush 's apprentices and his sister died ; he was too sick to leave his house . Such news cast doubts on Rush 's methods , but none of those victims had submitted to his harsh treatment . Those refugees from Saint - Domingue who thought they had immunity used the streets freely , but few other residents did . Those who had not escaped the city tried to wait out the epidemic in their homes . When the Mayor 's Committee took a quick census of the dead , they found that the majority of victims were poor people , who died in homes located in the alleys , behind the main streets where most of the business of city was conducted . On October 16 , after temperatures cooled , a newspaper reported that `` the malignant fever has very considerably abated . '' Stores began to reopen October 25 , many families returned , and the wharves were `` once more enlivened '' as a London - based ship arrived with goods . The Mayor 's Committee advised people outside the city to wait another week or 10 days before returning . It published directions for cleaning houses which had been closed up , recommending that they be aired for several days with all windows and doors open . `` Burning of nitre will correct the corrupt air which they may contain . Quick lime should be thrown into the privies and the chambers whitewashed . '' On the 31st , a white flag was hoisted over Bush Hill with the legend , `` No More Sick Persons Here . '' But , after some warm days , fever cases recurred . The white flag had to be struck . Finally on November 13 , stagecoaches resumed service to the north and south . A merchant reported that the streets were `` in an uproar and rendered the wharves impossible by reason of the vast quantities of wine , sugar , rum , coffee , cotton & c . The porters are quite savvy and demand extravagantly for anything they do . '' On November 14 , the Mayor 's Committee recommended purifying houses , clothing and bedding , but said that anyone could come to the city `` without danger from the late prevailing disorder . '' Lists of the dead ( edit ) An official register of deaths listed 4044 people as dying between August 1 and November 9 , 1793 based on grave counts , so the total was probably higher . City officials , medical and religious leaders , and newspaper publishers reported the number and names of victims , based on the minutes of the Mayor 's Committee . The Appendix of on - line edition of Minutes lists the names of all the patients admitted to Bush Hill hospital , as well as the disposition of their cases . The publisher Mathew Carey released his history of the epidemic just weeks after its end . He listed the names of the dead at the back of the book , which is one reason it was a bestseller . While Deveze did not reveal his patients ' names in describing his treatments , Rush named his patients in his memoir . Controversies over the epidemic ( edit ) The end of the epidemic did not end the controversies among the city 's doctors , who disagreed about causes and treatment . Hearing rumors that colleagues were going to try to get him expelled from the College of Physicians , Rush resigned and formed a new medical society , which many of the city 's younger doctors joined . Rush 's promotion of his remedies and attacks on others were strongly criticized by the medical community . Cause ( edit ) Merchants worried more about Rush 's theory that the fever arose from the filth of Philadelphia and was not imported from the West Indies . They did not want the port 's reputation to suffer permanently . Doctors used his treatments while rejecting his etiology of the disease . Others deprecated his therapies , such as Dr. Deveze , but agreed that the fever had local origins . Deveze had arrived on the refugee ship from Saint - Domingue which many accused of having carried the disease , but he thought it healthy . The doctors did not understand the origin or transmittal of the disease . Historians believe it was brought by refugees from Saint - Domingue , where it was endemic , and transmitted by mosquitoes between the infected and healthy persons . Differing courses of treatment ( edit ) Dr. Kuhn advised drinking wine , `` at first weaker wines , such as claret and Rhenish ; if these can not be had , Lisbon or Madeira diluted with rich lemonade . The quantity is to be determined by the effects it produces and by the state of debility which prevails , guarding against its occasioning or encreasing the heat , restlessness or delirium . '' He placed `` the greatest dependence for the cure to the disease , on throwing cool water twice a day over the naked body . The patient is to be placed in a large empty tub , and two buckets full of water , of the temperature 75 or 80 degrees Fahrenheit 's thermometer , according to the state of the atmosphere , are to be thrown on him . '' The water treatment was also advocated by Dr. Edward Stevens , who in mid-September claimed it had cured Alexander Hamilton , Secretary of the Treasury , of the fever . Rush searched the medical literature for other approaches . Benjamin Franklin had given him letters sent by Dr. John Mitchell , related to treating patients during a 1741 yellow fever outbreak in Virginia . ( Franklin never published the letters . ) Mitchell noted that the stomach and intestines filled with blood and that these organs had to be emptied at all costs . `` On this account , '' Mitchell argued , `` an ill - timed scrupulousness about the weakness of the body is of bad consequences in these urging circumstances ... I can affirm that I have given a purge in this case , when the pulse has been so low that it can hardly be felt , and the debility extreme , yet both one and the other have been restored by it . '' After experimenting , Rush decided that a powder of ten grains of calomel ( mercury ) and ten grains of the cathartic drug jalap ( the poisonous root of a Mexican plant , Ipomoea purga , related to the morning glory , which was dried and powdered before ingesting ) would create the desired elimination he was seeking . Since the demand for his services was so great , he had his assistants make as many of his powders in pill form as they could . On September 10 , he published a guide to treating the fever : `` Dr. Rush 's Directions for Curing and Treating the Yellow Fever '' , outlining a regimen of self - medication . At the first sign of symptoms , `` more especially if those symptoms be accompanied by a redness , or faint yellowness in the eyes , and dull or shooting pains about the region of the liver , take one of the powders in a little sugar and water , every six hours , until they produce four or five large evacuations from the bowels ... '' He urged that the patient stay in bed and `` drink plentifully '' of barley or chicken water . Then after the `` bowels are thoroughly cleaned , '' it was proper to take 8 to 10 ounces of blood from the arm if , after purging , the pulse was full or tense . To keep the body open he recommended more calomel or small doses of cream of tarter or other salts . If the pulse was weak and low , he recommended camomile or snakeroot as a stimulant , and blisters or blankets soaked in hot vinegar wrapped around the lower limbs . To restore the patient he recommended `` gruel , sago , panada , tapioca , tea , coffee , weak chocolate , wine whey , chicken broth , and white meats , according to the weak or active state of the system ; the fruits of the season may be eaten with advantage at all times . '' The sick room should be kept cool and vinegar should be sprinkled around the floor . Rush 's therapy was generalized as `` purge and bleed , '' and as long as the patient remained debilitated , Rush urged further purging and bleeding . Not a few of his patients became comatose . The calomel in his pills soon brought on a state of constant salivation , which Rush urged patients to attain to assure a cure . A characteristic sign of death was black vomit , which salivation seemed to ward off . Since he urged purging at the first sign of fever , other doctors began seeing patients who suffered severe abdominal distress . Autopsies after their death revealed stomachs destroyed by such purges. : Unlike other doctors , Deveze did not offer advice in the newspapers during the epidemic . He later discussed treatment in his memoir , which included 18 case studies and descriptions of several autopsies . While he deprecated Rush 's harsh purgatives and `` heroic '' bleeding , he moderately bled patients and also used medicines to evacuate the bowels . Like Rush , he thought poisons had to be `` abstracted '' in severely debilitated patients . Instead of purges , he used blisters to raise welts on the skin . Unlike Kuhn , he did not favor baths . He preferred to apply heat , using hot bricks on hands or feet . He strongly discounted the traditional treatment for severe fevers , which was to wrap patients in blankets , give them camomile tea or Madeira , and try to bring on sweats . He preferred `` acidulated '' water to the use of Peruvian bark as many patients found the bark distasteful . He thought the use of opium very helpful . Aftermath ( edit ) The Governor created a middle path : he ordered the city to be kept clean and the port policed to prevent infected ships , or those from the Caribbean , from docking until they had gone through a period of quarantine . The city suffered yellow fever epidemics in 1797 , 1798 , and 1799 , which kept the origin and treatment controversies alive . Some of the city 's clergy suggested the epidemic was a judgment from God . Led by the Quakers , the religious community petitioned the state legislature to prohibit theatrical presentations in the state . Such entertainment had been banned during the Revolution and had only recently been authorized . After an extensive debate in the newspapers , the State Assembly denied the petition . The recurrences of yellow fever kept discussions about causes , treatment and prevention going until the end of decade . Other major ports also had epidemics , beginning with Baltimore in 1794 , New York in 1795 and 1798 , and Wilmington in 1798 , making yellow fever a national crisis . New York doctors finally admitted that they had had an outbreak of yellow fever in 1791 that killed more than 100 people . All the cities that suffered epidemics continued to grow rapidly . The widespread recognition that the epidemics were based along the waterfront meant that cities grew more rapidly in outlying areas , but that was also where land was available at lower cost . Families who could afford it planned to vacate the port cities during the sick season . During the epidemic of 1798 , Benjamin Rush commuted daily from a house just outside the city , near what is now 15th and Columbia Streets , to the new city fever hospital , where as chief doctor he treated fever victims . The civic responses to the 1798 epidemics in Philadelphia and New York were more complex than the efforts of the 1793 Mayor 's Committee . For instance , Philadelphia forced evacuation of certain neighborhoods and placed refugees in supervised camps . After the epidemic , the city inspected all houses and destroyed those it deemed unhealthy . American doctors did not identify the vector of yellow fever until the late nineteenth century . In 1881 Carlos Finlay , a Cuban doctor , argued that mosquito bites caused yellow fever ; he credited Rush 's published account of the 1793 epidemic for giving him the idea . He said that Rush had written : `` Mosquitoes ( the usual attendants of a sickly autumn ) were uncommonly numerous ... '' In the late 1880s , Finlay 's theories were confirmed in Cuba by experiments of the US Medical Army Corps under direction of Dr. Walter Reed in the late 1880s , in which subjects allowed themselves to be bitten by infected mosquitoes . In the first week of September 1793 , Dr. William Currie published a description of the epidemic and an account of its progress during August . The publisher Mathew Carey had an account of the epidemic for sale in the third week of October , before the epidemic had ended . He accused blacks of causing the epidemic and black nurses of overcharging patients and taking advantage of them . The reverends Richard Allen and Absalom Jones of the Free African Society published their own account rebutting Carey 's attacks ; by that time Carey had already published the fourth edition of his popular pamphlet . Allen and Jones noted that some blacks had worked for free , that they had died at the same rate as whites from the epidemic , and that some whites had also overcharged for their services . Currie 's work was the first of several medical accounts published within a year of the epidemic . Dr. Benjamin Rush published an account more than 300 pages long . Two French doctors , Jean Deveze and Nassy , published shorter accounts . Clergymen also published accounts ; the most notable was by the Lutheran minister J. Henry C. Helmuth . In March 1794 , the Mayor 's Committee published its minutes . ( Letters written during the epidemic , which in some cases expressed the last sentiments of victims , were preserved by many families and have been a source for scholars in various archives . ) The rapid succession of other yellow fever epidemics in Philadelphia and elsewhere in the northeastern United States engendered many accounts of the efforts to contain , control and cope with the disease . Rush wrote accounts of the 1797 , 1798 , and 1799 epidemics in Philadelphia . He revised his account of the 1793 epidemic to eliminate reference to the disease being contagious . He varied his cures . In 1798 he was appointed as the chief doctor at the fever hospital . The mortality rate that year was roughly the same as it had been at Bush Hill in 1793 , despite radical difference between the therapies used . Noah Webster , then a notable New York newspaper publisher , joined two doctors in publishing the Medical Repository , a magazine that collected accounts of fever epidemics throughout the nation . Webster used this data in his 1798 book , suggesting that the nation was being subjected to a widespread `` epidemic constitution '' in the atmosphere that might last 50 years and make deadly epidemics almost certain . Yellow fever epidemics became seen as a national crisis . When in 1855 a French doctor published an 813 - page history of yellow fever in Philadelphia , covering outbreaks from 1699 to 1854 , he devoted only a few pages to the 1793 epidemic . General 20th - century US histories , such as the 10 - volume Great Epochs in American History , published in 1912 , used short excerpts from Carey 's account . The first history of the epidemic to draw on more primary sources was J.H. Powell 's Bring Out Your Dead ( 1949 ) , but he did not use the personal letters , which are largely held by Quaker colleges in the area . While Powell did not write a scholarly history of the epidemic , his work reviewed its historical importance . Since the mid-twentieth century , scholars have studied aspects of the epidemic , first in papers . For example , Martin Pernick 's `` Politics , Parties , and Pestilence : Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the Rise of the First Party System , '' developed statistical evidence to show that Republican doctors generally used Rush 's therapies and Federalist doctors used Kuhn 's . Scholars celebrated the 200th anniversary of the epidemic with the publication of papers on various aspects of the epidemic . A 2004 paper in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine reexamined Rush 's use of bleeding . Representation in other media ( edit ) Several novels have explored the Philadelphia epidemic , including the following : Charles Brockden Brown , Arthur Mervyn ( 1799 ) Silas Weir Mitchell , The Red City ( 1909 ) Laurie Halse Anderson , Fever 1793 ( 2000 ) , young adult novel set in Philadelphia The following deals with a 19th - century epidemic of yellow fever in New Orleans : Josh Russell , Yellow Jack , 2000 , novel set in New Orleans in the 1840s before the Civil War See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Philadelphia Lazaretto , quarantine hospital built in 1799 in response to the 1793 epidemic Stubbins Ffirth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arnebeck , Bob ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US '' . Benjamin Rush , Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ From Genetic resistance to malaria : `` Where this parasite ( p. falciparum ) is endemic , young children have repeated malaria attacks . ( ... ) Repeated malaria infections strengthen adaptive immunity and broaden its effects against parasites expressing different to the good old immunity against malaria . '' ^ Jump up to : Mark A. Smith , `` Andrew Brown 's ' Earnest Endeavor ' : The Federal Gazette ' s Role in Philadelphia 's Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 '' , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 120 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1996 ) , pp. 321 -- 342 , accessed 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ Rush , Benjamin . `` An Account of the Bilious Yellow Fever of 1793 , 1794 , p. 6 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Currie , William , An Historical Account of the Climate and Diseases of the United States , Philadelphia : T. Dobson , 1792 Jump up ^ Currie , William . `` A Description of the Malignant , infectious Fever Prevailing at Present in Philadelphia , pp 29 -- 30 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Ship of Death Yale University Press , 2013 ; accessed 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , L.H. , editor , Letters of Benjamin Rush , vol. 2 , p 641 . ^ Jump up to : `` Part 3 : Philadelphia / The Yellow Fever Epidemic '' . Africans in America . PBS Online . 1998 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 17 . Jump up ^ American Daily Advertiser , 28 August 1793 . Jump up ^ Rush , pp. 9 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Rush , pp 21ff Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , 31 August 1793 Jump up ^ Drinker , Elizabeth ( 1889 ) . Biddle , Henry D. , ed . Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker , From 1759 to 1807 , A.D. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . pp. 19 -- 20 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powell , J.H. , Bring Out Your Dead , 1949 , pp. 58 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Rush , pp. 129ff . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 22 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... '' Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Daily Advertiser , September 2 , 1793 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , p. 654 Jump up ^ Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... pp 15 & 16 '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marion Brown , `` Adam Kuhn : Eighteenth Century Physician and Teacher '' , J Hist Med Allied Sci ( 1950 ) V ( Spring ) : 163 -- 177 . doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / V. Spring. 163 , accessed 26 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Butterfield , pp 1213 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 15 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... p. 5 '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Duffy , William , From Humors to Medical Science , 1993 , pp 68 -- 71 Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 12 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , J.H. , Bring Out Your Dead , pp. 216ff ^ Jump up to : Minutes of the Proceedings of the Committee to Attend to and Alleviate the Sufferings of the Afflicted with the Malignant Fever , 1794 . Jump up ^ Minutes . `` p. 22 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen and Jones , A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... , 1993 , p. to come . Jump up ^ Minutes . `` p. 12 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 32 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minutes , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp. 17ff . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean ( 1794 ) . `` An Inquiry into and Observations upon the Causes and Effects of the Epidemic Disease Which Raged in Philadelphia , 1794 , p. 26 '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . pp. 47ff . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp 36ff . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . pp. 59ff . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 79 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 75 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Winch on Jones ' and Allen 's response to Carey '' , Part 3 : Philadelphia / Yellow Fever Epidemic , PBS , 1998 , accessed 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 63 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... pp 9 -- 11 '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helmuth , Justus Henry Christian , A short account of the yellow fever in Philadelphia for the reflecting Christian , translated from the German by Charles Erdmann , Philadelphia : 1794 , Open Collections Program : Contagion , Harvard University Library , accessed 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Yearly Meeting Epistle 1793 , '' Swarthmore College Library Quaker Collection ; see also letter by Margaret Morris to her daughter August 31 , 1793 , Haverford College Library Manuscript Collection . Jump up ^ Murphy , An American Plague , pp. 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , October 5 , 1793 . Jump up ^ Rush , pp. 349 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp. 51 , 241ff . Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , October 16 , 1793 Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , October 25m 1793 . Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , November 1 , 1793 . Jump up ^ Welsh papers , November 13 , 1793 , Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Minutes , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp. 205 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Feverish er ... 1794 , . pp. 121 -- 164 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean . `` Inquiry p. 12 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ General Advertiser , September 11 , 1793 , also in Rush , pp. 207ff Jump up ^ Rush , pp 127ff Jump up ^ In a manuscript of 1744 , Dr. John Mitchell of Virginia detailed his observations and treatments of victims of a `` yellow fever '' epidemic in 1741 -- 2 ; copies of the manuscript were sent to Mr. Cadwallader Colden , a physician in New York , and to Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia ; the manuscript was eventually printed ( in large part ) in 1805 and reprinted ( in full ) in 1814 . See : ( John Mitchell ) ( 1805 ) ( Mitchell 's account of the Yellow Fever in Virginia in 1741 -- 2 ) , The Philadelphia Medical Museum , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 . ( John Mitchell ) ( 1814 ) `` Account of the Yellow fever which prevailed in Virginia in the years 1737 , 1741 , and 1742 , in a letter to the late Cadwallader Colden , Esq. of New York , from the late John Mitchell , M.D.F.R.S. of Virginia , '' American Medical and Philosophical Register , 4 : 181 -- 215 . It should be noted , however , that Dr. Mitchell misdiagnosed the disease that he observed and treated , and that the disease was probably Weil 's disease or hepatitis . See : Saul Jarcho ( 1957 ) `` John Mitchell , Benjamin Rush , and Yellow fever , '' Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 31 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p61 Jump up ^ Rush , Benjamin , An Account of the Bilious Yellow Fever , 1794 , p 211 . Jump up ^ Rush , p to come . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean . `` An inquiry into and observations upon the causes and effects of the epidemic disease which raged in Philadelphia , 1794 , p. 76 '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean . `` Inquiry p 60 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean ( 1794 ) . `` Inquiry p 6 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . , Harvard University Library Jump up ^ Deveze , pp. to come . Jump up ^ Rush , Benjamin . `` Observations Upon the Origin of the Malignant Bilious , or Yellow Fever in Philadelphia , and Upon the Means of Preventing It : Addressed to the Citizens of Philadelphia '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . , Harvard University Library Jump up ^ `` An Earnest Call Occasioned by the Alarming Pestilential Contagion , '' November 8 , 1793 , Evans catalog # 25427 . Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , November 19 , 1793 and Philadelphia Gazette , March 25 , 1794 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , p. 803 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : `` Part 3 : Documents / A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... Philadelphia , PBS Africans in America , website , accessed 26 March 2012 Jump up ^ Webster , Noah , A Brief History of Epidemic Disease , 1798 . Jump up ^ LaRoche , Yellow Fever , considered in its historical , pathological , etiological , and therapeutic relations , 1855 Jump up ^ Halsey , Francis W. , Great Epochs in American History , volume 4 , 1912 , pp 83 -- 89 Jump up ^ Pernick , Martin S. `` Politics , Parties , and Pestilence : Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the Rise of the First Party System , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 1972 , pp 559 -- 586 . Jump up ^ Estes , J. Worth , and Smith , Billy G. A Melancholy Scene of Devastation : The Public Response to the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic , Philadelphia : Science History Publications , 1997 . Jump up ^ Kopperman , Paul E. `` ' Venerate the Lancet ' : Benjamin Rush 's Yellow Fever Therapy in Context , '' Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 2004 , 78 : 539 -- 574 . Bibliography ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Allen , Richard ; Absalom Jones ( 1794 ) . A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People , During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia in the Year 1793 . Philadelphia : Franklin 's Head . Carey , Mathew. A Short Account of the Malignant Fever , Lately Prevalent in Philadelphia ( 1793 ) , text online , National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health Common Council , Philadelphia ( 1794 ) . Minutes of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed on the Date of 14 September to Alleviate the Suffering of the Afflicted . Google E-Book . Currie , William ( 1793 ) . `` A Description of the Malignant , Infectious Fever prevailing at Present in Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia : Thomas Dobson . Drinker , Elizabeth ( 1889 ) . Biddle , Henry D. , ed . Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker , From 1759 to 1807 , A.D. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company . Helmuth , J. Henry C. ( 1794 ) . A Short Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia for the Reflecting Christian . Translated by Charles Erdmann . Jones , Hoff & Derrick . , Open Collections Program : Contagion , Harvard University Library Rush , Benjamin ( 1794 ) . An Account of the Bilious Remitting Yellow Fever as it appeared in the City of Philadelphia in 1793 . Google E-Book . Secondary sources ( edit ) Barnard , Bryn ( 2005 ) . Outbreak ! Plagues That Changed History . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 375 - 82986 - 5 . Garret , Laurie ( 1994 ) . The Coming Plague : Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 14 - 025091 - 3 . Jacobs Altman , Linda ( 1998 ) . Plague and Pestilence : A History of Infectious Disease . United States : Enslow Publishing Inc . ISBN 0 - 89490 - 957 - 6 . Murphy , Jim ( 2003 ) . An American Plague : The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 . New York : Clarion Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 77608 - 2 . Powell , John Harvey ( 1993 ) ( 1949 ) . Bring Out Your Dead : The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793 . Reprint . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1423 - 4 . Yount , Lisa ( 2000 ) . Epidemics . San Diego : Lucent Books . ISBN 1 - 56006 - 441 - 2 . `` Part 3 : Philadelphia / The Yellow Fever Epidemic '' . Africans in America . PBS Online . 1998 . `` The Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia , 1793 '' . Harvard University Library Open Collections Programs . External links ( edit ) Philadelphia : The Great Experiment , Episode II , Fever : 1793 Film : The Great Fever , PBS American Experience program website , 30 October 2006 John Mitchell Mason ( 1793 ) . Sermon , preached September 20th , 1793 ; a day set apart , in the city of New - York , for public fasting , humiliation and prayer , on account of a malignant and mortal fever prevailing in the city of Philadelphia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic&oldid=834172457 '' Categories : History of Philadelphia 18th - century epidemics Yellow fever 1793 in Pennsylvania 1793 disasters 18th - century health disasters Medical outbreaks in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 09 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 start	[ "In the spring of 1793, French colonial refugees, some with slaves, arrived from Cap Français, Saint-Domingue. The 2,000 immigrants were fleeing the slave revolution in the north of the island.[3] They crowded the port of Philadelphia, where the first yellow fever epidemic in 30 years began in the city in August.[3][4] It is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes. It is transmitted during mosquito bites. The mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water. The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever and other diseases. Physicians and other survivors of the epidemic wrote extensively about it trying to learn from the crisis." ]	[ "spring of 1793" ]
6577639057671420062	List of wine-producing countries	List of wine - producing countries - wikipedia List of wine - producing countries Jump to : navigation , search Further information : List of wine - producing regions The following is a list of the top wine - producing countries and their volume of wine production for the year 2014 in metric tonnes , according to the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , which is an agency of the United Nations ; this is the latest information available from the FAO . Their data show a total worldwide production of 31 million tonnes ( 1,000 kg ) of wine ( which roughly corresponds to 1,000 l ) with the top 15 producing countries accounting for over 90 % of the total . Map of global wine production in 2013 . Wine production by country in 2014 Rank Country ( with link to wine article ) Production ( tonnes ) Italy 4,796,600 Spain 4,607,850 France 4,293,466 United States 3,300,000 China 1,700,000 6 Argentina 1,498,380 7 Chile 1,214,000 8 Australia 1,186,343 9 South Africa 1,146,006 10 Germany 920,200 11 Portugal 603,327 12 Romania 378,283 13 Greece 334,300 14 Russia 327,400 15 New Zealand 320,400 16 Brazil 273,100 17 Hungary 258,520 18 Austria 199,869 19 Serbia 198,183 20 Moldova 149,850 21 Bulgaria 130,500 22 Georgia 108,600 23 Switzerland 93,365 24 Ukraine 86,904 25 Japan 85,000 26 Peru 73,000 27 Uruguay 72,500 28 Canada 54,663 29 Algeria 52,000 30 Czech Republic 52,000 31 Macedonia 51,013 32 Croatia 45,272 33 Turkey 44,707 34 Mexico 39,360 35 Turkmenistan 39,000 36 Morocco 37,000 37 Uzbekistan 36,000 38 Slovakia 32,527 39 Belarus 29,980 40 Kazakhstan 21,993 41 Tunisia 21,500 42 Albania 24,000 43 Montenegro 16,000 44 Lebanon 14,700 45 Slovenia 13,229 46 Colombia 13,000 47 Luxembourg 12,494 48 Cuba 12,080 49 Estonia 11,104 50 Cyprus 10,302 51 Azerbaijan 9,512 52 Bolivia 9,422 53 Madagascar 8,350 54 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7,524 55 Armenia 6,174 56 Lithuania 6,005 57 Egypt 5,000 58 Israel 5,000 59 Belgium 2,900 60 Latvia 2,450 61 Malta 2,426 62 Zimbabwe 1,750 63 Kyrgyzstan 1,700 64 Paraguay 1,500 65 Ethiopia 1,297 66 Jordan 550 67 United Kingdom 425 68 Panama 159 69 Tajikistan 150 70 Liechtenstein 79 71 Syria 70 72 Reunion 30 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wine production ( tons ) '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . 6 October 2015 . p. 1 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Wine by country Africa Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Morocco Namibia South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bhutan China Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Nepal Palestine Philippines Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Paraguay Peru Uruguay Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Maize Millet Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apples Apricots Bananas Citrus Oranges Plums Pear Grapes Mango Tomatoes Vegetables Artichoke Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Cucumber Other Cacao Cassava Coffee Cotton Fish Garlic Milk Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigation Land use List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wine-producing_countries&oldid=839904957 '' Categories : Lists of countries by production Wine - related lists Wine by country Talk About Wikipedia Eesti فارسی Русский سنڌي தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 13 : 30 . About Wikipedia	who makes the most wine in the world	[ "\nWine production by country in 2014\n\nRank\nCountry\n(with link to wine article)\nProduction\n(tonnes)\n\n\n1\n Italy\n4,796,600\n\n\n2\n Spain\n4,607,850\n\n\n3\n France\n4,293,466\n\n\n4\n United States\n3,300,000\n\n\n5\n China\n1,700,000\n\n\n6\n Argentina\n1,498,380\n\n\n7\n Chile\n1,214,000\n\n\n8\n Australia\n1,186,343\n\n\n9\n South Africa\n1,146,006\n\n\n10\n Germany\n920,200\n\n\n11\n Portugal\n603,327\n\n\n12\n Romania\n378,283\n\n\n13\n Greece\n334,300\n\n\n14\n Russia\n327,400\n\n\n15\n New Zealand\n320,400\n\n\n16\n Brazil\n273,100\n\n\n17\n Hungary\n258,520\n\n\n18\n Austria\n199,869\n\n\n19\n Serbia\n198,183\n\n\n20\n Moldova\n149,850\n\n\n21\n Bulgaria\n130,500\n\n\n22\n Georgia\n108,600\n\n\n23\n Switzerland\n93,365\n\n\n24\n Ukraine\n86,904\n\n\n25\n Japan\n85,000\n\n\n26\n Peru\n73,000\n\n\n27\n Uruguay\n72,500\n\n\n28\n Canada\n54,663\n\n\n29\n Algeria\n52,000\n\n\n30\n Czech Republic\n52,000\n\n\n31\n Macedonia\n51,013\n\n\n32\n Croatia\n45,272\n\n\n33\n Turkey\n44,707\n\n\n34\n Mexico\n39,360\n\n\n35\n Turkmenistan\n39,000\n\n\n36\n Morocco\n37,000\n\n\n37\n Uzbekistan\n36,000\n\n\n38\n Slovakia\n32,527\n\n\n39\n Belarus\n29,980\n\n\n40\n Kazakhstan\n21,993\n\n\n41\n Tunisia\n21,500\n\n\n42\n Albania\n24,000\n\n\n43\n Montenegro\n16,000\n\n\n44\n Lebanon\n14,700\n\n\n45\n Slovenia\n13,229\n\n\n46\n Colombia\n13,000\n\n\n47\n Luxembourg\n12,494\n\n\n48\n Cuba\n12,080\n\n\n49\n Estonia\n11,104\n\n\n50\n Cyprus\n10,302\n\n\n51\n Azerbaijan\n9,512\n\n\n52\n Bolivia\n9,422\n\n\n53\n Madagascar\n8,350\n\n\n54\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n7,524\n\n\n55\n Armenia\n6,174\n\n\n56\n Lithuania\n6,005\n\n\n57\n Egypt\n5,000\n\n\n58\n Israel\n5,000\n\n\n59\n Belgium\n2,900\n\n\n60\n Latvia\n2,450\n\n\n61\n Malta\n2,426\n\n\n62\n Zimbabwe\n1,750\n\n\n63\n Kyrgyzstan\n1,700\n\n\n64\n Paraguay\n1,500\n\n\n65\n Ethiopia\n1,297\n\n\n66\n Jordan\n550\n\n\n67\n United Kingdom\n425\n\n\n68\n Panama\n159\n\n\n69\n Tajikistan\n150\n\n\n70\n Liechtenstein\n79\n\n\n71\n Syria\n70\n\n\n72\n Reunion\n30\n\n" ]	[ "Italy" ]
-1580369547316110104	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam	APJ Abdul Kalam - Wikipedia APJ Abdul Kalam This article is about the former President of India . For the Indian freedom fighter , see Abul Kalam Azad . In this Indian name , the name Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen is a patronymic , not a family name , and the person should be referred to by the given name , Abdul Kalam . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 11th President of India In office 25 July 2002 -- 25 July 2007 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Vice President Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Preceded by K.R. Narayanan Succeeded by Pratibha Patil Personal details Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( 1931 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1931 Rameswaram , Madras Presidency , British India ( now in Ramanathapuram , Tamil Nadu , India 27 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 83 ) Shillong , Meghalaya , India Nationality Indian Alma mater St. Joseph 's College , Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology Profession Aerospace scientist Professor Author Awards Bharat Ratna ( 1997 ) Hoover Medal ( 2009 ) NSS Von Braun Award ( 2013 ) Notable work ( s ) Wings of Fire Signature Website abdulkalam.com Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( / ˈæbdəl kəˈlɑːm / ( listen ) ; 15 October 1931 -- 27 July 2015 ) was an Indian scientist who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007 . He was born and raised in Rameswaram , Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering . He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator , mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) and Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) and was intimately involved in India 's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts . He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology . He also played a pivotal organisational , technical , and political role in India 's Pokhran - II nuclear tests in 1998 , the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974 . Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then - opposition Indian National Congress . Widely referred to as the `` People 's President '' , he returned to his civilian life of education , writing and public service after a single term . He was a recipient of several prestigious awards , including the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honour . While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong , Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015 , aged 83 . Thousands including national - level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram , where he was buried with full state honours . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career as a scientist 3 Presidency 4 Post-presidency 5 Death 5.1 Reactions 5.2 Memorial 6 Personal life 7 Religious and spiritual views 7.1 Islam 7.2 Syncretism 7.3 Pramukh Swami as Guru 8 Writings 9 Awards and honours 9.1 Educational and scientific institutions 9.2 Island 9.3 Road 9.4 Plant species 9.5 Other awards and honours 10 Books and documentaries 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Early life and education Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island , then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu . His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque ; his mother Ashiamma was a housewife . His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi . Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family . His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners , with numerous properties and large tracts of land . Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka , as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban . As a result , the family acquired the title of `` Mara Kalam Iyakkivar '' ( wooden boat steerers ) , which over the years became shortened to `` Marakier . '' With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914 , however , the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time , apart from the ancestral home . By his early childhood , Kalam 's family had become poor ; at an early age , he sold newspapers to supplement his family 's income . In his school years , Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn . He spent hours on his studies , especially mathematics . After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School , Ramanathapuram , Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph 's College , Tiruchirappalli , then affiliated with the University of Madras , from where he graduated in physics in 1954 . He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology . While Kalam was working on a senior class project , the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days . Kalam met the deadline , impressing the Dean , who later said to him , `` I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline '' . He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot , as he placed ninth in qualifiers , and only eight positions were available in the IAF . Career as a scientist This was my first stage , in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers -- Dr Vikram Sarabhai , Prof Satish Dhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash . This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me . APJ Abdul Kalam After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960 , Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( by Press Information Bureau , Government of India ) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service ( DRDS ) . He started his career by designing a small hovercraft , but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO . Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai , the renowned space scientist . In 1969 , Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) where he was the project director of India 's first Satellite Launch Vehicle ( SLV - III ) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near - earth orbit in July 1980 ; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965 . In 1969 , Kalam received the government 's approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers . Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati In 1963 to 1964 , he visited NASA 's Langley Research Center in Hampton , Virginia ; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt , Maryland ; and Wallops Flight Facility . Between the 1970s and 1990s , Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ) and SLV - III projects , both of which proved to be successful . Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country 's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL , even though he had not participated in its development . In the 1970s , Kalam also directed two projects , Project Devil and Project Valiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme . Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam 's directorship . Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects . His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s , which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship . Kalam and Dr VS Arunachalam , metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister , worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister , R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another . R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating ₹ 388 crores for the mission , named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme ( IGMDP ) and appointed Kalam as the chief executive . Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni , an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi , the tactical surface - to - surface missile , although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns . Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999 . The Pokhran - II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role . Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator , along with Rajagopala Chidambaram , during the testing phase . Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country 's best known nuclear scientist . However , the director of the site test , K Santhanam , said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a `` fizzle '' and criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect report . Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the claims . In 1998 , along with cardiologist Soma Raju , Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent , named the `` Kalam - Raju Stent '' . In 2012 , the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas , which was named the `` Kalam - Raju Tablet '' . Presidency Kalam served as the 11th President of India , succeeding K.R. Narayanan . He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884 , surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal . His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007 . On 10 June 2002 , the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) which was in power at the time , expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President , and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy . After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam , Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office , leaving the field clear . Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature : I am really overwhelmed . Everywhere both in Internet and in other media , I have been asked for a message . I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture . On 18 June , Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament , accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues . Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during his presidency The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies , with the media claiming that the election was a one - sided affair and Kalam 's victory was a foregone conclusion ; the count was held on 18 July . Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory , and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July . Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honour , before becoming the President . Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1954 ) and Dr Zakir Hussain ( 1963 ) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India . He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan . During his term as president , he was affectionately known as the People 's President , saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure . Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure . Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons , and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row . Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his five - year tenure as president , rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee , who was later hanged . Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru , a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004 . While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006 , the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row . He also took the controversial decision to impose President 's Rule in Bihar in 2005 . In September 2003 , in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh , Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India , keeping in view the population of the country . At the end of his term , on 20 June 2007 , Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election . However , two days later , he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes . He did not have the support of the left parties , Shiv Sena and UPA constituents , to receive a renewed mandate . Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012 , media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term . After the reports , social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature . The BJP potentially backed his nomination , saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress , Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election . A month ahead of the election , Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam . Days afterwards , Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out , leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter . On 18 June 2012 , Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll . He said of his decision not to do so : Many , many citizens have also expressed the same wish . It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people . I am really overwhelmed by this support . This being their wish , I respect it . I want to thank them for the trust they have in me . Post-presidency After leaving office , Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong , the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad , and the Indian Institute of Management Indore ; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore ; chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram ; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University ; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India . He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad , and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University . In May 2012 , Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement , with a central theme of defeating corruption . In 2011 , Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant ; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people . The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances he provided regarding the safety features of the plant . Death Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death Wikinews has related news : Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam dies at age 83 On 27 July 2015 , Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on `` Creating a Livable Planet Earth '' at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong . While climbing a flight of stairs , he experienced some discomfort , but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest . At around 6 : 35 p.m. IST , only five minutes into his lecture , he collapsed . He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition ; upon arrival , he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life . Despite being placed in the intensive care unit , Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7 : 45 p.m IST . His last words , to his aide Srijan Pal Singh , were reportedly : `` Funny guy ! Are you doing well ? '' Following his death , Kalam 's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati , from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C - 130J Hercules . The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President , the Vice President , the Prime Minister , Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal , and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces , who laid wreaths on Kalam 's body . His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg ; there , the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage , including former prime minister Manmohan Singh , Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Vice-President Rahul Gandhi , and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav . On the morning of 29 July , Kalam 's body , wrapped in the Indian flag , was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C - 130J aircraft , arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon . His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries , including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar , Venkaiah Naidu , Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya , K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan . After a brief ceremony , Kalam 's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of Mandapam , from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram . Upon arriving at Rameswaram , his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8 p.m. that evening . On 30 July 2015 , the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram 's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours . Over 350,000 people attended the last rites , including the Prime Minister , the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka , Kerala and Andhra Pradesh . Reactions India reacted to Kalam 's death with an outpouring of grief ; numerous tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on social media . The Government of India declared a seven - day state mourning period as a mark of respect . President Pranab Mukherjee , Vice-President Hamid Ansari , Home Minister Rajnath Singh , and other leaders condoled the former President 's demise . Prime Minister Narendra Modi said `` ( Dr. Kalam 's ) death is a great loss to the scientific community . He took India to great heights . He showed the way . '' Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh , who had served as prime minister under Kalam , said , `` our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self reliance in defence technologies . I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country . His life and work will be remembered for generations to come . '' ISRO chairman A.S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague `` a great personality and a gentleman '' , while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as `` a global leader '' for whom `` the downtrodden and poor people were his priority . He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation '' , adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill . South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman . The Bhutanese government ordered the country 's flags to fly at half - staff to mourn Kalam 's death , and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage . Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness , saying Kalam `` was a leader greatly admired by all people , especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people 's President '' . Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as `` a rare combination of a great statesman , acclaimed scientist , and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia '' and termed his death an `` irreparable loss to India and beyond '' . Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia said `` as a nuclear scientist , he engaged himself in the welfare of the people '' . Ashraf Ghani , the President of Afghanistan , called Kalam `` an inspirational figure to millions of people , '' noting that `` we have a lot to learn from his life '' . Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam 's scientific contributions to India : `` Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality . '' The President of Pakistan , Mamnoon Hussain , and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his death . The President of Sri Lanka , Maithripala Sirisena , also expressed his condolences . `` Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit , and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world . His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world . '' Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice-President Ahmed Adheeb condoled Kalam 's death , with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians . Former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom , who had made an official visit to India during Kalam 's presidency , termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind . The Commander - in - Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces , Senior General Min Aung Hlaing , expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government . The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers , calling Kalam 's death `` an irreparable loss '' . Kathleen Wynne , the Premier of Ontario , which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions , expressed `` deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist , he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space programme . As a committed educator , he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best . And as a devoted leader , he gained support both at home and abroad , becoming known as ' the people 's President ' . I join our Indo -- Canadian families , friends , and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader . '' United States President Barack Obama extended `` deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam '' , and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman , notably his role in strengthening US -- India relations and increasing space co-operation between the two nations . `` Suitably named ' the People 's President ' , Dr. Kalam 's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world . '' Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support `` to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader , to the government , and entire people of India '' . He remarked on Kalam 's outstanding `` personal contribution to the social , economic , scientific , and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security , '' adding that Dr Kalam would be remembered as a `` consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations , who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian -- Indian cooperation . '' Other international leaders -- including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak , Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , and Vice-President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum -- also paid tribute to Kalam . In a special gesture , Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to the UN and signed a condolence book . `` The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency . The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman . May he rest in peace and eternity '' , Ban wrote in his message . Memorial The Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu , in the island town of Rameswaram , Tamil Nadu . It was inaugurated Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017 . On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles with which Kalam had worked with . Acrylic paintings about his life are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life of the mass leader . There is a statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the Veena . There are two other smaller statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture . Personal life Kalam was the youngest of five siblings , the eldest of whom was a sister , Asim Zohra ( d . 1997 ) , followed by three elder brothers : Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar ( born 4 November 1916 ) , Mustafa Kalam ( d . 1999 ) and Kasim Mohammed ( d . 1995 ) . He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life , and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations , himself remaining a lifelong bachelor . Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle . He never owned a television , and was in the habit of rising at 6 : 30 or 7 a.m and sleeping by 2 a.m. His few personal possessions included his books , his veena , some articles of clothing , a CD player and a laptop ; at his death , he left no will , and his possessions went to his eldest brother , who survived him . In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam , Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu , who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol . Religious and spiritual views Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life . In fact , he made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book , Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Islam A proud and practising Muslim , daily namāz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam 's life . His father , the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram , had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children . His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue . As Kalam recalled : `` Every evening , my father A.P. Jainulabdeen , an imam , Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry , the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple , and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island . '' Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India 's multitudinous issues lay in `` dialogue and cooperation '' among the country 's religious , social , and political leaders . Moreover , since Kalam believed that `` respect for other faiths '' was one of the key cornerstones of Islam , he was fond of saying : `` For great men , religion is a way of making friends ; small people make religion a fighting tool . '' Syncretism One component of Kalam 's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India , and an enduring aspect of his legacy , is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India . In addition to his faith in the Koran and Islamic practice , Kalam was well - versed in Hindu traditions ; he learnt Sanskrit , read the Bhagavad Gita and he was a vegetarian . Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry , playing the veena ( a South Indian string instrument ) , and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day . In 2002 , in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming President , he reiterated his desire for a more united India , stating that `` ( d ) uring the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... ( and ) I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country '' . Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions , Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated , `` Kalam was a complete Indian , an embodiment of the eclecticism of India 's heritage of diversity '' . BJP leader L.K. Advani concurred that Kalam was `` the best exemplar of the Idea of India , one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India 's unity in immense diversity . This was most strikingly evident in the second - to - last book he published , presciently titled Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami . Pramukh Swami as guru Kalam 's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous , spiritual , and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami , the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya , who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru . The first of eight meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen - year period took place on 30 June 2001 in New Delhi , during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami 's simplicity and spiritual purity . Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions . One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS ' Akshardham , Gandhinagar complex in September 2002 ; Pramukh Swami prayed for , and sprinkled holy water upon , the sites of all of the deceased , including the terrorists , demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred . Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami 's equanimity and compassion , citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him , Kalam stated that `` ( Pramukh Swami ) has indeed transformed me . He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God - synchronous orbit . No manoeuvres are required any more , as I am placed in my final position in eternity . '' Following Kalam 's death a month after his final book was released , co-author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam 's death . Writings APJ Abdul Kalam delivering a speech In his book India 2020 , Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a `` knowledge superpower '' and a developed nation by the year 2020 . He regarded his work on India 's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India 's place as a future superpower . I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action : ( 1 ) agriculture and food processing ; ( 2 ) education and healthcare ; ( 3 ) information and communication technology ; ( 4 ) infrastructure , reliable and quality electric power , surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country ; and ( 5 ) self - reliance in critical technologies . These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way , will lead to food , economic and national security . Kalam describes a `` transformative moment '' in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami , the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya , how India might realise this five - pronged vision of development . Pramukh Swami 's answer -- to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption -- became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam 's life , which he describes in his final book , Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji , published just a month before his death . It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him . Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology , including a research programme for developing biomedical implants . He also supported open source technology over proprietary software , predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people . Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999 . He explained , `` I feel comfortable in the company of young people , particularly high school students . Henceforth , I intend to share with them experiences , helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available . '' His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart . Awards and honours Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government . In 1997 , Kalam received India 's highest civilian honour , the Bharat Ratna , for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India . In 2013 , he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society `` to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space - related project '' . Following his death , Kalam received numerous tributes . The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday , 15 October , would be observed across the state as `` Youth Renaissance Day ; '' the state government further instituted the `` Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award , '' constituting an 8 - gram gold medal , a certificate and ₹ 500,000 ( US $7,300 ) . The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day , beginning in 2015 , to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth , the humanities or the welfare of students . On the anniversary of Kalam 's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression series . The Prime Minister , Narendra Modi , ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015 , the 84th anniversary of Kalam 's birth . Researchers at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) , had discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space Station ( ISS ) and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late president Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Educational and scientific institutions Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death . An agricultural college at Kishanganj , Bihar , was renamed the `` Dr. Kalam Agricultural College , Kishanganj '' by the Bihar state government on the day of Kalam 's funeral . The state government also announced it would name a proposed science city after Kalam . Uttar Pradesh Technical University ( UPTU ) was renamed `` A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University '' by the Uttar Pradesh state government . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive Diseases , a new research institute in Kollam city , Kerala attached to the Travancore Medical College Hospital . A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala . A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet , Puducherry . India and the US have launched the Fulbright - Kalam Climate Fellowship In September 2014 . The first call for applicants was announced on Friday 12 March 2016 , for the fellowship which will enable up to 6 Indian PhD students and post-doctoral researchers to work with US host institutions for a period of 6 -- 12 months . The fellowship will be operated by the binational US - India Educational Foundation ( USIEF ) under the Fulbright programme . Kerala Technological University , headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram where Kalam lived for years , was renamed to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University after his death . Island Wheeler Island , a national missile test site in Odisha , was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015 . Road A prominent road in New Delhi was renamed from Aurangzeb Road to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road in August 2015 . Plant species In February 2018 , scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as Drypetes kalamii , in his honour . Other awards and honours Year of award or honour Name of award or honour Awarding organisation 2014 Doctor of Science Edinburgh University , UK 2013 Von Braun Award National Space Society 2012 Doctor of Laws ( Honoris Causa ) Simon Fraser University 2011 IEEE Honorary Membership IEEE Doctor of Engineering University of Waterloo 2009 Honorary Doctorate Oakland University 2009 Hoover Medal ASME Foundation , USA 2009 International von Kármán Wings Award California Institute of Technology , USA 2008 Doctor of Engineering ( Honoris Causa ) Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 2008 Doctor of Science ( Honoris Causa ) Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science and Technology Carnegie Mellon University 2007 King Charles II Medal Royal Society , UK 2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science University of Wolverhampton , UK 2000 Ramanujan Award Alwars Research Centre , Chennai 1998 Veer Savarkar Award Government of India 1997 Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration Indian National Congress 1997 Bharat Ratna Government of India 1995 Honorary Fellow National Academy of Medical Sciences , 1994 Distinguished Fellow Institute of Directors ( India ) Padma Vibhushan Government of India 1981 Padma Bhushan Government of India Books and documentaries Kalam 's writings ( proposed to be deleted : this `` book '' is a commemorative collection of papers with Kalam and Narasimha as editors . Given URL clearly mentions this ) Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by APJ Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha ; Indian Academy of Sciences , 1988 India 2020 : A Vision for the New Millennium by APJ Abdul Kalam , Y.S. Rajan ; New York , 1998 . Wings of Fire : An Autobiography by APJ Abdul Kalam , Arun Tiwari ; Universities Press , 1999 . Ignited Minds : Unleashing the Power Within India by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Viking , 2002 . The Luminous Sparks by APJ Abdul Kalam , by ; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd. , 2004 . Mission India by APJ Abdul Kalam , Paintings by Manav Gupta ; Penguin Books , 2005 Inspiring Thoughts by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Rajpal & Sons , 2007 Indomitable Spirit by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Rajpal and Sons Publishing Envisioning an Empowered Nation by APJ Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai ; Tata McGraw - Hill , New Delhi You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond by APJ Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari ; Ocean Books , 2011 . Turning Points : A journey through challenges by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Harper Collins India , 2012 . Target 3 Billion by APJ Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh ; December 2011 Publisher Penguin Books . My Journey : ( titled எனது பயணம் - Tamil ) Transforming Dreams into Actions by APJ Abdul Kalam ; August 2013 by the Rupa Publication . A Manifesto for Change : A Sequel to India 2020 by APJ Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj ; July 2014 by Harper Collins . Forge your Future : Candid , Forthright , Inspiring by APJ Abdul Kalam ; by Rajpal and Sons , 29 October 2014 . Reignited : Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future by APJ Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh ; by Penguin India , 14 May 2015 . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by APJ Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari ; HarperCollins Publishers , June 2015 Advantage India : From Challenge to Opportunity by APJ Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh ; HarperCollins Publishers , 15 Oct 2015 . Biographies Eternal Quest : Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra ; Pentagon Publishers , 2002 . President APJ Abdul Kalam by RK Pruthi ; Anmol Publications , 2002 . APJ Abdul Kalam : The Visionary of India by K Bhushan , G Katyal ; APH Pub Corp , 2002 . A Little Dream ( documentary film ) by P. Dhanapal ; Minveli Media Works Private Limited , 2008 . The Kalam Effect : My Years with the President by PM Nair ; Harper Collins , 2008 . My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr AK George ; Novel Corporation , 2009 . See also List of Presidents of India The Greatest Indian Indian presidential election , 2002 Pokhran - II References ^ Jump up to : editor ; Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Dale Hoiberg , ed . A to C ( Abd Allah ibn al - Abbas to Cypress ) . New Delhi : Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , R.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Ch. 4 . Missile Man of India '' . President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Anmol Publications . pp. 61 -- 76 . 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Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abdul Kalam 's Death Tremendous Loss to India : ISRO Chief AS Kiran Kumar '' . NDTV.com. 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Karmayogi ' Kalam 's death a ' great loss for humanity ' , says ex-ISRO chief '' . Business Standard . 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam passes away '' . Kuensel. 28 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ PML ( N ) Verified account ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` PML ( N ) ( @ pmln_org ) '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` World leaders pay glowing tributes to inspirational Kalam '' . Business Standard . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan President Condoles the Death of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam '' . Asian Tribune . 28 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maldivian leaders condole Kalam 's death '' . IndiaTV News.com. 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sr. Gen. U Min Aung Hliang , Commander - in - Chief of Myanmar Defence Services calls on PM '' . Business Standard . 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Choesang , Yeshe ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` HH the Dalai Lama expresses sadness over Abdul Kalam 's demise '' . Tibet Post International . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statement : Premier 's Statement on the Passing of Former Indian President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam '' . Government of Ontario . 28 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the Death of Former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam '' . The White House : Office of the Press Secretary . 28 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ANI ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Putin condoles passing away of Dr. Kalam '' . Business Standard . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rishi Iyengar ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` India Pays Tribute to ' People 's President ' A.P.J. Abdul Kalam '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Rulers offer condolences on death of former Indian president - Emirates 24 7 '' . Emirates247.com . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam a ' great statesman ' : UN secretary - general Ban Ki - moon - Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 1 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Name as given by Press Information Bureau , Government of India '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Images of the Inauguration function published at the website of Defence Research & Development Organisation '' . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister of India , Shri Narendra Modi 's web page with news and photos '' . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row ? '' . The Indian Express . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Abdul Kalam 's elder brother turns 100 and APJ had bought a gift for him '' . India Today . 5 November 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` We thought he would be with us for another decade : Kalam 's nephew '' . Mid-Day. 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man of integrity , Kalam insulated family from trappings of power '' . The Times of India . 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam Tribute : Sir Never Had a TV at Home , Recalls Secretary of 24 Years '' . NDTV.com. 28 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam had no property '' . The Hindu . 3 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guru Kalam 's assets , royalties to go to elder brother '' . OneIndia.com. 3 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Kalam : Movie Review '' . The Times of India . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lama , The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai . `` News The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama '' . www.dalailama.com . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida : HarperCollins India . pp. ix -- xi . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Transcending boundaries with Swamiji - Ahmedabad Mirror - '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr Kalam , India 's Most Non-Traditional President '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shashi Tharoor ( 28 June 2015 ) . `` Abdul Kalam : People 's president , extraordinary Indian '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ramzan & Rameswaram : His ties with the island - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 23 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` APJ Abdul Kalam : Not Hindu , Not Muslim -- Death of an ' Indian ' '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Kalam : Greatly beloved , but he maybe missed being truly great - Firstpost '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalam served India till last breath : Advani '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam - the message is same '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam on why Sanskrit is important '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' With him at the helm , there is hope that things might change ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply - Firstpost '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Of Rasam and Rice : The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam - NDTV Food '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's A.P.J. Abdul Kalam '' . Time . 30 November 1998 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ; Tiwari , Arun ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida , India : HarperCollins India . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kalam , APJ Abdul ; Tiwari , Arun ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida : HarperCollins India . pp. 14 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kalam , APJ Abdul ; Tiwari , Arun ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida : HarperCollins India . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Did Kalam sense his end was near ? Arun Tiwari suspects '' . The Hindu . 30 July 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` IDG Session Address '' ( PDF ) . NUJS Law Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam , the author catching on in South Korea '' . Outlook magazine . 9 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Becker , David ( 29 May 2003 ) . `` India leader advocates open source '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Kalam 's Page '' . abdulKalam.com . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dayekh , Ribal ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai '' . Zawya . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen 's University Belfast '' . Oneindia.in. 11 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam '' . Rediff.com. 26 November 1997 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ National Space Society , NSS Von Braun Award Archived 2 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... retrieved 10 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Award in Kalam 's name , birthday to be observed as ' Youth Renaissance Day ' '' . Economic Times . 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` APJ_Abdul_Kalam. pdf '' ( PDF ) . CBSE. 16 October 2015 . pp. 1 , 4 -- 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him '' . International Business Times . 21 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar govt names college , science city after ' People 's President ' APJ Abdul Kalam '' . The Hindu . 30 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University '' . Times of India . 1 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Institute to be named after Kalam '' . The Hindu . 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam '' . The Hindu . 4 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Science centre - cum - planetarium named after Abdul Kalam '' . The Hindu . 16 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India , US Launch Fulbright - Kalam Climate Fellowship '' . Ndtv.com. 12 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Odisha 's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam '' . Hindustan Times . 4 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum '' . University of Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Degrees -- Convocation '' . Simon Fraser University . Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam '' . Rediff.com. 6 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A.P.J Abdul Kalam -- Honorary Degree , 2009 '' . Oakland University . Archived from the original on 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal '' . The Times of India . New York . 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caltech GALCIT International von Kármán Wings Award '' . galcit.caltech.edu . Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Abdul Kalam , former President of India , receives NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering '' . Nanyang Technological University . 26 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate '' . The Economics Times . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate '' . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Mellon University Awards Honorary Doctorate To Former India President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam '' . cmu.edu . Carnegie Mellon University . 26 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King Charles II Medal for President '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 12 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` King Charles II Medal for Kalam '' . The Economic Times . India . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Society King Charles II Medal '' . Royal Society . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science '' . The Economic Times . India . 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Abdul Kalam 's Diverse Interests : Prizes / Awards '' . Indian Institute of Technology Madras . Archived from the original on 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of recipients of Bharat Ratna '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Fellows - NAMS '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Medical Sciences . 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Distinguished Fellows '' . Institute of Directors . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam '' . Rediff.com. 26 November 1997 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology '' . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ; Y.S. , Rajan ( 1998 ) . India 2020 : A Vision for the New Millennium . New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 88271 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2002 ) . Ignited minds : unleashing the power within India . Viking . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2004 ) . The luminous sparks : a biography in verse and colours . Bangalore : Punya Pub . ISBN 978 - 81 - 901897 - 8 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rajan , A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. ( 2005 ) . Mission India : a vision for Indian youth . New Delhi , India : Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 333499 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2007 ) . Inspiring thoughts . Delhi : Rajpal & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7028 - 684 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2006 ) . Indomitable Spirit . Delhi : Rajpal & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7028 - 654 - 7 . Jump up ^ You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond . New Delhi , India : Ocean Books . ISBN 81 - 8430 - 037 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Turning Points : A journey through challenges '' . Harper Collins India . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Abdul Kalam 's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14 '' . news.biharprabha.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Abdul Kalam , APJ ( 29 October 2014 ) . Forge Your Future : Candid , Forthright , Inspiring . Rajpal and Sons . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5064 - 279 - 5 . ASIN 9350642794 . Jump up ^ Abdul Kalam , APJ ; Pal Singh , Srijan ( 14 May 2015 ) . Reignited : Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future . Penguin India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 333354 - 8 . ASIN 0143333542 . Jump up ^ Dr. Abdul Kalam 's new Book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji to release on June 15 . Harper Collins India Publication . ASIN 9351774058 . Jump up ^ APJ , Abdul Kalam ; Srijan , Pal Singh . Advantage India : From Challenge to Opportunity . ISBN 935177645X . Jump up ^ Rohde , David ( 19 July 2002 ) . `` Nuclear Scientist , 70 , a Folk Hero , Is Elected India 's President '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , Raj ( 2003 ) . President Apj Abdul Kalam . Anmol Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1344 - 6 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , K. ; Katyal , G. ( 2002 ) . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam : The Visionary of India . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 380 - 3 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary on Kalam released '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 12 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Nair , P.M. ( 2008 ) . The Kalam Effect : My Years with the President . HarperCollins Publishers , a joint venture with the India Today Group . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 736 - 3 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Fr AK George ( 2009 ) . My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam . Novel Corp . ISBN 978 - 81 - 904529 - 5 - 3 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Official website Wikiquote has quotations related to : A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao V.K.R.V. Rao Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra Literature and Education V.S.R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D.P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Kuvempu O.N.V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidanda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R.K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K.N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi Medicine Jasbir Singh Bajaj B.K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S.I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M.S. Valiathan Other Sunderlal Bahuguna B.K.S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Jaggi Vasudev Public Affairs L.K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P.N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C.D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee P.B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin Gilman Zakir Husain V.R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V.N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V.K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N.G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y . Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P.A. Sangma M.C. Setalvad Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M.N. Venkatachaliah Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Science and Engineering V.K. Aatre Salim Ali Norman Borlaug Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Rajagopala Chidambaram Charles Correa Satish Dhawan Anil Kakodkar A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I.G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K.R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C.R. Rao C.N.R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M.R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M.S. Swaminathan Social Work Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U.N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar Trade and Industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N.R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1980 -- 1989 ) 1980 Sunil Gavaskar 1981 Vainu Bappu Prafulla Desai A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Gopinath Mohanty Amritlal Nagar Mrinal Sen Avabai Bomanji Wadia 1982 Jasbir Singh Bajaj Sundaram Balachander Gottipati Brahmaiah Rani Gaidinliu Khadim Hussain Khan Stella Kramrisch Jal Minocher Mehta Grace Morley Syed Zahoor Qasim Kamal Ranadive P.N. Pattabhirama Sastri Jhabarmal Sharma Ajit Ram Verma Richard Attenborough Doraiswamy Iyengar V.G. Jog K. Sankaran Nair Prem Nazir Swraj Paul , Baron Paul Rajkumar K.G. Ramanathan Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala Subodh Chandra Sengupta Adi M. Sethna Arun Kumar Sharma Benudhar Sharma Bhalindra Singh Umrao Singh 1984 Horace Alexander Michael Ferreira Sivaji Ganesan Jnan Prakash Ghosh Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Hosur Narasimhaiah Sripada Pinakapani Ishwari Prasad B.C. Sanyal Marie Seton Archana Sharma Obaid Siddiqi Natwar Singh Ganda Singh Vijay Tendulkar Baldev Upadhyaya 1985 Durga Das Basu Shiba P. Chatterjee Eknath Vasant Chitnis Virender Lal Chopra Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon Santidev Ghosh Bhimsen Joshi Tribhuvandas Luhar Sadat Abul Masud Kalanidhi Narayanan Bernard Peters Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Gopala Ramanujam S. Ramaseshan Vuppuluri Ganapathi Sastry Amarjit Singh Gurbachan Singh Talib Bhalchandra Udgaonkar Srinivasan Varadarajan 1986 Pushpa Mittra Bhargava Ela Bhatt Manohar Lal Chibber Aminuddin Dagar V. Krishnamurthy Jean Riboud Sidney Dillon Ripley Rajeev Sethi Martand Singh C. Venkataraman Sundaram Badri Nath Tandon Gulshan Lal Tandon R.K. Trivedi Balamani Amma Kishori Amonkar Nikhil Banerjee Roddam Narasimha R.D. Pradhan Annada Shankar Ray Julio Ribeiro Man Mohan Sharma Laxmi Prasad Sihare Farokh Udwadia Mohammad Yunus 19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Ram Prakash Bambah Kartar Singh Duggal Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Abid Hussain Shreyans Prasad Jain Kelucharan Mohapatra Bal Ram Nanda Akkineni Nageswara Rao Pratury Trirumala Rao Renuka Ray B.V. Sreekantan Satya Pal Wahi Fenner Brockway , Baron Brockway Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Girija Devi Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar Girilal Jain Anna Rajam Malhotra M.V. Mathur Ashesh Prosad Mitra Russi Mody Suresh Shankar Nadkarni Narinder Singh Randhawa Yoshio Sakurauchi Lakshman Singh Prakash Narain Tandon # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Aeronautics Avionics Tejas Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft Other HAL programmes HJT - 36 HTT - 40 Dhruv Rudra Light Combat Helicopter Light Utility Helicopter Unmanned aerial vehicles Nishant Rustom Lakshya Kapothaka Ulka Fluffy AURA UAV Imperial Eagle Netra Armaments Small arms INSAS Vidhwansak MSMC MCIWS Artillery systems and ammunition Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher M - 46 Catapult Bhim - T6 Dhanush Howitzer Armoured fighting vehicles Tanks Arjun Arjun Mk - II Tank EX DRDO light tank Infantry fighting vehicle Abhay IFV Other vehicles Carrier Mortar Tracked Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle Light Armoured Vehicle Kartik BLT Daksh Electronics and Computer Sciences Electronic warfare Samyukta Tarang Radars INDRA Rajendra Radar Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar Multi-mode radar 3D Airborne Warning and Control Super Vision - 2000 BFSR - SR 3D - CAR Swathi Weapon Locating Radar Software NETRA Missile systems Ballistic missiles Agni Agni - I Agni - II Agni - III Agni - IV Agni - V Agni - VI Prithvi II III Dhanush SRBM Shaurya Prahaar SLBM K - 15 K - 4 K - 5 Cruise missiles Nirbhay BrahMos II HSTDV Air - to - air missiles Astra BVRAAM DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile Anti-tank missiles Nag DRDO Anti Tank Missile Surface - to - air Akash Trishul Maitri missile Barak 8 Air - to - surface Helina BrahMos Air launched Variant Anti-ballistic Prithvi Air Defence ( PAD ) Advanced Air Defence ( AAD ) Torpedoes Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena Varunastra Heavy Weight Torpedo Bombs Laser - guided Sudarshan Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon People Scientists Maj General Ranjit Lal Jetley Ram Narain Agarwal A.P.J. Abdul Kalam A. Sivathanu Pillai W Selvamurthy V.K. Saraswat V.K. Aatre Raja Ramanna V.S. Mahalingam Keshav Dattatreya Nayak Engines GTX 37 - 14U GTX - 35VS Kaveri Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine GATET engine Important programmes Project Indigo Project Valiant Project Devil IGMDP Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Indian Missile Programme Indian Armed Forces Indian space programme Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme Satellites APPLE Aditya - L1 Aryabhata Astrosat AstroSat - 2 HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Space probes Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 Venus orbiter mission ( proposed ) Crewed spacecraft Gaganyaan Rockets Engine CE - 7.5 CE - 20 Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) Vikram Sarabhai Space Center ( VSSC ) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ( LPSC ) ISRO Propulsion Complex See also SAGA - 220 ( supercomputer ) List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) Sites Trombay Pokhran CIRUS reactor Rajasthan Thar Desert Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Administrators Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Tapishwar Narain Raina Swaran Singh Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Related articles Indian nuclear programme History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - II ( May 13 , 1998 ) Indo - American nuclear deal Nuclear proliferation See also : Nuclear power in India BNF : cb13756488m ( data ) GND : 124468047 ISNI : 0000 0000 8128 1158 LCCN : n98925888 NDL : 01087382 NLA : 41505655 SUDOC : 061027200 VIAF : 49404258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam&oldid=856232218 '' Categories : 1931 births 2015 deaths A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Defence Research and Development Organisation Indian aerospace engineers Indian Space Research Organisation people Indian Muslims Madras Institute of Technology alumni People from Ramanathapuram district Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service Presidents of India Engineers from Tamil Nadu Tamil engineers Tamil poets University of Madras alumni St. Joseph 's College , Tiruchirappalli alumni Nuclear energy in India Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences 20th - century Indian engineers 20th - century Indian politicians 21st - century Indian engineers Indian Tamil academics Indian Tamil politicians 21st - century Indian politicians State funerals in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was honoured with bharat ratna before he became president of india	[ "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam\n\n11th President of India\nIn office25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007Prime Minister\nAtal Bihari VajpayeeManmohan SinghVice President\nKrishan KantBhairon Singh ShekhawatPreceded by\nK. R. NarayananSucceeded by\nPratibha Patil\nPersonal detailsBorn\nAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam(1931-10-15)15 October 1931Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India(now in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDied\n27 July 2015(2015-07-27) (aged 83)Shillong, Meghalaya, IndiaNationality\nIndianAlma mater\nSt. Joseph's College, TiruchirappalliMadras Institute of TechnologyProfession\nAerospace scientistProfessorAuthorAwards\nBharat Ratna (1997)Hoover Medal (2009)NSS Von Braun Award (2013)Notable work(s)\nWings of FireSignature\nWebsite\nabdulkalam.com" ]	[ "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam" ]
5808041995654311727	Chicago Blackhawks	Chicago Blackhawks - Wikipedia Chicago Blackhawks This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the American football team , see Chicago Black Hawks ( American football ) . `` Blackhawks '' redirects here . For other uses , see Black Hawk ( disambiguation ) . Chicago Blackhawks 2017 -- 18 Chicago Blackhawks season Conference Western Division Central Founded 1926 History Chicago Black Hawks 1926 -- 1986 Chicago Blackhawks 1986 -- present Home arena United Center City Chicago , Illinois Colors Red , white , black Media Comcast SportsNet Chicago WGN Sports WGN Radio ( 720 AM ) Owner ( s ) Wirtz Corporation General manager Stan Bowman Head coach Joel Quenneville Captain Jonathan Toews Minor league affiliates Rockford IceHogs ( AHL ) Indy Fuel ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 6 ( 1933 -- 34 , 1937 -- 38 , 1960 -- 61 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 ) Conference championships 4 ( 1991 -- 92 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 ) Presidents ' Trophy 2 ( 1990 -- 91 , 2012 -- 13 ) Division championships 16 ( 1969 -- 70 , 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 , 1985 -- 86 , 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1992 -- 93 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 ) Official website www.nhl.com/blackhawks The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago , Illinois . They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the `` Original Six '' NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a `` hands - on '' owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long - time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris - owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 . After James D. Norris died in 1966 , the Wirtz family became owners of the franchise . In 2007 , the club came under the control of Rocky Wirtz , who is credited with turning around the organization , which had lost fan interest and competitiveness . Under Rocky Wirtz , the Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup three times within six seasons ( from 2010 to 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Founding 1.2 The McLaughlin era ( 1926 -- 1944 ) 1.3 The Norris era ( 1944 -- 1966 ) 1.4 The Arthur Wirtz era ( 1966 -- 1983 ) 1.5 The Bill Wirtz era ( 1983 -- 2007 ) 1.6 The Rocky Wirtz era ( 2007 -- present ) 1.6. 1 2007 -- 2009 : Rebuilding 1.6. 2 2009 -- 10 : The Stanley Cup returns to Chicago 1.6. 3 2010 -- 2012 1.6. 4 2012 -- 13 : Presidents ' Trophy and the Stanley Cup 1.6. 5 2013 -- 14 1.6. 6 2014 -- 15 : Sixth Stanley Cup 1.6. 7 2015 -- present 2 Team information 2.1 Jerseys 2.2 Logo 2.3 Mascot 2.4 Fight and goal songs 2.5 National anthem 2.6 Practice facility 2.7 Circus trip 3 Media and announcers 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Hall of Famers 5.4 Team captains 5.5 Franchise scoring leaders 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Further reading 8 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) On May 1 , 1926 , the NHL awarded an expansion franchise for Chicago to a syndicate headed by former football star Huntington Hardwick of Boston . At the same meeting , Hardwick arranged the purchase of the players of the Portland Rosebuds of the Western Hockey League for $100,000 from WHL President Frank Patrick in a deal brokered by Boston Bruins ' owner Charles Adams . However , only one month later , Hardwick 's group sold out to Chicago coffee tycoon Frederic McLaughlin . McLaughlin had been a commander with the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I . This Division was nicknamed the `` Blackhawk Division '' after a Native American of the Sauk nation , Black Hawk , who was a prominent figure in the history of Illinois . McLaughlin named the new hockey team in honor of the military unit , making it one of many sports team names using Native Americans as icons . However , unlike the military division , the team 's name was spelled in two words as the `` Black Hawks '' until 1986 , when the club officially became the `` Blackhawks , '' based on the spelling found in the original franchise documents . The Black Hawks began play in the 1926 -- 27 season , along with new expansion franchises Detroit Cougars and New York Rangers . The team had to face immediate competition in Chicago from Eddie Livingstone 's rival Chicago Cardinals , which played in the same building . McLaughlin took a very active role in running the team despite having no background in the sport . McLaughlin hired Bill Tobin , a former goaltender who had played in the Western league , as his assistant , but directed the team himself . He was also very interested in promoting American hockey players , then very rare in professional hockey . Several of them , including Doc Romnes , Taffy Abel , Alex Levinsky , Mike Karakas and Cully Dahlstrom , become staples with the club , and under McLaughlin , the Black Hawks were the first NHL team with an all - American - born lineup . The McLaughlin era ( 1926 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) The club played their first game on November 17 , 1926 at the Chicago Coliseum . The Hawks ' first season was a moderate success . They played their first game on November 17 when they played the Toronto St. Patricks in the Chicago Coliseum . The Black Hawks won their first game 4 -- 1 , in front of a crowd of over 7,000 . They ended up finishing the season in third place with a record of 19 -- 22 -- 3 . The Black Hawks lost the 1927 first - round playoff series to the Boston Bruins . Following the series , McLaughlin fired head coach Pete Muldoon . According to Jim Coleman , sportswriter for the Toronto - based Globe and Mail , McLaughlin felt the ' Hawks were good enough to finish first . Muldoon disagreed , and in a fit of pique , McLaughlin fired him . According to Coleman , Muldoon responded by yelling , `` Fire me , Major , and you 'll never finish first . I 'll put a curse on this team that will hoodoo it until the end of time . '' The Curse of Muldoon was born -- although Coleman admitted years after the fact that he had fabricated the whole incident -- and became one of the first widely known sports `` curses . '' While the team would go on to win three Stanley Cups in its first 39 years of existence , it did so without ever having finished in first place , either in a single - or multi-division format . The Black Hawks proceeded to have the worst record in the League in 1927 -- 28 , winning only seven of 44 games . Interior of Chicago Stadium in February 1930 , prior to a game with the Hawks and the Montreal Canadiens . The team moved into the arena in the 1929 -- 30 season . For the 1928 -- 29 season , the Black Hawks were originally slated to play in the new Chicago Stadium , but due to construction delays and a dispute between McLaughlin and Chicago Stadium promoter Paddy Harmon , the Black Hawks instead divided their time between the Coliseum , the Detroit Olympia and the Peace Bridge Arena in Fort Erie , Ontario . They moved to Chicago Stadium the following season . By 1931 , they reached their first Stanley Cup Final , with goal - scorer Johnny Gottselig , Cy Wentworth on defense , and Charlie Gardiner in goal , but fizzled in the final two games against the Montreal Canadiens . Chicago had another stellar season in 1932 , but that did not translate into playoff success . However , two years later , Gardiner led his team to victory by shutting out the Detroit Red Wings in the final game of the Stanley Cup Finals . The score after double overtime was 1 -- 0 . In 1938 , the Black Hawks had a record of 14 -- 25 -- 9 , and almost missed the playoffs . They stunned the Canadiens and New York Americans on overtime goals in the deciding games of both semi-final series , advancing to the 1938 Stanley Cup Finals against the Toronto Maple Leafs . Black Hawks goalie Mike Karakas was injured and could not play , forcing a desperate Chicago team to pull minor - leaguer ( Pittsburgh Hornets ) Alfie Moore out of a Toronto bar and onto the ice . Moore played one game and won it . Toronto refused to let Moore play the next , and Chicago used Paul Goodman in game two and lost the game . However , for games three and four , Karakas was fitted with a special skate to protect his injured toe , and the team won both games . It was too late for Toronto , as the Hawks won their second championship . As of 2014 , the 1938 Black Hawks possess the poorest regular - season record of any Stanley Cup champion . The Black Hawks returned to the Finals in 1944 behind Doug Bentley 's 38 - goal season with linemate Clint Smith leading the team in assists . After upsetting the Red Wings in the semi-finals , they were promptly dispatched by the dominant Canadiens in four games . The Norris era ( 1944 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Owner and founder Frederic McLaughlin died in December 1944 . His estate sold the team to a syndicate headed by longtime team president Bill Tobin . However , Tobin was only a puppet for James E. Norris , who owned the rival Red Wings . Norris had also been the Black Hawks ' landlord since his 1936 purchase of Chicago Stadium . For the next eight years , the Norris - Tobin ownership , as a rule , paid almost no attention to the Black Hawks . Nearly every trade made between Detroit and Chicago ended up being Red Wing heists . As a result , for the next several years , Chicago was the model of futility in the NHL . Between 1945 and 1958 , they only made the playoffs twice . Upon Norris ' death , his eldest son , James D. Norris , and Red Wings minority owner Arthur Wirtz ( the senior Norris ' original partner in buying the Red Wings 23 years earlier ) took over the floundering club . They guided it through financial reverses , and rebuilt the team from there . One of their first moves was to hire former Detroit coach and General Manager Tommy Ivan as general manager . Signed as prospects in the late - 1950s , Bobby Hull ( left ) , Stan Mikita ( center ) , and Pierre Pilote ( right ) , eventually rose to become preeminent stars in Chicago . In the late 1950s , the Hawks struck gold , picking up three young prospects ( forwards Bobby Hull and Stan Mikita and defenseman Pierre Pilote ) , as well as obtaining both star goaltender Glenn Hall and veteran forward Ted Lindsay ( who had just had a career season with 30 goals and 55 assists ) from Detroit . Hull , Mikita , Pilote and Hall became preeminent stars in Chicago , and all four would eventually be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . After two first - round exits at the hands of the eventual champions from Montreal in 1959 and 1960 , it was expected that the Canadiens would once again beat the Hawks when they met in the semi-finals in 1961 . A defensive plan that completely wore down Montreal 's superstars worked , however , as Chicago won the series in six games . They then bested the Wings to win their third Stanley Cup championship . Ron Murphy and Eric Nesterenko battle in front of the Toronto net . The Hawks made the Cup Finals twice more in the 1960s , losing to the Leafs in 1962 and the Canadiens in 1965 . They remained a force to be reckoned with throughout the decade , with Hull enjoying four 50 - goal seasons , Mikita winning back - to - back scoring titles and MVP accolades , Pilote winning three consecutive Norris Trophies , and Hall being named the First or Second All - Star goaltender eight out of nine seasons . Hull and Mikita especially were widely regarded as the most feared one - two punch in the league . However , despite a strong supporting cast which included Bill Hay , Ken Wharram , Phil Esposito , Moose Vasko , Doug Mohns and Pat Stapleton , the Hawks never quite put it all together . In 1966 -- 67 , the last season of the six - team NHL , the Black Hawks finished first , breaking the supposed Curse of Muldoon , 23 years after the death of Frederic McLaughlin . However , they lost in the semi-finals to Toronto , who went on to win their last Stanley Cup to date . Afterward , Coleman , who first printed the story of the curse in 1943 , admitted that he made the story up to break a writer 's block he had as a column deadline approached . The Arthur Wirtz era ( 1966 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) James D. Norris died in 1966 . One of his last moves in the NHL was to arrange an expansion franchise in St. Louis , where he owned the St. Louis Arena . Tobin died in 1963 , a club vice-president until his death . The ownership of the Black Hawks now came under the control of Arthur Wirtz and his son Bill Wirtz . Hall was drafted by the expansion St. Louis Blues for the 1967 -- 68 season , while Pilote was traded to the Maple Leafs for Jim Pappin in 1968 . In the 1968 -- 69 season , despite Hull breaking his own previous record of 54 goals in a season with 58 , the Black Hawks missed the playoffs for the first time since 1958 -- and the last time before 1997 -- 98 . In 1967 , the Black Hawks made a trade with the Boston Bruins that turned out to be one of the most one - sided in the history of the sport . Chicago sent young forwards Phil Esposito , Ken Hodge and Fred Stanfield to Boston in exchange for Pit Martin , Jack Norris and Gilles Marotte . While Martin would star for the Hawks for many seasons , Esposito , Hodge , and Stanfield would lead the Bruins to the top of the league for several years and capture two Stanley Cups . In Boston , Phil Esposito set numerous scoring records en route to a career as one of the NHL 's all - time greats . Goaltender Tony Esposito tallied a franchise - high 418 wins between 1969 and 1983 . Nonetheless , in 1970 -- 71 NHL season , life was made easier for Chicago , as in an attempt to better balance the divisions , the expansion Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks were both placed in the East Division , while the Hawks moved into the West Division . They became the class of the West overnight , rampaging to a 46 -- 17 -- 15 record and an easy first - place finish . With second - year goalie Tony Esposito ( Phil 's younger brother and winner of the Calder Memorial Trophy for Rookie of the Year the previous season ) , Hull , his younger brother Dennis , Mikita , and sterling defensemen Stapleton , Keith Magnuson and Bill White , the Hawks reached the Stanley Cup final before bowing out to the Canadiens . A critical blow to the franchise came in 1972 -- 73 , though , with the start of the World Hockey Association . Long dissatisfied with how little he was paid as the league 's marquee star , Bobby Hull jumped to the upstart Winnipeg Jets for a million - dollar contract . Former Philadelphia Flyers star Andre Lacroix , who received very little ice time in his single season in Chicago , joined Hull , and the pair became two of the WHA 's great stars . The Hawks repeated their appearance in Cup Final that year , however , again losing to Montreal . Stapleton left for the WHA too after that year , depleting the team further . While the team led or was second in the West Division for four straight seasons , for the rest of the 1970s , the Black Hawks made the playoffs each year -- winning seven division championships in the decade in all -- but were never a successful Stanley Cup contender , losing 16 straight playoff games at one point . The team acquired legendary blueliner Bobby Orr from the Boston Bruins in 1976 , but ill health forced him to sit out for most of the season , and he eventually retired in 1979 , having played only 26 games for the Hawks . Mikita did the same the following year after playing 22 years in Chicago , the third - longest career for a single team in league history . By 1982 , the Black Hawks squeaked into the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Norris Division ( at the time the top four teams in each division automatically made the playoffs ) , and were one of the league 's Cinderella teams that year . Led by second - year Denis Savard 's 32 goals and 119 points and Doug Wilson 's 39 goals , the Hawks stunned the Minnesota North Stars and Blues in the playoffs before losing to another surprise team , the Vancouver Canucks , who made the Stanley Cup Finals . Chicago proved they were no fluke the next season , also making the third round before losing to the eventual runner - up Edmonton Oilers . After an off - year in 1984 , the Hawks again faced a now fresh - off - a-ring Edmonton offensive juggernaut of a team and lost in the third round in 1985 . The Bill Wirtz era ( 1983 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 1983 , Arthur Wirtz died and the club came under the sole control of Bill Wirtz . Although the Black Hawks continued to make the playoffs each season , the club began a slow decline , punctuated with an appearance in the 1992 Stanley Cup Finals . During the 1985 playoff series against Edmonton , the Black Hawks and their fans started a tradition of cheering during the singing of `` The Star - Spangled Banner . '' Moreover , prior to the 1986 -- 87 season , while going through the team 's records , someone discovered the team 's original NHL contract , and found that the name `` Blackhawks '' was printed as a compound word as opposed to two separate words , `` Black Hawks , '' which was the way most sources had been printing it for 60 years and as the team had always officially listed it . The name officially became `` Chicago Blackhawks '' from that point on . In the late 1980s , Chicago still made the playoffs on an annual basis , but made early - round exits each time . In 1988 -- 89 , after three - straight first - round defeats , and despite a fourth - place finish in their division in the regular season , Chicago made it to the Conference Final in the rookie seasons of both goalie Ed Belfour and center Jeremy Roenick . Once again , however , they would fail to make the Stanley Cup Final , losing to the eventual champions , the Calgary Flames . The following season , the Hawks did prove they were late - round playoff material , running away with the Norris Division title , but , yet again , the third round continued to stymie them , this time against the eventual champion Oilers , despite 1970s Soviet star goaltender Vladislav Tretiak coming to Chicago to become the Blackhawks ' goaltender coach . In 1990 -- 91 , Chicago was poised to fare even better in the playoffs , winning the Presidents ' Trophy for best regular - season record , but the Minnesota North Stars stunned them in six games in the first - round en route to an improbable Stanley Cup Final appearance . In 1991 -- 92 the Blackhawks -- with Roenick scoring 53 goals , Steve Larmer scoring 29 goals , Chris Chelios ( acquired from Montreal two years previously ) on defense , and Belfour in goal -- finally reached the Final after 19 years out of such status . The Blackhawks won 11 consecutive playoff games that year , which set an NHL record . However , they were swept four games to none by the Mario Lemieux - led defending Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins ( who , in sweeping the Blackhawks , tied the record Chicago had set only days before ) . Although the 4 -- 0 sweep indicates Pittsburgh 's dominance in won games , it was actually a close series that could have gone either way . Game 1 saw the Blackhawks squander leads of 3 -- 0 and 4 -- 1 , and would eventually be beaten 5 -- 4 after a Lemieux power - play goal with 9 seconds remaining in regulation . The Blackhawks most lackluster game was game two , losing 3 -- 1 . A frustrating loss of 1 -- 0 followed in game three , and a natural hat trick from Dirk Graham and stellar play from Dominik Hasek ( who showed indications of the goaltender he would later become ) could not secure a win in game four , which ended in 6 -- 5 final in favor of Pittsburgh . The defending NBA champion Chicago Bulls were in their finals in 1992 , but won their championship in six . Although this was the only year the city of Chicago would host a concurrent NBA / NHL finals in the same year , Blackhawks head coach Mike Keenan would see this again in New York when he coached the Rangers to their first Stanley Cup in 54 years in 1994 . Belfour posted a 40 - win season in 1992 -- 93 as the Hawks looked to go deep yet again , and Chelios accumulated career - high penalty time with 282 minutes in the box , but St. Louis stunned Chicago with a first - round sweep to continue Chicago 's playoff losing streak . The Blackhawks moved to the United Center ( pictured in 2006 ) during the 1994 -- 95 season . Although they finished near . 500 in 1994 , the Blackhawks again qualified for the playoffs . They were eliminated by eventual Western Conference finalist Toronto , but broke their playoff losing streak at 10 games with a game three win . It was n't enough , however , and the Blackhawks fell in six games . The 1993 -- 94 season also marked the Blackhawks ' last at the old Chicago Stadium , and the team moved into the new United Center in the lockout - shortened 1995 season . Bernie Nicholls and Joe Murphy both scored 20 goals over 48 games , and Chicago once again made it to the Western Conference Final , losing to the rival Detroit Red Wings . Also in 1994 , management fired Wayne Messmer , popular singer of `` The Star - Spangled Banner . '' Roenick , Belfour and Chelios were all traded away as the Blackhawks faltered through the late 1990s until they missed the playoffs by five points in 1998 for the first time in 29 years , one season short of tying the Boston Bruins ' record for the longest such streak in North American professional sports history . Chicago would also miss the playoffs for a second consecutive season in 1999 , and would later miss the playoffs in 2000 and 2001 . The millennium started with disappointment for the Blackhawks . Éric Daze , Alexei Zhamnov and Tony Amonte emerged as some of the team 's leading stars by this time . However , aside from a quick first - round exit in 2002 ( where they lost to the Blues in five games after winning Game 1 of the series ) , the ' Hawks were consistently out of the playoffs from the 1997 -- 98 season until the 2008 -- 09 season , in most years finishing well out of contention , despite finishing in third place in the Central Division six times . Amonte left for the Phoenix Coyotes in the summer of 2002 . During the 2002 -- 03 season , the Blackhawks finished third in the Central Division with 79 points , but would finish ninth in the Western Conference , which would make them miss the playoffs by 13 points . A somber note was struck in February 2004 when ESPN named the Blackhawks the worst franchise in professional sports . Indeed , the Blackhawks were viewed with much indifference by Chicagoans for much of the 1990s and early 2000s due to anger over several policies instituted by then - owner Bill Wirtz , who was derisively known as `` Dollar Bill '' . For example , Wirtz did not allow home games to be televised in the Chicago area , claiming it was unfair to the team 's season ticket holders . He also raised ticket prices to an average of $50 , among the most expensive in the NHL . The Chicago Wolves , an American Hockey League team based in Rosemont , Illinois , mocked the Blackhawks ' struggle by creating a marketing slogan , `` We Play Hockey The Old - Fashioned Way : We Actually Win . '' Following the lockout of the 2004 -- 05 season , new GM Dale Tallon set about restructuring the team in the hopes of making a playoff run . Tallon made several moves in the summer of 2005 , most notably the signing of Tampa Bay Lightning Stanley Cup - winning goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin and All - Star defenseman Adrian Aucoin . However , injuries plagued Khabibulin and Aucoin , among others , and the Blackhawks again finished well out of the playoffs with a 26 -- 43 -- 13 record -- next - to - last in the Western Conference and the second - worst in the NHL . The Blackhawks reached another low point on May 16 , 2006 , when they announced that popular TV / radio play - by - play announcer Pat Foley was not going to be brought back after 25 years with the team , a move unpopular amongst most Blackhawks fans . Foley then became the television / radio voice of the Chicago Wolves . With the third overall pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft , the team selected Jonathan Toews , who led the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux hockey team to the 2006 NCAA Frozen Four . The Blackhawks were eager to make a splash in the free - agent market , and offered big money to many of the top free agents . They were , however , denied , only being able to acquire two backup goaltenders in Patrick Lalime and Sebastien Caron . Chicago was one of the biggest buyers in the trade market , though , acquiring a future franchise player in left - winger Martin Havlat , as well as center Bryan Smolinski from the Ottawa Senators in a three - way deal that also involved the San Jose Sharks . The ' Hawks dealt forward Mark Bell to the Sharks , Michal Barinka and a 2008 second - round draft pick to the Senators , while Ottawa also received defenseman Tom Preissing and center Josh Hennessy from San Jose . Havlat gave the Blackhawks the talented , first - line caliber gamebreaker they so desperately needed . The Havlat trade was soon followed by another major trade -- winger and key Blackhawk player Kyle Calder was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for grinding defensive center Michal Handzus . The move caused a stir in Chicago ; Calder had won an increase in his contract through arbitration , which was accepted by the Hawks , but rather than ink their leading scorer , the Blackhawks decided to address their need for a proven center by acquiring Handzus . Injuries to both Havlat and Handzus hurt the Blackhawks , and Smolinski was eventually traded at the trade deadline to the Vancouver Canucks . On November 26 , 2006 , Blackhawks General Manager Dale Tallon fired head coach Trent Yawney and appointed assistant coach Denis Savard as the head coach . Savard had been the assistant coach of the Blackhawks since 1997 , the year after he retired as one of the most popular and successful Blackhawks players of all time . The Blackhawks continued to struggle , and finished last in the Central Division , 12 points out of the playoffs . They finished with the fourth worst record in the NHL , and in the Draft Lottery , won the opportunity to select first overall in the draft , whereas the team had never had a draft pick higher than third overall . They used the pick to draft right wing Patrick Kane from the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) . The Rocky Wirtz era ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) 2007 -- 2009 : rebuilding ( edit ) On September 26 , 2007 , Bill Wirtz , the longtime owner of the Blackhawks , died after a brief battle with cancer . He was succeeded by his son , Rocky , who drastically altered his father 's long - standing policies . Midway into the 2007 -- 08 NHL season , the franchise experimented with a partnership with Comcast SportsNet Chicago and WGN - TV by airing selected Blackhawks home games on television . During the next season , Comcast and WGN began airing all of the team 's regular season games . Rocky also named John McDonough , formerly the president of the Chicago Cubs , as the franchise 's new president . Since taking over the position , McDonough has been an instrumental figure in the Blackhawks current marketing success . Wirtz was also able to bring back former Blackhawks greats Tony Esposito , Stan Mikita and Bobby Hull , as the franchise 's `` hockey ambassadors . '' Jonathan Toews during the 2008 -- 09 season . Named captain before the season started , he became the youngest player to captain the Hawks at age 20 . In addition to the changes in the team 's policies and front office , the younger Wirtz also made a concerted effort to rebuild the team . The Blackhawks roster was bolstered by the addition of Patrick Kane , the first overall selection in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , who led all rookies in points . Kane and Jonathan Toews were finalists for the Calder Memorial Trophy , which is awarded to the NHL 's best rookie . Kane ultimately beat his teammate for the award . Kane finished the 2007 -- 08 season with 21 goals and 51 assists in 82 games . The Blackhawks finished with a record of 40 -- 34 -- 8 , missing the playoffs by three points . The 2007 -- 08 season marked the first time in six years that the team finished above . 500 . Prior to the 2008 -- 09 season opener , the Blackhawks named Toews , at 20 years and 79 days , as the new captain , succeeding the traded Lapointe and making him the third - youngest captain at the time of appointment . In addition to a new caption , the Blackhawks made several major roster changes before the 2008 -- 09 NHL season . The team traded Tuomo Ruutu , their longest tenured player , to the Carolina Hurricanes for forward Andrew Ladd on February 26 , 2008 . Later that day , the Blackhawks traded captain Martin Lapointe to the Ottawa Senators for a sixth - round draft pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft . On the first day of free agency , July 1 , the team signed goaltender Cristobal Huet to a four - year US $22.5 million contract , and later signed defenseman Brian Campbell to an eight - year , $56.8 million contract . The team also added former coaches Joel Quenneville and Scotty Bowman to their organization . The Blackhawks hosted the Detroit Red Wings at the 2009 NHL Winter Classic at Wrigley Field . On February 13 , 2008 , the Blackhawks announced they would hold their first fan convention . On July 16 , 2008 , the team announced that they would host the 2009 NHL Winter Classic on a temporary ice rink at Wrigley Field on New Years Day against fellow `` Original Six '' member Detroit Red Wings . The Detroit Red Wings defeated Chicago , 6 -- 4 . On June 16 , Pat Foley returned as the Blackhawks TV play - by - play man , replacing Dan Kelly . Foley called Blackhawk games from 1981 to 2006 and spent the next two years broadcasting for the Chicago Wolves . Foley was partnered with Eddie Olczyk to broadcast all of the Hawks games . The Blackhawks relieved Denis Savard of his head coaching duties , and replaced him with Joel Quenneville on October 16 , 2008 . Savard has since been brought back to the organization as an ambassador . The Blackhawks finished the 2008 -- 2009 regular season in second place in their division , with a record of 46 -- 24 -- 12 , putting them in fourth place in the Western Conference with 104 points . The Blackhawks clinched a playoff berth for the first time since the 2001 -- 02 season with a 3 -- 1 win over Nashville on April 3 . On April 8 , with a shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets , the Blackhawks clinched their first 100 - point season in 17 years . The Blackhawks beat the fifth - seeded Calgary Flames in six games to advance to the Western Conference Semi-finals for the first time since 1996 . The team proceeded to defeat the third - seeded Vancouver Canucks in six games . The Blackhawks played the then Stanley Cup champions , the Detroit Red Wings , for the Western Conference Championship . They lost the series to the Red Wings in five games . During the 2008 -- 09 season , the team led the League in home attendance with a total of 912,155 , averaging 22,247 fans per game . This figure includes the 40,818 fans from the Winter Classic at Wrigley Field . Therefore , the total attendance for games hosted at the United Center is 871,337 , good for an average of 21,783 which still leads the league over Montreal 's 21,273 average . The Blackhawks welcomed their one millionth fan of the season at the United Center before game six of the Western Conference semi-finals on May 11 , 2009 . 2009 -- 10 : the Stanley Cup Returns to Chicago ( edit ) Chicago skyline with the CNA Center showing the Blackhawks logo , the Smurfit - Stone Building saying `` Go Hawks '' and the Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower saying `` Hawks win '' the night after the 2009 -- 10 Chicago Blackhawks won the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals , viewed from the Petrillo Music Shell lawn in Grant Park Prior to the 2009 -- 10 NHL season , the Blackhawks made another major free agent purchase , signing Marian Hossa to a 12 - year contract worth US $62.8 million . The team also acquired Tomas Kopecky , John Madden , and Richard Petiot . In early July , General Manager Dale Tallon and the Blackhawks management came under fire when the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) claimed the team did not submit offers to their restricted free agents before the deadline . In the worst - case scenario , the team 's unsigned restricted free agents at the time , including Calder Memorial Trophy finalist Kris Versteeg , would have become unrestricted free agents . Despite the ordeal , the Blackhawks were able to sign Versteeg and all of their restricted free agents before the NHLPA could take further actions . On July 14 , 2009 , The Blackhawks demoted Tallon to the position of Senior Adviser . Stan Bowman , son of Scotty Bowman , was promoted to general manager . The Blackhawks continued to sell out games , with the best average attendance of 21,356 over Montreal 's 21,273 in the NHL , and had a total of 854,267 excluding the playoffs . The Blackhawks reached the one million mark in Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals against the San Jose Sharks . Patrick Kane hoisting the Stanley Cup and Jonathan Toews holding the Conn Smythe Trophy during the Blackhawks victory parade . U.S. President Barack Obama with members of the Blackhawks after a ceremony to honor their 2010 Stanley Cup victory at the White House . The Blackhawks re-signed Patrick Kane and Jonathan Toews to contract extensions worth $31.5 million over five years , and Duncan Keith to a 13 - year extension worth $72 million on December 1 , 2009 . On April 6 , 2010 , the Hawks won their 50th game of the 2009 -- 10 season against the Dallas Stars , setting a new franchise record for wins in a season . The next night , April 7 , the Hawks notched their 109th point of the season against the St. Louis Blues , setting another franchise record . The Blackhawks made the playoffs for the second consecutive season with a regular - season record of 52 -- 22 -- 8 . They defeated the Nashville Predators in six games in the first round , before defeating the third - seeded Canucks for the second straight year , again in six games . The Blackhawks then swept the top - seeded San Jose Sharks in the Western Conference Finals. The team advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1992 , where they played the Philadelphia Flyers . The Blackhawks prevailed in six games to secure their fourth Stanley Cup in franchise history . The victory also ended the team 's 49 - year championship drought . 2010 -- 2012 ( edit ) The Blackhawks immediately faced salary cap constraints prior to the 2010 -- 11 NHL season . The team was forced to trade many players who played an integral role to their 2009 -- 10 Stanley Cup victory , including Dustin Byfuglien , Andrew Ladd , Kris Versteeg , Brent Sopel , Ben Eager , and Colin Fraser . The team was also unable to agree to terms with starting goaltender Antti Niemi , who left as restricted free agent to the San Jose Sharks . The Blackhawks signed journeyman Marty Turco as his replacement , but eventfully turned to rookie Corey Crawford to become their full - time starting goaltender . The Blackhawks also made a mid-season trade to acquire winger Michael Frolík from the Florida Panthers in exchange for Jack Skille , Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan . Amidst the roster turnaround , the Blackhawks finished the season with a 44 -- 29 -- 9 record and placed third in the Central Division and eight in Western Conference . The team 's playoff fate was determined on the final day of regular season . The Blackhawks lost their regular season finale to the Detroit Red Wings , but received the final seed in the Western Conference after the Minnesota Wild defeated the Dallas Stars . In the first round of the 2011 playoffs , the Blackhawks faced the top - seeded Vancouver Canucks , which marked the third consecutive post-season the two teams faced each other . The Canucks built a 3 -- 0 lead in the series before the Blackhawks were able to win three games in a row . Alex Burrows won Game 7 for the Canucks in overtime , 2 -- 1 . Before the 2011 -- 12 NHL season , the Blackhawks continued to make roster moves to optimize their salary cap situation . The team traded Troy Brouwer to the Washington Capitals for the 26th overall pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft ( Phillip Danault ) . The Blackhawks also traded defenseman Brian Campbell , who had one of the richest contracts in the franchise 's history , to the Florida Panthers . The team bolstered their forward depth by signing veterans Daniel Carcillo , Jamal Mayers , and Andrew Brunette , while also acquiring goaltender Ray Emery to back - up Crawford . The Blackhawks called - up prospects Brandon Saad , Andrew Shaw , Nick Leddy and Marcus Krüger , who became regular starters . The Blackhawks placed fourth in Central Division with 45 -- 26 -- 11 and qualified for the postseason for a fourth consecutive season . They faced the Phoenix Coyotes in the opening round , who ousted the Blackhawks in six games . The series saw five of the six games going to overtime , with Bryan Bickell ( game two ) and Jonathan Toews ( game five ) scoring the only Blackhawk overtime winners of the series . 2012 -- 13 : Presidents ' Trophy and the Stanley Cup ( edit ) The Blackhawks started the shortened 2012 -- 13 season with much success , by establishing several new franchise and NHL records . On January 27 , 2013 , the Blackhawks set a new franchise record for starting the season 6 -- 0 -- 0 with a win against the Detroit Red Wings . On February 19 the Blackhawks tied the NHL record previously set by the Anaheim Ducks in the 2006 -- 07 season for earning points in the first 16 consecutive games of a season , and beat the Ducks record ( 28 points ) by one point . On March 6 , the Blackhawks extended the NHL record to 24 games with a record of 21 -- 0 -- 3 , and the franchise record for most consecutive wins to 11 games . However , The Blackhawks lost 6 -- 2 to the Colorado Avalanche on March 8 . It was their first loss in regulation and ended their 24 - game streak in which they earned at least one point , an NHL record to start a season . The point streak was the third - longest in NHL history . The 2013 Stanley Cup champion Blackhawks meet President Obama at the White House . The United Center also recorded its 200th consecutive combined regular season and playoff Blackhawks sell - out on March 1 against the Columbus Blue Jackets , which began during the 2007 -- 08 season with the game on March 30 , 2008 against the Blue Jackets . The Blackhawks won the 2012 -- 13 President 's Trophy for the best regular season record in the league and clinched home - ice advantage throughout the entirety of the playoffs . After dispatching the Minnesota Wild in the first round , the Blackhawks faced the Detroit Red Wings in the Western Conference Semi-finals . After winning the series opener , the Blackhawks lost the next three games , putting Chicago on the edge of elimination . However , the Blackhawks clawed back , eventually winning the series on a goal by Brent Seabrook in overtime of Game 7 . The team then defeated the Los Angeles Kings in five games to secure a second Stanley Cup Final appearance in four seasons . The Blackhawks faced the Boston Bruins , another Original Six team , in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals . It was the first time since 1979 that two Original Six teams have made the Stanley Cup Finals and the first time since 1945 that the last four teams to win the Stanley Cup were in the Conference Finals . The Bruins made their second appearance in the Finals in three years ( winning in 2011 ) and were making a similar resurgence as the Blackhawks . On June 24 , the Blackhawks defeated the Boston Bruins in the sixth game of the Stanley Cup Final to win the Stanley Cup for the 2012 -- 13 NHL season , having overcome a 2 -- 1 deficit with just over a minute remaining . Bryan Bickell and Dave Bolland scored goals with 1 : 16 and 0 : 58.3 remaining in the game , just 17 seconds apart , to win 3 -- 2 . 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) The Blackhawks played the Pittsburgh Penguins at Soldier Field for game four of the 2014 NHL Stadium Series . The Blackhawks began the 2013 -- 14 season in hopes of becoming the first team to win consecutive Championships since the Detroit Red Wings in 1997 and 1998 . The team was dramatically altered in the off - season to remain under the salary cap . The team traded Dave Bolland , Daniel Carcillo and Michael Frolik in exchange for future draft picks , while parting ways with Ray Emery and Viktor Stalberg . Despite these changes , The Blackhawks tallied a 28 -- 7 -- 7 record going into January 2014 . The team played their second outdoor game in franchise history against the Pittsburgh Penguins at Soldier Field as part of the 2014 NHL Stadium Series . The Blackhawks defeated the Penguins , 5 -- 1 , in front of 62,921 fans . The franchise recorded its 2,500 th regular season win , while head coach Joel Quenneville won 693 wins as a coach , the third most in the history of the NHL . The Blackhawks finished the season with a 46 -- 21 -- 15 record , good for third in the Central Division . They opened the playoffs by losing two games to the St. Louis Blues . The Blackhawks surged back with four straight games to win the series . The team then defeated the Minnesota Wild for the second consecutive year . However , the Los Angeles Kings defeated the Blackhawks in seven games and would ultimately go on to win the Stanley Cup . After the season 's conclusion , Duncan Keith won the Norris Trophy for the second time in his career , and Jonathan Toews was named a finalist for the Frank J. Selke Trophy . 2014 -- 15 : sixth Stanley Cup ( edit ) The Hawks faced the Washington Capitals at Nationals Park for the 2015 NHL Winter Classic . The Blackhawks ' roster remained largely intact following the 2013 -- 14 season . The team signed veteran center Brad Richards and rookie goaltender Scott Darling to one - year deals , and dealt defenseman Nick Leddy to the New York Islanders for three prospects . For the first half of the season , Patrick Kane led the team in scoring and points . The Blackhawks mustered a 30 -- 15 -- 2 record going into the All - Star break . The Blackhawks sent six players to the All - Star Game , including Kane , Jonathan Toews , Duncan Keith , Brent Seabrook , and Corey Crawford . The team also played in the 2015 NHL Winter Classic at Nationals Park in Washington , D.C. , where they lost to the Washington Capitals , 3 -- 2 . However , in late February , Kane suffered a shoulder injury that was expected to sideline him for the remainder of the regular season and much of the playoffs . The team called up rookie Teuvo Teravainen from the American Hockey League , and traded their first - round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft to acquire center Antoine Vermette from the Arizona Coyotes . The Blackhawks also acquired veteran defenseman Kimmo Timonen from the Philadelphia Flyers for second round picks in 2015 and 2016 , and Andrew Desjardins from the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Ben Smith . The Blackhawks finished the season with a 48 -- 28 -- 6 record , placing third in their division . The team allowed the fewest goals in the NHL . Play media President Obama welcomes the Blackhawks to the White House for a third time to commemorate the team 's 2015 Stanley Cup victory . Kane recovered quicker than projected and was ready for the start of the playoffs . The Blackhawks dispatched the Nashville Predators in six games , and swept the Minnesota Wild to advance to the Western Conference Finals for the fifth time in seven years . The top - seeded Anaheim Ducks held a 3 -- 2 lead in the series , but the Blackhawks rallied back in the series to win games six and seven . The team defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals to secure their third Stanley Cup in six seasons . 2015 -- present ( edit ) The Blackhawks ' roster experienced another dramatic reconstruction before the 2015 -- 16 NHL season . The team was unable to come to terms with pending free - agent , Brandon Saad , who had played a pivotal role in the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Blackhawks traded Saad 's negotiation rights , along with prospects Alex Broadhurst and Michael Paliotta , to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for Artem Anisimov , Marko Daňo , Corey Tropp , Jeremy Morin and a fourth - round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft . The Blackhawks were unable to re-sign unrestricted free - agents Brad Richards , Antoine Vermette , and Johnny Oduya due to salary cap constraints . The team then traded long - time veteran and fan - favorite Patrick Sharp along with Stephen Johns to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Trevor Daley and forward Ryan Garbutt in order to stay under the salary cap . Amidst the roster turnover , the Blackhawks signed free agent Artemi Panarin from the KHL to an entry - level deal . The Blackhawks offense was led by Patrick Kane , who tallied a league - best 106 points in 2015 - 16 . Kane was the NHL 's leading scorer , and won the MVP award for the season . Panarin , who skated on Kane 's line , won the Calder Memorial Trophy , awarded to the NHL 's best first year player . Midway through the season , the Blackhawks attempted to supplement their roster by making several trades . The Blackhawks dealt Jeremy Morin to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Richard Pánik . The team then reacquired Andrew Ladd from the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for their first round selection in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft and Marko Dano . The team then traded Phillip Danault and their 2018 second round pick to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for forwards Dale Weise and Tomas Fleischmann . The team finished with a 46 - 26 - 9 record , good for 103 points and third place in their division . The Blackhawks were defeated by the St. Louis Blues in a seven - game series in the first round of the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs . The loss marked the Blackhawks earliest postseason exit since 2012 . Salary cap constraints forced the Blackhawks to make additional trades before the 2016 -- 17 NHL season . The team traded pending free - agent Andrew Shaw to Montreal in exchange for two - second round 2016 draft picks . The Blackhawks also traded Bryan Bickell and Teuvo Teräväinen to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for another 2016 second round pick in order to free additional salary cap space . The Blackhawks signed veteran Brian Campbell and KHL stand - out Michal Kempný during free agency . The team then turned to their farm system to replenish their depth . The Blackhawks promoted rookies Ryan Hartman , Gustav Forsling , Tyler Motte , Nick Schmaltz and Vince Hinostroza to their starting line - up to fill the vacancies left by Shaw , Bickell , and Teräväinen . Kane spearheaded the Blackhawks offense with 34 goals and 55 assists , tying for second in scoring during the regular season among all skaters . He was aided by his linemate , Panarin , who scored 31 goals and 43 assists . In addition to Kane and Panarin , Jonathan Toews , Marián Hossa , Artem Anisimov , and Richard Pánik each also scored at least 20 goals . Toews , Kane , Duncan Keith , and Corey Crawford were selected to play in the All - Star Game . The Blackhawks finished the season with 109 points , placing first in the Central Division and earning the top - seed in the Western Conference for the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs . However , they were swept in the first round by the eighth - seeded Nashville Predators in one of the biggest upsets in NHL playoff history ; this was the first time that an eighth seed swept a playoff series against the top team in the conference . Goaltender Pekka Rinne and the Predators ' defense marginalized the Blackhawks ' offense , limiting the team to only three total goals in the series , including a pair of shutouts in Game 1 ( 1 - 0 ) and Game 2 ( 5 - 0 ) at the United Center to begin the series . Prior to the 2017 -- 18 season , the Blackhawks revealed that Marian Hossa would miss the entire 2017 -- 18 season due to a progressive skin disorder . The team made two major trades before the 2017 NHL Entry Draft ; veteran defenseman Niklas Hjalmarsson was dealt to the Arizona Coyotes for Connor Murphy and Laurent Dauphin , while Artemi Panarin was traded to the Columbus Blue Jackets to reacquire Brandon Saad in a four - player deal . Both Hjalmarsson and Hossa were core - members of the Blackhawks roster that won three Stanley Cups in 2010 , 2013 , and 2015 . The team also traded Scott Darling to the Carolina Hurricanes and center Marcus Kruger to the Vegas Golden Knights , while also losing defensemen Trevor van Riemsdyk to the Golden Knights in the expansion draft and Brian Campbell , who retired . The Blackhawks acquired wingers Patrick Sharp , Tommy Wingels , and Lance Bouma in free agency . The Blackhawks opened the 2017 -- 18 season with a resounding 10 -- 1 victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins . The Blackhawks were four games above . 500 with an 18 -- 14 -- 6 record at the end of December 2017 , and only four points out of a playoff spot . However , goaltender Corey Crawford missed much of 2018 due to an upper - body injury . Inconsistent defense and goaltending , coupled with limited offense resulted in the team falling to the bottom of the Central Division . The Blackhawks were eliminated from playoff contention on March 20 , 2018 , marking the first time in nine years that the team failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup Playoffs . The team finished the season with a 33 -- 39 -- 10 record and 76 points in the standings . Team information ( edit ) Jerseys ( edit ) The Blackhawks wear predominantly red jerseys featuring three sets of black and white stripes along the sleeves and waist . The team 's logo is displayed on the front of each jersey , along with a ' C ' , representing ' Chicago ' , on each shoulder with two crossed tomahawks . The Blackhawks debuted this design in 1955 , and have since only made minor modifications to the jersey . In 2007 , The Blackhawks along with all other NHL teams , made minute changes to their uniforms by adding larger logo , a new collar with the NHL logo and a ' baseball - style cut along the bottom . The team previously donned alternate third jersey that was primarily black with red and white stripes between 1996 and 2007 . The Blackhawks brought this design back in 2008 , before making their 2009 Winter Classic jerseys their alternates between 2009 - 11 . The team has not used an alternate jersey home jersey since 2011 . The Blackhawks ' uniform was voted one of the 25 best in professional sports by Paul Lukas of GQ in November 2004 . The Hockey News voted the team 's jersey as the best in the NHL . Greg Wyshynski of Yahoo ! Sports listed the Blackhawks home jerseys as the second best NHL jersey in the history of the NHL in 2017 . The Blackhawks were voted to have the best uniform in the history of the NHL in a fan - vote conducted by the NHL in 2017 . The Blackhawks have donned Camouflage practice jerseys for Veterans Day to show support for servicemen since 2009 . Since 2009 , the Blackhawks have worn special camouflage jerseys on Veterans Day during their pregame warm - ups . The jerseys are later sold in auctions to raise money for the USO of Illinois . The Blackhawks wore jerseys based on the design worn in the 1936 -- 37 season for the 2009 NHL Winter Classic . The jersey is predominantly black with a large beige stripe across the chest ( also on the sleeves ) , with a red border , and an old - style circular Black Hawks logo . The Blackhawks used this Winter Classic design as their third jersey for the 2009 -- 10 season until they retired after the 2010 -- 11 season , with the only change in the design was by adding the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks on the shoulders . For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Blackhawks wore a black uniform similar to the alternates they wore from 1996 to 2009 , but the stripes around the waist are no longer straight , they are jagged around the sides in order to follow the shape of the bottom of the jersey . Keeping with stripes , the ones on the arms simply stop halfway round ; angled numbers are above these sleeve half - stripes . On one shoulder is the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks logo and the Chicago 2014 Stadium Series logo on the other . Each 2014 NHL Stadium Series jerseys features chrome - treated logo designs inspired by the NHL shield . The chrome crest was developed using new technology that fuses print and embroidery and allows logos to be displayed as a high - resolution image incorporated into the crest . As a result , the design reduces the weight of the crest , creating in a lighter jersey . Numbering on the back of the jersey is enlarged and sleeve numbers are angled to improve visibility in outdoor venues . The team wore a uniform which was inspired by their 1957 -- 58 jersey for the 2015 NHL Winter Classic . This uniform is nearly identical to the road uniform that the Blackhawks currently wear . The main differences between this design and the current road design comes in the form of the lace up collar , the name / number block font ( which is serifed ) , and the C - Tomahawk logo , which is mostly red , black , and white ( with a tad bit of yellow ) instead of being mostly red , yellow , green black and white . For the 2016 NHL Stadium Series , the Blackhawks wore a unique uniform for their game against the Minnesota Wild . This uniform is primarily white with black / red / black stripes on the sleeves and socks . The current logo is on the chest . Framed between the two black stripes and over the red stripe on the sleeve is the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks . The collar of the uniform features two different colors . The four , six - pointed red stars from the Flag of Chicago is featured on the white portion of the collar , while the other side of the collar is black . Sleeve numbers have been shifted to the shoulders and enlarged . With the shoulders being black , the numbering is white . But , the numbering and lettering on the back is also enlarged and black in color . For the 2017 NHL Winter Classic , the Blackhawks wore uniforms very similar to what they wore at the 2015 NHL Winter Classic . These new uniforms however feature a few modifications that were made to them . The most notable changes are to the logo and the cross tomahawks . The logo this time is the appropriate logo that the franchise used in 1957 - 65 . But , they removed the roundel and the lettering so that just the logo itself stands out . The placement of the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks is featured in the same position with the same striping pattern on the sleeve as the 2015 NHL Winter Classic uniform had . The only differences between the tomahawks from the 2015 NHL Winter Classic uniform and the 2017 NHL Winter Classic uniform are where the colors are placed for the tomahawk . The 2017 NHL Winter Classic patch is featured on the right shoulder . To honor the NHL 's centennial year , a special anniversary logo was designed for the remainder of the 2016 - 17 season , which started on January 1 , 2017 for all thirty teams , featuring a banner wrapped around the number 100 with the current NHL shield in the foreground . Both the banner and the number 100 are in same silver colour as the NHL shield . The Blackhawks wore this logo patch underneath the numbering on the right - sleeve on both the home and away jerseys . The Blackhawks debuted this patch on their home jerseys on January 5 , 2017 and then they debuted the patch on the away jerseys on January 13 , 2017 . All home and away jerseys for all thirty teams will continue to have patches of the NHL 's centennial emblem for the 2017 - 18 season , located above or below the numbers on their right sleeves , for at least up to the playing of the NHL 100 Classic on December 16 , 2017 . Adidas signed an agreement with the NHL to be the official outfitter of uniforms and licensed apparel for all teams , starting with the 2017 -- 18 season , replacing Reebok . The Reebok Edge template will now be retired in favor of the Adidas ' ADIZERO template . The home and away uniforms that were debuted in the 2007 - 08 season remains nearly identical with the exception of the new Adidas ADIZERO template and the new collar . With the new collar , the NHL shield remains but is no longer placed on a lower layer with flaps nearby , as it 's now front and center on a pentagon with a new `` Chrome Flex '' style . The waist stripes are now curved instead of being straight across . The Adidas logo replaces the Reebok logo on the back collar . Logo ( edit ) Further information : Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy This vintage logo was brought back in 1991 and 2008 ; it was their primary logo from the 1937 -- 38 to 1954 -- 55 seasons . McLaughlin 's wife , Irene Castle , designed the original version of the team 's logo , which featured a crudely - drawn black and white Native head in a circle . This design went through several significant changes between 1926 and 1955 . During this period , seven distinct versions of the primary logo were worn on the team 's uniforms . At the beginning of the 1955 -- 56 season , the outer circle was removed and the head began to resemble the team 's current primary logo . This crest and uniform went through subtle changes until the 1964 -- 65 season ; the basic logo and jersey design have remained constant ever since . In 2008 , The Hockey News ' staff voted the team 's main logo to be the best in the NHL . In 2010 , sports columnist Damien Cox called on the franchise to retire the `` racially insensitive '' logo , saying that , `` Clearly , no right - thinking person would name a team after an aboriginal figure these days any more than they would use Muslims or Africans or Chinese or any ethnic group to depict a specific sporting notion . '' Furthermore , the National Congress of American Indians ( NCAI ) believes that all Native - themed logos , including that of the Blackhawks , `` continue to profit from harmful stereotypes originated during a time when white superiority and segregation were common place . '' The Blackhawks have worked with the American Indian Center to help educate their community and fan base by sharing Native American culture and history . Scott Sypolt , executive counsel for the American Indian Center , commented on the logo and name controversy : Joe Podlasek , the executive director of the American Indian Center of Chicago , commented on their relationship , stating , `` ( The Hawks ) are far and away ahead of everyone else in forward - thinking . What they have done is engaged the community . In the other cities ( organizations ) want nothing to do with native people but yet they 're trying to say they respect us . '' However , this stance is markedly different from the one taken by the American Indian Center up until recent years . In 2010 , Joe Podlasek stated that , `` The stance is very clear . We want the Chicago Blackhawks logo to change . For us , that 's one of our grandfathers . Would you do that with your grandfather 's picture ? Take it and throw it on a rug ? Walk on it and dance on it ? '' John Blackhawk , Chairman of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska , has suggested that the change in position may be tied to contributions the team has recently begun making to the center : `` We all do contributions , but we do n't do it for the sake of wanting to be forgiven for something we 've done that 's offensive . '' Mascot ( edit ) The Blackhawks mascot is Tommy Hawk , an anthropomorphic black hawk who wears the Blackhawks ' four feathers on his head , along with a Blackhawks jersey and hockey pants . Tommy Hawk often participates in the T - shirt toss and puck chuck at the United Center . He walks around the concourse greeting fans before and during the game . The team introduced Tommy Hawk in the 2001 -- 02 season . Fight and goal songs ( edit ) `` Here Come the Hawks ! '' is the official fight song and introduction of the Chicago Blackhawks . The song was written by J. Swayzee , an avid Blackhawks fan , and produced by the Dick Marx Orchestra and Choir in 1968 and is heard quite often both in vocal and organ renditions during Blackhawks home games . In late 2007 the song `` Keys to the City '' was released by Ministry & Co Conspirators as a gift to the Blackhawks organization . The Blackhawks were one of the first NHL teams to sound a horn whenever they scored a goal at home . Bill Wirtz donated his yacht 's horn to Chicago Stadium . The goal horn became a popular trend among other NHL teams after the Blackhawks played the Montreal Canadiens in the 1973 Stanley Cup Finals . The Blackhawks began playing `` Chelsea Dagger '' by The Fratellis as their official goal song during the 2008 - 09 NHL season . The Blackhawks also had dedicated goal songs for Patrick Kane ( `` Rock You Like a Hurricane '' by The Scorpions ) , Jonathan Toews ( `` Johnny B. Goode '' by Chuck Berry ) , and Patrick Sharp ( `` Sharp Dressed Man '' by ZZ Top ) . National anthem ( edit ) Jim Cornelison sings the `` Star Spangled Banner '' at the United Center It is a tradition for Blackhawks fans to applaud and cheer loudly during the singing of the national anthem . This tradition originated during a 1985 Campbell Conference playoff game at Chicago Stadium versus the Edmonton Oilers . Wayne Messmer , the Blackhawks home games national anthem singer from 1980 to 1994 , was the anthem singer when this tradition began . Jim Cornelison sings the national anthems for all home games and he is accompanied by organist Frank Pellico . Before Game 2 of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals at the United Center , the cheering during the anthem was registered between 116 - 122 decibels . Practice facility ( edit ) The Blackhawks practice facility , the MB Ice Arena , is located in Chicago 's Near West Side . The 125,000 square - foot facility opened in 2017 and cost $65 million to construct . The MB Ice Arena also serves as community center and hosts youth , high school , and adult hockey and ice skating programs . Circus trip ( edit ) The Blackhawks and their arena mates , the Chicago Bulls , embarked on an annual two - week road trip in mid-November dating back to when both teams inhabited Chicago Stadium . The Wirtz Family , who at one point owned the Blackhawks , Bulls , and Chicago Stadium , would lease the venue to circus acts and ice skating troupes . The Blackhawks played between six and seven games in western Canada and California during this time . In November 2016 , the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus announced they would not be returning to the United Center in 2017 . Media and announcers ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Blackhawks broadcasters For the first time in team history , all 82 games plus playoffs were broadcast on television during the 2008 -- 09 season . At least 20 of them aired on WGN - TV ( Channel 9 ) , the first time the Blackhawks had been seen on local over-the - air television in 30 years . Games produced by WGN - TV through its WGN Sports department are not available in its superstation feed WGN America due to league broadcast rights restrictions . Other games not broadcast by WGN - TV are aired on regional sports network NBC Sports Chicago , the first time in at least 35 years that non-nationally broadcast home games were seen locally , either over-the - air or on cable . On February 15 , 2011 , it was announced that the team had renewed their broadcast contract with WGN - TV for the next five years , starting in the 2011 -- 12 NHL season . The deal was further extended for three more years on May 15 , 2014 , keeping the team on Channel 9 until the end of the 2018 -- 19 season . Radio broadcasts since the 1970s and into the mid-2000s varied between WBBM ( 780 ) and WMAQ / WSCR ( 670 ) , and often came into conflict with White Sox baseball by the start of April . On April 30 , 2008 , the team signed a three - year deal with WGN Radio ( 720 AM ) , with games airing alternately instead on WIND ( 560 AM ) in scheduling conflict situations during the baseball season due to the Cubs having contractual preference to air on WGN ; these moved to WGWG - LP ( Channel 6 / 87.7 FM , an analog television station carrying an audio - only sports talk format using a quirk in the FM band ) in mid-2014 when Tribune began a local marketing agreement with that station 's owner . During the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals , the Cubs agreed to allow the Blackhawks games to be broadcast on WGN and have the Cubs revert to WIND when there was a conflict . This allowed the Finals games to be heard over a larger area due to WGN 's clear - channel signal . All Blackhawk games are also streamed live on wgnradio.com , regardless of whether the games are on WGN or WGWG - LP . WLUP - FM ( 97.9 FM ) was also utilized as an alternate station . Pat Foley -- TV play - by - play Eddie Olczyk -- Lead TV analyst for NBC & TV analyst for Blackhawks John Wiedeman -- Radio play - by - play Troy Murray -- Radio analyst Gene Honda -- Public address Luke Stuckmeyer -- Rinkside reporter for games on NBC Sports Chicago Steve Konroyd -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports , back - up TV analyst Pat Boyle -- Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports for games on NBC Sports Chicago Adam Burish -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game , post-game , and intermission for games on NBC Sports Chicago Brian Campbell -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game , post-game , and intermission for games on NBC Sports Chicago Jamal Mayers -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game , post-game , and intermission for games on NBC Sports Chicago Dan Roan -- Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports for games on WGN Chris Boden -- Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports for games on WGN Radio Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Blackhawks . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Chicago Blackhawks seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 46 21 15 107 267 220 3rd , Central Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Kings ) 2014 -- 15 82 48 28 6 102 220 186 3rd , Central Stanley Cup Champions , 4 -- 2 ( Lightning ) 2015 -- 16 82 47 26 9 103 235 209 3rd , Central Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Blues ) 2016 -- 17 82 50 23 9 109 244 213 1st , Central Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Predators ) 2017 -- 18 82 33 39 10 76 229 256 7th , Central Did not qualify Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Blackhawks players Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated April 11 , 2018 . # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Russia ! Anisimov , Artem Artem Anisimov 4.0 ! C 30 2015 Yaroslavl , Soviet Union 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Crawford , Corey Corey Crawford 1.0 ! G 33 2003 Montreal , Quebec 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 United States ! DeBrincat , Alex Alex DeBrincat 7.0 ! RW 20 2016 Farmington Hills , Michigan 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Canada ! Duclair , Anthony Anthony Duclair 6.0 ! LW 22 2018 Laval , Quebec 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Sweden ! Forsberg , Anton Anton Forsberg 1.0 ! G 25 2017 Härnösand , Sweden 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Sweden ! Gustafsson , Erik Erik Gustafsson 2.0 ! D 26 2015 Nynäshamn , Sweden 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 United States ! Hillman , Blake Blake Hillman 2.0 ! D 22 2016 Elk River , Minnesota 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 United States ! Hinostroza , Vinnie Vinnie Hinostroza 4.3 ! C / RW 24 2012 Bartlett , Illinois 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Slovakia ! Hossa , Marian Marian Hossa 7.0 ! RW 39 2009 Stará Ľubovňa , Czechoslovakia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Slovakia ! Jurco , Tomas Tomas Jurco 7.0 ! RW 25 2017 Košice , Czechoslovakia 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 United States ! Kane , Patrick Patrick Kane 7.0 ! RW 29 2007 Buffalo , New York 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Canada ! Keith , Duncan Duncan Keith ( A ) 2.0 ! D 34 2002 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 United States ! Murphy , Connor Connor Murphy 2.0 ! D 25 2017 Boston , Massachusetts 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 United States ! Oesterle , Jordan Jordan Oesterle 2.0 ! D 25 2017 Dearborn Heights , Michigan 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Czech Republic ! Rozsival , Michal Michal Rozsival 2.0 ! D 39 2013 Vlasim , Czechoslovakia 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Czech Republic ! Rutta , Jan Jan Rutta 2.0 ! D 27 2017 Písek , Czechoslovakia 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 United States ! Saad , Brandon Brandon Saad 6.0 ! LW 25 2017 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 United States ! Schmaltz , Nick Nick Schmaltz 4.0 ! C 22 2014 Madison , Wisconsin 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Seabrook , Brent Brent Seabrook ( A ) 2.0 ! D 33 2003 Richmond , British Columbia 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 Canada ! Sikura , Dylan Dylan Sikura 4.0 ! C 22 2014 Aurora , Ontario 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Canada ! Toews , Jonathan Jonathan Toews ( C ) 4.0 ! C 30 2006 Winnipeg , Manitoba Retired numbers ( edit ) The Blackhawks unveiled a sculpture honoring Glenn Hall , Tony Esposito , Stan Mikita , Bobby Hull and Denis Savard in 2000 . Chicago Blackhawks retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement Glenn Hall 1957 -- 1967 November 20 , 1988 Keith Magnuson 1969 -- 1980 November 12 , 2008 Pierre Pilote 1955 -- 1968 November 12 , 2008 9 Bobby Hull LW 1957 -- 1972 December 18 , 1983 18 Denis Savard 1980 -- 1990 1995 -- 1997 March 19 , 1998 21 Stan Mikita 1958 -- 1980 October 19 , 1980 35 Tony Esposito 1969 -- 1984 November 20 , 1988 Notes : Both players who wore # 3 were honored . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Hall of famers ( edit ) The Chicago Blackhawks presently acknowledge an affiliation with a number of inductees to the Hockey Hall of Fame . Inductees affiliated with the Blackhawks include 39 former players and 10 builders of the sport . The 10 individuals recognized as builders by the Hall of Fame includes former Blackhawks executives , general managers , head coaches , and owners . In addition to players and builders , the team recognizes an affiliation with three broadcasters who were awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award from the Hockey Hall of Fame . Lloyd Pettit , a sportscaster , was the first Blackhawks broadcaster to receive the award , in 1986 . Other Blackhawks broadcasters awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award include Pat Foley ( awarded in 2014 ) , and Bob Verdi ( awarded in 2016 ) . Chicago Blackhawks Hall of Famers Affiliation with inductees based on team acknowledgement Hall of Fame players Sid Abel Lionel Conacher Tony Esposito Glenn Hall Ted Lindsay Bert Olmstead Allan Stanley Ed Belfour Roy Conacher Phil Esposito George Hay Harry Lumley Bobby Orr John Stewart Doug Bentley Chris Chelios Bill Gadsby Bobby Hull Mickey MacKay Pierre Pilote Harry Watson Max Bentley Paul Coffey Charlie Gardiner Dick Irvin Stan Mikita Denis Savard Georges Boucher Art Coulter Doug Gilmour Duke Keats Howie Morenz Earl Seibert Frank Brimsek Babe Dye Michel Goulet Hugh Lehman Bill Mosienko Clint Smith Hall of Fame builders Al Arbour Rudy Pilous Thomas N. Ivan Bud Poile John Mariucci Arthur Wirtz Frederic McLaughlin Bill Wirtz James D. Norris James E. Norris Team captains ( edit ) Dick Irvin , 1926 -- 1929 Duke Dukowski , 1929 -- 1930 Ty Arbour , 1930 -- 1931 Cy Wentworth , 1931 -- 1932 Helge Bostrom , 1932 -- 1933 Charlie Gardiner , 1933 -- 1934 Johnny Gottselig , 1935 -- 1940 Earl Seibert , 1940 -- 1942 Doug Bentley , 1942 -- 1944 Clint Smith , 1944 -- 1945 John Mariucci , 1945 -- 1946 Red Hamill , 1946 -- 1947 John Mariucci , 1947 -- 1948 Gaye Stewart , 1948 -- 1949 Doug Bentley , 1949 -- 1950 Jack Stewart , 1950 -- 1952 Bill Gadsby , 1952 -- 1954 Gus Mortson , 1954 -- 1957 Ed Litzenberger , 1958 -- 1961 Pierre Pilote , 1961 -- 1968 Pat Stapleton , 1969 -- 1970 Pit Martin , 1975 -- 1976 Pit Martin ; Stan Mikita ; Keith Magnuson , 1976 -- 1977 Keith Magnuson , 1977 -- 1979 Terry Ruskowski , 1979 -- 1982 Darryl Sutter , 1982 -- 1987 Bob Murray , 1985 -- 1986 Denis Savard , 1988 -- 1989 Dirk Graham , 1989 -- 1995 Chris Chelios , 1995 -- 1999 Doug Gilmour , 1999 -- 2000 Tony Amonte , 2000 -- 2002 Alexei Zhamnov , 2002 -- 2004 Adrian Aucoin ; 2005 -- 2007 Martin Lapointe ; 2006 Jonathan Toews , 2008 -- present Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Blackhawks statistics and records See also : List of Chicago Blackhawks records These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . Stan Mikita is the Blackhawks all - time leading scorer with 1,467 career points . * -- current Blackhawks player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Stan Mikita 1,394 541 926 1,467 1.05 Bobby Hull LW 1,036 604 549 1,153 1.11 Denis Savard 881 377 719 1,096 1.24 Steve Larmer RW 891 406 517 923 1.04 Patrick Kane * RW 822 312 516 828 1.01 Doug Wilson 938 225 554 779 . 83 Jonathan Toews * 791 292 382 674 . 85 Dennis Hull LW 904 298 342 640 . 71 Pit Martin 740 243 384 627 . 85 Jeremy Roenick 524 267 329 596 1.14 Goals Player Pos Bobby Hull LW 604 Stan Mikita 541 Steve Larmer RW 406 Denis Savard 377 Patrick Kane * RW 312 Dennis Hull LW 298 Jonathan Toews * 292 Tony Amonte RW 268 Jeremy Roenick 267 Bill Mosienko RW 258 Assists Player Pos Stan Mikita 926 Denis Savard 719 Doug Wilson 554 Bobby Hull LW 549 Steve Larmer RW 517 Patrick Kane * RW 516 Duncan Keith * 451 Pierre Pilote 400 Chris Chelios 395 Pit Martin 384 See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Ice hockey portal List of Chicago Blackhawks award winners List of Chicago Blackhawks draft picks List of Chicago Blackhawks general managers List of Chicago Blackhawks head coaches References ( edit ) Diamond , Dan ( 1991 ) . 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Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Chris ( 30 June 2015 ) . `` Blackhawks trade Brandon Saad to Blue Jackets in 7 - player deal '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuc , Chris ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Brad Richards and Antoine Vermette make it official -- they 're gone '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lazerus , Mark ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Blackhawks trade Patrick Sharp to Dallas Stars '' . Chicago Sun Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BLACKHAWKS : ARTEMI PANARIN LOCKS IN FIRST GOAL OF 2015 - 16 SEASON '' . Comcast SportsNet Chicago . 2015 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Patrick Kane becomes first U.S. player to win Ted Lindsay Award '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Artemi Panarin wins Calder Trophy '' . NHL.com . National Hockey League . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leafs acquire Morin from Blackhawks '' . TSN . January 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks make big move in bringing back winger Andrew Ladd '' . Chicago Tribune . 2016 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens trade Weise , Fleischmann to Blackhawks for Danault and a pick '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Korac , Louie ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Blues defeat Blackhawks in Game 7 '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprise , L.P . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Timmermann , Tom ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Blackhawks are experts at winning Game 6 '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens acquire forward Andrew Shaw '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Muir , Allan ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Blackhawks pay heavy price to move Bryan Bickell 's contract '' . Sports Illustrated . 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Jump up ^ Hine , Chris ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Blackhawks off to a blistering start with 10 - 1 rout of defending champs Penguins '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Powers points : Path to playoff spot getting harder to picture for Blackhawks '' . The Athletic . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Neveau , James ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Quenneville Provides Corey Crawford Injury Update '' . NBC Chicago . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hine , Chris ( 2018 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Blackhawks ' struggling power play might have too many ' creative minds ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Skrbina , Paul ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Blackhawks eliminated from playoff contention for 1st time in 10 years '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks end season with 4 - 1 loss to Jets '' . WGN . Associated Press . 2018 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Blackhawks - The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database '' . NHL Uniform Database. 2017 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Fromi , Jon ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Chicago Blackhawks : Third Sweater ? We Do n't Need No Stinkin ' Third Sweater ! '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Paul , Lukas ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Skating on thin ice '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best NHL third jerseys '' . ESPN . December 4 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hine , Chris ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Classic Blackhawks sweater remains one of the most iconic in sports '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Hockey News ' NHL Jersey Rankings '' . The Hockey News . August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` What are the top 5 NHL jerseys of all - time ? ( Video ) '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , David ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Blackhawks voted Greatest NHL Uniform '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks to salute veterans with camo - jersey auction '' . Daily Herald . November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hawks and Wings to sport retro jersey outdoors '' . National Hockey League . October 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Stadium Series Jersey Unveiled '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Blackhawks Take It Back to the 50s With 2015 Winter Classic Jerseys '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks , Wild Unveil Stadium Series Jerseys '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Blues , Blackhawks Winter Classic Uniforms Officially Unveiled '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Unveils Trio of New Logos for Centennial Year '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Pics : Centennial Patches Added to All NHL Teams '' . SportsnetLogos.net . Wordpress . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , adidas unveil uniforms '' . NHL . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Unveils A New Look for the NHL '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Skog 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THN. com 's NHL Logo Rankings '' . The Hockey News . 2008 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ March 2 , 2013 10 : 22 pm EST Facebook Twitter RSS ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Cox : Offensive Blackhawks logo has got to go '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncai.org/resources/ncai-publications/Ending_the_Legacy_of_Racism.pdf Jump up ^ Kuc , Chris ( 2011 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Hawks developing ties to Native Americans '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ mlarson ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Wearing Someone Else 's Culture : More on the Chicago Blackhawks '' . Jump up ^ `` Protests rare over Blackhawks ' name , logo '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` TOMMY HAWK '' . NHL.com . Chicago Blackhawks. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Katie ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) . `` The origins of Chicago 's sports mascots '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenbloom , Steve ; Litton , Drew ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Faker 's guide to the Blackhawks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Norton , Justin ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Ministry 's Al Jourgensen on His Memoir , Hockey , and Hanging with Republican Neighbors '' . MetalSucks . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Evan ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) . `` The history behind the NHL 's ubiquitous sound for scoring : the goal horn '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hedger , Brian ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) . `` ' Chelsea Dagger ' has become hit for Hawks ' fans '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ George , Jason ( 2008 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Teamwork keeps the fun moving at Blackhawks hockey games '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Boron , Brad ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` National Anthem a Chicago specialty '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Ben ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) . `` How the National Anthem Turned into A Blackhawks Rallying Cry '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` How loud is it ? Game 2 decibel readings '' . NHL.com . Chicago Blackhawks. 2010 - 06 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Skrbina , Paul ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Jonathan Toews on Blackhawks ' new practice facility : ' Christmas came early ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` A Closer Look at the Planned Blackhawks Practice Facility '' . ^ Jump up to : Kuc , Chris ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Say goodbye to the circus trip : Scheduling quirk to end for Blackhawks , Bulls '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Jerry ( March 2011 ) . When I Stop Talking , You 'll Know I 'm Dead : Useful Stories from a Persuasive Man . New York , New York : Twelve . ISBN 978 - 0446548168 . Jump up ^ Limpsman , Benjy ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bulls , Hawks Head West As Circus Comes to Town '' . Chicagoist . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elsner , David ( 1976 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Arthur M. Wirtz built giant empire with close deals and little flash '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks announce 3 - year contract extension with WGN - TV '' . WGN - TV . 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Blackhawks Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Blackhawks Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackhawks in the Hockey Hall of Fame '' . Chicago Blackhawks. 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Goyens , Chrys ; Orr , Frank ; Turowetz , Allan ; Duguay , Jean - Luc ( 2000 ) . Blades on ice : a century of professional hockey . TPE Publishing . ISBN 0968622003 . MacFarlane , Brian ( 2000 ) . The Blackhawks . Toronto , Ontario : Stoddart Publishing . ISBN 0773732527 . Pfeiffer , Gerald L. ( 1986 ) . The Chicago Blackhawks : a sixty year history , 1926 -- 1986 . Chicago , Illinois : Windy City Pub. Co . Weinberg , Mark ( 2000 ) . Career Misconduct : The Story of Bill Wirtz 's Greed , Corruption , and the Betrayal of Blackhawks ' Fans . Blueline Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780965631204 . Wong , John Chi - Kit ( 2005 ) . Lords of the Rinks : The Emergence of the National Hockey League , 1875 -- 1936 . University of Toronto Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Blackhawks . Official website Chicago Blackhawks Founded in 1926 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Records Award winners Seasons Current season History Original Six Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Wirtz Corporation ( Rocky Wirtz , chairman ) General manager Stan Bowman Head coach Joel Quenneville Team captain Jonathan Toews Current roster Arenas Chicago Coliseum Chicago Stadium United Center Rivalries Detroit Red Wings St. Louis Blues Affiliates AHL Rockford IceHogs ECHL Indy Fuel Media Broadcasters NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports WGN Radio Hawkvision FSN Chicago Culture and lore Name and logo controversy Ashland Green / Pink Line Station `` Chelsea Dagger '' Curse of Muldoon Eddie Olczyk Gene Honda `` Here Come the Hawks '' `` Holiday Road '' Jim Cornelison The `` Madhouse on Madison '' Nancy Faust Pat Foley Sudden Death Wayne Messmer 86th Infantry Division The Dilemma 17 seconds 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series 2017 NHL Winter Classic 2019 NHL Winter Classic Links to related articles Preceded by New York Rangers Stanley Cup champions 1933 -- 34 Succeeded by Montreal Maroons Preceded by Detroit Red Wings Stanley Cup champions 1937 -- 38 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1960 -- 61 Succeeded by Toronto Maple Leafs Preceded by Pittsburgh Penguins Stanley Cup champions 2009 -- 10 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Los Angeles Kings Stanley Cup champions 2012 -- 13 Succeeded by Los Angeles Kings Preceded by Los Angeles Kings Stanley Cup champions 2014 -- 15 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Penguins Chicago Blackhawks seasons 1920s 1920 -- 21 . 1921 -- 22 . 1922 -- 23 . 1923 -- 24 . 1924 -- 25 . 1925 -- 26 . 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930s 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940s 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950s 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960s 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - 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About Wikipedia	how many times have the chicago blackhawks won the stanley cup	[ "\n\nChicago Blackhawks\n\n\n 2017–18 Chicago Blackhawks season\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nWestern\n\n\nDivision\nCentral\n\n\nFounded\n1926\n\n\nHistory\nChicago Black Hawks\n1926–1986\nChicago Blackhawks\n1986–present\n\n\nHome arena\nUnited Center\n\n\nCity\nChicago, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\nRed, white, black[1]\n \n\n\nMedia\nComcast SportsNet Chicago\nWGN Sports\nWGN Radio (720 AM)\n\n\nOwner(s)\nWirtz Corporation\n\n\nGeneral manager\nStan Bowman\n\n\nHead coach\nJoel Quenneville\n\n\nCaptain\nJonathan Toews\n\n\nMinor league affiliates\nRockford IceHogs (AHL)\nIndy Fuel (ECHL)\n\n\nStanley Cups\n6 (1933–34, 1937–38, 1960–61, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2014–15)\n\n\nConference championships\n4 (1991–92, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2014–15)\n\n\nPresidents' Trophy\n2 (1990–91, 2012–13)\n\n\nDivision championships\n16 (1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1982–83, 1985–86, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1992–93, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2016–17)\n\n\nOfficial website\nwww.nhl.com/blackhawks\n\n" ]	[ "6" ]
6854894758017678255	Cartesian coordinate system	Cartesian coordinate system - wikipedia Cartesian coordinate system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Illustration of a Cartesian coordinate plane . Four points are marked and labeled with their coordinates : ( 2 , 3 ) in green , ( − 3 , 1 ) in red , ( − 1.5 , − 2.5 ) in blue , and the origin ( 0 , 0 ) in purple . A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates , which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines , measured in the same unit of length . Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis ( plural axes ) of the system , and the point where they meet is its origin , at ordered pair ( 0 , 0 ) . The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes , expressed as signed distances from the origin . One can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three - dimensional space by three Cartesian coordinates , its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes ( or , equivalently , by its perpendicular projection onto three mutually perpendicular lines ) . In general , n Cartesian coordinates ( an element of real n - space ) specify the point in an n - dimensional Euclidean space for any dimension n . These coordinates are equal , up to sign , to distances from the point to n mutually perpendicular hyperplanes . Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red . The equation of a circle is ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = r where a and b are the coordinates of the center ( a , b ) and r is the radius . The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by René Descartes ( Latinized name : Cartesius ) revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra . Using the Cartesian coordinate system , geometric shapes ( such as curves ) can be described by Cartesian equations : algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape . For example , a circle of radius 2 , centered at the origin of the plane , may be described as the set of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x + y = 4 . Cartesian coordinates are the foundation of analytic geometry , and provide enlightening geometric interpretations for many other branches of mathematics , such as linear algebra , complex analysis , differential geometry , multivariate calculus , group theory and more . A familiar example is the concept of the graph of a function . Cartesian coordinates are also essential tools for most applied disciplines that deal with geometry , including astronomy , physics , engineering and many more . They are the most common coordinate system used in computer graphics , computer - aided geometric design and other geometry - related data processing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 2.1 One dimension 2.2 Two dimensions 2.3 Three dimensions 2.4 Higher dimensions 2.5 Generalizations 3 Notations and conventions 3.1 Quadrants and octants 4 Cartesian formulae for the plane 4.1 Distance between two points 4.2 Euclidean transformations 4.2. 1 Translation 4.2. 2 Rotation 4.2. 3 Reflection 4.2. 4 Glide reflection 4.2. 5 General matrix form of the transformations 4.2. 6 Affine transformation 4.2. 7 Scaling 4.2. 8 Shearing 5 Orientation and handedness 5.1 In two dimensions 5.2 In three dimensions 6 Representing a vector in the standard basis 7 Applications 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Nicole Oresme , a French cleric and friend of the Dauphin ( later to become King Charles V ) of the 14th Century , used constructions similar to Cartesian coordinates well before the time of Descartes and Fermat . The adjective Cartesian refers to the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes who published this idea in 1637 . It was independently discovered by Pierre de Fermat , who also worked in three dimensions , although Fermat did not publish the discovery . Both authors used a single axis in their treatments and have a variable length measured in reference to this axis . The concept of using a pair of axes was introduced later , after Descartes ' La Géométrie was translated into Latin in 1649 by Frans van Schooten and his students . These commentators introduced several concepts while trying to clarify the ideas contained in Descartes ' work . Many other coordinate systems have been developed since Descartes , such as the polar coordinates for the plane , and the spherical and cylindrical coordinates for three - dimensional space . The development of the Cartesian coordinate system would play a fundamental role in the development of the Calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . The two - coordinate description of the plane was later generalized into the concept of vector spaces . Description ( edit ) One dimension ( edit ) Main article : number line Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a one - dimensional space -- that is , for a straight line -- involves choosing a point O of the line ( the origin ) , a unit of length , and an orientation for the line . An orientation chooses which of the two half - lines determined by O is the positive , and which is negative ; we then say that the line `` is oriented '' ( or `` points '' ) from the negative half towards the positive half . Then each point P of the line can be specified by its distance from O , taken with a + or − sign depending on which half - line contains P . A line with a chosen Cartesian system is called a number line . Every real number has a unique location on the line . Conversely , every point on the line can be interpreted as a number in an ordered continuum such as the real numbers . Two dimensions ( edit ) Further information : two - dimensional space The Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions ( also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system ) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines ( axes ) , a single unit of length for both axes , and an orientation for each axis . ( Early systems allowed `` oblique '' axes , that is , axes that did not meet at right angles . ) The lines are commonly referred to as the x - and y - axes where the x-axis is taken to be horizontal and the y - axis is taken to be vertical . The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both , thus turning each axis into a number line . For a given point P , a line is drawn through P perpendicular to the x-axis to meet it at X and second line is drawn through P perpendicular to the y - axis to meet it at Y . The coordinates of P are then X and Y interpreted as numbers x and y on the corresponding number lines . The coordinates are written as an ordered pair ( x , y ) . The point where the axes meet is the common origin of the two number lines and is simply called the origin . It is often labeled O and if so then the axes are called Ox and Oy . A plane with x - and y - axes defined is often referred to as the Cartesian plane or xy - plane . The value of x is called the x-coordinate or abscissa and the value of y is called the y - coordinate or ordinate . The choices of letters come from the original convention , which is to use the latter part of the alphabet to indicate unknown values . The first part of the alphabet was used to designate known values . In the Cartesian plane , reference is sometimes made to a unit circle or a unit hyperbola . If a point on a two - dimensional plane is ( x , y ) , then the distance of the point from the x-axis is y and the distance of the point from the y - axis is x . Three dimensions ( edit ) Further information : three - dimensional space A three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system , with origin O and axis lines X , Y and Z , oriented as shown by the arrows . The tick marks on the axes are one length unit apart . The black dot shows the point with coordinates x = 2 , y = 3 , and z = 4 , or ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) . Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a three - dimensional space means choosing an ordered triplet of lines ( axes ) that are pair-wise perpendicular , have a single unit of length for all three axes and have an orientation for each axis . As in the two - dimensional case , each axis becomes a number line . The coordinates of a point P are obtained by drawing a line through P perpendicular to each coordinate axis , and reading the points where these lines meet the axes as three numbers of these number lines . Alternatively , the coordinates of a point P can also be taken as the ( signed ) distances from P to the three planes defined by the three axes . If the axes are named x , y , and z , then the x-coordinate is the distance from the plane defined by the y - and z - axes . The distance is to be taken with the + or − sign , depending on which of the two half - spaces separated by that plane contains P . The y - and z - coordinates can be obtained in the same way from the xz - and xy - planes respectively . The coordinate surfaces of the Cartesian coordinates ( x , y , z ) . The z - axis is vertical and the x-axis is highlighted in green . Thus , the red plane shows the points with x = 1 , the blue plane shows the points with z = 1 , and the yellow plane shows the points with y = − 1 . The three surfaces intersect at the point P ( shown as a black sphere ) with the Cartesian coordinates ( 1 , − 1 , 1 ) . Higher dimensions ( edit ) A Euclidean plane with a chosen Cartesian system is called a Cartesian plane . Since Cartesian coordinates are unique and non-ambiguous , the points of a Cartesian plane can be identified with pairs of real numbers ; that is with the Cartesian product R 2 = R × R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) = \ mathbb ( R ) \ times \ mathbb ( R ) ) , where R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) is the set of all reals . In the same way , the points in any Euclidean space of dimension n be identified with the tuples ( lists ) of n real numbers , that is , with the Cartesian product R n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( n ) ) . Generalizations ( edit ) The concept of Cartesian coordinates generalizes to allow axes that are not perpendicular to each other , and / or different units along each axis . In that case , each coordinate is obtained by projecting the point onto one axis along a direction that is parallel to the other axis ( or , in general , to the hyperplane defined by all the other axes ) . In such an oblique coordinate system the computations of distances and angles must be modified from that in standard Cartesian systems , and many standard formulas ( such as the Pythagorean formula for the distance ) do not hold ( see affine plane ) . Notations and conventions ( edit ) The Cartesian coordinates of a point are usually written in parentheses and separated by commas , as in ( 10 , 5 ) or ( 3 , 5 , 7 ) . The origin is often labelled with the capital letter O. In analytic geometry , unknown or generic coordinates are often denoted by the letters ( x , y ) in the plane , and ( x , y , z ) in three - dimensional space . This custom comes from a convention of algebra , which uses letters near the end of the alphabet for unknown values ( such as were the coordinates of points in many geometric problems ) , and letters near the beginning for given quantities . These conventional names are often used in other domains , such as physics and engineering , although other letters may be used . For example , in a graph showing how a pressure varies with time , the graph coordinates may be denoted p and t . Each axis is usually named after the coordinate which is measured along it ; so one says the x-axis , the y - axis , the t - axis , etc . Another common convention for coordinate naming is to use subscripts , as ( x , x , ... , x ) for the n coordinates in an n - dimensional space , especially when n is greater than 3 or unspecified . Some authors prefer the numbering ( x , x , ... , x ) . These notations are especially advantageous in computer programming : by storing the coordinates of a point as an array , instead of a record , the subscript can serve to index the coordinates . In mathematical illustrations of two - dimensional Cartesian systems , the first coordinate ( traditionally called the abscissa ) is measured along a horizontal axis , oriented from left to right . The second coordinate ( the ordinate ) is then measured along a vertical axis , usually oriented from bottom to top . Young children learning the Cartesian system , commonly learn the order to read the values before cementing the x , y , z axis concepts , by starting with 2D mnemonics ( e.g. ' Walk along the hall then up the stairs ' akin to straight across the x axis then up vertically along the y axis ) . Computer graphics and image processing , however , often use a coordinate system with the y - axis oriented downwards on the computer display . This convention developed in the 1960s ( or earlier ) from the way that images were originally stored in display buffers . For three - dimensional systems , a convention is to portray the xy - plane horizontally , with the z - axis added to represent height ( positive up ) . Furthermore , there is a convention to orient the x-axis toward the viewer , biased either to the right or left . If a diagram ( 3D projection or 2D perspective drawing ) shows the x - and y - axis horizontally and vertically , respectively , then the z - axis should be shown pointing `` out of the page '' towards the viewer or camera . In such a 2D diagram of a 3D coordinate system , the z - axis would appear as a line or ray pointing down and to the left or down and to the right , depending on the presumed viewer or camera perspective . In any diagram or display , the orientation of the three axes , as a whole , is arbitrary . However , the orientation of the axes relative to each other should always comply with the right - hand rule , unless specifically stated otherwise . All laws of physics and math assume this right - handedness , which ensures consistency . For 3D diagrams , the names `` abscissa '' and `` ordinate '' are rarely used for x and y , respectively . When they are , the z - coordinate is sometimes called the applicate . The words abscissa , ordinate and applicate are sometimes used to refer to coordinate axes rather than the coordinate values . Quadrants and octants ( edit ) Main articles : octant ( solid geometry ) and quadrant ( plane geometry ) The four quadrants of a Cartesian coordinate system The axes of a two - dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions , called quadrants , each bounded by two half - axes . These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals : I ( where the signs of the two coordinates are + , + ) , II ( − , + ) , III ( − , − ) , and IV ( + , − ) . When the axes are drawn according to the mathematical custom , the numbering goes counter-clockwise starting from the upper right ( `` north - east '' ) quadrant . Similarly , a three - dimensional Cartesian system defines a division of space into eight regions or octants , according to the signs of the coordinates of the points . The convention used for naming a specific octant is to list its signs , e.g. ( + + + ) or ( − + − ) . The generalization of the quadrant and octant to an arbitrary number of dimensions is the orthant , and a similar naming system applies . Cartesian formulae for the plane ( edit ) Distance between two points ( edit ) The Euclidean distance between two points of the plane with Cartesian coordinates ( x 1 , y 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , y_ ( 1 ) ) ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 2 ) , y_ ( 2 ) ) ) is d = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ sqrt ( ( x_ ( 2 ) - x_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This is the Cartesian version of Pythagoras 's theorem . In three - dimensional space , the distance between points ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , y_ ( 1 ) , z_ ( 1 ) ) ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 2 ) , y_ ( 2 ) , z_ ( 2 ) ) ) is d = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z 1 ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ sqrt ( ( x_ ( 2 ) - x_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( z_ ( 2 ) - z_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) which can be obtained by two consecutive applications of Pythagoras ' theorem . Euclidean transformations ( edit ) The Euclidean transformations or Euclidean motions are the ( bijective ) mappings of points of the Euclidean plane to themselves which preserve distances between points . There are four types of these mappings ( also called isometries ) : translations , rotations , reflections and glide reflections . Translation ( edit ) Translating a set of points of the plane , preserving the distances and directions between them , is equivalent to adding a fixed pair of numbers ( a , b ) to the Cartesian coordinates of every point in the set . That is , if the original coordinates of a point are ( x , y ) , after the translation they will be ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x + a , y + b ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x + a , y + b ) . ) Rotation ( edit ) To rotate a figure counterclockwise around the origin by some angle θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) is equivalent to replacing every point with coordinates ( x , y ) by the point with coordinates ( x ' , y ' ) , where x ′ = x cos ⁡ θ − y sin ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle x ' = x \ cos \ theta - y \ sin \ theta ) y ′ = x sin ⁡ θ + y cos ⁡ θ . ( \ displaystyle y ' = x \ sin \ theta + y \ cos \ theta . ) Thus : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( ( x cos ⁡ θ − y sin ⁡ θ ) , ( x sin ⁡ θ + y cos ⁡ θ ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( ( x \ cos \ theta - y \ sin \ theta \ , ) , ( x \ sin \ theta + y \ cos \ theta \ , ) ) . ) Reflection ( edit ) If ( x , y ) are the Cartesian coordinates of a point , then ( − x , y ) are the coordinates of its reflection across the second coordinate axis ( the y - axis ) , as if that line were a mirror . Likewise , ( x , − y ) are the coordinates of its reflection across the first coordinate axis ( the x-axis ) . In more generality , reflection across a line through the origin making an angle θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) with the x-axis , is equivalent to replacing every point with coordinates ( x , y ) by the point with coordinates ( x ′ , y ′ ) , where x ′ = x cos ⁡ 2 θ + y sin ⁡ 2 θ ( \ displaystyle x ' = x \ cos 2 \ theta + y \ sin 2 \ theta ) y ′ = x sin ⁡ 2 θ − y cos ⁡ 2 θ . ( \ displaystyle y ' = x \ sin 2 \ theta - y \ cos 2 \ theta . ) Thus : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( ( x cos ⁡ 2 θ + y sin ⁡ 2 θ ) , ( x sin ⁡ 2 θ − y cos ⁡ 2 θ ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( ( x \ cos 2 \ theta + y \ sin 2 \ theta \ , ) , ( x \ sin 2 \ theta - y \ cos 2 \ theta \ , ) ) . ) Glide reflection ( edit ) A glide reflection is the composition of a reflection across a line followed by a translation in the direction of that line . It can be seen that the order of these operations does not matter ( the translation can come first , followed by the reflection ) . General matrix form of the transformations ( edit ) These Euclidean transformations of the plane can all be described in a uniform way by using matrices . The result ( x ′ , y ′ ) ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) ) of applying a Euclidean transformation to a point ( x , y ) ( \ displaystyle ( x , y ) ) is given by the formula ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x , y ) A + b ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x , y ) A + b ) where A is a 2 × 2 orthogonal matrix and b = ( b , b ) is an arbitrary ordered pair of numbers ; that is , x ′ = x A 11 + y A 21 + b 1 ( \ displaystyle x ' = xA_ ( 11 ) + yA_ ( 21 ) + b_ ( 1 ) ) y ′ = x A 12 + y A 22 + b 2 , ( \ displaystyle y ' = xA_ ( 12 ) + yA_ ( 22 ) + b_ ( 2 ) , ) where A = ( A 11 A 12 A 21 A 22 ) . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) A_ ( 11 ) &A_ ( 12 ) \ \ A_ ( 21 ) &A_ ( 22 ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) . ) ( Note the use of row vectors for point coordinates and that the matrix is written on the right . ) To be orthogonal , the matrix A must have orthogonal rows with same Euclidean length of one , that is , A 11 A 21 + A 12 A 22 = 0 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) A_ ( 21 ) + A_ ( 12 ) A_ ( 22 ) = 0 ) and A 11 2 + A 12 2 = A 21 2 + A 22 2 = 1 . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) ^ ( 2 ) + A_ ( 12 ) ^ ( 2 ) = A_ ( 21 ) ^ ( 2 ) + A_ ( 22 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1 . ) This is equivalent to saying that A times its transpose must be the identity matrix . If these conditions do not hold , the formula describes a more general affine transformation of the plane provided that the determinant of A is not zero . The formula defines a translation if and only if A is the identity matrix . The transformation is a rotation around some point if and only if A is a rotation matrix , meaning that A 11 A 22 − A 21 A 12 = 1 . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) A_ ( 22 ) - A_ ( 21 ) A_ ( 12 ) = 1 . ) A reflection or glide reflection is obtained when , A 11 A 22 − A 21 A 12 = − 1 . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) A_ ( 22 ) - A_ ( 21 ) A_ ( 12 ) = - 1 . ) Assuming that translation is not used transformations can be combined by simply multiplying the associated transformation matrices . Affine transformation ( edit ) Another way to represent coordinate transformations in Cartesian coordinates is through affine transformations . In affine transformations an extra dimension is added and all points are given a value of 1 for this extra dimension . The advantage of doing this is that point translations can be specified in the final column of matrix A . In this way , all of the euclidean transformations become transactable as matrix point multiplications . The affine transformation is given by : ( A 11 A 21 b 1 A 12 A 22 b 2 0 0 1 ) ( x y 1 ) = ( x ′ y ′ 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) A_ ( 11 ) &A_ ( 21 ) &b_ ( 1 ) \ \ A_ ( 12 ) &A_ ( 22 ) &b_ ( 2 ) \ \ 0&0&1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) x \ \ y \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) x ' \ \ y ' \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) . ) ( Note the matrix A from above was transposed . The matrix is on the left and column vectors for point coordinates are used . ) Using affine transformations multiple different euclidean transformations including translation can be combined by simply multiplying the corresponding matrices . Scaling ( edit ) An example of an affine transformation which is not a Euclidean motion is given by scaling . To make a figure larger or smaller is equivalent to multiplying the Cartesian coordinates of every point by the same positive number m . If ( x , y ) are the coordinates of a point on the original figure , the corresponding point on the scaled figure has coordinates ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( m x , m y ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( mx , my ) . ) If m is greater than 1 , the figure becomes larger ; if m is between 0 and 1 , it becomes smaller . Shearing ( edit ) A shearing transformation will push the top of a square sideways to form a parallelogram . Horizontal shearing is defined by : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x + y s , y ) ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x + ys , y ) ) Shearing can also be applied vertically : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x , x s + y ) ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x , xs + y ) ) Orientation and handedness ( edit ) Main article : orientation ( mathematics ) See also : right - hand rule and axes conventions In two dimensions ( edit ) The right hand rule Fixing or choosing the x-axis determines the y - axis up to direction . Namely , the y - axis is necessarily the perpendicular to the x-axis through the point marked 0 on the x-axis . But there is a choice of which of the two half lines on the perpendicular to designate as positive and which as negative . Each of these two choices determines a different orientation ( also called handedness ) of the Cartesian plane . The usual way of orienting the axes , with the positive x-axis pointing right and the positive y - axis pointing up ( and the x-axis being the `` first '' and the y - axis the `` second '' axis ) is considered the positive or standard orientation , also called the right - handed orientation . A commonly used mnemonic for defining the positive orientation is the right hand rule . Placing a somewhat closed right hand on the plane with the thumb pointing up , the fingers point from the x-axis to the y - axis , in a positively oriented coordinate system . The other way of orienting the axes is following the left hand rule , placing the left hand on the plane with the thumb pointing up . When pointing the thumb away from the origin along an axis towards positive , the curvature of the fingers indicates a positive rotation along that axis . Regardless of the rule used to orient the axes , rotating the coordinate system will preserve the orientation . Switching any two axes will reverse the orientation , but switching both will leave the orientation unchanged . In three dimensions ( edit ) Fig. 7 -- The left - handed orientation is shown on the left , and the right - handed on the right . Fig. 8 -- The right - handed Cartesian coordinate system indicating the coordinate planes . Once the x - and y - axes are specified , they determine the line along which the z - axis should lie , but there are two possible directions on this line . The two possible coordinate systems which result are called ' right - handed ' and ' left - handed ' . The standard orientation , where the xy - plane is horizontal and the z - axis points up ( and the x - and the y - axis form a positively oriented two - dimensional coordinate system in the xy - plane if observed from above the xy - plane ) is called right - handed or positive . 3D Cartesian coordinate handedness The name derives from the right - hand rule . If the index finger of the right hand is pointed forward , the middle finger bent inward at a right angle to it , and the thumb placed at a right angle to both , the three fingers indicate the relative directions of the x - , y - , and z - axes in a right - handed system . The thumb indicates the x-axis , the index finger the y - axis and the middle finger the z - axis . Conversely , if the same is done with the left hand , a left - handed system results . Figure 7 depicts a left and a right - handed coordinate system . Because a three - dimensional object is represented on the two - dimensional screen , distortion and ambiguity result . The axis pointing downward ( and to the right ) is also meant to point towards the observer , whereas the `` middle '' - axis is meant to point away from the observer . The red circle is parallel to the horizontal xy - plane and indicates rotation from the x-axis to the y - axis ( in both cases ) . Hence the red arrow passes in front of the z - axis . Figure 8 is another attempt at depicting a right - handed coordinate system . Again , there is an ambiguity caused by projecting the three - dimensional coordinate system into the plane . Many observers see Figure 8 as `` flipping in and out '' between a convex cube and a concave `` corner '' . This corresponds to the two possible orientations of the coordinate system . Seeing the figure as convex gives a left - handed coordinate system . Thus the `` correct '' way to view Figure 8 is to imagine the x-axis as pointing towards the observer and thus seeing a concave corner . Representing a vector in the standard basis ( edit ) A point in space in a Cartesian coordinate system may also be represented by a position vector , which can be thought of as an arrow pointing from the origin of the coordinate system to the point . If the coordinates represent spatial positions ( displacements ) , it is common to represent the vector from the origin to the point of interest as r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) ) . In two dimensions , the vector from the origin to the point with Cartesian coordinates ( x , y ) can be written as : r = x i + y j ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = x \ mathbf ( i ) + y \ mathbf ( j ) ) where i = ( 1 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( i ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 1 \ \ 0 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) , and j = ( 0 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( j ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) are unit vectors in the direction of the x-axis and y - axis respectively , generally referred to as the standard basis ( in some application areas these may also be referred to as versors ) . Similarly , in three dimensions , the vector from the origin to the point with Cartesian coordinates ( x , y , z ) ( \ displaystyle ( x , y , z ) ) can be written as : r = x i + y j + z k ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = x \ mathbf ( i ) + y \ mathbf ( j ) + z \ mathbf ( k ) ) where k = ( 0 0 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( k ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ 0 \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) is the unit vector in the direction of the z - axis . There is no natural interpretation of multiplying vectors to obtain another vector that works in all dimensions , however there is a way to use complex numbers to provide such a multiplication . In a two dimensional cartesian plane , identify the point with coordinates ( x , y ) with the complex number z = x + iy . Here , i is the imaginary unit and is identified with the point with coordinates ( 0 , 1 ) , so it is not the unit vector in the direction of the x-axis . Since the complex numbers can be multiplied giving another complex number , this identification provides a means to `` multiply '' vectors . In a three dimensional cartesian space a similar identification can be made with a subset of the quaternions . Applications ( edit ) Cartesian coordinates are an abstraction that have a multitude of possible applications in the real world . However , three constructive steps are involved in superimposing coordinates on a problem application . 1 ) Units of distance must be decided defining the spatial size represented by the numbers used as coordinates . 2 ) An origin must be assigned to a specific spatial location or landmark , and 3 ) the orientation of the axes must be defined using available directional cues for all but one axis . Consider as an example superimposing 3D Cartesian coordinates over all points on the Earth ( i.e. geospatial 3D ) . What units make sense ? Kilometers are a good choice , since the original definition of the kilometer was geospatial ... 10,000 km equalling the surface distance from the Equator to the North Pole . Where to place the origin ? Based on symmetry , the gravitational center of the Earth suggests a natural landmark ( which can be sensed via satellite orbits ) . Finally , how to orient X - , Y - and Z - axis directions ? The axis of Earth 's spin provides a natural direction strongly associated with `` up vs. down '' , so positive Z can adopt the direction from geocenter to North Pole . A location on the Equator is needed to define the X-axis , and the prime meridian stands out as a reference direction , so the X-axis takes the direction from geocenter out to ( 0 degrees longitude , 0 degrees latitude ) . Note that with 3 dimensions , and two perpendicular axes directions pinned down for X and Z , the Y - axis is determined by the first two choices . In order to obey the right hand rule , the Y - axis must point out from the geocenter to ( 90 degrees longitude , 0 degrees latitude ) . So what are the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building in New York City ? Using ( longitude = − 73.985656 , latitude = 40.748433 ) , Earth radius = 40,000 / 2π , and transforming from spherical -- > Cartesian coordinates , you can estimate the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building , ( x , y , z ) = ( 1330.53 km , -- 4635.75 km , 4155.46 km ) . GPS navigation relies on such geocentric coordinates . In engineering projects , agreement on the definition of coordinates is a crucial foundation . One can not assume that coordinates come predefined for a novel application , so knowledge of how to erect a coordinate system where there is none is essential to applying René Descartes ' ingenious thinking . While spatial apps employ identical units along all axes , in business and scientific apps , each axis may have different units of measurement associated with it ( such as kilograms , seconds , pounds , etc . ) . Although four - and higher - dimensional spaces are difficult to visualize , the algebra of Cartesian coordinates can be extended relatively easily to four or more variables , so that certain calculations involving many variables can be done . ( This sort of algebraic extension is what is used to define the geometry of higher - dimensional spaces . ) Conversely , it is often helpful to use the geometry of Cartesian coordinates in two or three dimensions to visualize algebraic relationships between two or three of many non-spatial variables . The graph of a function or relation is the set of all points satisfying that function or relation . For a function of one variable , f , the set of all points ( x , y ) , where y = f ( x ) is the graph of the function f . For a function g of two variables , the set of all points ( x , y , z ) , where z = g ( x , y ) is the graph of the function g . A sketch of the graph of such a function or relation would consist of all the salient parts of the function or relation which would include its relative extrema , its concavity and points of inflection , any points of discontinuity and its end behavior . All of these terms are more fully defined in calculus . Such graphs are useful in calculus to understand the nature and behavior of a function or relation . See also ( edit ) Horizontal and vertical Jones diagram , which plots four variables rather than two Orthogonal coordinates Polar coordinate system Spherical coordinate system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bix , Robert A. ; D'Souza , Harry J. `` Analytic geometry '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Burton 2011 , p. 374 Jump up ^ A Tour of the Calculus , David Berlinski Jump up ^ Axler , Sheldon . Linear Algebra Done Right - Springer . p. 1 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 11080 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartesian orthogonal coordinate system '' . Encyclopedia of Mathematics . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Charts and Graphs : Choosing the Right Format '' . www.mindtools.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hughes - Hallett , Deborah ; McCallum , William G. ; Gleason , Andrew M. ( 2013 ) . Calculus : Single and Multivariable ( 6 ed . ) . John wiley . ISBN 978 - 0470 - 88861 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smart 1998 , Chap. 2 Jump up ^ Brannan , Esplen & Gray 1998 , pg. 49 Jump up ^ Brannan , Esplen & Gray 1998 , Appendix 2 , pp. 377 -- 382 Jump up ^ David J. Griffiths ( 1999 ) . Introduction to Electrodynamics . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 805326 - X . Sources ( edit ) Brannan , David A. ; Esplen , Matthew F. ; Gray , Jeremy J. ( 1998 ) , Geometry , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59787 - 0 Burton , David M. ( 2011 ) , The History of Mathematics / An Introduction ( 7th ed . ) , New York : McGraw - Hill , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338315 - 6 Smart , James R. ( 1998 ) , Modern Geometries ( 5th ed . ) , Pacific Grove : Brooks / Cole , ISBN 0 - 534 - 35188 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Descartes , René ( 2001 ) . Discourse on Method , Optics , Geometry , and Meteorology . Trans . by Paul J. Oscamp ( Revised ed . ) . Indianapolis , IN : Hackett Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 567 - 3 . OCLC 488633510 . Korn GA , Korn TM ( 1961 ) . Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers ( 1st ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 55 -- 79 . LCCN 59 - 14456 . OCLC 19959906 . Margenau H , Murphy GM ( 1956 ) . The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry . New York : D. van Nostrand . LCCN 55 - 10911 . Moon P , Spencer DE ( 1988 ) . `` Rectangular Coordinates ( x , y , z ) '' . Field Theory Handbook , Including Coordinate Systems , Differential Equations , and Their Solutions ( corrected 2nd , 3rd print ed . ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 9 -- 11 ( Table 1.01 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 18430 - 2 . Morse PM , Feshbach H ( 1953 ) . Methods of Theoretical Physics , Part I. New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 043316 - X . LCCN 52 - 11515 . Sauer R , Szabó I ( 1967 ) . Mathematische Hilfsmittel des Ingenieurs . New York : Springer Verlag . LCCN 67 - 25285 . External links ( edit ) Cartesian Coordinate System `` Cartesian coordinates '' . PlanetMath . MathWorld description of Cartesian coordinates Coordinate Converter -- converts between polar , Cartesian and spherical coordinates Coordinates of a point Interactive tool to explore coordinates of a point open source JavaScript class for 2D / 3D Cartesian coordinate system manipulation ( hide ) Orthogonal coordinate systems Two dimensional Cartesian coordinate system Polar coordinate system Parabolic coordinate system Bipolar coordinates Elliptic coordinates Three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system Cylindrical coordinate system Spherical coordinate system Parabolic cylindrical coordinates Paraboloidal coordinates Oblate spheroidal coordinates Prolate spheroidal coordinates Ellipsoidal coordinates Elliptic cylindrical coordinates Toroidal coordinates Bispherical coordinates Bipolar cylindrical coordinates Conical coordinates 6 - sphere coordinates Flat - ring cyclide coordinates Flat - disk cyclide coordinates Bi-cyclide coordinates Cap - cyclide coordinates Concave bi-sinusoidal single - centered coordinates Concave bi-sinusoidal double - centered coordinates Convex inverted - sinusoidal spherically aligned coordinates Quasi-random - intersection cartesian coordinates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_coordinate_system&oldid=808936031 '' Categories : Coordinate systems Elementary mathematics Dimension René Descartes Analytic geometry Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 03 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the point where the x and y axis meet is called	[ "A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis (plural axes) of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin, at ordered pair (0, 0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin." ]	[ "origin" ]

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