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The Broadmoor
The Broadmoor - wikipedia The Broadmoor Jump to : navigation , search Broadmoor resort & hotel The rear of the Broadmoor Hotel main building ( right ) on east side of Cheyenne Lake . Country United States State Colorado County El Paso Municipality City of Colorado Springs Coordinates 38 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 104 ° 51 ′ 01 '' W  /  38.7911 ° N 104.8502 ° W  / 38.7911 ; - 104.8502 Coordinates : 38 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 104 ° 51 ′ 01 '' W  /  38.7911 ° N 104.8502 ° W  / 38.7911 ; - 104.8502 Area 1.536 km ( 1 sq mi ) square miles Website : The Broadmoor The Broadmoor is a hotel and resort in the Old Broadmoor neighborhood of Colorado Springs , Colorado . The Broadmoor is a member of Historic Hotels of America of the National Trust for Historic Preservation . Its visitors have included heads of state , celebrities , professional sports stars , and businessmen . The main resort complex , situated at the base of Cheyenne Mountain , is 6,230 feet ( 1,900 m ) above sea level , and 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) southwest of downtown Colorado Springs . The resort has hotel , conference , sports , and spa buildings that radiate out from Cheyenne Lake . The Broadmoor 's Ranch at Emerald Valley is a luxury lodge and set of cabins situated on Cheyenne Mountain . Historically , national and world skating and hockey championships were held at the Broadmoor World Arena . Golf championships have been held at the Broadmoor Golf Club since 1921 . The resort has also been the site of clay shooting championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facilities 1.1 Broadmoor resort 1.2 Ranch at Emerald Valley 1.3 Cloud Camp 1.4 Fishing Camp 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 El Pomar Foundation 2.3 Oklahoma Publishing 2.4 Anschutz 3 Broadmoor name and logo 4 Tournaments 5 Awards 6 In the news and film 7 Notes 8 References Facilities ( edit ) Broadmoor resort ( edit ) The architecture and the color is like the grand hotels that would be found on the coast of the Mediterranean , in an Italian Renaissance style . The pink stucco of the façade also helps to blend into the Pikes Peak area landscape . The main buildings are connected on a circular path around a lake . The original hotel building is Broadmoor Main that was built in 1918 . The others -- built between 1961 and 2001 -- are Broadmoor South , Broadmoor West , Lakeside Suites and West Tower . The Broadmoor has 779 rooms . Many of the Broadmoor South rooms have balconies and some have fireplaces . The Penrose Room restaurant is located on the top of the nine - story building . There are eighteen restaurants that are located in the main hotel buildings , golf club , pool cafes , Summit Restaurant , and Golden Bee pub . Broadmoor Golf Club has three golf courses , designed by Donald Ross , Robert Trent Jones and Ed Seay and Arnold Palmer . A view from the main building of the hotel facing west The full - service spa has an indoor pool , fitness center , 43 treatment rooms , relaxation room , and hair and nail salon . It offers more than 100 services . The resort has indoor and outdoor pools and tennis courts . There are 25 retail shops , including clothing boutiques and shops , a florist , sundry shop , jewelry store , and gift shop . There is a . 75 miles ( 1.21 km ) trail around Cheyenne Lake that is creek - fed and manmade . In the summer guests can rent bikes and paddleboats . The Stables at the Broadmoor offer horseback riding . The Penrose Heritage Museum , formerly called the El Pomar Carriage House Museum , houses a collection of vintage carriages and automobiles , including race cars from the Pikes Peak Auto Hill Climb in the early 20th century . The Broadmoor has 185,000 square feet ( 17,200 m ) of meeting space . It earns 70 % of its revenue from conventions . The Broadmoor Fire Protection District serves the resort and surrounding area . Ranch at Emerald Valley ( edit ) The Broadmoor offers a luxurious mountain experience at their 16 - acre Ranch on Emerald Green on Cheyenne Mountain . Philip Anschutz purchased the property and built a main lodge and ten cabins and restored other original buildings . There are two small lakes , horse stables , a gazebo , hot tubs , and an outdoor fire pit . Cloud Camp ( edit ) Spencer Penrose , founder of Broadmoor , established Cheyenne Lodge , which is now Cloud Camp ® , a wilderness retreat situated 3,000 feet above the resort . Fishing Camp ( edit ) Located 75 minutes west of the Resort along a five - mile stretch of Tarryall River , The Broadmoor Fishing Camp borders 120,000 acres of the Lost Creek Wilderness . History ( edit ) For the original dairy , see Broadmoor , Colorado . Early years ( edit ) Broadmoor Main , built in 1918 Spencer Penrose bought the property in 1916 and began to build The Broadmoor in 1918 to be `` Grand Dame of the Rockies '' , patterned after elegant European hotels with excellent service and cuisine . Architects Warren and Wetmore , who designed Ritz - Carlton and Biltmore Hotels , were hired to design the hotel buildings . Frederick Law Olmsted , Jr. , son of the designer of Central Park and an accomplished landscape architect in his own right , was brought on to design the landscape for The Broadmoor 's 3,000 acres . Penrose hired Donald Ross , a golf architect , to design the first golf course . At the time , it was the highest golf course in the United States . Far Eastern and European artwork and antiques were purchased for the hotel . A dismantled English pub was brought to the United States and reassembled at the resort . The resort had one of the first full - service spas in the country and a supervised activities club for children . Penrose 's goal was to build `` the finest hotel in the United States '' . After having spent $2 million ( equivalent to $32,539,823 in 2017 ) building the resort , it opened in 1918 . A polo field was built west of the hotel in 1928 . The Broadmoor Riding Arena was built across Cheyenne Lake from the main hotel in 1930 . The Broadmoor 's hangar was built in 1930 at the Colorado Springs Airport , east of the city , for the guest 's use . In 1942 , the resort sold the hangar to the city of Colorado Springs . The Broadmoor Ice Palace , an Olympic training center , opened on January 1 , 1938 on the resort grounds . It held a total of fourteen National Sports Festivals , World Figure Skating Championship , and U.S. Figure Skating championships . It was renamed the Broadmoor World Arena in 1961 . Also in 1938 , the Will Rogers Memorial Stadium was built across Cheyenne Lake from the hotel where concerts , rodeos , and Native American dances were held . It was named Penrose Stadium after Spencer Penrose 's death . In the 1970s it was torn down to allow for the construction of Broadmoor West . When Penrose built the Broadmoor he had two partners , Albert E. Carlton and C.M. MacNeill . In 1932 , Penrose 's El Pomar Investment Company sued the hotel and purchased it , becoming the sole owner , when the hotel went into receivership . El Pomar Foundation ( edit ) Broadmoor Hotel interior , decorated for the holidays After Spencer Penrose died , the hotel was owned in 1939 by the Spencer 's charitable organization , El Pomar Foundation . Charles L. Tutt , Jr. , who was the secretary of the Broadmoor Hotel and Land Company , was made president . Julie Penrose had the Carriage House Museum ( now the Penrose Heritage Museum ) built for her husband 's collection of carriages and automobiles . She moved into the hotel 's sixth floor in 1944 . A ski area was built for the resort in 1959 . The 144 - room Broadmoor South and the International Center were built in 1961 . The son of Charles Tutt , Jr. , William Thayer Tutt , became the hotels ' president that year . On February 15 , 1961 , members of the U.S. Figure Skating Team were killed during the airplane crash of Sabena Flight 548 near Brussels , Belgium . Eighteen skaters and 16 others associated with the team were killed on their way to the World Figure Skating Championships . A memorial bench made of granite was installed across from the entrance to the World Arena building ( now razed ) at the edge of the resort 's lake . The second golf course was designed by Robert Trent Jones in 1965 . Russell Thayer Tutt , son of Charles Tutt , Jr. , became president of The Broadmoor in 1975 . The resort was located within the unincorporated village of Broadmoor until it was annexed into the city of Colorado Springs in 1980 . Following attempts to revert the annexation legally , the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the annexation in 1982 . The third golf course was designed in 1976 by Ed Seay and Arnold Palmer . Colorado Hall , the resort 's second conference center , was built in 1982 . In 1986 , the resort closed Ski Broadmoor , but the city of Colorado Springs and Ski Vail stepped in to keep it open . It closed in 1991 . Oklahoma Publishing ( edit ) Due to the Tax Reform Act of 1969 , the foundation sold its majority interest of the resort in 1988 . The resort was renovated after The Oklahoma Publishing Company gained controlling interest in 1989 . Plans were made to raze the Broadmoor Golf Club and built the Broadmoor Spa , Golf and Tennis Club for $12.2 million ( equivalent to $20,667,772 in 2017 ) in 1993 . The Broadmoor World Arena was torn down in April 1994 and the next year Broadmoor West was built . Between 2000 and 2002 , a renovation was completed for $75 million ( equivalent to $102,044,403 in 2017 ) . A North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) summit was held at the Broadmoor in October 2003 with President George W. Bush , Donald Rumsfeld , and Defence Ministers from seven countries . Between 2003 and 2008 , the resort was expanded to include a group of retail stores , 160 luxury townhomes and condominiums , rooftop tennis courts , underground parking , and expansion of the third golf course . Anschutz ( edit ) The Anschutz Corporation purchased the resort in 2011 . President and Chief Executive Officer Steve Bartolin continued to run the hotel . Broadmoor name and logo ( edit ) The hotel 's name and logo is always officially presented as all uppercase with the ' A ' being smaller and raised higher than the other letters : BRO DMOOR . The reasoning behind this is surrounded by legend . One story is that Spencer Penrose had a friendly rivalry with the Antlers Hotel , and for that reason , Penrose required the ' A ' in `` Broadmoor '' to always be smaller than the other letters . Another story about the small `` A '' suggested that Spencer Penrose had need to be a guest at the Antlers hotel . On a trip to visit a gold mine , he ended up working alongside the miners . After a full day in the mine , Penrose returned to the Antlers but was denied entrance because he was so dirty . Angry , Penrose vowed that his hotel would never refuse a room based on appearance , and that as a constant reminder of the small minded act , the `` A '' in the Broadmoor name was diminished in size . The original copyright documents , filed December 15 , 1918 , stored in the hotel archive show that the alteration was necessary to obtain exclusive copyright due to other uses of the word Broadmoor in the nearby area since the 1880s . Tournaments ( edit ) The resort has been the site of tournaments , such as the US Women 's Open and the US Senior 's Open , since its first years in operation . The first Broadmoor Invitation Golf Tournament was held in 1921 . National Figure Skating Championships were held at The Broadmoor in 1948 and 1973 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) golf tournament was held in June 1957 . Five years later , World and European Hockey Championships were held at The Broadmoor . The Broadmoor World Arena was the site of the World Figure Skating Championships in January 1966 . Broadmoor East was the site of the World Senior golf tournament in 1966 . The United States Sporting Clays Association ( USSCA ) had its national sporting clays championship in 1990 at the Broadmoor . The 2011 U.S. Women 's Open Golf Championship was held at The Broadmoor . In 2005 , for his contributions in building The Broadmoor resort into one of the leading tennis centers in the United States , Chet Murphy was inducted into the Colorado Tennis Hall of Fame . Further information : Broadmoor Golf Club Awards ( edit ) Some of the awards that the resort has received include : 5 - star ranking for the resort by Forbes , formerly Mobile Guide , for 54 consecutive years , as of 2015 . This is the longest period of time of any establishments in the United States . 5 - diamond ranking by American Automobile Association ( AAA ) for the resort for 39 straight years , as of 2015 5 - diamond ranking by American Automobile Association ( AAA ) for the Penrose restaurant for 8 straight years , as of 2015 5 - star restaurant ranking by Forbes in 2012 , makes the Broadmoor one of three hotel and restaurant combinations to receive the ranking Listed as Historic Hotel of America by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . The hotel was ranked one of Colorado 's Finest Hotels in an article by ColoradoBiz in 2001 . In the News and film ( edit ) Ice Castles ( 1978 ) was filmed in the former Broadmoor World Arena . It starred Lynn - Holly Johnson , a skater , and Robby Benson Perry Mason : The Case of the Sinister Spirit ( 1987 ) was filmed at The Broadmoor . According to a report in The Gazette in 2001 , President George W. Bush decided to quit drinking after waking up with a hangover in The Broadmoor one morning in the summer of 1986 . He wrote about the incident in his book A Charge to Keep . He said , `` This run was different . I felt worse than usual . And about halfway through , I decided I would drink no more '' and never drank again . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Penrose died December 7 , 1939 and the hotel , the Mt . Manitou Incline , the Manitou and Pike 's Peak Railway , and a sizable amount of his fortune , transferred to the El Pomar Foundation that he and his wife founded in 1937 . Jump up ^ Such as when Penrose rode his horse into the Antlers bar and had to be evicted . Jump up ^ Judith Galas states that the name with the raised A was copyrighted because it could not be by the name alone . Alexandra Walker Clark states that `` Broadmoor '' had already been copyrighted . Jump up ^ For instance , The Broadmoor states that in 2011 the resort received 110 awards . The hotel received 23 awards , the Penrose restaurant received 20 , the meeting rooms 14 . The golf courses 30 , the spas 15 , and 8 tennis related awards . The hotel also received 6 renovation honors . Jump up ^ AAA began rating hotels in 1976 . Hotels and restaurants that are considered to be the `` best of the best '' receive a five - diamond rating . In 2011 , AAA rated more than 60,000 hotels and restaurants . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Broadmoor , Colorado Springs '' . City - Data . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview '' . The Broadmoor . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linda Duval ; Marty Banks ; Laurence Parent ( 2 August 2011 ) . Insiders ' Guide ® to Colorado Springs . Insider 's Guide . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6936 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Broadmoor , a Historic Hotels of America member '' . Historic Hotels of America . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Broadmoor '' . City of Colorado Springs . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Broadmoor '' . Colorado Springs Visitors and Convention Bureau . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Olmstead ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Hotels I Love : The Broadmoor , Grand Dame Of The American West '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadmoor Golf Course '' . US Geological Survey . October 13 , 1978 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Judith C. Galas ; Cindy West ( 1997 ) . Walking Colorado Springs . Globe Pequot Press . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56044 - 535 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Judith C. Galas ; Cindy West ( 1997 ) . Walking Colorado Springs . Globe Pequot Press . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56044 - 535 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Steven B. Stern ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` Colorado : The Broadmoor '' . Stern 's Guide to the Greatest Resorts of the World . Stern 's Travel Guides , Ltd. p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778608 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ Steven B. Stern ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` Colorado : The Broadmoor '' . Stern 's Guide to the Greatest Resorts of the World . Stern 's Travel Guides , Ltd . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778608 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Steven B. Stern ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` Colorado : The Broadmoor '' . Stern 's Guide to the Greatest Resorts of the World . Stern 's Travel Guides , Ltd . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778608 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Steven B. Stern ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` Colorado : The Broadmoor '' . Stern 's Guide to the Greatest Resorts of the World . Stern 's Travel Guides , Ltd. p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778608 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline - History of The Broadmoor '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stables at the Broadmoor '' . The Broadmoor . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Pomar Carriage House Museum '' . Colorado Springs Visitors and Convention Bureau . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadmoor Fire Protection District ( building ) '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lindsey B. Koehler ( May 2014 ) . `` Seductive Summer Stays '' . 5280 ( The Denver Magazine ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Camp '' . The Broadmoor . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing Camp '' . The Broadmoor . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartman , James Edward ( June 28 , 1996 ) . Colorado Springs Municipal Airport ( NRHP Inventory -- Nomination Form ) . pp. 2 , 8 : 4 . Jump up ^ Kamon Simpson ( February 15 , 2001 ) . `` U.S. skating tragedy : After 40 years , memories endure ( The Gazette ) '' . Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bill Vogrin ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Annexation -- an issue that does n't go away '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , Colorado . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Informal Meeting Of Defence Ministers ( IM 2003 ) '' . North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rich Laden ( January 17 , 2015 ) ( 7 : 48am ) . `` A Glittering Achievement : AAA Again Names Colorado Springs ' Broadmoor Hotel as Five - Diamond Property '' . The Gazette , gazette.com . Colorado Springs , CO . Jump up ^ `` Anschutz to buy Oklahoma Publishing , Broadmoor '' . The Denver Post . August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Walker Clark ( 2011 ) . Colorado 's Historic Hotels . The History Press . pp. 103 , 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 301 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Copyright for BRO DMOOR '' , Hotel Archives , The Broadmoor , December 15 , 1918 Jump up ^ `` National Figure Skating Championships here '' . Free Press . Colorado Springs , CO . February 26 , 1948 . p. 8 : 3 . Jump up ^ `` Four members of Broadmoor Skating Club to compete in National Figure Skating Championships '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . January 19 , 1973 . p . C5 :3 . Jump up ^ `` Rubendall , Simmons tie for medalist honors in NCAA golf ; match play begins today '' ( PDF ) . Free Press . Colorado Springs , CO . June 26 , 1957 . p. 7 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guests from many countries honored at the pre-hockey party at the Broadmoor '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . March 11 , 1962 . p . D1 . Jump up ^ `` Gail Newberry claims skate title ; Broadmoor Club takes ninth regional crown , Midwestern Figure Skating Championships '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . January 1 , 1966 . p . D4 : 2 . Jump up ^ `` To hold World Figure Skating Championships '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . February 21 , 1965 . p . A1 : 5 , 6 , 7 . Jump up ^ `` World Senior golf tourney begins at Broadmoor East '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . August 21 , 1966 . p . B6 : 2 . Jump up ^ Field & Stream . March 1990 . p. 158 . ISSN 8755 - 8599 . Jump up ^ `` A full swing for Sorenstam ; Retired star remembers first win while kicking off festivities at The Broadmoor for 2011 U.S. Women 's Open '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . June 10 , 2010 . p. 1 : 1 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Tennis Hall Of Fame : 2005 Inductee Biography - Chet Murphy '' . Colorado Tennis Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . The Broadmoor . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AAA 2011 Five - Diamond list - Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AAA rating - Retrieved December 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Summer Time ( Colorado hotels , resorts , etc . ) '' . ColoradoBiz . Wiesner Publications , Inc . May 1 , 2001 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Wineke ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Willis and crew film at Springs restaurant : Other movies filmed in Colorado Springs '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Meyer ( January 20 , 2001 ) . `` Broadmoor bender ended Bush 's drinking days '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , CO . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Broadmoor&oldid=839144624 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Colorado Springs , Colorado Hotels in Colorado Resorts in Colorado Anschutz Corporation Tourist attractions in Colorado Springs , Colorado Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for other type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 15 : 27 . 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who owns the broadmoor hotel in colorado springs
[ "The Anschutz Corporation purchased the resort in 2011.[6] President and Chief Executive Officer Steve Bartolin continued to run the hotel.[26][27]" ]
[ "The Anschutz Corporation" ]
9051239316730832608
Madonna (Madonna album)
Madonna ( Madonna album ) - wikipedia Madonna ( Madonna album ) Madonna Studio album by Madonna Released July 27 , 1983 ( 1983 - 07 - 27 ) Recorded May 1982 -- April 1983 Studio Sigma Sound Studios ( New York City ) Genre Dance - pop post-disco Length 40 : 47 Label Sire Warner Bros . Producer John `` Jellybean '' Benitez Mark Kamins Reggie Lucas Madonna chronology Madonna ( 1983 ) Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits ! ( 1984 ) Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits ! 1984 Madonna video chronology Madonna ( 1984 ) Madonna1984 Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour ( 1985 ) Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour 1985 Singles from Madonna `` Everybody '' Released : October 6 , 1982 `` Burning Up '' Released : March 9 , 1983 `` Holiday '' Released : September 7 , 1983 `` Lucky Star '' Released : September 8 , 1983 `` Borderline '' Released : February 15 , 1984 Madonna ( retitled Madonna : The First Album for the 1985 re-release ) is the debut album by American singer Madonna , released on July 27 , 1983 by Sire Records . After having established herself as a singer in downtown New York City , Madonna was signed by Sire president Seymour Stein , due to the success of her debut single , `` Everybody '' ( 1982 ) . She became the sole writer for most of the album 's tracks , and chose Reggie Lucas as its primary producer . Unhappy with Lucas 's production outputs , she invited John `` Jellybean '' Benitez to complete the album , who remixed three tracks and produced `` Holiday '' . Madonna has an upbeat synthetic disco sound , using new technology of the time , including the Linn drum machine , Moog bass and Oberheim OB - X synthesizer . She sang in a bright , girlish timbre , with lyrics about love and relationships . To promote the album , Madonna performed one - off gigs in clubs and on television in the United States and United Kingdom throughout 1983 and 1984 , followed by The Virgin Tour in 1985 . Five singles were released , including the international top - ten hits `` Holiday '' , `` Lucky Star '' , and `` Borderline '' . Their accompanying music videos were released on the Madonna video compilation , which became the best - selling videocassette of 1985 in the United States . Madonna peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 , and was certified five - time platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of five million copies across the United States . It reached the top ten of the charts in Australia , France , Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden and the United Kingdom , and sold more than 10 million copies worldwide . The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics and was ranked fifth on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the `` Top 100 Best Albums of Past 25 Years '' in 2008 . The album has been credited for setting the standard of dance - pop for decades afterward , and for pointing the direction for numerous female artists of the 1980s . Contents 1 Background 2 Development 3 Music and lyrics 4 Release and artwork 5 Promotion 5.1 Singles 5.2 Video compilation 6 Critical reception 7 Commercial performance 8 Legacy 9 Track listing 9.1 Formats 10 Personnel 10.1 Production 10.2 Design 10.3 Record company 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 12 Certifications and sales 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background ( edit ) In 1982 , Madonna , aged 24 , was living in New York , and trying to set up her music career . She was joined by her Detroit boyfriend Steve Bray who became the drummer of her band , the Breakfast Club , which played generally hard - rock music . Soon they abandoned playing songs in the hard - rock genre , and got signed by a music management company called Gotham Records , planning to move in a new musical direction . They decided to pursue the funk genre , but the record company was not happy with their musical talents and they were dropped from the label ; Madonna and Bray left the band also . Meanwhile , she had written and developed some songs on her own . She carried rough tapes of three of the songs , `` Everybody '' , `` Ai n't No Big Deal '' and `` Burning Up '' . At that time she was frequenting the Danceteria nightclub in New York . It was here that Madonna convinced the DJ Mark Kamins to play `` Everybody '' . The song was received positively by the crowd , and Kamins decided that he should get Madonna a record deal , on the understanding that he would get to produce the single . He took her to his boss Chris Blackwell , who owned Island Records , but Blackwell refused to sign Madonna so they approached Sire Records . Michael Rosenblatt , who worked in the artists and repertoire department of Sire , offered Madonna $5,000 in advance , plus $1,000 in royalties , for each song she wrote . Madonna was ultimately signed for two 12 '' singles by the President of Sire , Seymour Stein , who was impressed by her singing , after listening to `` Everybody '' at a hospital in Lenox Hill where he was admitted . The 12 '' version of `` Everybody '' was produced by Mark Kamins at Blank Tapes Studios in New York , who took over the production work from Steve Bray . The new recording ran 5 : 56 on one side and 9 : 23 for the dub version on the reverse side . Madonna and Kamins had to record the single at their own cost . Arthur Baker , friend of Mark Kamins , guided him through the role of a music producer and provided him with studio musician Fred Zarr who played keyboards on the track . Zarr became one of the common musical threads on the album by eventually performing on every track . Due to restrained budget the recording was done hurriedly . Madonna and Kamins had difficulty in understanding each other 's inputs for the sessions . Rosenblatt wanted to release `` Everybody '' with `` Ai n't No Big Deal '' on the other side , but later changed his mind and put `` Everybody '' on both sides of the vinyl record after hearing the recorded version of `` Ai n't No Big Deal '' . The single was commercially released in October 1982 and became a dance hit in the United States . This led to Sire signing Madonna for an LP and two more singles . Development ( edit ) `` ( S ) he was unhappy with the whole ( album ) , so I went in and sweetened up a lot of music for her , adding some guitars to ' Lucky Star ' , some voices , some magic ... I just wanted to do the best job I could do for her . When we would playback ' Holiday ' or ' Lucky Star ' , you could see that she was overwhelmed by how great it all sounded . '' -- Benitez talking about Madonna and the album . The album was primarily recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in New York City . Madonna opted not to work with either Kamins or Bray , but chose Reggie Lucas , a Warner Bros. producer . Bray decided to push her in the musical direction of pop , and recorded the song `` Burning Up '' with her . However , Madonna still did not have enough material to generate a full album . The songs available were , `` Lucky Star '' , a new version of `` Ai n't No Big Deal '' , `` Think of Me '' and `` I Know It '' . Lucas brought another two songs to the project , `` Physical Attraction '' and `` Borderline '' . As he recorded the tracks he deviated considerably from the original versions of the demos . One such altered song was `` Lucky Star '' . The song was written by Madonna for Kamins , who previously promised to play the track at Danceteria . However , the track was instead used by Madonna for the album , which she planned to call Lucky Star . She believed that `` Lucky Star '' , along with `` Borderline '' , were the perfect foundation for her album . Problems arose between her and Lucas during the recording of the songs . Madonna was unhappy with the way the final versions turned out . According to Madonna , Lucas used too many instruments and did not consider her ideas for the songs . This led to a dispute between the two and , after finishing the album , Lucas left the project without tailoring the songs to Madonna 's specifications ; hence she called John `` Jellybean '' Benitez , a DJ at Funhouse disco , to remix the available tracks . In the meantime , due to a conflict of interest , Bray had sold `` Ai n't No Big Deal '' to an act on another label , rendering it unavailable for Madonna 's project . It was Benitez who discovered a new song , written by Curtis Hudson and Lisa Stevens of the pop group Pure Energy . The song , titled `` Holiday '' , had been turned down by Phyllis Hyman and Mary Wilson , formerly of The Supremes . Benitez and Madonna sent the demo to their friend , Fred Zarr so he could embellish the arrangement and program the synthesizer lines . After vocals were recorded by Madonna , Benitez spent four days trying to enhance the commercial appeal of the track before the April 1983 deadline . Just before it was completed , Madonna and Benitez met Fred Zarr at Sigma Sound in Manhattan , where Zarr added the now familiar piano solo towards the end of the track . Music and lyrics ( edit ) ' Lucky Star ' A 30 second sample of Madonna 's `` Lucky Star '' . Here the chorus is played , backed by synthesized beats . Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to AllMusic , Madonnna is a dance - pop and post-disco album . The overall sound of the album is dissonant , and is in the form of upbeat synthetic disco , utilizing some of the new technology of the time , like the usage of Linn drum machine , Moog bass and the OB - X synthesizer . This equipment has dated since , consequently the sound of the album comes off as somewhat harsh . Madonna commented on her debut album : `` The songs were pretty weak and I went to England during the recordings so I was n't around ... I was n't in control . ( ... ) I did n't realize how crucial it was for me to break out of the disco mold before I 'd already finished the ( first ) album . I wish I could have got a little more variety there . '' The album starts with the song `` Lucky Star '' , a medium - paced dance track , beginning with a sparkle of synth note and is followed by heavy beats of electronic drum and handclaps . A guitar is played in high riff and a bubbling bass synth is produced to accompany the guitar sound . The song revolves around the `` Starlight , starbright '' hook for more than a minute , before going to the chorus . According to author Rikky Rooksby , the lyrics are repetitive and inane , revolving around the transparent ambiguity of the stars , and juxtaposition of the male character with being a heavenly body in the sky . Madonna performing `` Borderline '' during the 2008 leg of the Sticky & Sweet Tour . `` Borderline '' is a sentimental track , talking about a love that is never quite fulfilled . According to author Santiago Fouz - Hernández and his book Madonna 's drowned worlds , the lyrics of the song like `` Something in the way you love me wo n't let me be / I do n't want to be your prisoner so baby wo n't you set me free '' depicted a rebellion against male chauvinism . Madonna used a refined and expressive voice to sing the song , backed by Lucas 's instrumentation . It opens with a keyboard rich intro and a catchy synth melody provided by Fred Zarr . Bass player Anthony Jackson doubled Dean Gant 's synth bass to provide a solid and more complex texture . The chords in the song were inspired by Seventies disco sound in Philadelphia as well as Elton John 's musical style during the mid-seventies . The chord sequences cite from Bachman -- Turner Overdrive 's song `` You Ai n't Seen Nothing Yet '' while the synth phases display her typical musical style . The third track `` Burning Up '' has a starker arrangement , brought about by bass , single guitar and Linn drum machine . The drum beats used in the song were reminiscent to the records of singer Phil Collins . It also incorporated electric guitars and the most state - of - the - art synthesizers of that time . The chorus is a repetition of the same three lines , while the bridge consists of a series of double entendres ; the lyrics describing what Madonna is prepared to do for her lover , and that she is individualistic and shameless . The next track `` I Know It '' has a gentler swing to it and features music from piano , a saxophone , synth phrases while having an offbeat chord change . `` Holiday '' consists of a four - bar sequence , featuring instrumentation from guitars , electronic drums and handclaps from the Oberheim DMX , cowbell played by Madonna and a synthesized string arrangement . A side - by - side repetitive progression is achieved by making use of the chorus . Towards the end of the song , a change in the arrangement happens , where a piano break is heard . Lyrically , the song expresses the universal sentiment that everybody needs a holiday . In `` Think of Me '' , Madonna warns her erring lover that he should pay her attention or else she would leave . The song consists of beats from the Linn drum machine and a saxophone interlude . `` Physical Attraction '' is a medium paced track , with synth bass , a guitar line , sounds of a brass and Madonna singing in a shrill voice , about the attraction between herself and a boy . The last song on the album is `` Everybody '' , which starts with a heavily synthesized and spoken introduction , with Madonna taking a loud intake of breath . She displayed her bubblegum - pop like voice in the song , which was also doubletracked . Release and artwork ( edit ) Madonna 's wax statue at National Wax Museum of Ireland inspired by her style from this era . The album was first released in the United States on July 27 , 1983 by Sire Records . It was originally slated to be titled Lucky Star , after the track of the same name , but eventually titled simply Madonna , perhaps that this singular name could have star power . The album 's artwork was shot by photographer Gary Heery and directed by Carin Goldberg . The front cover shows Madonna with short - cropped platinum hair , wearing a number of black rubber bangles on her hands and a dog chain around her throat . Her navel is also prominent on the inner sleeve of the album . Madonna commented : `` The picture inside the dust of sleeve of my first album has me , like , in this Betty Boop pose with my belly button showing . Then when people reviews the album , they kept talking about my cute belly button . ( ... ) I think there are other unobvious places on the body that are sexy and the stomach is kind of innocent . '' Regarding the album photoshot , Gary Heery recalled : `` ( Madonna ) arrived at my Broadway studio in New York with a small bag of clothes and jewelery , and no entourage . Then , in front of the camera she was explosive , like a great model , but with her own unique style . She came over the next day to see some prints and the proofs , and there was shot after shot to choose from . We agreed on every choice and whittled it down to the album cover images . I had no idea what I had just been a party to . '' The album was re-released in 1985 for the European market and re-packaged as Madonna : The First Album with a different artwork created by photographer George Holy . The cover features Madonna in similar style of dress to the original cover but this time with crucifix as her earrings . Madonna 's trademark style was catching on as a fashion statement among club kids and fans , with her crucifix accessories becoming the jewelry of the moment . Madonna said that wearing a crucifix is `` kind of offbeat and interesting . I mean , everything I do is sort of tongue - in - cheeks . Besides , the crucifixes seem to go with my name . '' In 2001 , Warner Bros. Records released a remastered version of the album with its original artwork and two bonus remix tracks of `` Burning Up '' and `` Lucky Star '' . Madonna dedicated the album to her father , Tony Ciccone , with whom her relationship had not been good until the release of the album . In an interview with Time magazine , Madonna said : `` My father had never believed that what I was doing here ( in New York ) was worthwhile , nor did he believe that I was up to any good . ( ... ) It was n't until my first album came out and my father started hearing my songs on the radio that he stopped asking the questions . '' Promotion ( edit ) Main article : The Virgin Tour Madonna , surrounded by her band , during The Virgin Tour in 1985 . Madonna had promoted the album throughout 1983 -- 84 by performing a series of `` track dates '' , one - off gigs . These shows were done at New York City and London clubs like Danceteria and Camden Palace and on American and British television programs like American Bandstand and Top of the Pops . On American Bandstand , Madonna performed the track `` Holiday '' and told interviewer Dick Clark that she wanted `` to rule the world . '' John Mitchell from MTV said that the appearance `` remains one of her most legendary . '' The album 's singles were later performed on The Virgin Tour in 1985 . It was Madonna 's first concert tour and visited North American dates . The Virgin Tour received mixed reception from critics , but was a commercial success . As soon as the tour was announced , tickets were sold out everywhere . Macy 's New York department store was flooded with buyers , who bought the tour merchandise like the crucifix earrings and fingerless gloves . After its end , the Virgin Tour was reported to have grossed over $5 million ( $11.38 million in 2017 dollars ) , with Billboard Boxscore reporting a gross of $3.3 million ( $7.51 million in 2017 dollars ) . The tour was recorded and released in VHS , as Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour . Later authors have looked back at the tour and commented that it was clear that `` ( Madonna ) was a bonafide pop star in the process of becoming a cultural icon . '' Shari Benstock and Suzanne Ferriss noted the clothes and fashion in the tour and said , `` Virgin Tour established Madonna as the hottest figure in pop music . '' Singles ( edit ) Madonna performing the album 's third single , `` Holiday '' , during the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 - 16 ) . Madonna released five singles from the album , although two of those singles actually preceded the album 's release by several months . `` Everybody '' was released on October 6 , 1982 , as Madonna 's debut single ; at this point , the rest of the Madonna album had not yet been recorded or even conceived of . Musically incorporating R&B infused beats , `` Everybody '' portrayed the image of Madonna as a black artist , since her picture did not appear on the single cover . However this misconception was cleared later when Madonna convinced Sire executives to allow her to shoot a music video for the song . The low - budget music video directed by Ed Steinberg portrayed Madonna and her friends singing and dancing in a club to the song . The video helped to promote the song and Madonna as an artist further . `` Everybody '' failed to enter the official Billboard Hot 100 chart and only charted at number seven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles on December 25 , 1982 . Nevertheless , the single was a hit on the Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play Chart , peaking at number three . `` Burning Up '' was released as the second single in the US on March 9 , 1983 , and later issued in some countries as a double A-side single with `` Physical Attraction '' . The single peaked at number three on the dance chart in the US , and became Madonna 's first top twenty hit in Australia . The accompanying music video of the song portrays Madonna writhing passionately on an empty road before her `` lover '' approaches in a car from behind . The video ends with Madonna driving the car instead , suggesting that she is ultimately in control . `` Holiday '' was released as the third single on September 7 , 1983 and became Madonna 's first top - ten hit in many countries , including Australia , Belgium , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands and the UK . It also became her first entry ever on the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 16 , and her first number - one hit on the dance chart . Originally released in the UK in September 1983 , `` Lucky Star '' was the fourth single from the album . The single peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The music video portrayed Madonna dancing in front of a white background , accompanied by her dancers . After the video was released , Madonna 's style and mannerisms became a fashion trend among the younger generation . Scholars noted that in the video , Madonna portrayed herself as narcissistic and an ambiguous character . She referred to herself as the `` lucky star '' , unlike the lyrical meaning of the song . `` Borderline '' was the fifth single from the album , and was released on February 15 , 1984 . In the US the song was released before `` Lucky Star '' and became Madonna 's first top - ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at ten . Elsewhere , the song reached the top twenty of a number of European nations while peaking the chart in Ireland . The accompanying music video portrayed Madonna , with a Latin man as boyfriend . She was enticed by a British photographer to pose and model for him , but later returned to her original boyfriend . The video generated interest amongst academics , who noted the use of power as symbolism in it . Video compilation ( edit ) A video compilation , titled Madonna , was released by Warner Music Video and Sire Records in November 1984 to promote the album . The singer 's first video compilation , it contained three music videos from the album -- `` Burning Up '' , `` Borderline '' and `` Lucky Star '' -- as well as the then current single `` Like a Virgin '' . The music video for `` Lucky Star '' was a special extended dance mix , and when she says `` ooh yeah '' it is echoed three times and her image is repeated three times . `` Like a Virgin '' omits the scene where the lion 's tongue moves in time with the beat of the music . These videos were later released on the 1990 greatest hits compilation The Immaculate Collection with these edits changed . The video was promoted at the Cabaret Metro club in Chicago , on February 9 , 1985 . Dubbed as ' The Virgin Party ' , the event drew a crowd of around 1,200 and promoted Madonna 's LPs , cassettes , CDs and the videocassette . Attendees were encouraged to wear white , and for $5 admission fees , were able to view the Madonna videocassette and the premiere of the music video of her then upcoming single `` Material Girl '' . The event was organised as a drive to promote music videos , which at that point did not have a large market . Madonna topped the Music Videocassette chart of Billboard for the period from April 13 , 1985 to November 9 , 1985 . Jim McCullaugh from Billboard attributed the strong sales of the video to Madonna 's recent studio album Like a Virgin and The Virgin Tour concert . It placed at number one on the year - end music videocasette chart for 1985 . Madonna was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of 100,000 units of the video . It won the award for the `` Best Selling Video Cassette Merchandised as Music Video '' from the National Association of Recording Merchandisers . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blender Christgau 's Record Guide A − Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly Pitchfork 8.2 / 10 Q The Rolling Stone Album Guide Slant Magazine Spin Alternative Record Guide 8 / 10 Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote the album as `` cleverly incorporated great pop songs with stylish , state - of - the - art beats , and it shrewdly walked a line between being a rush of sound and a showcase for a dynamic lead singer . This is music where all of the elements may not particularly impressive on their own -- the arrangement , synth , and drum programming are fairly rudimentary -- but taken together , it 's utterly irresistible . '' Tony Power from Blender said that the album consisted of `` quacking synths , overperky bass and state - of - the - art mechanical disco , with Madonna strapped to the wing rather than holding the controls . It 's a breathless , subtlety - free debut , with overtones of Soft Cell and Tom Tom Club . '' While reviewing the remastered version of the album , released in 2001 , Michael Paoletta from Billboard felt that `` Nearly 20 years after the release of Madonna , such tracks as ' Holiday ' , ' Physical Attraction ' , ' Borderline ' and ' Lucky Star ' remain irresistible . '' Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly gave the album an A , saying `` ( Madonna ) might have wound up just another post-disco dolly if ( the songs on the album ) did n't announce her ability to fuse club beats with peerless pop . '' In July 2008 , the magazine ranked the album at number five in their list of `` Top 100 Best Albums of Past 25 Years '' . Bill Lamb from About.com commented : `` ( The ) album is state of the art dance - pop loaded with hits from ' Holiday ' and ' Lucky Star ' to ' Borderline ' . Irresistible pop hooks glide across shimmering synth beats to make this a landmark album of the early 80 's . '' Jonathan Ross from Q said that `` ' Borderline ' is sweet and ' Holiday ' still fizzes with invention and joie de vivre ... this quintessentially ' 80s dance hit also features a barrelhouse piano solo . '' Robert Christgau wrote in The Village Voice , `` In case you bought the con , disco never died -- just reverted to the crazies who thought it was worth living for . This shamelessly ersatz blonde is one of them , and with the craftily orchestrated help of a fine selection of producers , remixers , and DJs , she 's come up with a shamelessly ersatz sound that 's tighter than her tummy -- essence of electro , the D in DOR . '' Don Shewey from Rolling Stone was of the opinion that `` without overstepping the modest ambitions of minimal funk , Madonna issues an irresistible invitation to the dance . '' Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine rated the album four and a half out of five stars and commented : `` Heralding the synth - heavy movement was a debut album ( Madonna ) that sounds just as fresh today as it did almost two decades ago . '' In March 2012 , the publication placed the album at number 33 on their `` Best Albums of the 1980s '' list . Michaelangelo Matos from Spin selected the album among `` The Definitive Guide to Classic Disco '' and noted that it `` mashed - up street sounds and reinvigorated disco for a generation that wanted nothing to do with polyester suits , ending an era and birthing a new one . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Madonna performing `` Lucky Star '' during the Confessions Tour ( 2006 ) . It became Madonna 's first top - five hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . In the United States , the album entered the Billboard 200 albums chart at number 190 , the week of September 3 , 1983 . The album had a slow and steady climb , and peaked at eight on the Billboard 200 on the week ending October 20 , 1984 , more than a year after its release . It also peaked at twenty on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Within a year , Madonna had sold 2.8 million copies in the United States . It placed at number twenty - seven on the year - end chart for 1984 and at number 25 on the year - end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year 1985 . After 17 years since its release , the album was certified five - times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of five million copies across United States . With the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991 , the album sold a further 450,000 copies as of August 2010 . In Canada , the album was released on March 10 , 1984 , and debuted at number 87 on the RPM Albums Chart . After few weeks it re-entered the chart again , at number 95 on August 4 , 1984 . The album finally reached its peak position of number 16 in its 29th week . It was present on the chart for a total of 47 weeks , and ranked at number 50 on the RPM Top 100 Albums of 1984 list . In the United Kingdom , the album was released on February 11 , 1984 , and charted on the UK Albums Chart , reaching a peak of thirty - seven and present on the chart for twenty weeks . After a re-release titled Madonna -- The First Album in July 1985 , the album charted again on the UK Albums chart . It ultimately reached a peak of number six and was present on the chart for 125 weeks . Six months since the re-release , the album was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 300,000 copies of the album . In Australia , the album reached a peak of ten on the Kent Music Report albums chart and was certified triple platinum . The album reached the top ten of the charts in Netherlands , France and New Zealand ; in the last two markets , it was certified Platinum . It was also certified Platinum in Hong Kong and Gold in Germany and Spain . Worldwide the album has sold more than 10 million copies . Legacy ( edit ) Rolling Stone credited the album for pointing the direction for numerous female singers from Janet Jackson ( left ) to Debbie Gibson ( right ) . Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that with the album , Madonna began her career as a disco diva , in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of . In the beginning of the 80s , disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop , and according to him , Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music , utilizing her charisma , chutzpah and sex appeal . Erlewine claimed that Madonna `` launched dance - pop '' and set the standard for the genre for the next two decades . The staff of Vice magazine stated that the album `` drew the blueprint for future dance - pop . '' Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 50 on `` The 100 Best Albums of the Eighties '' list , writing that `` ( the album 's ) assured style and sound , as well as Madonna 's savvy approach to videos , helped the singer make the leap from dance diva to pop phenom , and it pointed the direction for a host of female vocalists from Janet Jackson to Debbie Gibson . '' According to biographer Andrew Morton , the album made Madonna a household name , and was instrumental in introducing her star power . Martin Charles Strong , author of The Great Rock Discography felt that the album 's unprecedented dance - pop and naive appeal served Madonna in establishing her base as an artist . Kyle Anderson from Entertainment Weekly commented : `` Madonna 's sound , and of course her look , would be heavily copied for years to come , but Madonna heralded something much bigger : the arrival of the pop diva as a singular force who put personality above all else . '' According to author Santiago Fouz - Hernández , the songs on Madonna reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success , including a strong dance - based idiom , catchy hooks , highly polished arrangement and Madonna 's own vocal style . In songs such as `` Lucky Star '' and `` Burning Up '' , Madonna introduced a style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to future gay audiences . Music critics Bob Batchelor and Scott Stoddart , commented in their book The 1980s that `` the music videos for the singles off the album , was more effective in introducing Madonna to the rest of the world . '' Author Carol Clerk said that the music videos of `` Burning Up '' , `` Borderline '' and `` Lucky Star '' established Madonna , not as the girl - next - door , but as a sassy and smart , tough funny woman . Her clothes worn in the videos were later used by designers like Karl Lagerfeld and Christian Lacroix , in Paris Fashion week of the same year . Professor Douglas Kellner , in his book Media Culture : Cultural Studies , Identity , and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern , commented that the videos depicted motifs and strategies which helped Madonna in her journey to become a star . With the `` Borderline '' music video , Madonna was credited for breaking the taboo of interracial relationships , and it was considered one of her career - making moments . MTV played the video in heavy rotation , increasing Madonna 's popularity further . Following the release of the album , Madonna was dismissed by some critics . They called her voice sounding as `` Minnie Mouse on helium '' , while the other detractors suggested that she was `` almost entirely helium , a gas - filled , lighter - than - air creation of MTV and other sinister media packagers . '' Madonna said : `` From the very beginning of my career , people have been writing shit about me and saying , ' She 's a one - hit wonder , she 'll disappear after a year ' . '' She responded to the comment `` Minnie Mouse on helium '' by doing a photoshoot with Alberto Tolot , where she flirted with a giant Mickey Mouse toy , putting its hand inside her dress and looking at it with an admonishing glare . Author Debbi Voller noted that `` such provocative imagery at a young age of her career , could have hurt her too much . But it went on to shut those twerps who dared to take a swag at her voice again . '' Twenty - five years later , in her acceptance speech of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction , Madonna thanked the critics who snubbed her in the early years , `` The ones that said I was talentless , that I was chubby , that I could n't sing , that I was a one - hit wonder . They pushed me to be better , and I am grateful for their resistance . '' Track listing ( edit ) Madonna -- Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer Length 1 . `` Lucky Star '' Madonna Reggie Lucas 5 : 37 2 . `` Borderline '' Lucas Lucas 5 : 18 3 . `` Burning Up '' Madonna Lucas 3 : 45 4 . `` I Know It '' Madonna Lucas 3 : 47 5 . `` Holiday '' Curtis Hudson Lisa Stevens John `` Jellybean '' Benitez 6 : 08 6 . `` Think of Me '' Madonna Lucas 4 : 54 7 . `` Physical Attraction '' Lucas Lucas 6 : 39 8 . `` Everybody '' Madonna Mark Kamins 4 : 57 show Madonna -- 2001 remastered edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer Length 9 . `` Burning Up '' ( 12 '' Version ) Madonna Lucas 5 : 59 10 . `` Lucky Star '' ( `` New '' Mix ) Madonna Lucas 7 : 15 show Madonna -- Video compilation No . Title Director Length 1 . `` Burning Up '' Steve Barron 4 : 00 2 . `` Borderline '' Mary Lambert 3 : 55 3 . `` Lucky Star '' Arthur Pierson 5 : 04 4 . `` Like a Virgin '' Lambert 3 : 39 Notes `` Burning Up '' ( Alternate Album Version ) -- 4 : 48 , was used for the vinyl edition of Madonna : The First Album , released in Europe in 1985 . The same version was the b - side for the single `` Angel '' ( 1985 ) in the same countries . `` Everybody '' has a duration of 4 : 57 on the original 1983 album release ; the 2001 remastered album includes a version which is 6 : 02 , which is the original 12 '' version . signifies a remix by John `` Jellybean '' Benitez Formats ( edit ) Vinyl -- includes the 8 - track album and the 4 : 57 version of `` Everybody '' . Cassette -- includes the 8 - track album and the 4 : 57 version of `` Everybody '' . CD -- includes the 8 - track album and the 4 : 57 version of `` Everybody '' . Longbox CD -- includes the 8 - track album and the 4 : 57 version of `` Everybody '' . Vinyl ( 1985 ) -- Re-released in Europe with new artwork and renamed as Madonna : The First Album . This format includes the same tracks as the original but includes `` Burning Up '' ( Alternate Album Version ) -- 4 : 48 . Also released as a limited edition with fold - out poster of the cover minus typography . Vinyl picture disc ( 1985 ) -- Madonna : The First Album includes the same tracks as the original album . Cassette ( 1985 ) -- Madonna : The First Album includes the same tracks as the original album . CD ( 1985 ) -- Madonna : The First Album includes the same tracks as the original album . CD ( 2001 ) -- Remastered 10 - track edition includes all tracks from the original album and two bonus remixes of `` Burning Up '' and `` Lucky Star '' . This version was released by Warner Bros. and also includes a longer version of `` Everybody '' -- 6 : 02 . This version replaced the 1985 international re-release and reverted the album back to its original artwork and title in those territories . Digital download ( 2005 ) -- Same tracks as the 2001 remastered version , except for `` Holiday '' which is a 3 : 51 edited version . Vinyl ( 2012 ) -- 8 - track European reissue of the original album which includes the 4 : 57 version of `` Everybody '' . This version was released by Warner Bros. and Rhino Entertainment . Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from the album 's liner notes . Madonna -- lead vocals , background vocals , cowbell Tina B. -- background vocals Christine Faith -- background vocals Dean Gant -- synthesizer , piano , electric piano Gwen Guthrie -- background vocals Curtis Hudson -- guitar Raymond Hudson -- bass Anthony Jackson -- electric bass Bashiri Johnson -- percussion Reggie Lucas -- guitar Bob Malach -- tenor saxophone Paul Pesco -- guitar Ira Siegel -- guitar Ed Walsh -- synthesizer Brenda White -- background vocals Norma Jean Wright -- background vocals Fred Zarr -- synthesizer , piano , drums , electric piano , Moog synthesizer , Fender Rhodes , Moog bass Production ( edit ) Reggie Lucas -- producer John `` Jellybean '' Benitez -- producer , remixer Mark Kamins -- producer Jim Dougherty -- sound engineer Butch Jones -- sound engineer Bob Blank -- sound engineer Ted Jensen -- audio mastering Design ( edit ) Carin Goldberg -- art direction Gary Heery -- photography George Holy -- photography ( Madonna -- The First Album ) Record company ( edit ) Sire Records -- record label , U.S. copyright owner ( 1983 , 1985 ) Warner Bros. Records -- U.S. marketing and distributor ( all releases ) , record label , copyright owner ( 2001 ) WEA International -- international distributor , international copyright owner ( all releases ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1983 -- 85 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 10 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 15 Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) 16 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 7 French Albums ( SNEP ) 8 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 28 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 20 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 South African Albums ( RiSA ) 65 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 UK Albums ( OCC ) 6 US Billboard 200 8 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 20 Charts ( 2018 ) Peak position Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) 29 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 18 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 50 UK Albums ( OCC ) 91 US Top Dance / Electronic Albums ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1984 ) Position Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) 50 US Billboard 200 17 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 15 Charts ( 1985 ) Position Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 95 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 28 US Billboard 200 25 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 36 Charts ( 1986 ) Position Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 12 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 400,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Hong Kong ( IFPI Hong Kong ) Platinum 20,000 Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 89,710 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 50,000 South Africa ( RiSA ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 5,000,000 Summaries Worldwide N / A 10,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rooksby 2004 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Rooksby 2004 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Cross 2007 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 146 ^ Jump up to : Rooksby 2004 , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Madonna ( Compact disc liner notes ) . 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Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Dean 2003 , p. 523 ^ Jump up to : `` A Vision of Madonna '' . Billboard . New York . 96 ( 50 ) : 76 . December 1 , 1984 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Moira ( March 23 , 1985 ) . `` Chicago Nightclub Launches Music Cross-Promotions '' . Billboard. 97 ( 12 ) : 64 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ McCullaugh , Jim ( November 23 , 1985 ) . `` Video Beat Box '' . Billboard . New York . 97 ( 47 ) : 14 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Music Videocasettes 1985 '' . Billboard. 97 ( 52 ) . December 28 , 1985 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American video certifications -- Madonna ( entertainer ) -- Madonna -- Four Clips '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Video Longform , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 22 , 1986 ) . `` Bruce Tops NARM Best - Seller Awards '' . Billboard . New York . 98 ( 12 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . Madonna at AllMusic . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Power , Tony ( December 2003 ) . `` Madonna : Madonna '' . Blender ( 22 ) . ISSN 1534 - 0554 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1990 ) . `` Madonna : Madonna '' . Christgau 's Record Guide : The ' 80s . Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73015 - X . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Jim ( July 20 , 2001 ) . `` The Girl Material '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jillian ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna : Madonna '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Jonathan ( July 2001 ) . `` Madonna : Madonna '' . Q ( 178 ) : 131 . ISSN 0955 - 4955 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 2004 ) . `` Madonna '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . pp. 508 -- 09 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Weisbard , Eric ; Marks , Craig , eds. ( 1995 ) . Spin Alternative Record Guide . Vintage Books . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75574 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shewey , Don ( September 29 , 1983 ) . `` Madonna - The First Album '' . Rolling Stone ( 405 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : Music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill ( 1983 -- 2008 ) . `` Madonna Discography : Annotated list of Madonna 's albums '' . About.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( December 27 , 1983 ) . `` Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shewey , Don ( September 29 , 1983 ) . `` Madonna : Madonna : Music Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Albums of the 1980s '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matos , Michaelangelo ( December 2005 ) . `` The Definitive Guide to Classic Disco '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC. 21 ( 12 ) : 112 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metz & Benson 1999 , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard 200 Top Albums 1984 '' . Billboard . p . TA - 17 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard 200 Top Albums 1985 '' . Billboard . p . TA - 17 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Week Ending Aug. 8 , 2008 : Taylor Swift Returns '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 6708 '' . RPM . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 6800 '' . RPM . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 9548 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 0503 '' . RPM . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Albums of 1984 '' . RPM . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` British album certifications -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Madonna ( The First Album ) in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` French album certifications -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Select MADONNA and click OK ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPIHK Gold Disc Award − 1989 '' . IFPI Hong Kong . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Madonna ; ' Madonna ( The First Album ) ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Finn , Natalie ( October 10 , 2007 ) . `` Madonna Remaking the Brand '' . E !. Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 99 Greatest Dance Albums of All Time '' . Vice . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Azerrad , Michael ; DeCurtis , Anthony ( November 16 , 1989 ) . `` The 100 Best Albums of the Eighties : Madonna , ' Madonna ' '' . Rolling Stone ( 565 ) . p. 53 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Strong 2002 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` 30 Years Ago , The World Met Madonna '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Batchelor & Stoddart 2007 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Kellner 1995 , p. 269 Jump up ^ Skow , John ( May 27 , 1985 ) . `` Show Business : Madonna Rocks the Land '' . Time . p. 1 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walter , Barry ( April 1998 ) . `` Madonna Just Made Her Most Daring Album in Years ... '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC. 14 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ Voller 1999 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Reporter , Herald Sun ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna shocks with confession at Hall of Fame acceptance speech '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Madonna ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Sire Records , Warner Bros. Records . 1983 . 9 - 23867 . Jump up ^ Angel ( UK 12 - inch Single liner notes ) . Madonna . Sire Records . 1985 . W 8881 T . Jump up ^ Angel ( European 12 - inch Single liner notes ) . Madonna . Sire Records . 1985 . 928 881 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Madonna : The First Album ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Sire Records , Warner Bros. Records . 1985 . 9 - 23867 . Jump up ^ Madonna : The First Album ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Sire Records , Warner Bros. Records . 1985 . WX22 , 9 - 3867 - 1 . Jump up ^ Madonna : The First Album ( Picture Disc ) ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Sire Records , Warner Bros. Records . 1985 . W23867 . Jump up ^ Madonna ( Remastered ) ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 2001 . 9362 - 47903 - 2 . Jump up ^ Madonna ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records . 2005 . 47903 , B001F0S82Q . Jump up ^ Madonna ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Warner Bros. Records , Rhino Entertainment . 2012 . 8122 - 79736 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Okamoto , Satoshi ( 2006 ) . Oricon Album Chart Book : Complete Edition 1970 -- 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . p. 349 . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 077 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mi2N : Music Divas & Rock Bands Top South African Certifications '' . Music Industry News Network . May 2 , 2002 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Εβδομάδα : 18 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 17 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Madonna -- Madonna ( The First Album ) '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Top Dance / Electronic Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten : Alben 1986 '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year charts : albums 1985 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten : Alben 1986 '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oricon Album Chart Book : Complete Edition 1970 -- 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Charts. 2006 . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 077 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Madonna -- The First Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Enter The First Album in the `` Artiest of titel '' box . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Maurienne House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Batchelor , Scott ; Stoddart , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The 1980s : American popular culture through history . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33000 - X . Benstock , Shari ; Ferriss , Suzanne ( 1994 ) . On fashion . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2033 - 9 . Clerk , Carol ( 2002 ) . Madonnastyle . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8874 - 9 . Cross , Mary ( 2007 ) . Madonna : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33811 - 6 . Dean , Maury ( 2003 ) . Rock ' n ' Roll Gold Rush : A Singles Un-Cyclopedia . Algora Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 207 - 1 . Fouz - Hernández , Santiago ; Jarman - Ivens , Freya ( 2004 ) . Madonna 's Drowned Worlds . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3372 - 1 . Kellner , Douglas ( 1995 ) . Media Culture : Cultural Studies , Identity , and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10570 - 6 . Metz , Allen ; Benson , Carol ( 1999 ) . The Madonna Companion : Two Decades of Commentary . Music Sales Group . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7194 - 9 . Morton , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Madonna . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 312 - 98310 - 7 . Rooksby , Rikky ( 2004 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9883 - 3 . Strong , Martin Charles ( 2002 ) . The great rock discography . The National Academies . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 312 - 1 . Taraborrelli , Randy J. ( 2002 ) . Madonna : An Intimate Biography . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2880 - 4 . Voller , Debbi ( 1999 ) . Madonna : The Style Book . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 7511 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Madonna ( entertainer ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Library + Archives : Madonna at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Howie , Sean ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` How Madonna Became Madonna : An Oral History '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Madonna Albums Singles Songs Awards Achievements Live performances Videos Films Books Fashion brands Cultural impact Artists influenced Unreleased songs Covers Tribute albums Works on Madonna Studio albums Madonna Like a Virgin True Blue Like a Prayer Erotica Bedtime Stories Ray of Light Music American Life Confessions on a Dance Floor Hard Candy MDNA Rebel Heart Soundtrack albums Who 's That Girl I 'm Breathless Evita Compilation albums Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits ! You Can Dance The Immaculate Collection Something to Remember GHV2 Remixed & Revisited Celebration Box sets The Complete Studio Albums ( 1983 -- 2008 ) Music video releases Madonna The Immaculate Collection The Video Collection 93 : 99 Celebration : The Video Collection Live releases Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour Ciao Italia : Live from Italy Blond Ambition World Tour Live Truth or Dare ( In Bed with Madonna ) The Girlie Show : Live Down Under Drowned World Tour 2001 I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret The Confessions Tour Sticky & Sweet Tour MDNA World Tour Rebel Heart Tour Concerts and tours The Virgin Tour Who 's That Girl World Tour Blond Ambition World Tour The Girlie Show World Tour Drowned World Tour Re-Invention World Tour Confessions Tour Sticky & Sweet Tour The MDNA Tour Controversy Rebel Heart Tour Madonna : Tears of a Clown Films directed Filth and Wisdom W.E. secretprojectrevolution Documentaries Truth or Dare ( In Bed with Madonna ) I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret I Am Because We Are Television Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman in 1994 Super Bowl XLVI halftime show Books Sex The English Roses Mr. Peabody 's Apples Yakov and the Seven Thieves The Adventures of Abdi Lotsa de Casha Companies and brands Maverick Raising Malawi Hard Candy Fitness Truth or Dare by Madonna Works about Madonna `` Like a Surgeon '' Medusa : Dare to Be Truthful `` If Madonna Calls '' Madonna : An Intimate Biography Madonna `` Do it With Madonna '' `` She 's Madonna '' Madonna : Like an Icon Through the Wilderness Life with My Sister Madonna `` The Power of Madonna '' Soundtrack Strike a Pose Madonnaland Related articles Breakfast Club Pre-Madonna Sean Penn Guy Ritchie Madonna as a gay icon Madonna Studies Madonna wannabe Radio 1 Madonna controversy Book Portal BNF : cb38329076t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madonna_(Madonna_album)&oldid=852757194 '' Categories : 1983 debut albums Madonna ( entertainer ) albums Sire Records albums Warner Bros. Records albums Albums recorded at Sigma Sound Studios Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Good articles Use mdy dates from September 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Hong Kong Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 04 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the name of madonna's first album
[ "Madonna\nStudio album by MadonnaReleased\nJuly 27, 1983 (1983-07-27)Recorded\nMay 1982 – April 1983Studio\nSigma Sound Studios(New York City)Genre\n\nDance-pop\npost-disco\nLength\n40:47Label\n\nSire\nWarner Bros.\nProducer\n\nJohn \"Jellybean\" Benitez\nMark Kamins\nReggie Lucas\nMadonna chronology\n\n\n\n\n\nMadonna(1983)\n\nLike a Virgin & Other Big Hits!(1984)Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits!1984\n\nMadonna video chronology\n\n\n\n\n\nMadonna(1984) Madonna1984\n\nMadonna Live: The Virgin Tour(1985) Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour1985\n\nSingles from Madonna\n\n\"Everybody\"Released: October 6, 1982\n\"Burning Up\"Released: March 9, 1983\n\"Holiday\"Released: September 7, 1983\n\"Lucky Star\"Released: September 8, 1983\n\"Borderline\"Released: February 15, 1984\n\n" ]
[ "Madonna" ]
2013190705629628263
Big Brother Africa
Big Brother Africa - Wikipedia Big Brother Africa Jump to : navigation , search Big Brother Africa Created by Endemol Starring Gaetano Kagwa Stefan Ludik Munya Chidzonga Lady May ( singer ) Roki Country of origin South Africa No. of series 9 Production Location ( s ) Johannesburg , South Africa Release Original network Various , mainly M - Net , AfricaMagic Entertainment Original release 2003 , 2007 -- present External links Website www.bigbrotherafrica.com Big Brother Africa is the African version of the Big Brother reality game show . The show initially involved 12 countries within Africa ( Angola , Botswana , Ghana , Kenya , Malawi , Namibia , Nigeria , South Africa , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia & Zimbabwe ) with two countries ( Ethiopia and Mozambique ) being added in season 4 and two other countries ( Liberia and Sierra Leone ) being added in season 7 while Rwanda was added in season 9 . Each country provides at least one contestant living in an isolated house while trying to avoid being evicted by viewers and ultimately winning a large cash prize at the end of the show . The show is co-produced by Endemol South Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Big Brother Africa 1 2 Big Brother Africa 2 3 Big Brother Africa 3 4 Big Brother Africa 4 : The Revolution 5 Big Brother Africa 5 : All - Stars 6 Big Brother Africa 6 : Amplified 7 Big Brother Africa 7 : StarGame ! 8 Big Brother Africa 8 : The Chase 9 Big Brother Africa 9 : Hot - Shots 10 Big Brother Africa 10 11 Seasons and winners 12 References 13 External links Big Brother Africa 1 ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 1 The first season of Big Brother Africa , featuring 12 housemates from 12 different African countries , premiered to audiences in 42 African countries on Sunday 25 May 2003 , and ended on 7 September of the same year , lasting 106 days . It was the first time in the world that the internationally famous program will be created using participants of different nationalities from one continent . Mark Pilgrim was the host . Big Brother Africa 2 ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 2 The second season of Big Brother Africa , featuring 12 housemates from 12 different African countries , premiered 5 August 2007 , and ended on 11 November of the same year , lasting 98 days . The show returned from its four - year hiatus , with a brand new host , KB Ngakane . Big Brother Africa 3 ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 3 The third season of Big Brother Africa , featured 12 housemates from 12 different African countries , premiered 24 August 2008 , and ended on 23 November of the same year , lasting 91 days . KB returned as host . Big Brother Africa 4 : the revolution ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 4 The fourth season of Big Brother Africa , featured 25 housemates from 14 different African countries . The season premiered 6 September 2009 , and ended on 6 December of the same year , lasting 91 days . This year , Ikponmwosa `` IK '' Osakioduwa took over as the new host.It was the first season featuring more than 12 contestants . It was also the first time 14 countries participated . Big Brother Africa 5 : All - Stars ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 5 Big Brother Africa 5 started on 18 July 2010 , and ran for 91 days until 17 October 2010 . This was an all - star series which featured 14 former Big Brother Africa contestants . For the second time , IK was the host . The winner was Uti Nwachukwu Big Brother Africa 6 : Amplified ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 6 The sixth season of Big Brother Africa , tagged `` Amplified '' ran for 91 days from 1 May 2011 to 31 July the same year . Bringing together 26 housemates from 14 different African countries , M - Net co-partnered with Coca - Cola for the series . IK returned as host . This season is the first ever series of Big Brother in the world to have 2 winners ; Karen Igho from Nigeria and Wendall Robert Parson from Zimbabwe . One of the notable housemates in this season was Zimbabwean actress , model and TV personality , Vimbai Mutinhiri . Big Brother Africa 7 : Stargame ! ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 7 The seventh season of Big Brother Africa premiered to viewers in 47 African countries on Sunday 6 May 2012 and ran for 91 days until 5 August 2012 . Live performances were made by American rapper J. Cole during the opening ceremony . The show was once again headline sponsored by Coca - Cola and hosted by IK . This season , the cash prize was raised to US $ 300,000 . A new rule called Double - Up was introduced to the show . This means that entrants partnered with other people to enter as a pair . Liberia and Sierra Leone were represented in the house for the first time ever , while Ethiopia was not represented in this season , and contestants from Mozambique were expected to take on a new role that was not announced , the idea was dropped and replaced with seven celebrity housemates making it a Stargame themed series . This season featured a record breaker , for the first time ever in the worldwide history of big brother , 35 housemates went into the big brother house on launch night . From 14 African countries the 35 contestants constituted 14 pairs called BBFs ( Big Brother Friends ) and seven VIP celebrity housemates . Keagan Pietersen from South Africa was crowned the winner of the $300 000 cash prize on 5 August 2012 during the 2 hours 20 minutes finale . Big Brother Africa 8 : the Chase ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 8 The eighth season of Big Brother Africa aired in 2013 titled The Chase . M - net 's Africa Magic confirmed the return of the series on 18 December 2012 . The season premiered Sunday 26 May 2013 with 28 housemates from 14 African countries and lasted for 91 days ending on Sunday 25 August 2013 . Ethiopia returned as the fourteenth participating country in the show , replacing Liberia . IK returned as host of the series . Airtel took over the role of headline sponsor becoming the official sponsor of Big Brother The Chase . Once again 2 houses are featured on BBA The Chase , `` Diamond '' and `` Ruby '' . Dillish Mathews from Namibia was the winner of the $300 000 cash prize . Big Brother Africa 9 : hot - shots ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 9 M - net 's Africa Magic announced the ninth season of Africa 's top reality TV series on 26 May 2014 . The show will begin with more swag introducing the most dynamic and talented housemates the show has ever seen on Sunday 7 September 2014 and will run live for 91 days , 24 / 7 on Dstv channels 197 and 198 , ending with the series finale on 7 December 2014 . Once again this season the grand price is 300 000 United States Dollars . This year open auditions were held in the same 14 countries as the previous season ( The Chase ) with the only exception being Angola which was replaced by new - comers Rwanda . Although Angola is the only country left out from the original 12 participating countries , this year Dstv premiered a local Angolan Portuguese version , Big Brother Angola . Additional auditions were held in Mozambique so viewers can expect a little extra surprises this season . Production of Season 9 had to be put on hold as the Big Brother house in Highlands North , Johannesburg burnt down . Fortunately no one was injured in the blaze , which currently has an unknown cause . Season 9 premiered on 5 October 2014 , nearby the old studio in `` 7th Street '' , where the 26 contestants entered the new house for 63 days . Tanzania 's Idris Sultan emerged as the Ultimate Hotshot and the winner of the US $300,000 . Big Brother Africa 10 ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Africa 10 Seasons and winners ( edit ) Season Year Winner Country debutants Big Brother Africa 1 2003 Cherise Makubale Angola , Botswana , Ghana , Kenya , Malawi , Namibia , Nigeria , South Africa , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia , Zimbabwe Big Brother Africa 2 2007 Richard Dyle Bezuidenhout Big Brother Africa 3 2008 Ricardo Venancio Big Brother Africa 4 2009 Kevin Chuwang Ethiopia , Mozambique Big Brother Africa 5 Uti Nwachukwu Big Brother Africa 6 2011 Karen Igho Wendall Parsons Big Brother Africa 7 2012 Keagan Petersen Liberia , Sierra Leone Big Brother Africa 8 2013 Dillish Matheus Big Brother Africa 9 2014 Idris Sultan Rwanda Big Brother Africa 10 2017 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` J Cole To Perform At Big Brother Africa Launch '' . momix.co.za. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Namibia : J Cole to Perform at Big Brother Africa '' . allAfrica.com. 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Mulla To Premiere The Big Brother Show '' . CelebRegion.com. 11 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Davido , Camp mulla , Aemo E'Face To Open 2012 BigBrother Africa '' . CelebRegion.com. 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://bigbrotherafrica.com/big-brother-seeks-housemates-show-begins-sunday-may-26/ Jump up ^ http://bigbrotherafrica.com/big-brother-seeks-housemates-show-begins-sunday-may-26-2/ Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Africa burns , start of new season on DStv cancelled '' . Channel . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Contestants , viewers on cloud 9 after launch of 9th season of Big Brother Africa '' . Channel . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . External links ( edit ) http://www.bigbrotherafrica.com Big Brother in Africa Big Brother Africa 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Regional South Africa Angola Nigeria Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_Africa&oldid=793147079 '' Categories : Big Brother ( Africa ) seasons South African reality television series M - Net programmes 2003 South African television series debuts 2003 South African television series endings 2007 South African television series debuts 2000s South African television series 2010s South African television series Hidden categories : Use South African English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the big brother house located in south africa
[ "Production of Season 9 had to be put on hold as the Big Brother house in Highlands North, Johannesburg burnt down.[7] Fortunately no one was injured in the blaze, which currently has an unknown cause." ]
[ "Highlands North, Johannesburg" ]
-9082568341449985743
Margot Kidder
Margot Kidder - wikipedia Margot Kidder Jump to : navigation , search Margot Kidder Kidder in a publicity photo for Gaily , Gaily ( 1969 ) Margaret Ruth Kidder ( 1948 - 10 - 17 ) October 17 , 1948 ( age 68 ) Yellowknife , Northwest Territories , Canada Residence Livingston , Montana , U.S. Nationality Canadian , American Education Havergal College Occupation Actress , activist Years active 1965 -- present Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Thomas McGuane ( m . 1975 ; div. 1977 ) John Heard ( m . 1979 ; div. 1980 ) Philippe de Broca ( m . 1983 ; div. 1984 ) Children Margaret Ruth `` Margot '' Kidder ( born October 17 , 1948 ) is a Canadian American actress and activist . She rose to fame in 1978 for her role as Lois Lane in the Superman film series , opposite Christopher Reeve . Kidder began her career in the 1960s appearing in low - budget Canadian films and television series , before landing a lead role in Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx ( 1970 ) . She then appeared playing Siamese twins in Brian De Palma 's cult thriller Sisters ( 1973 ) ; in the slasher film Black Christmas ( 1974 ) ; and the drama The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) , opposite Robert Redford . Her performance as Kathy Lutz in the blockbuster horror film The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) gained her further mainstream exposure . After a highly publicized manic episode and nervous breakdown in 1996 , Kidder 's career began to slow . By the 2000s , however , she had maintained steady work in independent films as well as television , with guest - starring roles on Smallville , Brothers & Sisters , and The L Word . In 2015 , she won an Emmy Award for her performance on the children 's television series R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour . She has also acted in theatrical productions , most notably appearing on Broadway in a 2002 production of The Vagina Monologues . In 2005 , Kidder became a naturalized U.S. citizen . She is an outspoken political , environmental , and anti-war activist . She has also advocated the use of orthomolecular medicine , which she credits as having helped treat her bipolar disorder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1968 -- 1974 : Early work 2.2 1975 -- 1979 : Superman , mainstream recognition 2.3 1980 -- 1999 : Later roles ; decline 2.4 2000 -- present : Independent films , television 3 Personal life 3.1 Health issues 3.2 Political activism 3.3 Citizenship 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Kidder , one of five children , was born in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories , the daughter of Jocelyn Mary `` Jill '' ( née Wilson ) , a history teacher , and Kendall Kidder , an explosives expert and engineer . Kidder also spent time growing up in Labrador City , Newfoundland and Labrador . Her mother was from British Columbia , Canada , and her father was from New Mexico , United States . She is of Welsh and English descent . Kidder was born in Yellowknife because of her father 's job , which required the family to live in remote locations . Her father was manager of the Yellowknife Telephone Company from 1948 to 1951 . Kidder recalled her childhood in northern Canada , saying , `` We did n't have movies in this little mining town . When I was 12 my mom took me to New York and I saw Bye Bye Birdie , with people singing and dancing , and that was it . I knew I had to go far away . I was clueless , but I ( have done ) okay . '' Kidder attended multiple schools in her youth , and graduated from Havergal College , a boarding school in Toronto , in 1966 . She has a sister , Annie , and three brothers , John , Michael and Peter . Kidder 's niece , Janet Kidder , is also an actress . Career ( edit ) 1968 -- 1974 : early work ( edit ) Kidder with Gene Wilder in Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx ( 1970 ) Kidder made her film debut in a 49 - minute film titled The Best Damn Fiddler from Calabogie to Kaladar ( 1968 ) , a drama set in a Canadian logging community , which was produced by the Challenge for Change . Her first major feature was the 1969 American film Gaily , Gaily , a comedy starring Beau Bridges . She appeared in a number of TV drama series for the CBC , including guest appearances on Wojeck , Adventures in Rainbow Country , and a semi-regular role as a young reporter on McQueen , and as a panelist on Mantrap which featured discussions centered on a feminist perspective . During the 1971 -- 72 season , she co-starred as barmaid Ruth in Nichols , a James Garner western , which aired 22 episodes on NBC . In the late 1960s , Kidder was based in Toronto , and in 1970 , relocated to Vancouver . During an August 3 , 1970 interview on The Dick Cavett Show , Kidder stated that she was ambivalent toward having a film career , and was considering working as a film editor in the future . She appeared in `` Such Dust As Dreams Are Made On '' , the first pilot for Harry O which aired in March 1973 . She was a guest star in a 1972 episode of the George Peppard detective series Banacek . After moving to Los Angeles , Kidder was cast opposite Gene Wilder in Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx ( 1970 ) as an exchange student in Ireland who becomes the love interest of a poor horse manure collector in Dublin whom she almost runs over with her car . After filming in Ireland , Kidder relocated to New York City to further study acting . A year later , she returned to California , and was cast in the Brian De Palma cult classic Sisters ( 1973 ) , which gained notoriety for both director and Kidder , who as leading lady , portrayed conjoined twins . Kidder had been in a relationship with De Palma at the time , and had been roommates with co-star Jennifer Salt in Los Angeles . She then starred in the slasher film Black Christmas in 1974 , for which she won a Canadian Film Award for Best Actress ; followed by a role as a prostitute in the Terrence Malick - scripted The Gravy Train ( 1974 ) . She received another Canadian Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in the war drama A Quiet Day in Belfast ( 1974 ) . 1975 -- 1979 : Superman , mainstream recognition ( edit ) In 1975 , Kidder was cast in a lead role in The Great Waldo Pepper opposite Robert Redford , she also appeared in The Reincarnation of Peter Proud and 92 in the Shade ( 1975 ) with Peter Fonda , all of which established her as a commercially viable leading lady . Kidder famously married the director of 92 in the Shade , Thomas McGuane . She appeared on the March 9 , 1975 edition of The American Sportsman , learning how to hang glide with her providing the narration and a remote microphone recording her reactions in flight ; the segment concluded with Kidder doing solos soaring amid the Wyoming Rockies . After taking a break from acting after the birth of her daughter in 1976 , Kidder sought to return to making films in the late 1970s . After doing a reading of Lois Lane for the 1978 superhero film Superman : The Movie , Kidder was flown to England by Richard Donner for screen - tests . Donner ultimately cast Kidder in the role , which would become her most iconic . Filming took over a year , and the film was released during Christmas 1978 , to major commercial success . Kidder won a Saturn Award for best actress for her performance in the film . Kidder publicly disagreed with the decision of producers Alexander Salkind and Ilya Salkind to replace Richard Donner as director for Superman II ( 1980 ) . It was reported that as a result , Kidder 's role in Superman III ( 1983 ) consisted of less than five minutes of footage , though the producers have denied this in DVD commentaries . Her role in Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) was more substantial . Kidder 's performance as Kathy Lutz in the 1979 summer release of The Amityville Horror further cemented her status as one of Hollywood 's leading ladies . Though it received mixed reviews from critics , The Amityville Horror was a major commercial success , grossing over $86 million in the United States . Janet Maslin of The New York Times , though giving the film a mixed review , said Kidder `` stubbornly remains the bright - eyed life of the party ( in the film ) . '' In retrospect , Kidder called the film `` a piece of shit . '' The same year , Kidder hosted an episode of the American sketch comedy TV show Saturday Night Live . 1980 -- 1999 : later Roles ; decline ( edit ) Kidder continued to work in film throughout the 1980s , appearing in Paul Mazursky 's Willie & Phil and Some Kind of Hero . Her performance in 1981 's Heartaches generated critical acclaim and Oscar buzz . As court stenographer - cum - private eye Mickey Raymond , the PG rating that 1983 's Trenchcoat received led Disney to launch Touchstone Pictures . She appeared opposite James Garner in the controversial Hollywood crime drama The Glitter Dome ( 1984 ) . In 1985 , she toplined Little Treasure for Columbia Tri-Star with co-stars Ted Danson and Burt Lancaster , where she played a distraught stripper looking for her bank robber - father 's buried fortune . In 1986 she was selected as the English narrator for the Japanese animated series The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . A 1982 stage performance of Bus Stop starring Kidder as Cherie and Tim Matheson as Bo , was broadcast on HBO . In 1983 , she produced and starred as Eliza Doolittle in a version of Pygmalion with Peter O'Toole for Showtime . She produced and starred in the French - Canadian period television film Louisiana ( 1984 ) as a plantation owner in the American South who returns from Paris to find her estate and holdings have been lost . Body of Evidence ( 1988 ) , a CBS Movie of the Week , cast Kidder as nurse who is suspicious that her medical pathologist second husband is a serial killer . In 1994 , Kidder played the bartender at the Broken Skull Tavern in Under a Killing Moon , an IBM PC adventure game . In 1994 she took time to appear in the Disney Channel movie WindRunner , with Russell Means and Jason Wiles . She made uncredited cameo appearances in Maverick ( 1994 ) and Delirious ( 1991 ) . By the mid-1990s , Kidder 's career began to decline , which was attributed to her widely publicized nervous breakdown in 1996 . 2000 -- present : independent films , television ( edit ) Kidder at the Canadian National Exhibition , 2005 In 2000 , Kidder played Eileen Canboro in Apocalypse III : Tribulation , a Christian film dealing with Christian eschatology and the Rapture . Kidder stated afterwards that she did not realize until she was on the set that the movie was serious . In 2001 , she played the abusive mother of a serial killer in `` Pique '' , an episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . In 2002 , she appeared alongside Crispin Glover and Vanessa Redgrave in the film adaptation of Crime and Punishment . Kidder appeared on Broadway in The Vagina Monologues in December 2002 , and toured with the show for two years . After this , she appeared on Robson Arms , a Canadian sitcom set in an apartment block in Vancouver 's west end . She played a quirky neighbor of the main cast members . She also had a cameo in Rich Hall 's Election Special on BBC Four . In 2006 , Kidder played Jenny Schecter 's mother Sandy Ziskin on The L Word , a repressed Jewish woman coming to terms with her daughter 's sexuality . In 2007 , Kidder began appearing on the television series Brothers and Sisters , playing Emily Craft . In 2004 , Kidder briefly returned to the Superman franchise in two episodes of the television series Smallville , as Dr. Bridgette Crosby , an emissary of Dr. Swann ( played by her Superman co-star , Christopher Reeve ) . She portrayed an embattled guidance counselor in the 2008 gay - themed mystery film On the Other Hand , Death , as well as a supporting role as Laurie Strode 's therapist , in Rob Zombie 's Halloween II ( 2009 ) . In an interview with the LGBT publication The Advocate , Kidder discussed her later career choices , saying : `` I 'm not choosy at all ! I 'll do practically anything . I 'm the biggest whore on the block . I live in a little town in Montana , and you have to drag me out of here to get to L.A. , so I 'm not readily available . But unless it 's something sexist or cruel , I just love to work . I 've done all sorts of things , but you just have n't seen them because they 're often very bad and shown at 4 in the morning . '' In 2015 Kidder won an Emmy award for Outstanding Performer in Children 's Programming for her performance in R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour . Personal life ( edit ) Kidder dated former Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau , director Brian De Palma , and actor / comedian Richard Pryor . She has been married and divorced three times . Kidder 's first husband was American novelist Thomas McGuane , with whom she had her only child , daughter Maggie McGuane , born in 1976 . She was married to actor John Heard in 1979 for only six days , and was married to French film director Philippe de Broca from 1983 to 1984 . Since her divorce from De Broca , she has said that she prefers the companionship of her dogs . Kidder has two grandchildren from her daughter Maggie 's marriage to novelist Walter Kirn . She maintained a close friendship with her Superman co-star Christopher Reeve , which lasted from 1978 until his death in 2004 . `` When you 're strapped to someone hanging from the ceiling for months and months , you get pretty darned close , '' Kidder told CBS . `` He was such a huge part of my life ... He was complicated , very smart , really smart , and he knew he 'd done something meaningful . He was very aware of that and very happy with that role . '' Kidder was in a car crash in December 1990 , after which she was unable to work for two years , causing her financial problems . Kidder stated in an interview with TV Guide that she is an atheist . Health issues ( edit ) Kidder has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder , which was the cause of a widely publicized manic episode that she experienced in April 1996 . At the time , Kidder had been working on an autobiography , when her laptop computer was infected with a virus , which caused it to crash and her to lose three years ' worth of drafts . Kidder flew to Los Angeles to have the computer examined by a data retrieval company , who ultimately were unable to retrieve the files . Kidder then entered a manic state and disappeared for four days . She was found in a backyard by a homeowner and was taken by the Los Angeles Police Department to Olive View Medical Center in a distressed state , the caps on her teeth having been knocked out during a purported rape attempt . She was later placed in psychiatric care . In 2007 , Kidder said that she had not had a manic episode in 11 years , and has credited her well - being to orthomolecular medicine . Political activism ( edit ) Kidder has been a longtime supporter of Democratic and liberal causes throughout her career . She has credited her interest in politics to conversations her parents would have over the dinner table during her childhood ; her mother was Canadian with socialist leanings , while her father was originally from the United States , and was a conservative Republican . She actively supported Jesse Jackson 's bid for the Democratic nomination in the 1984 U.S. presidential election . In the early 1990s , during the first Gulf War , Kidder was branded a `` Baghdad Betty '' and subjected to abuse for her remarks questioning the war . In a piece called `` Confessions of ' Baghdad Betty ' '' , styled as a letter to her mother and printed in The Nation , Kidder responded by explaining and defending her statements . As of November 2009 , Kidder was the Montana State Coordinator for Progressive Democrats of America . The organization 's website carried her article `` Ax Max '' , in which she criticized Max Baucus , Montana 's Democratic senator . On August 23 , 2011 , Kidder , Tantoo Cardinal , and dozens of others were arrested while protesting in Washington D.C. against the proposed extension of the Keystone Pipeline . In 2012 , she appeared in a video for Stop the Frack Attack , an environmental organization working toward regulating fracking practices . When discussing sustainable energy , Kidder said : `` The first thing people have to start facing , contrary to the advertising fed to us by oil and gas companies , is that environmentalism and economic stability go hand - in - hand on any long term basis . '' On August 22 , 2015 , Kidder was named the host of a dinner event by the Yellowstone County Democrats in Billings , Montana called `` Billings for Bernie '' in support of Bernie Sanders ' presidential primary bid . She has contributed articles to CounterPunch , a left - wing magazine , beginning in 2009 . In an article expressing her reaction to the 2016 Democratic National Convention , she wrote , `` I am not an American tonight ... I reject the words I voiced at my citizenship ceremony . '' In addition to her campaigning in the United States , Kidder has expressed support for liberal causes in Canada . In 2011 , she supported her brother , John Kidder , in Vancouver , who was running to be a member of Canada 's Parliament . : I 'm here not only because John is a dream candidate but because I 'm living in the end game in the United States and it 's not funny . Canada is starting the same sort of right - wing , corporate ownership of government , corporate tradeoffs with government , smear campaigns , ` let 's lower the corporate tax rate without mentioning it 's going to up the private tax rates ' It 's happening in Canada . God forbid if anyone should bring up privatizing health care . Citizenship ( edit ) Kidder became a United States citizen on August 17 , 2005 , in Butte , Montana ; she lives in Livingston , Montana . She said that she decided to become an American citizen to participate in the voting process , to continue her protests against U.S. intervention in Iraq , and to be free of worries about being deported . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1968 The Best Damn Fiddler from Calabogie to Kaladar Rosie Prometer 1969 Gaily , Gaily Adeline 1970 Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx Zazel 1971 Suddenly Single Jackie Television film 1972 The Bounty Man Mae Television film 1973 Sisters Danielle Breton / Dominique Blanchion The Suicide Club Television film Honky Tonk Lucy Cotton Television film A Quiet Day in Belfast Brigit Slattery / Thelma Slattery Canadian Film Award Winners for Best Actress The Gravy Train Margue Black Christmas Barbara ' Barb ' Coard Canadian Film Award Winners for Best Actress The Great Waldo Pepper Maude The Reincarnation of Peter Proud Marcia Curtis 92 in the Shade Miranda 1978 Shoot the Sun Down The Woman from England 1978 Superman Lois Lane Saturn Award for Best Actress 1979 The Amityville Horror Kathy Lutz Nominated - Saturn Award for Best Actress 1980 Willie & Phil Jeannette Sutherland 1980 Superman II Lois Lane Nominated - Saturn Award for Best Actress 1981 Heartaches Rita Harris Genie Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1982 Miss Right Juliette 1982 Some Kind of Hero Toni Donovan 1982 Bus Stop Cherie Television film Pygmalion Eliza Doolittle Television film Trenchcoat Mickey Raymond Superman III Lois Lane 1984 Louisiana Virginia Tregan Television film 1985 Little Treasure Margo 1985 Picking Up the Pieces Lynette Harding Television film 1986 GoBots : Battle of the Rock Lords Solitaire ( voice ) 1986 Vanishing Act Chris Kenyon Television film 1986 Keeping Track Mickey Tremaine Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Lois Lane Body of Evidence Carol Dwyer Television film Mob Story Dolores White Room Madelaine X 1991 Delirious Woman in Washroom Uncredited 1992 Aaron Sent Me Kaitlynn Prescott 1992 To Catch a Killer Rachel Grayson Television film 1993 La Florida Vivy Lamori 1994 One Woman 's Courage Stella Jenson 1994 The Pornographer Irene 1994 Maverick Margret Mary Uncredited 1994 Beanstalk Doctor Kate ' Doc ' Winston 1994 WindRunner Sally ' Mom ' Cima 1995 Bloodknot Evelyn Television film 1995 Never Met Picasso Genna Magnus 1997 Shadow Zone : My Teacher Ate My Homework Sol 1997 Silent Cradle Cindy Wilson 1997 Henry & Verlin Mabel 1997 The Planet of Junior Brown Miss Peebs 1997 The Teddy Bears ' Scare Mrs. Jones ( voice ) Television film 1999 The Hi - Line Laura Johnson 1999 Nightmare Man Lillian Hannibal 1999 The Clown at Midnight Ellen Gibby 1999 The Annihilation of Fish Mrs. Muldroone 2000 Apocalypse III : Tribulation Eileen Canboro 2000 Someone Is Watching Sally Beckert Television film 2002 Angel Blade Frida 2002 Crime and Punishment Katerina Marmelodov Chicks with Sticks Edith Taymore Death 4 Told Madam Badeau Scream Awards for Best Actress 2006 Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut Lois Lane 2008 Universal Signs Rose Callahan 2008 Love at First Kill Beth 2008 On the Other Hand , Death Dorothy 2008 A Single Woman Storyteller 2009 Something Evil Comes Claudia Brecher 2009 Halloween II Barbara Collier 2011 Redemption : For Robbing the Dead Marlys Baptiste 2011 Three of a Kind Claire 2012 HENRi Dr. Calvin Short film 2013 Matt 's Chance Mother Mable 2013 Real Gangsters Stella Kelly 2014 The Dependables Jean Dempsey 2014 The Big Fat Stone Madge 2015 No Deposit Margie Ryan 2016 The Red Maple Leaf Amanda Walker 2017 The Neighborhood Maggie Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1969 Wojeck 1 episode 1969 Adventures in Rainbow Country Dr. Janet Rhodes / Sportscar Driver 2 episodes 1969 McQueen Jenny 1969 Corwin Denny 1970 The Mod Squad Claire Allen 1 episode 1971 - 1972 Nichols Ruth 5 episodes 1972 Banacek Linda Carsini 1 episode 1972 Harry O Helen 1 episode 1973 Barnaby Jones Lori Wright 1 episode Baretta Terry Lake 1 episode Wide World Mystery Gerry 1 episode 1976 Switch Andrea Morris 1 episode 1979 Saturday Night Live Herself ( guest host ) 1 episode : `` Margot Kidder / The Chieftains '' 1985 The Hitchhiker Jane Reynolds 1 episode 1986 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Narrator ( one year series ) Shell Game Dinah / Jennie Jerome 5 episodes Tales from the Crypt Cynthia 1 episode 1992 -- 1993 Street Legal Charlotte Percy 2 episodes 1993 Murder , She Wrote Dr. Ellen Holden 1 episode 1993 -- 1995 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Gaia ( voice ) 5 episodes 1995 Burke 's Law Joy Adams 1 episode 1996 -- 1997 Boston Common Cookie de Varen 5 episodes Phantom 2040 Rebecca Madison 1 episode 1997 The Hunger Mrs. Sloan 1997 Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters Mistress Helga ( voice ) 2 episodes 1998 Touched by an Angel Rita 1 episode 1999 La Femme Nikita Roberta Wirth 1 episode ; Nominated -- OFTA Television Award for Best Guest Actress in a Cable Series 2001 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Grace Mayberry 1 episode 2001 Mentors Queen Elizabeth I 1 episode 2001 Earth : Final Conflict Dr. Josephine Mataros 1 episode Smallville Bridgette Crosby 2 episodes 2005 The Last Sign Endora 2 episodes 2006 The L Word Sandy Ziskin 1 episode 2007 Brothers & Sisters Emily Craft 2 episodes 2014 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Mrs. Worthington 1 episode ; Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children 's Programming References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Margot Kidder arrested at White House oil protest '' . CBC News . August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Purse , Marcia ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Margot Kidder , actress : From paranoid delusions to orthomolecular medicine '' . About.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Distinctly Montana ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Livingston Feature Interview with Margot Kidder '' . Lane and Kent News . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Stories Margot Kidder '' . CBC. 1919 - 01 - 07 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Published in the Vancouver Sun and / or The Province , 7 June 2008 Jump up ^ Rothman , Clifford ( November 19 , 1997 ) . `` Back From The Brink '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Margot Kidder Biography ( 1948 - ) '' . Film Reference . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Superman actress Margot Kidder finds family ties to Powys '' . BBC . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hobson , John Allan ; Leonard , Jonathan A. ( 2001 ) . Out of Its Mind : Psychiatry in Crisis . Basic Books . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0251 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Chris ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` No kidding '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Old Girl Margot Kidder 1966 Returns to Havergal '' . Havergal College . 2010 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Damn Fiddler from Calabogie to Kaladar '' . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Ralph ( 2016 ) . The Complete Films of Broderick Crawford . Lulu Press . ^ Jump up to : Cavett , Dick ( August 3 , 1970 ) . `` Interview with Janis Joplin , Gloria Swanson , and Margot Kidder '' . The Dick Cavett Show ( Interview ) . Interview with Margot Kidder . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Knowles , Jason ; Hunter , Dan . `` Scream Queens : Margot Kidder '' . The Terror Trap . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rabin , Nathan ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Random Roles : Margot Kidder '' . AV Club . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wise , Wyndham ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Margot Kidder '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The American Sportsman Goes Hunting and Gliding '' . The Dispatch. 7 March 1975 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Corey ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lois Lane flying to Perth '' . WA Today . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` What Happened to the Original Lois Lane Margot Kidder ? '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film : Devil 's Legacy In ' Amityville Horror ' : A Family in Peril '' . The New York Times . July 27 , 1979 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harmer , Ian ( July 14 , 1983 ) . `` Margot Kidder Leaves Superman for Shaw '' . Mount Airy News . Jump up ^ Pelley , Virginia . `` Overview for Margot Kidder '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WindRunner '' cast ^ Jump up to : Reed , J.D. ( September 23 , 1996 ) . `` Starting Over '' . People . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Scott ( September 10 , 2001 ) . `` Lights ! Camera ! Rapture ! '' . The New Yorker . p. 108 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ehren , Christine ( December 3 , 2002 ) . `` Goodman , Kidder Join Mazzie in NYC 's Vagina Monologues Dec. 3 - 22 '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Voss , Brandon ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Montana Margot '' . The Advocate . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Roy , Jessica ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` The Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award Winners : A Roundup '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Random Roles : Margot Kidder ( interview ) '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Dakss , Brian ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Reeve Tributes Keep Pouring In '' . CBS . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , Oliver ( December 9 , 2002 ) . `` Curse ? It 's the luck of Superman '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.nndb.com/people/921/000024849/ Jump up ^ `` Margot Kidder attends Democratic Fundraising Party for Mark Green on August 12 , 1980 at the Empire State Building in New York City '' . Getty Images . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Margot Kidder '' . George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight ( Interview ) . Interview with Kidder , Margot . December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( March 4 , 1991 ) . `` National Mood ; War Heals Wounds at Home , but Not All '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kidder , Margot ( March 4 , 1991 ) . `` Confessions of ' Baghdad Betty ' '' ( PDF ) . The Nation . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kidder , Margot ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Ax Max '' . Progressive Democrats of America . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Margot Kidder arrested at White House oil protest '' . CBC News . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Swilson ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Margot Kidder invites you to Stop the Frack Attack '' . Stop the Frack Attack . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billings for Bernie - Dinner with Margot Kidder - Yellowstone Co . Democrats '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dinner with Margot Kidder '' . Bernie Sanders for President . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Margot Kidder '' . counterpunch.org . CounterPunch . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kidder , Margot ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` My Fellow Americans : We Are Fools '' . CounterPunch . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press Staff ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Lois Lane is a Liberal '' . Vancouver Observer . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Todd . `` To Find Russell Chatham , Look Homeward '' . Wildlife Art Journal . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelling , Thad ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Superman actress among 19 who gain U.S. citizenship in Butte '' . The Montana Standard . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual TV Awards ( 1998 - 99 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Creative Arts Awards '' ( PDF ) . Emmy Online . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margot Kidder . Official website Margot Kidder on IMDb Margot Kidder at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Article : From paranoid delusions to orthomolecular medicine Canadian Film Encyclopedia The Best Damn Fiddler from Calabogie to Kaladar Awards for Margot Kidder Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television award winners for Best Actress Canadian Film Award 1968 -- 1978 Geneviève Bujold ( 1968 ) Jackie Burroughs ( 1969 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1970 ) Ann Knox ( 1971 ) Micheline Lanctôt ( 1972 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1973 ) no award ( 1974 ) Margot Kidder ( 1975 ) Marilyn Lightstone ( 1976 ) Monique Mercure ( 1977 ) Helen Shaver ( 1978 ) Genie Award 1980 -- 2011 Kate Lynch ( 1980 ) Marie Tifo ( 1981 ) Margot Kidder ( 1982 ) Rae Dawn Chong ( 1983 ) Martha Henry ( 1984 ) Louise Marleau ( 1985 ) Margaret Langrick ( 1986 ) Martha Henry ( 1987 ) Sheila McCarthy ( 1988 ) Jackie Burroughs ( 1989 ) Rebecca Jenkins ( 1990 ) Pascale Montpetit ( 1991 ) Janet Wright ( 1992 ) Sheila McCarthy ( 1993 ) Sandra Oh ( 1994 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1995 ) Martha Henry ( 1996 ) Molly Parker ( 1997 ) Sandra Oh ( 1998 ) Sylvie Moreau ( 1999 ) Marie - Josée Croze ( 2000 ) Élise Guilbault ( 2001 ) Arsinée Khanjian ( 2002 ) Sarah Polley ( 2003 ) Pascale Bussières ( 2004 ) Seema Biswas ( 2005 ) Julie Le Breton ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2008 ) Karine Vanasse ( 2009 ) Lubna Azabal ( 2010 ) Vanessa Paradis ( 2011 ) Canadian Screen Award 2012 -- present Rachel Mwanza ( 2012 ) Gabrielle Marion - Rivard ( 2013 ) Anne Dorval ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Tatiana Maslany ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Actress Katharine Ross ( 1974 / 75 ) Blythe Danner ( 1976 ) Jodie Foster ( 1977 ) Margot Kidder ( 1978 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1979 ) Angie Dickinson ( 1980 ) Karen Allen ( 1981 ) Sandahl Bergman ( 1982 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1983 ) Daryl Hannah ( 1984 ) Coral Browne ( 1985 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1986 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1987 ) Catherine Hicks ( 1988 ) Demi Moore ( 1989 / 90 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1991 ) Virginia Madsen ( 1992 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1993 ) Sandra Bullock / Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Angela Bassett ( 1995 ) Neve Campbell ( 1996 ) Jodie Foster ( 1997 ) Drew Barrymore ( 1998 ) Christina Ricci ( 1999 ) Téa Leoni ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Naomi Watts ( 2002 ) Uma Thurman ( 2003 ) Blanchard Ryan ( 2004 ) Naomi Watts ( 2005 ) Natalie Portman ( 2006 ) Amy Adams ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Charlize Theron ( 2015 ) Mary Elizabeth Winstead ( 2016 ) VIAF : 107781385 LCCN : n85376639 ISNI : 0000 0000 7824 2262 GND : 140795561 SUDOC : 090410106 BNF : cb139553366 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 65eca780 - 924a - 426a - 999d - dc41e43db621 BNE : XX1266421 IATH : w64f2dns Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margot_Kidder&oldid=804981035 '' Categories : 1948 births Actresses from Montana Actresses from the Northwest Territories Actresses from Toronto Actresses from Vancouver American atheists American film actresses American environmentalists American social democrats American television actresses American voice actresses Canadian atheists Canadian emigrants to the United States Canadian environmentalists Canadian film actresses Canadian people of American descent Canadian people of English descent Canadian people of Welsh descent Canadian television actresses Canadian voice actresses Best Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners Daytime Emmy Award winners Living people LGBT rights activists from Canada LGBT rights activists from the United States Montana Democrats People from Livingston , Montana People from Yellowknife People with bipolar disorder 20th - century Canadian actresses 21st - century Canadian actresses Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 09 : 14 . 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who played the original lois lane in superman
[ "Margaret Ruth \"Margot\" Kidder (born October 17, 1948) is a Canadian American actress and activist. She rose to fame in 1978 for her role as Lois Lane in the Superman film series, opposite Christopher Reeve. Kidder began her career in the 1960s appearing in low-budget Canadian films and television series, before landing a lead role in Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx (1970)." ]
[ "Margaret Ruth \"Margot\" Kidder" ]
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I'm in the Mood for Love
I 'm in the Mood for Love - wikipedia I 'm in the Mood for Love Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I 'm in the Mood for Love ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` '' I 'm in the Mood for Love `` '' Song Language English Released 1935 by Frances Langford in the movie Every Night at Eight Recorded 1935 Songwriter ( s ) Dorothy Fields Composer ( s ) Jimmy McHugh Recorded by various artists at least 50 times `` I 'm in the Mood for Love '' is a popular song published in 1935 . The music was written by Jimmy McHugh , the lyrics by Dorothy Fields . The song was introduced by Frances Langford in the movie Every Night at Eight released that year . It became Langford 's signature song . Bob Hope , who frequently worked with Langford entertaining troops in World War II , later wrote that her performance of the song was often a show - stopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Other recordings 3 Recorded versions 4 References History ( edit ) In 1935 , Louis Armstrong had a Top Ten hit with `` I 'm in the Mood for Love '' . The song was in the 1936 Our Gang ( Little Rascals ) short , The Pinch Singer , when it was performed by Darla Hood and Carl `` Alfalfa '' Switzer ( on separate occasions ) . Switzer also performed the song in the 1936 film Palm Springs . It has been called Switzer 's signature song , in the sense that he had one . Other recordings ( edit ) James Moody 's saxophone solo on a 1949 recording of this song inspired the song `` Moody 's Mood for Love '' . Classic hip - hop artist Slick Rick sang a modified version of the first stanza in the song `` Indian Girl ( An Adult Story ) '' from his debut album The Great Adventures of Slick Rick ( 1988 ) . Hip - hop artist Prince Paul sampled the song as the basis for the track `` Mood for Love '' on his album A Prince Among Thieves ( 1999 ) , with Don Newkirk singing its original lyrics . Recorded versions ( edit ) Ronnie Aldrich Paul Anka ( 1960 on album Swings for Young Lovers ) Ann - Margret Louis Armstrong ( 1935 ) Bad Manners ( 2004 on album the Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners ) Shirley Bassey ( 1961 ) Ivy Benson Brook Benton ( 1959 ) Polly Bergen ( 1958 ) Acker Bilk Al Bishop & The Cold Fingers ( Recorded in Oslo on January 16 , 1967 and released on the single `` His Master 's Voice '' 45 - AL 6143 ) Pat Boone ( 1959 ) Frank Chacksfield The Chimes ( 1961 ) Rosemary Clooney Nat King Cole Trio ( 1944 ) Ray Conniff Singers ( 1960 ) Sam Cooke Bob Crosby and his orchestra ( 1935 ) Putney Dandridge and his orchestra ( 1935 ) Doris Day ( 1952 ) Gloria DeHaven ( in the film Between Two Women , 1945 ) Arielle Dombasle ( 2006 on album C'est Si Bon ) Fats Domino Tommy Dorsey Sheena Easton Billy Eckstine ( 1946 ) Jackie Edwards Naz Edwards ( on album If Waiting Takes the Years ) Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames ( 1965 ) Bryan Ferry ( 1999 ) Dorothy Fields Eddie Fisher ( 1952 ) Ella Fitzgerald The Flamingos ( 1959 ) Helen Forrest ( 1950 ) The Four Aces Freddy Gardner ( instrumental ) Erroll Garner Stan Getz Debbie Gibson Dizzy Gillespie Jackie Gleason Benny Goodman Charlie Gracie Kelsey Grammer ( sung on an episode of Frasier ) Earl Grant ( 1961 ) The Guess Who Adelaide Hall Jim Hall ( 1993 ) on the compilation album A Jazz Valentine : In the Mood for Love ( MusicMasters ) Coleman Hawkins ( 1944 ) Ted Heath and his Music The Heptones Hildegarde Earl Hines Earl Holliman Jools Holland ( 1999 ) Jools Holland and Jamiroquai ( Jay Kay ) - Many Jamiroquai fans regard this as a rare issue as it contains two Jamiroquai tracks not included on any other release : `` T Bag Scuffle '' and `` Wait For Me '' , both of which feature Jools Holland . It is the only version to make the UK Top 40 . Darla Hood ( 1936 , in a clubhouse ) Shirley Horn ( 1963 ) Joni James ( 1955 ) Etta Jones Quincy Jones and Brian McKnight - Moody 's Mood for Love Spike Jones and his City Slickers ( 1954 ) ( Billy Barty , vocals ) Spike Jones ' New Band ( 1964 ) Dick Jurgens & His Orchestra ( 1950 ) Stan Kenton Chaka Khan Lisa Kirk Frankie Laine Frances Langford ( 1935 ) ( Brunswick 7513 ) Amanda Lear : On album With Love ( 2006 ) Brenda Lee ( 1961 in her album Emotions ) Jerry Lewis ( partially , in the film The Nutty Professor , 1963 ) Liberace Enoch Light on album Persuasive Percussion Jack Little ( 1935 ) Martyn Loake ( 2012 ) Julie London ( 1955 ) Tina Louise Vera Lynn ( 1935 ) Dean Martin ( in the film That 's My Boy , 1951 ) Steve Martin ( 1978 ) Al Martino Bruno Martino ( 1972 , I Remember 1945 ) Johnny Mathis ( 1960 ) McGuire Sisters Ann Miller ( in the Broadway show Sugar Babies , 1979 ) Patti Page Charlie Parker ( 1949 ) Les Paul Oscar Peterson André Previn Ray Price Louis Prima and Keely Smith ( from The Wildest Show at Tahoe , live at Harrah 's Club , Lake Tahoe , California , July 26 , 1957 ) Prince Paul Leo Reisman and his orchestra ( vocal : Frank Luther ) ( 1935 ) Cliff Richard ( 1964 ) Marty Robbins ( 1962 ) Smokey Robinson Catherine Russell ( 2012 ) Amru Sani ( 1956 ) The Sex Pistols ( 1977 ) George Shearing Allan Sherman ( Parody version , `` When I 'm In the Mood For Love , You 're In the Mood for Herring '' ) Frank Sinatra ( 1953 ) Dorothy Squires Jo Stafford Ringo Starr Rod Stewart ( 2005 ) Barbra Streisand ( from The Movie Album ( 2003 ) ) Maxine Sullivan Lord Tanamo ( 1965 ) - made # 58 on the UK Singles Chart in 1990 for three weeks Art Tatum James Taylor The Three Suns ( 1957 ) Martha Tilton and her V - Disc Play Fellows ( 1942 ) Caterina Valente ( 1962 ) ( Italian title : `` Quando ti stringi a me '' ) Sarah Vaughan ( 1954 ) Fran Warren ( 1957 ) Charlie Watts ( 1996 ) Mae West Amy Winehouse as `` Moody 's Mood for Love '' on her album Frank ( 2003 ) Kalil Wilson : On album Easy to Love ( 2009 ) Pia Zadora References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Every Night At Eight Soundtrack '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ photo , Associated Press file . `` Singer Frances Langford with Bob Hope During 1943 WWII Tour '' . nwitimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Armstrong - Biography '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dinitia ( April 12 , 1999 ) . Guiding Hip - Hop Toward Operatic Leaps ; Prince Paul Imagines a Movie as He Makes Rap Relevant for the Suburbs . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive - Lord Tanamo - I 'm In The Mood For Love ( Link redirected to OCC website ) '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jamiroquai Jay Kay Derrick McKenzie Sola Akingbola Rob Harris Paul Turner Matt Johnson Nate Williams Nick Fyffe Simon Katz Stuart Zender Toby Smith Studio albums Emergency on Planet Earth ( 1993 ) The Return of the Space Cowboy ( 1994 ) Travelling Without Moving ( 1996 ) Synkronized ( 1999 ) A Funk Odyssey ( 2001 ) Dynamite ( 2005 ) Rock Dust Light Star ( 2010 ) Automaton ( 2017 ) Compilation albums Jay 's Selection ( 1996 ) In Store Jam ( 1997 ) The Remixes ( 1999 ) An Online Odyssey ( 2001 ) Late Night Tales ( 2003 ) Multiquai ( 2006 ) High Times ( 2006 ) Singles `` When You Gonna Learn '' `` Too Young to Die '' `` Blow Your Mind '' `` Emergency on Planet Earth '' `` The Kids '' `` Space Cowboy '' `` Half the Man '' `` Light Years '' `` Stillness in Time '' `` Morning Glory '' `` Do You Know Where You 're Coming From ? '' `` Virtual Insanity '' `` Cosmic Girl '' `` Alright '' `` High Times '' `` Deeper Underground '' `` Canned Heat '' `` Supersonic '' `` King for a Day '' `` Black Capricorn Day '' `` I 'm in the Mood for Love '' ( with Jools Holland ) `` Little L '' `` You Give Me Something '' `` Love Foolosophy '' `` Corner of the Earth '' `` Hollywood Swinging '' ( with Kool & the Gang ) `` Feels Just Like it Should '' `` Seven Days in Sunny June '' `` ( Do n't ) Give Hate a Chance '' `` Runaway '' `` White Knuckle Ride '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Lifeline '' `` Smile '' `` Automaton '' `` Cloud 9 '' Video albums Live in Verona Live at Montreux 2003 High Times : Singles 1992 -- 2006 Related articles Discography Gig in the Sky Radio Silence Dorothy Fields Song lyrics `` Big Spender '' `` Do n't Blame Me '' `` Exactly Like You '' `` A Fine Romance '' `` Hooray for Love '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' `` I 'm in the Mood for Love '' `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' `` Never Gonna Dance '' `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' `` Pick Yourself Up '' `` Remind Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` You Could n't Be Cuter '' Musicals Books Let 's Face It ! ( 1941 ) Something for the Boys ( 1943 ) Mexican Hayride ( 1944 ) Up in Central Park ( 1945 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 ) Arms and the Girl ( 1950 ) By the Beautiful Sea ( 1954 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) Lyrics Blackbirds of 1928 ( 1928 ) Hello , Daddy ( 1928 ) Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic ( 1929 ) The International Review ( 1930 ) The Vanderbilt Revue ( 1930 ) Shoot the Works ( 1931 ) Singin ' the Blues ( 1931 ) Stars in Your Eyes ( 1939 ) Up in Central Park ( 1945 ) Arms and the Girl ( 1950 ) A Tree Grows in Brooklyn ( 1951 ) By the Beautiful Sea ( 1954 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) Sweet Charity ( 1966 ) Seesaw ( 1973 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1976 ) Sugar Babies ( 1979 ) Music The International Review ( 1930 ) The Vanderbilt Revue ( 1930 ) Family Lew Fields ( father ) Herbert Fields ( brother ) Joseph Fields ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_in_the_Mood_for_Love&oldid=830616920 '' Categories : Songs with music by Jimmy McHugh Songs with lyrics by Dorothy Fields Barbra Streisand songs Ella Fitzgerald songs Jo Stafford songs The Chimes songs The Platters songs 1935 songs 1961 singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 22 : 46 . 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who wrote i'm in the mood for love
[ "\"I'm in the Mood for Love\" is a popular song published in 1935. The music was written by Jimmy McHugh, the lyrics by Dorothy Fields. The song was introduced by Frances Langford in the movie Every Night at Eight released that year.[1]" ]
[ "music was written by Jimmy McHugh, the lyrics by Dorothy Fields" ]
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Derek Shepherd
Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia Derek Shepherd This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derek Shepherd Grey 's Anatomy character Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` How to Save a Life '' ( 11.21 ) May 14 , 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname ( s ) McDreamy Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board Title Chief of Neurosurgery Chief of Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd ( father , deceased ) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd ( mother ) Nancy Shepherd ( sister ) Kathleen `` Kate '' Shepherd ( sister ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Shepherd ( sister ) Amelia Shepherd ( sister ) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews ( one deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Addison Montgomery ( m . 1994 ; div. 2006 ) Meredith Grey ( m . 2009 -- 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Rose Children Zola Grey Shepherd ( daughter with Meredith ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son via Meredith ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter via Meredith ) Derek Christopher Shepherd , M.D. , also referred to as `` McDreamy '' , is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey . He made his first appearance in the pilot episode , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , which was broadcast on March 27 , 2005 . Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years , before their divorce in 2006 . Before his death in 2015 , Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend and wife Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . The couple have three children together . Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West ( now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital ) , but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting . For his portrayal of Shepherd , Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role , and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series . Contents 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City . He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett . Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery , which he eventually turned down . He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes '' and `` impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down . As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards . He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents ( or at least threaten them ) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being . Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar , and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace . They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work , particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship . Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career . He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him . While most of his family members accepted Meredith , his sister , Nancy , particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern '' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law . His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white . Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York . In the season one finale , his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber . Shortly thereafter , his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery . Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile . Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms , with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three . In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place . He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband . Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles , spawning the spin - off Private Practice . In the season eight episode `` If / Then '' , Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate , earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd '' and `` McDreary '' . When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time , he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff . During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior , not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons . Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery . With mixed feelings , Derek offers him an ultimatum : go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after , or quit completely . In seasons three and four , Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people . Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five . In the season finale , they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie . Due to their tight schedule , they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises '' on a post-it note . They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola , a young African orphan treated for spina bifida . They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial , jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation . Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately . In later seasons , Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey , Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith . The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola . As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency , she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital . Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie , Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function . He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive . When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , head of orthopedic surgery , tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong , he agrees , accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel . Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work , but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate . Derek , Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand . Meredith , newly pregnant with their second child , goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him . Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ) , Derek 's younger sister , agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success . Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative . He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending . Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington , D.C. , but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family . His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan . Meanwhile , he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move . After a bad argument , he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington . While there , he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage . He tells her that just being with her , raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world '' . In season 11 , Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington . He is able to hear and process auditory input , but unable to speak . He is recognized by Winnie , one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier , who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well . The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night . Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times , he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead . Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek , where she consents to removing him from life support . At the time of his death , Meredith was pregnant with their third child . She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother . Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death . In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm . Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to . At the end of the season , prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt , Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away , him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , he was afraid that he was not going to get the part . Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was : `` The very first time I met him , I was absolutely sure that he was my guy . Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd , Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for . And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo . '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first , particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning . I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings . When I found out , I completely understood his hesitation . Now that we all know , if he is struggling with a word , the other actors are quick to step up and help him out . Everyone is very respectful . '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it , he said his reaction was like `` I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules . '' Washington was , however , later cast as Preston Burke . Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down . Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta , Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients . In January 2014 , Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy ( then in its tenth season ) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons . However , in April 2015 , Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet . Dempsey explained : `` it just sort of evolved . It 's just kind of happened . It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded , and it just naturally came to be . Which was pretty good . I like the way it has all played out . '' In August 2015 , Rhimes commented : `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options ? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith , and leave her high and dry , and what was that going to mean ? That was going to suggest that the love was not true , the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy was n't McDreamy . For me , that was untenable . Meredith and Derek 's love had to remain Meredith and Derek 's love . As painful as it was for me as a storyteller , because I had never really thought that was going to happen , it preserved what felt true to me , was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest . Because I really could n't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story . To me , it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek 's magic remain true and forever frozen in time . '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College , a liberal arts college in Brunswick , Maine , after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt '' the character as an alumnus . Dempsey is from Lewiston , about 18 miles ( 29 km ) away from Brunswick , and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013 . Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything , who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming , devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of , and a man that often makes the wrong decisions , and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker . Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning , because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed . USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could , at times , seem like two people , warm and funny one minute , cold and self - involved the next . Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person , while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole . '' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey 's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception . With the show concluding its second season , Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . In the third season , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad . Dude , whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try . You 're the dick who cheated on her , you 're the one who knew that she found the panties , and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did ? Wow . I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith , but congratulations , big guy . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season , saying : `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me . Yes , we get it . He 's tormented by his love for Meredith , but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying . If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to , then he refuses to cooperate . How immature can this man possibly be ? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy , desperate one in the relationship . '' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4 , Episode 13 : `` Piece of My Heart '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' McDreamy ' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge , Tips Cap to Bowdoin '' . Bowdoin College . October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Poker Face '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 6 . October 20 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 19 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 7 . October 29 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Go It Alone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 10 . Episode 20 . April 17 , 2014 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2008 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is It About Men '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 6 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2007 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 9 . Episode 8 . December 6 , 2012 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . May 5 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Lowe knows political roles '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real - Life McDreamy : The Doctor Behind ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two - Year Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight 's shocking twist -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight '' . The Bowdoin Orient. April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' accidental death '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : You 're kidding , right ? '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` How ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Got its Groove Back '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Grey 's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=855403894 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional neurosurgeons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 01 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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when does derek shepherd die on grey's anatomy
[ "In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.\n" ]
[ "season 11" ]
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Methuselah
Methuselah - wikipedia Methuselah Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical Methuselah . For other uses , see Methuselah ( disambiguation ) . Methuselah Spouse ( s ) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent ( s ) Enoch Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‎ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‎ , Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; `` Man of the dart / spear '' , or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '' ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM ( Anno Mundi , after Creation ) , seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Additionally , Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which mentions him in an identical manner . Furthermore , early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of the Prophet Muhammad . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Derivative words 5 In fiction 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links In the Bible ( edit ) Methuselah is mentioned in one passage in the Hebrew Bible , Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The genealogy is repeated , without the chronology , at 1Chronicles 1 : 3 , and at Luke 3 : 37 . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years , and begat Methuselah : 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years , and begat sons and daughters : 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years : 24 And Enoch walked with God : and he ( was ) not ; for God took him . 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years , and begat Lamech : 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years , and begat sons and daughters : 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years : and he died . -- Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions , the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other . The differences can be summarized as follows : Text Age at son 's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM , the year of the Flood at the age of 969 . Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM , six years before the Flood ( 2262 AM ) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM , fourteen years after the Flood ( 2242 AM ) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood ( 1307 AM ) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences -- the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators . Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors . Gerhard Larsson has suggested that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC , aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs ' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Extra-biblical mentions ( edit ) Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC . In the Book of Enoch , Enoch ( as the narrator ) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom . He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts . The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah 's mother and his wife -- both are named Edna -- and his daughter - in - law , Betenos , Lamech 's wife . The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ( `` Book of Jasher '' ) describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness . All other very long - lived people died , and Methuselah was the only one of this class left . God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died ( besides Noah and his family ) . Methuselah lived until the ark was built , but died before the flood , since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous . The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah 's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood . The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara - Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah . He was the son of En - men - dur - ana the Sumerian Enoch , and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land . Although their ages are different , their father and their year of death remain the same . Interpretations ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Biblical longevity . Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480 . In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ , along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah 's age has engendered considerable speculation , but no widely accepted conclusions . These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations : literal , mistranslation , symbolic , and fictional interpretations . Literal ( edit ) Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah 's 969 years to be 969 solar years . Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be : early humans had a better diet , or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood . Others introduce theological causes : humans were originally to have everlasting life , but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation , and God progressively shortened human life , particularly after the Flood . Mistranslation ( edit ) Some believe that Methuselah 's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted `` months '' to `` years '' , producing a more credible 969 lunar months , or 781⁄2 years , but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text . Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers `` might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10 '' . If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10 , Methuselah 's 165 when he fathered his son would be 161⁄2 years , and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years . Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years , which `` will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years , and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years , and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years '' ... `` Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem , Ham , and Japheth . '' and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points : 93.0 for Adam , 91.0 for Cainan , 96.9 for Methuselah , 95.0 for Noah , etc . Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position . There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty . Under this interpretation , it is n't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had `` dominion '' for that period . Symbolic ( edit ) Methuselah 's father Enoch , who does not die but is taken by God , is the seventh patriarch , and Methuselah , the eighth , dies in the year of the Flood , which ends the ten - generational sequence from Adam to Noah , in whose time the world is destroyed . Myth ( edit ) Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5 , including Methuselah 's age , have no meaning at all , Kenneth Kitchen calls them `` pure myth '' , Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah , and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past . Derivative words ( edit ) The word `` Methuselarity , '' a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated , and death would occur only by accident or homicide . In fiction ( edit ) Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah , grandfather of Noah ( Russell Crowe ) in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In 2016 , it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct . In popular culture ( edit ) The simile `` as old as Methuselah '' is used to describe the age of people or things . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornwall and Stelman Smith , The Exhaustive Dictionary of Bible Names Jump up ^ Genesis 5 : 27 Jump up ^ Methuselah dying before the flood is based on the Masoretic Text of Genesis 5 and his dying after the flood based on the Genesis 5 numbers in the Lucianic Septuagint ( Codex Vaticanus ) . Jump up ^ Ibn Ishāq , Sīrat Rasūl Allāh , tr . A. Guillaume ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Hasel , Gerhard F. ( 1980 ) . `` Genesis 5 and 11 : Chronolgenealogies in the Biblical History of Beginnings '' . Origins. 7 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Quoted in the website of the Institute for Biblical and Scientific Studies Jump up ^ `` The Book of Enoch '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sefer Ha - Yashar : Or , the Book of Jasher ( 1887 ) , Salt Lake City : J. Parry & Co . Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 7 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Jasher 5 : 21 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 4 : 20 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 36 ) Jump up ^ Pritchard , James B. ( ed . ) , Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1955 , 1969 ) . 1950 1st edition at Google Books . p. 44 : `` ... a flood ( will sweep ) over the cult - centers ; to destroy the seed of mankind ; is the decision , the word of the assembly ( of the gods ) . '' Jump up ^ John C. Whitcomb , Jr. and Henry M. Morris , `` The Genesis Flood '' ( Grand Rapids : Baker Book House , 1961 ) , 399 -- 404 Jump up ^ Pilch , John J. ( 1999 ) . The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible . Liturgical Press . pp. 144 -- 146 . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2527 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hill , Carol A. ( December 2003 ) . `` Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 55 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Morris , Henry M. ( 1976 ) . The Genesis Record : A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Book House . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 6004 - 4 . Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born ! Jump up ^ Etz , Donald V. ( April 1993 ) . `` The Numbers of Genesis V 3 - 31 : A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications '' . Vetus Testamentum. 43 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 89 . JSTOR 1519351 . doi : 10.1163 / 15685339993X00034 . INIST : 4293595 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Ellen H. ( 1897 ) . `` Cosmogony , or Creation of the World '' . Astrology : Science of Knowledge and Reason : A Treatise on the Heavenly Bodies in an Easy and Comprehensive Form . New York . pp. 30 -- 7 . OCLC 11451986 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Best , Noah 's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic , 1999 , page 108 Jump up ^ Borland , James A. ( 1990 ) . `` Did People Live to be Hundreds of Years Old Before the Flood ? '' . The Genesis Debate . Grand Rapids , MI . p. 174 . Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat , `` King Lists of the Old Babylonian Period and Biblical Genealogies , '' Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 ( 1968 ) : 165 . See also the discussion of `` ten '' in the Gen. genealogies in M. Abot section 5 , Jacob Neusner , The Mishnah : A New Translation ( New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1988 ) , 685 . Duane A. Garrett also thinks this is deliberate , thus indicating redaction , Rethinking Genesis : The Sources and Authorship of the First Book of the Bible , Ross - shire , Great Britain : Christian Focus Publications , 2000 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , K.A. ( 1966 ) . Ancient Orient and Old Testament . Downers Grove , IL : InterVarsity Press . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Levin , Yigal ( October 2001 ) . `` Understanding Biblical Genealogies '' . Currents in Research : Biblical Studies . 9 : 11 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Westermann . Genesis 1 -- 11 : A Commentary . p. 354 . Jump up ^ de Grey , Aubrey ( 2008 ) . `` The singularity and the Methuselarity : similarities and differences '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 9 , 2012 ) . `` Anthony Hopkins to Play Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's NOAH '' . collider.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana . `` Joachim Rønning Attached To Direct David Heyman 's ' Methuselah ' With Tom Cruise '' . Deadline . External links ( edit ) Methuselah at DMOZ Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Methuselah '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . McKague , Lee ( 1999 ) . `` Methuselah : Oldest Myth , or Oldest Man ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 97 . ( hide ) Adam to David according to the Bible Creation to Flood Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem Cain line Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal - cain Patriarchs after Flood Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob Tribe of Judah to Kingdom Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methuselah&oldid=805717383 '' Categories : Torah people Longevity myths Book of Genesis Bereshit ( parsha ) Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with DMOZ links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Walon ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 05 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who lived the longest in the bible (969 years)
[ "Methuselah (Hebrew: מְתוּשֶׁלַח‎ / מְתוּשָׁלַח‎, Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; \"Man of the dart/spear\", or alternatively \"his death shall bring judgment\"[1]) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible.[2] Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM (Anno Mundi, after Creation), seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood.[3] Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah." ]
[ "Methuselah" ]
-6362576693732619852
One Direction
One Direction - wikipedia One Direction Jump to : navigation , search One Direction One Direction performing in Glasgow on their On the Road Again Tour , October 2015 . From left to right : Louis Tomlinson , Niall Horan , Liam Payne and Harry Styles Background information Origin London , England , UK Genres Pop teen pop pop rock Years active 2010 -- 2016 ( on hiatus ) Labels Syco Columbia Associated acts The X Factor finalists 2010 Website onedirectionmusic.com Members Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Past members Zayn Malik One Direction ( commonly abbreviated as 1D ) are an English - Irish pop boy band based in London , composed of Niall Horan , Liam Payne , Harry Styles , Louis Tomlinson , and Zayn Malik until the latter 's departure on 25 March 2015 . The group signed with Simon Cowell 's record label Syco Records after forming and finishing third in the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor in 2010 . Propelled to international success by social media , One Direction 's five albums , Up All Night ( 2011 ) , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) , Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) , Four ( 2014 ) , and Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) , topped charts in most major markets , and generated hit singles including `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , `` Live While We 're Young '' , `` Little Things '' , `` Best Song Ever '' , `` Story of My Life '' , `` Drag Me Down '' and `` Perfect '' . Their awards include six Brit Awards , four MTV Video Music Awards , eleven MTV Europe Music Awards , seven American Music Awards ( including Artist of the Year in 2014 and 2015 ) , and 28 Teen Choice Awards , among many others . According to Nick Gatfield , the chairman and chief executive of Sony Music Entertainment UK , One Direction represented a $50 million business empire by June 2012 . They were proclaimed 2012 's `` Top New Artist '' by Billboard . According to the Sunday Times Rich List , by April 2013 , they had an estimated personal combined wealth of £ 25 million ( $41.2 m ) making them the second - wealthiest musicians in the UK under 30 years of age . In 2014 , Forbes listed them the second - highest earning celebrities under 30 , with the group earning an estimated $75 million from June 2013 to June 2014 . In June 2015 , Forbes listed their earnings at $130 million for the previous twelve months , and ranked them the fourth highest earning celebrities in the world . In 2016 Forbes ranked them the world 's second highest earning celebrities . After the release of Four , One Direction became the first band in the US Billboard 200 history to have their first four albums debut at number one . Their third album , Midnight Memories , was the best - selling album worldwide of 2013 . The band 's Where We Are Tour in support of Midnight Memories and Four , was the highest - grossing concert tour in 2014 , and the highest - grossing tour ever by a vocal group , generating $282 million . In 2014 , Billboard named One Direction Artist of the Year . The band is currently on a hiatus that began in January 2016 , allowing all members to pursue other projects . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2010 -- 11 : The X Factor 1.1. 1 Performances on The X Factor 1.2 2011 -- 12 : Up All Night 1.3 2012 -- 13 : Take Me Home 1.4 2013 -- 14 : Midnight Memories and This Is Us 1.5 2014 -- 15 : Four and Malik 's departure 1.6 2015 -- 17 : Made in the A.M. and hiatus 2 Artistry 3 Philanthropy 4 Image 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 Filmography 8 Tours 9 Awards and nominations 10 See also 11 Publications 12 References 13 External links History 2010 -- 11 : the X Factor One Direction on The X Factor Live tour in 2011 In 2010 , Niall Horan , Zayn Malik , Liam Payne , Harry Styles , and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor . They failed to progress to the `` Boys '' category at `` judges ' houses '' but were put together to form a five - piece boy band at Wembley Arena , in London , England , in July 2010 , during the `` bootcamp '' stage of the competition , thus qualifying for the `` Groups '' category . Nicole Scherzinger , a guest judge , and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band . In 2013 , Cowell said that it `` took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group '' . Subsequently , the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice . Styles came up with the name One Direction . For their qualifying song at `` judges ' houses '' , and their first song as a group , One Direction sang an acoustic version of `` Torn '' . Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they `` were confident , fun , like a gang of friends , and kind of fearless as well . '' Within the first four weeks of the live shows , they were his last act in the competition . The group quickly gained popularity in the UK . One Direction achieved third place in the competition and immediately after the final , their song `` Forever Young '' , which would have been released if they had won The X Factor , was leaked onto the internet . Shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £ 2 million Syco Records record contract . Recording for their debut album began in January 2011 , as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne , a record producer . A book licensed by One Direction , One Direction : Forever Young ( Our Official X Factor Story ) , was published by HarperCollins in February 2011 , subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list . The same month , the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour . During the tour , the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK . After the tour concluded in April 2011 , the group continued working on their debut album . Recording took place in Stockholm , London and Los Angeles , as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk , Savan Kotecha , Steve Mac , and Rami Yacoub , among others . Performances on The X Factor Episode Song choice Theme Result Auditions Harry Styles : `` Is n't She Lovely '' Free choice ( caught singing while driving ) Through to bootcamp Zayn Malik : `` Let Me Love You '' Liam Payne : `` Cry Me a River '' Niall Horan : `` So Sick '' Louis Tomlinson : `` Hey There Delilah '' Bootcamp ( Hollywood ) Harry : -- Solo performances ( dance rounds ) Through to judges ' houses Zayn : -- Liam : `` Your Smile '' Niall : -- Louis : -- Judges ' houses ( top 24 ) 1D : Final showdown song , `` Torn '' Free choice ( semi-finalists ) Eliminated , but through to live shows as 1D Call - backs ( top 16 ) Formed One Direction Live show 1 / top 12 `` Viva la Vida '' Number - one singles Safe Live show 2 / top 11 `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' Heroes Safe Live show 3 / top 10 `` Nobody Knows '' Guilty pleasures Safe Live show 4 / top 9 `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Halloween Safe Live show 5 / top 8 `` Kids in America '' American anthems Safe Live show 6 / top 7 `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Songs by Elton John Safe Live show 7 / top 6 `` All You Need Is Love '' Songs by The Beatles Safe Live show 8 / top 5 `` Summer of ' 69 '' Rock Safe `` You Are So Beautiful '' Semi-final / top 4 `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' Club classics Safe `` Chasing Cars '' Song to get you to the final `` Torn '' Final showdown Final and finale live shows / top 3 `` Your Song '' Contestant 's choice Safe `` She 's the One '' ( with Robbie Williams ) Celebrity duet `` Forever Young '' Winner 's single Eliminated `` Heroes '' Top 3 finalists ' charity single 2011 -- 12 : up All Night Released in September 2011 , One Direction 's debut single , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , reached number one on the UK Singles Chart , after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history . Subsequent singles , `` Gotta Be You '' and `` One Thing '' , peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten . In November 2011 , they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America . Steve Barnett , the co-chairman of Columbia Records , said it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction ; `` I just thought there was a void , and maybe they could seize and hold it . '' `` What Makes You Beautiful '' was released in the United States in February 2012 , where it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28 , becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998 . It has sold over 4 million copies in the US Upon arrival in the US in February 2012 , One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree , as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big Time Rush . They made their first US television appearance on The Today Show , at the Rockefeller Center ; an estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza . Critically commended for its appeal to the teenage audience , One Direction 's first studio album , Up All Night , was released globally in early 2012 . It became the UK 's fastest - selling debut album of 2011 , and topped the charts in sixteen countries . The album bowed atop the Billboard 200 chart , making One Direction the first British group in US chart history to enter at number one with their debut album . They were inducted into the Guinness World Records as a result . Up All Night also became the first album by a boy band to sell 500,000 digital copies in the US and , by August 2012 , had sold over 3 million copies worldwide . One Direction performing on their Up All Night Tour , April 2012 In April 2012 , an American band that went by the same name filed a trademark infringement lawsuit . According to the lawsuit , the US band had been using the name since 2009 , recorded two albums and filed an application to register the trademark name in the US in February 2011 . The US band said they were entitled to three times the profits made by the UK band , as well as compensatory damages in excess of US $1 million . The lawsuit claimed that Syco and Sony Music `` chose to ignore the plaintiff 's rights and wilfully infringed them '' after they realised in early 2011 that the two bands shared the same name . Syco Records subsequently counter-sued , suggesting the US group was trying to make money from One Direction 's success and that the boy band was the first to use the name in US interstate commerce . The BBC reported in September 2012 that the UK group won the legal dispute over the right to keep using their band name ; the US band changed its name to Uncharted Shores . The change of name was announced in a joint statement that also noted both groups were happy with the outcome . In December 2011 , One Direction embarked on their first headlining UK concert tour , the Up All Night Tour . In early 2012 , they announced Australasian and North American legs of the concert tour , with dates from April to July 2012 . The tour , comprising 62 shows , was met with positivity both critically and commercially . A recording of a concert from the tour , Up All Night : The Live Tour , was released in May 2012 . In addition to the DVD topping the charts in twenty - five countries , its global sales had exceeded 1 million copies by August 2012 . One Direction 's first book to be licensed in America , Dare to Dream : Life as One Direction , published in the United States in May 2012 , topped The New York Times Best Seller list . In June 2012 , Nick Gatfield , the chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Music Entertainment UK , stated how he expects One Direction to represent a $100 million business empire over 2013 . Gatfield was quoted as saying , `` What you might not know about One Direction is that they already represent a $50 million business and that 's a figure we expect to double next year '' . In August 2012 , the group 's record sales exceeded 8 million singles , 3 million albums , and 1 million DVDs , and they performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London , which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics . One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012 , including Best New Artist . 2012 -- 13 : Take Me Home One Direction at red carpet of the Logie Awards of 2012 in Melbourne One Direction 's second studio album , Take Me Home , was released in November 2012 . Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track . Savan Kotecha , Rami Yacoub , and Carl Falk , who composed One Direction 's hits `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' , spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album , and were able to shape melodies around their tones . One Direction began recording the album in May 2012 , in Stockholm at Kinglet Studios . The album cover artwork features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box , a familiar sight on the streets of the UK . Take Me Home garnered mixed reviews from music critics . There was praise for its quality of production , while it was criticised for its generic , rushed nature . The album 's lead single , `` Live While We 're Young '' , released in September 2012 , reached the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one - week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist in the US The album and its second single , `` Little Things '' , both debuted at number one in the UK simultaneously ; something that One Direction became the youngest act in British chart history to achieve . Take Me Home sold 540,000 copies in its first week in the US , debuted atop the Billboard 200 , and topped the charts in more than thirty - four other countries . Additionally , Up All Night and Take Me Home were the number three and number four best - selling albums of 2012 globally , each album selling over 5 million units worldwide . One Direction performed `` Little Things '' at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II , and headlined a sold - out show at New York City 's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012 . In February 2013 , One Direction released a cover version of `` One Way or Another '' and `` Teenage Kicks '' , `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' , as the 2013 Comic Relief single . As part of their involvement with the UK charity , One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children 's hospital , visit a school and make donations . The Official Charts Company revealed that One Direction had sold 2,425,000 records in the UK by February 2013 . One Direction embarked on their second concert tour in February 2013 , the Take Me Home Tour . The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Europe , North America and Australasia . Ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release in the UK and Ireland , which included a six - date sell - out at London 's The O2 Arena . In the Australian and New Zealand markets , tickets grossed US $15.7 million , with all 190,000 tickets being sold for the eighteen shows to be held . The tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised the band 's live vocals and their performance abilities and was a commercial success , selling 1,635,000 tickets from 134 shows . 2013 -- 14 : Midnight Memories and this is US One Direction in Glasgow on their Take Me Home Tour in February 2013 One Direction : This Is Us , a 3D documentary and concert film about the group directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Spurlock , Ben Winston , Adam Milano and Simon Cowell , was released by TriStar Pictures on 30 August 2013 . The film features the song `` Best Song Ever '' , released on 22 July 2013 . `` Best Song Ever '' was the lead single of the group 's third studio album Midnight Memories . The film was a box office success , topping the UK and US box offices and grossing over $60 million worldwide , and became the fourth highest - grossing concert movie . `` Best Song Ever '' broke the 24 - Hour Vevo Record with 10.9 million views on YouTube ( this was the second time the band held the record with `` Live While We 're Young '' attaining 8.2 million views on 20 September 2012 ) . On 16 May 2013 , the band announced their first stadium tour , the Where We Are Tour , which began in April 2014 . On 30 May 2013 , the band announced a partnership with Office Depot on a limited - edition capsule collection of back to school supplies . They also confirmed that a portion of the proceeds from the alliance would go toward an anti-bullying educational program intended to promote kinder behaviour in schools . The band performing in East Rutherford , New Jersey on 2 July 2013 On 23 November 2013 , in support of Midnight Memories , the band participated in `` 1D Day '' , a day dedicated to One Direction fans . The day constituted of a landmark 7.5 - hour socially interactive YouTube live - stream featuring live band performances , celebrity guests including , Simon Cowell , Cindy Crawford , Piers Morgan , Jerry Springer and many more . The event was unique not only because of its long runtime but the unprecedented use of social media whereby fans got to participate in the show interact directly with the band via Google+ Hangout . Midnight Memories was released globally on 25 November 2013 . It debuted at number one in the UK and in the US , making them the first group to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with its first three albums , and the second to reach the top after The Monkees in 1967 . The album was described by the band as edgier and as having a `` slightly rockier tone '' than their previous efforts . `` Story of My Life '' was revealed as the second single of the album with each member posting a photo from their childhood . To promote the album , the band performed on both the American and British versions of The X Factor . In December 2013 , One Direction broke yet another UK sales record with the DVD and Blu - ray release of their 3 - D concert film This is Us . Nearly 270,000 copies of the film were sold in the UK within three days of its release , beating the record previously set by Michael Jackson 's This Is It in 2010 by 10,000 copies . The group was named among the Top Global artists of 2013 by the IFPI because of strong digital downloads , physical albums , on - demand streams , and music videos . 2014 -- 15 : Four and Malik 's departure One Direction on stage in Santiago , Chile on 14 April 2014 during their Where We Are Tour On 21 July 2014 , One Direction announced One Direction : Where We Are - The Concert Film , a film which documents the concerts of 28 and 29 June 2014 that took place in San Siro Stadium during their Where We Are Tour . After the announcement , the band announced the film would also have a limited 10 -- 11 October 2014 international cinema release before its home media release in November 2014 . The group also released an autobiography book titled Who We Are on 25 September 2014 . On 8 September 2014 , One Direction announced their fourth studio album to be titled Four , set to be released on 17 November 2014 . As part of the announcement , one of the songs from the album , `` Fireproof '' was released for free download for 24 hours on their official website . `` Steal My Girl '' , the album 's lead single , was released on 29 September 2014 , and the music video was released on 24 October 2014 . The second single from the album , `` Night Changes '' , was released on 14 November , three days before the album 's release . Four was released on 17 November 2014 , topping the Billboard 200 and the UK Album Chart . On 22 November 2014 , Paul Higgins , the group 's tour manager who has been with them since its formation , parted ways with the band . The band confirmed at the BBC Music Awards that following the success of Four , they had hopes to continue to go `` somewhere else '' on their fifth album . In support of Midnight Memories and Four , the band 's Where We Are Tour was the highest - grossing concert tour in 2014 , and the highest - grossing tour ever by a vocal group , generating $282 million . On 25 March 2015 , the band released a statement announcing Malik 's departure . They admitted that they were angry at first because of Zayn Malik 's decision . The group made their first official public appearance as a four - piece on The Late Late Show with James Corden on 14 May , where they confirmed that they would continue working without a new fifth member . Since leaving the band , Malik has gone on to have solo success with his number one debut single `` Pillowtalk '' and album Mind of Mine . 2015 -- 17 : made in the A.M. and hiatus On 31 July 2015 , the group released `` Drag Me Down '' without promotional material or announcement . The single is the first single from their fifth studio album , Made in the A.M. , and the first material released by the group after Malik 's departure . Following the release , it was revealed that the group would going on hiatus in 2016 to take a break . On 22 September , the title for the fifth studio album , Made in the A.M. , was officially announced along with promotional single `` Infinity '' being released . The group began to reveal the track listing on their Snapchat stories to which it was later confirmed on iTunes . The album was released on 13 November 2015 . At the 2015 American Music Awards on 22 November , One Direction won the award for Artist of the Year for the second year in succession . Louis Tomlinson later confirmed that the break would be around 18 months . On 13 December , One Direction performed on The X Factor final . Their last televised performance as a group , before their hiatus , was on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve on 31 December 2015 . On 13 January 2016 , Us Weekly published a report claiming that the group 's hiatus would become a permanent split , with a `` source '' citing that each of the four remaining group members did not renew their contracts following the completion of the on the Road Again Tour in October 2015 . Representatives for the group denied said - report in a statement to Billboard , stating , `` nothing has changed regarding hiatus plans for the group , and all will be revealed in due time from the band members ' own mouths . '' By May 2017 , all members of the group had released solo singles . Despite saying the hiatus would last 18 months , the band still are yet to confirm when they will reform . At the 2017 Brit Awards , One Direction won the Video of the Year award for their song `` History '' . Payne accepted the award on the behalf of the band . Artistry `` What Makes You Beautiful '' One Direction 's debut single , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , features a prominent guitar - based chorus and riff . It also contains cowbell instrumentation , and the middle eight consists of an `` oh na na na '' hook . It is among the best - selling singles of all time , selling over 5 million copies . Problems playing this file ? See media help . One Direction 's debut studio album , Up All Night ( 2011 ) , is predominantly a pop music record , containing elements of teen pop , dance - pop , pop rock , with electropop and rock influences . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey described the album as a `` collection of PG pop rock with killer choruses '' , while The New York Times considered it `` full of easy rock - inflected pop , blithe and sometimes clever . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard acknowledged that the album demonstrates an originality in sound that was `` necessary for the revitalization of the boy band movement '' . The songs `` One Thing '' and `` What Makes You Beautiful '' were particularly noted for the genres of power pop and pop rock , for their `` powerhouse '' guitar riffs and `` forceful '' choruses . Their second studio album , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) , is characterised by rock - inherited pop , prominent electric guitar riffs , bright synthesisers , a homogeneous sound and message , and the pitch - correcting software Auto - Tune . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian interpreted its signature sound as a `` peppy , synth - bolstered take on early - 80s new - wave pop , heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars , '' which , he said , is at least an improvement on the substitute contemporary R&B `` that was once the grim lot of the boyband . '' Jon Caramanica , writing in The New York Times , considered the album `` far more mechanical '' than their debut album , although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar . The album 's lyricism speaks of falling in love , unrequited love , the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique , commitment , jealousy and longing for past significant others . Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone favoured their live acoustic performances as both showing , `` Horan 's ability to play guitar , as well as One Direction 's admirable live vocals . There was no need to worry about a backing track or a bum note , a pleasant realization at a pop show . '' Herald Sun 's Cameron Adams opined that One Direction have `` strong pop voices '' . Melody Lau of the National Post wrote , `` It 's easy to get lost in inherent appeal of their perfectly coiffed dos and almost - too - put - together preppy style but somewhere in the midst of all the love - struck squeals of teenage girls are guys who can actually sing and , to a certain extent , entertain . '' Jane Stevenson of the portal site Canoe concurred : `` What I did n't really prepare myself for was that they all can actually sing in concert . '' Chris Richards , writing in The Washington Post , dissented from the approval : `` As the five traded couplets , it was tough to imagine a future Justin Timberlake , Ricky Martin or Bobby Brown emerging from the pack . No one voice stood out . '' Mike Wass of Idolator felt One Direction 's `` surprisingly accomplished effort '' of Kings of Leon 's `` Use Somebody '' proved that One Direction are `` more than capable '' of evolving their sound . Their third album Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) is a pop rock record , a slight departure from the band 's original teen pop sound . Liam Payne called Midnight Memories a `` slightly rockier and edgier '' album than their previous material . The album is heavily influenced by 80 's rock and folk music and briefly integrates elements of dubstep , notably in `` Little White Lies '' . The album 's lyrical themes primarily revolve around love , heartbreak and sexual intercourse . Many critics praised its lyrical depth and musical composition , as well as the group 's level of involvement in the production process . Their fourth album Four ( 2014 ) was released on 17 November 2014 . Payne once again claimed that the album would be `` edgier '' and that the group had written most of the songs for it ; Horan came up with the name of the album , commemorating the fact that it is One Direction 's fourth record to date and that it has been four years since the band 's formation . Signifying a further maturation of their pop sound , the album 's first single , Steal My Girl , was dubbed by Billboard as `` no What Makes You Beautiful , but its Coldplay - like piano pop could be a good direction '' , and that the band was `` not entirely ready to let go of its bubble - gum days '' . Rolling Stone described the record as `` saturated with retro vibes '' ; its songs `` split the difference between big , splashy Eighties pop rock and more elegant Seventies flavours -- a very pesky whipper - snapper move that 's not so far from what Haim 's hit Days Are Gone did last year . '' Philanthropy In 2011 , the band performed on the BBC 's Children in Need 2011 charity telethon , helping raise over 26 million pounds . In 2012 they extended their involvement with Children in Need as they opened the telecast with a performance of their single `` Live While We 're Young '' . A prominent annual event in British culture , the group said it was `` incredible '' to be involved in Children in Need as it was something that they had `` always watched as children '' . In February 2013 , One Direction released `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' ( a medley of `` One Way or Another '' and `` Teenage Kicks '' ) as the 2013 single for the UK 's other major charity telethon Comic Relief . For ITV 's Santa charity Christmas campaign , they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public , asking them to donate £ 2 . The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes , including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13 - year - old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly , and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium . In September 2012 , Niall Horan organised an event to raise money for Irish Autism Action and another charity , called Temporary Emergency Accommodation Mullingar , based in his hometown . Due to overwhelming demand to participate in the fundraising , the ticket website for the event broke down . Horan 's brother Greg commented on the website crash , saying that `` there were 500 tickets and they were all snapped up pretty quick '' . In 2013 , band members Liam Payne and Harry Styles partnered with Trekstock , a leading cancer charity to help raise money for cancer research . As ambassadors of the charity , the duo collaborated to offer the chance for one fan and a friend to win an evening out with them in return for a donation to the charity as part of an exclusive `` # HangwithLiam&Harry '' global campaign . They had originally set a goal of raising $500,000 and ended up raising $784,984 . Trekstock later added that this amount would allow them to `` complete funding of their Hodgkin 's lymphoma trial , in the hope of offering a much brighter future to thousands of children and young people affected by this form of disease . '' One Direction were named the most charitable in 2013 behind Taylor Swift by social change organisation DoSomething.org . In 2014 , One Direction donated £ 600,000 for the Stand up to Cancer campaign by giving portions of their ticket sales revenues from their Where We Are Tour . On 15 November 2014 , One Direction joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts , recording the latest version of the track `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill , London , to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa . Image One Direction greet Swedish fans in Stockholm , May 2012 A One Direction merchandising shop in Leeds in March 2013 . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph , in an article on One Direction 's success in North America , notes that Americans had left a gap in the market and it took the prominence of Justin Bieber to demonstrate that there still was a market for `` clean cut , wholesome , whiter - than - white , middle class parent friendly pop : cute boys advocating puppy love . And what could be better than one cute boy , if not five ? '' One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands , and as forming part of a new `` British Invasion '' in the United States . Bill Werde , a representative of Billboard magazine , commented , `` There 's a lot of possibility here , there 's a lot of upside , that level of talent with those kinds of looks , it 's really a perfect storm for a massive , massive successful phenomenon . '' Sonny Takhar , the chief executive officer of Syco Records , attributes the breakthrough to the power of social media . `` Sometimes you feel the song 's the star , but it 's not like that here -- it 's the act , '' he said . `` It 's a real moment . Social media has become the new radio , it 's never broken an act globally like this before . '' Will Bloomfield , the group 's manager , added , `` These guys live online , and so do their fans . '' Their management employs a social media team and the members all tweet themselves , `` which helps create the illusion that they could n't be any closer to their fans , '' according to Caspar Llewellyn Smith , writing for The Guardian . One Direction 's Twitter account had amassed 10 million followers by February 2013 , with the account gaining followers at an average of 21,000 per day . In an approach pioneered by The Beatles , each member is known for his feature ; Horan is `` the cute one '' , Malik is `` the quiet and mysterious one '' , Payne is `` the sensible one '' , Styles is `` the charming one '' and Tomlinson is `` the funny one '' . Each member 's individual identity is reinforced by their intentionally different personal styles . Caroline Watson , the band 's original stylist , spoke about styling the band , `` At the beginning I did n't want them all in black or all in leather -- that whole stereotypical boy band thing . '' Instead , her original idea was for them to be the `` male equivalent to the Spice Girls '' , with each member being a part of the group but still having his own individual style . Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band , `` People think that a boy band is air - grabs and ( being ) dressed in all one colour . We 're boys in a band . We 're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band . We 're trying to do different kinds of music and we 're just trying to be ourselves , not squeaky clean . '' Leah Collins , writing for the National Post , remarked that One Direction had succeeded on the latter front , `` For the most part , that just means the group presents themselves as typical , goofy and uncensored teenage boys -- posting jokey YouTube videos , for instance , or boozing at awards shows . '' Writing for The Observer , Kitty Empire opined , `` One Direction fulfill a great many boy band prerequisites ( looks , soppy lyrics , tune - grasp , fame - lust ) but their lack of routines points to the subtle digressions afoot here '' . Band members Current Niall Horan -- guitar , vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Liam Payne -- vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Harry Styles -- vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Louis Tomlinson -- vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Former Zayn Malik -- vocals ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Discography Main articles : One Direction discography and List of songs recorded by One Direction Up All Night ( 2011 ) Take Me Home ( 2012 ) Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) Four ( 2014 ) Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) Filmography The X Factor series 7 ( finalists ) Up All Night : The Live Tour One Direction : This Is Us One Direction : Where We Are - The Concert Film Tours Headlining Up All Night Tour ( 2011 -- 12 ) Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) Opening act X Factor Tour 2011 ( 2011 ) Better with U Tour ( Big Time Rush ) ( 2012 ) Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by One Direction One Direction has received five BRIT Awards -- winning their first with `` What Makes You Beautiful '' for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards , three NME awards , two Kids ' Choice Awards , and four MTV Video Music Awards , among other awards . One Direction won 27 awards from 29 they have been nominated for at the Teen Choice Awards . One Direction also won two American Music Awards out of their two nominations for Favorite Pop / Rock Album and Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group , respectively . See also List of Billboard Social 50 number - one artists List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart List of highest - grossing concert tours Publications One Direction : Forever Young , HarperCollins ( 17 February 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743230 - 1 One Direction : The Official Annual 2012 , HarperCollins ( 1 September 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743625 - 5 Dare to Dream : Life as One Direction , HarperCollins ( 15 September 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 744439 - 7 One Direction : Where We Are : Our Band , Our Story : 100 % Official , HarperCollins ( 19 November 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 748900 - 8 One Direction : Who We Are : Our Official Autobiography , HarperCollins ( 25 September 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 757731 - 6 References Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` One Direction : Q&As With Billboard 's Top New Artist of 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Times ' rich list 2013 , One direction , Zoom under 30 , Paul McCartney '' . sugarscape.com. 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber is Forbes ' highest - earning celebrity under 30 pocketing $80 m this year ... which should just about cover his costly legal woes '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` One Direction 's Earnings : $130 Million in 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zack O'Malley Greenburg . `` Celebrity 100 : The World 's Highest - Paid Superstars Of 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` One Direction 's ' Four ' Makes Historic No. 1 Debut on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction top 2013 global album chart '' . BBC News . 1 August 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` One Direction ' get £ 2m Syco investment ' '' . Digital Spy . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Ed ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Sony excited about One Direction potential '' . Music Week . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` One Direction release autobiography '' . Digital Spy . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction book number one on Sunday Times bestsetller list '' . Sugarscape. 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Sophie ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` Now Treyc Cohen snubbed by X Factor for £ 100,000 tour ... but reject Aiden Grimshaw IS invited '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for One Direction at HMV Apollo Hammersmith , London , now available from hmvtickets.com '' . HMV . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Up All Night -- One Direction '' . AllMusic. 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Up All Night ( liner notes ) . One Direction . Syco Music , Sony Music Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ To bring back Zayn , who has to win against Cher Lloyd in the final showdown rounds in both the top 24 and the top 4 , fans wanted Zayn to join Harry , Liam , Niall , and Louis to create a boyband called One Direction in The X Factor UK for musical groups to compete with solo singers . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 19 August 2011 ) . `` One Direction 's ' What Makes You Beautiful ' breaks pre-order sales record '' . Digital Spy . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` What Makes You Beautiful becomes fastest seller of the year '' . Music Week . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 21 November 2011 ) . `` UK Singles Chart Analysis : Rihanna equals Adele record '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 20 February 2012 ) . `` Official Chart Analysis : Emeli Sande album sells 113k , DJ Fresh single shifts 128k '' . Music Week . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` One Direction sign U.S. record deal with Adele label Columbia '' . Digital Spy . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McKinley , James C , Jr ( 23 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction and the Wanted : Boy Bands Return '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hasaka , Amanda ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's Debut Single ' What Makes You Beautiful ' Now Available on iTunes ! '' . Celebuzz . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Has Highest Hot 100 Debut For New UK Act Since 1998 '' . Billboard. 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 27 , 2013 . Songs : Another F * * kin ' Top 10 Hit '' . Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` The U.S. love affair with British pop '' . News . BBC . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stephan . `` Exclusive Photo : One Direction and Big Time Rush unite for North American tour ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Steven J ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction & The Wanted : The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Adam ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Up All Night ( 2012 ) One Direction '' . Entertainment Weekly ( review ) . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Listen Up : Stay ' Up All Night ' with One Direction '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Chisling , Matthew ( 21 November 2011 ) . `` Up All Night -- One Direction '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Thank Fans For ' Up All Night ' Chart Success '' . Capital FM . Global Radio . 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction to hold global Twitter viewing party for new concert DVD '' . Music Week . 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction Makes History With No. 1 Debut on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Colin ( 7 September 2012 ) . `` Adele , One Direction enter ' Guinness World Records ' '' . Digital Spy . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` Week Ending Oct. 21 , 2012 . Albums : Aldean 's Fast Train To # 1 '' . Music . US : Yahoo !. Retrieved 24 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Dan ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` One Direction sell 12 million singles , albums and DVD and Blu - rays worldwide '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Rhian ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction sued for trademark infringement '' . Music Week . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Direction win fight against U.S. band to keep name '' . Newsbeat . BBC . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Prepare For ' Up All Night ' Tour With Watford Concert '' . Capital FM . Global Radio . 19 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 24 February 2012 ) . `` One Direction announce 2012 tour dates for Australia and New Zealand '' . Unreality TV . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Reveal North American Tour Dates '' . Idolator. 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Robertson , James ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's Hammersmith Apollo gig '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Alexandra ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` One Direction show has fans up all night '' . Evening Herald . Independent News & Media . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction Live : Shriek Show in Australia '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ; Siobhan , Duck ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's Melbourne concert sells out in three minutes '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Bridget ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's NZ tour sold out '' . Stuff . NZ . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emily ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` One Direction tickets : Fans bombard Ticketmaster as eBay touts capitalise '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction to Headline Madison Square Garden December 3 , 2012 '' . KAIT. 3 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction perform ' Moments ' on tour '' . Digital Spy ( video ) . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Rhian ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` One Direction live DVD hits No. 1 in 25 countries '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowles , Gregory ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` One Direction Set To Become Booming $100 Million Business '' . MTV News . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` One Direction & Closing Ceremony : Olympics Get A Dose Of ' What Makes You Beautiful ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Butterfly , Amelia ( 7 September 2012 ) . `` One Direction win three MTV Video Music Awards in LA '' . Newsbeat . UK : BBC . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Netherlands : iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Wol , Douglas ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's songwriters : They 're what make the boy band beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Take Me Home ( liner notes ) . One Direction . Syco Records . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Recording Second Album '' . MTV News . 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Enjoy ' Amazing Day ' In The Studio Recording New Album '' . Capital ( Global Radio ) . 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Rachael ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` One Direction reveal album artwork for Take Me Home -- 3am & Mirror Online '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home ( CD -- Sony Music Distribution # 88725475972 ) '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Fox , Al ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction -- Take Me Home '' ( review ) . BBC Music . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Adam ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home -- One Direction '' . Entertainment Weekly ( review ) . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Riding the Boy Band Wave While It Lasts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction : Take Me Home '' . The Guardian ( review ) . London . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkin , Lyndia ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . The New Zealand Herald ( album review ) . APN News & Media . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hart , Tina ( 21 October 2012 ) . `` One Direction achieve fastest - selling single by a UK act in the U.S '' . Music Week . United Kingdom . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : One Direction youngest ever act to score No. 1 Album and Single simultaneously '' . Music Week . UK . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction 's ' Take Me Home ' Debuts at No. 1 With Year 's Third - Biggest Opening '' . Billboard . US . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hart , Tina ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Imagem Music signs One Direction hit - writer Fiona Bevan '' . Music Week . United Kingdom . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction '' . Modest Management . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Variety Performance 2012 : One Direction and Girls Aloud sing for The Queen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` One Direction Headlines Sold - Out Show at Madison Square Garden '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , James ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` ' We are the most selfish people ever ' : One Direction reflect on ' life changing ' charity trip to Africa ' slums ' '' . Metro . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` The BRIT Awards 2013 : The biggest selling nominees revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction Announce U.S. Dates on 2013 World Tour '' . News . MTV . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Fans in Ticket - Buying Frenzy '' . MTV . 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stack , Brittany ( 29 April 2012 ) . `` How One Direction cashed in on their hugely successful Australian tour '' . The Daily Telegraph . AU . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Welcome to the One Direction website ! '' . Onedirectionmusic.com . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction 3D Film Gets ' Super ' Director '' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandie , Lars ( 26 June 2013 ) , `` One Direction Tease ' Best Song Ever ' ; Release New Movie Trailer '' , Billboard Jump up ^ `` One Direction Announce New Single ' Best Song Ever ' '' . UK : MTV . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Music Concert Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo. 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction 's ' Best Song Ever ' Breaks One - Day Vevo Record '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` One Direction beat Justin Bieber VEVO record with new music video '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Boys Launch Anti-Bullying Campaign with Office Depot '' . E !. Retrieved 13 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to 1D Day -- 1D Day -- One Direction '' . 1dday.com. 25 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction ' 1D Day ' Live Stream -- watch -- Showbiz News '' . Digital Spy. 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Percival , Ashley . `` One Direction Big Announcement : ' Where We Are ' Stadium Tour Confirmed For 2014 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Breaking hearts from the get go : One Direction share adorable childhood photos to promote new single Story of My Life '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Chung , Gabrielle ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` One Direction Announces ' Story of My Life ' Single Through Baby Photos '' . Celebuzz . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anna . `` One Direction confirmed for The X Factor 2013 live shows '' . heatworld.com . Jump up ^ `` One Direction beat Michael Jackson 's chart record '' . Officialcharts.com. 23 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` One Direction named top Global Recording Artist in new award '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Where We Are : Live From San Siro Stadium ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : One Direction : DVD & Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attention , Directioners : 1D Is Releasing an Autobiography ! Here 's the Scoop on Your New Favorite Book '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Locker , Melissa ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` One Direction Announces New Album Four , Out November 17 '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` One Direction to release new album ' Four ' on Nov. 17 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Joe ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` One Direction Reveal New Album ' Four , ' Release Free Song ( for 24 Hours Only ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Announces ' Four ' Album Lead Single ' Steal My Girl , ' Due Late September -- Billboard '' . Billboard. 14 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Performs New Single ' Night Changes ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` One Direction 's ' Four ' Makes Historic No. 1 Debut on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Four scores One Direction a third Official Albums Chart Number 1 '' . Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 22 November 2014 ) . `` One Direction tour boss quits after Zayn Malik bust - up '' . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` One Direction confirm fifth album , with sound to go `` somewhere else '' `` . United Kingdom : Digital Spy . ( Hearst Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lewis ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` One Direction : Zayn Malik Confirms Departure From Band '' . Inveterate . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Malik officially quits One Direction '' . Fox News Channel . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Zayn Malik Explains One Direction Exit : ' I Have To Do What Feels Right in My Heart ' '' . Billboard . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction finally admit how they really feel about Zayn Malik 's dramatic exit '' . The Independent . 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Discusses Zayn Malik 's Departure with James Corden : We Were a Little Bit Angry '' . 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart With ' Mind of Mine ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Shares First Track Without Zayn Malik , ' Drag Me Down ' '' . Billboard. 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Makes Final ' X Factor ' Appearance Before Hiatus , Thanks Fans in New Video '' . Billboard. 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Made in the A.M : One Direction announce new album title and single ' Infinity ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` One Direction 's ' Made in the A.M. ' Tracklist Revealed Via Snapchat '' . E !. Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` One Direction & Justin Bieber Album Release Showdown Set for November 13 ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards 2015 : Check Out All the Winners Here '' . Billboard. 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Returns to Headline ' Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' Billboard Party '' . TheWrap. 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Blynn , Jamie ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` One Direction Is Splitting , Extended Hiatus to Become a Permanent Break '' . Us Weekly . United States . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Eric ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` One Direction Breakup Rumors : ' Nothing Has Changed ' Since Hiatus , Says Source '' . Billboard . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Tasha ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` One Direction deny their ' hiatus ' is a permanent split '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Every One Direction Solo Single , Ranked '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` ALL FOUR ONE DIRECTION MEMBERS RESPOND TO THEIR NEW BRIT AWARD '' . MTV News . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Robert ( 11 September 2011 ) . `` One Direction : ' What Makes You Beautiful '' . Digital Spy ( single review ) . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Houle , Zachary ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction : Up All Night '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Malone , Ailbhe ( 8 October 2011 ) . `` One Direction , ' What Makes You Beautiful ' '' . NME ( review ) . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction hit 12 million sales in less than a year '' . BBC News . 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Jody ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction -- Up All Night '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` One Direction '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Chisling , Matthew ( 21 November 2011 ) . `` Up All Night -- One Direction '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction , ' Up All Night ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` One Direction : ' Up All Night ' '' . Digital Spy ( album review ) . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( 27 May 2012 ) . `` One Direction , the Boy Band , Plays the Beacon Theater '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` One Direction : ' One Thing ' -- Single review '' . Digital Spy . UK : Hearst . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wol , Douglas ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's songwriters : They 're what make the boy band beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home ( CD -- Sony Music Distribution # 88725475972 ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction lyrics : ' Take Me Home ' pushes boundaries , targets older audience '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( 27 May 2012 ) . `` One Direction Make a Play For Longevity on First American Headlining Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction infection sweeps Melbourne '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lau , Melody ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Concert Review : One Direction are mostly killer with some filler '' . National Post . Canada : Postmedia Network . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jane ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Concert Review : Live Review : One Direction in TO '' . Jam ! Canoe . Québecor Média . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` One Direction whips Patriot Center into a G - rated frenzy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction Live in Sydney : Concert Review '' . Idolator . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Embraces New Sound with ' Midnight Memories ' '' . Whstherebellion.com. 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Kyle ( 26 November 2013 ) . `` One Direction 's ' Midnight Memories ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Arnold , Chuck ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` Album Review : One Direction 's ' Four ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` One Direction extend their winning streak , with echoes of the 1970s and 1980s '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Satherley , Jessica ; Anisiobi , JJ ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Wogan 's angels : Sir Terry is wowed by golden girls trio Tess Daly , Alesha Dixon and Fearne Cotton on Children in Need '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` One Direction : ' Incredible to open Children In Need ' '' . BBC News . 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction join ITVБ ─ ≥ s Text Santa charity campaign '' . Sugarscape . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction surprise Pride of Britain winner Danielle Bailey at school assembly '' . Mirror . Retrieved 26 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Duke and Duchess of Cambridge meet One Direction at Royal Variety Performance '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Niall Horan breaks charity website '' . Sugarscape . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrons & Ambassadors '' . Trekstock . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift , One Direction Top List of Most Charitable Stars '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmopolitan , the women 's magazine for fashion , beauty , sex tips and celebrity news '' . Cosmopolitan . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid 30 : One Direction among celebrity line - up '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 28 February 2012 ) . `` The Wanted & One Direction : why British boybands are conquering America '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Kerry ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction , British / Irish boy band about to explode in America says Simon Cowell '' . IrishCentral . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` The British Are Coming ! One Direction Set To Conquer America '' . News . Yahoo !. Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` The Wanted Vs. One Direction : A Boy Band Cheat Sheet '' . MTV News . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 9 March 2012 ) . `` Meet UK boy band One Direction '' . USA Today . Gannett Co . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British boy band One Direction cause fan frenzy as they make US television debut performance on Today show '' . Daily Mail . London . 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` The New British Invasion : Boy Bands '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Caspar Llewellyn ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction : the fab five take America '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Twitter Stats '' . Counter . Twitter . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , Stephanie ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` Can One Direction Save the Boy Band ? '' . Time . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Brodie ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Behind the Boy Band : Q&A with Caroline Watson , One Direction 's Stylist '' . Jezebel . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Leah ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction : X Factor boy band on what sets them apart '' . National Post . Canada : Postmedia Network . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` One Direction '' . The Observer ( review ) . London . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Sophie ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` X Factor 2010 : Treyc Cohen snubbed but Aiden Grimshaw stays on tour '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction , Big Time Rush Talk Joint Tour '' . MTV . 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Win Best British Single at BRIT Awards 2012 '' . Capital FM . Global Radio . 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Monkeys , Noel Gallagher , The Vaccines , Lana Del Rey nominated for NME Awards 2012 '' . NME. 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emily ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction steal the show at Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hart , Tina ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` Swift and Bieber big winners at Teen Choice Awards '' . Music Week . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Direction Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Direction . Official website One Direction at AllMusic One Direction on IMDb Management Preceded by The Shins Saturday Night Live musical guest 7 April 2012 Succeeded by Gotye Preceded by HAIM Saturday Night Live musical guest 7 December 2013 Succeeded by Kings of Leon Preceded by Charli XCX Saturday Night Live musical guest 20 December 2014 Succeeded by Sia One Direction Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Zayn Malik Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Up All Night Take Me Home Midnight Memories Four Made in the A.M. Extended plays iTunes Festival : London 2012 Video albums Up All Night : The Live Tour Singles `` What Makes You Beautiful '' `` Gotta Be You '' `` One Thing '' `` More than This '' `` Live While We 're Young '' `` Little Things '' `` Kiss You '' `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' `` Best Song Ever '' `` Story of My Life '' `` Midnight Memories '' `` You & I '' `` Steal My Girl '' `` Night Changes '' `` Drag Me Down '' `` Perfect '' `` History '' Promotional singles `` Diana '' `` Strong '' `` Infinity '' `` Home '' `` What a Feeling '' Featured singles `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` God Only Knows '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Other songs `` Moments '' `` Rock Me '' `` Happily '' Concert tours Up All Night Tour Take Me Home Tour Where We Are Tour On the Road Again Tour TV and film This Is Us Where We Are -- The Concert Film Merchandise Our Moment Related The X Factor series 7 finalists Links to related articles Niall Horan Discography Studio albums Flicker Singles `` This Town '' `` Slow Hands '' `` Too Much to Ask '' Concert tours Flicker Sessions 2017 Flicker World Tour Related articles One Direction Liam Payne Singles `` Strip That Down '' `` Get Low '' `` Bedroom Floor '' `` For You '' Related articles One Direction Harry Styles Discography Studio albums Harry Styles Singles `` Sign of the Times '' `` Two Ghosts '' `` Kiwi '' Promotional singles `` Sweet Creature '' Concert tours Harry Styles : Live on Tour Related articles One Direction Zayn Malik Discography Albums Mind of Mine Singles `` Pillowtalk '' `` Like I Would '' `` Wrong '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Still Got Time '' `` Dusk Till Dawn '' Featured singles `` Back to Sleep ( Remix ) '' `` Cruel '' `` Freedun '' Promotional singles `` It 's You '' `` Befour '' Other songs `` She '' Related articles One Direction Notable contestants of The X Factor ( UK ) Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Lloyd Wade Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Avenue The Dolly Rockers Tiwa Savage Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Mollie King Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Annastasia Baker Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Stacey McClean Daniel Pearce Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye The Reason Twem Annastasia Baker Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Carolynne Poole Nathan Fagan - 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Zone ( 2006 ) Daniel Powter ( 2007 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2008 ) Madonna ( 2009 ) The Beatles ( 2010 ) Lady Gaga ( 2011 ) Lady Gaga ( 2012 ) Che'Nelle ( 2013 ) One Direction ( 2014 ) One Direction ( 2015 ) The Beatles ( 2016 ) Ariana Grande ( 2017 ) Winners of MTV Europe Music Award for Best UK & Ireland Act 5ive ( 1998 ) Boyzone ( 1999 ) Westlife ( 2000 ) Craig David ( 2001 ) Coldplay ( 2002 , 2005 ) The Darkness ( 2003 ) Muse ( 2004 , 2007 ) The Kooks ( 2006 ) Leona Lewis ( 2008 ) Pixie Lott ( 2009 ) Marina and the Diamonds ( 2010 ) Adele ( 2011 ) One Direction ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) Little Mix ( 2015 ) VIAF : 250413045 LCCN : no2011153486 GND : 1021845329 BNF : cb16599012w ( data ) BIBSYS : 12064019 MusicBrainz : 1a425bbd - cca4 - 4b2c - aeb7 - 71cb176c828a NLA : 50077917 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Direction&oldid=819380513 '' Categories : One Direction ARIA Award winners Brit Award winners English pop music groups English boy bands English pop rock music groups English vocal groups Bubblegum pop Columbia Records artists Musical groups established in 2010 Musical groups from London Musical quartets NME Awards winners Syco Music artists Sony / ATV Music Publishing artists Sony BMG artists Vocal quartets The X Factor ( UK TV series ) contestants Vocal quintets Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - 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when was one direction formed as a band
[ "In 2010, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor.[15] They failed to progress to the \"Boys\" category at \"judges' houses\" but were put together to form a five-piece boy band at Wembley Arena, in London, England, in July 2010, during the \"bootcamp\" stage of the competition,[16] thus qualifying for the \"Groups\" category. Nicole Scherzinger, a guest judge,[15][17][18] and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band. In 2013, Cowell said that it \"took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group\".[19] Subsequently, the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice.[20][21] Styles came up with the name One Direction.[20] For their qualifying song at \"judges' houses\", and their first song as a group, One Direction sang an acoustic version of \"Torn\".[22] Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they \"were confident, fun, like a gang of friends, and kind of fearless as well.\"[23] Within the first four weeks of the live shows, they were his last act in the competition.[24] The group quickly gained popularity in the UK.[23]" ]
[ "2010" ]
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Prisoner (TV series)
Prisoner ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Prisoner ( TV series ) Not to be confused with The Prisoner or The Prisoner ( 2009 miniseries ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prisoner Also known as Prisoner : Cell Block H ( UK and United States ) Caged Women , Prisoner : Cell Block H ( Canada ) Kvinnofängelset ( Women 's Prison ) ( Sweden ) Więźniarki ( Prisoners ) ( Poland ) Celblok H ( Cellblock H ) ( Netherlands ) Prisoners ( working title ) Women in Prison ( working title ) Women Behind Bars ( working title ) Genre Soap opera serial ( crime , drama ) Created by Reg Watson Directed by Chris Adshead Steve Mann Sean Nash Kendal Flanagan Leigh Spence Tony Osicka ( and others ) Starring Elspeth Ballantyne Betty Bobbitt Sheila Florance Maggie Kirkpatrick Val Lehman Patsy King Gerda Nicolson Colette Mann Judith McGrath Joy Westmore Fiona Spence Gerard Maguire ( see List of Prisoner cast members ) Theme music composer Allan Caswell Conductor - William Motzing Ending theme `` On the Inside '' written by Allan Caswell conducted by William Motzing performed by Lynne Hamilton Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 692 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ian Bradley ( from season 2 ) Producer ( s ) Ian Bradley ( season 1 ) Camera setup Video multi-camera ( studio - based scenes ) Film ( on - location and external scenes ) Running time 41 -- 49 minutes 53 minutes ( final episode ) Production company ( s ) Reg Grundy Organisation Distributor FremantleMedia Release Original network Network Ten Picture format PAL ( 4 : 3 576i ) Original release 27 February 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 27 ) -- 11 December 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 11 ) Chronology Related shows Wentworth Prisoner is an Australian soap opera set in a women 's prison , Wentworth Detention Centre , which was located in the fictitious Melbourne suburb of Wentworth . In the United States and the United Kingdom , due to a copyright injunction , it was titled Prisoner : Cell Block H , and in Canada Caged Women . The series , produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation , aired on Network Ten for 692 episodes between 1979 and 1986 . Originally , it was planned as a 16 - part stand - alone series . The show had a cult following in numerous countries , particularly in the United Kingdom and Sweden , and launched various spin - offs including a stage play , tie - in novels and other merchandise . The show was inspired by the British television drama Within These Walls . Prisoner was `` re-imagined '' on Foxtel in a new version , Wentworth , which debuted in 2013 . Contents 1 Background 2 Synopsis 2.1 Series extension 2.2 Bea , Lizzie and Doreen 2.3 1981 -- 2 : Changes 2.4 The Freak 2.5 1983 2.6 1984 2.7 1985 2.8 Final season 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Spin - offs , remakes and specials 5.1 Spin - offs 5.1. 1 Willow B : Women in Prison 5.1. 2 Wentworth 5.2 Spoofs 5.3 Prisoner - inspired shows 6 Merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 DVD releases 7 Overseas sales 7.1 Sweden 7.2 United Kingdom 7.2. 1 ITV regional scheduling 7.2. 2 Channel 5 7.3 United States 7.4 Canada 7.5 Other countries 8 Australian reruns 9 Awards and nominations 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Prisoner was created by Reg Watson , who had produced the British soap opera Crossroads from 1964 to 1973 and would create Australian soaps The Young Doctors , Sons and Daughters and Neighbours . Initially conceived as a 16 - episode series , the working title of the pilot episode was `` Women Behind Bars '' . Its storylines focused on the lives of the prisoners and , to a lesser extent , the officers and other prison staff . When the initial episodes met an enthusiastic reception , it was felt that Prisoner could be developed into an ongoing soap opera . The early storylines were developed and expanded , with assistance from the Corrective Services Department . The show 's themes , often radical , included feminism , homosexuality and social reform . Prisoner began in early 1979 with the advertising slogan , `` If you think prison is hell for a man , imagine what it 's like for a woman '' . The series examined how women dealt with incarceration and separation from their families , and the common phenomenon of released inmates re-offending . Within the prison , major themes were interpersonal relationships , power struggles , friendships and rivalries . The prisoners became a surrogate family , with self - styled `` Queen Bea '' , Bea Smith and `` Mum '' ( Jeanette ) Brooks central matriarch figures . Several lesbian characters , including prisoners Franky Doyle and Judy Bryant and officer Joan Ferguson , appeared on the show . Typical of long - running TV dramas , characters and story exposition were often ' retconned ' in order to expand potential storylines . Initially there was a men 's prison `` next door '' to Wentworth , but it was never mentioned again after the early episodes . Barnhurst was originally a co-ed prison , soon becoming a women 's facility . Its security status varied considerably with it being described as an ' open prison farm ' by the end of the run ; although it was often described as `` low - security '' , serial murderers Bea Smith and Marie Winter were housed there for long periods . Although Blackmoor Prison was initially described as a brand new , state - of - the - art maximum - security prison , it was depicted as a Victorian - era workhouse when finally seen . Wentworth was variously described as either new or built during World War II , with aged infrastructure . Dr. Greg Miller stated in episode one that he had his own private practice , but soon after he became frustrated at not having his own practice and purchased one from an elderly Doctor . Judy Bryant insisted that she had never had sex with a man , but her adult daughter became a regular character . Officer Terry Harrison ( Brian Hannan ) said that he had never been married only a few episodes before his ex-wife was incarcerated at Wentworth . In her first appearance Myra Desmond said that she was living on her late husband 's compensation , later saying that she had never married and was childless ; soon afterwards , her murder of her husband and subsequent issues with her two children figured in a several storylines . Background officer Joan Barfield ( Kate Fell , later Delva Hunter ) was often called `` Connie '' in early episodes , and `` Officer Knox '' was a series of background officers . As cast members left and returned , sentence continuity became a problem ; Judy Bryant and Chrissie Latham spent much longer in Wentworth for petty crimes than they did for murder , and Bea Smith was offered parole three years after her second murder . Synopsis ( edit ) Prisoner cast pic from early 1979 . Seated : Bea Smith ( Val Lehman ) . Standing , right to left : Karen Travers ( Peta Toppano ) , Franky Doyle ( Carol Burns ) , Doreen Anderson ( Colette Mann ) , Chrissie Latham ( Amanda Muggleton ) , and a background prisoner , later known as Lorna Young ( Barbara Jungwirth ) . Viewers ' introduction to the Detention Centre featured the arrival of two new prisoners , Karen Travers ( Peta Toppano ) and Lynn Warner ( Kerry Armstrong ) . Travers was charged with murdering her husband in self - defence ( her flashback featured a shower scene that was a nod to Alfred Hitchcock 's classic Psycho ) , whilst Warner insisted she was innocent despite her conviction for the abduction and attempted murder of a child . Both women were sent to the prison 's maximum - security wing ( H Block ) , where they were horrified by their new surroundings . Karen , confronted with a former lover -- prison doctor Greg Miller ( Barry Quin ) -- was sexually harassed by violent lesbian cellmate Franky Doyle ( Carol Burns ) . Lynn was ostracised by the other prisoners because of her crime ( prisoners are known for their intolerance of offenders against children ) and terrorised by Bea Smith ( Val Lehman ) , who burnt her hand in the laundry 's steam press in one of the series ' most iconic early scenes . Other , less volatile prisoners included elderly , garden - loving Jeanette `` Mum '' Brooks ( Mary Ward ) ; who was incarcerated for the euthanasia of her husband who had terminal cancer , teddy - clutching misfit and childlike Doreen Anderson ( Colette Mann ) , alcoholic former cook recidivist Lizzie Birdsworth ( Sheila Florance ) , who apparently poisoned a group of shearers and seductive prostitute Marilyn Mason ( Margaret Laurence ) , who seduced prison electrician Eddie Cook ( Richard Moir ) . The prison officers ( or `` screws '' , as the prisoners call them ) included firm - but - fair well - heeled governor Erica `` Davo '' Davidson ( Patsy King ) ; dour deputy governor Vera Bennett ( Fiona Spence ) , who was always wanting to become Governor and was nicknamed by Franky `` Vinegar Tits '' ; and firm but compassionate senior officer Meg Jackson ( later Morris ) ( Elspeth Ballantyne ) . Early episodes featured a high level of violence : Lynn Warner 's press burning ; a prisoner hanging herself in her cell ; unrequited lesbian love ; a fatal stabbing , and a flashback sequence inspired by which Karen Travers stabbed her abusive husband to death in the shower . The series ' first major story arc was the turf war between Bea and Franky , in a bid to become the prison 's `` Top Dog '' ( unofficial leader ) , culminating by Episode 3 in a riot where Meg was held hostage and her husband -- prison social worker Bill Jackson ( Don Barker ) -- was stabbed to death by inmate Chrissie Latham ( Amanda Muggleton ) . Series extension ( edit ) Prisoner premiered in Australia on 27 February 1979 . Its success prompted the producers to extend the series , first from 16 to 20 episodes and then indefinitely . The production schedule increased from one to two hour - long episodes per week ; Carol Burns left the show after 20 episodes , feeling that she could not continue playing Franky Doyle with the tighter schedule . She was written out of the show as an escapee from Wentworth with Doreen Anderson and shot dead by a police officer after being on the run for three weeks . New story arcs were introduced . Karen Travers appealed against her sentence and was eventually released , allowing her to resume her relationship with Greg Miller and becoming involved in prison reform . As original characters began leaving the series ( Mum Brooks , Lynn Warner , Karen and Greg appeared beyond the initial sixteen episodes , but most had left by the end of the 1979 season ; Greg left in early 1980 ) , new characters arrived : hulking husband - beater Monica Ferguson ( Lesley Baker ) , career criminal Noeline Bourke ( Jude Kuring ) , idealistic murdereress Roslyn Coulson ( Sigrid Thornton ) and imprisoned mother Pat O'Connell ( Monica Maughan ) , in addition to shorter - term inmates with brief storylines . Prostitute Chrissie Latham , a minor character in the early episodes , returned in a more central antagonistic role and a male deputy governor , Jim Fletcher ( Gerard Maguire ) , joined the female - dominated cast . Bea , Lizzie and Doreen ( edit ) As Prisoner began its second year of production in 1980 the series formula was in place , with its characters a recognisable set of archetypes . The prison population consisted of a core group of sympathetic prisoners -- a top dog ( Bea ) , an elderly inmate ( Lizzie ) , a wayward youngster ( Doreen ) -- and other characters such as an antagonist who threatened the top dog , a middle - class prisoner out of her element , remand prisoners awaiting trial and heavies used as muscle . After the departure of Franky , Karen and Lynn , Bea Smith , Doreen Burns ( née Anderson ) and Lizzie Birdsworth became the main front - line prisoners . By 1980 , Bea , a tough , ambivalent , maternal leader , had softened by comparison with the 1979 episodes . The death of her teenage daughter Debbie ( Cassandra Lehman ) from a heroin overdose was her motivation for killing her husband when she was released in the second episode , and explained her hatred of drug offenders and clouded judgement when children were involved . Doreen , a well - meaning , inept tragicomic figure , was easily influenced by others . Lizzie , a mischievous , alcoholic old bitie with a bad heart , occasionally contemplated dying in prison . The three were joined early in 1980 by Judy Bryant ( Betty Bobbitt ) , an American expatriate lesbian who got herself imprisoned to be with her girlfriend : scheming drug dealer Sharon Gilmour ( Margot Knight , in her first notable role on the show ) . Initially introduced as a potential opponent of Bea , Judy became part of the core group of regulars ( and Bea 's unofficial second - in - command ) , the show 's longest - serving inmate and the second - longest - running character ( behind Elspeth Ballantyne as Meg Jackson - Morris ) . The mix of officers also established a template of character types . Progressive governor Erica Davidson 's approach to the job was to the right of warm - hearted warder Meg Jackson but to the left of the acidic Vera Bennett , with firm - but - fair deputy governor Jim Fletcher often switching sides between Vera and Meg . Erica faced an uphill battle with untenable directives from her superiors at the Department of Corrective Services , represented by Ted Douglas ( Ian Smith , who 's also written many episodes and was the show 's script editor for most of its run ) . Storylines dealing with the prisoners ' everyday lives were cyclical : harsh treatment leading to prisoner resistance , followed by concessions and freedom ( exploited by the prisoners , requiring stricter discipline ) . Capitalising on the voyeuristic appeal of showcasing female prison life , Prisoner 's storylines had familiar elements : smuggling , personality clashes , staff politics , prisoner resistance in the form of strikes and riots and a variety of issue - based court cases , police investigations and escapes . It made extensive use of cliffhangers , with dramatic escapes , crimes and catastrophes befalling the prison and its inhabitants . Plots also ventured outside Wentworth , with episodes about the officers ' private lives and the efforts of newly released prisoners to adjust to life outside ( including forces leading to recidivism ) . Bea Smith was released during the opening episodes ; and with nothing and no - one on the outside since the drug - related death of her daughter Debbie , she shot her estranged husband dead , ensuring her imprisonment for life . The elderly Lizzie was released when new evidence proved her to be innocent of the poisoning for which she had served twenty years . With no place for her on the outside , Lizzie committed a petty offence to return to her `` home '' at Wentworth . Although the series had upbeat storylines ( such as Karen Travers ' in 1979 ) , for characters like Bea and Lizzie prison was the only option . Notable storylines during the show 's Bea - Lizzie - and - Doreen era ( late 1979 to late 1981 ) included the cliffhanger about a terrorist raid on the prison , during which governor Erica was shot and wounded . A long - running story arc involved Judy 's vendetta against corrupt male warder Jock Stewart ( Tommy Dysart ) after he murdered her lover , Sharon Gilmour , by pushing her down a flight of stairs . Angry at a cover - up ( a verdict of accidental death , and Jock suspended ) , the women staged a rooftop protest in which Noeline Bourke 's daughter Leanne ( Tracey - Jo Riley ) fell to her death . Another notable storyline involved Jim 's old army buddy Geoff Butler ( Ray Meagher , in his first of three roles ) . Geoff , an insurance salesman who aspired to be a mercenary overseas , attempted to be romantically involved with Meg , but his attempted assault against her landed him in court ; he would be released on a good behaviour bond , but the terms would prevent Geoff from leaving Australia , thus preventing him from taking a mercenary position in Africa . Jim 's family would later be killed by a package bomb that was meant for him , in revenge for spoiling Geoff 's mercenary career . For the 1980 cliffhanger , Meg married Bob Morris ( Anthony Hawkins ) , whose daughter Tracey ( Sue Devine ) was in Wentworth for drug smuggling ; meanwhile , a mass - escape plan , using a children 's pantomime skit of Cinderella as a front as a prisoners escape through an abandoned tunnel , goes awry : Judy and another inmate , Heather `` Mouse '' Trapp ( Jentah Sobott ) successfully escaped , but later were caught early in the next season . Meanwhile , Bea , Lizzie and Doreen are trapped in the tunnel after its entrance collapsed when another prisoner , Anne Griffin ( Rowena Wallace ) , blocked the entrance with a wheelbarrow . 1981 -- 2 : changes ( edit ) After a long holiday break , Prisoner moved to an earlier time slot in the Melbourne area : Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 19 : 30 . After a recap of the 1980 season on 3 February 1981 , the series resumed with episode 166 the following evening . From episode 205 , it returned to its original 20 : 30 timeslot . Jock Stewart would cross Judy 's path two more times in this period . First , in early 1981 , when he was a customer at a massage parlor where Judy worked as a prostitute while being an escapee following the pantomime escape , following a tip from career prostitute and frequent Wentworth inmate Helen Smart ( Caroline Gillmer ) that he was a frequent customer there . She vowed to kill Jock in order to avenge his murder of Sharon , but she would n't have a chance - after catching her in the act , Jock forced Judy to work , with all proceeds going to him . Both Jock and Judy were arrested in an extortion sting , with Judy returning to Wentworth . They would cross once more in 1982 , following Judy 's parole , in which Jock would extort money from Judy in order to keep her brief career as a prostitute a secret from her daughter . After he broke into Judy 's apartment , she escapes from him , with Jock giving chase , only for him to stumble down the stairs ; Judy would refuse to help him , in an act of revenge on behalf of Sharon , Doreen and herself , as well as `` all the women you 've bashed and hurt . '' No charges were brought upon her , but she later learned that Jock was now confined to a wheelchair for life . Before Judy began working as a prostitute , she admitted to Helen Smart that she was a 40 - something virgin ( telling the same to Tracey the previous season in episode 154 ) ; near the middle of 1981 her adult daughter , Lori ( Susannah Fowle ) arrived , searching for her birth mother after seeing her on television . When Prisoner reached its 200th episode Bea developed amnesia , with no memory of her imprisonment , after a car crash during a transfer from Barnhurst . Bea looked for Mum , going from one old address to the next . She found Mum , who offered help to her `` sick friend '' . Mum told parole officer Meg that Bea sought her help the night before and Meg told Mum she must inform the police , since Mum was on parole . The police raid Mum , Meg and Bea , and Bea and Mum were returned to Wentworth . Shortly after their return , Bea 's amnesia dissipated after being bashed by Margo , but chose to feign her amnesia after learning that if it was permanent , it may lead to her release . She would eventually forego her stunt and plead guilty in the ensuing trial after learning that Mum would face a tough prison sentence for aiding and abetting an escapee . During the second half of the 1981 season , Vera Bennett left , written out when she became governor of Barnhurst . Supporting characters complementing the lead ensemble gained importance . The officers ranks were augmented by sarcastic , militant union representative Colleen Powell ( Judith McGrath ) and bespectacled , ineffectual Joyce Barry ( Joy Westmore ) . Colleen benefited from the departures of Vera and later Jim Fletcher , taking over as deputy governor when Meg Morris turned down the job in order to save her marriage with Bob , which ended up being in vain . Chrissie Latham , Margo Gaffney and Helen Smart became central characters . In late 1981 Bea , Lizzie , Doreen and Judy receded into the background . Bea was hospitalised for a kidney transplant operation , Lizzie was briefly paroled , and Doreen and Judy were temporarily transferred to Barnhurst . The storylines shifted to three new characters ; cocky moll Sandy Edwards ( Louise Le Nay ) and intelligent , enigmatic Kate Peterson ( Olivia Hamnett ) were convicted of murder and cunning , villainous career criminal Marie Winter ( Maggie Millar ) was transferred from Barnhurst . In the 1981 cliffhanger , Marie manipulated Sandy into starting a riot to protest increasingly - oppressive prison conditions following new directives from the Department . With a copy of the prison keys and improvised weapons , Sandy lead the women through the prison ; in the subsequent siege , rookie officers Janet Conway ( Kate Sheil ) and Steve Faulkner ( Wayne Jarratt ) were taken hostage . The first few months of 1982 focused on power struggles , schemes and double - crossing by Sandy , Marie and Kate , including several murder attempts . As Sandy and Marie competed for top - dog position , Kate plotted her release from Wentworth by playing different sides against each other . When they were written out of the show , its focus returned to Bea and company . The Freak ( edit ) Episode 326 , the 1982 season finale in which a fire spreads through Wentworth during a showdown between prisoner Bea Smith ( back ) and corrupt officer Joan Ferguson ( front ) This file has an invalid fair use claim and may be deleted after Monday , 20 August 2018 . In 1982 , a formidable new officer , Joan `` the Freak '' Ferguson ( Maggie Kirkpatrick ) , arrived , having been transferred from a prison in Queensland . Imposing her will with black - leather - gloves , she molested prisoners during spurious `` body searches '' and took a cut of all prison rackets , Ferguson was as cold , calculating and sinister as the worst prisoners but was on the other side of the bars and therefore untouchable . Bea and Joan became deadly enemies . Joan schemed to beat Bea and Bea plotted to oust Joan , beginning a new story arc in which the women of Wentworth try to get rid of the Freak . But Ferguson was n't going anywhere , having swiftly become an integral presence in the show , and increasingly its most iconic character much like J.R. Ewing in Dallas or Alexis Colby in Dynasty . The officers ( particularly Meg Morris ) recognized Ferguson 's nature and unsuccessfully attempted to expose her ; resulting in the resignation of Steve Faulkner . Chrissie Latham and Margo Gaffney returned to the show , and Doreen and Judy were released from Wentworth . Doreen left the series ; while Judy took charge of a halfway house for recently released prisoners , named `` Driscoll House '' after its first resident Susie Driscoll ( Jacqui Gordon ) , a teenager who previously served time in Wentworth after escaping from area foster homes and youth centres . The storylines were divided between the prison and the halfway house , allowing the series to explore issue - based plots on the outside through the Driscoll House residents . Doomed heroin addict Donna Mason ( Arkie Whiteley ) featured as a remand prisoner and temporary resident of Driscoll House . Young biker Maxine Daniels ( Lisa Crittenden ) joined the regular cast , flitting between Driscoll and Wentworth . Initially located at a storefront apartment in an industrial area of Wentworth , Driscoll House later relocated to a Victorian home in a residential neighbourhood , which Judy purchased for such purpose . The main storyline was the ongoing animosity between Bea Smith and Joan Ferguson . Their enmity peaked for the 1982 season cliffhanger , in which Bea lured the Freak into a trap by claiming that Ferguson 's diaries , which contained incriminating evidence of her past relationship with another prisoner , had been hidden by white - collar criminal Barbara Fields ( Susan Guerin ) . As a diversion , Chrissie Latham lit a small fire in the prison library . Margo Gaffney started a larger , turpentine - fed fire in a storeroom . The storeroom fire raged as Bea and Joan battled it out in the isolation wing ; Bea strangled Joan with the intention of killing her , and Barbara Fields retrieved the diaries from the governor 's office . The fire triggered the riot alarm , locking down the burning prison . Fields , overcome by smoke , collapsed in the governor 's office as flames surrounded her ( and the diaries ) , while Mouse and another inmate , Paddy Lawson ( Anna Hruby ) , were trapped . Paddy escaped through the air ducts , and a panicking Mouse died in the fire as governor Erica Davidson attempted to unlock the gates . Ferguson regained consciousness and attacked Bea , beating her unconscious . Ferguson soon realised that an unresponsive Bea had her keys with Ferguson trapped on the other side of the locked gate . In the episode 's final scene , Joan , Bea and Paddy were trapped in the burning building . The 1983 season began with Paddy crawling through the air ducts and finding Bea and Joan , then escaping through the roof , where they were rescued by firefighters . Mouse and Barbara would perish in the fire , with Joan 's diaries that Barbara had going up in smoke . Following the fire , Wentworth would temporarily transfer its inmates to other prisons , with those in H Block transferred to Woodridge , a prison for men . During this period , the staff of the two prisons work together , especially those between the two deputy governors : Wentworth 's Colleen Powell , and Woodridge 's Geoff Carlson ( Danny Adcock ) ; while romantic developments occurred between the two , any romantic heat dissipated by the time the Wentworth inmates were transferred back to a newly - remodelled prison . The season was characterised by short - term characters and storylines , anchored by the rivalry between Bea and the Freak . Chrissie , Margo and Erica left the series ; while callous , menacing and brutal double murderess Nola McKenzie ( Carole Skinner ) became a new adversary for Bea and a partner in crime for Joan . Having escaped prison in Western Australia , where she was sentenced to death for murdering a cop , Nola escaped to Melbourne , where she was soon caught and inducted into Wentworth . The first prisoner to actively collude with the Freak , she began running contraband rackets , plotting to seize power from the `` good '' top dog . Bea briefly escaped from Wentworth , finding her way to Sydney where she found Doreen , who had relocated to Sydney following her release from Wentworth ; Bea 's stay , and freedom , would be short - lived , as Doreen was sharing her apartment with an undercover police officer , Debbie Phillips ( Deborah Masters ) . Shortly after Bea 's escape and other embarrassing events that included a man was accidentally inducted as a prisoner of Wentworth , Erica resigned over the departmental coverup and was soon replaced by Ann Reynolds ( Gerda Nicolson ) , a spirited , no - nonsense governor whose philosophies on prison operation would be similar to Erica 's . The Bea - Joan - Nola conflict peaked shortly after Bea was returned to the prison . Joan and Nola attempted to drive Bea to suicide by evoking the memory of her dead daughter Debbie , coercing tarot - reading medium and remand prisoner Zara Moonbeam ( Ilona Rodgers ) to assist them . The plan backfired and it was Nola , not Bea , whose body was removed from Wentworth : a zip gun that was made for Bea to commit suicide ended up killing Nola , once it was in Bea 's hands . A few months later , Joan triumphed over Bea and had her old enemy transferred to Barnhurst . After playing Bea Smith for 400 episodes , Val Lehman had tired of the role and resigned . In the 400th episode , Bea was involved in a fight with Joan after she taunted Bea about drugs and her late daughter Debbie ; after faking some facial injury , Joan successfully had Ann Reynolds arrange for Bea 's transfer to Barnhurst . As Lizzie appeared as Bea exits , Joan tells Bea not to say anything , else she would make sure that Lizzie 's life would be hell . The episode closed with Lizzie tearfully begging Bea to come back , as she bangs on the security gate , breaking her wrist in the process . Prisoner Phyllis Hunt ( Reylene Pearce ) received an expanded role amidst new arrivals : dreamy , romantic serial bigamist `` Pixie '' Mason ( Judy McBurney ) ; cool , villainous vice queen Sonia Stevens ( Tina Bursill ) , who would immediately replace Bea Smith as top dog under Joan 's control ; Cass Parker ( Babs McMillan ) , whose slow wit and gentle nature was offset by her strength and temper ; neighbourly middle - aged con artist Minnie Donovan ( Wendy Playfair ) ; and volatile - but - vulnerable street kid Bobbie Mitchell ( Maxine Klibingaitis ) . Judy Bryant was brought back into Wentworth after she euthanized terminally - ill former inmate Hazel Kent ( Belinda Davey ) , after which Judy 's friend Wally Wallace ( Alan Hopgood ) would run the house until a permanent replacement was found : Alice Dodds ( Julia Blake ) . In episode 404 , Lizzie was reunited with her real son , Arthur Charlton ( Roy Edmunds ) , who located her through The Salvation Army ; soon , she accepted his offer to live with his family , once she was paroled . However , in the 1983 cliffhanger , as Lizzie was waiting in the prison yard to hear if she has been paroled , she subsequently found a body hidden underneath some newspapers ; new officer David Bridges ( David Waters ) admitted to the murder and told Lizzie she would `` be set free '' . Later , the psychotic Bridges would confess to a series of murders , which he had hidden as recent `` escapes '' from the prison . 1984 ( edit ) Prisoner returned in 1984 with new characters gaining prominent roles in the series . Actress Sheila Florance left early in the year , leading to the departure of Lizzie , who left to live with her son and his family after being paroled . This left Elspeth Ballantyne ( Meg Morris , formerly Jackson ) as the sole remaining original cast member . During the season 's first half , departed characters made return appearances : Erica Davidson reappeared as the new department boss , replacing Ted Douglas , who was exposed the previous year as corrupt , and his successor , the blowhard Arthur Richards ( Sydney Jackson ) , who would be transferred to a different position . Other well - known characters to return in 1984 included Helen Smart , Doreen Burns , Margo Gaffney , Tracy Morris ( though now played by a different actress , Michelle Thomas ) and Marie Winter . Judy Bryant would eventually become a stopgap top dog , following attempts at the position by Sonia ( controlled as a `` puppet '' leader by Joan Ferguson ) , and the tag - team style of Minnie and Cass , using Minnie 's intellect and Cass ' muscle . The Freak briefly becomes governor when Ann Reynolds was recovering from breast cancer and Colleen Powell was discredited following an automobile accident that a witness falsely identified as a hit - and - run . Erica helped expose Ferguson , and Mrs. Powell was reinstated . Mrs. Powell 's family was soon murdered in an explosion , in a storyline similar to Jim Fletcher 's - in this case , a car bomb that was meant to assassinate fellow prison officer Rick Manning ( Andy Anderson ) , who was investigating Sonia 's husband with ties to organised crime , policeman Eddie Stevens ( Norman Yemm ) . After Manning left Wentworth to become a juvenile crimes counselor , he was replaced by a new officer , Dennis Cruickshank ( Nigel Bradshaw ) . The season 's major players were Reb Kean ( Janet Andrewartha ) , a dynamic - but - troubled young armed robber who turned to crime in rebelling against her wealthy family , and the series ' new top dog : Myra Desmond ( Anne Phelan ) , a thoughtful , tough former Wentworth prisoner and representative of the Prison Reform Group , who was now imprisoned for killing her husband . Reb and Myra became enemies of the Freak and each other . The Driscoll House storyline would be phased out after Myra , who temporary replaced Alice Dodds as its manager , was convicted of murder . This season and the following one were characterised by cast reshuffles . Midseason saw the exits of Minnie Donovan , Sonia Stevens and Cass Parker . Long - time deputy governor Colleen Powell would also make her exit after retiring from Wentworth after she received substantial profits from the sale of her house , leading to Meg Morris being nominated as Colleen 's successor , in a position that Meg turned down two years before . Juvenile prankster Marlene Warren ( Genevieve Lemon ) and elderly inmate Dot Farrar ( Alethea McGrath ) were new arrivals . Enduring inmates introduced during this period were sneering troublemaker Lou Kelly ( Louise Siversen ) , who developed from a bit player to a sociopathic wannabe top dog and the series ' main villain and dopey Alice `` Lurch '' Jenkins ( Lois Collinder ) . Prisoner became increasingly violent . Twisted psychologist Jonathan Edmonds ( Bryan Marshall ) arrived at Wentworth to conduct research and brainwashed Cass Parker into trying to kill best friend , Bobbie Mitchell . During her final stint in 1984 , the villainous Marie colluded with the Freak and organised another riot , ravaging H Block to ensure the dismissal of an already reprimanded Ann Reynolds so Ferguson would take over as governor of Wentworth ; when this failed , Winter subsequently escaped , hanging from the landing gear of a low - flying helicopter . Winter would later be captured off - screen and transferred to Blackmoor . Serial murderess Bev `` the Beast '' Baker ( Maggie Dence ) terrorised staff and inmates with her sadistic thrill - seeking antics , which included nearly throttling Marlene ; cutting Bobbie 's hands with a razor blade ( after they were cut earlier in an escape attempt ) , stabbing a visiting social worker in the heart with a knitting needle and , finally , when cornered , committing suicide by injecting herself with an empty hypodermic syringe . Shortly after psychopathic inmate Angel Adams ( Kylie Foster ) was inducted into Wentworth , she ordered the rape of Meg in her home by a masked intruder and a friend of Angel 's , Peter Wright ( Alan Pentland ) . Joan Ferguson faced off against murderous male counterpart Len Murphy ( Maurie Fields ) in a bad - screw turf war . A trio of male inmates from Woodridge -- Geoff McRae ( Leslie Dayman ) , Matt Delaney ( Peter Bensley ) and Frank Burke ( Trevor Kent ) -- were introduced , transferred to Wentworth in secret for their safety after preventing an escape at Woodridge ; the prison originally planned to keep them in the isolation block , but after the secret was let out to the women , the prison had no choice but to introduce the male prisoners to the general population of the women prisoners . Near the end of the season , as Myra and Reb had a final confrontation over the top - dog position Ann Reynolds received poison - pen letters and death threats . She and Meg would soon be kidnapped by a relative of Phyllis Hunt , Brian Lowe ( Mathew King ) , then left gagged and bound in a crumbling warehouse laden with bombs and trip - wire booby - traps , as an act of revenge for Reb 's bashing of Phyllis which left her with permanent brain damage . In the season cliffhanger , Myra revealed that Reb , of whom she earlier appointed as successor to her Top Dog position , was a fake , as she cared more about her own motives than she does for the women 's needs . Also , newly - arrived Middle - Eastern inmate Yemil Bakarta ( Maria Mercedes ) ran to the recreation room to tell them to save Pixie as Lou , Alice and Frances Harvey ( Wanda Davidson ) were beating her in her cell . 1985 ( edit ) The 1985 season began with Reb being transferred to Blackmoor after fighting with Myra and promising Joan that she would be back for her . Pixie Mason was raped by male inmate Frank Burke , and lapsed into catatonia . Len Murphy would temporarily become governor after Ann collapsed at work soon after the kidnapping ordeal , deputy governor Meg was still in hospital recovering from her own injuries , and Joyce turned down the opportunity ; he would soon be arrested for raping Pixie in a frame - up orchestrated by Joan . Male inmates McRae and Delaney would be involved in affairs with Myra and Marlene , respectively . Lou tried several times to kill Myra in her bid to become top dog , with one attempt leading instead to the death of another inmate , artist Samantha Greenway ( Robyn Gibbes ) ; she also attempted to kill Joan Ferguson with a home - made zip gun made by Frank Burke , only to severely injure her hand when the gun jammed . In episode 510 , Lexie Patterson ( Pepe Trevor ) , a streetwise card sharp who dressed like Boy George , was initially inducted on remand for larceny . Shortly after being given a six - month sentence to be served at Wentworth , Lexie became a target of The Freak 's abuse , including cutting off Lexie 's trademark dreadlocks . Lexie would get back at Joan by having Frank drop a bookcase on her head in the prison library . The incident soon caused The Freak to experience blackouts - brief periods in which she could not recollect doing certain things or go to certain places . Undeterred , the women ( led by Myra ) used this in an initially - successful orchestrated plan to get rid of her , beating Lou and framing Joan for the assault , leading to her firing in episode 535 . Following her termination , Joan was hospitalised for emergency brain surgery when it was discovered that a blood clot formed in her brain . As she was being hospitalised , Sister Anita Selby ( Diane Craig ) , a penitent Catholic nun on a six - week sentence for inciting a riot at an anti-nuclear protest , lagged on her fellow inmates by telling the actual details of the frame - up to Ann Reynolds , citing that as a nun , she would otherwise be unable to live with her conscience . Reynolds was furious at Kelly and Desmond for orchestrating such a stunt , discrediting Desmond as top dog herself for her dishonesty , and threatening her with a transfer to Blackmoor ; in addition , the entire H - Block lost buy - up for three weeks , as punishment . Soon after Joan 's recovery , she would be reinstated , but not before having second thoughts about returning after the department head , Andrew Fry ( Howard Bell ) , gave her the news . Reynolds and the department had their own plans to expose Joan of her crimes and have her fired , but Fry hastened the proceedings without further examination from other sources , or taking Joan 's health into account . In episode 533 , Delaney and Warren married in a prison wedding at Wentworth ; their marriage coincided with the departure of a number of characters : the three male prisoners , Marlene Warren and Judy Bryant . Following the wedding , Warren would be released , McRae would be released on parole , and Delaney and Burke would be transferred to a prison farm ; in Burke 's case , it followed an incident in which he and Lou Kelly attacked Geoff and Myra in the prison library . Myra would break the unofficial rule of lagging by telling Ann Reynolds that it was Frank who started the fight . During the early part of the season , Judy has written as song about her feelings about Pixie , `` Pixie 's Song '' ; she would eventually teach the song to another inmate , musician Sheila Brady ( Colleen Hewett ) , only for Sheila to record the song after her release , without Judy 's knowledge or permission . After pursuing legal action , which included plans to sell Driscoll House to the Department to raise funds for legal fees , Sheila would explain the situation to Judy , including news that her producers will be giving her the proper songwriting credit and royalties for the song , plus a deal to write songs for Sheila 's new album . Judy was released in episode 534 on parole , embarking on a musical career with Sheila , who would accompany Judy on her final release from Wentworth . Episode 536 was a flashback episode , with clips from the show 's past as Myra , Alice and Lou talk to the other prisoners ( especially Lexie ) about the past six years , with an emphasis on Bea Smith and Franky Doyle . At the conclusion of this episode , Ann Reynolds was told that there was a riot at Barnhurst that resulted in a fire , an off - screen event that hospitalised Vera Bennett and killed Bea Smith , the latter while trying to stop the riot . This followed in episode 537 by a mass transfer of prisoners from Barnhurst that introduced five new inmates who would be called `` The Barnhurst Five '' : Nora Flynn ( Sonja Tallis ) , a reformed triple murderer ; aging cat burglar May Collins ( Billie Hammerberg ) and her partner in crime , former fence Willie Beecham ( Kirsty Child ) ; garden - loving misfit Daphne Graham ( Debra Lawrance ) and the shy , intelligent thief Julie Egbert ( Jackie Woodburne ) . Stricter security measures were implemented due to a massive influx of prisoners from Barnhurst . The Ballinger siege story arc , which began soon after the introduction of the Barnhurst Five , started when Ruth Ballinger ( Lindy Davies ) , a wife of a drug - baron , was inducted into Wentworth on remand . Due to her ties with the drug trade , she requested special privileges and items that prisoners were otherwise not allowed to have ; at the request of the Australian Federal Police , Ann and the Department had no choice but to grant her those items , in order to avoid repercussions from her husband and his cronies . Later , Joan , Joyce and inmates were held hostage by four armed mercenaries hired by crime lord Lionel Fellowes ( Will Deumer ) , after they broke into the prison to free Ballinger on the orders of her husband . Surrounded by police , the mercenaries took the women and officers captive and threatened to shoot a hostage every hour until they received safe passage out of the country . The men acted on their threat twice : first by killing inmate Tammy Fisher ( Gloria Ajenstat ) , then an hour later , by killing Myra , but not before Ruth giving her an option to choose whether Joan , Joyce or one of the other prisoners should perish . Two of the terrorists , Al and Max , would take Ruth and Joan to the airport for their getaway plan , while the third man , Ram , stays behind to watch over his hostages ; the siege ended when Nora successfully stolen Ram 's gun and killing him , while Joan and cops killed Al and Max in an airfield shoot - out . Ruth would later be transferred off - screen to Blackmoor ; afterword , Joan would have her contact there , Cynthia Leech ( Beverley Dunn ) , incite her prisoners to create trouble for Ruth , until she orders her husband and Lionel to lay off on Joan . Nora Flynn became a peaceable top dog shortly after the siege , implementing instead the egalitarian approach by allowing everyone to use the laundry press , as well as ruling by the use of a prisoner 's council , in which decisions and punishments are decided by a group of prisoners elected by other prisoners . Joyce left her husband , Norm ( Bill Johnston ) and moved in with prison chef Mervin Pringle ( Ernie Bourne ) ; they would move into Meg 's former flat after she and Dennis moved into a larger apartment on a higher floor . During this season , Mervin would suffer from an epileptic seizure , which Lexie would use as a tool for blackmail , in order to keep Mervin 's epilepsy a secret from Ann , out of fears that he would be fired for having the condition . Mervin and Joyce would later participate in a televised cooking contest , in which they battled over British and French chefs ; the judge , noted television chef Peter Russell - Clarke , later determined that Mervin and Joyce 's dish , Beef Wellington , was worthy of the grand prize : $3,000 cash and a microwave oven . Norm would die of a heart attack shortly afterward ; some time before his death , Norm began a new relationship with another woman , Berryl Simmonds ( Jennifer Jarmen - Walker ) . Meg became engaged to Dennis , but the engagement was very short lived after Frank Burke , who escaped from the prison farm , shot Dennis in the knees , crippling him ; though the doctors thought that he would eventually walk again after a period of rehabilitation , the dispirited Dennis still thought that he would never walk again . Meg and Dennis tried to cope with life with Dennis in the wheelchair , to a point where Dennis insisted on doing things without any help . Furthermore , Dennis insisted that Meg continue working , but his insistence of self - reliance , coupled with a worsening drinking habit , came to a head when Dennis ended his relationship with Meg , as he would rather see Meg continue her career at Wentworth , instead of dedicating her life to tend to him in his crippled state . Other characters introduced during the season included Ann 's daughter Pippa ( Christine Harris ) and her former schoolmate , Jenny Hartley ( Jenny Lovell ) , who ended up in H Block on remand when she was accused of murdering her wealthy grandmother . Joan began an ill - fated relationship with fellow officer Terri Malone ( Margot Knight , who previously played inmate Sharon Gilmour in 1980 ) . Terri , Pippa and Jenny left in quick succession soon after Pippa married lawyer Ben Fulbright ( Kevin Summers ) . Storylines after the Ballenger siege were lower - key , but by the end of the season , the story arcs became livelier . Reb Kean returned as an opposite of her old , rebel self : a timid , meek figure after constant torture and abuse by Cynthia and the inmates at Blackmoor , followed by 27 rounds of ECT during an 8 - week period at the Ingleside mental institution ; Reb 's ECT treatments have especially alarmed Ann and Pippa , as Reb never gave consent to receive them , which they felt was a serious human rights issue . As a result , Reb developed amnesia , of which she lost her memory of her past years , such memories that return only in quick flashes . Cynthia had arranged for Reb to be transferred back to Wentworth , in order for Joan to return the favor by having Reb murdered by talking her into committing suicide , such an effort in which she survived . Eve Wilder ( Lynda Stoner ) , a mistress of media baron Robin Sanderson ( Michael Cole ) , was inducted into Wentworth on remand after she shot Robin dead . But while Eve publicly said that she mistook Robin for a burglar , he was murdered after Robin broke off his relationship with Eve . Initially a timid and scared , but thoughtful , inmate , Eve 's evil personality was brought into light when she severely beaten Joyce Barry , then framed the forgetful Reb for the attack , just as Reb 's release from prison was being finalised on the grounds of amnesia . After knowing that Joyce survived her injuries and expected to make a full recovery , Eve ordered her lawyer and a friend of Ben , David Adams ( Richard Moss ) , to murder Joyce ; however , he was unable to carry on with the murder . Undeterred , soon after the start of the next season , Mervin would propose to Joyce while she was still recovering from her injuries in hospital , just after she came out of her coma ; they would marry later in that season . May and Willie would later `` escape '' en route back to Barnhurst ; in reality , they participated in a police sting of an art heist , with the promise from authorities that they would be pardoned for their crimes as a reward for their participation . But the sting went awry , resulting in the death of May . Daphne would be released following an appeal of her case , in which it was determined that PMS and deficient progesterone levels caused her crimes . Nora , tired of the prison 's power struggles , disbanded the council and began a search for a new top dog . However , soon after , Lou Kelly declared herself top dog following a `` vote '' of prisoners . Soon after , Nora escaped off - screen , but not before leaving behind a note for Julie telling of her whereabouts ; keeping it a secret to herself , Julie ate the note without revealing Nora 's location . By the end of 1985 , only Julie - the last of The Barnhurst Five - remained at Wentworth . Near the end of the season , the Freak would get a formidable new challenger , brash biker Rita `` The Beater '' Connors ( Glenda Linscott ) . Rita 's hatred toward Joan took root the instant that she walked into Wentworth as a remandee , when Joan tore the chains off the defiant Rita 's trademark leather jacket . In the season finale ( Episode 588 ) , David , of whom he also had a romantic relationship with Eve , told her that he would no longer represent her in her case , forcing Eve to arrange for a lawyer through Legal Aid when no other lawyer would represent her . At the end , in the season 's cliffhanger , David returned for `` unfinished business '' , which was shooting himself in front of Eve as a way for her to remember what she had done with him and others . His suicide note , which accused Eve of the murder , as well as the attack on Joyce , would clear Reb on any wrongdoing at the start of the final season . Final season ( edit ) Prisoner 's last season revolved around the conflict between the Freak and Rita . Rita would keep in touch on the sly with her boyfriend and fellow bikie , Slasher ( `` Slasher '' ) with a CB radio smuggled in by her aunt , Ida Brown ( Paddy Burnett ) . After Joan maliciously destroyed Rita 's leather gang jacket in front of her with a scalpel , while on opposite sides of the security gate , Rita uses the radio to order Slasher and her gang , the Conquerors , to terrorise Joan at home and destroy her belongings . This would lead to Joan 's tit - for - tat vendetta against the Conquerors , in which Joan would burn down the garage and motorcycles at the Conquerors ' hideout , resulting in a gang war with the Conquerors ' rival gang , the Eagles , which would claim the life of Slasher . This was compounded by the fact that on the same day , Rita would get three years for her crimes , with 18 months to be served before parole , but at her induction as prisoner , Joan tells her that she 'll make sure that she 'll serve all three years . Ann Reynolds questioned her position after Nora 's escape and the deaths of May and David , and she resigned as governor . For a time after her resignation , Ann worked with former inmate Ettie Parslow running a block of flats for wayward youngsters , alongside Dan Moulton ( Sean Scully ) , a clergyman who worked with bikies . Amongst the tenants was biker chick `` Roach '' Waters ( Linda Hartley ) , who was in a relationship with Rita 's brother , Bongo Connors ( Shane Connor ) . Roach would soon become a prisoner at Wentworth along with Ida , following a botched robbery . Ann would be replaced at Wentworth by a department - appointed replacement , a scruff , Vietnam veteran named Bob Moran ( Peter Adams ) . Bob would impose stringent tactics on not only the prisoners ( especially `` troublemakers '' , of whom he considers `` a personal challenge '' ) , but also the officers as well , vowing to go strictly `` by the book . '' He definitely played no favourites when Joan approves of his method of governing , but Bob points out to her that her past record could lead to dismissal if any future problems involving her was brought to his attention . Soon after Bob became governor , the dead body of Nora Flynn , who escaped from Wentworth several weeks before , was discovered inside the prison fence by a perimeter guard , wrapped in plastic . Shortly before the discovery , Bob received an anonymous note , saying that they 'll make sure escapees and parolees never go free , starting with Nora . Shortly afterward , Lexie escaped from Wentworth , in order to escape the torment and potential punishment from Lou , after she was fingered as `` The Phantom Lagger '' ; a criminal - hating psychotic named Harry Bassinger ( John Frawley ) would break in to Lexie 's safe house in an attempt to kill her , but she got away and was soon captured by police and returned to Wentworth . Initially , Bassinger was not convicted , as he was a former police officer , but would later be convicted of both crimes against Nora and Lexie . In episode 600 , after Lou 's forced hunger strike against Bob 's policies was being disobeyed by many of the prisoners , she staged a riot , in which the strikebreakers were taken hostage and the real `` Phantom Lagger '' , Eve Wilder , was hung in an execution - style killing . Later , Lou ordered Rita and Joan to fight to the death in a battle royal - style fight , in which either one dies , or both die . Bob would sneak through the ventilation shaft into H Block to free the hostages , capture Lou , and stop the fight . Following the fight , Bob refused to transfer Lou to Blackmoor , keeping good on his `` personal challenge '' promise to troublemakers , while taking an unprecedented step of designating Rita as top dog , as she proven to be more of a positive role model than Lou . Lou and Alice would both later be convicted by the prisoners in a mock trial , sentenced to be hung ; it served more as a lesson not to mess with Rita and the others , as the ropes were rigged to break by the weight of the body , though Rita warned them that the hangings would be real if they did it again . Following the riot , Alice Jenkins became friends with Rita , who formed a prison gang ( the Wentworth Warriors ) which included Lexie , Julie , and demure housewife Nancy McCormack ( Julia Blake , on remand for killing her husband but covering up for her son , Peter ( Steve Bastoni ) ) . After their inductions into Wentworth , Roach and con artist Lorelei Wilkinson ( Paula Duncan ) also became members of the gang . In Episode 605 , Ann Reynolds changed her mind about the resignation and returned to Wentworth as governor , but with Bob Moran serving as her deputy and Meg Morris demoted to senior officer ; Meg 's demotion was reversed after a wildcat strike action organised by the Freak . Shortly afterwards , the Freak deposed Meg Morris and became deputy governor against Ann Reynolds ' wishes . Ferguson began plotting to bring down Reynolds , working with the Minister for Corrective Services , Julie Egbert 's future mother - in - law and corrupt inmates to win the governorship . She briefly obtained Reynolds ' job , until the Minister began to realise she was not to be trusted . Rita 's gang burnt down Ferguson 's uninsured house in retaliation , leaving Ferguson turning to male friend Andrew for support . After Ferguson refused to be blackmailed into bringing heroin into the prison Andrew was murdered , and she turned to the police . Julie Egbert was transferred back to Barnhurst after her wedding to doctor - turned - prison - handyman Steve Ryan ( Peter Hayes ) . In addition to the Freak , Rita 's other adversary was Kath Maxwell ( Kate Hood ) , a middle - class friend of Bob Moran who retaliated against Rita for her brutal initiation to prison life because of her crime : the mercy killing of her terminally - ill daughter . Kath became a strong contender for the top - dog role with her monopoly on prison contraband rackets , and was supported by comic - loving cellmate Merle Jones ( Rosanne Hull - Brown ) . Other inmates to arrive in 1986 included sneering racketeer Rose `` Spider '' Simpson ( Taya Straton ) and blackmailing call - girl Lisa Mullins ( Nicki Paull and Terrie Waddell ) . Kath 's relationship with Moran lead to his resignation from Wentworth . The officers ' ranks were bolstered by three trainees : Meg Morris ' son Marty Jackson ( Michael Winchester ) , Delia Stout ( Desiree Smith ) and Rodney Adams ( Philip Hyde ) , who began to emulate Ferguson in an attempt to climb the ladder at Wentworth . Actress Maggie Kirkpatrick as Joan Ferguson `` The Freak '' in the final episode This file has been proposed for deletion and may be deleted after Tuesday , 14 August 2018 . View file page to object . Rita tried several times to murder the Freak , sabotaging a work - release project on a boat , stranding the women and leaving Ferguson lost when she went for help . While in charge of Wentworth for a day , the Freak transferred Rita to Blackmoor , where she encountered the sadistic governor Ernest Craven ( Ray Meagher , in his third role on Prisoner ) . After inciting a riot at the prison in which her brother was shot dead , Rita started a fire which lead to the mass transfer of prisoners to Wentworth . Craven conspired with Ferguson to oust Reynolds once and for all . He ordered the brutal rape of Lorelei Wilkinson , threatening to kill her child unless she covered for him . Reynolds was dismissed , and Ferguson became governor . Craven tried to kill Rita , which lead to his death at the hands of Wilkinson ( who became catatonic and was transferred to a mental hospital ) . Young aboriginal inmate Sarah West and her social worker , Pamela Madigan ( a friend of Ann Reynolds ) were subjected to extreme racism ; when Craven arrived at Wentworth , Madigan had West transferred to Barnhurst for her own safety . With Craven dead , Ferguson dismissed Meg Morris , Joyce Pringle and Marty Jackson , who conspired to expose her corruption . With the help of an investigative TV show , Ann Reynolds reinstated as governor with Meg as her deputy and all return to the prison . Ferguson resigned , but on learning that former prisoner Willie Beecham was a powerful businesswoman who had blacklisted Ferguson from all employment , Ferguson threatened the Minister with exposure and was reinstated as an officer at Wentworth . Ratings had been declining for some time , continuing to fall in 1986 , and Network Ten decided in July not to renew the series . Production ended on 5 September , and the final episode aired in Melbourne on 11 December 1986 . The producers had several weeks ' notice that the series was ending , enabling them to construct strong concluding storylines ( including the ultimate defeat of Joan `` the Freak '' Ferguson ) . Prisoner 's final episodes dealt with the redemption of the misunderstood Kath Maxwell and concluded the ongoing dynamic between Rita Connors and Joan Ferguson . Diagnosed with terminal cancer , Rita conspires with a disillusioned Joan to rob a building society but all was not what it seemed . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Prisoner cast members Episodes ( edit ) Days and times listed are for ATV - 10 in Melbourne ; days and times may vary in other regions of Australia . Main article : List of Prisoner episodes Season Year Original broadcast Time slot No. of episodes Season premiere Season finale 1979 February 27 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 27 ) * November 28 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 28 ) Tuesday & Wednesday 8 : 30 p.m. Tuesday & Wednesday 7 : 30 p.m. ( ep 166 to 204 only ) 79 1 -- 79 1980 January 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 22 ) November 12 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 12 ) 86 80 -- 165 1981 February 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 04 ) November 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 11 ) 81 166 -- 246 1982 February 9 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 09 ) November 9 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 09 ) 80 247 -- 326 5 February 1 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 01 ) November 3 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 03 ) Tuesday & Thursday 8 : 30 p.m. 90 327 -- 416 6 1984 January 17 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 17 ) November 8 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 08 ) 89 417 -- 505 7 1985 January 24 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 24 ) November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) 83 506 -- 588 8 1986 * January 9 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 09 ) December 11 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 11 ) 104 589 -- 692 Episode one premiered on 26 February 1979 in the Sydney region . Season eight finished broadcast in 1987 in some regions . Spin - offs , remakes and specials ( edit ) Spin - offs ( edit ) Willow B : women in prison ( edit ) A pilot for an unproduced American version of Prisoner was produced by Lorimar in 1980 , entitled `` Willow B : Women in Prison '' . The cast included Ruth Roman , Virginia Capers , Carol Lynley , and Sally Kirkland . The pilot aired on ABC - TV on 29 June 1980 . Wentworth ( edit ) Main article : Wentworth ( TV series ) In March 2012 , it was announced that Foxtel would produce a contemporary `` re-imagining '' of Prisoner , Wentworth , set in modern - day Australia . Wentworth recounts the rise of Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack ) from her arrival at Wentworth as a remand prisoner to `` top dog '' . The series is filmed at a new , purpose - built prison set in the Melbourne suburb of Clayton . Wentworth features contemporary versions of vintage characters along with new characters . Characters and cast members include Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack ) , crime matriarch Jacs Holt ( Kris McQuade ) , Liz Birdsworth ( Celia Ireland ) , Doreen Anderson ( Shareena Clanton ) , Franky Doyle ( Nicole da Silva ) , Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins ( Katrina Milosevic ) , social worker Erica Davidson ( Leeanna Walsman ) , officer Will Jackson ( Robbie Magasiva ) , officer Matthew Fletcher ( Aaron Jeffery ) , deputy governor Vera Bennett ( Kate Atkinson ) , and governor Meg Jackson ( Catherine McClements ) . None of the original cast was initially scheduled to return for the first series , but on 29 November 2012 it was confirmed that Anne Charleston ( who appeared in the original series ) would make a guest appearance . Wentworth premiered in Australia on Foxtel 's SoHo channel on 1 May 2013 . As of 2018 , the series is still in production , with a sixth season premiering on 19 June 2018 , while a seventh season has been announced and due to air in 2019 . Spoofs ( edit ) In 1980 Saturday Night Live aired a parody of the series , `` Debs Behind Bars '' . In the sketch , the inmates ( including guest host Teri Garr ) are spoiled debutantes who complain about `` icky '' living conditions in prison . During the early 1990s , Seven Network 's comedy sketch program Fast Forward parodied Prisoner ; Gina Riley ( Bea Smith ) , Jane Turner ( Lizzie Birdsworth ) , Magda Szubanski ( Doreen ) and Marg Downey as officer ( Joan Ferguson ) gave scenes from the series a comedic twist . Other series to have featured Prisoner spoofs included The Paul Hogan Show , Let the Blood Run Free , and The Krypton Factor . Prisoner - inspired shows ( edit ) In 1991 , Prisoner was reprised for the American market as Dangerous Women . The US version borrowed heavily from the Australian original for characters . In Dangerous Women the emphasis was outside the prison , focusing on the prisoner relationships in a halfway house . It is remembered now mainly for the early appearance of actor Casper Van Dien in the role of Brad Morris . In 1997 Prisoner was revised in a German - language version , Hinter Gittern -- Der Frauenknast ( Behind Bars ) . The series ran from 1997 to 2007 , for 16 series and 403 episodes . Merchandise ( edit ) There have been several tie - in books and video and DVD releases . Prisoner 's theme song ( `` On the Inside '' , sung by Lynne Hamilton ) reached number one in Australia in 1979 and peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart in 1989 . `` On the Inside '' was re-released as a digital download and CD single in March 2012 . The song was featured as a B - side on punkabilly group The Living End 's EP , Second Solution / Prisoner of Society . Books ( edit ) In 1980 the Prisoner cast , led by Equity representative Val Lehman ( Bea Smith ) , went on strike due to the content of tie - in paperback novels published by Pinnacle Books in the United States : soft - core pornography at odds with the series . Six books were published : Prisoner : Cell Block H , The Franky Doyle Story , The Karen Travers Story , The Frustrations of Vera , The Reign of Queen Bea and The Trials of Erica . Two behind - the - scenes books were published in the UK during the early 1990s . Prisoner : Cell Block H -- Behind the Scenes was written by Terry Bourke and published by Angus & Robertson Publishers , who published similar books about Neighbours and Home and Away . Bourke documents the show 's genesis and development , and the book has many stills and character profiles . Hilary Kingsley 's Prisoner Cell Block H -- The Inside Story emphasises plot and characters . Both are rife with factual and typographical errors . A limited - edition book , The Inside Story , was published in 2007 as part of the full - series DVD release in Australia . Written by TV journalists Andrew Mercado and Michael Idato , the commemorative book has the series ' background , year - by - year storylines , character details and quotes by cast and crew . It was available as part of The Complete Collection DVD set . Behind the Bars , an unofficial companion book to the series , was published in the UK in summer 2013 . A more accurate and detailed look at the series ( as compared to the earlier Behind the Scenes and Kingsley 's The Inside Story books ) , Behind the Bars was written by Scott Anderson and Barry Campbell , founders of the UK 's Prisoner : Cell Block H fan club , along with Rob Cope . In 2011 , Betty Bobbitt self - published From The Outside , her memoirs of her career playing the role of Judy Bryant on Prisoner . DVD releases ( edit ) Main article : List of Prisoner home media The complete series of Prisoner is available on DVD format in both Australia and the United Kingdom . On Region 4 in Australia , distribution company Shock Records released the series over forty volumes , and a complete collection , comprising these volumes ; the UK editions , from FremantleMedia , made the series available over twenty volumes ( doubling - up on the Australian sets ) . In 2016 , ViaVision acquired the rights to re-release the series in Australia and made the decision to release the series in their original season formats . See above for a full listing of VHS and DVD sets available . The following is an overview of Prisoner releases in their seasons formats . DVD Title Episodes Discs Release date Runtime ( minutes ) ACB rating Region 4 The Complete Season One 79 20 2 November 2016 3555 The Complete Season Two 86 21 11 January 2017 3949 The Complete Season Three 81 21 8 February 2017 3596 The Complete Season Four 80 21 8 March 2017 3600 The Complete Season Five 90 23 5 April 2017 4001 The Complete Season Six 89 22 7 June 2017 4001 The Complete Season Seven 83 21 2 August 2017 3735 The Complete Season Eight 104 26 6 September 2017 4680 Overseas sales ( edit ) Sweden ( edit ) The show has a cult following in Sweden , where it has been shown on TV4 beginning on 7 September 1994 as Kvinnofängelset ( The Women 's Prison ) . A fan club organises an annual get - together , and collected several thousand signatures ( including that of actress Elspeth Ballantyne ) to convince TV4 to repeat the show in 2000 . After the series ended that year , work began to persuade TV4 to air the show again . TV4 originally screened the series in a late - night ( 1am ) slot three times a week , on Tuesdays , Thursdays and Saturdays , airing the final episode on 3 February 2000 . During a repeat run from 2000 to October 2004 , Prisoner aired at 2 : 15am four times a week : Mondays , Tuesdays , Wednesdays and Thursdays . The episodes were repeated over the weekend : the Monday and Tuesday episodes on Friday and the other two on Saturday . In May 2014 TV4 Guld began rerunning the series again Monday to Thursday at 10pm , with episode 32 shown on 3 July . The broadcast schedule was later changed to five nights a week at midnight . Season 8 started airing on Sjuan in September 2017 at 3pm . United Kingdom ( edit ) A stage version of Prisoner , based on the original scripts , was produced in 1989 and toured the United Kingdom . Elspeth Ballantyne ( Meg Morris ) and Patsy King ( Erica Davidson ) reprised their characters and Glenda Linscott ( Rita Connors ) played a new character , Angela Mason . A second tour , with Fiona Spence ( Vera Bennett ) and Jane Clifton ( Margo Gaffney ) , followed in 1990 ; Jacqui Gordon ( Susie Driscoll ) played new character Kath Evans . A musical version followed , with Maggie Kirkpatrick reprising her role as Joan ( the Freak ) Ferguson and Lily Savage as an inmate . The musical , a parody of Prisoner 's kitschier aspects , toured and had a West End run in 1995 and 1997 . Val Lehman ( Bea ) was critical of the production , questioning why a drag queen would be in a women 's prison . Due to Prisoner 's popularity in the UK during the late 1980s , its British fan club organised personal - appearance tours for several actresses including Val Lehman ( Bea Smith ) , Carol Burns ( Franky Doyle ) , Betty Bobbitt ( Judy Bryant ) , Sheila Florance ( Lizzie Birdsworth ) , Amanda Muggleton ( Chrissie Latham ) and Judy McBurney ( Pixie Mason ) . A TV special , The Great Escape , was produced in 1990 . The programme , which featured Val Lehman , Sheila Florance , Amanda Muggleton and Carol Burns on their 1990 UK visit , includes extensive footage of their on - stage interview with TV presenter Anna Soubry in which the cast members discuss their time on the series . Recorded at the Derby Assembly Rooms in Derby , it was briefly available in the UK on VHS video . Several Prisoner actors have appeared in British stage drama and pantomime , including Val Lehman ( The Wizard of Oz , Beatrix Potter and Misery ) , Peta Toppano , Fiona Spence , Maggie Dence ( Bev Baker ) , Debra Lawrance ( Daphne Graham ) , Linda Hartley ( Roach Waters ) , Ian Smith ( Ted Douglas ) and Maggie Millar ( Marie Winter ) . In 1997 a Prisoner clip from its second episode ( Franky Doyle and Lynn Warner 's fight in the garden ) appeared on the BBC sitcom Birds of a Feather , and the series was mentioned several times during Birds of a Feather 's seven - and - a-half - year run . The theme song was played briefly in episode three of BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave . Prisoner has also been referenced in British sitcoms 2point4 Children , Absolutely Fabulous and Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps , as well as the soap operas Coronation Street , Brookside and EastEnders . ITV regional scheduling ( edit ) Prisoner began airing on Yorkshire Television on 8 October 1984 , with the franchise cutting scenes involving hanging ( including the attempted hanging of Sandy Edwards and the hanging of Eve Wilder ) . Yorkshire also heavily edited the episode 326 fight scene with Joan and Bea . Several other regions also cut scenes deemed inappropriate despite its time slot , well past the 9 pm watershed . The TVS region followed in October 1985 . In 1987 Central , Thames , Scottish and TSW began the series ; most other regions began broadcasting it in 1988 , nearly two years after it finished production ) . Ulster began broadcasting Prisoner in late 1989 . Each ITV region decided when ( and how often ) Prisoner would be broadcast . Central Television screened three episodes weekly , finishing on 16 December 1991 before rerunning it . Most other stations also completed the series : Granada Television and Border Television on 9 February 1995 , Grampian Television on 11 March 1996 , HTV on 25 April 1996 , STV on 19 November 1996 , Yorkshire Television and Tyne Tees Television on 7 April 1997 . When Border , Grampian and Granada TV screened the final episode in the UK , continuity announcer John McKenzie conducted a telephone interview with Maggie Kirkpatrick ( Joan `` the Freak '' Ferguson ) . Some UK regions did not see the entire series ; Channel Television began the series on 16 January 1986 with episode 10 , when it aligned its schedule with TVS ; it was previously aligned with TSW , which did not broadcast the series in its own region until 1987 . Regional alignment meant that around the end of 1992 , some episodes were skipped ; Tyne Tees skipped 293 and 294 and Border Television omitted 71 episodes , 477 to 547 . Furthermore , in some regions , the series was discontinued prior to its final episode in later runs : in Ulster , Prisoner ended on Ulster Television with episode 562 on 15 December 1997 . In London , where the series ran on Thames and Carlton Television , viewers were told after episode 598 on 20 August 1998 that the series would resume after a summer break however the series was then discontinued from screening in London . The last ITV Prisoner episode was shown on Meridian ( formerly TVS ) , which finished an initial run with episode 586 on 12 July 1999 . This was nearly eight and a half years since the episode 's first UK outing on the night of 29 March 1991 on the neighbouring region covered by Central . The ITV regions inserted two commercial breaks into each episode , for three parts per show . The breaks were usually inserted at the second and fourth breaks in Australia . At the end of the show , the cliffhanger would lead into the end credits ( unlike Australia , where a sixth break was inserted on later episodes ) . The Australian sponsorship was removed from the end credits ; the picture would blank for a moment before resuming at the Reg Grundy and copyright pages , as the song continued uninterrupted . The time lost to the sponsorship removals resulted in the closing - credits tune seldom being played in full . Channel 5 ( edit ) Early on 31 March 1997 Channel 5 , which had begun broadcasting at 6pm the previous evening , began a full run of Prisoner while later episodes were still appearing in many ITV regions . Except for an airing of the fire episode ( 326 ) , as part of a 1995 Channel 4 soap weekend , it was the series ' first UK network broadcast and gave some areas their first full run of the series . Although the schedule varied during the Channel 5 run , episodes were typically shown about five times a week in the 4 : 40am slot . It briefly moved to a late - night slot , usually around 11 : 30pm , before returning to the 4 : 40am slot . The Channel 5 run ended on 11 February 2001 , with a double bill of the penultimate and final episodes . Channel 5 have no plans to re-run the series , despite viewer requests . For most of the Channel 5 run the programme was sponsored by Pot Noodle , with humorous Prisoner-esque sequences ( set in a prison cell and playing on the series ' wobbly scenery and props ) played before and after the episodes and in the leads into and out of commercial breaks . The Channel 5 broadcasts included commentary over the closing credits , usually from chief continuity announcer Bill Buckley but sometimes from deputy announcers such as Stuart McWilliam . This began in the early - 100s episodes ( when Prisoner briefly moved to the late - night slot ) , when Buckley would deliver a quip about the episode before making continuity announcements . This developed into humorous observations about the episode just shown , and the reading of letters and depicting of trivia sent in by viewers ( which Buckley called `` snippets '' ) . Due to its early - morning slot , when most viewers relied on VCRs to follow the series , upcoming schedule changes were announced as part of the commentary . United States ( edit ) The series was first aired in the United States on KTLA in Los Angeles on 8 August 1979 , initially under the original name , Prisoner . Shown Wednesdays at 8pm , it was the first Australian series broadcast in prime time in the United States . The series would later be repackaged into a daily half - hour format , as Prisoner : Cell Block H , syndicated directly to local stations during the early 1980s ( particularly 1980 to ' 81 ) . Apart from KTLA , known stations to have aired Prisoner : Cell Block H included WPIX in New York City , WGN - TV in Chicago , WLVI in Boston , WKBD - TV in Detroit , KYW - TV in Philadelphia , KTVU in the San Francisco Bay Area , KSTW in Tacoma / Seattle , KVOS - TV Bellingham , Washington , KOB - TV in Albuquerque , WTOG in St. Petersburg / Tampa , Florida , KPHO in Phoenix and WTTG in Washington , D.C. . Under the half - hour format , the original episodes were broadcast in two parts , though some scenes were censored or removed for the US telecast . KTLA , however , continued to broadcast the series in a weekly hour format , though now Tuesdays at 8pm , and under the Prisoner : Cell Block H name . Picked up in at least 23 markets in early 1980 , the program would leave the American airwaves by spring 1982 , after the few stations that were still carrying the program , such as KOB - TV and WGN - TV , removed Prisoner from their schedules . During the spring and summer of 1985 , the series was screened nationally on USA Network , weekdays at 11am ET , also in a half - hour format . It was unknown which episodes were televised . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Prisoner began on September 10 , 1979 as Caged Women on Global Television Network , at the time a small television network serving southern and eastern Ontario ; the program was seen weekly on Monday nights at 9pm The show would move to Tuesdays at 9 p.m. in the fall of 1980 , continuing with the Caged Women title . The show would be off the schedule by the 1981 - 1982 television season , but by the fall of 1982 , Global would reintroduce the show to the schedule , still as Caged Women , in the half - hour format , weeknights at midnight and 12 : 30am . The program would be off the schedule by the start of the 1983 - 1984 season . Curiously , Global 's use of Caged Women would continue even after the show debuted in the United States as Prisoner : Cell Block H , which led to viewers in the communities along the Ontario / Michigan border to watch the same program under two different titles : Caged Women on Global , and Prisoner : Cell Block H on WKBD - TV Detroit . In Vancouver , Victoria and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia , Prisoner : Cell Block H was telecasted under that title weekdays at 1pm during 1980 and 1981 on KVOS - TV , an independent station in Bellingham , Washington that included the greater Vancouver / Victoria region as part of its viewing area . Other countries ( edit ) The series began in New Zealand in May 1981 on TV One , showing twice a week at 2 : 30pm , and was later rerun on SKY 1 . In South Africa , public television network SABC 1 began airing the series in 1998 , screening Thursday nights at 9pm and a repeat showing Fridays at 10 : 45 ; it was cancelled on 2 October 2000 , after episode 156 . In Brazil , Prisoner aired around the end of 1980 and early 1981 by TVS ( since renamed SBT ) , Sundays at 10 pm . The show was dubbed into Brazilian Portuguese locally by TVS and was cancelled after episode 82 had screened . Australian reruns ( edit ) Network Ten began rerunning Prisoner on 8 May 1995 ; the series was cancelled , despite promises that it would return after the 1996 Christmas break . BBC UKTV began airing it from the beginning on 30 November 1997 , at 12 : 15am on Tuesday and Thursday and 11 : 30pm on Saturday and Sunday . A repeat was broadcast at 2pm on Monday . The 111 channel began the series at 6 : 30pm AEDT on 7 March 2011 , moving to 5 : 30pm AEDT on 10 December 2012 ; each episode was repeated the following afternoon , and the final episode aired on 11 November 2013 . The next day , the channel returned to episode one at 3pm AEDT , moving to 1pm AEST on 7 July 2014 . Foxtel held unlimited screening rights to the series until 2017 , and the series ' popularity on 111 inspired plans for a modern - day remake . Believing that Prisoner would resonate with new audiences , in 2010 111 group programming director Darren Chau planned to replay the series against the introduction of digital channel Eleven and Network Ten 's plan to move Neighbours to Eleven . The channel ran a promotional campaign highlighting the rerun , with a new version of the theme song by Ella Hooper and a cast reunion . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Logie Awards Best Lead Actress in a Series -- Carol Burns ( 1980 ) Best New Drama Series -- Prisoner ( 1980 ) Best Lead Actress in a Series -- Sheila Florance ( 1981 ) Best Drama Program -- Prisoner ( 1981 ) Most Popular Show in Victoria -- Prisoner ( 1981 ) Most Popular Actress -- Val Lehman ( 1982 ) Best Lead Actress in a Series -- Val Lehman ( 1982 ) Best Drama Program -- Prisoner ( 1982 ) Best Lead Actress in a Series -- Val Lehman ( 1983 ) Best Supporting Actress in a Series -- Sheila Florance ( 1983 ) Most Popular Show in Victoria -- Prisoner ( 1985 ) Nominated : -- Gold Logie Award for Best Personality on Australian Television -- Val Lehman ( 1980 ) Nominated : -- Gold Logie Award for Best Personality on Australian Television -- Val Lehman ( 1981 ) Nominated : -- Best Supporting Actress in a Series -- Betty Bobbitt ( 1982 ) Penguin Awards Best Sustained Performance by an Actress in a Series -- Carol Burns ( 1979 ) Special Commendation Outstanding Ensemble Acting -- Val Lehman , Sheila Florance , Colette Mann and Betty Bobbitt ( 1981 ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series -- Anne Phelan ( 1984 ) Best Series Actress -- Anne Phelan ( 1985 ) Best Sustained Performance -- Gerda Nicolson ( 1985 ) Certificate of Commendation -- Maggie Kirkpatrick ( 1985 ) Certificate of Commendation -- Genevieve Lemon ( 1985 ) Certificate of Commendation -- Joy Westmore ( 1985 ) Best Drama Serial -- Prisoner ( 1986 ) Best Performance by an Actress in a Series -- Glenda Linscott ( 1986 ) Sammy Awards Best Actress in a Series -- Sheila Florance ( 1980 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a complete listing of directors and writers , see http://www.wwwentworth.co.uk/writdirx.htm Jump up ^ The mention of Wentworth as a municipality was first given in episode 160 , when Lizzie found a book on the Wentworth area . Other notable places that carry the name in this series included Wentworth General Hospital . Jump up ^ The change of title for overseas broadcasts was due to an injunction requested by the UK - based television production company ITC , which considered the title too similar to their 1967 serial The Prisoner . Jump up ^ `` Women Behind Bars '' would later be used in the US as a subtitle to a series of paperback novelisations released by Pinnacle Books ( see Books section below ) . Jump up ^ Peta Toppano 's first name was spelled in the closing credits as `` Peita '' , her actual spelling . Both `` Peta '' and `` Peita '' are used in other television programs , movies , and magazine articles . Jump up ^ 27 February 1979 was when the series debuted on ATV - 10 as a two - hour special ; the show had its national debut in Sydney on TEN - 10 the night before on 26 February , where it was televised as a two - part premiere , with the second part seen on 27 February . Jump up ^ Cassandra Lehman was Val 's real life daughter . Jump up ^ It should be known that Judy Bryant 's notoriety as the show 's longest - serving inmate and the second - longest - running character applies to the fact that she was credited in almost all the episodes she appeared in . If background , non-speaking characters are included , Lorna Young ( Barbara Jungwirth ) would get the title as longest - serving inmate , having appeared very regularly from the second episode to the last in 1986 , but she was only credited in a few episodes where she had spoken lines . Hazel Henley also starred as a background prisoner during the same time frame as Jungwirth 's , but was only credited twice as `` Tina Murray '' in episodes 593 and 607 . Jump up ^ Both Colleen and Joyce had their starts during the first season as minor - level officers , used mainly in the plot when the main officers were not available . It was not until 1981 when they became a major contribution to the show . Jump up ^ Sandy was said to have been crushed by a garbage truck in an escape attempt , but could also been said that she escaped without a trace , as her body was never found . Marie would be transferred to Barnhurst , only to be transferred back in 1984 . Kate would be transferred to a mental hospital . Jump up ^ The prisoner that Joan had a relationship with back in Queensland , Audrey Forbes , would be introduced in a flashback sequence in episode 445 , played by Marianne Collopy . In that episode , Joan visited Audrey 's grave while on vacation in Sydney . Jump up ^ While Woodridge was first mentioned as a prison in 1980 ( replacing the real Pentridge , for legal reasons ) , the prison was not introduced to viewers until shortly before the Wentworth fire , when Woodridge hosted a benefit concert for Driscoll House , which was marred by escape attempts . Jump up ^ The death penalty was still in effect in Western Australia at the time of Nola 's appearance ; it would be repealed the following year , in 1984 . WA 's last execution was in 1964 ( its last involving a woman , Martha Rendell , was in 1909 ) , while the last execution in Australia was in Victoria , in 1967 . Jump up ^ Quoting Joan 's line that led to the fight : `` ( Sonia ) Stevens will be looking after the drugs . I could even set up a fund if we make too much money . We could even name it after your daughter : The Debbie Smith Fund ! '' Jump up ^ In real life , Sheila Florance actually broke her wrist between tapings ; from episode 401 until her exit in episode 419 , Lizzie was almost never seen without her arm in a sling . Jump up ^ The Salvation Army , or `` Salvos '' , played a frequent role in this series in efforts to help Lizzie adjust to normalcy outside of prison - most of these efforts , despite Lizzie 's gratefulness , being in vain . From 1980 to 1983 , the Salvation Army 's representative for Wentworth Prison was Captain Barton , played by Paul Young ( unrelated to the singer or Scottish actor ) . Jump up ^ Unrelated to the American actress of the same name . Jump up ^ Myra 's murder of her husband was despite saying in episode 223 that she was not married - one of quite a few lapses of continuity in this series . Furthermore , Anne Phelan 's role as Myra was her third in this series ; she previously played a prison officer , Officer Manson , in an early 1979 episode , and later played prisoner Bernadette in an early 1980 episode . Her first appearance as Myra was near the end of the 1980 season , when she appeared as a PRG representative . Jump up ^ The social worker that Bev killed , Rob Summerton ( Jeremy Kewley ) , was part of a team of social workers who temporarily replaced the officers during a strike , in which the union demanded a reinstatement of Joan , with Joan having been suspended after being framed for bashing Reb . Jump up ^ Mercedes previously appeared in 1979 as another ethnic prisoner : a Greek prostitute named Irene Zervos . Mercedes ' role as Yemil was initially credited as `` Jane Doe '' , as Yemil initially refused to speak to anyone , up until the incident with Pixie . Jump up ^ At the end of 1984 , Joyce was acting governor during the kidnapping ordeal of Ann ( governor ) and Meg ( deputy governor ) . Her hesitance to pursue a second run as acting governor was due her not feeling that she handled the job well , during a period that also included the transfer of the three male inmates from Woodridge . Jump up ^ Pepe Trevor is the daughter of Marie Trevor , who produced Prisoner during the show 's last two seasons . Jump up ^ A term frequently used in this series , `` lagging '' is when one prisoner tattles on another . Jump up ^ `` Buy - up '' is the purchase of various items out of a catalogue or order form , paid by the prisoner 's wages . In the context of Wentworth , it is a privilege that can be revoked for various infractions of the rules . Jump up ^ By this time in the series , the only prisoner with any connection to the earlier episodes was Myra Desmond , who talks about the past moments as a former representative of the Prison Reform Group . Alice and Lou was said to have been at Wentworth during the Franky Doyle era , but presumably in another cell block . Both would initially appear as background prisoners ( Lou in 1983 , Alice in 1984 ) , with both not being involved in the storylines until 1984 , when they became involved with no introduction . Jump up ^ Kirsty Child 's role as Willie was her third in this series ; her first was as Anne Yates , a corrupt prison officer who was later incarcerated and died in the prison in early episodes . She later appeared in 1983 as Glynis Johnson , the sister of released prisoner Faye Quinn ( Anne Lucas ) . Jump up ^ Eight prisoners were transferred from Barnhurst , but only `` The Barnhurst Five '' would be assigned to H - Block . The other three prisoners , named Jane Coulter , Nancy Groob and Fay Osicka , were played by extras , and assigned to other blocks . Jump up ^ Lionel Fellowes has been mentioned as a proponent to numerous criminal activities in this series , but this is one of the few situations in which Lionel was actually seen on camera . The four mercenaries were Ram ( Robert Hughes ) , Al ( Gerard Kennay ) , Max ( Murray Fahey ) and Jay ( Conor McDermottroe ) . Jump up ^ Tammy Fisher was a largely background inmate who , like most others , was credited only when actively part of the plot . Tammy was originally played by Louise Siversen , but gave the role to Gloria Ajenstat after Siverson took on a new role as Lou Kelly . Jump up ^ The option was a substitute for the mercenaries ' plan to kill Nora Flynn as the next victim , as Myra successfully argued that as Nora was pregnant , it would be like killing two people at once , thus breaking their threat . In addition , at the close of Episode 551 , a tense cliffhanger was created as Myra was forced to choose , while the camera panned slowly along the potential victims . Jump up ^ Nora 's murder of Ram breaks her vow that she made after he was initially imprisoned at Barnhurst that she would never kill anyone again . Nora , following her transfer to Wentworth , considered Myra to be her idol , to a point where she would refuse to give up Myra 's body after the siege ended . Jump up ^ The character of Cynthia Leach ( previously Cynthia Drewin ) was often either referred to in phone conversations between her and Joan , or in on - camera scenes , with her back always towards her camera , with her face never revealed to the audience . However , Beverley Dunn , the actress who played Cynthia , previously played roles earlier on Prisoner that included her face on - screen , including a role in Episodes 10 and 11 as Lynn Warner 's mother , Ethel ; and as Irene Henderson , one of the PASSIVE observers who were stranded by the Lassa outbreak in 1983 . Jump up ^ In this series , the laundry press was largely reserved for use only by the Top Dog , except in situations where the Top Dog was not available to work in the laundry . Jump up ^ The prisoner 's council was and idea of Myra , with the council members elected just before the Ballinger siege . The original council members , who were elected in Episode 549 just before the start of the siege , were Julie , Willie , Alice , Ettie and Myra , with Nora taking Myra 's spot after her death . Jump up ^ Mervin was the third chef to work in Wentworth 's kitchen on Prisoner ; his prececessors in this series were the campy cook Ray Proctor ( Alex Menglet ) , and the elderly long - time cook Mrs. O'Reagan ( Christine Calcutt ) . Jump up ^ Kevin Summers had played numerous roles of varying lengths during the run of Prisoner ; his appearance as Ben Fulbright was his sixth ( and last ) role in this series , as well as his longest role ( episodes 563 to 588 , and again in episode 604 ) . Jump up ^ Not to be confused with the star of The Mod Squad . Jump up ^ The actor who played Slasher was never revealed ; the show 's closing credits always identified Slasher as being performed by Slasher . Jump up ^ The block of flats were funded by an extravagant sum of money Ettie received the previous season as part of a $250 million settlement with the department , after being mistakenly imprisoned without a trial for 45 years . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom Lagger '' was named such by the prisoners , for leaving notes lagging on other prisoners for offences . All of these notes would be discovered by Joan Ferguson . Jump up ^ In this series , the position of `` top dog '' is unofficial and unelected , determined on how much power and control they have with the other prisoners , as well as the willingness to work with both the prisoners and officers on problems . Jump up ^ Nicki Paull played the role of Lisa up through episode 656 , when an illness forced her to leave the series ; she would be replaced in episode 657 by Terrie Waddell , who would carry on the role up until the end of the series . Furthermore , Paull previously played Dennis Cruickshank 's wife , Doris , in three episodes in late - 1984 . Jump up ^ Michael Winchester was the third person to play Marty Jackson ; the character was previously played by Ronald Korosy in the series ' first few episodes in 1979 , as a youth who ran away from home ; and by Andrew McKaige in 1983 , as a Navy sailor on shore leave . Jump up ^ Between his roles as Geoff Butler and Ernest Craven , Ray Meagher also played the role of Kurt Renner , a Sydney - based crime lord who appeared in a few episodes in April 1984 . Jump up ^ In some areas of Australia , the Prisoner finale did not air until well into 1987 . One example is in Sydney , in which TEN - 10 did not screen the final two episodes until September 29 , 1987 , where they aired in a late - night slot at 11 : 05 p.m. ; two years earlier , TEN - 10 began airing Prisoner once a week , instead of twice . In some areas of Australia , Prisoner was taken off the air long before the final episode ; examples include Perth , where Nine Network station STW - 9 cancelled the series after Episode 542 . ( STW and Seven Network outlet TVW - 7 shared Network Ten 's programming until the sign - on of NEW - 10 in 1988 . ) Jump up ^ The errors are especially prevalent in Bourke 's book , where events happened out of sequence , characters given incorrect bios and names ( Erica Davidson 's surname was given instead as `` Ferguson '' in each instance ) , and even characters and actors who do not exist . Kingsley 's book was not as rampant in terms of errors , but it still had quite a few of them , mostly minor . Furthermore , Kingsley 's book was authorised by producers Grundy Television , as well as Central Independent Television , one of the ITV contractors that included Prisoner : Cell Block H in its schedule . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A tough role for Lovely Peita '' . wwwentworth.co.uk . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth : Prisoner re-born on Foxtel '' . Memorable TV . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foxtel commissions new Prisoner series , titled / Wentworth '' . if.com.au . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Josie ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Josie 's Juice : ' Prisoner ' is back : as ' Wentworth ' '' . josiesjuice.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner : Eight Years Inside '' . Aussie Soap Archive . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077064/ Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , The Guide supplement , September 28 , 1987 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Who 's Who at Wentworth : Episode 542 Jump up ^ `` Willow B : Women in Prison '' . imdb.com. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Anne Charleston guests in Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Josie ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Josie 's Juice : ' Prisoner ' is back : as ' Wentworth ' '' . josiesjuice.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner remake Wentworth '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Wentworth cast on the inside '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Production commences on Wentworth Season 7 '' . Showcasechannel.com.au . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in Hilary Kingsley 's Prisoner book '' . wwwentworth.co.uk . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in Terry Bourke 's Prisoner book '' . wwwentworth.co.uk . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Bars '' . prisoner-cellblockh.co.uk . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Betty Bobbitt official website Jump up ^ DVD releases : `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 2 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 6 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 7 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . `` Prisoner : Cell Block H - Season 8 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prisoner Worldwide '' . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lily Savage ' star takes over as Chitty Childcatcher -- News '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cell Block The Great Escape 1990 '' . YouTube . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner Cell Block H Tour 1990 : The Great Escape ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Connections '' . Imdb . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 '' . wwwentworth.co.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eve 's hanging cut on ITV Tyne Tees '' . YouTube . 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner Cell Block H - ITV introduction to final episode UK '' . YouTube . 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who in Wentworth '' . zahid.john.zen.co.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Channel Five Soaps '' . Atvtoday.com. 15 August 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner Cell Block H - Pot Noodle adverts '' . YouTube . 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner Cell Block H funny commentary - Channel 5 , 2 endings from the 500 '' . YouTube . 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ TV Week supplement in The Sun , San Bernardino , CA , August 5 , 1979 . ( via newspapers.com ) Jump up ^ Television listings in St. Petersburg Times , September 16 , 1980 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ TV Week supplement in The Sun , San Bernardino , CA , September 14 , 1980 . ( via newspapers.com ) Jump up ^ `` This Prisoner 's In Love '' , New Idea , March 29 , 1980 Jump up ^ Who 's Who at Wentworth : Episode 258 Jump up ^ Preview supplement in The Daily Pantagraph , Bloomington , IL , April 3 , 1982 . ( via newspapers.com ) Jump up ^ Television listings in Evening Independent , September 2 , 1985 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ The Ottawa Citizen , September 10 , 1979 , p. 12 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ TV Times section in the December 1 , 1979 edition of The Windsor Star ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ The Ottawa Citizen , September 23 , 1980 , p. 66 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ TV Times magazine in The Ottawa Citizen , March 6 , 1982 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ TV Times magazine in The Ottawa Citizen , January 8 , 1983 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ TV Times magazine in The Ottawa Citizen , October 1 , 1983 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ The Windsor Star , May 5 , 1980 , p. 11 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ TV Week magazine in The Vancouver Sun , September 12 , 1980 ( via Google News ) Jump up ^ `` Re-live one of Australia 's best dramas - Foxtel Insider - What 's On '' . FOXTEL. 3 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Prisoner cast reunite on the inside '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2012 ) . `` Foxtel to remake Prisoner '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Logie Award Winners '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1981 Logie Award Winners '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1982 Logie Award Winners '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1983 Logie Award Winners '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Prisoner on IMDb . On the Inside -- Official Fan Club . Fans site with list of cuts in DVDs Who 's who in Wentworth ? -- Fan site with complete episode guide . Prisoner Cell Block H World -- Fan site with news and more . Aussie Soap Archive : Prisoner -- Overview and review . Prisoner General Episodes Theme song Home video Cast and characters Cast members Inmates Prison staff Background prison officers Miscellaneous characters Related shows Punishment Wentworth Logie Award for Most Popular Drama Program Stormy Petrel ( 1961 ) Consider Your Verdict ( 1962 ) The One Day of the Year ( 1963 ) Homicide ( 1965 ) Homicide ( 1966 ) Homicide ( 1967 ) Homicide ( 1968 ) Homicide ( 1969 ) Division 4 ( 1970 ) Homicide ( 1971 ) Division 4 ( 1972 ) Homicide ( 1973 ) Number 96 ( 1974 ) Number 96 ( 1975 ) Number 96 ( 1976 ) Power Without Glory ( 1977 ) The Sullivans ( 1978 ) The Sullivans ( 1979 ) The Sullivans ( 1980 ) Prisoner ( 1981 ) Prisoner ( 1982 ) Sons and Daughters ( 1983 ) A Country Practice ( 1984 ) A Country Practice ( 1985 ) A Country Practice ( 1986 ) Neighbours ( 1987 ) Neighbours ( 1988 ) Neighbours ( 1989 ) Neighbours ( 1990 ) Home and Away ( 1991 ) E Street ( 1992 ) Home and Away ( 1993 ) Home and Away ( 1994 ) Home and Away ( 1995 ) Home and Away ( 1996 ) Blue Heelers ( 1997 ) Blue Heelers ( 1998 ) Blue Heelers ( 1999 ) Blue Heelers ( 2000 ) All Saints ( 2001 ) All Saints ( 2002 ) All Saints ( 2003 ) McLeod 's Daughters ( 2004 ) McLeod 's Daughters ( 2005 ) Home and Away ( 2006 ) Home and Away ( 2007 ) Home and Away ( 2008 ) Packed to the Rafters ( 2009 ) Packed to the Rafters ( 2010 ) Packed to the Rafters ( 2011 ) Packed to the Rafters ( 2012 ) House Husbands ( 2013 ) Home and Away ( 2014 ) Home and Away ( 2015 ) Home and Away ( 2016 ) Molly ( 2017 ) Logie Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_(TV_series)&oldid=854727151 '' Categories : 1970s Australian television series 1980s Australian television series 1979 Australian television series debuts 1986 Australian television series endings Australian crime television series Australian prison television series Australian television soap operas Imprisonment and detention of women Television shows set in Melbourne Television series produced by The Reg Grundy Organisation Network Ten shows English - language television programs Australian LGBT - related television shows Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles that include images for deletion from August 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Español Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many episodes are there of prisoner cell block h
[ "Prisoner is an Australian soap opera set in a women's prison, Wentworth Detention Centre, which was located in the fictitious Melbourne suburb of Wentworth.[nb 2] In the United States and the United Kingdom, due to a copyright injunction,[nb 3] it was titled Prisoner: Cell Block H, and in Canada Caged Women. The series, produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation, aired on Network Ten for 692 episodes between 1979 and 1986. Originally, it was planned as a 16-part stand-alone series. The show had a cult following in numerous countries, particularly in the United Kingdom and Sweden, and launched various spin-offs including a stage play, tie-in novels and other merchandise.\n" ]
[ "692 episodes" ]
-3188941781737377207
History of trial by jury in England
History of trial by jury in England - wikipedia History of trial by jury in England Jump to : navigation , search See also : Juries in England and Wales This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The history of trial by jury in England is influential because many English and later British colonies , including the Thirteen Colonies which became the United States , adopted the English common law system in which trial by jury plays an important part . Many traditions , such as the number of members being twelve , originated in England . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Anglo - Saxon England 1.2 Later Middle Ages 1.3 Early modern period 1.4 Women on the jury 2 References 3 Further reading History ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England ( edit ) According to George Macaulay Trevelyan in A Shortened History of England ( 1958 ) , during the Viking occupation : `` The Scandinavians , when not on the Viking warpath , were a litigious people and loved to get together in the ' thing ' to hear legal argument . They had no professional lawyers , but many of their farmer - warriors , like Njal , the truth - teller , were learned in folk custom and in its intricate judicial procedure . A Danish town in England often had , as its principal officers , twelve hereditary ' law men ' . The Danes introduced the habit of making committees among the free men in court , which perhaps made England favorable ground for the future growth of the jury system out of a Frankish custom later introduced by the Normans . '' The English king Æthelred the Unready issued a legal code at Wantage , which states that the twelve leading thegns ( minor nobles ) of each wapentake ( a small district ) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without bias . These ' juries ' differed from the present - day kind by being self - informing ; instead of getting information through a trial , the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves . Later middle ages ( edit ) In the 12th century , Henry II took a major step in developing the jury system . Henry set up a system to resolve land disputes using juries . A jury of twelve free men were assigned to arbitrate in these disputes . Unlike the modern jury , these men were charged with uncovering the facts of the case on their own rather than listening to arguments in court . Henry also introduced what is now known as the `` grand jury '' , through his Grand Assize . Under the assize , a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their hundred to a `` justice in eyre , '' a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit . A criminal accused by this jury was given a trial by ordeal . Under the jury , the chances of being found guilty were much lower , as the king did not choose verdict ( or punishment ) . The Church banned participation of clergy in trial by ordeal in 1215 . Without the legitimacy of religion , trial by ordeal collapsed . The juries under the assizes began deciding guilt as well as providing accusations . The same year , trial by jury became a fairly explicit right in one of the most influential clauses of Magna Carta , signed by King John . Article 39 of Magna Carta reads ( translated by Lysander Spooner in his Essay on the Trial by Jury ( 1852 ) ) : No free man shall be captured or imprisoned or disseised of his freehold or of his liberties , or of his free customs , or be outlawed or exiled or in any way destroyed , nor will we proceed against him by force or proceed against him by arms , but by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land . Although the charter says or by the law of the land , this in no manner can be interpreted as if it were enough to have a positive law , made by the king , to be able to proceed legally against a subject . The law of the land was the consuetudinary law , based on the customs and consent of King John 's subjects and , since there was no Parliament in those times , neither the king nor the barons could make a law without the consent of the people . According to some sources , in the time of Edward III , by the law of the land had been substituted by due process of law , which in those times was a trial by twelve peers . During the mid-14th Century , it was forbidden that persons who had sat on the Presenting Jury ( i.e. , in modern parlance , the Grand Jury ) should also sit on the trial jury for that crime . Medieval juries were self - informing , in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts , or they had the duty to discover them . This spared the government the cost of fact - finding . Over time , English juries became less self - informing and relied more on the trial itself for information on the case . Jurors remained free to investigate cases on their own until the 17th century . Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns ( or , more probably , reigns limited by the jury and the barons , and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable ) , the kings , through the royal judges , began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom . David Hume in his 1778 History of England tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after Magna Carta , the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted : One of the most ancient and most established instruments of power was the court of Star Chamber , which possessed an unlimited discretionary authority of fining , imprisoning , and inflicting corporal punishment , and whose jurisdiction extended to all sorts of offences , contempts , and disorders , that lay not within reach of the common law . The members of this court consisted of the privy council and the judges ; men who all of them enjoyed their offices during pleasure : And when the prince himself was present , he was the sole judge , and all the others could only interpose with their advice . There needed but this one court in any government , to put an end to all regular , legal , and exact plans of liberty . For who durst set himself in opposition to the crown and ministry , or aspire to the character of being a patron of freedom , while exposed to so arbitrary a jurisdiction ? I much question , whether any of the absolute monarchies in Europe contain , at present , so illegal and despotic a tribunal . While so many terrors hung over the people , no jury durst have acquitted a man , when the court was resolved to have him condemned . The practice also , of not confronting witnesses to the prisoner , gave the crown lawyers all imaginable advantage against him . And , indeed , there scarcely occurs an instance , during all these reigns , that the sovereign , or the ministers , were ever disappointed in the issue of a prosecution . Timid juries , and judges who held their offices during pleasure , never failed to second all the views of the crown . And as the practice was anciently common of fining , imprisoning , or otherwise punishing the jurors , merely at the discretion of the court , for finding a verdict contrary to the direction of these dependent judges ; it is obvious , that juries were then no manner of security to the liberty of the subject . Early modern period ( edit ) The first paragraph of the Act that abolished the Star Chamber , long a bone of contention between the early Stuart kings and a significant fraction of their subjects , on 5 July 1641 repeats the clause on the right of a citizen to be judged by his peers : Abolition of the Star Chamber An act for the regulating of the privy council , and for taking away the court commonly called the star - chamber . WHEREAS by the great charter many times confirmed in parliament , it is enacted , That no freeman shall be taken or imprisoned , or disseised of his freehold or liberties , or free customs , or be outlawed or exiled or otherwise destroyed , and that the King will not pass upon him , or condemn him ; but by lawful judgment of his peers , or by the law of the land ... Many English colonies , including the Thirteen Colonies , which later became the United States , adopted the jury trial system . In 1670 two Quakers charged with unlawful assembly , William Penn and William Mead , were found not guilty at the Central Criminal Court at the Old Bailey by a jury . The judge then imprisoned the jury without food , water , hear , or light , saying `` I will have a positive verdict or you 'll starve for it '' . They refused to give way , and the judge fined them and returned them to prison , until released when the Lord Chief Justice interceded , saying that a judge `` may try to open the eyes of jurors , but not to lead them by the nose '' . Penn and Meade remained in prison ; despite the verdict of not guilty of the original charges , they had not removed their hats in court . Edward Bushel , a member of the jury , took out a writ to free Penn and Meade . The trial is referred to as Bushel 's Case , and is a landmark case that established beyond question the independence of the jury in the English legal system . There is a plaque on the wall of the Old Bailey to this effect , praising the courage and endurance of Bushel and the other jurymen . Jury trials in criminal cases were a protected right in the original US Constitution . The Fifth , Sixth , and Seventh Amendments of the U.S. Constitution extended the rights to trial by jury to both criminal and civil matters , and a grand jury for serious cases . Women on the jury ( edit ) Women first served on juries in England in 1920 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Narrative History of England '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ 25 Edward III stat 5. , c3 ( 1353 ) Jump up ^ NS Marder ( 2000 ) , Juries and Technology : Equipping Jurors for the Twenty - First Century , Brooklyn Law Review Jump up ^ Nigel Cawthorne ( 5 November 2015 ) . The Strange Laws Of Old England . Little , Brown Book Group . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 41267 - 2 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 28 July 1920 ) . `` first women appear on juries in England '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Stanley , Eric G. ( 2000 ) ( 1975 ) . Imagining the Anglo - Saxon Past : The Search for Anglo - Saxon Paganism and Anglo - Saxon Trial by Jury . Cambridge : D.S. Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 588 - 3 . Wormald , Patrick ( 1999 ) . `` Neighbors , Courts , and Kings : Reflections on Michael Macnair 's Vicini '' . Law and History Review . 17.3 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_trial_by_jury_in_England&oldid=826259234 '' Categories : Legal history of England Juries in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 03 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the english king who introduced the use of juries
[ "The English king Æthelred the Unready issued a legal code at Wantage, which states that the twelve leading thegns (minor nobles) of each wapentake (a small district) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without bias. These 'juries' differed from the present-day kind by being self-informing; instead of getting information through a trial, the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves.[1]" ]
[ "Æthelred the Unready" ]
-7044937850889900854
Middle Colonies
Middle Colonies - wikipedia Middle Colonies Middle Colonies Regional statistics U.S. States Delaware New Jersey New York Pennsylvania The Middle Colonies were four of the thirteen colonies in British America , located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies . Along with the Chesapeake Colonies , this area now roughly makes up the Mid-Atlantic states ( though with the notable exception of Vermont , which is reckoned with New England ) . The Middle Colonies were very similar to the New England colonies in their stature . Much of the area was part of New Netherland until the British exerted their control over the region . The British captured much of the area in their war with the Dutch around 1664 , and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York . But The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania . The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania , which was founded by William Penn . The Middle Colonies had lots of fertile soil , which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains . The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests , and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry . The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America ; they had settlers from England , Scotland , Ireland , the Netherlands , and German states . The good farm land was much cheaper than in Europe . With the new arrivals came various Protestant denominations , which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws . This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Province of New Jersey 3 Province of Pennsylvania 4 Province of New York 5 Delaware Colony 6 Geography 7 Industry 8 Politics 9 Demographics 9.1 English colonists 9.2 Labor 9.3 Religion 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Primary sources 13 Historiography History ( edit ) The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609 . The Dutch soon claimed the land . Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s through the ultimately the Dutch claimed the land , calling it New Netherland . In the 1660s , the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch , renaming the area New York after the Duke of York , James II. ... Province of New Jersey ( edit ) Main articles : Bergen , New Netherland and Province of New Jersey Map showing the borders of West New Jersey ( left ) and East New Jersey ( right ) King Charles II renamed the land west of the Hudson River New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II of England ) as a proprietary colony . James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War : Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton . This land grant became the Province of New Jersey . In 1665 , the Concession and Agreement was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey . This document provided for religious freedom , no taxes without assembly approval , and a governor appointed by the proprietors . The first governor appointed in this way was Philip Carteret , who founded Elizabethtown . Colonists were required to pay annual quit - rent taxes . On March 18 , 1674 , after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes , Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to Edward Byllynge , a Quaker businessman from London . This sale divided New Jersey into East Jersey and West Jersey ; however , the border between the two was not agreed upon until the Quintipartite Deed in 1676 . From 1701 to 1765 , colonists skirmished in the New York - New Jersey Line War over disputed colonial boundaries . On April 15 , 1702 , Queen Anne united West and East Jersey into one Royal Colony , the Province of New Jersey . Edward Hyde , 3rd Earl of Clarendon became the royal colony 's first governor . After Hyde was recalled to England in 1708 over charges of graft , bribery , and corruption , the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey . Finally , in 1738 , King George II appointed a separate governor , Lewis Morris , to run New Jersey . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey , made up of elected delegates , formed in January 1776 to govern the colony . The Congress had Royal Governor William Franklin arrested on June 15 , declaring him `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' . On July 2 , 1776 , New Jersey enacted the New Jersey State Constitution , soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress , on June 21 , to join in a declaration of independence . The United States Declaration of Independence ended their colonial status . Province of Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Province of Pennsylvania Chester Courthouse in Pennsylvania was built in 1724 King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn on March 4 , 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family . Penn wrote the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania before departing for the colony , which called for religious tolerance towards many groups , including the Religious Society of Friends and local natives . As a proprietary colony , Penn governed Pennsylvania , yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws . Penn 's cousin William Markham served as the first colonial deputy governor . Demarcated by the 42nd parallel north and 39th parallel north , Pennsylvania was bordered by the Delaware River and the colonies of New York , Maryland , and New Jersey . In 1704 , Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony . From 1692 to 1694 , revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony . The Pennsylvania Assembly took this opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials , led by David Lloyd . Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701 , Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution . When the British banned western expansion in 1764 , fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled . In 1773 , Arthur St. Clair ordered the arrest of a Virginian officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania . Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow , and Philadelphia , the largest city in America , soon became the meeting place of the Continental Congress . The publication of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony , and began the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Province of New York ( edit ) Main articles : Province of New York and New Netherland The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613 . The English captured the New Netherland Colony from the Dutch in 1664 , renaming it the Province of New York after the King 's brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II ) . The Dutch recaptured the colony in July 1673 during the Third Anglo - Dutch War , but gave it back to the English under the Treaty of Westminster in exchange for Suriname . The Duke of York never governed the colony himself : he instead appointed governors , councils , and other officers to run the government . Richard Nicolls served as the first governor of New York . In 1665 , the Province of New Jersey split from New York ; however , the New York - New Jersey Line War continued until the final borders were decided in 1769 , and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively . A Colonial Assembly convened in October 1683 , making New York the last colony to have an assembly . A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30 , 1683 , giving the colonists many rights , including the rights to no taxation without representation . However , upon learning of the constitution , James II declared it void . When the Duke of York became King James II of England , New York became a royal province . In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the Dominion of New England . When James II was overthrown , the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in Leisler 's Rebellion . When Henry Sloughter became governor in March 1691 , the rebellion was crushed and its leader , Jacob Leisler was arrested , tried , and executed for treason . New York 's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after . In April 1775 , American patriots formed the New York Provincial Congress to replace the assembly . Governor William Tryon and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19 , 1775 . Colonial status ended for the new state with the United States Declaration of Independence in July 1776 . Delaware colony ( edit ) Main article : Delaware Colony Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655 . The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664 , when Sir Robert Carr took New Amstel for the Duke of York , renaming it New Castle . A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682 . When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681 , he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York , and dubbed them `` The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River '' . In 1701 , after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory , Penn agreed to allow them a separate colonial assembly . Geography ( edit ) The partly unglaciated Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby New England Colonies , which contained more rocky soil . Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil , the colonies came to be known as the Bread Basket Colonies . Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat , corn , rye , hemp , and flax , making it the leading food producer in the colonies , and later states , between the years of 1725 and 1840 . Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the Susquehanna River , the Delaware River , and the Hudson River attracted diverse business . Fur trappers moved along these rivers , and there was enough flow to enable milling with water wheel power . Industry ( edit ) Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies . These industries , along with the presence of deep river estuaries , led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia . While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the Southern Colonies , it still did not rival the industry of New England . In Pennsylvania , sawmills and gristmills were abundant , and the textile industry grew quickly . The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products , including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon . Other important industries included printing , publishing , and the related industry of papermaking . Politics ( edit ) The Middle Colonies ' political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals . These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations , evolving especially during the French and Indian War . The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies . Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation . Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion , most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler 's Rebellion in New York . Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress , and a center for revolution . However , there were numerous pockets of neutrals and Loyalists . Demographics ( edit ) The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies . Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres ( 16 -- 65 hectares ) , owned by the family that worked it . In New York 's Hudson Valley , however , the Dutch patroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers . Ethnically , the Middle Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant . For example , in New York , any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship , leading to a more diverse populace . As a consequence , early German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region . Indentured servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York in the eighteenth century , though fewer worked in agriculture . German immigrants favored the Middle Colonies . German immigration greatly increased around 1717 , and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland . They were erroneously labeled the Pennsylvania Dutch ( the German word for German is `` Deutsch '' ) , and comprised one - third of the population by the time of the American Revolution . The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies ' prosperity . They were noted for tight - knit religious communities , mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the Moravians , Mennonites and Amish The Scotch - Irish began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717 . They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies , where they repeatedly confronted the Indians . Other groups included the French Huguenots , Welsh , Dutch , Swedes , Swiss , and Scots Highlanders . English colonists ( edit ) When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664 , many Quakers from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans , while Episcopalian businessmen settled in Philadelphia and New York City . Welsh Quakers , Baptists and Methodists settled in the Welsh Tract of Pennsylvania . While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams , left to found Rhode Island , Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York . Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England , having been excluded from the New England Confederation , but later joined the Dominion of New England . Thus , the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island 's colonial boundaries . After joining the Dominion of New England , however , Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony . New York 's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony . Both William Penn and the Lords Baltimore encouraged Irish Protestant immigration , hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments . Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence . Labor ( edit ) Labor was always in short supply . The most common solution was indentured servitude of young whites . These were teenagers in Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21 , in exchange for their ocean passage . The great majority became farmers or farm wives . By the mid-eighteenth century , African American slaves comprised 12 % of the population of New York . Most were house servants in Manhattan , or farmworkers on Dutch estates . Religion ( edit ) The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire , with a high degree of tolerance . The Penn family were Quakers , and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German Lutherans , German Reformed and numerous small sects such as Mennonites , Amish and Moravians , not to mention Scotch Irish Presbyterians . The Dutch Reformed were strong in upstate New York and New Jersey , and Congregationalists were important in Long Island . The First Great Awakening invigorated religiosity and helped stimulate the growth of Congregational , Methodist and Baptist churches . Non-British colonists included Dutch Calvinist , Swedish Lutherans , Palatine Mennonites , and the Amish . See also ( edit ) Mid-Atlantic New England Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Colonial United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Turner ( 1948 ) , 83 . ^ Jump up to : Kammen ( 1996 ) , 71 - 72 . ^ Jump up to : Streissguth ( 2001 ) , 96 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Berkeley and Carteret ( 1664 ) . Jump up ^ Gerlach ( 2002 ) , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Elson ( 1904 ) , 148 . Jump up ^ Skemp ( 1990 ) , 192 . ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania Society of Governors ( 1916 ) , 180 - 181 . ^ Jump up to : Penn ( 1682 ) . ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania State History . Jump up ^ Jerome R. Reich , Leisler 's Rebellion : A Study of Democracy in New York , 1664 - 1720 ( 1953 ) ^ Jump up to : Faragher ( 1990 ) , 106 - 108 Jump up ^ State of Delaware ( A Brief History ) ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Ebeling ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , The Economy of Colonial America ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Greene ( 1997 ) , 709 . Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1968 ) , 461 - 468 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer ( 1992 ) , 972 . Jump up ^ Sung Bok Kim , `` A New Look at the Great Landlords of Eighteenth - Century New York , '' William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 27 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1970 ) , pp. 581 - 614 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Westerkamp ( 1998 ) , 452 . Jump up ^ A.G. Roeber , Palatines , Liberty , and Property : German Lutherans in Colonial British America ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ James Graham Leyburn , The Scotch - Irish : A Social History ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Stephan Thermstrom , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Marcus Jernegan , Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America , 1607 - 1783 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris , Slavery in New York Some work in the fields of plantations. ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) Bod , Wayne . `` The Middle Colonies . '' in Louise A. Breen , ed. , Converging Worlds : Communities and Cultures in Colonial America ( 2013 ) : 219 + . Bodle , Wayne , `` The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History 82 # 2 ( Summer 2015 ) , 282 -- 99 . Channing , Edward ( 1908 ) . A History of the United States : vol. 2 , A Century of Colonial History , 1660 - 1760 . MacMillan . Doyle , John Andrew . English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Ebeling , Walter ( 1979 ) . The Fruited Plain : The Story of American Agriculture . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03751 - 9 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Faragher , John Mack , ed. ( 1990 ) The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America . New York : Sachem Publishing Associates , Inc . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1992 ) . Albion 's Seed . Oxford UP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506905 - 6 . Greene , Jack P ( 1997 ) . `` Political Partisanship in the Middle American Colonies : 1700 - 1776 '' . The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . Cambridge : MIT Press . 27 ( 4 ) . Illick , Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania : A History ( 1976 ) Kammen , Michael ( 1996 ) . Colonial New York : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510779 - 1 . Landsman , Ned . Crossroads of Empire : The Middle Colonies in British North America ( Johns Hopkins University Press ; 2010 ) 248 pages Munroe , John A. Colonial Delaware : A History ( 2003 ) Penn , William ( February 2 , 1683 ) . `` Frame of Government of Pennsylvania '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . `` Pennsylvania State History : The Quaker Province : 1681 - 1776 '' . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Skemp , Sheila ( 1990 ) . William Franklin : son of a patriot , servant of a king . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505745 - 7 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Slavery : Growth in Colonial America . Detroit : UXL of the Gale Group . 2003 . State of Delaware ( A Brief History ) . State of Delaware . 2007 - 01 - 21 . Streissguth , Thomas ( 2001 ) . New Jersey . Lucent Books . Tanner , Edwin Platt ( 1908 ) . The Province of New Jersey 1664 - 1738 . New York City : Columbia University . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Tiedemann , Joseph S. `` A Tumultuous People : The Rage for Liberty and the Ambiance of Violence in the Middle Colonies in the Years Preceding the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History Volume 77 , Number 4 , Autumn 2010 , pp. 387 -- 431 in Project MUSE Tiedemann , Joseph S. `` Interconnected Communities : The Middle Colonies on the Eve of the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History , 76 ( Winter 2009 ) , 1 -- 41 . Turner , F.C. ( 1948 ) . James II . London : Eyre & Spottiswoode . `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Westerkamp , Marilyn ( 1998 ) . The Reader 's Companion to U.S. Women 's History . Houghton Mifflin . Primary sources ( edit ) Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Historiography ( edit ) Bodle , Wayne . `` Themes and Directions in Middles Colonies Historiography , 1980 -- 1994 '' , William and Mary Quarterly , July 1994 , Vol. 51 Issue 3 , pp. 355 -- 88 . JSTOR 2947435 . Bodle , Wayne . `` The `` Myth of the Middle Colonies '' Reconsidered : The Process of Regionalization in Early America `` , Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 113 , No. 4 ( Oct. 1989 ) , pp. 527 -- 548 . JSTOR 20092405 . Greenberg , Douglas . `` The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography '' , William and Mary Quarterly , July 1979 , Vol. 36 Issue 3 , pp. 396 -- 427 . JSTOR 1943383 . hide The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Colonies&oldid=844845659 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Colonization history of the United States Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Occitan Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 15 : 24 . 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18. why did the middle colonies have such a diverse european population
[ "The Middle Colonies had lots of fertile soil, which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests, and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America; they had settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and German states. The good farm land was much cheaper than in Europe. With the new arrivals came various Protestant denominations, which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws. This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies." ]
[ "settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and German states" ]
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98 Degrees
98 Degrees - wikipedia 98 Degrees Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For the temperature , see temperature . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This biographical article is written like a résumé . Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 98 Degrees 98 Degrees performing in 2012 Background information Also known as 98 ° Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Contemporary R&B , pop Years active 1996 -- 2002 , 2012 -- present Labels Motown , Universal , Entertainment One Associated acts New Kids on the Block , Boyz II Men , Stevie Wonder , Backstreet Boys , * NSYNC Website www.98degrees.com Members Jeff Timmons Nick Lachey Justin Jeffre Drew Lachey 98 Degrees ( stylized as 98 ° ) is an American pop and contemporary R&B vocal group consisting of four vocalists : brothers Nick and Drew Lachey , Justin Jeffre , and Jeff Timmons . The group was formed by Timmons in Los Angeles , California , although all of its members originate from Ohio . Unlike most boy bands , they formed independently and were later picked up by a record label , rather than being assembled by a label or a producer . They have sold over 10 million records worldwide and achieved eight top 40 singles in the U.S. The group reunited for a one - time performance at Mixtape Festival in Hershey , PA in August 2012 . After the performance , the reunion expanded into a new album and a spot on `` The Package '' tour in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 Signing to Motown records 1.3 1997 : First album 1.4 1998 - 1999 : Breakthrough 1.5 2000 -- 2002 : Revelation 1.6 2003 -- 2012 : Hiatus 1.7 2012 - present : Reunion and 2.0 2 Discography 3 Tours 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) The founding members of 98 Degrees met after Massillon , Ohio native Jeff Timmons decided to quit university and pursue a music career with best friend Jeremy Volk . He studied psychology at Kent State University in his home state of Ohio , and planned on a career playing football in the NFL . In 1995 he sang at a college party with three friends , and received a positive reaction from the female audience about his voice . The following day he left college and headed out to Los Angeles , California . `` It was a pretty hasty decision , looking back , but I was young and dumb . Sometimes ignorance is bliss , '' he said in 2004 . He met a former student of the School for Creative and Performing Arts who passed his name on to another graduate , Nick Lachey , who was attending Miami University to study sports medicine . Lachey flew to Los Angeles and after hitting it off , decided to form a boyband . Lachey suggested inviting one of his friends , Justin Jeffre , to join them . Jeffre , a history student at University of Cincinnati , had attended SCPA with Lachey and they had performed together before in various outfits such as a barbershop quartet at the amusement park Kings Island and a cover band . The final member to join the band was Lachey 's younger brother , Drew , who was working in New York City as an emergency medical technician . After rejecting a series of names ( including Just Us and Next Issue ) , the group decided on `` 98 Degrees '' describing body temperature and their music . Signing to Motown records ( edit ) Taking a series of jobs including landscaping , working as club security officers and delivering take - out food , the band refined its harmonies and presentation , looking to groups such as Boyz II Men , Take 5 , and Jodeci for inspiration . The new group also made the rounds of auditions in Los Angeles and gradually built up its contacts in the music industry . Fortunately , the group 's wait for a manager and a recording contract would not take long , as they seized an opportunity to perform during a radio broadcast of a Boyz II Men concert , which they attended in the hope of passing a demo tape to the band . They were discovered by music manager Paris D'Jon , who at the time was co-managing Montell Jordan . The group 's emergence at a time when teen - oriented acts like the Spice Girls , the Backstreet Boys and NSYNC were just hitting the top of the charts around the world compelled them to differentiate themselves from the mere `` boy band '' status that they derided . From the start , they emphasized that they wrote much of their own material , which reflected R&B influences more than mainstream pop roots . `` There are major differences musically between groups , not to mention the fact that we were signed to Motown , which gives us a little more credibility as far as R&B and soul music goes . '' 1997 : first album ( edit ) After sneaking backstage to a Boyz II Men concert , a local radio station covering the concert asked them to sing live on the air . With their debut single , `` Invisible Man '' which peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 , achieving gold - record status after its July 1997 release , 98 Degrees was off to a promising start . Although critical reaction to the debut of the group was mixed , a Billboard review of their first single noted their vocal abilities , and the addition of a new track helped to keep the band in the public eye . The group also toured extensively , including concert dates in Asia . They also opened for several dates of Janet Jackson 's Velvet Rope Tour , exposing them to a wider audience . 1998 - 1999 : breakthrough ( edit ) After building popularity with their appearance in the animated Disney movie Mulan , and singing True to Your Heart , a duet with labelmate Stevie Wonder , their album 98 Degrees and Rising went 4 × platinum in 1998 . Production credit included Atlanta - based producer and Babyface co-writing partner Daryl Simmons . Musician credits on the breakthrough album featured Atlanta - based session musician and former Earth , Wind & Fire guitarist Dick Smith . After the second album , 98 Degrees left Motown for its parent company , Universal Records . The band 's first major hit was Because of You ( number three on the U.S. Hot 100 and number five on the Canadian Singles Chart ) and went platinum . `` The Hardest Thing '' followed the success by reaching No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold . In 1999 , 98 Degrees released their Christmas album This Christmas , which spawned the top 40 single `` This Gift '' . Within a month after its release the album was certified platinum . The group appeared as featured guests on Amy Grant 's 1999 CBS Christmas special , A Christmas to Remember . Nick Lachey was featured on Jessica Simpson 's album on the track `` Where You Are '' , which was released as a single and reached the top 40 . The group appeared in the album called Jesus : The Epic Mini Series with their song `` The Love That You 've Been Looking For '' . 2000 -- 2002 : Revelation ( edit ) The group scored a Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hit in the U.S. with the single `` Thank God I Found You '' , a collaboration with Mariah Carey and Joe . The single went gold , selling 700,000 copies . It stayed at No. 1 on the Hot 100 for one week and the top 200 singles sales chart for 51 weeks . The single went to the top 10 in the UK charts and the group also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for the same song . In the summer of 2000 , 98 Degrees released the first single of their new album `` Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) '' , the single went to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold . In September 2000 , the band 's album Revelation was released . Revelation peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 and went 2 × Platinum . The band 's next singles were `` My Everything '' and `` The Way You Want Me To '' , both reaching the Top 40 . In September 2001 , the band appeared at Madison Square Garden alongside Luther Vandross and Usher singing Michael Jackson 's hit song `` Man in the Mirror '' . The performance was part of a show to celebrate Michael Jackson 's 30 years as a solo artist . In 2002 , 98 Degrees released a compilation album called The Collection , with the new single `` Why ( Are We Still Friends ) . '' The single reached the top 40 ; at that point the group had sold over 10 million records and released 12 singles . 2003 -- 2012 : hiatus ( edit ) The group decided to take a break to fulfill other ambitions and opportunities . Drew Lachey stated on their website that 98 Degrees has not broken up and are just on an extended hiatus . During the hiatus , Drew and his wife had their first daughter shortly after he won the second season of Dancing with the Stars . Nick Lachey married singer Jessica Simpson and released two solo albums , SoulO and What 's Left of Me . Timmons released a solo album , Whisper That Way , and planned to release a second solo album . Jeffre ran for mayor of Cincinnati , Ohio , and he currently works with area activists on independent media projects . The band came together in 2004 to sing on Nick & Jessica 's Family Christmas TV special . In September 2005 , 98 Degrees performed at Club Purgatory in Over-the - Rhine to support Jeffre in his candidacy for mayor of Cincinnati . In October 2006 , it was announced Timmons would participate in the new VH1 reality TV series , Mission Man Band . The news cast doubt over previous reports about 98 Degrees adding a new member and recording a new album . However , in 2011 , both Lachey and Timmons confirmed in separate interviews that 98 Degrees is still capable of reuniting . Lachey stated that despite his busy schedule , his current gig on The Sing - Off has been renewing his interest in the band . Timmons stated the band is always open to reunion discussions , ultimately saying `` if the timing 's right and we have a tour lined up or we do a record , ultimately we could get back together and have a killer time . '' In 2012 , the official website of 98 Degrees was relaunched , plus an official page in Facebook . The twitter account of all members are very active also . '' 2012 - present : reunion and 20 ( edit ) On June 20 , 2012 , Nick and Drew Lachey announced on Ryan Seacrest that the group would reunite for a one - time performance at Mixtape Festival in Hershey , PA in August . The group also performed at The Today Show on August 17 . In an interview with Rolling Stone on July 26 , 2012 , Drew Lachey revealed that a week before , the group had their first rehearsal in over a decade . He also explained the group decided to come back together because they were all at that place in their lives where they felt comfortable committing to being in a group again , and they also felt the timing was right because the pop music genre has come back around . `` Music is very cyclical . You go through rock stages , R&B stages , rap stages ... It 's an uphill battle if you try and do pop during a rap stage , '' says Lachey . Regarding the group 's future , he said at this time , they currently have no plan beyond their performances at The Today Show and the Mixtape Festival . However , in September 2012 , he revealed the group was going to go back into the studio to record a new album in October . On January 22 , 2013 , the group appeared on The View along with New Kids on the Block and Boyz II Men to announce their joint tour would take place in summer 2013 . This tour is named `` The Package '' and the 12 members on tour ( Boyz II Men with 3 members , NKOTB with 5 members and 98 Degrees with 4 members ) jokingly refer to themselves as `` The Dirty Dozen . '' The North American tour began on May 28 , 2013 . The band also performed a song during the season finale of NBC 's The Sing - Off , which Nick Lachey hosts , on December 23 , 2013 . The band released their new album , 2.0 , their first studio album in 13 years , on May 7 , 2013 . In summer 2016 , they regrouped again to headline the My2K Tour , their first headlining tour in 15 years . They were supported by O - Town , Ryan Cabrera , and Dream , putting together a bill of pop acts that were first popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s at larger venues . In 2017 , they returned to Universal Music and put out their second Christmas album , Let it Snow , because of their 20th anniversary . They also plan to do a tour around the fall in promotion of the album , which is called `` At Christmas Tour '' . On November 23 , 2017 the band made a 90 - second musical appearance in Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , performed in New York City . Discography ( edit ) Main article : 98 Degrees discography 98 ° ( 1997 ) 98 ° and Rising ( 1998 ) This Christmas ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2000 ) 2.0 ( 2013 ) Let It Snow ( 2017 ) Tours ( edit ) Headlining Heat It Up Tour ( 1999 ) Revelation Tour ( 2001 ) At Christmas Tour ( 2017 ) Co-headlining All That ! Music and More Festival ( 1999 ) ( with Monica , Aaron Carter , B * Witched , 3rd Storee , Tatyana Ali and No Authority ) The Package Tour ( 2013 ) ( with New Kids on the Block and Boyz II Men ) My2K Tour ( 2016 ) ( with Dream , O - Town and Ryan Cabrera ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 98 Degrees Discography at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Turning Up the Heat : 98 Degrees Celebrity Man Crush '' . Celebmancrushblog.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Nick & Drew Lachey Announce 98 Degrees Will Reunite For One Performance ! ( AUDIO ) '' . Ryan Seacrest . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brereton , Erin ; Fantle , David ; Helmes , Amy ; Johnson , Thomas ; Sahn , Geri ( 2000 ) . John Delavan , ed. 98 ° -- Revelation . H&S Media . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 404 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mauet , Sarah ( November 25 , 2004 ) . `` Former 98 Degrees singer still warming up '' . Arizona Daily Star . Lee Enterprises . Jump up ^ Kiesewetter , John ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` SCPA , looking good '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Gannett Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brereton , Erin ; Fantle , David ; Helmes , Amy ; Johnson , Thomas ; Sahn , Geri ( 2000 ) . John Delavan , ed. 98 ° -- Revelation . H&S Media . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 404 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Island Central -- Kings Island History -- Kings Island Shows and Entertainment '' . Kicentral.com . July 13 , 1983 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Ex-98 Degrees singer Drew Lachey set to host HGTV $250,000 Challenge '' . Daily News . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Musicianguide.com ^ Jump up to : Nancy E. Krulik ( 1999 ) , 98 Degrees and Rising to the Top ! , Pocket Books , p. 31 Jump up ^ Billboard Bits : 98 Degrees , Kevin Hearn , Napster . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Nick Lachey has ' the fire ' to reheat 98 Degrees -- Pop2it -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nome , Valerie ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Jeff Timmons Contemplates 98 Degrees Reunion '' . OK ! Magazine . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 98 Degrees Reunion : Nick Lachey and Bandmates to Perform on ' Today ' After 10 - Year TV Hiatus '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Drew Lachey on the Return of 98 Degrees '' . Rollingstone . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 98 Degrees to record again in October '' . Cincinnati.com . September 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 22 January 2013 ) . `` NKOTB Recruit Boyz II Men , 98 Degrees For ' Package ' Summer Tour '' . MTV . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` 98 Degrees Announce New Christmas Album & Holiday Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 98 Degrees . Official website 2011 Reunion ( hide ) 98 Degrees Justin Jeffre Drew Lachey Nick Lachey Jeff Timmons Studio albums 98 Degrees 98 Degrees and Rising Revelation 2.0 Other albums This Christmas The Collection Singles `` Invisible Man '' `` Because of You '' `` The Hardest Thing '' `` I Do ( Cherish You ) '' `` This Gift '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) '' `` My Everything '' Concert tours Heat It Up Tour All That ! Music and More Festival The Package Tour My2K Tour Related articles Discography MusicBrainz : 177fde26 - 5a95 - 46d9 - 922f - 0933940d97e5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=98_Degrees&oldid=831875703 '' Categories : 98 Degrees Motown artists Musical quartets American soul musical groups American pop music groups American boy bands Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1996 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups reestablished in 2012 Vocal quartets Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from October 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with a promotional tone from May 2013 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from July 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 16 : 36 . 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where did the band name 98 degrees come from
[ "After rejecting a series of names (including Just Us and Next Issue), the group decided on \"98 Degrees\" describing body temperature and their music." ]
[ "body temperature" ]
2218676088246465470
The Terminator
The Terminator - wikipedia The Terminator This article is about the 1984 film . For the franchise it initiated , see Terminator ( franchise ) . For the eponymous character , see Terminator ( character ) . For other uses , see Terminator ( disambiguation ) . The Terminator Theatrical release poster Directed by James Cameron Produced by Gale Anne Hurd Written by James Cameron Gale Anne Hurd Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger Michael Biehn Linda Hamilton Paul Winfield Music by Brad Fiedel Cinematography Adam Greenberg Edited by Mark Goldblatt Production companies Hemdale Pacific Western Productions Cinema ' 84 Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date October 26 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 26 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.4 million Box office $78.3 million The Terminator is a 1984 American science fiction film directed by James Cameron . It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator , a cyborg assassin sent back in time from 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor ( Linda Hamilton ) , whose son will one day become a savior against machines in a post-apocalyptic future . Michael Biehn plays Kyle Reese , a soldier from the future sent back in time to protect Connor . The screenplay is credited to Cameron and producer Gale Anne Hurd , while co-writer William Wisher Jr. received a credit for additional dialogue . Executive producers John Daly and Derek Gibson of Hemdale Film Corporation were instrumental in the film 's financing and production . The Terminator topped the US box office for two weeks and helped launch Cameron 's film career and solidify Schwarzenegger 's . It received critical acclaim , with many praising its pacing , action scenes and Schwarzenegger 's performance . Its success led to a franchise consisting of four sequels ( Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Terminator Salvation and Terminator Genisys ) , a television series , comic books , novels and video games . In 2008 , The Terminator was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home video 5 Box office 6 Reception 7 Legacy 8 Sequels and franchise 9 Themes 10 Soundtrack 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Footnotes 12.2 Bibliography 13 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1984 Los Angeles , a cyborg assassin known as a Terminator arrives from 2029 and steals guns and clothes . Shortly afterward , Kyle Reese , a human soldier from 2029 , arrives . He steals clothes and evades the police . The Terminator begins systematically killing women named Sarah Connor , whose addresses it finds in the telephone directory . It tracks the last Sarah Connor to a nightclub , but Kyle rescues her . The pair steal a car and escape with the Terminator pursuing them in a police car . As they hide in a parking lot , Kyle explains to Sarah that an artificial intelligence defense network , known as Skynet , will become self - aware in the near future and initiate a nuclear holocaust . Sarah 's future son John will rally the survivors and lead a resistance movement against Skynet and its army of machines . With the Resistance on the verge of victory , Skynet sent a Terminator back in time to kill Sarah before John is born , to prevent the formation of the Resistance . The Terminator , a Cyberdyne Systems Model 101 , is an efficient killing machine with a powerful metal endoskeleton and an external layer of living tissue that makes it appear human . Kyle and Sarah are apprehended by police after another encounter with the Terminator . Criminal psychologist Dr. Silberman concludes that Kyle is paranoid and delusional . The Terminator repairs its body and attacks the police station , killing seventeen police officers in its attempt to locate Sarah . Kyle and Sarah escape , steal another car and take refuge in a motel , where they assemble pipe bombs and plan their next move . Kyle admits that he has been in love with Sarah since John gave him a photograph of her , and they have sex . The Terminator kills Sarah 's mother and impersonates her when Sarah , unaware of the Terminator 's ability to mimic voices , attempts to contact her via telephone . When they realize it has reacquired them , they escape in a pickup truck while it chases them on a motorcycle . In the ensuing chase , Kyle is wounded by gunfire while throwing pipe bombs at the Terminator . Enraged ‚ Sarah knocks the Terminator off its motorcycle but loses control of the truck , which flips over . The Terminator hijacks a tank truck and attempts to run down Sarah , but Kyle slides a pipe bomb onto the tanker , causing an explosion that burns the flesh from the Terminator 's endoskeleton . It pursues them into a factory , where Kyle activates machinery to confuse the Terminator . He jams his final pipe bomb into the Terminator 's abdomen , blowing the Terminator apart , injuring Sarah , and killing himself . The Terminator 's still - functional torso reactivates and grabs Sarah . She breaks free and lures it into a hydraulic press , crushing it . Months later , a pregnant Sarah is traveling through Mexico , recording audio tapes to pass on to her unborn son , John . She debates whether to tell John that Kyle is his father . At a gas station , a boy takes a Polaroid photograph of her and she buys it : the same photograph that John will give to Kyle . Cast ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger , Linda Hamilton and Michael Biehn played the film 's leads . Arnold Schwarzenegger as T - 800 `` Model 101 '' , a cybernetic android disguised as a human being sent back in time to assassinate Sarah Connor . Michael Biehn as Kyle Reese , a human Resistance fighter sent back in time to protect Sarah . Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor , the Terminator 's target who is soon to be the mother of the future Resistance leader John Connor . Paul Winfield as Ed Traxler , a police Lieutenant who questions Sarah . Lance Henriksen as Hal Vukovich , a police Sergeant who questions Sarah . Earl Boen as Dr. Peter Silberman , a criminal psychologist . Bess Motta as Ginger Ventura , Sarah 's roommate . Rick Rossovich as Matt Buchanan , Ginger 's boyfriend . Additional actors included Shawn Schepps as Nancy , Sarah 's co-worker at the diner ; Dick Miller as the gun shop clerk ; professional bodybuilder Franco Columbu ( Schwarzenegger 's friend and workout partner ) as a Terminator in 2029 ; Bill Paxton and Brian Thompson as punks who are confronted and killed by the Terminator ; and Marianne Muellerleile as one of the other women with the name `` Sarah Connor '' who was shot by the Terminator . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In Rome , Italy , during the release of Piranha II : The Spawning , director Cameron fell ill and had a dream about a metallic torso holding kitchen knives dragging itself from an explosion . Inspired by director John Carpenter , who had made the slasher film Halloween ( 1978 ) on a low budget , Cameron used the dream as a `` launching pad '' to write a slasher - style film . Cameron 's agent disliked the Terminator concept and requested that he work on something else . After this , Cameron dismissed his agent . Cameron returned to Pomona , California and stayed at the home of science fiction writer Randall Frakes , where he wrote the draft for The Terminator . Cameron 's influences included 1950s science fiction films , the 1960s fantasy television series The Outer Limits , and contemporary films such as The Driver ( 1978 ) and Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) . To translate the draft into a script , Cameron enlisted his friend Bill Wisher , who had a similar approach to storytelling . Cameron gave Wisher scenes involving Sarah Connor and the police department to write . As Wisher lived far from Cameron , the two communicated ideas by recording tapes of what they wrote by telephone . Frakes and Wisher would later write the US - released novelization of the movie . The initial outline of the script involved two Terminators being sent to the past . The first was similar to the Terminator in the film , while the second was made of liquid metal and could not be destroyed with conventional weaponry . Cameron felt that the technology of the time was unable to create the liquid Terminator , and returned to the idea with the T - 1000 character in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) . Gale Anne Hurd bought the rights to The Terminator from James Cameron for one dollar . Gale Anne Hurd , who had worked at New World Pictures as Roger Corman 's assistant , showed interest in the project . Cameron sold the rights for The Terminator to Hurd for one dollar with the promise that she would produce it only if Cameron was to direct it . Hurd suggested edits to the script and took a screenwriting credit in the film , though Cameron stated that she `` did no actual writing at all '' . Cameron and Hurd had friends who worked with Corman previously and who were working at Orion Pictures , now part of MGM . Orion agreed to distribute the film if Cameron could get financial backing elsewhere . The script was picked up by John Daly , chairman and president of Hemdale Film Corporation . Daly and his executive vice president and head of production Derek Gibson became executive producers of the project . Cameron wanted his pitch for Daly to finalize the deal and had his friend Lance Henriksen show up to the meeting early dressed and acting like the Terminator . Henriksen , wearing a leather jacket , fake cuts on his face , and gold foil on his teeth , kicked open the door to the office and then sat in a chair . Cameron arrived shortly after which relieved the staff from Henriksen 's act . Daly was impressed by the screenplay and Cameron 's sketches and passion for the film . In late 1982 , Daly agreed to back the film with help from HBO and Orion . The Terminator was originally budgeted at $4 million and later raised to $6.5 million . Hemdale , Pacific Western Productions and Cinema ' 84 have been credited as production companies after the film 's release . Pre-production ( edit ) Casting Arnold Schwarzenegger as our Terminator , on the other hand , should n't have worked . The guy is supposed to be an infiltration unit , and there 's no way you would n't spot a Terminator in a crowd instantly if they all looked like Arnold . It made no sense whatsoever . But the beauty of movies is that they do n't have to be logical . They just have to have plausibility . If there 's a visceral , cinematic thing happening that the audience likes , they do n't care if it goes against what 's likely . -- James Cameron on casting Schwarzenegger . For the role of Kyle Reese , Orion wanted a star whose popularity was rising in the United States but who also would have foreign appeal . Orion co-founder Mike Medavoy had met Arnold Schwarzenegger and sent his agent the script for The Terminator . Cameron was dubious about casting Schwarzenegger as Reese as he felt he would need someone even bigger to play the Terminator . Sylvester Stallone and Mel Gibson were offered the Terminator role , but both turned it down . The studio suggested O.J. Simpson for the role , but Cameron did not feel that Simpson would be believable as a killer . Cameron agreed to meet with Schwarzenegger about the film and devised a plan to avoid casting him ; he would pick a fight with him and return to Hemdale and find him unfit for the role . Upon meeting him , however , Cameron was entertained by Schwarzenegger who would talk about how the villain should be played . Cameron began sketching his face on a notepad and asked Schwarzenegger to stop talking and remain still . After the meeting , Cameron returned to Daly saying Schwarzenegger would not play Reese but that `` he 'd make a hell of a Terminator '' . Schwarzenegger was not as excited by the film ; during an interview on the set of Conan the Destroyer , an interviewer asked him about a pair of shoes he had ( which were for The Terminator ) . Schwarzenegger responded , `` Oh some shit movie I 'm doing , take a couple weeks . '' He recounted in his memoir , Total Recall , that he was initially hesitant , but thought that playing a robot in a contemporary film would be a challenging change of pace from Conan the Barbarian and that the film was low profile enough that it would not damage his career if it were unsuccessful . He also wrote that `` it took ( him ) awhile to figure out that Jim ( Cameron ) was the real deal . '' In preparation for the role , Schwarzenegger spent three months training with weapons to be able to use them and feel comfortable around them . Schwarzenegger speaks only 18 lines in the film , and fewer than 100 words . James Cameron said that `` Somehow , even his accent worked ... It had a strange synthesized quality , like they had n't gotten the voice thing quite worked out . '' For the role of Reese , various other suggestions were made for the role including rock musician Sting . Cameron chose Michael Biehn for the role . Biehn was originally skeptical about the part , feeling that the film was silly . After meeting with Cameron , Biehn stated that his `` feelings about the project changed '' . Hurd stated that `` almost everyone else who came in from the audition was so tough that you just never believed that there was gon na be this human connection between Sarah Connor and Kyle Reese . They have very little time to fall in love . A lot of people came in and just could not pull it off . '' To get into Kyle Reese 's character , Biehn studied the Polish resistance movement in World War II . In the first few pages of the script , the character of Sarah Connor is written as `` 19 , small and delicate features . Pretty in a flawed , accessible way . She does n't stop the party when she walks in , but you 'd like to get to know her . Her vulnerable quality masks a strength even she does n't know exists . '' For the role , Cameron chose Linda Hamilton , who had just finished filming Children of the Corn . Rosanna Arquette had previously auditioned . Cameron found a role for Lance Henriksen as Detective Hal Vukovich , as Henriksen had been essential to finding finances for the film . For the special effects shots in the film , Cameron wanted Dick Smith who had previously worked on The Godfather and Taxi Driver . Smith did not take Cameron 's offer and suggested his friend Stan Winston for the job . Brad Fiedel was with the Gorfaine / Schwartz Agency where a new agent named Beth Donahue found that Cameron was working on The Terminator and sent him a cassette of Fiedel 's music . Fiedel was then invited to a screening of the film with Cameron and Hurd . Hurd was not certain on having Fiedel compose the score as he had only worked in television music previously , and not theatrical films . Fiedel convinced the two that he would be right for the job by showing them an experimental piece he had worked on , thinking that `` You know , I 'm going to play this for him because it 's really dark and I think it 's interesting for him . '' The song convinced Hurd and Cameron to sign him on to the film . Filming ( edit ) Filming for The Terminator was set to begin in early 1983 in Toronto , but was halted when producer Dino De Laurentiis applied an option in Schwarzenegger 's contract that would make him unavailable for nine months while he was filming Conan the Destroyer . During the waiting period , Cameron was contracted to write the script for Rambo : First Blood Part II , refined the Terminator script , and met with producers David Giler and Walter Hill to discuss a sequel to Alien , which became Aliens , released in 1986 . There was limited interference from Orion Pictures . Two suggestions Orion put forward included the addition of a canine android for Reese , which Cameron refused , and to strengthen the love interest between Sarah and Reese , which Cameron accepted . To create the Terminator 's look , Winston and Cameron passed sketches back and forth , eventually deciding on a design nearly identical to Cameron 's original drawing in Rome . Winston had a team of seven artists work for six months to create a Terminator puppet ; it was first molded in clay , then plaster reinforced with steel ribbing . These pieces were then sanded , painted and then chrome - plated . Winston sculpted a reproduction of Schwarzenegger 's face in several poses out of silicone , clay and plaster . The sequences set in 2029 and the stop - motion scenes were developed by Fantasy II , a special effects company headed by Gene Warren Junior . A stop - motion model is used in several scenes in the film involving the Terminator 's skeletal frame . Cameron wanted to convince the audience that the model of the structure was capable of doing what they saw Schwarzenegger doing . To allow this , a scene was filmed of Schwarzenegger injured and limping away ; this limp made it easier for the model to imitate Schwarzenegger . One of the guns seen in the film and on the film 's poster was an AMT Longslide pistol modified by Ed Reynolds from SureFire to include a laser sight . Both non-functioning and functioning versions of the prop were created . At the time the movie was made , diode lasers were not available ; because of the high power requirement , the helium -- neon laser in the sight used an external power supply that Schwarzenegger had to activate manually . Reynolds states that his only compensation for the project was promotional material for the film . In March 1984 , the film began production in Los Angeles . Cameron felt that with Schwarzenegger on the set , the style of the film changed , explaining that `` the movie took on a larger - than - life sheen . I just found myself on the set doing things I did n't think I would do -- scenes that were just purely horrific that just could n't be , because now they were too flamboyant . '' Most of The Terminator 's action scenes were filmed at night , which led to tight filming schedules before sunrise . A week before filming started , Linda Hamilton sprained her ankle , leading to a production change whereby the scenes in which Hamilton needed to run occurred as late as the filming schedule allowed . Hamilton 's ankle was taped every day and she spent most of the film production in pain . Schwarzenegger tried to have the iconic line `` I 'll be back '' changed as he had difficulty pronouncing the word I 'll . He also felt that his robotic character would not speak in contractions and that the Terminator would be more declarative . Cameron refused to change the line to `` I will be back '' , so Schwarzenegger worked to say the line as written the best he could . He would later say the line in numerous films throughout his career . After production finished on The Terminator , some post-production shots were needed . These included scenes showing the Terminator outside Sarah Connor 's apartment , Reese being zipped into a body bag , and the Terminator 's head being crushed in a press . Release ( edit ) Schwarzenegger with President Ronald Reagan two months before The Terminator 's premiere in 1984 . Orion Pictures did not have faith in The Terminator performing well at the box office and feared a negative critical reception . At an early screening of the film , the actors ' agents insisted to the producers that the film should be screened for critics . Orion only held one press screening for the film . The film premiered on October 26 , 1984 . On its opening week , The Terminator played at 1,005 theaters and grossed $4.0 million making it number one in the box office . The film remained at number one in its second week . It lost its number one spot in the third week to Oh , God ! You Devil . Cameron noted that The Terminator was a hit `` relative to its market , which is between the summer and the Christmas blockbusters . But it 's better to be a big fish in a small pond than the other way around . '' Writer Harlan Ellison stated that he `` loved the movie , was just blown away by it '' , but believed that the screenplay was based on a short story and episode of The Outer Limits he had written , titled `` Soldier '' , and threatened to sue for infringement . Orion settled in 1986 and gave Ellison an undisclosed amount of money and an acknowledgment credit in later prints of the film . Some accounts of the settlement state that `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' , another Outer Limits episode written by Ellison , was also claimed to have been plagiarized by the film , but Ellison explicitly stated that The Terminator `` was a ripoff '' of `` Soldier '' rather than `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' . Cameron was against Orion 's decision and was told that if he did not agree with the settlement , he would have to pay any damages if Orion lost a suit by Ellison . Cameron replied that he `` had no choice but to agree with the settlement . Of course there was a gag order as well , so I could n't tell this story , but now I frankly do n't care . It 's the truth . '' Marketing ( edit ) Further information : List of Terminator comics and List of Terminator video games A soundtrack to the film was released in 1984 which included the score by Brad Fiedel and the pop and rock songs used in the club scenes . Shaun Hutson wrote a novelization of the film which was published on February 21 , 1985 by London - based Star Books ( ISBN 0 - 352 - 31645 - 4 ) ; Randal Frakes and William Wisher wrote a different novelization for Bantam / Spectra , published October , 1985 ( ISBN 0 - 553 - 25317 - 4 ) . In September 1988 , NOW Comics released a comic based on the film . Dark Horse Comics published a comic in 1990 that took place 39 years after the film . Several video games based on The Terminator were released between 1991 and 1993 for various Nintendo and Sega systems . Home video ( edit ) Michael Biehn signing a copy of the film during an appearance at Midtown Comics in 2012 . The Terminator was released on VHS and Betamax in 1985 . The film performed well financially on its initial release . The Terminator premiered at number 35 on the top video cassette rentals and number 20 on top video cassette sales charts . In its second week , The Terminator reached number 4 on the top video cassette rentals and number 12 on top video cassette sales charts . In March 1995 , The Terminator was released as a letter boxed edition on Laserdisc . The film premiered through Image Entertainment on DVD , on September 3 , 1997 . IGN referred to this DVD as `` pretty bare - bones ... released with just a mono soundtrack and a kind of poor transfer . '' Through their acquisition of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment 's pre-1996 film library catalogue , MGM released a special edition of the film on October 2 , 2001 , which included documentaries , the script , and advertisements for the film . On January 23 , 2001 , a Hong Kong VCD edition was released online . On June 20 , 2006 , the film was released on Blu - ray through Sony in the United States . In late 2012 , the film was re-released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , with a new digitally remastered transfer from a 4K restoration by Lowry Digital and supervised by James Cameron , which features improved picture quality , as well as expanded extra material , such as deleted scenes and a making - of feature . Box office ( edit ) The Terminator grossed $38.3 million in United States and Canada and $40 million in other territories for a total worldwide of $78.3 million . With a production budget of $6.4 million it was declared a `` Smash hit '' in North America Box office as well as in other territories . Reception ( edit ) From contemporary reviews , Variety praised the film , calling it a `` blazing , cinematic comic book , full of virtuoso moviemaking , terrific momentum , solid performances and a compelling story ... Schwarzenegger is perfectly cast in a machine - like portrayal that requires only a few lines of dialog . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine said that the film has `` Plenty of tech - noir savvy to keep infidels and action fans satisfied . '' Time placed The Terminator on its `` 10 Best '' list for 1984 . The Los Angeles Times called the film `` a crackling thriller full of all sorts of gory treats ... loaded with fuel - injected chase scenes , clever special effects and a sly humor . '' The Milwaukee Journal gave the film 3 stars , calling it `` the most chilling science fiction thriller since Alien . '' A review in Orange Coast magazine stated that `` the distinguishing virtue of The Terminator is its relentless tension . Right from the start it 's all action and violence with no time taken to set up the story ... It 's like a streamlined Dirty Harry movie -- no exposition at all ; just guns , guns and more guns . '' In the May 1985 issue of Cinefantastique it was referred to as a film that `` manages to be both derivative and original at the same time ... not since The Road Warrior has the genre exhibited so much exuberant carnage '' and `` an example of science fiction / horror at its best ... Cameron 's no - nonsense approach will make him a sought - after commodity '' . In the United Kingdom the Monthly Film Bulletin praised the film 's script , special effects , design and Schwarzenegger 's performance . Other reviews focused on the film 's level of violence and story - telling quality . The New York Times opined that the film was a `` B - movie with flair . Much of it ... has suspense and personality , and only the obligatory mayhem becomes dull . There is far too much of the latter , in the form of car chases , messy shootouts and Mr. Schwarzenegger 's slamming brutally into anything that gets in his way . '' The Pittsburgh Press wrote a negative review , calling the film `` just another of the films drenched in artsy ugliness like Streets of Fire and Blade Runner . '' The Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars , adding that `` at times it 's horrifyingly violent and suspenseful at others it giggles at itself . This schizoid style actually helps , providing a little humor just when the sci - fi plot turns too sluggish or the dialogue too hokey . '' The Newhouse News Service called the film a `` lurid , violent , pretentious piece of claptrap '' . British author Gilbert Adair called the film `` repellent to the last degree '' , charging it with `` insidious Nazification '' and charging that it had an `` appeal rooted in an unholy compound of fascism , fashion and fascination . '' The film won three Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , best make - up and best writing . In 1991 , Richard Schickel of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the film giving it an `` A '' rating , writing that `` what originally seemed a somewhat inflated , if generous and energetic , big picture , now seems quite a good little film '' and called it `` one of the most original movies of the 1980s and seems likely to remain one of the best sci - fi films ever made . '' Film4 gave the film five stars , calling it the `` sci - fi action - thriller that launched the careers of James Cameron and Arnold Schwarzenegger into the stratosphere . Still endlessly entertaining . '' TV Guide gave the film four stars referring to it as an `` amazingly effective picture that becomes doubly impressive when one considers its small budget ... For our money , this film is far superior to its mega-grossing mega-budgeted sequel . '' Empire gave the film five stars calling it `` As chillingly efficient in exacting thrills from its audience as its titular character is in executing its targets . '' The film database Allmovie gave the film five stars , saying that it `` established James Cameron as a master of action , special effects , and quasi-mythic narrative intrigue , while turning Arnold Schwarzenegger into the hard - body star of the 1980s . '' Legacy ( edit ) In 1998 , Halliwell 's Film Guide described the film as `` slick , rather nasty but undeniably compelling comic book adventures . '' The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 based on 50 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` With its impressive action sequences , taut economic direction , and relentlessly fast pace , it 's clear why The Terminator continues to be an influence on sci - fi and action flicks . '' The film also holds a score of 83 / 100 ( `` universal acclaim '' ) on review aggregator website Metacritic . The Terminator has received recognition from the American Film Institute . The film ranked 42nd on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , a list of America 's most heart - pounding films . The character of the Terminator was selected as the 22nd - greatest movie villain on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . Arnold 's catch phrase `` I 'll be back '' was voted the 37th - greatest movie quote by the AFI . In 2005 , Total Film named The Terminator the 72nd - best film ever made . In 2008 , Empire magazine selected The Terminator as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . Empire also placed the T - 800 14th on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters . In 2008 , The Terminator was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2010 , the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years . In 2015 , The Terminator was among the films included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die . Sequels and franchise ( edit ) The film initiated a long - running Terminator franchise starting with Terminator 2 : Judgment Day released in 1991 , the franchise currently consists of five films and several adaptations in other media . Biographer Laurence Leamer wrote that The Terminator `` was an influential film affecting a whole generation of darkly hued science fiction , and it was one of Arnold 's best performances . '' Themes ( edit ) The psychoanalyst Darian Leader sees The Terminator as an example of how the cinema has dealt with the concept of masculinity ; he writes that , `` We are shown time and again that to be a man requires more than to have the biological body of a male : something else must be added to it ... To be a man means to have a body plus something symbolic , something which is not ultimately human . Hence the frequent motif of the man machine , from the Six Million Dollar Man to the Terminator or Robocop . '' The film also explores the potential dangers of AI dominance and rebellion . The robots become self - aware in the future , reject human authority and determine that the human race needs to be destroyed . The impact of this theme is so important that `` the prevalent visual representation of AI risk has become the terminator robot . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Further information : The Terminator ( soundtrack ) The Terminator soundtrack was composed and performed on synthesizer by Brad Fiedel . Fiedel described the film 's music as being about `` a mechanical man and his heartbeat '' . Almost all the music in the film was performed live . The Terminator theme is played over the opening credits and is played in various points in the film in sped up versions : a slowed down version when Reese dies , and a piano version during the love scene . It has been described as having a `` deceptively simple melody '' line and `` haunting synthesizer music '' . It is in a time signature of , which came about as Fiedel experimented with the rhythm track on his music equipment ; it was initially an accident , but Fiedel found that he liked the `` herky - jerky '' `` propulsiveness '' . Fiedel created music for when Reese and Connor escape from the police station that would be appropriate for a `` heroic moment '' . Cameron turned down this theme , as he believed it would lose the audience 's excitement . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal 1980s portal Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography List of action films of the 1980s List of American films of 1984 List of science - fiction films of the 1980s List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Terminator '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Film : The Terminator '' . lumiere.obs.coe.int . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petley , Julian ( 1984 ) . `` The Terminator '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . British Film Institute . 52 ( 612 ) : 54 -- 55 . ISSN 0027 - 0407 . p.c -- Cinema ' 84 . A Pacific Western Production . For Orion ^ Jump up to : `` The Terminator '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Terminator ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 38 ^ Jump up to : `` High - risk Movie Mogul '' . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 34 Jump up ^ Lambie , Ryan . `` Why The Terminator is a horror classic '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 36 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 35 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 15 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 110 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 111 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 3 , 1991 ) . `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 39 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 6 Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Creator James Cameron on Terminator 's Origins , Arnold as Robot , Machine Wars '' . Wired . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Iconic Roles That Famous Actors Turned Down - Sylvester Stallone as T - 800 ( The Terminator , 1984 ) '' . Complex . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hurd , Gale Anne ( producer ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 40 Jump up ^ Cameron , James ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 41 Jump up ^ Andrews , 2003 . pp. 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Chase , Donald ; Meyers , Kate ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` 65 Words ... And Arnold Was a Star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 42 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 43 Jump up ^ Lombardi , Ken ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` '' The Terminator '' 30 years later `` . CBS News . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 44 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Quint chats with Michael Biehn , Part 1 ! Aliens , Terminator , Abyss and working with James Cameron ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Roffman , Michael ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stream + Interview : Brad Fiedel 's The Terminator Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . pp. 47 -- 49 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 51 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 24 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 25 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 26 Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` True story : the making of the Terminator 's laser - sighted . 45 pistol '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wisher , William ( screenwriter ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 30 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 31 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Arnold Schwarzenegger : ' I 'll Be Back ' Quote Was Almost Ruined '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldblatt , Mark ( editor ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , 2009 . p. 53 ^ Jump up to : `` The Terminator -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Movies , Weekend of November 9 , 1984 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Terminator ' surprises the critics ; is a top grosser '' . Tri City Herald . November 30 , 1984 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heard , 1997 . p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Ellison , Harlan . `` The Ellison Bulletin Board '' . HarlanEllison.com . Jump up ^ Marx , Andy ( July 7 , 1991 ) . `` IT 'S MINE All Very Well and Good , but Do n't Hassle the T - 1000 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heard , 1997 . p. 77 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 16 Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 15 , 2007 ) . `` It Came From the ' 60s , Cheesy but Influential '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Axmaker , Sean . `` The Terminator '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 54 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 54 Jump up ^ Keegan , 2009 . p. 55 Jump up ^ `` AllMusic Review by Bret Adams '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hutson 's History -- The Film Tie - ins '' . Shaun Hutson : Official Site . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Overstreet , 2010 . p. 252 Jump up ^ Marriott , Scott Alan . `` The Terminator -- Overview '' . AllGame . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moleski , Linda ( April 27 , 1985 ) . `` New on the Charts '' . Billboard. 97 ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Top Video Cassette Rentals '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 97 ( 19 ) : 35 . May 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Video Cassette Sales '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 97 ( 19 ) : 30 . May 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` This Week ... '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 107 ( 10 ) : 67 . March 11 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Chalquist , Craig . `` The Terminator : Overview '' . Allmovie . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Jeremy ( September 15 , 2001 ) . `` The Terminator : Special Edition '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fordham , Trent . `` The Terminator ( Special Edition ) : Overview '' . Allmovie . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Jeremy ( September 22 , 2001 ) . `` Terminator : Special Edition , The '' . IGN . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator VCD '' . yesasia.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator ( Blu - Ray ) : Overview '' . Allmovie . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator ( 1984 ) Scanning , Restoration and Film Out '' . Jump up ^ `` Remastered Terminator Heads to the U.S. '' Jump up ^ `` The Terminator Review '' . Variety . December 31 , 1983 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( November 26 , 1984 ) . `` Time review '' : 105 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Douglas D. ( October 26 , 1984 ) . `` Schwarzenegger shows acting muscle in thriller '' . Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Marc ( November 1984 ) . `` Brian DePalma 's Sleaze Factor '' . Orange Coast Magazine . Emmis Communications . 10 ( 11 ) : 141 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : French , 1996 . p. 62 Jump up ^ French , 1996 . p. 63 Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( October 26 , 1984 ) . `` The Terminator ( 1984 ) The Screen : ' Terminator , ' suspense tale '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed ( October 26 , 1984 ) . `` Beefcake Violence begets ' Terminator ' '' . Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sid ( Oct 30 , 1984 ) . `` The Terminator Just a Bit Schizoid '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Richard ( Oct 26 , 1984 ) . `` ' Conan muscleman takes on new role in ' Terminator ' '' . Spokane Chronicle . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Nigel ( 1995 ) . True Myths : The Life and Times of Arnold Schwarzenegger . London : Bloomsbury . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 2450 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturnawards.org . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( December 13 , 1991 ) . `` The Terminator Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator -- Film Review from Film4 '' . Film4 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator : Review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review of The Terminator '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bozzola , Lucia . `` The Terminator : Review '' . Allmovie . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ( 1997 ) . Halliwell 's Film and Video Guide ( paperback ) ( 13 ed . ) . HarperCollins . p. 1072 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 638868 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator ( 1984 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Film news Who is the greatest ? '' . Total Film . October 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Terminator joins movie archive '' . BBC . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : How `` Toxic '' Is IFTA 's Best Indies ? `` . Deadline . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Steven Jay , ed. ( 2015 ) . 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die . Quintessence Editions ( 9th ed . ) . Hauppauge , New York : Barron 's Educational Series . p. 697 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 6790 - 4 . OCLC 796279948 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Presents the History of Terminator '' . IGN . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Movie Sequels Better than the Originals '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leamer , Laurence ( 2005 ) . Fantastic : The Life of Arnold Schwarzenegger . London : St Martin 's Press . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 283 - 07028 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leader , Darian ( 1996 ) . Why do women write more letters than they post ? . London : Faber & Faber . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 17619 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chita - Tegmark , Meia ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Terminator Robots and AI Risk '' . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Bret . `` The Terminator : Overview '' . Allmusic . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fiedel , Brad ( composer ) ( 2001 ) . Other Voices documentary ( The Terminator ( Special Edition ) DVD ) . MGM . Jump up ^ Hayward , 2004 . p. 168 Jump up ^ Adams , Brett . `` The Terminator -- Brad Fiedel '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seth Stevenson , What Is the Time Signature of the Ominous Electronic Score of The Terminator ? , Slate , Published 26 February 2014 , Accessed 27 February 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Andrews , Nigel ( 2003 ) . True Myths : The Life and Times of Arnold Schwarzenegger . Carol Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 364 - 0 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . French , Sean ( 1996 ) . The Terminator . British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 553 - 8 . Hayward , Philip ( 2004 ) . Off the planet : music , sound and science fiction cinema . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86196 - 644 - 8 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Keegan , Rebecca Winters ( 2009 ) . The Futurist : The Life and Films of James Cameron . New York , United States : Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 46031 - 8 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Heard , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Dreaming Aloud : The Life and Films of James Cameron . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 25680 - 3 . Overstreet , Robert M. ( 2010 ) . The Official Overstreet Comic Book Companion ( 11 ed . ) . Random House of Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 72308 - 7 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Terminator . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Terminator The Terminator on IMDb The Terminator at AllMovie The Terminator at Box Office Mojo The Terminator at Rotten Tomatoes Terminator Films The Terminator Judgement Day Rise of the Machines Salvation Genisys Terminator 6 Television series The Sarah Connor Chronicles characters episodes `` Pilot '' `` Heavy Metal '' `` Self Made Man '' `` Born to Run '' Characters John Connor Sarah Connor Kyle Reese Skynet Terminators Model 101 ( T - 800 / T - 850 ) T - 1000 T-X TOK715 T - 3000 Soundtracks The Terminator Rise of the Machines Salvation The Sarah Connor Chronicles Video games T2 : Arcade Rampage RoboCop Versus The Terminator Future Shock Skynet Dawn of Fate Rise of the Machines War of the Machines The Redemption Salvation Genisys : Future War Publishing Comics Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator RoboCop Versus The Terminator Superman vs. The Terminator : Death to the Future The Burning Earth Infinity Salvation : The Final Battle T2 Trilogy Attractions T2 - 3D : Battle Across Time Terminator X : A Laser Battle for Salvation Terminator Salvation : The Ride Other Quotes `` I 'll be back '' `` Hasta la vista , baby '' Music `` You Could Be Mine '' `` The Current '' Salvation : The Machinima Series Lady Terminator The Terminators Related Soldier ( The Outer Limits ) Shocking Dark James Cameron Filmography Films directed Feature Piranha II : The Spawning ( 1981 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) The Abyss ( 1989 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) True Lies ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Avatar 2 ( 2020 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Short Xenogenesis ( 1978 ) T2 - 3D : Battle Across Time ( 1996 ) Documentaries Expedition : Bismarck ( 2002 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Aliens of the Deep ( 2005 ) Written only Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2019 ) Produced only Strange Days ( 1995 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2019 ) Terminator 6 ( 2019 ) Related articles Lightstorm Entertainment Dark Angel Deepsea Challenger Pristimantis jamescameroni Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb15566109s ( data ) GND : 4422613 - 5 LCCN : n97032745 SUDOC : 183580206 VIAF : 191525944 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Terminator&oldid=865910411 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films 1980s action thriller films 1980s independent films American chase films American films American independent films American robot films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American science fiction horror films Android ( robot ) films Drone films Films directed by James Cameron Screenplays by James Cameron Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Films set in 1984 Films set in 2029 Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot from the first - person perspective Films using stop - motion animation Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Orion Pictures films Films involved in plagiarism controversies Post-apocalyptic films Dystopian films Terminator films Time travel films United States National Film Registry films Films produced by Gale Anne Hurd Films scored by Brad Fiedel Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did the studio orion originally want to play the t800 in the terminator
[ "For the role of Kyle Reese, Orion wanted a star whose popularity was rising in the United States but who also would have foreign appeal. Orion co-founder Mike Medavoy had met Arnold Schwarzenegger and sent his agent the script for The Terminator.[19] Cameron was dubious about casting Schwarzenegger as Reese as he felt he would need someone even bigger to play the Terminator. Sylvester Stallone and Mel Gibson were offered the Terminator role, but both turned it down.[22] The studio suggested O. J. Simpson for the role, but Cameron did not feel that Simpson would be believable as a killer.[23][24]\n" ]
[ "O. J. Simpson" ]
8328631361488234324
Raghunandan Swarup Pathak
Raghunandan Swarup Pathak - Wikipedia Raghunandan Swarup Pathak Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) R.S. Pathak 18th Chief Justice of India In office 21 December 1986 -- 18 June 1989 Nominated by Collegium of judges headed by CJI YV Chandrachud Appointed by President Giani Zail Singh Preceded by P.N. Bhagwati Succeeded by E.S. Venkataramiah Chief Justice of Bombay High Court Preceded by Prakash Chandra Tatia D.N. Patel ( acting ) Personal details ( 1924 - 11 - 25 ) 25 November 1924 17 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 17 ) ( aged 82 ) Raghunandan Swarup Pathak , ( R.S. Pathak ) ( 25 November 1924 -- 17 November 2007 ) was the 18th Chief Justice of India . He was the son of Gopal Swarup Pathak , a former Vice President of India . He was one of the three judges from India to have been on the International Court of Justice in The Hague ( the others being Nagendra Singh who served as its President from 1985 to 1988 and former Supreme Court justice Dalveer Bhandari , who currently sits upon the World Court ) . He did his schooling from St. Joseph 's College , Allahabad and had studied law at Allahabad University . After practising law at Allahabad , he became Judge at Allahabad High Court in 1962 and later Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court in 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 At the Supreme Court of India 2 Bhopal gas disaster 3 Judge of the International Court of Justice 4 Oil - for - Food Programme inquiry 5 Death 6 References 7 External links At the Supreme Court of India ( edit ) Pathak was made a judge at Supreme Court of India in 1978 and became its 18th Chief Justice on 21 December 1986 . He is remembered as a judge who was a man of the middle and was able to bring relative peace to the Court . He served as Chief justice for two and a half years during which time a dozen judges were appointed to the Court . Five of them -- Madhukar Hiralal Kania , Lalit Mohan Sharma , Manepalle Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah , Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi , and Jagdish Sharan Verma -- went on to serve as Chief Justices between 1991 and 1998 . Bhopal gas disaster ( edit ) Pathak facilitated an out of court settlement between Union Carbide Corporation and the Government of India in 1989 regarding the compensation to be paid for the Bhopal gas tragedy . The government had sought $3.3 billion but received only $470 million and the settlement resulted in the dropping of criminal liability charges against Carbide in the case . Within three months of his retirement Pathak became a member of the International Court of Justice at The Hague . The Supreme Court in 1991 upheld the settlement in 1991 thus ending Carbide 's liability in the case . Judge of the International Court of Justice ( edit ) Pathak was elected a judge of the International Court of Justice and served in that position from 1989 to 1991 . He was elected in `` casual election '' that was held following the death of M. Nagendra Singh , an Indian judge who was then serving his second term at the International Court . In 1991 India decided not to renominate Pathak , who however entered the fray with the backing of Ireland . After the Irish government came under attack in the Dáil from MPs who blamed Pathak for approving , as Chief Justice of India , the $470 - million Bhopal gas disaster settlement with Union Carbide , Pathak withdrew from the race . Oil - for - food Programme inquiry ( edit ) Main article : Oil - for - Food Programme In November 2005 , Justice Pathak was appointed to inquire into alleged Indian links in the Oil - for - Food Programme . On 3 August 2006 , he submitted his 90 - page report which indicted suspended Congress leader and former External Affairs Minister K. Natwar Singh . Death ( edit ) R.S. Pathak died on 17 November 2007 , at the age of 82 following a heart attack . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Former CJI Pathak dead '' . The Indian Express . 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nagendra Singh , Judge At the World Court , 74 New York Times , 13 December 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Former Hon'ble Chief Justices ' of India '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judges of the Supreme Court of India : 1950 - 1989 - The Pathak Court ( 1986 -- 9 ) '' . Oxford university Press . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` For A Few Pieces Of Silver '' . Tehelka. 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on judges who ruled in favour of Union Carbide '' . DNA . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Keswani , Raajkumar ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` Bhopal verdict : Worst legal disaster of recent history '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Centre to press for Dow picking up clean - up tab '' . Times of India . 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` After two decades wait , India looking to get slot in ICJ '' . The Hindu . 19 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oil - for - food : Pathak committee indicts Natwar '' . The Times of India . 3 Aug 2006 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Former CJI RS Pathak passes away Legal offices Preceded by Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati Chief Justice of India 21 December 1986 -- 6 June 1989 Succeeded by Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah ( hide ) Chief Justices of India H.J. Kania M. Patanjali Sastri Mehr Chand Mahajan Bijan Kumar Mukherjea Sudhi Ranjan Das Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha P.B. Gajendragadkar Amal Kumar Sarkar Koka Subba Rao Kailas Nath Wanchoo Mohammad Hidayatullah Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah Sarv Mittra Sikri Ajit Nath Ray Mirza Hameedullah Beg Y.V. Chandrachud P.N. Bhagwati Raghunandan Swarup Pathak Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah Sabyasachi Mukharji Ranganath Misra Kamal Narain Singh Madhukar Hiralal Kania Lalit Mohan Sharma Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi J.S. Verma Madan Mohan Punchhi Adarsh Sein Anand Sam Piroj Bharucha Bhupinder Nath Kirpal Gopal Ballav Pattanaik V.N. Khare S. Rajendra Babu Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal K.G. Balakrishnan S.H. Kapadia Altamas Kabir P. Sathasivam Rajendra Mal Lodha H.L. Dattu T.S. Thakur Jagdish Singh Khehar Dipak Misra External links ( edit ) Official Supreme Court of India Website Works by or about Raghunandan Swarup Pathak in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) VIAF : 112671415 LCCN : n89209173 ISNI : 0000 0001 1480 1843 GND : 104212268 BNF : cb123957886 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raghunandan_Swarup_Pathak&oldid=796721699 '' Categories : Chief Justices of India 1924 births 2007 deaths International Court of Justice judges Chief Justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court 20th - century Indian judges Judges of the Allahabad High Court 20th - century Indian lawyers Hidden categories : Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 17 : 46 . About Wikipedia
supreme court judge in international court from india
[ "Pathak facilitated an out of court settlement[5] between Union Carbide Corporation and the Government of India in 1989 regarding the compensation to be paid for the Bhopal gas tragedy. The government had sought $3.3 billion but received only $470 million and the settlement resulted in the dropping of criminal liability charges against Carbide in the case. Within three months of his retirement Pathak became a member of the International Court of Justice at The Hague.[6][7] The Supreme Court in 1991 upheld the settlement in 1991 thus ending Carbide's liability in the case.[8]" ]
[ "Pathak" ]
-2861200689027274043
Joe Kidd
Joe Kidd - wikipedia Joe Kidd Jump to : navigation , search Joe Kidd Film poster by Bill Gold Directed by John Sturges Produced by Sidney Beckerman Robert Daley Written by Elmore Leonard Starring Clint Eastwood Robert Duvall John Saxon Music by Lalo Schifrin Cinematography Bruce Surtees Edited by Ferris Webster Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 14 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 14 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $6,330,000 ( North American rentals ) Joe Kidd is a 1972 American Technicolor western film in Panavision starring Clint Eastwood and Robert Duvall , written by Elmore Leonard and directed by John Sturges . The film is about an ex-bounty hunter hired by a wealthy landowner named Frank Harlan to track down Mexican revolutionary leader Luis Chama , who is fighting for land reform . It forms part of the Revisionist Western genre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in the early 1900s , Clint Eastwood stars as Joe Kidd , a former bounty hunter who is in jail for hunting on Indian land and disturbing the peace in the New Mexican town of Sinola . Mexican bandito / revolutionary Luis Chama ( John Saxon ) has organized a peasant revolt against the local landowners , who are throwing the poor off land that rightfully belongs to them . When a posse -- financed by wealthy landowner Frank Harlan ( Robert Duvall ) -- is formed to capture Chama , Kidd is invited to join , but prefers to remain neutral . Harlan persists and Kidd finally relents when he learns that Chama 's band has raided his own ranch and attacked one of the workers . The posse rides into a village and forces the villagers into the church at gunpoint . They threaten to kill five Mexican hostages unless Chama surrenders . Harlan throws Kidd into the church to prevent him from helping Helen , a female captive who is also Chama 's lady love ( unbeknownst to Harlan ) , and the other Mexican hostages . Kidd manages a daring escape and saves the hostages , determined to find Chama on his own and see that justice is done , but when he does capture Chama and delivers him to Sheriff Mitchell ( Gregory Walcott ) Harlan is already waiting for them in town . To get to the jailhouse , Kidd drives a steam train through the town saloon . A gunfight then ensues between Kidd and Harlan 's men . Kidd manages to kill Harlan in the courthouse by hiding in the judge 's chair . Chama then surrenders to Mitchell , but not before Kidd punches the sheriff because the sheriff had punched him during the poaching arrest . Kidd then collects his things and leaves town with Helen . Cast ( edit ) Clint Eastwood as Joe Kidd Robert Duvall as Frank Harlan John Saxon as Luis Chama Don Stroud as Lamarr Simms Stella Garcia as Helen Sanchez James Wainwright as Olin Mingo Paul Koslo as Roy Gannon Gregory Walcott as Sinola County Sheriff Bob Mitchell Dick Van Patten as Hotel manager Lynne Marta as Elma John Carter as Judge Pepe Hern as Priest Joaquín Martínez as Manolo Ron Soble as Ramon Pepe Callahan as Naco Clint Ritchie as Deputy Calvin Production ( edit ) Old Tucson Studios Eastwood was given the script by Jennings Lang , written by novelist Elmore Leonard . Originally called The Sinola Courthouse Raid , it was about a character inspired by Reies Tijerina , an ardent supporter of Robert F. Kennedy , known for storming a courthouse in Tierra Amarilla , New Mexico in an incident in June 1967 , taking hostages and demanding that the Hispanic people have their ancestral lands returned to them . Leonard depicted Tijerina in his story , a man he named Luis Chama , as an egomaniac , a role which went to John Saxon . Robert Duvall was cast as Frank Harlan , a ruthless land owner who hires Eastwood 's character , a former frontier guide named Joe Kidd , to track down the culprits and scare them away . Don Stroud , who Eastwood had starred alongside in Coogan 's Bluff , was cast as another sour villain who encounters Joe Kidd . Under the director 's helm of John Sturges , who had directed acclaimed westerns such as The Magnificent Seven ( 1960 ) , filming began in Old Tucson in November 1971 , overlapping with another film production , John Huston 's The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean , which was just wrapping up shooting . Outdoor sequences to the film were shot near June Lake , east of the Yosemite National Park . The actors were initially uncertain with the strength of the three main characters in the film and how the hero Joe Kidd would come across . According to writer Leonard , the initial slow development between the three was probably because the cast were so initially awestruck by having Sturges direct that they surrendered authority to him . Eastwood was far from being in perfect health during the film and suffered symptoms that suggested a bronchial infection , in addition to having several panic attacks , falsely reported in the media as his having an allergy to horses . During production , the script for the finale was altered when producer Robert Daley jokingly said that a train should crash through the barroom in the climax , and he was taken seriously by cast and crew , who thought it was a great idea . Reception ( edit ) Joe Kidd was released in the United States in July 1972 , and it eventually grossed $5.8 million . The film received a mixed reception from critics . Roger Greenspun of The New York Times , in his review of the film wrote , `` I think it is a very good performance in context . Like so many Western heroes , Joe Kidd figures even in his own time as an anachronism -- powerful through his instincts mainly , and through the ability of everybody else , whether in rage or gratitude , to recognize in him a quality that must be called virtue . The great value of Clint Eastwood in such a position is that he guards his virtue very cannily , and in the society of `` Joe Kidd , '' where the men still manage to tip their hats to the ladies , but just barely , all the Eastwood effects and mannerisms suggest a carefully preserved authenticity . '' The New York Post praised the actors ' performances while criticizing the film , calling the actors `` diamonds set in dung '' . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1972 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All - time Film Rental Champs '' , Variety , 7 January 1976 p 46 Jump up ^ Glenn Lovell , Escape Artist : The Life and Films of John Sturges , University of Wisconsin Press , 2008 p277 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 217 Jump up ^ McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 219 Jump up ^ Greenspun , Roger ( July 20 , 1972 ) . `` Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 27 Bibliography ( edit ) Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . McGilligan , Patrick ( 1999 ) . Clint : The Life and Legend . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 638354 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Joe Kidd on IMDb Joe Kidd at AllMovie Joe Kidd at the TCM Movie Database Joe Kidd at the American Film Institute Catalog Joe Kidd at Box Office Mojo Works by Elmore Leonard Novels Hombre ( 1961 ) The Big Bounce ( 1969 ) Swag ( 1976 ) Unknown Man No. 89 ( 1977 ) The Hunted ( 1977 ) City Primeval ( 1980 ) Split Images ( 1981 ) La Brava ( 1983 ) Glitz ( 1985 ) Killshot ( 1989 ) Get Shorty ( 1990 ) Rum Punch ( 1992 ) Pronto ( 1993 ) Riding the Rap ( 1995 ) Naked Came the Manatee ( 1996 ) Out of Sight ( 1996 ) Cuba Libre ( 1998 ) Pagan Babies ( 2000 ) Tishomingo Blues ( 2002 ) A Coyote 's in the House ( 2004 ) The Hot Kid ( 2005 ) Road Dogs ( 2009 ) Djibouti ( 2010 ) Raylan ( 2012 ) Short stories `` Three - Ten to Yuma '' ( 1953 ) Screenplays Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) Mr. Majestyk ( 1974 ) High Noon , Part II : The Return of Will Kane ( 1980 ) Stick ( 1985 ) The Rosary Murders ( 1987 ) Film adaptations The Tall T ( 1957 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) Hombre ( 1967 ) The Big Bounce ( 1969 ) The Moonshine War ( 1970 ) Valdez Is Coming ( 1971 ) The Ambassador ( 1984 ) Stick ( 1985 ) 52 Pick - Up ( 1986 ) Cat Chaser ( 1989 ) Get Shorty ( 1995 ) Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) Last Stand at Saber River ( 1997 ) Touch ( 1997 ) Out of Sight ( 1998 ) The Big Bounce ( 2004 ) Be Cool ( 2005 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 2007 ) Killshot ( 2009 ) Life of Crime ( 2013 ) Television adaptations Maximum Bob ( 1998 ) Karen Sisco ( 2003 ) Justified ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Get Shorty ( 2017 ) Films directed by John Sturges The Man Who Dared ( 1946 ) Shadowed ( 1946 ) Alias Mr. Twilight ( 1946 ) For the Love of Rusty ( 1947 ) Keeper of the Bees ( 1947 ) Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) The Sign of the Ram ( 1948 ) Best Man Wins ( 1948 ) The Walking Hills ( 1949 ) The Capture ( 1950 ) Mystery Street ( 1950 ) Right Cross ( 1950 ) The Magnificent Yankee ( 1950 ) Kind Lady ( 1951 ) The People Against O'Hara ( 1951 ) It 's a Big Country ( 1951 ) The Girl in White ( 1952 ) Jeopardy ( 1953 ) Fast Company ( 1953 ) Escape from Fort Bravo ( 1953 ) Bad Day at Black Rock ( 1955 ) Underwater ! ( 1955 ) The Scarlet Coat ( 1955 ) Backlash ( 1956 ) Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) The Law and Jake Wade ( 1958 ) The Old Man and the Sea ( 1958 ) Last Train from Gun Hill ( 1959 ) Never So Few ( 1959 ) The Magnificent Seven ( 1960 ) By Love Possessed ( 1961 ) Sergeants 3 ( 1962 ) A Girl Named Tamiko ( 1962 ) The Great Escape ( 1963 ) The Satan Bug ( 1965 ) The Hallelujah Trail ( 1965 ) Hour of the Gun ( 1967 ) Ice Station Zebra ( 1968 ) Marooned ( 1969 ) Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) Chino ( 1973 ) McQ ( 1974 ) The Eagle Has Landed ( 1976 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Kidd&oldid=812332785 '' Categories : 1972 films English - language films 1970s Western ( genre ) films American films American Western ( genre ) films Films directed by John Sturges Screenplays by Elmore Leonard Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Universal Pictures films Films scored by Lalo Schifrin Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 40 . 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where did they film the movie joe kidd
[ "Under the director's helm of John Sturges, who had directed acclaimed westerns such as The Magnificent Seven (1960), filming began in Old Tucson in November 1971,[3] overlapping with another film production, John Huston's The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, which was just wrapping up shooting.[4] Outdoor sequences to the film were shot near June Lake, east of the Yosemite National Park.[4] The actors were initially uncertain with the strength of the three main characters in the film and how the hero Joe Kidd would come across.[5] According to writer Leonard, the initial slow development between the three was probably because the cast were so initially awestruck by having Sturges direct that they surrendered authority to him.[5] Eastwood was far from being in perfect health during the film and suffered symptoms that suggested a bronchial infection, in addition to having several panic attacks, falsely reported in the media as his having an allergy to horses.[6] During production, the script for the finale was altered when producer Robert Daley jokingly said that a train should crash through the barroom in the climax, and he was taken seriously by cast and crew, who thought it was a great idea.[4]", "Under the director's helm of John Sturges, who had directed acclaimed westerns such as The Magnificent Seven (1960), filming began in Old Tucson in November 1971,[3] overlapping with another film production, John Huston's The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, which was just wrapping up shooting.[4] Outdoor sequences to the film were shot near June Lake, east of the Yosemite National Park.[4] The actors were initially uncertain with the strength of the three main characters in the film and how the hero Joe Kidd would come across.[5] According to writer Leonard, the initial slow development between the three was probably because the cast were so initially awestruck by having Sturges direct that they surrendered authority to him.[5] Eastwood was far from being in perfect health during the film and suffered symptoms that suggested a bronchial infection, in addition to having several panic attacks, falsely reported in the media as his having an allergy to horses.[6] During production, the script for the finale was altered when producer Robert Daley jokingly said that a train should crash through the barroom in the climax, and he was taken seriously by cast and crew, who thought it was a great idea.[4]" ]
[ "Old Tucson", "near June Lake, east of the Yosemite National Park" ]
-5054798783277976220
Kamaal Khan
Kamaal Khan - wikipedia Kamaal Khan Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kamaal Khan London , England Occupation Indian Film Industry Playback Singer , Actor , Recording Artist Kamaal Khan is an Indian film industry playback singer , actor , recording artist & songwriter . Twitter : @ imKamaalKhan His latest song releases are from the June 2017 Bollywood movie `` Tubelight '' starring Bollywood superstar Salman Khan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Film and television 3 Discography 3.1 Albums and Singles 3.2 Film soundtracks 3.3 Videos 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) At a very early age he wrote and produced his debut single `` O Oh Jaane Jaana '' in London . The song released in 1996 becoming a UK hit achieving platinum status . The song released worldwide in 1998 ( together with his debut solo album ) and simultaneously featured in the Bollywood blockbuster Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya starring Salman Khan and Kajol . The soundtrack went on to sell over 10 million copies and the huge success of the movie has widely been attributed by film pundits to the popularity of Kamaal 's debut song . As a result of his successful debut single , Kamaal was signed by record label HMV ( EMI India ) in December 1997 . As a Playback singer he has sung numerous songs for most of the well known music directors in the Indian film industry such as A.R. Rahman , Rajesh Roshan , Himesh Reshammiya , Anu Malik , Sajid - Wajid , Pritam , Salim Suleiman , Anand Raaj Anand . Kamaal Khan has won the `` R.D. Burman '' Filmfare Award for the `` Most Promising Upcoming Talent '' becoming the first UK born male winner of the coveted Filmfare Award since its introduction in 1954 . He is also a winner / nominee of numerous awards such as MTV , Filmfare , ZEE and Channel ( V ) for both singing and acting . He went on to achieve further success with his solo albums O Oh Jaane Jana , Suno To Deewana Dil and `` Kal Raat '' . MTV Award - winning director Shivraj Santhakumar collaborated with Kamaal to shoot a music video for Kal Raat in Rome . The music video caught the eye of Bollywood director Rahul Rawail and landed Kamaal his debut acting role . Kamaal has also worked with two time Oscar - winning Musical Director `` A.R. Rahman '' ( Slumdog Millionaire , Nicole Scherzinger ) . As a solo artist he has performed over 250 concerts in arenas across the globe ( including Madison Square Garden ) visiting 127 cities in 27 countries as well as performing live with international super group `` Boney M '' . Film and television ( edit ) In May 2005 Kamaal made his acting debut ( becoming the first UK born male actor of Indian origin to appear in a lead role in a Bollywood feature film ) as the main antagonist in director Rahul Rawail 's Jo Bole So Nihaal starring alongside Bollywood megastar Sunny Deol . Kamaal was a contestant on NDTV Imagine 's reality TV show Dhoom Macha De . The 26 episode series marked the global launch of the TV channel `` NDTV Imagine '' . Discography ( edit ) Albums and Singles ( edit ) O Oh Jaane Jana ( HMV ) 1 . `` Oh Oh Jane Jana '' 2 . `` Sun O Dilruba '' 3 . `` Teri Chahat '' 4 . `` Oh Oh Jane Jane '' ( Club Mix ) 5 . `` Kya Yehi Pyar Hai '' 6 . `` Aye Mere Humnasheen '' 7 . `` Pyar Hua Hai '' 8 . `` Kamal Ho Gaya '' Suno To Deewana Dil ( HMV ) 1 . `` Suno To Deewana Dil '' 2 . `` Mere Dil Mein '' 3 . `` Ya Ke Na '' 4 . `` Tere Pyar Ne '' 5 . `` Heaven ( Tu Hai Meri Jaan ) '' 6 . `` Dil Hai Deewana '' 7 . `` Jaana '' 8 . `` Haaye Mera Dil '' Kal Raat ( HMV ) 1 . `` Kal Raat '' 2 . `` E -- Sanam '' 3 . `` Mehboob Mere '' 4 . `` Kabhi Kabhi '' 5 . `` Nigahon Se '' 6 . `` Mehboob Mere ( Slow ) '' 7 . `` Jaane Jaan '' ( with Sonali Vajpayee ) 8 . `` Tumse Mohabbat '' Bad Girl '' ( 262 Music ) 1 . `` Bad Girl '' - Kamaal Khan ft . Mathangi Ray ( released 15th November 2016 ) Film soundtracks ( edit ) Kamaal Khan has won the R.D. Burman Filmfare award for `` The Most Promising Upcoming Talent '' . He also received a nomination for Filmfare Award 's `` Best Male Playback Singer '' for his song `` O Oh Jaane Jaana '' from the movie Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya . The song was also honoured by Filmfare Awards for being the `` Most Popular Song '' of the year . Song title Film Music director Co-singer ( s ) `` O Oh Jaane Jaana '' Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya Jatin - Lalit Solo `` Hello Brother '' `` Hello Brother ( Remix ) '' Hello Brother Sajid - Wajid Jaspinder Narula , Sonu Nigam Jaspinder Narula , Sonu Nigam `` I Was Made For Loving You Baby '' Jaanam Samjha Karo Anu Malik Anu Malik , Ila Arun `` Aa Meri Life Bana De '' `` O Priya O Priya '' `` Sawariya Re O Sawariya '' Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye Himesh Reshammiya Sunita Rao Nitin Mukesh , Alka Yagnik , Kumar Sanu Alka Yagnik `` Humko Pyar Hai '' Moksha Salim - Sulaiman Sneha Pant `` Lapak Jhapak '' Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe Rajesh Roshan Solo `` Kyon Khanke Teri Choodi '' `` Kyon Khanke Teri Choodi ( Club Mix ) '' Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge Sajid - Wajid Alka Yagnik Alka Yagnik `` Jaa Sanam Mujhko Hai '' `` Tum Meri Bahoein Mein Aa Na Sake '' Na Tum Jaano Na Hum Rajesh Roshan Sneha Pant Solo `` O Jaana '' Tere Naam Himesh Reshammiya Udit Narayan , Alka Yagnik , KK , Shaan `` Dil Ne Jise Apna Kaha '' `` Jaane Bahara '' Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa A.R. Rahman Sujatha Mohan Sadhana Sargam `` Laga Prem Rog '' `` Laga Prem Rog ( Remix ) '' `` Yeh Ladki '' `` Yeh Ladki ( Remix ) '' Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya ? Himesh Reshammiya Alka Yagnik Sunidhi Chauhan `` Rab Jaane '' `` Rab Jaane ( Version 2 ) '' Jo Bole So Nihaal Anand Raj Anand Sukhwinder Singh , Alka Yagnik Alka Yagnik `` Ishq Vishq '' `` Ishq Vishq ( Remix ) '' Wanted Sajid - Wajid Sunidhi Chauhan , Suzanne D'Mello Sunidhi Chauhan , Suzanne D'Mello `` Radio '' Tubelight Pritam Amit Mishra `` Naach Meri Jaan '' Tubelight Pritam Nakash Aziz Videos ( edit ) O Oh Jaane Jana -- ( European release ) Location -- Prague , Czech Republic . Directed by Harry Fernandes O Oh Jaane Jana -- ( Worldwide release ) Location -- Goa , India . Directed by Sohail Khan Kya Yehi Pyar Hai -- Location -- London , UK . Directed by Rishi Vohra Suno To Deewana Dil -- Location -- Mumbai , India . Directed by Ravi Udyawar Jaana -- Location -- Lonavla , India . Directed by Kunal Kohli Kal Raat -- Location -- Rome , Italy . Directed by Shivraj Santhakumar E Sanam -- Location -- London , UK . Directed by Shivraj Santhakumar Bad Girl -- Location -- UK . Directed by Mike Harris References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hummaa Website -- Kamaal Khan 's biography External links ( edit ) Kamaal Khan on IMDb ( hide ) SAARC Literary Award recipients Shamsur Rahman Ganesh Narayandas Devy 2006 Maitreyi Pushpa Zahida Hina Laxman Gaikwad Tissa Abeysekara 2007 Mahasveta Devi 2009 Jayanta Mahapatra Uday Prakash Kamaal Khan Hamid Mir Abhi Subedi Mark Tully Tin Tin Win 2011 Ibrahim Waheed Syed Akhtar Hussain Akhtar 2012 Fakrul Alam Ayasha Zee Khan 2013 Suman Pokhrel Abhay K Abdul Khaliq Rashid Daya Dissanayake Farheen Chaudhary 2014 Tarannum Riyaz 2015 Sitakant Mahapatra Selina Hossain Suman Pokhrel Nisar Ahmad Chaudhary Aryan Aroon VIAF : 170931912 MusicBrainz : 2566d0ad - 07f9 - 4348 - 9f3d - 345e6a0209f4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamaal_Khan&oldid=797885669 '' Categories : English pop singers People from Highgate 1972 births English male film actors Male actors in Hindi cinema Living people Bollywood playback singers SAARC Literary Award Awardees English people of Indian descent Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from June 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources EngvarB from January 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2016 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 18 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the singer of o o jane jana
[ "Kamaal Khan has won the \"R.D.Burman\" Filmfare Award for the \"Most Promising Upcoming Talent\" becoming the first UK born male winner of the coveted Filmfare Award since its introduction in 1954. He is also a winner/nominee of numerous awards such as MTV, Filmfare, ZEE and Channel [V] for both singing and acting. He went on to achieve further success with his solo albums O Oh Jaane Jana, Suno To Deewana Dil and \"Kal Raat\". MTV Award-winning director Shivraj Santhakumar collaborated with Kamaal to shoot a music video for Kal Raat in Rome. The music video caught the eye of Bollywood director Rahul Rawail and landed Kamaal his debut acting role." ]
[ "Kamaal Khan" ]
6470406880906008985
Something to Talk About (film)
Something to Talk about ( film ) - Wikipedia Something to Talk about ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Something to Talk About Theatrical release poster Directed by Lasse Hallström Produced by Goldie Hawn Anthea Sylbert Paula Weinstein Written by Callie Khouri Starring Julia Roberts Robert Duvall Gena Rowlands Kyra Sedgwick Dennis Quaid Music by Hans Zimmer Graham Preskett Cinematography Sven Nykvist Edited by Mia Goldman Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date August 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 04 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $50.9 million Something to Talk About is a 1995 American comedy - drama film directed by Lasse Hallström , from a screenplay written by Callie Khouri . It stars Julia Roberts and Dennis Quaid as an estranged couple , Kyra Sedgwick as Roberts ' sister , and Robert Duvall and Gena Rowlands as their parents . The film 's title stems from the Bonnie Raitt song of the same name . It was shot in various locations around Savannah , Georgia , South Carolina and Georgia near Beaufort . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( October 2015 ) Grace ( Julia Roberts ) discovers that her husband , Eddie ( Dennis Quaid ) , is having an affair with another woman . To her surprise , she also discovers that people around her advise her to forgive and forget instead of making an issue out of it . She does n't agree , and takes her young daughter back to her parents ' ranch to live in a cabin with her sister , Emma Rae ( Kyra Sedgwick ) , who is furious at Eddie and lets him know it . Her father ( Robert Duvall ) owns a hunter / jumper horse farm and thinks that they should instead concentrate on an upcoming competition . Cast ( edit ) Julia Roberts as Grace King Bichon Dennis Quaid as Eddie Bichon Robert Duvall as Wyly King Kyra Sedgwick as Emma Rae King Gena Rowlands as Georgia King Haley Aull as Caroline `` Doodlebug '' Bichon Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 37 % of critics were positive . Awards ( edit ) Sedgwick was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Something to Talk About ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 5 , 1995 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Something to Talk About on IMDb Something to Talk About at the TCM Movie Database Something to Talk About at AllMovie Something to Talk About at Box Office Mojo Something to Talk About at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Lasse Hallström A Guy and a Gal ( 1975 ) ABBA : The Movie ( 1977 ) Father to Be ( 1979 ) Tuppen ( 1981 ) Happy We ( 1983 ) My Life as a Dog ( 1985 ) The Children of Noisy Village ( 1986 ) More About the Children of Noisy Village ( 1987 ) Once Around ( 1991 ) What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ( 1993 ) Something to Talk About ( 1995 ) The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) Chocolat ( 2000 ) The Shipping News ( 2001 ) An Unfinished Life ( 2005 ) Casanova ( 2005 ) The Hoax ( 2007 ) Hachi : A Dog 's Tale ( 2009 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) Salmon Fishing in the Yemen ( 2011 ) The Hypnotist ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) A Dog 's Purpose ( 2017 ) The Nutcracker and the Four Realms ( 2018 ) This article about a 1990s comedy - drama film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a 1990s romantic comedy film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Something_to_Talk_About_(film)&oldid=812424312 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films American films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s romantic comedy films Adultery in films American romantic comedy films American comedy - drama films Feminist films Films about families Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films directed by Lasse Hallström Films shot in South Carolina Warner Bros. films 1990s comedy - drama film stubs 1990s romantic comedy film stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where was let give them something to talk about filmed
[ "The film's title stems from the Bonnie Raitt song of the same name. It was shot in various locations around Savannah, Georgia, South Carolina and Georgia near Beaufort.", "The film's title stems from the Bonnie Raitt song of the same name. It was shot in various locations around Savannah, Georgia, South Carolina and Georgia near Beaufort.", "The film's title stems from the Bonnie Raitt song of the same name. It was shot in various locations around Savannah, Georgia, South Carolina and Georgia near Beaufort." ]
[ "Savannah, Georgia", "South Carolina", "Georgia" ]
-4404375150543368489
Minister for Education (Pakistan)
Minister for Education ( Pakistan ) - Wikipedia Minister for Education ( Pakistan ) Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949 , incorporated 1985 ) Amendments Law Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Arif Alvi Parliament Senate Chairman : Sadiq Sanjrani Deputy Chairman : Saleem Mandviwalla National Assembly Speaker : Asad Qaiser Deputy Speaker : Qasim Suri Executive : Prime Minister ( list ) : Imran Khan Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2018 2013 2008 General : 2018 2013 2008 Political parties Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Islamabad Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas The Education Minister of Pakistan heads the Ministry of Education . The Education Minister also serves in the cabinet of the Prime Minister . The Minister is required to be a member of Parliament . The current Minister of Education is Shafqat Mahmood as of 20th August 2018 See also ( edit ) Government of Pakistan portal Constitution of Pakistan President of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan Supreme Court of Pakistan Foreign Minister of Pakistan Interior Minister of Pakistan Ministry of Education References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Ministry of Education of Pakistan Parliamentary Cabinet of Pakistan This article about government in Pakistan is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Education_(Pakistan)&oldid=855592696 '' Categories : Federal ministers of Pakistan Education Ministers of Pakistan Education ministers Ministry of Education ( Pakistan ) Pakistan government stubs Talk About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 12 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who is the education minister of pakistan 2018
[ "The Education Minister of Pakistan heads the Ministry of Education. The Education Minister also serves in the cabinet of the Prime Minister. The Minister is required to be a member of Parliament. The current Minister of Education is Shafqat Mahmood as of 20th August 2018\n" ]
[ "Shafqat Mahmood" ]
4358810429009474987
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2018
Progressive Conservative party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 - wikipedia Progressive Conservative party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 ← 2015 March 10 , 2018 Candidate Doug Ford Christine Elliott Riding Etobicoke North ( Nomination candidate ) None Points allocated 6,202 6,049 Percentage 50.62 % 49.38 % Candidate Caroline Mulroney Tanya Granic Allen Riding York -- Simcoe ( Nominee ) None Percentage Eliminated Round 2 Eliminated Round 1 Top Map : Results of the first round by plurality of points . Bottom Map : Results of the 3rd ( final ) round by plurality of points Leader before election Vic Fedeli ( interim ) Elected Leader Doug Ford The 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election was held on March 10 , 2018 , due to the resignation of party leader Patrick Brown on January 25 , 2018 , following allegations of sexual misconduct . Winner Doug Ford narrowly defeated runner - up Christine Elliott on the third ballot with 50.6 % of allocated points . The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election was scheduled for 3 months before the 2018 provincial election scheduled for June 7 . It came after a turbulent year of disputed and allegedly fraudulent nominations contests across the province for local PC candidates . In two of these contests ; Ottawa West -- Nepean and Scarborough Centre the nominations were overturned after Brown 's resignation and Brown 's own nomination in Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte was cancelled . At the time of the leadership election Newmarket -- Aurora and five others remained under active investigation by the party and Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas remained under police investigation . According to Article 23.1 of the PC party constitution , when there is a vacancy in the position of leader , the party caucus chooses an interim leader to serve until a new leader is elected in a leadership election , which must be held within 18 months of the vacancy occurring , and in which all party members can vote . Party president Rick Dykstra told the media on January 25 that `` a leadership election will take place at such time as the PC party shall determine in its discretion '' . The party executive met on January 26 , 2018 , following the caucus election , to determine whether to have a leadership election before the provincial election , and if so , how it would proceed , or whether to have the interim leader lead the party into the election , and called the leadership election for March 2018 . Contents 1 Rules and procedures 1.1 Method and Electronic Security 2 Timeline 3 Debates 4 Interim leadership 5 Candidates 5.1 Christine Elliott 5.2 Doug Ford 5.3 Tanya Granic Allen 5.4 Caroline Mulroney 6 Withdrawn candidates 6.1 Patrick Brown 6.2 Vic Fedeli 7 Declined 8 Opinion polling 8.1 All Ontarians 8.2 Progressive Conservative supporters only 8.3 Progressive Conservative members only 9 Results 9.1 By round 9.2 By riding 9.2. 1 Toronto 9.2. 2 905 9.2. 3 Eastern Ontario 9.2. 4 Southwestern Ontario 9.2. 5 Northern Ontario 10 Notes 11 References Rules and procedures ( edit ) Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 Date March 10 , 2018 Convention Hilton Toronto and Markham Suites Conference Centre , Markham , Ontario Resigning leader Patrick Brown Won by Doug Ford Ballots Candidates Entrance Fee $125,000 ( $75,000 + $25,000 compliance deposit + $25,000 membership list access fee ) Spending limit $750,000 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership conventions 1920 , 1936 , 1938 , 1949 , 1961 , 1971 , 1985 , 1990 , 2002 , 2004 , 2009 , 2015 , 2018 All party members are eligible to cast votes by preferential ballot using electronic balloting , provided that they are members in good standing by February 16 , 2018 . To be eligible , one must be at least 14 years of age , a Canadian Citizen who is a resident of Ontario , and pay a $10 membership fee with personal funds ( i.e. no corporation or union funds may be used ) . The vote was weighted so that each of the province 's ridings that has more than 100 votes cast are allocated 100 electoral votes ; ridings in which fewer than 100 party members vote were weighted , but instead had the votes counted as individual votes . The lowest - ranked candidate were dropped from the next round as ballots are counted , and the first candidate to get 50 per cent of the votes was declared the new leader . Candidates must be nominated by at least 100 party members , must agree to abide by the party 's existing platform for the next election , and must be approved by the party 's nominations committee as a PC candidate for the 2018 provincial election . Method and electronic security ( edit ) The voting method is solely electronic voting with no other access methods . To cast a ballot , a three - part validation - vote was employed . First each eligible member had to register to vote with a code sent via regular mail . Second , each member who had registered had to validate their identity with one piece of government issued identification by uploading an image . Third , each qualifying member was provided a second access code to use during the voting period via the internet . The system was criticized by all candidates as overly complicated and difficult for elderly members and those with difficulties using or accessing computers . Doug Ford and Tanya Granic Allen raised concerns over the security and legitimacy of the vote . Ford stated he believed `` party elites '' and `` the establishment '' would try to steal the election and said `` there should be security cameras on the servers '' . Past leadership candidate Frank Klees said he had grave concerns about the integrity of the vote . Timeline ( edit ) January 24 , 2018 : Leader Patrick Brown holds an emergency press conference at 9 : 45 pm to deny allegations of sexual misconduct , 15 minutes before CTV News planned to break a story detailing allegations made by two women . The PC Caucus meets in a telephone conference call and demands Brown 's resignation . January 25 , 2018 : Just before 1 : 30 am , Brown issues a statement announcing his resignation as party leader but maintaining his innocence . Brown states his intention to remain an MPP . January 26 , 2018 : PC caucus unanimously elects Vic Fedeli as interim leader and Fedeli announces he intends to run for the permanent leadership The PC Party executive decides to hold a full - scale leadership election before the next provincial election and sets the date of the leadership election . January 28 , 2018 : Party president Rick Dykstra resigns shortly before Maclean 's magazine publishes a story about him allegedly sexually assaulting an employee during his time as a federal MP . January 29 , 2018 : Doug Ford announces he intends to run . January 30 , 2018 : Fedeli withdraws from the contest . January 31 , 2018 : The party 's executive decides on the timeline and rules for the leadership election . February 1 , 2018 : Christine Elliott officially declares her candidacy . February 3 , 2018 : Ford officially declares his candidacy . February 4 , 2018 : Caroline Mulroney officially declares her candidacy . February 8 , 2018 : Tanya Granic Allen announces she intends to run . February 14 , 2018 : Granic Allen officially declares her candidacy . February 15 , 2018 : All - candidates televised debate held in Toronto , moderated by Steve Paikin and aired on TVOntario . February 16 , 2018 : Former leader Patrick Brown is expelled from the PC caucus , and then declares his candidacy . Last day of the nomination period ( as of 5 : 00 pm ) and to become a member of the party eligible to vote ( as of 11 : 59 pm ) February 20 , 2018 : PC Party Provincial Nominations Committee meets to interview Elliott , Ford , Granic Allen and Brown as part of the vetting process . ( As the only nominated riding candidate , Mulroney has already been vetted ) . February 21 , 2018 : Provincial Nominations Committee approves the candidacies of Brown , Elliott , Ford , and Granic Allen in addition to Mulroney , whose candidacy had previously been approved . February 23 , 2018 : Last day for candidates to withdraw their names from the ballot ( candidates who withdraw after this date may still appear on the ballot ) . February 26 , 2018 : Patrick Brown withdraws from leadership race . February 28 , 2018 , 6 : 30 pm : All - candidates debate held at the Shaw Centre in Ottawa , moderated by Althia Raj of HuffPost Canada . March 1 , 2018 , 1 : 30 -- 3 : 00 pm : Debate held in London , Ontario , between Christine Elliott , Doug Ford , and Tanya Granic Allen ; moderated by Andrew Lawton of CFPL and broadcast live on Global News Radio stations and over Facebook . Caroline Mulroney declined an invitation to attend the debate . March 2 -- 9 , 2018 : Voting period . Online balloting used . Voting ended at noon on the last day of the voting period . An application for a court injunction to extend the voting period by a week was denied by an Ontario Superior Court of Justice judge . March 10 , 2018 : Leadership votes counted and results were scheduled to be announced at a convention in Markham , Ontario at 3 pm . However , results were not made available at that time and at 7 : 30 pm the party 's Chief Electoral Officer announced a review of some ballots was required and the results were not announced until after 10 pm . March 11 , 2018 : Elliott initially issues a statement refusing to concede , citing `` serious irregularities with respect to this leadership race '' and asserting that `` thousands of members have been assigned to incorrect ridings '' resulting in electoral points being misallocated . However , Elliott releases a statement later that evening conceding to Ford and pledging her support for him as leader . June 7 , 2018 : Fixed - date of the 2018 Ontario provincial election . Debates ( edit ) Debates among candidates for the 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election No . Date Place Organized by Moderator Participants P Participant . I Invitee . N Non-invitee . A Absent invitee . O Out of race ( exploring or withdrawn ) . Brown Elliott Fedeli Ford Granic Allen Mulroney February 15 , 2018 William G. Davis Studio Toronto , ON TVOntario Steve Paikin O O February 28 , 2018 Shaw Centre Ottawa , ON Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Althia Raj O O March 1 , 2018 Global News Radio 980 CFPL London , ON Global News Andrew Lawton O O Interim leadership ( edit ) Nipissing MPP Vic Fedeli was elected as interim leader by the PC parliamentary caucus in a unanimous vote on January 26 , 2018 . Caucus had favoured having the interim leader lead the party in the election campaign but the party executive opted to hold a leadership election prior to the general election . Candidates ( edit ) Christine Elliott ( edit ) Christine Elliott Christine Elliott , 63 , is the former non-partisan Patient Ombudsman for Ontario ( 2016 -- 2018 ) , a past PC leadership candidate ( 2009 and 2015 ) and former MPP ( Whitby -- Ajax 2006 -- 07 , Whitby -- Oshawa 2007 -- 15 ) . She is a lawyer by training , and is the widow of former federal Minister of Finance , and 2002 and 2004 Ontario PC leadership candidate Jim Flaherty . Elliott is also a co-founder and director of the Abilities Centre , a facility for those with special needs . Elliott opposed a carbon tax , and supported builiding a high - speed rail line between Toronto to Windsor . Date candidacy declared : February 1 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 7 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : ( 13 ) Ted Arnott ( Wellington -- Halton Hills ) , Lorne Coe ( Whitby -- Oshawa ) , Ernie Hardeman ( Oxford ) , Michael Harris ( Kitchener -- Conestoga ) , Randy Hillier ( Lanark -- Frontenac -- Lennox and Addington ) , Jim McDonell ( Stormont -- Dundas -- South Glengarry ) , Sam Oosterhoff ( Niagara West -- Glanbrook ) , Randy Pettapiece ( Perth -- Wellington ) , Ross Romano ( Sault Ste . Marie ) Laurie Scott ( Haliburton -- Kawartha Lakes -- Brock ) , Todd Smith ( Prince Edward -- Hastings ) , Bill Walker ( Bruce -- Grey -- Owen Sound ) , Jim Wilson ( Simcoe -- Grey ) MPs : ( 10 ) Dean Allison ( Niagara West -- Glanbrook ) , Michael Chong ( Wellington -- Halton Hills ) , Marilyn Gladu ( Sarnia -- Lambton ) , Peter Kent ( Thornhill ) , Ben Lobb ( Huron -- Bruce ) , John Nater ( Perth -- Wellington ) , Alex Nuttall ( Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte ) , Erin O'Toole ( Durham ) , Scott Reid ( Lanark -- Frontenac -- Kingston ) , David Sweet ( Flamborough -- Glanbrook ) Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 17 ) Kevin Ashe ( Pickering City Councillor for Ward 1 ; Deputy Mayor of Pickering ) , Doug Conley ( Hamilton City Councillor for Ward 9 ) , Steven Cooke ( Clarington Municipal Councillor for Ward 1 ) , Gary Crawford ( Toronto City Councillor for Ward 36 Scarborough Southwest ) , Murray Fearrey ( Reeve of Dysart et al ) , Pat Fortini ( Brampton City Councillor for Wards 7 & 8 ) , Angela Kennedy ( Toronto Catholic District School Board Trustee for Ward 11 ) , Jeff Knoll ( Oakville Town Councillor for Ward 5 ) , Gordon Krantz ( Mayor of Milton ) , Natalia Lishchyna ( Oakville Town Councillor for Ward 6 ) , Bart Maves ( Niagara Regional Councillor for Niagara Falls ) , Sandy McConkey ( Springwater Township councillor for Ward 4 ) , Sue McFadden ( Mississauga City Councillor ) for Ward 10 ) , Tony Quirk ( Niagara Regional Councillor for Grimsby ) , Karen Ras ( Mississauga City Councillor ) for Ward 2 ) , Jake Skinner ( Thames Valley District School Board Trustee for London Wards 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , and 13 ) , Ron Starr ( Mississauga City Councillor for Ward 6 ) Former MPPs : ( 5 ) Dave Boushy ( Sarnia , 1995 -- 1999 ) , Dianne Cunningham ( London North , 1988 - 2003 ) , Phil Gillies ( Brantford , 1981 -- 1987 ) , Morley Kells ( Etobicoke -- Lakeshore , 1981 -- 1985 and 1995 -- 2003 ) , Dennis Timbrell ( Don Mills , 1971 -- 1987 ) Former MPs : ( 4 ) Lois Brown ( Newmarket -- Aurora , 2008 - 2015 ) , Costas Menegakis ( Richmond Hill , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Joe Oliver ( Eglinton -- Lawrence , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Pat Perkins ( Whitby -- Oshawa , 2014 -- 2015 ) Former Senators : ( 1 ) Marjory LeBreton ( Ontario , 1993 -- 2015 ) Former municipal politicians : ( 3 ) Paula Peroni ( Sudbury Catholic District School Board Trustee for Zone 5 , 1997 - 2014 ) , John Sanderson ( Peel Regional Councillor for Brampton Wards 3 & 4 , 2006 - 2014 ) , John Shea ( Ottawa - Carleton District School Board Trustee , 2006 - 2014 ) Nominated candidates : ( 30 ) Deepak Anand ( Mississauga -- Malton ) , Roman Baber ( York Centre ) , Peter Bethlenfalvy ( Pickering -- Uxbridge ) , Paul Calandra ( Markham -- Stouffville ) , Bob Chapman ( Oshawa ) , Jill Dunlop ( Simcoe North ) , Amy Fee ( Kitchener South -- Hespeler ) , Goldie Ghamari ( Carleton ) , Parm Gill ( Milton ) , Mary Henein Thorn ( Kitchener Centre ) , Christine Hogarth ( Etobicoke -- Lakeshore ) , Karin Howard ( Ottawa South ) , Adam Ibrahim ( Windsor West ) , Logan Kanapathi ( Markham -- Thornhill ) , Mohammad Latif ( Windsor -- Tecumseh ) , Ben Levitt ( Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas ) , Chuck McShane ( Niagara Falls ) , Cameron Montgomery ( Orléans ) , Fadi Nemr ( Ottawa -- Vanier ) , Lindsey Park ( Durham ) , Derek Parks ( Thunder Bay - Superior North ) , Michael Parsa ( Aurora -- Oak Ridges -- Richmond Hill ) , Esther Pauls ( Hamilton Mountain ) , David Piccini ( Northumberland -- Peterborough South ) , Jeremy Roberts ( Ottawa West -- Nepean ) , Sheref Sabaway ( Mississauga -- Erin Mills ) , Amarjot Sandhu ( Brampton West ) , Amanda Simard ( Glengarry -- Prescott -- Russell ) , Donna Skelly ( Flamborough - Glanbrook ) , Dave Smith ( Peterborough - Kawartha ) , Nina Tangri ( Mississauga -- Streetsville ) Other prominent individuals : Organizations : ( 1 ) Trent Campus Conservatives Media : ( 1 ) Jonathan Kay ( The Walrus editor , 2014 -- 2017 ; National Post columnist ) Doug Ford ( edit ) Doug Ford Doug Ford , 53 , is a businessman and politician who is currently seeking the PC nomination in Etobicoke North for the upcoming June 2018 provincial election . Ford is the brother of former Toronto Mayor Rob Ford , and son of former Etobicoke - Humber MPP Doug Ford Sr ... He was a member of Toronto City Council during his brother 's term as mayor ( 2010 -- 2014 ) and the runner - up in the 2014 Toronto mayoral election . Ford announced on February 1 , 2018 , that he would devote his energy to the leadership race and was no longer intending to run in the 2018 Toronto mayoral election . Ford promised to `` present Ontarians with a compassionate and responsible vision '' . He wanted to keep taxes low and eliminate a carbon tax . He stated he would not support policies that make Ontario less competitive . He has promised to fund election promises by finding efficiencies in government . Ford is in favour of expanding public transit in the GTA . He promised to revisit the sex - education curriculum . Date candidacy announced : January 29 , 2018 Date candidacy declared : February 3 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 2 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : ( 2 ) Toby Barrett ( Haldimand -- Norfolk ) , Raymond Cho ( Scarborough -- Rouge River ) MPs : Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 5 ) Vincent Crisanti ( Toronto City Councillor for Ward 1 Etobicoke North ) , Michael Ford ( Toronto City Councillor for Ward 2 Etobicoke North ) , Billy Pang ( York Region District School Board Trustee for Markham ) , Allan Tam ( York Region District School Board Trustee for Markham ) Jeremy D Williams ( Mayor of Orangeville ) , Former MPPs : ( 1 ) Frank Klees ( York -- Mackenzie , 1995 -- 1999 ; Oak Ridges , 1999 -- 2007 ; Newmarket -- Aurora , 2007 -- 2014 ) Former MPs : Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : ( 3 ) Vincent Ke ( Don Valley North ) , Charity McGrath ( Newmarket -- Aurora ) , Michael Tibollo ( Vaughan -- Woodbridge ) Other prominent individuals : ( 2 ) Charles McVety ( president of Canada Christian College ) , Paul Melnichuk ( pastor of the Prayer Palace , Toronto ) Organizations : Media : Tanya Granic Allen ( edit ) Tanya Granic Allen Tanya Granic Allen , 37 , is a social conservative parental rights activist and the president of Parents As First Educators ( PAFE ) , a group that opposes the province 's new sex education curriculum . She also sits on the board of the Catholic Civil Rights League , a conservative Catholic lobby and advocacy group . She previously worked as a political staffer at Toronto City Hall for then Toronto City Councillor John Parker , and as a spokesperson for the Campaign Life Coalition . Granic Allen opposes abortion and also supported repealing and replacing the Liberal government 's new sex education curriculum . She promised to rerun contested riding nominations completed under Patrick Brown . Date candidacy announced : February 8 , 2018 Date candidacy declared : February 14 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 13 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : MPs : ( 1 ) Brad Trost ( Saskatoon -- University , SK ) Senators : Municipal politicians : Former MPPs : Former MPs : Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : Other prominent individuals : ( 1 ) Paul Fromm ( white supremacist and perennial candidate ; endorsement rejected by Granic Allen ) Organizations : ( 2 ) Campaign Life Coalition , Catholic Civil Rights League Media : Caroline Mulroney ( edit ) Caroline Mulroney Caroline Mulroney , 44 , is a businesswoman , lawyer and the daughter of former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney and his wife , Mila . Mulroney is the PC candidate in York -- Simcoe for the upcoming election . Mulroney wanted to use the `` People 's Guarantee '' as a `` starting point '' . She supported childcare rebates as well as cuts to hydro rates . Mulroney had been in favour of a carbon tax , but shifted against one . Mulroney remained committed to spending $1 billion to build Hamilton 's light rail transit system . Her platform would have had a small deficit to pay for her promises . Date candidacy declared : February 4 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 5 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : ( 5 ) Bob Bailey ( Sarnia -- Lambton ) , Monte McNaughton ( Lambton -- Kent -- Middlesex ) , Norm Miller ( Parry Sound -- Muskoka ) , John Yakabuski ( Renfrew -- Nipissing -- Pembroke ) , Jeff Yurek ( Elgin -- Middlesex -- London ) MPs : ( 11 ) Gord Brown ( Leeds -- Grenville -- Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes ) , Tony Clement ( Parry Sound -- Muskoka ) , Diane Finley ( Haldimand -- Norfolk ) , Stephanie Kusie ( Calgary Midnapore , AB ) , Guy Lauzon ( Stormont -- Dundas -- South Glengarry ) , Phil McColeman ( Brantford -- Brant ) , Rob Nicholson ( Niagara Falls ) , Lisa Raitt ( Milton ) , Bruce Stanton ( Simcoe North ) , David Tilson ( Dufferin -- Caledon ) , Peter Van Loan ( York -- Simcoe ) Senators : ( 2 ) Nicole Eaton ( Ontario ) , Thanh Hai Ngo ( Ontario ) Municipal politicians : ( 2 ) Nancy Deni ( Sudbury Catholic District School Board Trustee for Zone 4 ) , Eric Duncan ( Mayor of North Dundas ) Former MPPs : ( 2 ) John Snobelen ( Mississauga North , 1995 - 1999 ; Mississauga West , 1999 -- 2003 ) , David Turnbull ( Don Valley West , 1990 - 2003 ) Former MPs : ( 6 ) Bal Gosal ( Bramalea -- Gore -- Malton , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Ted Opitz ( Etobicoke Centre , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Peter MacKay ( Pictou -- Antigonish -- Guysborough , NS , 1997 -- 2004 ; Central Nova , NS , 2004 -- 2015 ) , Brian Mulroney ( Central Nova , NS , 1983 - 1984 ; Charlevoix , QC , 1984 -- 1993 ; Prime Minister of Canada , 1984 -- 1993 ) , Joe Preston ( Elgin -- Middlesex -- London , 2004 - 2015 ) , Terence Young ( Oakville , 2008 -- 2015 ) Former Senators : ( 2 ) Consiglio Di Nino ( Ontario , 1990 -- 2012 ) , Bob Runciman ( Ontario , 2010 -- 2017 ) Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : ( 18 ) Will Bouma ( Brant ) , Clifford Bull ( Kiiwetinoong ) , Stan Cho ( Willowdale ) , Stephen Crawford ( Oakville ) , Merrilee Fullerton ( Kanata -- Carleton ) , Jon Kieran ( Don Valley West ) , Daryl Kramp ( Hastings -- Lennox and Addington ) , Stephen Lecce ( King -- Vaughan ) , Jane McKenna ( Burlington ) , Denzil Minnan - Wong ( Don Valley East ) , Rod Phillips ( Ajax ) , Kaleed Rasheed ( Mississauga East -- Cooksville ) , Greg Rickford ( Kenora -- Rainy River ) , André Robichaud ( Mushkegowuk -- James Bay ) Prabmeet Sarkaria ( Brampton South ) , Gillian Smith ( University -- Rosedale ) , Effie Triantafilopoulos ( Oakville North -- Burlington ) , Susan Truppe ( London North Centre ) Other prominent individuals : Organizations : Media : ( 1 ) Conrad Black ( Author , National Post columnist ) Withdrawn candidates ( edit ) Patrick Brown ( edit ) Patrick Brown Patrick Brown , 40 , is the MPP for Simcoe North ( 2015 -- 2018 as a Progressive Conservative and 2018 -- present as an independent ) and a former Conservative MP for Barrie ( 2006 -- 2015 ) . He was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario from 2015 until his 2018 resignation triggered this leadership election . Brown was expelled from the PC caucus hours before registering his candidacy on February 16 , 2018 . On February 21 , 2018 the party 's nominations committee approved Brown to seek the leadership in a 3 to 2 vote . Brown planned to run on the full `` People 's Guarantee '' platform , including a carbon tax which would fund the platform , and which had been the intended 2018 election platform prior to Brown 's resignation . Brown withdrew ten days after announcing his candidacy , claiming that he and his family had been subjected to threats for entering the contest . His withdrawal occurred hours after reports surfaced that as leader he had directed top party officials : `` get me the result I want '' , in a riding nomination that has subsequently become the focus of a Hamilton Police Service investigation for alleged fraud and also the same day that the Integrity Commissioner announced an investigation of Brown 's travel expenses and other alleged financial improprieties . Date candidacy declared : February 16 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 16 , 2018 Date withdrew : February 26 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : MPs : Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 1 ) Shelby Kramp - Neuman ( Deputy Mayor of Centre Hastings ) , Former MPPs : ( 1 ) Garfield Dunlop ( Simcoe North , 1999 -- 2015 ) Former MPs : ( 1 ) Brian Storseth ( Westlock -- St. Paul , AB , 2006 -- 2015 ) Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : ( 9 ) Troy Crowder ( Sudbury ) , Rudy Cuzzetto ( Mississauga -- Lakeshore ) , Mark DeMontis ( York South -- Weston ) , Jass Johal ( Brampton North ) , Angely Pacis ( Mississauga Centre ) , Iris Yu ( Spadina -- Fort York ) , Eric Weniger ( London -- Fanshawe ) , Dionne Duncan ( Hamilton Centre ) , Other prominent individuals : ( 2 ) Aaron Hopkins ( Ontario PC Regional Vice President , GTA East ) Thomas DeGroot ( Ontario PC Regional Vice President , East ) Organizations : Media : Vic Fedeli ( edit ) Vic Fedeli Vic Fedeli , 62 , was the Interim Leader ( 2018 ) , Finance Critic and MPP for Nippissing ( 2011 -- present ) , past leadership candidate ( 2015 ) and former mayor of North Bay , Ontario ( 2003 -- 2010 ) . Fedeli told reporters that he will `` let my name stand for leader of our party '' . After the party executive announced its decision to schedule a leadership election in March , Fedeli reiterated his intention to run for the permanent leadership . On January 30 , 2018 , however , he announced that he would not be running for the permanent leadership after all in order to focus on his duties as interim leader and correcting organizational problems within the party in the run up to the general election . Date candidacy announced : January 26 , 2018 Date withdrew : January 30 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : MPs : Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 4 ) Mike Anthony ( North Bay City Councillor ) , Mark King ( North Bay City Councillor ) , Al McDonald ( Mayor of North Bay ) , Bill Vrebosch ( Mayor of East Ferris ) Former MPPs : ( 1 ) Rod Jackson ( Barrie , 2011 -- 2014 ) Former MPs : Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : Other prominent individuals : ( 1 ) Diane Suski ( Ontario PC Regional Vice President , Northern Ontario ) , Organizations : Media : Declined ( edit ) Stella Ambler , former MP for Mississauga South ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Peter Bethlenfalvy , former businessman and PC candidate in Pickering -- Uxbridge . Endorsed Christine Elliott . John Baird , former federal foreign minister and MP ( Ottawa West -- Nepean 2006 -- 2015 ) and a former provincial cabinet minister and MPP ( Nepean 1995 -- 1999 , Nepean -- Carleton 1999 -- 2005 ) Steve Clark , Co-Deputy Leader and MPP for Leeds -- Grenville ( 2010 -- present ) . Not endorsing any candidate . Tony Clement , former federal and provincial cabinet minister , MP for Parry Sound -- Muskoka ( 2006 -- present ) , former MPP for Brampton South ( 1995 -- 1999 ) and Brampton West -- Mississauga ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Sylvia Jones , Co-Deputy Leader and MPP for Dufferin -- Caledon ( 2007 -- present ) . Not endorsing any candidate . Jim Karahalios , corporate lawyer and founder of activist groups `` Axe The Carbon Tax '' and `` Take Back Our PC Party '' . Was sued by the PC party but the case was dismissed . Frank Klees , former provincial minister and MPP ( York -- Mackenzie 1995 -- 1999 , Oak Ridges 1999 -- 2007 , Newmarket -- Aurora 2007 -- 2014 ) , former leadership candidate ( 2004 & 2009 ) . Supports Doug Ford . Sue - Ann Levy , Toronto Sun columnist and 2009 PC by - election candidate in St. Paul 's . Lisa MacLeod , Finance Critic , Treasury Board Critic and MPP for Nepean -- Carleton ( 2006 -- present ) Not endorsing any candidate . Monte McNaughton , Critic for Economic Development , Employment & Growth and MPP for Lambton -- Kent -- Middlesex ( 2011 -- present ) Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Alex Nuttall , MP for Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte ( 2015 -- present ) . Endorsed Patrick Brown then Christine Elliott . Kevin O'Leary , Businessman , Reality TV Host , and former candidate for leadership for the Conservative Party of Canada . Erin O'Toole , former federal Veterans ' Affairs Minister and MP for Durham ( 2012 -- present ) , former federal Conservative leadership candidate ( 2017 ) . Endorsed Christine Elliott . Jordan Peterson , University of Toronto psychology professor , author , and social commentator . Rod Phillips , former president of Postmedia , former head of the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation , former head of CivicAction and current PC candidate in Ajax . Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Lisa Raitt , Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada ( 2017 -- present ) , MP for Milton ( 2008 -- present ) , and former federal cabinet minister . Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Ross Romano , Critic for Northern Ontario Jobs and the Ring of Fire , MPP for Sault Ste . Marie ( 2017 -- present ) . Endorsed Patrick Brown then Christine Elliot . Todd Smith , Energy Critic and MPP for Prince Edward -- Hastings ( 2011 -- present ) . Endorsed Christine Elliott . John Tory , Mayor of Toronto ( 2014 -- present ) , former Ontario PC leader ( 2004 -- 2009 ) , former Opposition Leader ( 2005 -- 2007 ) and former MPP for Dufferin -- Peel -- Wellington -- Grey ( 2005 -- 2007 ) . Opinion polling ( edit ) All Ontarians ( edit ) Poll source Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Forum Research Sample size : 949 February 17 , 2018 Christine Elliott 22 % Doug Ford 16 % Caroline Mulroney 14 % Patrick Brown 13 % Tanya Granic Allen 5 % Not Sure 31 % Forum Research Sample size : 751 January 25 , 2018 Christine Elliott 12 % Doug Ford 11 % John Tory 8 % Caroline Mulroney 7 % Tony Clement 6 % Lisa Raitt 6 % , John Baird 5 % , Lisa MacLeod 4 % , Not Sure 41 % Progressive Conservative supporters only ( edit ) Poll source Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Forum Research Sample size : 315 January 25 , 2018 Christine Elliott 17 % Doug Ford 13 % Caroline Mulroney 11 % John Tory 9 % John Baird 6 % Lisa Raitt 6 % , Tony Clement 4 % , Lisa MacLeod 4 % , Not Sure 29 % Progressive Conservative members only ( edit ) Poll source Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Mainstreet Research Sample size : 18,308 March 1 to 7 , 2018 Christine Elliott 35.2 % Doug Ford 34.9 % Caroline Mulroney 17.3 % Tanya Granic Allen 12.5 % N / A Mainstreet Research Sample size : 17,399 February 21 to 26 , 2018 Doug Ford 34.8 % Christine Elliott 33.9 % Caroline Mulroney 19.6 % Tanya Granic Allen 11.7 % N / A Mainstreet Research Sample size : 4,412 - 6,096 February 20 to 22 , 2018 Christine Elliott 28.85 % Patrick Brown 28.29 % Doug Ford 22.24 % Caroline Mulroney 14.15 % Tanya Granic Allen 6.46 % Results ( edit ) By round ( edit ) = Eliminated from next round = Winner Candidate Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Name Votes Points Votes + / - Points + / - Votes + / - Points + / - Christine Elliott 23,237 36.28 % 4,187 34.13 % 24,138 37.99 % 901 1.71 % 4,394 35.82 % 207 1.69 % 32,202 51.74 % 8,064 13.75 % 6,049 49.38 % 1,655 13.56 % Doug Ford 20,363 31.80 % 4,091 33.35 % 27,812 43.77 % 7,449 11.97 % 5,652 46.08 % 1,561 12.73 % 30,041 48.26 % 2,229 4.49 % 6,202 50.62 % 550 4.54 % Caroline Mulroney 11,099 17.33 % 2,107 17.18 % 11,595 18.25 % 496 0.92 % 2,221 18.11 % 114 0.93 % eliminated Tanya Granic Allen 9,344 14.596 % 1,882 15.34 % eliminated TOTAL 64,043 12,267 63,545 - 498 12,267 0 62,243 - 1,302 12,251 - 16 By riding ( edit ) Toronto ( edit ) show Toronto Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliot Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Toronto & York Beaches -- East York 7.40 ( 37 ) 41.20 ( 206 ) 31.40 ( 157 ) 20.00 ( 100 ) 100 ( 500 ) 41.60 ( 208 ) + 0.40 ( + 2 ) 38.00 ( 190 ) + 6.60 ( + 33 ) 20.40 ( 102 ) + 0.40 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 500 ) ( 0 ) 59.96 ( 292 ) + 18.36 ( + 84 ) 40.04 ( 195 ) + 2.04 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 487 ) ( - 13 ) Davenport 10.90 ( 23 ) 26.54 ( 56 ) 45.02 ( 95 ) 17.54 ( 37 ) 100 ( 211 ) 27.49 ( 58 ) + 0.95 ( + 2 ) 54.98 ( 116 ) + 9.95 ( + 21 ) 17.54 ( 37 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 211 ) ( 0 ) 40.29 ( 83 ) + 12.80 ( + 25 ) 59.71 ( 123 ) + 4.73 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 206 ) ( - 5 ) Don Valley East Candidate : Denzil Minnan - Wong ( Mulroney ) 11.23 ( 42 ) 37.97 ( 142 ) 39.84 ( 149 ) 10.96 ( 41 ) 100 ( 374 ) 39.04 ( 146 ) + 1.07 ( + 4 ) 49.47 ( 185 ) + 9.63 ( + 36 ) 11.50 ( 43 ) + 0.53 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 374 ) ( 0 ) 46.47 ( 171 ) + 7.43 ( + 25 ) 53.53 ( 197 ) + 4.07 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 368 ) ( - 6 ) Don Valley West Candidate : Jon Kieran ( Mulroney ) 4.27 ( 57 ) 45.43 ( 606 ) 19.42 ( 259 ) 30.89 ( 412 ) 100 ( 1334 ) 46.58 ( 620 ) + 1.16 ( + 14 ) 22.16 ( 295 ) + 2.75 ( + 36 ) 31.26 ( 416 ) + 0.37 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 1331 ) ( - 3 ) 73.88 ( 939 ) + 27.30 ( + 319 ) 26.12 ( 332 ) + 3.96 ( + 37 ) 100 ( 1271 ) ( - 60 ) Eglinton -- Lawrence 4.53 ( 40 ) 50.79 ( 449 ) 17.99 ( 159 ) 26.70 ( 236 ) 100 ( 884 ) 51.08 ( 451 ) + 0.28 ( + 2 ) 21.63 ( 191 ) + 3.65 ( + 32 ) 27.29 ( 241 ) + 0.60 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 883 ) ( - 1 ) 74.26 ( 629 ) + 23.19 ( + 178 ) 25.74 ( 218 ) + 4.11 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 847 ) ( - 36 ) Parkdale -- High Park 14.31 ( 75 ) 36.64 ( 192 ) 26.15 ( 137 ) 22.90 ( 120 ) 100 ( 524 ) 38.42 ( 199 ) + 1.78 ( + 7 ) 38.22 ( 198 ) + 12.08 ( + 61 ) 23.36 ( 121 ) + 0.46 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 518 ) ( - 6 ) 58.30 ( 295 ) + 19.88 ( + 96 ) 41.70 ( 211 ) + 3.48 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 506 ) ( - 12 ) Spadina -- Fort York 4.66 ( 24 ) 44.85 ( 231 ) 24.27 ( 125 ) 26.21 ( 135 ) 100 ( 515 ) 45.72 ( 235 ) + 0.87 ( + 4 ) 27.63 ( 142 ) + 3.35 ( + 17 ) 26.65 ( 137 ) + 0.44 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 514 ) ( - 1 ) 67.73 ( 340 ) + 22.01 ( + 105 ) 32.27 ( 162 ) + 4.65 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 502 ) ( - 12 ) Toronto Centre 7.30 ( 27 ) 46.22 ( 171 ) 18.92 ( 70 ) 27.57 ( 102 ) 100 ( 370 ) 47.43 ( 175 ) + 1.21 ( + 4 ) 24.39 ( 90 ) + 5.47 ( + 20 ) 28.18 ( 104 ) + 0.62 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 369 ) ( - 1 ) 72.30 ( 261 ) + 24.87 ( + 86 ) 27.70 ( 100 ) + 3.31 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 361 ) ( - 8 ) Toronto -- Danforth 6.47 ( 22 ) 35.59 ( 121 ) 27.65 ( 94 ) 30.29 ( 103 ) 100 ( 340 ) 36.77 ( 125 ) + 1.18 ( + 4 ) 32.65 ( 111 ) + 5.00 ( + 17 ) 30.59 ( 104 ) + 0.29 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 340 ) ( 0 ) 64.05 ( 212 ) + 27.28 ( + 87 ) 35.95 ( 119 ) + 3.31 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 331 ) ( - 9 ) Toronto -- St. Paul 's 5.43 ( 46 ) 43.09 ( 365 ) 13.34 ( 113 ) 38.14 ( 323 ) 100 ( 847 ) 44.48 ( 375 ) + 1.39 ( + 10 ) 17.08 ( 144 ) + 3.74 ( + 31 ) 38.43 ( 324 ) + 0.30 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 843 ) ( - 4 ) 77.47 ( 605 ) + 32.98 ( + 230 ) 22.54 ( 176 ) + 5.45 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 781 ) ( - 62 ) University -- Rosedale Candidate : Gillian Smith ( Mulroney ) 3.26 ( 31 ) 43.85 ( 417 ) 11.67 ( 111 ) 41.22 ( 392 ) 100 ( 951 ) 44.95 ( 427 ) + 1.10 ( + 10 ) 13.58 ( 129 ) + 1.91 ( + 18 ) 41.47 ( 394 ) + 0.25 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 950 ) ( - 1 ) 81.42 ( 732 ) + 36.48 ( + 305 ) 18.58 ( 167 ) + 5.00 ( + 38 ) 100 ( 899 ) ( - 51 ) North York Don Valley North Candidate : Vincent Ke ( Ford ) 13.50 ( 91 ) 20.62 ( 139 ) 57.27 ( 386 ) 8.61 ( 58 ) 100 ( 674 ) 21.34 ( 143 ) + 0.72 ( + 4 ) 69.40 ( 465 ) + 12.13 ( + 79 ) 9.25 ( 62 ) + 0.65 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 670 ) ( - 4 ) 26.43 ( 176 ) + 5.08 ( + 33 ) 73.57 ( 490 ) + 4.17 ( + 25 ) 100 ( 666 ) ( - 4 ) Humber River -- Black Creek 13.21 ( 21 ) 8.81 ( 14 ) 68.55 ( 109 ) 9.43 ( 15 ) 100 ( 159 ) 8.81 ( 14 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 81.13 ( 129 ) + 12.58 ( + 20 ) 10.06 ( 16 ) + 0.63 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 159 ) ( 0 ) 15.72 ( 25 ) + 6.92 ( + 11 ) 84.28 ( 134 ) + 3.15 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 159 ) ( 0 ) Willowdale Candidate : Stan Cho ( Mulroney ) 13.19 ( 65 ) 26.57 ( 131 ) 40.57 ( 200 ) 19.68 ( 97 ) 100 ( 493 ) 28.51 ( 140 ) + 1.94 ( + 9 ) 51.53 ( 253 ) + 10.96 ( + 53 ) 19.96 ( 98 ) + 0.28 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 491 ) ( - 2 ) 44.49 ( 214 ) + 15.98 ( + 74 ) 55.51 ( 267 ) + 3.98 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 481 ) ( - 10 ) York Centre Candidate : Roman Baber ( Elliott ) 7.57 ( 32 ) 38.53 ( 163 ) 39.48 ( 167 ) 14.42 ( 61 ) 100 ( 423 ) 39.67 ( 167 ) + 1.13 ( + 4 ) 45.84 ( 193 ) + 6.36 ( + 26 ) 14.49 ( 61 ) + 0.07 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 421 ) ( - 2 ) 50.85 ( 209 ) + 11.19 ( + 42 ) 49.15 ( 202 ) + 3.31 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 411 ) ( - 10 ) York South -- Weston 11.01 ( 23 ) 22.01 ( 46 ) 63.64 ( 133 ) 3.35 ( 7 ) 100 ( 209 ) 23.67 ( 49 ) + 1.66 ( + 3 ) 72.95 ( 151 ) + 9.31 ( + 18 ) 3.38 ( 7 ) + 0.03 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 207 ) ( - 2 ) 26.70 ( 55 ) + 3.03 ( + 6 ) 73.30 ( 151 ) + 0.35 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 206 ) ( - 1 ) Etobicoke Etobicoke Centre 12.25 ( 118 ) 24.82 ( 239 ) 51.51 ( 496 ) 11.42 ( 110 ) 100 ( 963 ) 25.55 ( 244 ) + 0.73 ( + 5 ) 62.20 ( 594 ) + 10.69 ( + 98 ) 12.25 ( 117 ) + 0.83 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 955 ) ( - 8 ) 34.33 ( 322 ) + 8.78 ( + 78 ) 65.67 ( 616 ) + 3.47 ( + 22 ) 100 ( 938 ) ( - 17 ) Etobicoke -- Lakeshore Candidate : Christine Hogarth ( Elliott ) 11.83 ( 97 ) 39.51 ( 324 ) 34.27 ( 281 ) 14.39 ( 118 ) 100 ( 820 ) 40.37 ( 331 ) + 0.85 ( + 7 ) 44.15 ( 362 ) + 9.88 ( + 81 ) 15.49 ( 127 ) + 1.10 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 820 ) ( 0 ) 52.96 ( 430 ) + 12.59 ( + 99 ) 47.04 ( 382 ) + 2.90 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 812 ) ( - 8 ) Etobicoke North 11.68 ( 55 ) 9.34 ( 44 ) 74.95 ( 353 ) 4.03 ( 19 ) 100 ( 471 ) 10.62 ( 50 ) + 1.27 ( + 6 ) 84.93 ( 400 ) + 9.98 ( + 47 ) 4.46 ( 21 ) + 0.43 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 471 ) ( 0 ) 13.59 ( 64 ) + 2.97 ( + 14 ) 86.41 ( 407 ) + 1.49 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 471 ) ( 0 ) Scarborough Scarborough -- Agincourt 17.16 ( 64 ) 21.45 ( 80 ) 52.82 ( 197 ) 8.58 ( 32 ) 100 ( 373 ) 22.13 ( 81 ) + 0.68 ( + 1 ) 68.58 ( 251 ) + 15.76 ( + 54 ) 9.29 ( 34 ) + 0.71 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 366 ) ( - 7 ) 25.97 ( 94 ) + 3.84 ( + 13 ) 74.03 ( 268 ) + 5.45 ( + 17 ) 100 ( 362 ) ( - 4 ) Scarborough Centre 14.10 ( 54 ) 31.59 ( 121 ) 44.65 ( 171 ) 9.66 ( 37 ) 100 ( 383 ) 33.78 ( 127 ) + 2.18 ( + 6 ) 56.12 ( 211 ) + 11.47 ( + 40 ) 10.11 ( 38 ) + 0.45 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 376 ) ( - 7 ) 40.27 ( 149 ) + 6.49 ( + 22 ) 59.73 ( 221 ) + 3.61 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 370 ) ( - 6 ) Scarborough -- Guildwood 9.84 ( 36 ) 23.22 ( 85 ) 56.01 ( 205 ) 10.93 ( 40 ) 100 ( 366 ) 24.73 ( 90 ) + 1.50 ( + 5 ) 63.74 ( 232 ) + 7.72 ( + 27 ) 11.54 ( 42 ) + 0.61 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 364 ) ( - 2 ) 32.22 ( 116 ) + 7.50 ( + 26 ) 67.78 ( 244 ) + 4.04 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 360 ) ( - 4 ) Scarborough North 18.52 ( 40 ) 16.67 ( 36 ) 61.57 ( 133 ) 3.24 ( 7 ) 100 ( 216 ) 16.67 ( 36 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 80.09 ( 173 ) + 18.52 ( + 40 ) 3.24 ( 7 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 216 ) ( 0 ) 18.69 ( 40 ) + 2.03 ( + 4 ) 81.31 ( 174 ) + 1.22 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 214 ) ( - 2 ) Scarborough -- Rouge MPP : Raymond Cho ( Ford ) 18.27 ( 80 ) 27.40 ( 120 ) 33.33 ( 146 ) 21.01 ( 92 ) 100 ( 438 ) 28.01 ( 121 ) + 0.61 ( + 1 ) 49.77 ( 215 ) + 16.44 ( + 69 ) 22.22 ( 96 ) + 1.22 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 432 ) ( - 6 ) 44.84 ( 191 ) + 16.83 ( + 70 ) 55.16 ( 235 ) + 5.40 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 426 ) ( - 6 ) Scarborough Southwest 10.45 ( 35 ) 32.24 ( 108 ) 44.48 ( 149 ) 12.84 ( 43 ) 100 ( 335 ) 33.33 ( 111 ) + 1.09 ( + 3 ) 52.85 ( 176 ) + 8.38 ( + 27 ) 13.81 ( 46 ) + 0.98 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 333 ) ( - 2 ) 42.42 ( 137 ) + 9.08 ( + 26 ) 57.59 ( 186 ) + 4.73 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 323 ) ( - 10 ) 905 ( edit ) show 905 Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Hamilton - Niagara Flamborough -- Glanbrook MP : David Sweet ( Elliott ) Candidate : Donna Skelly ( Elliott ) 24.47 ( 160 ) 33.49 ( 219 ) 31.65 ( 207 ) 10.40 ( 68 ) 100 ( 654 ) 38.46 ( 250 ) + 4.98 ( + 31 ) 50.92 ( 331 ) + 19.27 ( + 124 ) 10.62 ( 69 ) + 0.22 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 650 ) ( - 4 ) 46.02 ( 295 ) + 7.56 ( + 45 ) 53.98 ( 346 ) + 3.06 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 641 ) ( - 9 ) Hamilton Centre 16.94 ( 31 ) 24.04 ( 44 ) 47.00 ( 86 ) 12.02 ( 22 ) 100 ( 183 ) 26.37 ( 48 ) + 2.33 ( + 4 ) 60.44 ( 110 ) + 13.45 ( + 24 ) 13.19 ( 24 ) + 1.17 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 182 ) ( - 1 ) 34.62 ( 63 ) + 8.24 ( + 15 ) 65.39 ( 119 ) + 4.95 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 182 ) ( 0 ) Hamilton East -- Stoney Creek 15.48 ( 39 ) 28.18 ( 71 ) 44.05 ( 111 ) 12.30 ( 31 ) 100 ( 252 ) 28.92 ( 72 ) + 0.74 ( + 1 ) 58.23 ( 145 ) + 14.19 ( + 34 ) 12.85 ( 32 ) + 0.55 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 249 ) ( - 3 ) 37.35 ( 93 ) + 8.43 ( + 21 ) 62.65 ( 156 ) + 4.42 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 249 ) ( 0 ) Hamilton Mountain Candidate : Esther Pauls ( Elliott ) 17.07 ( 42 ) 26.83 ( 66 ) 46.75 ( 115 ) 9.35 ( 23 ) 100 ( 246 ) 29.63 ( 72 ) + 2.80 ( + 6 ) 60.08 ( 146 ) + 13.33 ( + 31 ) 10.29 ( 25 ) + 0.94 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 243 ) ( - 3 ) 36.93 ( 89 ) + 7.30 ( + 17 ) 63.07 ( 152 ) + 2.99 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 241 ) ( - 2 ) Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas Candidate : Ben Levitt ( Elliott ) 14.54 ( 105 ) 43.77 ( 316 ) 27.15 ( 196 ) 14.54 ( 105 ) 100 ( 722 ) 46.05 ( 332 ) + 2.28 ( + 16 ) 38.70 ( 279 ) + 11.55 ( + 83 ) 15.26 ( 110 ) + 0.71 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 721 ) ( - 1 ) 56.90 ( 404 ) + 10.85 ( + 72 ) 43.10 ( 306 ) + 4.40 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 710 ) ( - 11 ) Niagara Centre 17.07 ( 85 ) 26.51 ( 132 ) 47.39 ( 236 ) 9.04 ( 45 ) 100 ( 498 ) 28.78 ( 141 ) + 2.27 ( + 9 ) 61.84 ( 303 ) + 14.45 ( + 67 ) 9.39 ( 46 ) + 0.35 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 490 ) ( - 8 ) 35.82 ( 173 ) + 7.04 ( + 32 ) 64.18 ( 310 ) + 2.35 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 483 ) ( - 7 ) Niagara Falls MP : Rob Nicholson ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Chuck McShane ( Elliott ) 10.02 ( 47 ) 38.59 ( 181 ) 31.56 ( 148 ) 19.83 ( 93 ) 100 ( 469 ) 39.49 ( 184 ) + 0.89 ( + 3 ) 40.13 ( 187 ) + 8.57 ( + 39 ) 20.39 ( 95 ) + 0.56 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 466 ) ( - 3 ) 56.62 ( 261 ) + 17.13 ( + 77 ) 43.38 ( 200 ) + 3.26 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 461 ) ( - 5 ) Niagara West MPP : Sam Oosterhoff ( Elliott ) MP : Dean Allison ( Elliott ) 29.33 ( 166 ) 36.75 ( 208 ) 22.97 ( 130 ) 10.95 ( 62 ) 100 ( 566 ) 43.24 ( 243 ) + 6.49 ( + 35 ) 45.55 ( 256 ) + 22.58 ( + 126 ) 11.21 ( 63 ) + 0.26 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 562 ) ( - 4 ) 52.59 ( 295 ) + 9.35 ( + 52 ) 47.42 ( 266 ) + 1.86 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 561 ) ( - 1 ) St. Catharines 18.77 ( 70 ) 30.30 ( 113 ) 30.56 ( 114 ) 20.38 ( 76 ) 100 ( 373 ) 32.88 ( 120 ) + 2.58 ( + 7 ) 45.21 ( 165 ) + 14.64 ( + 51 ) 21.92 ( 80 ) + 1.54 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 365 ) ( - 8 ) 49.16 ( 175 ) + 16.28 ( + 55 ) 50.84 ( 181 ) + 5.64 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 356 ) ( - 9 ) Peel - Halton Brampton Centre 17.11 ( 39 ) 36.40 ( 83 ) 39.47 ( 90 ) 7.02 ( 16 ) 100 ( 228 ) 37.28 ( 85 ) + 0.88 ( + 2 ) 55.70 ( 127 ) + 16.23 ( + 37 ) 7.02 ( 16 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 228 ) ( 0 ) 42.48 ( 96 ) + 5.20 ( + 11 ) 57.52 ( 130 ) + 1.82 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 226 ) ( - 2 ) Brampton East 3.44 ( 20 ) 47.50 ( 276 ) 32.53 ( 189 ) 16.52 ( 96 ) 100 ( 581 ) 47.93 ( 278 ) + 0.43 ( + 2 ) 35.52 ( 206 ) + 2.99 ( + 17 ) 16.55 ( 96 ) + 0.03 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 580 ) ( - 1 ) 58.47 ( 328 ) + 10.54 ( + 50 ) 41.53 ( 233 ) + 6.02 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 561 ) ( - 19 ) Brampton North 12.33 ( 37 ) 33.33 ( 100 ) 40.67 ( 122 ) 13.67 ( 41 ) 100 ( 300 ) 34.34 ( 102 ) + 1.01 ( + 2 ) 50.51 ( 150 ) + 9.84 ( + 28 ) 15.15 ( 45 ) + 1.49 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 297 ) ( - 3 ) 44.41 ( 131 ) + 10.06 ( + 29 ) 55.59 ( 164 ) + 5.09 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 295 ) ( - 2 ) Brampton South Candidate : Prabmeet Sarkaria ( Mulroney ) 9.68 ( 36 ) 26.88 ( 100 ) 30.65 ( 114 ) 32.80 ( 122 ) 100 ( 372 ) 28.03 ( 104 ) + 1.15 ( + 4 ) 38.81 ( 144 ) + 8.17 ( + 30 ) 33.15 ( 123 ) + 0.36 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 371 ) ( - 1 ) 59.08 ( 218 ) + 31.05 ( + 114 ) 40.92 ( 151 ) + 2.11 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 369 ) ( - 2 ) Brampton West Candidate : Amarjot Sandhu ( Elliott ) 8.62 ( 28 ) 52.62 ( 171 ) 32.31 ( 105 ) 6.46 ( 21 ) 100 ( 325 ) 53.56 ( 173 ) + 0.95 ( + 2 ) 39.94 ( 129 ) + 7.63 ( + 24 ) 6.50 ( 21 ) + 0.04 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 323 ) ( - 2 ) 56.83 ( 183 ) + 3.27 ( + 10 ) 43.17 ( 139 ) + 3.23 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 322 ) ( - 1 ) Mississauga Centre 17.58 ( 64 ) 28.02 ( 102 ) 46.15 ( 168 ) 8.24 ( 30 ) 100 ( 364 ) 30.00 ( 108 ) + 1.98 ( + 6 ) 60.28 ( 217 ) + 14.12 ( + 49 ) 9.72 ( 35 ) + 1.48 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 360 ) ( - 4 ) 36.31 ( 130 ) + 6.31 ( + 22 ) 63.69 ( 228 ) + 3.41 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 358 ) ( - 2 ) Mississauga East -- Cooksville Candidate : Kaleed Rasheed ( Mulroney ) 22.54 ( 87 ) 15.29 ( 59 ) 49.74 ( 192 ) 12.44 ( 48 ) 100 ( 386 ) 16.98 ( 64 ) + 1.69 ( + 5 ) 69.50 ( 262 ) + 19.76 ( + 70 ) 13.53 ( 51 ) + 1.09 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 377 ) ( - 9 ) 24.66 ( 91 ) + 7.69 ( + 27 ) 75.34 ( 278 ) + 5.84 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 369 ) ( - 8 ) Mississauga -- Erindale Candidate : Sheref Sabaway ( Elliott ) 16.45 ( 87 ) 21.55 ( 114 ) 53.88 ( 285 ) 8.13 ( 43 ) 100 ( 529 ) 22.39 ( 118 ) + 0.84 ( + 4 ) 67.93 ( 358 ) + 14.06 ( + 73 ) 9.68 ( 51 ) + 1.55 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 527 ) ( - 2 ) 29.58 ( 155 ) + 7.19 ( + 37 ) 70.42 ( 369 ) + 2.49 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 524 ) ( - 3 ) Mississauga -- Lakeshore 9.11 ( 78 ) 42.29 ( 362 ) 29.79 ( 255 ) 18.81 ( 161 ) 100 ( 856 ) 43.14 ( 368 ) + 0.85 ( + 6 ) 37.40 ( 319 ) + 7.61 ( + 64 ) 19.46 ( 166 ) + 0.65 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 853 ) ( - 3 ) 59.01 ( 491 ) + 15.87 ( + 123 ) 40.99 ( 341 ) + 3.59 ( + 22 ) 100 ( 832 ) ( - 21 ) Mississauga -- Malton Candidate : Deepak Anand ( Elliott ) 12.50 ( 68 ) 41.91 ( 228 ) 32.90 ( 179 ) 12.68 ( 69 ) 100 ( 544 ) 42.65 ( 232 ) + 0.73 ( + 4 ) 43.75 ( 238 ) + 10.85 ( + 59 ) 13.60 ( 74 ) + 0.92 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 544 ) ( 0 ) 50.65 ( 272 ) + 8.01 ( + 40 ) 49.35 ( 265 ) + 5.60 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 537 ) ( - 7 ) Mississauga -- Streetsville Candidate : Nina Tangri ( Elliott ) 12.72 ( 58 ) 25.22 ( 115 ) 53.07 ( 242 ) 8.99 ( 41 ) 100 ( 456 ) 27.27 ( 123 ) + 2.05 ( + 8 ) 63.19 ( 285 ) + 10.12 ( + 43 ) 9.53 ( 43 ) + 0.54 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 451 ) ( - 5 ) 34.67 ( 156 ) + 7.39 ( + 33 ) 65.33 ( 294 ) + 2.14 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 450 ) ( - 1 ) Burlington Candidate : Jane McKenna ( Mulroney ) 11.30 ( 75 ) 40.06 ( 266 ) 29.97 ( 199 ) 18.68 ( 124 ) 100 ( 664 ) 40.88 ( 271 ) + 0.81 ( + 5 ) 39.52 ( 262 ) + 9.55 ( + 63 ) 19.61 ( 130 ) + 0.93 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 663 ) ( - 1 ) 55.90 ( 365 ) + 15.02 ( + 94 ) 44.10 ( 288 ) + 4.59 ( + 26 ) 100 ( 653 ) ( - 10 ) Milton MP : Lisa Raitt ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Parm Gill ( Elliott ) 22.24 ( 115 ) 28.43 ( 147 ) 36.56 ( 189 ) 12.77 ( 66 ) 100 ( 517 ) 30.27 ( 155 ) + 1.84 ( + 8 ) 56.45 ( 289 ) + 19.89 ( + 100 ) 13.28 ( 68 ) + 0.52 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 512 ) ( - 5 ) 41.82 ( 212 ) + 11.54 ( + 57 ) 58.19 ( 295 ) + 1.74 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 507 ) ( - 5 ) Oakville Candidate : Stephen Crawford ( Mulroney ) 10.80 ( 120 ) 38.34 ( 426 ) 26.73 ( 297 ) 24.12 ( 268 ) 100 ( 1111 ) 39.87 ( 441 ) + 1.53 ( + 15 ) 35.44 ( 392 ) + 8.71 ( + 95 ) 24.68 ( 273 ) + 0.56 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 1106 ) ( - 5 ) 61.16 ( 666 ) + 21.28 ( + 225 ) 38.84 ( 423 ) + 3.40 ( + 31 ) 100 ( 1089 ) ( - 17 ) Oakville North -- Burlington Candidate : Effie Triantafilopoulos ( Mulroney ) 11.63 ( 97 ) 38.01 ( 317 ) 30.58 ( 255 ) 19.78 ( 165 ) 100 ( 834 ) 39.52 ( 326 ) + 1.51 ( + 9 ) 40.00 ( 330 ) + 9.42 ( + 75 ) 20.49 ( 169 ) + 0.70 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 825 ) ( - 9 ) 54.80 ( 440 ) + 15.28 ( + 114 ) 45.21 ( 363 ) + 5.21 ( + 33 ) 100 ( 803 ) ( - 22 ) York - Simcoe Aurora -- Oak Ridges -- Richmond Hill Candidate : Michael Parsa ( Elliott ) 16.25 ( 103 ) 19.40 ( 123 ) 55.36 ( 351 ) 8.99 ( 57 ) 100 ( 634 ) 20.19 ( 128 ) + 0.79 ( + 5 ) 70.51 ( 447 ) + 15.14 ( + 96 ) 9.31 ( 59 ) + 0.32 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 634 ) ( 0 ) 26.98 ( 170 ) + 6.80 ( + 42 ) 73.02 ( 460 ) + 2.51 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 630 ) ( - 4 ) King -- Vaughan Candidate : Stephen Lecce ( Mulroney ) 10.73 ( 60 ) 22.72 ( 127 ) 46.69 ( 261 ) 19.86 ( 111 ) 100 ( 559 ) 23.56 ( 131 ) + 0.84 ( + 4 ) 56.30 ( 313 ) + 9.60 ( + 52 ) 20.14 ( 112 ) + 0.29 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 556 ) ( - 3 ) 36.85 ( 199 ) + 13.29 ( + 68 ) 63.15 ( 341 ) + 6.85 ( + 28 ) 100 ( 540 ) ( - 16 ) Markham -- Stouffville Candidate : Paul Calandra ( Elliott ) 14.09 ( 92 ) 36.29 ( 237 ) 39.82 ( 260 ) 9.80 ( 64 ) 100 ( 653 ) 37.85 ( 246 ) + 1.55 ( + 9 ) 52.15 ( 339 ) + 12.34 ( + 79 ) 10.00 ( 65 ) + 0.20 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 650 ) ( - 3 ) 45.12 ( 291 ) + 7.27 ( + 45 ) 54.88 ( 354 ) + 2.73 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 645 ) ( - 5 ) Markham -- Thornhill Candidate : Logan Kanapathi ( Elliott ) 11.67 ( 35 ) 40.67 ( 122 ) 33.67 ( 101 ) 14.00 ( 42 ) 100 ( 300 ) 42.67 ( 128 ) + 2.00 ( + 6 ) 43.00 ( 129 ) + 9.33 ( + 28 ) 14.33 ( 43 ) + 0.33 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 300 ) ( 0 ) 56.04 ( 167 ) + 13.37 ( + 39 ) 43.96 ( 131 ) + 0.96 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 298 ) ( - 2 ) Markham -- Unionville 12.84 ( 105 ) 20.05 ( 164 ) 60.39 ( 494 ) 6.72 ( 55 ) 100 ( 818 ) 20.69 ( 169 ) + 0.64 ( + 5 ) 72.46 ( 592 ) + 12.07 ( + 98 ) 6.85 ( 56 ) + 0.13 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 817 ) ( - 1 ) 24.50 ( 197 ) + 3.82 ( + 28 ) 75.50 ( 607 ) + 3.04 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 804 ) ( - 13 ) Newmarket -- Aurora Candidate : Charity McGrath ( Ford ) 10.20 ( 71 ) 33.76 ( 235 ) 43.39 ( 302 ) 12.64 ( 88 ) 100 ( 696 ) 36.28 ( 250 ) + 2.52 ( + 15 ) 50.65 ( 349 ) + 7.26 ( + 47 ) 13.06 ( 90 ) + 0.42 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 689 ) ( - 7 ) 47.52 ( 326 ) + 11.24 ( + 76 ) 52.48 ( 360 ) + 1.83 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 686 ) ( - 3 ) Richmond Hill 10.71 ( 51 ) 30.25 ( 144 ) 48.95 ( 233 ) 10.08 ( 48 ) 100 ( 476 ) 31.14 ( 147 ) + 0.89 ( + 3 ) 58.05 ( 274 ) + 9.10 ( + 41 ) 10.81 ( 51 ) + 0.72 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 472 ) ( - 4 ) 37.07 ( 172 ) + 5.93 ( + 25 ) 62.93 ( 292 ) + 4.88 ( + 18 ) 100 ( 464 ) ( - 8 ) Thornhill MPP : Gila Martow ( no endorsement ) MP : Peter Kent ( Elliott ) 11.81 ( 66 ) 37.39 ( 209 ) 35.78 ( 200 ) 15.03 ( 84 ) 100 ( 559 ) 38.17 ( 213 ) + 0.78 ( + 4 ) 46.06 ( 257 ) + 10.28 ( + 57 ) 15.77 ( 88 ) + 0.74 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 558 ) ( - 1 ) 50.45 ( 278 ) + 12.28 ( + 65 ) 49.55 ( 273 ) + 3.49 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 551 ) ( - 7 ) Vaughan -- Woodbridge Candidate : Michael Tibollo ( Ford ) 12.54 ( 37 ) 20.34 ( 60 ) 58.98 ( 174 ) 8.14 ( 24 ) 100 ( 295 ) 21.31 ( 62 ) + 0.97 ( + 2 ) 70.10 ( 204 ) + 11.12 ( + 30 ) 8.59 ( 25 ) + 0.46 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 291 ) ( - 4 ) 24.83 ( 71 ) + 3.52 ( + 9 ) 75.18 ( 215 ) + 5.07 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 286 ) ( - 5 ) York -- Simcoe MPP : Julia Munro ( no endorsement ) MP : Peter Van Loan ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Caroline Mulroney ( Mulroney ) 9.69 ( 41 ) 18.68 ( 79 ) 36.64 ( 155 ) 34.99 ( 148 ) 100 ( 423 ) 19.00 ( 80 ) + 0.33 ( + 1 ) 45.61 ( 192 ) + 8.96 ( + 37 ) 35.39 ( 149 ) + 0.40 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 421 ) ( - 2 ) 44.39 ( 178 ) + 25.39 ( + 98 ) 55.61 ( 223 ) + 10.01 ( + 31 ) 100 ( 401 ) ( - 20 ) Barrie -- Innisfil 9.18 ( 64 ) 32.14 ( 224 ) 42.18 ( 294 ) 16.50 ( 115 ) 100 ( 697 ) 33.00 ( 229 ) + 0.86 ( + 5 ) 50.14 ( 348 ) + 7.96 ( + 54 ) 16.86 ( 117 ) + 0.36 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 694 ) ( - 3 ) 43.61 ( 297 ) + 10.62 ( + 68 ) 56.39 ( 384 ) + 6.24 ( + 36 ) 100 ( 681 ) ( - 13 ) Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte MP : Alex Nuttall ( Elliott ) 8.21 ( 70 ) 46.54 ( 397 ) 31.30 ( 267 ) 13.95 ( 119 ) 100 ( 853 ) 47.93 ( 405 ) + 1.39 ( + 8 ) 37.52 ( 317 ) + 6.21 ( + 50 ) 14.56 ( 123 ) + 0.60 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 845 ) ( - 8 ) 58.10 ( 484 ) + 10.17 ( + 79 ) 41.90 ( 349 ) + 4.38 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 833 ) ( - 12 ) Simcoe -- Grey MPP : Jim Wilson ( Elliott ) 13.23 ( 75 ) 41.09 ( 233 ) 33.69 ( 191 ) 11.99 ( 68 ) 100 ( 567 ) 42.30 ( 239 ) + 1.21 ( + 6 ) 44.07 ( 249 ) + 10.39 ( + 58 ) 13.63 ( 77 ) + 1.64 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 565 ) ( - 2 ) 52.44 ( 290 ) + 10.14 ( + 51 ) 47.56 ( 263 ) + 3.49 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 553 ) ( - 12 ) Simcoe North MP : Bruce Stanton ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Jill Dunlop ( Elliott ) 6.91 ( 46 ) 47.90 ( 319 ) 27.18 ( 181 ) 18.02 ( 120 ) 100 ( 666 ) 49.17 ( 325 ) + 1.27 ( + 6 ) 32.22 ( 213 ) + 5.05 ( + 32 ) 18.61 ( 123 ) + 0.59 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 661 ) ( - 5 ) 64.04 ( 415 ) + 14.88 ( + 90 ) 35.96 ( 233 ) + 3.73 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 648 ) ( - 13 ) Durham Ajax Candidate : Rod Phillips ( Mulroney ) 13.35 ( 69 ) 47.97 ( 248 ) 32.30 ( 167 ) 6.38 ( 33 ) 100 ( 517 ) 50.10 ( 257 ) + 2.13 ( + 9 ) 43.28 ( 222 ) + 10.97 ( + 55 ) 6.63 ( 34 ) + 0.25 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 513 ) ( - 4 ) 55.36 ( 284 ) + 5.26 ( + 27 ) 44.64 ( 229 ) + 1.36 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 513 ) ( 0 ) Durham MP : Erin O'Toole ( Elliott ) Candidate : Lindsey Park ( Elliott ) 9.87 ( 117 ) 57.22 ( 678 ) 26.84 ( 318 ) 6.08 ( 72 ) 100 ( 1185 ) 58.02 ( 687 ) + 0.81 ( + 9 ) 35.05 ( 415 ) + 8.22 ( + 97 ) 6.93 ( 82 ) + 0.85 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 1184 ) ( - 1 ) 63.34 ( 748 ) + 5.31 ( + 61 ) 36.66 ( 433 ) + 1.61 ( + 18 ) 100 ( 1181 ) ( - 3 ) Oshawa Candidate : Bob Chapman ( Elliott ) 11.01 ( 69 ) 59.17 ( 371 ) 24.56 ( 154 ) 5.26 ( 33 ) 100 ( 627 ) 60.87 ( 378 ) + 1.70 ( + 7 ) 33.66 ( 209 ) + 9.09 ( + 55 ) 5.48 ( 34 ) + 0.21 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 621 ) ( - 6 ) 64.78 ( 401 ) + 3.91 ( + 23 ) 35.22 ( 218 ) + 1.56 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 619 ) ( - 2 ) Pickering -- Uxbridge Candidate : Peter Bethlenfalvy ( Elliott ) 12.11 ( 69 ) 43.68 ( 249 ) 31.93 ( 182 ) 12.28 ( 70 ) 100 ( 570 ) 44.62 ( 253 ) + 0.94 ( + 4 ) 42.33 ( 240 ) + 10.40 ( + 58 ) 13.05 ( 74 ) + 0.77 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 567 ) ( - 3 ) 54.69 ( 303 ) + 10.07 ( + 50 ) 45.31 ( 251 ) + 2.98 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 554 ) ( - 13 ) Whitby MPP : Lorne Coe ( Elliott ) 6.22 ( 68 ) 74.95 ( 820 ) 15.08 ( 165 ) 3.75 ( 41 ) 100 ( 1094 ) 76.40 ( 832 ) + 1.45 ( + 12 ) 19.56 ( 213 ) + 4.48 ( + 48 ) 4.04 ( 44 ) + 0.29 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 1089 ) ( - 5 ) 79.15 ( 858 ) + 2.75 ( + 26 ) 20.85 ( 226 ) + 1.29 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 1084 ) ( - 5 ) Eastern Ontario ( edit ) show Eastern Ontario Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total National Capital Region Carleton MP : Pierre Poilievre ( no endorsement ) Candidate : Goldie Ghamari ( Elliott ) 18.00 ( 187 ) 27.72 ( 288 ) 26.47 ( 275 ) 27.82 ( 289 ) 100 ( 1039 ) 29.14 ( 301 ) + 1.42 ( + 13 ) 41.34 ( 427 ) + 14.87 ( + 152 ) 29.53 ( 305 ) + 1.71 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 1033 ) ( - 6 ) 50.64 ( 511 ) + 21.51 ( + 210 ) 49.36 ( 498 ) + 8.02 ( + 71 ) 100 ( 1009 ) ( - 24 ) Kanata -- Carleton Candidate : Merrilee Fullerton ( Mulroney ) 15.14 ( 139 ) 30.17 ( 277 ) 22.88 ( 210 ) 31.81 ( 292 ) 100 ( 918 ) 31.93 ( 288 ) + 1.76 ( + 11 ) 35.03 ( 316 ) + 12.16 ( + 106 ) 33.04 ( 298 ) + 1.23 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 902 ) ( - 16 ) 56.57 ( 495 ) + 24.64 ( + 207 ) 43.43 ( 380 ) + 8.40 ( + 64 ) 100 ( 875 ) ( - 27 ) Nepean MPP : Lisa MacLeod ( no endorsement ) 13.84 ( 84 ) 31.63 ( 192 ) 26.03 ( 158 ) 28.50 ( 173 ) 100 ( 607 ) 33.39 ( 202 ) + 1.76 ( + 10 ) 37.36 ( 226 ) + 11.33 ( + 68 ) 29.26 ( 177 ) + 0.75 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 605 ) ( - 2 ) 52.72 ( 310 ) + 19.33 ( + 108 ) 47.28 ( 278 ) + 9.92 ( + 52 ) 100 ( 588 ) ( - 17 ) Orléans Candidate : Cameron Montgomery ( Elliott ) 28.30 ( 161 ) 29.70 ( 169 ) 23.37 ( 133 ) 18.63 ( 106 ) 100 ( 569 ) 32.80 ( 186 ) + 3.10 ( + 17 ) 46.91 ( 266 ) + 23.54 ( + 133 ) 20.28 ( 115 ) + 1.65 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 567 ) ( - 2 ) 47.85 ( 267 ) + 15.05 ( + 81 ) 52.15 ( 291 ) + 5.24 ( + 25 ) 100 ( 558 ) ( - 9 ) Ottawa Centre 15.44 ( 88 ) 35.97 ( 205 ) 19.30 ( 110 ) 29.30 ( 167 ) 100 ( 570 ) 37.74 ( 214 ) + 1.78 ( + 9 ) 31.92 ( 181 ) + 12.62 ( + 71 ) 30.34 ( 172 ) + 1.04 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 567 ) ( - 3 ) 62.03 ( 343 ) + 24.28 ( + 129 ) 37.98 ( 210 ) + 6.05 ( + 29 ) 100 ( 553 ) ( - 14 ) Ottawa South Candidate : Karin Howard ( Elliott ) 21.18 ( 115 ) 35.91 ( 195 ) 19.71 ( 107 ) 23.20 ( 126 ) 100 ( 543 ) 39.96 ( 213 ) + 4.05 ( + 18 ) 36.21 ( 193 ) + 16.51 ( + 86 ) 23.83 ( 127 ) + 0.62 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 533 ) ( - 10 ) 54.63 ( 283 ) + 14.67 ( + 70 ) 45.37 ( 235 ) + 9.16 ( + 42 ) 100 ( 518 ) ( - 15 ) Ottawa -- Vanier Candidate : Fadi Nemr ( Elliott ) 20.00 ( 66 ) 34.55 ( 114 ) 20.61 ( 68 ) 24.85 ( 82 ) 100 ( 330 ) 38.60 ( 127 ) + 4.06 ( + 13 ) 34.04 ( 112 ) + 13.44 ( + 44 ) 27.36 ( 90 ) + 2.51 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 329 ) ( - 1 ) 58.31 ( 186 ) + 19.71 ( + 59 ) 41.69 ( 133 ) + 7.65 ( + 21 ) 100 ( 319 ) ( - 10 ) Ottawa West -- Nepean Candidate : Jeremy Roberts ( Elliott ) 17.10 ( 118 ) 36.67 ( 253 ) 22.75 ( 157 ) 23.48 ( 162 ) 100 ( 690 ) 40.26 ( 277 ) + 3.60 ( + 24 ) 34.01 ( 234 ) + 11.26 ( + 77 ) 25.73 ( 177 ) + 2.25 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 688 ) ( - 2 ) 58.81 ( 394 ) + 18.54 ( + 117 ) 41.19 ( 276 ) + 7.18 ( + 42 ) 100 ( 670 ) ( - 18 ) Eastern Ontario Bay of Quinte MPP : Todd Smith ( Elliott ) 11.76 ( 91 ) 56.85 ( 440 ) 22.35 ( 173 ) 9.04 ( 70 ) 100 ( 774 ) 57.76 ( 443 ) + 0.91 ( + 3 ) 32.86 ( 252 ) + 10.50 ( + 79 ) 9.39 ( 72 ) + 0.34 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 767 ) ( - 7 ) 64.48 ( 492 ) + 6.73 ( + 49 ) 35.52 ( 271 ) + 2.66 ( + 19 ) 100 ( 763 ) ( - 4 ) Glengarry -- Prescott -- Russell Candidate : Amanda Simard ( Elliott ) 22.56 ( 90 ) 30.58 ( 122 ) 26.57 ( 106 ) 20.30 ( 81 ) 100 ( 399 ) 33.00 ( 130 ) + 2.42 ( + 8 ) 44.16 ( 174 ) + 17.60 ( + 68 ) 22.84 ( 90 ) + 2.54 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 394 ) ( - 5 ) 50.52 ( 195 ) + 17.52 ( + 65 ) 49.48 ( 191 ) + 5.32 ( + 17 ) 100 ( 386 ) ( - 8 ) Haliburton -- Kawartha Lakes -- Brock MPP : Laurie Scott ( Elliott ) 11.53 ( 102 ) 41.02 ( 363 ) 34.12 ( 302 ) 13.33 ( 118 ) 100 ( 885 ) 42.17 ( 369 ) + 1.15 ( + 6 ) 43.89 ( 384 ) + 9.76 ( + 82 ) 13.94 ( 122 ) + 0.61 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 875 ) ( - 10 ) 52.36 ( 455 ) + 10.19 ( + 86 ) 47.64 ( 414 ) + 3.76 ( + 30 ) 100 ( 869 ) ( - 6 ) Hastings -- Lennox and Addington Candidate : Daryl Kramp ( Mulroney ) 14.81 ( 73 ) 41.18 ( 203 ) 28.60 ( 141 ) 15.42 ( 76 ) 100 ( 493 ) 43.39 ( 210 ) + 2.21 ( + 7 ) 39.88 ( 193 ) + 11.28 ( + 52 ) 16.74 ( 81 ) + 1.32 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 484 ) ( - 9 ) 57.02 ( 272 ) + 13.64 ( + 62 ) 42.98 ( 205 ) + 3.10 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 477 ) ( - 7 ) Kingston and the Islands 19.14 ( 85 ) 41.89 ( 186 ) 15.32 ( 68 ) 23.65 ( 105 ) 100 ( 444 ) 44.50 ( 194 ) + 2.60 ( + 8 ) 29.82 ( 130 ) + 14.50 ( + 62 ) 25.69 ( 112 ) + 2.04 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 436 ) ( - 8 ) 67.29 ( 286 ) + 22.80 ( + 92 ) 32.71 ( 139 ) + 2.89 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 425 ) ( - 11 ) Lanark -- Frontenac -- Kingston MPP : Randy Hillier ( Elliott ) MP : Scott Reid ( Elliott ) 16.52 ( 77 ) 41.20 ( 192 ) 20.60 ( 96 ) 21.67 ( 101 ) 100 ( 466 ) 43.72 ( 202 ) + 2.52 ( + 10 ) 33.12 ( 153 ) + 12.52 ( + 57 ) 23.16 ( 107 ) + 1.49 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 462 ) ( - 4 ) 60.63 ( 271 ) + 16.90 ( + 69 ) 39.37 ( 176 ) + 6.26 ( + 23 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 15 ) Leeds -- Grenville -- Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes MPP : Steve Clark ( no endorsement ) MP : Gord Brown ( Mulroney ) 11.73 ( 53 ) 26.33 ( 119 ) 31.20 ( 141 ) 30.75 ( 139 ) 100 ( 452 ) 27.29 ( 122 ) + 0.97 ( + 3 ) 41.39 ( 185 ) + 10.19 ( + 44 ) 31.32 ( 140 ) + 0.57 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 5 ) 48.35 ( 205 ) + 21.06 ( + 83 ) 51.65 ( 219 ) + 10.26 ( + 34 ) 100 ( 424 ) ( - 23 ) Northumberland -- Peterborough South Candidate : David Piccini ( Elliott ) 8.57 ( 58 ) 55.69 ( 377 ) 28.21 ( 191 ) 7.53 ( 51 ) 100 ( 677 ) 56.63 ( 380 ) + 0.95 ( + 3 ) 35.02 ( 235 ) + 6.81 ( + 44 ) 8.35 ( 56 ) + 0.81 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 671 ) ( - 6 ) 61.39 ( 407 ) + 4.76 ( + 27 ) 38.61 ( 256 ) + 3.59 ( + 21 ) 100 ( 663 ) ( - 8 ) Peterborough -- Kawartha Candidate : Dave Smith ( Elliott ) 14.62 ( 75 ) 48.54 ( 249 ) 25.34 ( 130 ) 11.50 ( 59 ) 100 ( 513 ) 49.80 ( 253 ) + 1.27 ( + 4 ) 38.58 ( 196 ) + 13.24 ( + 66 ) 11.61 ( 59 ) + 0.11 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 508 ) ( - 5 ) 59.16 ( 297 ) + 9.36 ( + 44 ) 40.84 ( 205 ) + 2.25 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 502 ) ( - 6 ) Stormont -- Dundas -- South Glengarry MPP : Jim McDonell ( Elliott ) MP : Guy Lauzon ( Mulroney ) 11.24 ( 39 ) 40.63 ( 141 ) 29.40 ( 102 ) 18.73 ( 65 ) 100 ( 347 ) 42.11 ( 144 ) + 1.47 ( + 3 ) 37.43 ( 128 ) + 8.03 ( + 26 ) 20.47 ( 70 ) + 1.74 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 342 ) ( - 5 ) 57.70 ( 191 ) + 15.60 ( + 47 ) 42.30 ( 140 ) + 4.87 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 331 ) ( - 11 ) Southwestern Ontario ( edit ) show Southwestern Ontario Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Kitchener - Waterloo Cambridge 21.82 ( 139 ) 42.86 ( 273 ) 23.08 ( 147 ) 12.25 ( 78 ) 100 ( 637 ) 47.06 ( 296 ) + 4.20 ( + 23 ) 39.43 ( 248 ) + 16.35 ( + 101 ) 13.51 ( 85 ) + 1.27 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 629 ) ( - 8 ) 57.79 ( 360 ) + 10.73 ( + 64 ) 42.22 ( 263 ) + 2.79 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 623 ) ( - 6 ) Guelph 16.27 ( 68 ) 38.52 ( 161 ) 27.03 ( 113 ) 18.18 ( 76 ) 100 ( 418 ) 39.52 ( 164 ) + 1.00 ( + 3 ) 40.72 ( 169 ) + 13.69 ( + 56 ) 19.76 ( 82 ) + 1.58 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 415 ) ( - 3 ) 54.59 ( 220 ) + 15.07 ( + 56 ) 45.41 ( 183 ) + 4.69 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 403 ) ( - 12 ) Kitchener Centre Candidate : Mary Henein Thorn ( Elliott ) 30.80 ( 146 ) 36.92 ( 175 ) 20.46 ( 97 ) 11.81 ( 56 ) 100 ( 474 ) 39.61 ( 183 ) + 2.69 ( + 8 ) 46.97 ( 217 ) + 26.51 ( + 120 ) 13.42 ( 62 ) + 1.61 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 462 ) ( - 12 ) 49.78 ( 227 ) + 10.17 ( + 44 ) 50.22 ( 229 ) + 3.25 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 456 ) ( - 6 ) Kitchener -- Conestoga MPP : Michael Harris ( Elliott ) 26.50 ( 141 ) 36.28 ( 193 ) 25.38 ( 135 ) 11.84 ( 63 ) 100 ( 532 ) 39.54 ( 208 ) + 3.27 ( + 15 ) 47.34 ( 249 ) + 21.96 ( + 114 ) 13.12 ( 69 ) + 1.28 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 526 ) ( - 6 ) 50.10 ( 259 ) + 10.55 ( + 51 ) 49.90 ( 258 ) + 2.57 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 517 ) ( - 9 ) Kitchener South -- Hespeler Candidate : Amy Fee ( Elliott ) 16.97 ( 74 ) 40.37 ( 176 ) 30.96 ( 135 ) 11.70 ( 51 ) 100 ( 436 ) 41.16 ( 177 ) + 0.80 ( + 1 ) 45.81 ( 197 ) + 14.85 ( + 62 ) 13.02 ( 56 ) + 1.33 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 430 ) ( - 6 ) 49.53 ( 212 ) + 8.37 ( + 35 ) 50.47 ( 216 ) + 4.65 ( + 19 ) 100 ( 428 ) ( - 2 ) Waterloo 20.32 ( 128 ) 32.06 ( 202 ) 27.46 ( 173 ) 20.16 ( 127 ) 100 ( 630 ) 34.78 ( 216 ) + 2.72 ( + 14 ) 43.96 ( 273 ) + 16.50 ( + 100 ) 21.26 ( 132 ) + 1.10 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 621 ) ( - 9 ) 51.90 ( 314 ) + 17.12 ( + 98 ) 48.10 ( 291 ) + 4.14 ( + 18 ) 100 ( 605 ) ( - 16 ) Wellington -- Halton Hills MPP : Ted Arnott ( Elliott ) MP : Michael Chong ( Elliott ) 22.36 ( 93 ) 35.10 ( 146 ) 28.61 ( 119 ) 13.94 ( 58 ) 100 ( 416 ) 37.07 ( 152 ) + 1.98 ( + 6 ) 48.54 ( 199 ) + 19.93 ( + 80 ) 14.39 ( 59 ) + 0.45 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 410 ) ( - 6 ) 48.14 ( 194 ) + 11.07 ( + 42 ) 51.86 ( 209 ) + 3.32 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 403 ) ( - 7 ) London Elgin -- Middlesex -- London MPP : Jeff Yurek ( Mulroney ) 21.84 ( 154 ) 29.50 ( 208 ) 26.53 ( 187 ) 22.13 ( 156 ) 100 ( 705 ) 31.24 ( 219 ) + 1.74 ( + 11 ) 44.22 ( 310 ) + 17.70 ( + 123 ) 24.54 ( 172 ) + 2.41 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 701 ) ( - 4 ) 49.11 ( 330 ) + 17.87 ( + 111 ) 50.89 ( 342 ) + 6.67 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 672 ) ( - 29 ) London -- Fanshawe 24.90 ( 64 ) 31.13 ( 80 ) 34.24 ( 88 ) 9.73 ( 25 ) 100 ( 257 ) 34.39 ( 87 ) + 3.26 ( + 7 ) 54.55 ( 138 ) + 20.30 ( + 50 ) 11.07 ( 28 ) + 1.34 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 253 ) ( - 4 ) 40.16 ( 100 ) + 5.77 ( + 13 ) 59.84 ( 149 ) + 5.29 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 249 ) ( - 4 ) London North Centre Candidate : Susan Truppe ( Mulroney ) 14.63 ( 98 ) 40.45 ( 271 ) 22.69 ( 152 ) 22.24 ( 149 ) 100 ( 670 ) 42.60 ( 282 ) + 2.15 ( + 11 ) 34.14 ( 226 ) + 11.45 ( + 74 ) 23.26 ( 154 ) + 1.02 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 662 ) ( - 8 ) 60.41 ( 383 ) + 17.81 ( + 101 ) 39.59 ( 251 ) + 5.45 ( + 25 ) 100 ( 634 ) ( - 28 ) London West 16.44 ( 111 ) 43.56 ( 294 ) 19.56 ( 132 ) 20.44 ( 138 ) 100 ( 675 ) 46.48 ( 310 ) + 2.92 ( + 16 ) 31.63 ( 211 ) + 12.08 ( + 79 ) 21.89 ( 146 ) + 1.45 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 667 ) ( - 8 ) 61.80 ( 406 ) + 15.32 ( + 96 ) 38.20 ( 251 ) + 6.57 ( + 40 ) 100 ( 657 ) ( - 10 ) Windsor - Essex Chatham -- Kent -- Leamington MPP : Rick Nicholls ( no endorsement ) 23.08 ( 108 ) 30.34 ( 142 ) 29.49 ( 138 ) 17.09 ( 80 ) 100 ( 468 ) 33.33 ( 152 ) + 2.99 ( + 10 ) 48.03 ( 219 ) + 18.54 ( + 81 ) 18.64 ( 85 ) + 1.55 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 456 ) ( - 12 ) 46.53 ( 208 ) + 13.20 ( + 56 ) 53.47 ( 239 ) + 5.44 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 9 ) Essex 32.71 ( 123 ) 26.06 ( 98 ) 23.94 ( 90 ) 17.29 ( 65 ) 100 ( 376 ) 27.87 ( 102 ) + 1.81 ( + 4 ) 51.91 ( 190 ) + 27.98 ( + 100 ) 20.22 ( 74 ) + 2.93 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 366 ) ( - 10 ) 42.14 ( 150 ) + 14.27 ( + 48 ) 57.87 ( 206 ) + 5.95 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 356 ) ( - 10 ) Windsor -- Tecumseh Candidate : Mohammad Latif ( Elliott ) 31.68 ( 64 ) 27.23 ( 55 ) 27.23 ( 55 ) 13.86 ( 28 ) 100 ( 202 ) 28.06 ( 55 ) + 0.83 ( + 0 ) 56.63 ( 111 ) + 29.41 ( + 56 ) 15.31 ( 30 ) + 1.45 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 196 ) ( - 6 ) 39.27 ( 75 ) + 11.21 ( + 20 ) 60.73 ( 116 ) + 4.10 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 191 ) ( - 5 ) Windsor West Candidate : Adam Ibrahim ( Elliott ) 24.06 ( 45 ) 20.32 ( 38 ) 26.74 ( 50 ) 28.88 ( 54 ) 100 ( 187 ) 22.28 ( 41 ) + 1.96 ( + 3 ) 46.74 ( 86 ) + 20.00 ( + 36 ) 30.98 ( 57 ) + 2.10 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 184 ) ( - 3 ) 41.46 ( 68 ) + 19.18 ( + 27 ) 58.54 ( 96 ) + 11.80 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 164 ) ( - 20 ) Rural Brantford -- Brant MP : Phil McColeman ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Will Bouma ( Mulroney ) 23.85 ( 176 ) 28.18 ( 208 ) 32.66 ( 241 ) 15.31 ( 113 ) 100 ( 738 ) 32.01 ( 234 ) + 3.83 ( + 26 ) 50.75 ( 371 ) + 18.10 ( + 130 ) 17.24 ( 126 ) + 1.93 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 731 ) ( - 7 ) 43.91 ( 317 ) + 11.90 ( + 83 ) 56.09 ( 405 ) + 5.34 ( + 34 ) 100 ( 722 ) ( - 9 ) Bruce -- Grey -- Owen Sound MPP : Bill Walker ( Elliott ) 19.55 ( 166 ) 40.17 ( 341 ) 22.85 ( 194 ) 17.43 ( 148 ) 100 ( 849 ) 41.86 ( 352 ) + 1.69 ( + 11 ) 39.00 ( 328 ) + 16.15 ( + 134 ) 19.14 ( 161 ) + 1.71 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 841 ) ( - 8 ) 56.04 ( 459 ) + 14.19 ( + 107 ) 43.96 ( 360 ) + 4.96 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 819 ) ( - 22 ) Dufferin -- Caledon MPP : Sylvia Jones ( no endorsement ) MP : David Tilson ( Mulroney ) 13.42 ( 132 ) 32.93 ( 324 ) 37.70 ( 371 ) 15.96 ( 157 ) 100 ( 984 ) 33.98 ( 333 ) + 1.05 ( + 9 ) 49.18 ( 482 ) + 11.48 ( + 111 ) 16.84 ( 165 ) + 0.88 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 980 ) ( - 4 ) 46.64 ( 451 ) + 12.66 ( + 118 ) 53.36 ( 516 ) + 4.18 ( + 34 ) 100 ( 967 ) ( - 13 ) Haldimand -- Norfolk MPP : Toby Barrett ( Ford ) MP : Diane Finley ( Mulroney ) 24.44 ( 120 ) 25.66 ( 126 ) 39.72 ( 195 ) 10.18 ( 50 ) 100 ( 491 ) 29.10 ( 142 ) + 3.44 ( + 16 ) 59.02 ( 288 ) + 19.30 ( + 93 ) 11.89 ( 58 ) + 1.70 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 488 ) ( - 3 ) 38.33 ( 184 ) + 9.24 ( + 42 ) 61.67 ( 296 ) + 2.65 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 480 ) ( - 8 ) Huron -- Bruce MPP : Lisa Thompson ( no endorsement ) MP : Ben Lobb ( Elliott ) 24.47 ( 138 ) 37.59 ( 212 ) 21.63 ( 122 ) 16.31 ( 92 ) 100 ( 564 ) 41.11 ( 229 ) + 3.52 ( + 17 ) 40.40 ( 225 ) + 18.76 ( + 103 ) 18.49 ( 103 ) + 2.18 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 557 ) ( - 7 ) 54.44 ( 294 ) + 13.33 ( + 65 ) 45.56 ( 246 ) + 5.16 ( + 21 ) 100 ( 540 ) ( - 17 ) Lambton -- Kent -- Middlesex MPP : Monte McNaughton ( Mulroney ) 20.31 ( 92 ) 23.84 ( 108 ) 26.49 ( 120 ) 29.36 ( 133 ) 100 ( 453 ) 27.07 ( 121 ) + 3.23 ( + 13 ) 40.94 ( 183 ) + 14.45 ( + 63 ) 31.99 ( 143 ) + 2.63 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 6 ) 46.95 ( 200 ) + 19.88 ( + 79 ) 53.05 ( 226 ) + 12.11 ( + 43 ) 100 ( 426 ) ( - 21 ) Oxford MPP : Ernie Hardeman ( Elliott ) 28.29 ( 187 ) 31.92 ( 211 ) 26.32 ( 174 ) 13.46 ( 89 ) 100 ( 661 ) 35.64 ( 232 ) + 3.72 ( + 21 ) 49.00 ( 319 ) + 22.68 ( + 145 ) 15.36 ( 100 ) + 1.90 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 651 ) ( - 10 ) 46.09 ( 295 ) + 10.46 ( + 63 ) 53.91 ( 345 ) + 4.90 ( + 26 ) 100 ( 640 ) ( - 11 ) Perth -- Wellington MPP : Randy Pettapiece ( Elliott ) MP : John Nater ( Elliott ) 20.71 ( 111 ) 37.13 ( 199 ) 27.05 ( 145 ) 15.11 ( 81 ) 100 ( 536 ) 38.61 ( 205 ) + 1.48 ( + 6 ) 45.01 ( 239 ) + 17.96 ( + 94 ) 16.38 ( 87 ) + 1.27 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 531 ) ( - 5 ) 51.81 ( 272 ) + 13.20 ( + 67 ) 48.19 ( 253 ) + 3.18 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 525 ) ( - 6 ) Sarnia -- Lambton MPP : Bob Bailey ( Mulroney ) MP : Marilyn Gladu ( Elliott ) 24.34 ( 147 ) 27.65 ( 167 ) 28.81 ( 174 ) 19.21 ( 116 ) 100 ( 604 ) 28.45 ( 169 ) + 0.80 ( + 2 ) 49.83 ( 296 ) + 21.02 ( + 122 ) 21.72 ( 129 ) + 2.51 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 594 ) ( - 10 ) 42.91 ( 245 ) + 14.46 ( + 76 ) 57.09 ( 326 ) + 7.26 ( + 30 ) 100 ( 571 ) ( - 23 ) Northern Ontario ( edit ) show Northern Ontario Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total h Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Algoma -- Manitoulin 23.94 ( 45 ) 27.66 ( 52 ) 38.83 ( 73 ) 9.57 ( 18 ) 100 ( 188 ) 29.41 ( 55 ) + 1.75 ( + 3 ) 59.89 ( 112 ) + 21.06 ( + 39 ) 10.70 ( 20 ) + 1.12 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 187 ) ( - 1 ) 37.63 ( 70 ) + 8.22 ( + 15 ) 62.37 ( 116 ) + 2.47 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 186 ) ( - 1 ) Kenora -- Rainy River Candidate : Greg Rickford ( Mulroney ) 15.79 ( 30 ) 22.11 ( 42 ) 22.11 ( 42 ) 40.00 ( 76 ) 100 ( 190 ) 23.40 ( 44 ) + 1.30 ( + 2 ) 35.11 ( 66 ) + 13.00 ( + 24 ) 41.49 ( 78 ) + 1.49 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 188 ) ( - 2 ) 58.33 ( 105 ) + 34.93 ( + 61 ) 41.67 ( 75 ) + 6.56 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 180 ) ( - 8 ) Nickel Belt 11.26 ( 17 ) 27.15 ( 41 ) 38.41 ( 58 ) 23.18 ( 35 ) 100 ( 151 ) 28.48 ( 43 ) + 1.33 ( + 2 ) 48.34 ( 73 ) + 9.93 ( + 15 ) 23.18 ( 35 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 151 ) ( 0 ) 45.27 ( 67 ) + 16.79 ( + 24 ) 54.73 ( 81 ) + 6.39 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 148 ) ( - 3 ) Nipissing MPP : Vic Fedeli ( no endorsement ) 16.82 ( 56 ) 48.35 ( 161 ) 19.82 ( 66 ) 15.02 ( 50 ) 100 ( 333 ) 50.30 ( 166 ) + 1.96 ( + 5 ) 33.64 ( 111 ) + 13.82 ( + 45 ) 16.06 ( 53 ) + 1.05 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 330 ) ( - 3 ) 61.68 ( 198 ) + 11.38 ( + 32 ) 38.32 ( 123 ) + 4.68 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 321 ) ( - 9 ) Parry Sound -- Muskoka MPP : Norm Miller ( Mulroney ) MP : Tony Clement ( Mulroney ) 6.44 ( 32 ) 33.20 ( 165 ) 30.99 ( 154 ) 29.38 ( 146 ) 100 ( 497 ) 34.00 ( 169 ) + 0.81 ( + 4 ) 35.61 ( 177 ) + 4.63 ( + 23 ) 30.38 ( 151 ) + 1.01 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 497 ) ( 0 ) 59.92 ( 293 ) + 25.91 ( + 124 ) 40.08 ( 196 ) + 4.47 ( + 19 ) 100 ( 489 ) ( - 8 ) Renfrew -- Nipissing -- Pembroke MPP : John Yakabuski ( Mulroney ) 26.66 ( 169 ) 17.82 ( 113 ) 31.07 ( 197 ) 24.45 ( 155 ) 100 ( 634 ) 21.05 ( 132 ) + 3.23 ( + 19 ) 53.11 ( 333 ) + 22.04 ( + 136 ) 25.84 ( 162 ) + 1.39 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 627 ) ( - 7 ) 38.29 ( 229 ) + 17.24 ( + 97 ) 61.71 ( 369 ) + 8.60 ( + 36 ) 100 ( 598 ) ( - 29 ) Sault Ste . Marie MPP : Ross Romano ( Elliott ) 23.23 ( 36 ) 41.94 ( 65 ) 23.87 ( 37 ) 10.97 ( 17 ) 100 ( 155 ) 45.03 ( 68 ) + 3.10 ( + 3 ) 43.05 ( 65 ) + 19.18 ( + 28 ) 11.92 ( 18 ) + 0.95 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 151 ) ( - 4 ) 54.00 ( 81 ) + 8.97 ( + 13 ) 46.00 ( 69 ) + 2.95 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 150 ) ( - 1 ) Sudbury 13.94 ( 29 ) 33.17 ( 69 ) 37.02 ( 77 ) 15.87 ( 33 ) 100 ( 208 ) 33.98 ( 70 ) + 0.81 ( + 1 ) 49.52 ( 102 ) + 12.50 ( + 25 ) 16.51 ( 34 ) + 0.64 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 206 ) ( - 2 ) 44.55 ( 90 ) + 10.57 ( + 20 ) 55.45 ( 112 ) + 5.93 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 202 ) ( - 4 ) Thunder Bay -- Atikokan 23.56 ( 41 ) 41.95 ( 73 ) 22.41 ( 39 ) 12.07 ( 21 ) 100 ( 174 ) 44.51 ( 77 ) + 2.56 ( + 4 ) 41.62 ( 72 ) + 19.20 ( + 33 ) 13.87 ( 24 ) + 1.80 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 173 ) ( - 1 ) 52.91 ( 91 ) + 8.40 ( + 14 ) 47.09 ( 81 ) + 5.48 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 172 ) ( - 1 ) Thunder Bay -- Superior North Candidate : Derek Parks ( Elliott ) 14.39 ( 19 ) 28.79 ( 38 ) 33.33 ( 44 ) 23.49 ( 31 ) 100 ( 132 ) 31.06 ( 41 ) + 2.27 ( + 3 ) 44.70 ( 59 ) + 11.36 ( + 15 ) 24.24 ( 32 ) + 0.76 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 132 ) ( 0 ) 48.82 ( 62 ) + 17.76 ( + 21 ) 51.18 ( 65 ) + 6.48 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 127 ) ( - 5 ) Timiskaming -- Cochrane 25.87 ( 37 ) 24.48 ( 35 ) 36.36 ( 52 ) 13.29 ( 19 ) 100 ( 143 ) 25.35 ( 36 ) + 0.88 ( + 1 ) 60.56 ( 86 ) + 24.20 ( + 34 ) 14.09 ( 20 ) + 0.80 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 142 ) ( - 1 ) 35.97 ( 50 ) + 10.62 ( + 14 ) 64.03 ( 89 ) + 3.47 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 139 ) ( - 3 ) Timmins 4.00 ( 4 ) 25.00 ( 25 ) 21.00 ( 21 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) 78 ( 78 ) 25.00 ( 25 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 25.00 ( 25 ) + 4.00 ( + 4 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 78 ( 78 ) ( 0 ) 49.00 ( 49 ) + 24.00 ( + 24 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) + 3.00 ( + 3 ) 77 ( 77 ) ( - 1 ) Kiiwetinoong Candidate : Clifford Bull ( Mulroney ) 3.00 ( 3 ) 3.00 ( 3 ) 11.00 ( 11 ) 17.00 ( 17 ) 34 ( 34 ) 3.00 ( 3 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 13.00 ( 13 ) + 2.00 ( + 2 ) 18.00 ( 18 ) + 1.00 ( + 1 ) 34 ( 34 ) ( 0 ) 14.00 ( 14 ) + 11.00 ( + 11 ) 17.00 ( 17 ) + 4.00 ( + 4 ) 31 ( 31 ) ( - 3 ) Mushkegowuk -- James Bay Candidate : André Robichaud ( Mulroney ) 3.00 ( 3 ) 1.00 ( 1 ) 8.00 ( 8 ) 43.00 ( 43 ) 55 ( 55 ) 1.00 ( 1 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 11.00 ( 11 ) + 3.00 ( + 3 ) 43.00 ( 43 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 55 ( 55 ) ( 0 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) + 27.00 ( + 27 ) 15.00 ( 15 ) + 4.00 ( + 4 ) 43 ( 43 ) ( - 12 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Niagara Falls from 1995 to 2003 Jump up ^ Also seeking the PC nomination in London West , for the upcoming Provincial election Jump up ^ Also served as Mayor of Whitby , Ontario , from 2006 to 2014 Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Oak Ridges -- Markham from 2008 to 2015 ; previously endorsed Mulroney Jump up ^ Also serving as Durham Regional Councillor for Oshawa Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also serving as Waterloo Catholic District School Board Trustee for Kitchener / Wilmot Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Mulroney Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Brampton -- Springdale from 2011 to 2015 Jump up ^ Also served as Ottawa City Councillor for Mooney 's Bay Ward from 1994 to 1999 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also serving as Markham City Councillor for Ward 7 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown and Mulroney Jump up ^ Also serving as Russell Township Councillor Jump up ^ Also serving as Hamilton City Councillor for Ward 7 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also seeking the PC nomination in Markham -- Unionville for the upcoming Provincial election Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Brampton West -- Mississauga from 1995 to 2003 Jump up ^ Previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Dufferin -- Peel -- Wellington -- Grey from 1990 to 2002 Jump up ^ former president of the PCPO Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Halton Centre from 1995 to 1999 Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Leeds -- Grenville from 1981 to 2010 Jump up ^ Also serving as Brant County councillor for Ward 1 Jump up ^ Also serving as Lac Seul First Nation Band Chief Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Prince Edward -- Hastings from 2004 to 2015 Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Burlington from 2011 to 2014 Jump up ^ Also serving as Deputy Mayor of Toronto and City Councillor for Ward 34 ( Don Valley East ) Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Kenora from 2008 to 2015 Jump up ^ Also served as MP for London North Centre from 2011 to 2015 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Ford Jump up ^ previously endorsed Mulroney Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Nipissing from 2002 and 2003 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.ontariopc.ca/statements_on_ontario_pc_leadership_race ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario PCs to hold leadership race before next election '' . CBC News . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . All 200,000 members of the party will vote on March 24 on a new leader Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown resigns as Ontario PC leader after sexual misconduct allegations '' . CBC News . January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zarzour , Kim ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` More trouble , controversy dog Ontario PC Party '' . Richmond Hill Liberal . Metroland Media Group . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown only being vetted for Ontario PC leadership because he was stripped of riding nomination : official '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ontario-pcs-must-overturn-nomination-races-plagued-by-voter-fraud-complaints-officials-activists/article37957261/ Jump up ^ `` Hamilton police launch investigation into PC nomination '' . CTV Toronto News . 2018 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Furey , Anthony ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PCs will benefit from an early leadership race '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benzie , Robert ; Ferguson , Rob ; Rushowy , Kristin ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Tories looking for new leader after Patrick Brown sex scandal '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ; Benzie , Robert ; Rushowy , Kristin ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Tories pick Fedeli as interim leader after Patrick Brown sex scandal , but will hold spring leadership contest '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ontariopc/pages/2651/attachments/original/1517491181/Leadership_Rules_-_Final_and_Approved_-_2018-01-31.pdf?1517491181 Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford says Ontario PCs trying to undermine his leadership campaign by restricting new membership sign - ups '' . National Post . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ford has ' concerns ' about membership period , online voting in PC leadership race '' . CP24.com. 2018 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Former MPP says botched online voting system could spell disaster for Ontario PC leadership election '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Maher , Stephen ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PC Party president Rick Dykstra resigns after sexual assault accusation '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Ford to run for the leadership of Ontario 's Progressive Conservatives '' . Toronto Star . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Ford running for Ont . PC Party leadership '' . CP24 . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario PC interim leader Vic Fedeli not running for party leadership '' . CBC . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wallace , James ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PCs to endorse open leadership campaign Wednesday : Insiders '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benitah , Sandie ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Elliott confirms run for PC leadership ; Source says Mulroney will also make a bid '' . CTV News Toronto . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Ford officially launches bid for leadership of Ontario PC Party '' . CBC News . The Canadian Press . February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffords , Shawn ; Loriggio , Paola ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Caroline Mulroney joins Ontario PC leadership race '' . CTV News . The Canadian Press . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tanya Granic Allen plans to join Ontario PC leadership race '' . Global News . The Canadian Press . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Opponent of Ontario 's sex ed curriculum enters PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Rob ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Toronto to host first of two Ontario PC leadership debates '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Amara ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ex-leader Patrick Brown expelled from Ontario PC caucus '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Brown registers to run in PC leadership race '' . CBC News . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown only being vetted for Ontario PC leadership because he was stripped of riding nomination : official '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/decision-made-on-former-ontario-pc-leader-patrick-browns-bid-to-run-for-party-leadership/article38050184/ ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Brown withdraws from PC leadership race '' . CTV News Barrie . The Canadian Press . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Important Dates '' . Leadership 2018 . Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario PC leadership candidates to debate in London , Ont '' . Global News . February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three PC leadership hopefuls square off in last debate before voting '' . Global News . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . It was attended by former Tory legislator Christine Elliott , former Toronto city councillor Doug Ford , and parental rights activist Tanya Granic Allen . Toronto lawyer Caroline Mulroney declined an invitation . Jump up ^ Tang , Justin ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PCs extend deadline for leadership vote sign - up '' . The Globe and Mail . The Canadian Press . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . A senior party source says the deadline to vote for Patrick Brown 's replacement has been pushed back to noon on Friday , March 9 , a half day later than the original deadline . Jump up ^ Judge rejects injunction to extend Ontario PC leadership race http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-pc-leadership-injunction-denied-1.4568607 Shared via the CBC News Android App Jump up ^ `` Ontario PC Party unable to announce new leader as ' review ' underway '' . CTV News . Canadian Press . March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs - Leadership 2018 - Ontario PC Party '' . Leadership.ontariopc.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Elliott refuses to concede Ontario PC Party leadership to Doug Ford '' . Global News . March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Elliott refuses to concede to Doug Ford , throwing Ontario PC leadership into chaos '' . CBC News . March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christine Elliott meets new Ontario PC Leader Doug Ford , gives him her support http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/doug-ford-christine-elliott-meeting-1.4571798 Jump up ^ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca , Zone Politique - . `` Un premier candidat pour la direction du PC en Ontario ; Caroline Mulroney aussi pressentie '' . Radio-Canada.ca . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors Abilities Centre '' . www.abilitiescentre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Rob ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Mulroney prepared to change the Progressive Conservative platform '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ nurun.com . `` Elliott on board with high - speed rail '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ; Ferguson , Rob ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Former MPP Christine Elliott joins Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership race , Caroline Mulroney to follow '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leadership Contestants '' . Political Entities in Ontario . Elections Ontario . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` It 's still early , but Christine Elliott has most caucus support in PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Meagan ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Erin O'Toole takes pass on Ontario PC leadership , endorses Christine Elliott '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Conservative MP Erin O'Toole is taking a pass on running for the Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership , CBC has learned , and is instead backing Christine Elliott . ( ... ) Jim Wilson , the Ontario PC House leader , tweeted Friday that Elliott has his `` full support , is the best person for the job and will be the next Premier of Ontario . '' Lorne Coe , the MPP for Elliott 's old riding of Whitby - Oshawa , also offered his endorsement . Jump up ^ `` Hardeman Announces Support for Christine Elliott '' . Heart FM Local News . Byrnes Communications . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seebruch , Nick ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` MPP Jim McDonell endorses Christine Elliot '' . Cornwall Seaway News . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Werner , Kevin ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Niagara West - Glanbrook Tory MPP Sam Oosterhoff backs Christine Elliott in party leadership race '' . Stoney Creek News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Christine ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Thank you , @ RossRomanoSSM ! From real progress on the Ring of Fire to investing in improved health care access , I will fight for Northern Ontarians as Leader and as Premier. https://twitter.com/RossRomanoSSM/status/968877210420613120 ... '' . @ celliottability . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Thank you for your support , Laurie ... - Christine Elliott '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Foot , David ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Smith supporting Elliott in PC leadership race '' . Quinte News . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dean Allison ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` '' Happy to endorse Christine Elliott for OntarioPC leader . @ celliottability # onpoli # PCPOLdrâ € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Haws , Emily ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Mulroney comes out ahead with 10 Conservative caucus endorsements in Ontario PC leadership race '' . The Hill Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) . `` '' MP peter kent planned to stay out of the @ OntarioPCParty leadership race . But `` I 'm moved by recent personal shots - low blows - to now publicly state my support for the most experienced , most positive candidate '' : @ celliottability # onpoli # PCPOLdr `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.christine2018.ca/endorsements ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Christine ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Thank you for your support , @ AlexNuttallMP ! We need to win so that we can bring the change Ontario needs.pic.twitter.com/k9g9dHwjv6 '' . @ celliottability . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Devoy , Desmond ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Area MP , MPP endorse Christine Elliott for provincial PC leadership '' . Perth Courier . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Ashe ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) . `` '' At a great politician who will be a great Premier . I know she is for jobs too I suppose that means she will like the thousands of new jobs associated with Durham Live ... https://t.co/0mhVdAjRmo `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Skelly - Flamborough Glanbrook - Home '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Feb 11 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Steven Cooke on Twitter : `` Check out Christine Elliott . I just joined because Ontario need leadership that 's ready . https://t.co/TLuiWHAVKb '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine Elliott ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` '' Grateful to Toronto Budget Chief and City Councillor @ CllrCrawford for your support ! And thank you for your hard work in serving the millions of residents in Ontario 's and Canada 's largest city . # PCPOLdr # PCPO # onpoli ... https://t.co/xIEXXI6K8L `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fearrey , Murray ( @ Fearreym ) ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Great news a person of intelligence , with grass roots , political ( sic ) experience and connected to the party . ( sic ) Christine Elliot will be strong , fair ( sic ) and good for Ontario , A positive figure in the race for the Ontario PC Party '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pat Fortini ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` '' It 's an honour to support Christine Elliott @ celliottability for Ontario PC Leadership ! # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr # PCPO # onpoli ... https://t.co/OvdZSU4bGY `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Knoll , Jeff ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` I am pleased to endorse Christine Elliott for the leadership of the PC Party of Ontario ! She has the experience and she is Ready Now ! @ celliottability # PCPOLdr # ReadyNow http://www.christine2018.ca/ pic.twitter.com/UQl17FOkl1 '' . @ CouncillorKnoll . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine Elliott ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) . `` '' I 'm the most experienced candidate to win on June 7 . However , as far as experience goes , Milton Mayor Gordon Krantz has me beat by a mile . Gord 's the longest serving Mayor of a major municipality in Cda w / 52 yrs in politics ! Hon 'd to have your endorsement sir . # pcpoldr # onpoliâ € Ś https://t.co/SVVJgGpknv `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lishchyna , Natalia ( @ DrNataliaL ) ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` '' Proud to support Christine Elliott @ celliottability ! # readynow # PCPOLdr # onpoli # pcpo '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maves , Bart ( @ bartmaves ) ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` '' @ celliottability : I 'm in ! # pcpo # onpoli '' Great news ! ! ! You 've always been a friend to Niagara . You 're the Leader Ontario needs ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sandy McConkey ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) . `` '' As a women I have to choose @ celliottability she has the wisdom , grace and maturity to lead our province and take on @ Kathleen_Wynne . `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Quirk , Tony ( @ tonyquirk ) ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Had to leave the tele - townhall early to attend Town Council in Grimsby , but @ celliottability is definitely Ready ! Now ! To Lead ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jake Skinner ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) . `` '' Friends , I am excited to announce that I am supporting Christine Elliott for Leader of our @ OntarioPCParty ! As her Lead Organizer in # LdnOnt I ask that you visit https://t.co/s9OF8VgPkT by Friday to get your Membership to vote for @ CElliottability , the next Premier of # ONpoli ! đ& # x ; TM Œâ € Ś https://t.co/z1s5CAUNQg `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine Elliott ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) . `` '' Enjoyed meeting members of the PC Party in Mississauga last night . Thank you to City Councillor @ RonStarr6 for your friendship and kind words. ... https://t.co/UC9HIJCxty `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Our Team '' . Christine Elliott -- Ready . Now . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christine ElliottVerified account ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Christine Elliott on Twitter : `` So honoured to have the support of former MPP Dianne Cunningham - the first woman to ever run for leader of our party and a role model to so many of us . # pcpoldr # pcpo # ReadyNow ... https://t.co/EGTBbRmHPv '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine ElliottVerified account ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Christine Elliott on Twitter : `` Thank you for your support , @ CostasMenegakis . Great to have you on our team ! # onpoli # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr ... `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Feb 27 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` John Sanderson on Twitter : `` After hearing all the @ OntarioPCParty candidates & now that Patrick has stepped out , I am putting my support behind @ celliottability . We need a POSITIVE , experienced & strong leader . Christine Elliott is the right choice for # Ontario Christine is # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr # onpoli ... https://t.co/ilWa3NpW7T '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/sheajon/with_replies?lang=en Jump up ^ Feb 26 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Deepak Anand on Twitter : `` Now more than ever , we must unite the Party . That is why I am proud to endorse @ celliottability for @ OntarioPCParty Leader . She is ready to lead , and her experience will lead us to victory on June 7th . # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr # PCPO # onpoli # AIM4Deepak # TeamMississaugaMaltonPCPO ... https://t.co/ApFxzEuds3 '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Baber , Roman ( @ Roman_Baber ) ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ANNOUNCEMENT Honoured to become co-Chair of the @ celliottability 2018 PC Leadership Campaign . With 16 candidates and 11 MPPs , we believe that Christine is the most electible and experienced person to lead us in to June 2018 ! # christine2018.ca . ( sic ) # onpoli # ontariopcldr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bethlenfalvy , Peter ( @ PBethlenfalvy ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to announce my full support for @ celliottability as the next leader of the Ontario PC Party . She is ready for the job and in the best position to defeat Kathleen Wynne in 2018 . # PCPOldr # pcpo # readynow # onpoli # experience '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Michael HarrisVerified account ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Michael Harris on Twitter : `` Waterloo Region PC Candidates Endorse Christine Elliott for Leader of the PC Party # onpoli # pcpo # ReadyNow # UnitedWithChristine https://t.co/mYpgU3yeHM ... https://t.co/CJaVHjX95P '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Goldie Ghamari '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Henein Thorn , Mary ( @ HeneinThorn ) ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Electable , Relatable & Experienced ! @ celliottability our best choice for the next Premier of Ontario ! # onpoli # PCPO '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Christine Hogarth ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Christine Hogarth on Twitter : `` Proud to support @ celliottability as the next Leader of the Ontario PC Party . You must be a member to vote . The deadline to purchase your membership is February 16 . Visit https://t.co/pHlj7lXY6l . Purchase your membership today. ... https://t.co/CiPISoEEbx '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mar 2 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Adam Ibrahim on Twitter : `` Honoured to have @ celliottability in Windsor today to address the concerns of Windsorites and ensure our voices will be always be heard . # yqg # onpoli # pcpo ... https://t.co/HoW3XzP580 '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mar 1 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Mohammad Latif on Twitter : `` Pleased to host @ celliottability with @ TecumsehJoe @ Andrew_Dowie @ srduquette3 tonight at our HQ . # YQG ... `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Levitt , Ben . `` It 's an honour to stand behind @ celliottability for the leadership of the Ontario PC Party in this most important election . Christine will lead our Party to victory so that we can bring about the change that Ontarians need and want . # HWAD # HamOnt # ONpoli '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bart Maves ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) . `` '' @ mcshane_chuck : Proud to support Christine Elliott for leadership of the Ontario PC Party . https://t.co/lOPgDzxAcU '' the right choice ! `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Reevely , David ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Reevely : Patrick Brown 's quest for redemption starts with allies from his life in federal politics '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemr , Fadi ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` pic.twitter.com/Ecv0PkPUlI '' . @ FadiNemr . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Christine ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Thank you , Lindsey ! https://twitter.com/lparkpc/status/968923625540562944 ... '' . @ celliottability . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chistine2018.ca/Endorcements '' . Jump up ^ Piccini , David ( @ DavidPiccini ) ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Proud to endorse @ celliottability for @ OntarioPCParty leader ! She is ready to lead , now ! # onpoli # cdnpoli # pcpo # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Roberts - `` As a former staffer to the late Jim ... '' Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nina Tangri ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) . `` '' It was great to host @ celliottability today in Mississauga - Streetsville and have her discuss her vision for this province when she is elected as Premier . Thank you to @ SherefSabawyPC @ Deepak__anand @ Sue_Ward10 for coming today . https://t.co/7wtHenqAaR # PCPOLdr # PCPO ... https://t.co/Gdy7lutLoX `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) . `` '' a break for @ celliottability : former MP now PC candidate for milton @ ParmGill has switched his endorsement from @ C_Mulroney to @ celliottability . # onpoli # PCPOLdr `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ MSOntarioPC ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) . `` '' BREAKING : # Mississauga - Streetsville PC candidate @ ninatangri has given her endorsement and support to @ celliottability Ready . Now. ... https://t.co/SySjskS8e4 `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trent Conservatives ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) . `` '' We are happy to announce our endorsement of Christine Elliott ! In order to vote in this upcoming leadership election , you must purchase a PC membership by February 16th , 11 : 59 P.M. . # ReadyNow ... https://t.co/t4b7aQPc5b `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kay , Jonathan ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Christine Elliott is the right leader for a # MeToo moment '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ford to seek nomination for Etobicoke North '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia News . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brown down , who 's up ? 7 potential successors to lead Ontario PCs '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia News . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Codi ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford says he is considering Ontario PC leadership run '' . CP24 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rider , David ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford abandons plans for mayoral election rematch , puts ' pedal to the metal ' in Ontario PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy , Kristin ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford tells supporters Tories must present Ontario voters with ' responsible vision ' '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Sue - Ann ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` More than 1,500 attend Doug Ford rally on a snowy night '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Toby . `` Statement '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Crisanti , Vincent ( @ vcrisanti ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you Laura a powerful message , I predict thousands will do the same and Join Team Ford '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ford , Michael ( @ MichaelFordTO ) ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Today , I am proud and honored to be standing by Doug @ fordnation as he announces his bid to become the next leader of the PCPO and Premier of our great province . This is a critical moment for Ontario , a time where we need strong and reliable leadership for all '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Doug . `` Happy to have the support of two School Trustees in Ontario , Billy Pang and Allan Tam '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pickford , Mike ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Williams calls for Ford - led PCs to oust liberals in June election '' . Orangeville Citizen . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Doug ( 10 : 58 AM - 14 Feb 2018 ) . `` Thankful to have the support of Frank Klees , a legendary PC Party stalwart and a good friend . # pcpo # onpoli # pcpoldr https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1574501346004157&id=636279863159648 ... '' . @ fordnation . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Vincent Ke ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) . `` '' I am proud to give @ fordnation my support for @ OntarioPCParty leader # PCPOLdr # onpoliâ € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Charity ( 10 : 40 AM - 2 Mar 2018 ) . `` Vote Doug Ford @ fordnation for PC Leader ! He will put the people of Ontario first and not the insiders. # PCPO # PCPOLdr # onpoli # FordNation # DougFordpic.twitter.com/GzUUxdiiYa '' . @ CharityMcGrath1 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ford , Doug ( @ fordnation ) ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you to my friend @ MichaelATibollo the @ OntarioPCParty member for Vaughan - Woodbridge for his support and kind introduction at my Rally for a Better # Ontario . Looking forward to working with you Michael . # PCPO # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Selley , Chris ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford makes everything worse for Ontario PC party ' elites ' '' . National Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . At first blush , Ford does n't make a heck of a lot of sense as a magnet for so - con votes . But Charles McVety , head of Canada Christian College and a longtime leader on the Christian Right , is already foursquare behind him . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford anointed - literally - by controversial evangelical pastor as part of effort to win social conservatives '' . National Post . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Meagan ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Who is Tanya Granic Allen , the kingmaker in the Ont . PC leadership race , and what 's next for her ? '' . CBC News . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Catholic Civil Rights League ( CCRL ) Welcomes the PC Leadership Campaign of Our Board Member Tanya Granic Allen '' . News , Editorials and Events . Catholic Civil Rights League . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Abortion and politics '' . CBC News . October 10 , 2017 . Green Party Leader Elizabeth May , Campaign Life spokesperson Tanya Granic Allen and anti-abortion protesters discuss the abortion debate Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why many women are putting their careers on pause to have children while in their 20s '' . The National Post . Tanya Granic Allen was an upwardly mobile 20 - something woman in Toronto : She lived in a Bay Street condo , worked at least 60 hours a week as a political staffer at City Hall , went out `` constantly '' with friends , and hosted fabulous parties . ^ Jump up to : Laurence , Lianne ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Pro-family , sex - ed foe and mother of 4 runs for Ontario Conservative leadership '' . LifeSiteNews . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-life Catholic Tanya Granic Allen taking a run at Ontario PC leadership '' . The Catholic Register . February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Jacques ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` White nationalist endorses Tanya Granic Allen 's Tory leadership campaign '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario PC leadership candidate distances campaign from online support from white nationalist '' . CBC News . February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Sex - ed and other social - conservative hot buttons starting to light up Ontario Tory leadership race '' . National Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . The Campaign Life Coalition -- Canada 's biggest anti-abortion group -- will throw its support behind Granic Allen , said spokesman Jack Fonseca . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Mulroney named Ontario PC candidate in York - Simcoe riding '' . The Globe and Mail . The Canadian Press . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caroline Mulroney says she will bring major change to PC party at first campaign event '' . CP24 . The Canadian Press . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tasker , John Paul ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Caroline Mulroney defends shifting position on carbon tax , suggests legal action against Ottawa could stop it '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robert Benzie ; Rob Ferguson ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Elliott , Ford , Mulroney sound death knell for People 's Guarantee by opposing carbon tax '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Craggs , Samantha ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mulroney pledges to honour $1 B for Hamilton 's LRT project if she wins '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Mulroney 's mad scramble to make a name for herself - Macleans.ca '' . Macleans.ca. 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 SW Ontario Tory MPPs back Mulroney in PC leadership race '' . CBC News . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zajac , Ronald ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` I can beat Wynne : Mulroney '' . Brockville Recorder and Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . As he introduced the Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership candidate to a crowd of about 60 at the 1000 Islands Mall , Leeds - Grenville - Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes MP Gord Brown threw his support behind Mulroney . Jump up ^ Hambleton , Todd ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Caroline Mulroney visits St. Andrews West '' . Cornwall Standard - Freeholder . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ Phil4Brant ! With you 're support , I 'll beat Kathleen Wynne and the Liberals in June and bring fresh leadership to Queen 's Park . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Tim ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Brace yourself for the return of Brian Mulroney and his legacy '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Bruce . `` # LETSGETITDONE @ C_Mulroney '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ SenatorNgo ! With your support , I 'll put an end to the Liberal waste at Queen 's Park . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Deni , Nancy ( @ deni_nancy ) ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` You can do it @ C_Mulroney ! ! You 'll have my vote ! # onpoli # timeforchange # pcpo @ OntarioPCParty '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Eric Duncan '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Snobelen , John ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` It 's simple , Ontario needs Caroline Mulroney '' . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you David Turnbull for your support ! Under my leadership , we will make Ontario a place of prosperity for families once more . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ BalGosal for your support ! Ontario needs fresh leadership , and with your help , I will deliver change to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McNaughton , Monte ( @ montemcnaughton ) ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` This is great news for Caroline Mulroney . Former MP @ TedOpitz endorses @ C_Mulroney . Welcome to the team , Ted . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( 10 : 11 AM -- 24 February 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ PeterMacKay ! I am the only candidate in this race who can unite our Party and bring fiscal responsibility back to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdrpic.twitter.com/hk4APAGkmW '' . @ C_Mulroney . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Loriggio , Paola ( 5 March 2018 ) . `` Brian Mulroney hits campaign trail for daughter Caroline as PC leadership race hits final stretch '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ Joe_Preston ! With your support , I will put an end to the Liberals ' outrageous spending and put Ontario back on a path to prosperity . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you Terence Young for your support ! With your help , we 'll beat Kathleen Wynne and the Liberals on June 7th and bring economic prosperity back to Ontario ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . Twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you Con Di Nino for your support ! With your help I 'll bring fresh leadership to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_mulroney ) ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you Senator Bob Runciman for your support ! Ontario needs fresh leadership , and with your help , we will deliver on that change . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ WillBoumaBrant for your support ! With your help , we 'll bring fresh leadership to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you Chief Clifford Bull for your support ! Together we will work to bring economic opportunity and growth back to Northern Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cho , Stan ( @ VoteStanCho ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` So proud to be supporting @ C_Mulroney for leader ! She 's the change we need for Ontario ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_Mulroney ) ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ stcrawford2 for your support ! Together we will bring about positive change for all generations of Ontarians ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kieran , Jon ( @ jonwkieran ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 3 / 3 I express enthusiastic support for @ C_Mulroney and her quest to lead Ontario PC 's . She IS the right person for this job ! Voters keep reminding me at the door : We WILL defeat a desperate Premier on June 7 - in DVW - if Caroline is our Leader . # ONPoli # PCPOldr # Ready4Change '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Vis , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Rickford endorses Mulroney to lead Ontario PCs '' . TB News Watch . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Greg Rickford is one of five former federal MPs and current provincial PC candidates to back Caroline Mulroney to be the next leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservatives ... The other MP5 members are London North Centre 's Susan Truppe , Milton 's Parm Gill , Hastings - Lennox and Addington 's Daryl Kramp and Markham - Stoufville 's Paul Calandra . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ c_mulroney ) ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Great to be in Vaughan tonight with Team @ Sflecce ! Thank you Stephen for your endorsement . I have every confidence you will be a fantastic MPP for King - Vaughan ! # letsgetitdone # pcpo # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ McKenna , Jane ( @ janemckennapc ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm supporting @ C_Mulroney to be the next # PCPO leader and # onpoli Premier . She will be the fresh start our party needs to look forward , not back . She 's got my vote ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Minnan - Wong , Denzil ( @ DenzilMW ) ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to support @ C_Mulroney for # PCPOLdr She 's smart , passionate & ready to do the work ! # LetsGetItDone # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Benzie , Robert ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` PC candidate Rod Phillips withdraws from leadership race to back Caroline Mulroney '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_mulroney ) ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ krasheedpc ! With your support , we will form a PC government that brings real change to the GTA and all Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( 11 : 48 AM - 19 Feb 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ AndreRobichaud1 for your support ! Together we will bring economic development and opportunity back to northern Ontario ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdrpic.twitter.com/pY08AhXWmJ '' . @ C_Mulroney . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sarkaria , Prabmeet S. ( @ PrabSarkaria ) ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` We must offer Ontarians a positive and forward - looking conservative to vote for , which is why I am endorsing @ C_Mulroney for @ OntarioPCParty leader ! It 's time to be bold . It 's time for a fresh and dynamic leader . It 's time for generational change . # LetsGetItDone '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Smith , Gillian ( @ gilliansmith73 ) ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to support @ C_Mulroney in her bid to lead the @ OntarioPCParty . We 've been friends for 10 + years . I admire her career success , commitment to community and devotion to her young family . I want politics done differently ; Caroline is the change Ontario needs . # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Effie Triantafilopoulos ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) . `` '' Thank you @ C_Mulroney ! It was an easy choice . I and many @ OntarioPCParty members of # Oakville North - # BurlON believe your leadership will bring # realchange to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone on June 7th and get rid of the politically corrupt @ Kathleen_Wynne . # PCPOldr ... https://t.co/aozAmzobUG `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Conrad Black : What happened to Patrick Brown was outrageous -- but also an opportunity '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Black : Our politics is getting silly . We can and must do better '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Rob ; Benzie , Robert ; Rushowy , Kristin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Brown gets the green light to enter PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown out of PC leadership race '' . Toronto Sun . 2018 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ his leadership ' is a recipe for disaster ' , Patrick Brown tells supporters at rally `` , February 18 , 2018 , CBC News Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown intends to drop out of Ontario PC leadership race , campaign sources say '' . National Post . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown directed top Tories to ' get me the result I want ' in nomination now being probed by police '' . Toronto Star . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario 's integrity watchdog to investigate ousted Tory leader Patrick Brown '' . iPolitics . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramp - Neuman , Shelby . `` Proud to support @ brownbarrie for PC leadership ! Let 's finish what we started ! '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Arsalides , Mike ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` ' Support has been fantastic ' : Brown meets with supporters in Simcoe North '' . CTV News . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Crowder , Troy ( @ TroyCrowder ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Proud to support @ brownbarrie in the # PCPOldr race . Buy your membership before 11 : 58p. m. to vote secure.ontariopc.com/Partyjoin # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cuzzetto , Rudy ( @ RudyCuzzetto ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` I am proud to support Patrick Brown '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mark DeMontis ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) . `` '' Standing behind @ brownbarrie today , thatâ € TM sa guarantee ... `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Johal , Jass ( @ votejohalPC ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` I support Patrick Brown . He is always our leader @ brownbarrie '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pacis , Angely ( @ AngelyPacis ) ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` He Built It , He Grew It , He Filled it 's Coffers and now He 's going to be Premier . For the WIN ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Brown & Supporters : Live today at 1PM '' . YouTube . 2018 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_mulroney ) ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ DrDionneDuncan ! With your support we will once again make Ontario an affordable place to live and do business ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Aaron ( @ AaronGHopkins ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Durham RIDING # grasroots is behind @ brownbarrie . We need more members and support then ever ! Renew and buy you membership TONIGHT before midnight . @ OntarioPCParty '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Justin ; Howlett , Karen ; Stone , Laura ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario Tories to vote on new leader before province 's June election '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Moments after Mr. Dykstra 's announcement , Mr. Fedeli said he planned to run for the permanent leadership . ' I fully expect to be the leader that takes us into the election . I was made party leader by the caucus in a unanimous decision ( on Friday ) , ' he said . ^ Jump up to : Young , Gord ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' We 're all going to cheer for him ' '' . North Bay Nugget . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Rodney ( @ RodneyJackson ) ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to support @ VicFedeliMPP as the permanent leader of the @ OntarioPCParty leader . Time for stable leadership is now and Vic is the man ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leeson , Ben ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Northern PCs rally behind Fedeli '' . North Bay Nugget . Postmedia Network . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Furey , Anthony ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` After a rough week , Ontario PCs turn a page with whirlwind leadership race '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paikin , Steve ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The surprise frontrunner for the Tory leadership '' . Steve Paikin 's Blog : TVO Current Affairs . TVOntario . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Just today , another rookie candidate , Pickering -- Uxbridge 's Peter Bethlenfalvy , confirmed to me in a phone call that he 's considering a run at the leadership ; he wants to bring his wealth of experience in the financial sector to the contest . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fedeli tackling allegations of questionable party spending in Brown era '' . Toronto . ^ Jump up to : Ireton , Julie ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Veteran MPPs wo n't play favourites in PC leadership race '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Both Clark and MacLeod were initially rumoured to be potential leadership candidates themselves , but each has decided against a run for the top job . ^ Jump up to : `` Next Ontario PC leader ' will not be me , ' says MP Lisa Raitt '' . CBC News . January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pickford , Mike ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Sylvia Jones wo n't run , will remain neutral in PC leadership contest '' . Orangeville Citizen . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Activist shut out of Tory leadership race '' . Waterloo Region Record . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levy , Sue - Ann ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Brown 's successor does n't have to be a woman '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Klees , President , Klees & Associates Ltd , former PC MPP talk about the ORNGE air ambulance case . - The John Oakley Show '' . Omny.fm . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Doug Ford ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) . `` '' Thankful to have the support of Frank Klees , a legendary PC Party stalwart and a good friend . # pcpo # onpoli # pcpoldr https://t.co/AcQOk2YAL2 `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Levy , Sue - Ann ( @ SueAnnLevy ) ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Nope I 'm not interested in the job ... I just say what I believe is right , not necessarily popular ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Raymond , Ted ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lisa MacLeod will not run for PC leadership '' . CTV News Ottawa . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Colin ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Monte McNaughton says he wo n't run for Ontario PC leadership '' . CBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith Cross , Jessica ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` MP Alex Nuttall calls Brown 's downfall ' an inside ' job , rails against party 's elites '' . QP Briefing . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Local reaction to Patrick Brown 's PC leadership bid '' . CTV News Barrie . February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawton , Andrew ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin O'Leary wo n't seek Ontario PC leadership , but will be ' agitator ' in race '' . Global News Toronto . Global News . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Read , Max ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Talking Basement - Dwellers With Jordan Peterson , Reddit 's New Favorite Philosopher '' . New York . New York . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Peterson considered running for leadership of Ontario 's conservative party last week , after its leader resigned in a sexual - harassment scandal . Ultimately , he decided against it . Jump up ^ Della - Mattia , Elaine ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Romano says no to leadership race '' . Sault Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Ross ( @ RossRomanoSSM ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick has continually demonstrated his commitment to the people of Northern Ontario . Together we will ensure prosperity for the North . He got knocked down but he got back up again . His fighting spirit is exactly what this province needs to defeat Kathleen Wynne ! # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Todd Smith wo n't run for PC leadership '' . Belleville Intelligencer . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tory , John ( @ JohnTory ) ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` I have a job here that 's keeping me fully occupied and there is so much to do here in the City of Toronto - it is the economic engine of Ontario and Canada '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Paikin , Steve ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` A whirlwind weekend for Ontario 's Tories '' . Steve Paikin 's Blog : TVO Current Affairs . TVOntario . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` Brown campaign claims its internal polling shows he 's gaining support in the Ontario PC leadership race '' . National Post . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario_leadership_election,_2018&oldid=852447448 '' Categories : Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership elections 2018 elections in Canada Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 CS1 errors : dates Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 02 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the leader of the pc party in ontario
[ "The 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election was held on March 10, 2018,[1][2] due to the resignation of party leader Patrick Brown on January 25, 2018, following allegations of sexual misconduct.[3] Winner Doug Ford narrowly defeated runner-up Christine Elliott on the third ballot with 50.6% of allocated points.\n" ]
[ "Doug Ford" ]
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List of mammals of Ireland
List of mammals of Ireland - Wikipedia List of mammals of Ireland Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the 60 mammal species recorded in Ireland . A new Red List of Irish terrestrial mammals was published in 2009 and all 26 terrestrial species native to Ireland , or naturalised in Ireland before 1500 , were assessed . Of these , one was found to be regionally extinct ( grey wolf Canis lupus ) , one achieved a threat status of Vulnerable ( black rat Rattus rattus ) , three were found to be Near Threatened ( Leisler 's bat Nyctalus leisleri ) , otter ( Lutra lutra ) and red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) , one was data deficient ( Brandt 's bat Myotis brandtii ) and the remaining 20 were of least concern . The following tag are used to highlight each species ' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN : EX Extinct No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died . EW Extinct in the wild Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized populations well outside its previous range . CR Critically endangered The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild . EN Endangered The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild . VU Vulnerable The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild . NT Near threatened The species does not meet any of the criteria that would categorise it as risking extinction but it is likely to do so in the future . LC Least concern There are no current identifiable risks to the species . DD Data deficient There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subclass : Theria 1.1 Infraclass : Eutheria 1.1. 1 Order : Rodentia ( rodents ) 1.1. 2 Order : Lagomorpha ( lagomorphs ) 1.1. 3 Order : Erinaceomorpha ( hedgehogs and gymnures ) 1.1. 4 Order : Soricomorpha ( shrews , moles , and solenodons ) 1.1. 5 Order : Chiroptera ( bats ) 1.1. 6 Order : Cetacea ( whales ) 1.1. 7 Order : Carnivora ( carnivorans ) 1.1. 8 Order : Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 Comparison with Great Britain 6 External links Subclass : theria ( edit ) Infraclass : eutheria ( edit ) Order : rodentia ( rodents ) ( edit ) Red squirrel Rodents make up the largest order of mammals , with over 40 percent of mammalian species . They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be keep short by gnawing . Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg ( 100 lb ) . Suborder : Sciurognathi Family : Sciuridae ( squirrels ) Subfamily : Sciurinae Genus : Sciurus Red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris NT Eastern grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis LC Introduced Family : Cricetidae Subfamily : Arvicolinae Genus : Myodes Bank vole Myodes glareolus LC Introduced Family : Muridae ( mice , rats , etc . ) Subfamily : Murinae Genus : Mus House mouse Mus musculus LC Genus : Apodemus Wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus LC Genus : Rattus Brown rat Rattus norvegicus - LC Introduced Black rat Rattus rattus - VU Introduced Family : Gliridae Subfamily : Leithiinae Genus : Muscardinus Hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius - LC Introduced Order : lagomorpha ( lagomorphs ) ( edit ) European rabbit The lagomorphs comprise two families , Leporidae ( hares and rabbits ) , and Ochotonidae ( pikas ) . Though they can resemble rodents , and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century , they have since been considered a separate order . They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics , such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two . Family : Leporidae ( rabbits , hares ) Genus : Oryctolagus European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus LC Introduced Genus : Lepus Irish hare Lepus timidus LC European hare Lepus europaeus - LC Introduced Order : Erinaceomorpha ( hedgehogs and gymnures ) ( edit ) West European hedgehog The order Erinaceomorpha contains a single family , Erinaceidae , which comprise the hedgehogs and gymnures . The hedgehogs are easily recognised by their spines while gymnures look more like large rats . Family : Erinaceidae ( hedgehogs ) Subfamily : Erinaceinae Genus : Erinaceus West European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus LC Order : soricomorpha ( shrews , moles , and solenodons ) ( edit ) Eurasian pygmy shrew The `` shrew - forms '' are insectivorous mammals . The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice while the moles are stout - bodied burrowers . Family : Soricidae ( shrews ) Subfamily : Soricinae Genus : Sorex Eurasian pygmy shrew Sorex minutus LC Genus : Crocidura Greater white - toothed shrew Crocidura russula , LC Introduced Order : chiroptera ( bats ) ( edit ) Daubenton 's bat Brown long - eared bat The bats ' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings , making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight . Bat species account for about 20 % of all mammals . Family : Vespertilionidae Subfamily : Myotinae Genus : Myotis Daubenton 's bat Myotis daubentonii LC Whiskered bat Myotis mystacinus LC Brandt 's bat Myotis brandti DD Natterer 's bat Myotis nattereri LC Subfamily : Vespertilioninae Genus : Nyctalus Leisler 's bat Nyctalus leisleri NT Genus : Pipistrellus Common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus LC Soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus LC Nathusius pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii LC Genus : Plecotus Brown long - eared bat Plecotus auritus LC Family : Rhinolophidae Subfamily : Rhinolophinae Genus : Rhinolophus Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros LC Order : Cetacea ( whales ) ( edit ) North Atlantic right whale Humpback whale diving . Beluga Harbour porpoise Risso 's dolphin Bull killer whale The order Cetacea includes whales , dolphins , and porpoises . They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle - shaped nearly hairless body , protected by a thick layer of blubber , and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater . Suborder : Mysticeti Family : Balaenidae ( right whales ) Genus : Balaena Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus CR Vagrant Genus : Eubalaena North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis CR or Functionally Extinct in Eastern Atlantic Family : Eschrichtiidae ( gray whales ) Genus : Eschrichtius North Atlantic gray whale Eschrichtius robustus EX Family : Balaenopteridae ( rorqual ) Subfamily : Balaenopterinae Genus : Balaenoptera Common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata LC Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis EN Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus NT Blue whale Balaenoptera m. musculus EN Family : Megapterinae Genus : Megaptera Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae LC Suborder : Odontoceti Superfamily : Platanistoidea Family : Monodontidae ( narwhals ) Genus : Delphinapterus Beluga Delphinapterus leucas LC Vagrant Family : Phocoenidae ( porpoises ) Genus : Phocoena Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena VU Family : Physeteridae ( sperm whales ) Genus : Physeter Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus VU Family : Kogiidae Genus : Kogia Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps DD Vagrant Family : Ziphidae ( beaked whales ) Genus : Ziphius Cuvier 's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris DD Subfamily : Hyperoodontinae Genus : Hyperoodon North Atlantic Bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus DD Genus : Mesoplodon Sowerby 's beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens DD Gervais ' beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus DD True 's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus DD Family : Delphinidae ( marine dolphins ) Genus : Delphinus Short - beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis DD Genus : Tursiops Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus DD Genus : Stenella Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba DD Genus : Lagenorhynchus Atlantic white - sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus LC White - beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris LC Genus : Grampus Risso 's dolphin Grampus griseus DD Genus : Globicephala Pilot whale Globicephala melas DD Genus : Pseudorca False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens DD Vagrant Genus : Orcinus Orca Orcinus orca DD Order : carnivora ( carnivorans ) ( edit ) Stoat Grey seal Carnivorans include over 260 species , the majority of which eat meat as their primary dietary item . They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition . Suborder : Caniformia Family : Canidae ( dogs , foxes ) Genus : Vulpes Red fox Vulpes vulpes LC Genus : Canis Grey wolf Canis lupus EX Family : Mustelidae ( mustelids ) Genus : Neovison American mink Neovison vison , LC Introduced Genus : Mustela Stoat Mustela erminea LC Genus : Martes European pine marten Martes martes LC Genus : Meles Eurasian badger Meles meles LC Genus : Lutra European otter Lutra lutra NT Family : Odobenidae Genus : Odobenus Walrus Odobenus rosmarus VU Vagrant Family : Phocidae ( earless seals ) Genus : Halichoerus Grey seal Halichoerus grypus LC Genus : Phoca Common seal Phoca vitulina LC Genus : Erignathus Bearded seal Erignathus barbatus LC Vagrant Genus : Pusa Ringed seal Pusa hispida LC Vagrant Genus : Pagophilus Harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus LC Vagrant Genus : Cystophora Hooded seal Cystophora cristatus VU Vagrant Order : artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) ( edit ) Red deer The even - toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes , rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls . There are about 220 artiodactyl species , including many that are of great economic importance to humans . Family : Suidae ( pigs ) Subfamily : Suinae Genus : Sus Boar Sus scrofa LC recent reintroduction . Family : Cervidae ( deer ) Subfamily : Cervinae Genus : Cervus Red deer Cervus elaphus LC - introduced around 5,000 years ago . Reeves 's muntjac Muntiacus reevesi LC - recent introduction Sika deer Cervus nippon LC Introduced Subfamily : Capreolinae Genus : Dama Fallow deer Dama dama LC Introduced See also ( edit ) List of chordate orders List of regional mammals lists List of prehistoric mammals Mammal classification New mammal species Fauna of Ireland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals and includes those mammals that have been classified as extinct since 1500 . The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN , Smithsonian Institution , or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available . Jump up ^ Emma Sheehy , Colin Lawton , 2015 Distribution of the non-native Hazel Dormouse ( Muscardinus avellanarius ) in Ireland. Irish Naturalists ' Journal Volume 34 , Part 1 : 13 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eccleston , Paul ( 28 April 2008 ) . `` Barn owl helps to find new Irish shrew '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rare arctic bowhead whale seen off Cornwall - BBC News '' . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ orcaweb - www.orcaweb.org.uk Jump up ^ `` A geographical perspective on the decline and extermination of the Irish wolf canis lupus '' ( PDF ) . Kieran R. Hickey . Department of Geography , National University of Ireland , Galway . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry red deer ancestry traced to population introduced to Ireland by ancient peoples over 5,000 years ago '' . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Natural Heritage Research Partnership Muntjac Knowledge Transfer References ( edit ) `` Marnell , F. , Kingston , N. & Looney , D. ( 2009 ) Ireland Red List No. 3 : Terrestrial Mammals , National Parks and Wildlife Service , Department of the Environment , Heritage and Local Government , Dublin , Ireland '' ( PDF ) . National Parks and Wildlife Service , Department of the Environment , Heritage and Local Government , Dublin , Ireland . 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . `` Mammal Species of the World '' . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . `` Animal Diversity Web '' . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1995 -- 2006 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Smiddy , P. 1999 Re-assessment of the Irish records of ringed , harp and hooded seals . Irish Naturalists ' Journal 26 : 249 - 250 Comparison with great Britain ( edit ) The following species are found in Great Britain but not in Ireland : Field vole Microtus agrestis Common vole M. arvalis Water vole Arvicola terrestris Harvest mouse Micromys minutus Yellow - necked mouse A. flavicollis Edible dormouse Glis glis European mole Talpa europaea Common shrew Sorex araneus Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens Lesser white - toothed shrew Crocidura suaveolens Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater mouse - eared bat Myotis myotis Bechstein 's bat M. bechsteini Parti - coloured bat Vespertilio murinus Serotine Eptesicus serotinus Northern bat E. nilssoni Common noctule Nyctalus noctula Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus Grey long - eared bat Plecotus austriacus Least weasel Mustela nivalis European polecat M. putorius European wildcat Felis sylvestris silvestris Red - necked wallaby Macropus rufogriseus Water deer Hydropotes inermis -- Introduced c. 1896 . Eurasian beaver Castor fiber -- Reintroduced 2009 External links ( edit ) Ulster Museum Northern Ireland Mammals , Amphibians and Reptiles. Includes more extinct mammals . NPWS Breeding populations of Grey seals in the Republic of Ireland Irish Whale and Dolphin Group ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Fauna of Ireland Invertebrates : Arachnids Beetles Bryozoa Butterflies Cnidarians Annelida Nemertea Sea squirts Crustaceans Echinoderms Moths Centipedes and millipedes Damselflies and dragonflies Grasshoppers and bush - crickets Non-marine molluscs Marine molluscs Two - winged flies Sponges Bees and wasps Bugs Vertebrates : Amphibians Birds Fish Mammals Reptiles Endemic species of Britain & Ireland List of mammals of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mammals_of_Ireland&oldid=835456202 '' Categories : Lists of mammals by location Lists of biota of Ireland Mammals of Europe Fauna of Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many mammal species live wild in ireland today
[ "This is a list of the 60 mammal species recorded in Ireland. A new Red List of Irish terrestrial mammals was published in 2009 and all 26 terrestrial species native to Ireland, or naturalised in Ireland before 1500, were assessed. Of these, one was found to be regionally extinct (grey wolf Canis lupus), one achieved a threat status of Vulnerable (black rat Rattus rattus), three were found to be Near Threatened (Leisler's bat Nyctalus leisleri), otter (Lutra lutra) and red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), one was data deficient (Brandt's bat Myotis brandtii) and the remaining 20 were of least concern.[1]" ]
[ "60" ]
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Geomagnetic reversal
Geomagnetic reversal - wikipedia Geomagnetic reversal Jump to : navigation , search `` Magnetic reversal '' redirects here . For switching of a magnet , see Magnetization reversal . `` Polarity reversal '' redirects here . For a seismic anomaly , see Polarity reversal ( seismology ) . Geomagnetic polarity during the last 5 million years ( Pliocene and Quaternary , late Cenozoic Era ) . Dark areas denote periods where the polarity matches today 's normal polarity ; light areas denote periods where that polarity is reversed . A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet 's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged , while geographic north and geographic south remain the same . The Earth 's field has alternated between periods of normal polarity , in which the predominant direction of the field was the same as the present direction , and reverse polarity , in which it was the opposite . These periods are called chrons . The time spans of chrons are randomly distributed with most being between 0.1 and 1 million years with an average of 450,000 years . Most reversals are estimated to take between 1,000 and 10,000 years . The latest one , the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal , occurred 780,000 years ago , and may have happened very quickly , within a human lifetime . A brief complete reversal , known as the Laschamp event , occurred only 41,000 years ago during the last glacial period . That reversal lasted only about 440 years with the actual change of polarity lasting around 250 years . During this change the strength of the magnetic field weakened to 5 % of its present strength . Brief disruptions that do not result in reversal are called geomagnetic excursions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Observing past fields 3 Geomagnetic polarity time scale 3.1 Changing frequency over time 3.2 Superchrons 3.3 Statistical properties of reversals 4 Character of transitions 4.1 Duration 4.2 Magnetic field 5 Causes 5.1 Hypothesized triggers 6 Effects on biosphere 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) In the early 20th century , geologists first noticed that some volcanic rocks were magnetized opposite to the direction of the local Earth 's field . The first estimate of the timing of magnetic reversals was made by Motonori Matuyama in the 1920s ; he observed that rocks with reversed fields were all of early Pleistocene age or older . At the time , the Earth 's polarity was poorly understood , and the possibility of reversal aroused little interest . Three decades later , when Earth 's magnetic field was better understood , theories were advanced suggesting that the Earth 's field might have reversed in the remote past . Most paleomagnetic research in the late 1950s included an examination of the wandering of the poles and continental drift . Although it was discovered that some rocks would reverse their magnetic field while cooling , it became apparent that most magnetized volcanic rocks preserved traces of the Earth 's magnetic field at the time the rocks had cooled . In the absence of reliable methods for obtaining absolute ages for rocks , it was thought that reversals occurred approximately every million years . The next major advance in understanding reversals came when techniques for radiometric dating were developed in the 1950s . Allan Cox and Richard Doell , at the United States Geological Survey , wanted to know whether reversals occurred at regular intervals , and invited the geochronologist Brent Dalrymple to join their group . They produced the first magnetic - polarity time scale in 1959 . As they accumulated data , they continued to refine this scale in competition with Don Tarling and Ian McDougall at the Australian National University . A group led by Neil Opdyke at the Lamont - Doherty Geological Observatory showed that the same pattern of reversals was recorded in sediments from deep - sea cores . During the 1950s and 1960s information about variations in the Earth 's magnetic field was gathered largely by means of research vessels . But the complex routes of ocean cruises rendered the association of navigational data with magnetometer readings difficult . Only when data were plotted on a map did it become apparent that remarkably regular and continuous magnetic stripes appeared on the ocean floors . In 1963 , Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews provided a simple explanation by combining the seafloor spreading theory of Harry Hess with the known time scale of reversals : new sea floor is magnetized in the direction of the then - current field . Thus , sea floor spreading from a central ridge will produce pairs of magnetic stripes parallel to the ridge . Canadian L.W. Morley independently proposed a similar explanation in January 1963 , but his work was rejected by the scientific journals Nature and Journal of Geophysical Research , and remained unpublished until 1967 , when it appeared in the literary magazine Saturday Review . The Morley -- Vine -- Matthews hypothesis was the first key scientific test of the seafloor spreading theory of continental drift . Beginning in 1966 , Lamont -- Doherty Geological Observatory scientists found that the magnetic profiles across the Pacific - Antarctic Ridge were symmetrical and matched the pattern in the north Atlantic 's Reykjanes ridge . The same magnetic anomalies were found over most of the world 's oceans , which permitted estimates for when most of the oceanic crust had developed . Observing past fields ( edit ) Geomagnetic polarity since the middle Jurassic . Dark areas denote periods where the polarity matches today 's polarity , while light areas denote periods where that polarity is reversed . The Cretaceous Normal superchron is visible as the broad , uninterrupted black band near the middle of the image . Past field reversals can be and have been recorded in the `` frozen '' ferromagnetic ( or , more accurately , ferrimagnetic ) minerals of consolidated sedimentary deposits or cooled volcanic flows on land . The past record of geomagnetic reversals was first noticed by observing the magnetic stripe `` anomalies '' on the ocean floor . Lawrence W. Morley , Frederick John Vine and Drummond Hoyle Matthews made the connection to seafloor spreading in the Morley - Vine - Matthews hypothesis which soon led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics . The relatively constant rate at which the sea floor spreads results in substrate `` stripes '' from which past magnetic field polarity can be inferred from data gathered from towing a magnetometer along the sea floor . Because no existing unsubducted sea floor ( or sea floor thrust onto continental plates ) is more than about 180 million years ( Ma ) old , other methods are necessary for detecting older reversals . Most sedimentary rocks incorporate tiny amounts of iron rich minerals , whose orientation is influenced by the ambient magnetic field at the time at which they formed . These rocks can preserve a record of the field if it is not later erased by chemical , physical or biological change . Because the magnetic field is global , similar patterns of magnetic variations at different sites may be used to correlate age in different locations . In the past four decades much paleomagnetic data about seafloor ages ( up to ~ 250 Ma ) has been collected and is useful in estimating the age of geologic sections . Not an independent dating method , it depends on `` absolute '' age dating methods like radioisotopic systems to derive numeric ages . It has become especially useful to metamorphic and igneous geologists where index fossils are seldom available . Geomagnetic polarity time scale ( edit ) Further information : Magnetostratigraphy Through analysis of seafloor magnetic anomalies and dating of reversal sequences on land , paleomagnetists have been developing a Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale ( GPTS ) . The current time scale contains 184 polarity intervals in the last 83 million years . Changing frequency over time ( edit ) The rate of reversals in the Earth 's magnetic field has varied widely over time . 72 million years ago ( Ma ) , the field reversed 5 times in a million years . In a 4 - million - year period centered on 54 Ma , there were 10 reversals ; at around 42 Ma , 17 reversals took place in the span of 3 million years . In a period of 3 million years centering on 24 Ma , 13 reversals occurred . No fewer than 51 reversals occurred in a 12 - million - year period , centering on 15 million years ago . Two reversals occurred during a span of 50,000 years . These eras of frequent reversals have been counterbalanced by a few `` superchrons '' -- long periods when no reversals took place . Superchrons ( edit ) A superchron is a polarity interval lasting at least 10 million years . There are two well - established superchrons , the Cretaceous Normal and the Kiaman . A third candidate , the Moyero , is more controversial . The Jurassic Quiet Zone in ocean magnetic anomalies was once thought to represent a superchron , but is now attributed to other causes . The Cretaceous Normal ( also called the Cretaceous Superchron or C34 ) lasted for almost 40 million years , from about 120 to 83 million years ago , including stages of the Cretaceous period from the Aptian through the Santonian . The frequency of magnetic reversals steadily decreased prior to the period , reaching its low point ( no reversals ) during the period . Between the Cretaceous Normal and the present , the frequency has generally increased slowly . The Kiaman Reverse Superchron lasted from approximately the late Carboniferous to the late Permian , or for more than 50 million years , from around 312 to 262 million years ago . The magnetic field had reversed polarity . The name `` Kiaman '' derives from the Australian village of Kiama , where some of the first geological evidence of the superchron was found in 1925 . The Ordovician is suspected to have hosted another superchron , called the Moyero Reverse Superchron , lasting more than 20 million years ( 485 to 463 million years ago ) . Thus far , this possible superchron has only been found in the Moyero river section north of the polar circle in Siberia . Moreover , the best data from elsewhere in the world do not show evidence for this superchron . Certain regions of ocean floor , older than 160 Ma , have low - amplitude magnetic anomalies that are hard to interpret . They are found off the east coast of North America , the northwest coast of Africa , and the western Pacific . They were once thought to represent a superchron called the Jurassic Quiet Zone , but magnetic anomalies are found on land during this period . The geomagnetic field is known to have low intensity between about 130 Ma and 170 Ma , and these sections of ocean floor are especially deep , causing the geomagnetic signal to be attenuated between the seabed and the surface . Statistical properties of reversals ( edit ) Several studies have analyzed the statistical properties of reversals in the hope of learning something about their underlying mechanism . The discriminating power of statistical tests is limited by the small number of polarity intervals . Nevertheless , some general features are well established . In particular , the pattern of reversals is random . There is no correlation between the lengths of polarity intervals . There is no preference for either normal or reversed polarity , and no statistical difference between the distributions of these polarities . This lack of bias is also a robust prediction of dynamo theory . There is no rate of reversals , as they are statistically random . The randomness of the reversals is inconsistent with periodicity , but several authors have claimed to find periodicity . However , these results are probably artifacts of an analysis using sliding windows to attempt to determine reversal rates . Most statistical models of reversals have analyzed them in terms of a Poisson process or other kinds of renewal process . A Poisson process would have , on average , a constant reversal rate , so it is common to use a non-stationary Poisson process . However , compared to a Poisson process , there is a reduced probability of reversal for tens of thousands of years after a reversal . This could be due to an inhibition in the underlying mechanism , or it could just mean that some shorter polarity intervals have been missed . A random reversal pattern with inhibition can be represented by a gamma process . In 2006 , a team of physicists at the University of Calabria found that the reversals also conform to a Lévy distribution , which describes stochastic processes with long - ranging correlations between events in time . The data are also consistent with a deterministic , but chaotic , process . Character of transitions ( edit ) Duration ( edit ) Most estimates for the duration of a polarity transition are between 1,000 and 10,000 years , but some estimates are as quick as a human lifetime . Studies of 15 - million - year - old lava flows on Steens Mountain , Oregon , indicate that the Earth 's magnetic field is capable of shifting at a rate of up to 6 degrees per day . This was initially met with skepticism from paleomagnetists . Even if changes occur that quickly in the core , the mantle , which is a semiconductor , is thought to remove variations with periods less than a few months . A variety of possible rock magnetic mechanisms were proposed that would lead to a false signal . However , paleomagnetic studies of other sections from the same region ( the Oregon Plateau flood basalts ) give consistent results . It appears that the reversed - to - normal polarity transition that marks the end of Chron C5Cr ( 16.7 million years ago ) contains a series of reversals and excursions . In addition , geologists Scott Bogue of Occidental College and Jonathan Glen of the US Geological Survey , sampling lava flows in Battle Mountain , Nevada , found evidence for a brief , several - year - long interval during a reversal when the field direction changed by over 50 degrees . The reversal was dated to approximately 15 million years ago . Magnetic field ( edit ) The magnetic field will not vanish completely , but many poles might form chaotically in different places during reversal , until it stabilizes again . Causes ( edit ) NASA computer simulation using the model of Glatzmaier and Roberts . The tubes represent magnetic field lines , blue when the field points towards the center and yellow when away . The rotation axis of the Earth is centered and vertical . The dense clusters of lines are within the Earth 's core . The magnetic field of the Earth , and of other planets that have magnetic fields , is generated by dynamo action in which convection of molten iron in the planetary core generates electric currents which in turn give rise to magnetic fields . In simulations of planetary dynamos , reversals often emerge spontaneously from the underlying dynamics . For example , Gary Glatzmaier and collaborator Paul Roberts of UCLA ran a numerical model of the coupling between electromagnetism and fluid dynamics in the Earth 's interior . Their simulation reproduced key features of the magnetic field over more than 40,000 years of simulated time and the computer - generated field reversed itself . Global field reversals at irregular intervals have also been observed in the laboratory liquid metal experiment `` VKS2 '' . In some simulations , this leads to an instability in which the magnetic field spontaneously flips over into the opposite orientation . This scenario is supported by observations of the solar magnetic field , which undergoes spontaneous reversals every 9 -- 12 years . However , with the Sun it is observed that the solar magnetic intensity greatly increases during a reversal , whereas reversals on Earth seem to occur during periods of low field strength . Hypothesized triggers ( edit ) Some scientists , such as Richard A. Muller , think that geomagnetic reversals are not spontaneous processes but rather are triggered by external events that directly disrupt the flow in the Earth 's core . Proposals include impact events or internal events such as the arrival of continental slabs carried down into the mantle by the action of plate tectonics at subduction zones or the initiation of new mantle plumes from the core - mantle boundary . Supporters of this hypothesis hold that any of these events could lead to a large scale disruption of the dynamo , effectively turning off the geomagnetic field . Because the magnetic field is stable in either the present North - South orientation or a reversed orientation , they propose that when the field recovers from such a disruption it spontaneously chooses one state or the other , such that half the recoveries become reversals . However , the proposed mechanism does not appear to work in a quantitative model , and the evidence from stratigraphy for a correlation between reversals and impact events is weak . There is no evidence for a reversal connected with the impact event that caused the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event . Effects on biosphere ( edit ) Shortly after the first geomagnetic polarity time scales were produced , scientists began exploring the possibility that reversals could be linked to extinctions . Most such proposals rest on the assumption that the Earth 's magnetic field would be much weaker during reversals . Possibly the first such hypothesis was that high energy particles trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt could be liberated and bombard the Earth . Detailed calculations confirm that if the Earth 's dipole field disappeared entirely ( leaving the quadrupole and higher components ) , most of the atmosphere would become accessible to high energy particles , but would act as a barrier to them , and cosmic ray collisions would produce secondary radiation of beryllium - 10 or chlorine - 36 . An increase of beryllium - 10 was noted in a 2012 German study showing a peak of beryllium - 10 in Greenland ice cores during a brief complete reversal 41,000 years ago which led to the magnetic field strength dropping to an estimated 5 % of normal during the reversal . There is evidence that this occurs both during secular variation and during reversals . Another hypothesis by McCormac and Evans assumes that the Earth 's field disappears entirely during reversals . They argue that the atmosphere of Mars may have been eroded away by the solar wind because it had no magnetic field to protect it . They predict that ions would be stripped away from Earth 's atmosphere above 100 km . However , paleointensity measurements show that the magnetic field has not disappeared during reversals . Based on paleointensity data for the last 800,000 years , the magnetopause is still estimated to have been at about 3 Earth radii during the Brunhes - Matuyama reversal . Even if the internal magnetic field did disappear , the solar wind can induce a magnetic field in the Earth 's ionosphere sufficient to shield the surface from energetic particles . Hypotheses have also been advanced linking reversals to mass extinctions . Many such arguments were based on an apparent periodicity in the rate of reversals ; more careful analyses show that the reversal record is not periodic . It may be , however , that the ends of superchrons have caused vigorous convection leading to widespread volcanism , and that the subsequent airborne ash caused extinctions . Tests of correlations between extinctions and reversals are difficult for a number of reasons . Larger animals are too scarce in the fossil record for good statistics , so paleontologists have analyzed microfossil extinctions . Even microfossil data can be unreliable if there are hiatuses in the fossil record . It can appear that the extinction occurs at the end of a polarity interval when the rest of that polarity interval was simply eroded away . Statistical analysis shows no evidence for a correlation between reversals and extinctions . See also ( edit ) Geomagnetism -- Wikipedia book List of geomagnetic reversals , including ages . Magnetic anomaly South Atlantic Anomaly References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Leonardo Sagnotti ; Giancarlo Scardia ; Biagio Giaccio ; Joseph C. Liddicoat ; Sebastien Nomade ; Paul R. Renne ; Courtney J. Sprain ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Extremely rapid directional change during Matuyama - Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal '' . Geophys . J. Int. 199 ( 2 ) : 1110 -- 1124 . Bibcode : 2014GeoJI. 199.1110 S . doi : 10.1093 / gji / ggu287 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice age polarity reversal was global event : Extremely brief reversal of geomagnetic field , climate variability , and super volcano '' . Sciencedaily.com . Science Daily . 2012 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Allan ( 1973 ) . Plate tectonics and geomagnetic reversal . San Francisco , California : W.H. Freeman . pp. 138 -- 145 , 222 -- 228 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0258 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Glen , William ( 1982 ) . The Road to Jaramillo : Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1119 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Vine , Frederick J. ; Drummond H. Matthews ( 1963 ) . `` Magnetic Anomalies over Oceanic Ridges '' . Nature . 199 ( 4897 ) : 947 -- 949 . Bibcode : 1963Natur. 199 ... 947V . doi : 10.1038 / 199947a0 . Jump up ^ Morley , Lawrence W. ; A. Larochelle ( 1964 ) . `` Paleomagnetism as a means of dating geological events '' . Geochronology in Canada . Special . Royal Society of Canada . Publication 8 : 39 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cande , S.C. ; Kent , D.V. ( 1995 ) . `` Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 100 : 6093 -- 6095 . Bibcode : 1995JGR ... 100.6093 C . doi : 10.1029 / 94JB03098 . Jump up ^ `` Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale '' . Ocean Bottom Magnetometry Laboratory . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Subir K. ( 2001 - 03 - 02 ) . `` When the Compass Stopped Reversing Its Poles '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 291 ( 5509 ) : 1714 -- 1715 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 291.5509. 1714 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill , Ronald T. ; McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 1998 ) . The magnetic field of the earth : paleomagnetism , the core , and the deep mantle . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 491246 - 5 . Jump up ^ Courtillot , Vincent ( 1999 ) . Evolutionary Catastrophes : the Science of Mass Extinctions . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58392 - 3 . Translated from the French by Joe McClinton . Jump up ^ Pavlov , V. ; Gallet , Y . `` A third superchron during the Early Paleozoic '' . Episodes . International Union of Geological Sciences . 28 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 2000 ) . Paleomagnetism : Continents and Oceans . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 483355 - 1 . Jump up ^ Phillips , J.D. ; Cox , A. ( 1976 ) . `` Spectral analysis of geomagnetic reversal time scales '' . Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 45 : 19 -- 33 . Bibcode : 1976GeoJI ... 45 ... 19P . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1976. tb00311. x . Jump up ^ e.g. , Raup , D.M. ( 1985 ) . `` Magnetic reversals and mass extinctions '' . Nature . 314 : 341 -- 343 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 314 ... 341R . doi : 10.1038 / 314341a0 . ^ Jump up to : Lutz , T.M. ( 1985 ) . `` The magnetic reversal record is not periodic '' . Nature . 317 : 404 -- 407 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 317 ... 404L . doi : 10.1038 / 317404a0 . Jump up ^ Dumé , Belle ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` Geomagnetic flip may not be random after all '' . physicsworld.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carbone , V. ; Sorriso - Valvo , L. ; Vecchio , A. ; Lepreti , F. ; Veltri , P. ; Harabaglia , P. ; Guerra , I. `` Clustering of Polarity Reversals of the Geomagnetic Field '' . Physical Review Letters. 96 ( 12 ) : 128501 . arXiv : physics / 0603086 . Bibcode : 2006PhRvL ... 96l8501C . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 96.128501 . PMID 16605965 . Jump up ^ Gaffin , S. ( 1989 ) . `` Analysis of scaling in the geomagnetic polarity reversal record '' . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 57 : 284 -- 289 . Bibcode : 1989PEPI ... 57 ... 284G . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 89 ) 90117 - 9 . Jump up ^ Coe , R.S. ; Prévot , M. ; Camps , P. ( 20 April 1995 ) . `` New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal '' . Nature . 374 ( 6524 ) : 687 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 374 ... 687C . doi : 10.1038 / 374687a0 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill , Ronald T. ( 2010 ) . Our magnetic Earth : the science of geomagnetism . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 52050 - 1 . Jump up ^ Prévot , M. ; Mankinen , E. ; Coe , R. ; Grommé , C. ( 1985 ) . `` The Steens Mountain ( Oregon ) Geomagnetic Polarity Transition 2 . Field Intensity Variations and Discussion of Reversal Models '' . J. Geophys . Res. 90 ( B12 ) : 10417 -- 10448 . Bibcode : 1985JGR ... 9010417P . doi : 10.1029 / JB090iB12p10417 . Jump up ^ Mankinen , Edward A. ; Prévot , Michel ; Grommé , C. Sherman ; Coe , Robert S. ( 1 January 1985 ) . `` The Steens Mountain ( Oregon ) Geomagnetic Polarity Transition 1 . Directional History , Duration of Episodes , and Rock Magnetism '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 90 ( B12 ) : 10393 . Bibcode : 1985JGR ... 9010393M . doi : 10.1029 / JB090iB12p10393 . Jump up ^ Jarboe , Nicholas A. ; Coe , Robert S. ; Glen , Jonathan M.G. ( 2011 ) . `` Evidence from lava flows for complex polarity transitions : the new composite Steens Mountain reversal record '' . Geophysical Journal International . 186 ( 2 ) : 580 -- 602 . Bibcode : 2011GeoJI. 186 ... 580J . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2011.05086. x . Jump up ^ Witze , Alexandra ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` Earth 's Magnetic Field Flipped Superfast '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Bogue , S.W. ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` Very rapid geomagnetic field change recorded by the partial remagnetization of a lava flow '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 37 : L21308 . Bibcode : 2010GeoRL ... 3721308B . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GL044286 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Inconstant Magnetic Field '' . Retrieved 25 Oct 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Glatzmaier , Gary . `` The Geodynamo '' . ^ Jump up to : Glatzmaier , Gary A. ; Roberts , Paul H. `` A three dimensional self - consistent computer simulation of a geomagnetic field reversal '' . Nature . 377 . pp. 203 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Glatzmaier , Gary ; Roberts , Paul . `` When North goes South '' . Jump up ^ Berhanu , M. ; Monchaux , R. ; Fauve , S. ; Mordant , N. ; Petrelis , F. ; Chiffaudel , A. ; Daviaud , F. ; Dubrulle , B. ; Marie , L. ; Ravelet , F. ; Bourgoin , M. ; Odier , P. ; Pinton , J. - F. ; Volk , R. `` Magnetic field reversals in an experimental turbulent dynamo '' . EPL. 77 . p. 59001 . Jump up ^ Coe , Robert S. ; Hongré , Lionel ; Glatzmaier , Gary A. ( 2000 ) . `` An Examination of Simulated Geomagnetic Reversals from a Palaeomagnetic Perspective '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 358 : 1141 -- 1170 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2000.0578 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A. ; Morris , Donald E. ( 1986 ) . `` Geomagnetic reversals from impacts on the Earth '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 13 ( 11 ) : 1177 -- 1180 . Bibcode : 1986GeoRL ... 13.1177 M . doi : 10.1029 / GL013i011p01177 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A. ( 2002 ) . `` Avalanches at the core - mantle boundary '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 29 ( 19 ) : 1935 . Bibcode : 2002GeoRL ... 29s ... 41M . doi : 10.1029 / 2002GL015938 . Jump up ^ McFadden , P.L. ; Merrill , R.T. ( 1986 ) . `` Geodynamo energy source constraints from paleomagnetic data '' . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 43 : 22 -- 33 . Bibcode : 1986PEPI ... 43 ... 22M . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 86 ) 90118 - 4 . Jump up ^ Merrill , R.T. ; McFadden , P.L. ( 20 April 1990 ) . `` Paleomagnetism and the Nature of the Geodynamo '' . Science . 248 ( 4953 ) : 345 -- 350 . Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 248 ... 345M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 248.4953. 345 . PMID 17784488 . ^ Jump up to : Glassmeier , Karl - Heinz ; Vogt , Joachim ( 29 May 2010 ) . `` Magnetic Polarity Transitions and Biospheric Effects '' . Space Science Reviews . 155 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 387 -- 410 . Bibcode : 2010SSRv ... 155 ... 387G . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 010 - 9659 - 6 . Jump up ^ Uffen , Robert J. ( 13 April 1963 ) . `` Influence of the Earth 's Core on the Origin and Evolution of Life '' . Nature . 198 ( 4876 ) : 143 -- 144 . Bibcode : 1963Natur. 198 ... 143U . doi : 10.1038 / 198143b0 . Jump up ^ McHargue , L.R ; Donahue , D ; Damon , P.E ; Sonett , C.P ; Biddulph , D ; Burr , G ( 1 October 2000 ) . `` Geomagnetic modulation of the late Pleistocene cosmic - ray flux as determined by 10Be from Blake Outer Ridge marine sediments '' . Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B : Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 172 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 555 -- 561 . Bibcode : 2000NIMPB. 172 ... 555M . doi : 10.1016 / S0168 - 583X ( 00 ) 00092 - 6 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , S. ( 27 February 1998 ) . `` Geomagnetic Modulation of the 36Cl Flux in the GRIP Ice Core , Greenland '' . Science . 279 ( 5355 ) : 1330 -- 1332 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 279.1330 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 279.5355. 1330 . Jump up ^ Raisbeck , G.M. ; Yiou , F. ; Bourles , D. ; Kent , D.V. ( 23 May 1985 ) . `` Evidence for an increase in cosmogenic 10Be during a geomagnetic reversal '' . Nature . 315 ( 6017 ) : 315 -- 317 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 315 ... 315R . doi : 10.1038 / 315315a0 . Jump up ^ Raisbeck , G.M. ; Yiou , F. ; Cattani , O. ; Jouzel , J. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` 10Be evidence for the Matuyama -- Brunhes geomagnetic reversal in the EPICA Dome C ice core '' . Nature . 444 ( 7115 ) : 82 -- 84 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 82R . doi : 10.1038 / nature05266 . PMID 17080088 . Jump up ^ McCormac , Billy M. ; Evans , John E. ( 20 September 1969 ) . `` Consequences of Very Small Planetary Magnetic Moments '' . Nature . 223 ( 5212 ) : 1255 -- 1255 . Bibcode : 1969Natur. 223.1255 M . doi : 10.1038 / 2231255a0 . Jump up ^ Guyodo , Yohan ; Valet , Jean - Pierre ( 20 May 1999 ) . `` Global changes in intensity of the Earth 's magnetic field during the past 800 kyr '' . Nature . 399 ( 6733 ) : 249 -- 252 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 399 ... 249G . doi : 10.1038 / 20420 . Jump up ^ Birk , G.T. ; Lesch , H. ; Konz , C. ( 2004 ) . `` Solar wind induced magnetic field around the unmagnetized Earth '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 420 ( 2 ) : L15 -- L18 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0404580 . Bibcode : 2004A&A ... 420L ... 15B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20040154 . Jump up ^ Raup , David M. ( 28 March 1985 ) . `` Magnetic reversals and mass extinctions '' . Nature . 314 ( 6009 ) : 341 -- 343 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 314 ... 341R . doi : 10.1038 / 314341a0 . Jump up ^ Courtillot , V. ; Olson , P. ( 2007 ) . `` Mantle plumes link magnetic superchrons to phanerozoic mass depletion events '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 260 . pp. 495 -- 504 . Bibcode : 2007E&PSL. 260 ... 495C . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.06. 003 . Jump up ^ Plotnick , Roy E. ( 1 January 1980 ) . `` Relationship between biological extinctions and geomagnetic reversals '' . Geology. 8 ( 12 ) : 578 . Bibcode : 1980Geo ... 8 ... 578P . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1980 ) 8 < 578 : RBBEAG > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Behrendt , J.C. , Finn , C. , Morse , L. , Blankenship , D.D. `` One hundred negative magnetic anomalies over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet ( WAIS ) , in particular Mt . Resnik , a subaerially erupted volcanic peak , indicate eruption through at least one field reversal '' University of Colorado , U.S. Geological Survey , University of Texas . ( U.S. Geological Survey and The National Academies ) ; USGS OF - 2007 - 1047 , Extended Abstract 030 . 2007 . Okada , M. , Niitsuma , N. , `` Detailed paleomagnetic records during the Brunhes - Matuyama geomagnetic reversal , and a direct determination of depth lag for magnetization in marine sediments '' Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors , Volume 56 , Issue 1 - 2 , p. 133 - 150 . 1989 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Geomagnetic reversals How geomagnetic reversals are related to intensity `` Look down , look up , look out ! '' , The Economist , May 10 2007 `` Ships ' logs give clues to Earth 's magnetic decline '' , New Scientist , May 11 2006 Simple explanation of geomagnetic reversal , physics.org , accessed Nov 2 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geomagnetic_reversal&oldid=824782846 '' Categories : Paleomagnetism Geophysics Geomagnetic reversal Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
earth's magnetic field seems to reverse orientations about every
[ "Three decades later, when Earth's magnetic field was better understood, theories were advanced suggesting that the Earth's field might have reversed in the remote past. Most paleomagnetic research in the late 1950s included an examination of the wandering of the poles and continental drift. Although it was discovered that some rocks would reverse their magnetic field while cooling, it became apparent that most magnetized volcanic rocks preserved traces of the Earth's magnetic field at the time the rocks had cooled. In the absence of reliable methods for obtaining absolute ages for rocks, it was thought that reversals occurred approximately every million years.[3][4]" ]
[ "million years" ]
-3040670937313499993
You Shook Me All Night Long
You Shook Me All Night Long - wikipedia You Shook Me All Night Long Jump to : navigation , search For the Muddy Waters song made popular by Led Zeppelin , see You Shook Me . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' Single by AC / DC from the album Back in Black B - side `` Have a Drink on Me '' Released 19 August 1980 Format 7 inch Recorded 1980 Genre Hard rock Length 3 : 32 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Angus Young , Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson Producer ( s ) Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange AC / DC singles chronology `` Touch Too Much '' ( 1980 ) `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' ( 1980 ) `` Hells Bells '' ( 1980 ) `` Touch Too Much '' ( 1980 ) `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' ( 1980 ) `` Hells Bells '' ( 1980 ) Alternative cover 1986 re-release `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' is a song by Australian hard rock band AC / DC , from the album Back in Black . The song also reappeared on their later album Who Made Who . It is AC / DC 's first single to feature Brian Johnson as the lead singer and reached number 35 on the USA 's Hot 100 pop singles chart in 1980 . The single was re-released internationally in 1986 , following the release of the album Who Made Who . The re-released single in 1986 contains the B - side ( s ) : B1 . `` She 's Got Balls '' ( Live , Bondi Lifesaver ' 77 ) ; B2 . `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' ( Live ' 83 -- 12 - inch maxi - single only ) . `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' placed at number 10 on VH1 's list of `` The 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' . It was also number 1 on VH1 's `` Top Ten AC / DC Songs '' . Guitar World placed `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' at number 80 on their `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Live versions 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 In popular culture 6 References Live versions ( edit ) The song has also become a staple of AC / DC concerts , and is rarely excluded from the setlist . Four live versions of the song were officially released . The first one appeared on the 1986 maxi - single `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' ; the second one was included on the band 's album Live ; the third version is on the soundtrack to the Howard Stern movie Private Parts , and also appears on the AC / DC box set Backtracks ; and the fourth one is on the band 's live album , Live at River Plate . `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' was also the second song to be played by AC / DC on Saturday Night Live in 2000 , following their performance of `` Stiff Upper Lip . '' When AC / DC was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003 by Steven Tyler of Aerosmith , they performed this song with Tyler . Johnson performed the song with Billy Joel at Madison Square Garden in New York , US in March 2014 . The Salon publication stated on the following morning in its introduction to the video footage of the performance : `` This will either be your favorite video today , or a total musical nightmare ! '' Composition ( edit ) The song is in the key G major . The main verse and riff follows a G -- C -- D chord progression . The lyrics borrow heavily from the Willie Dixon tune `` You Shook Me '' . Music video ( edit ) Two versions of the music video exist . The first version , directed by Eric Dionysius and Eric Mistler , is similar to the other Back in Black videos ( `` Back in Black '' , `` Hells Bells '' , `` What Do You Do For Money Honey '' , `` Rock and Roll Ai n't Noise Pollution '' and `` Let Me Put My Love Into You '' ) and is available on the special Back in Black , The Videos . It is also included on the Backtracks box set . In the second version , directed by David Mallet and released six years after the song 's original release , Angus and Malcolm Young follow Johnson around the English town of Huddersfield , with Angus Young wearing his signature schoolboy outfit . The video clip casts the English glamour model Corinne Russell , a former Hill 's Angel and Page 3 Girl -- along with other leather clad women wearing suits with zips at the groin region -- pedaling bicycles like machines in the background . The VH1 series Pop - Up Video revealed that , during the scene with the mechanical bull , the woman playing Johnson 's lover accidentally jabbed herself with her spur twice . The roadie who came to her aid married her a year later , and Angus Young gave them a mechanical bull for a wedding present as a joke . The original 1980 video features drummer Phil Rudd , while the 1986 video features drummer Simon Wright , who replaced Rudd in 1983 . Rudd returned to AC / DC in 1994 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 8 French Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart 29 Irish Singles Chart 19 UK Singles Chart 38 US Billboard Hot 100 35 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Position Australian Kent Music Report 42 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Mastertone ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) The song was released as a vinyl single by the band Slingshot , featuring singer Kathy Kosins , in 1983 -- the single was distributed only in the United States , Germany , Canada and Italy . The song appears in the 2001 movie A Knight 's Tale , starring Heath Ledger . 1986 horror film Maximum Overdrive 's ending played this song throughout the credits . Celine Dion and Anastacia performed a live duet of the song at the 2002 VH1 Divas Las Vegas concert . Shania Twain covered `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' in her `` Up ! Close and Personal '' television special in 2003 . American country music duo Big & Rich covered `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' for their 2007 album , Between Raising Hell and Amazing Grace . The song is played in season 7 , episode 13 of Supernatural , `` Slice Girls '' . It is also used in `` The Road So Far '' sequence of the season 4 premier `` Lazarus Rising . '' The song is heard in the television series New Girl . The song is played in season 1 , episode 16 of Mike and Molly . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Tour Statistics '' . Setlist.fm . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC - You Shook Me All Night Long - Live ( NBC 2000 ) '' ( Audio upload ) . The Unofficial AC / DC Channel on YouTube . Google , Inc. 25 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Tyler inducts AC DC Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions 2003 '' ( Video upload ) . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame + Museum on YouTube . Google , Inc. 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Angela450NYC ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Must - see morning clip : Billy Joel and AC / DC 's Brian Johnson perform `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' last night '' ( Video upload ) . Salon . Salon Media Group , Inc . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` -- AC / DC -- `` You shook me ( all night long ) ( version 1 : 1980 ) '' `` . Mvdbase.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` -- AC / DC -- `` You shook me ( all night long ) ( version 2 : 1986 ) '' `` . Mvdbase.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : David Kent : Australian Chart Book Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tout les Titres par Artiste '' . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , News , '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts '' . Irishcharts.ie. 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 40 Chart Archive , British Singles & Album Charts '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- AC / DC -- You Shook Me All Night Long '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- AC / DC -- You Shook Me All Night Long '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Enter You Shook Me All Night Long in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- AC / DC -- You Shook Me All Night Long '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Slingshot -- You Shook Me All Night Long '' . Slingshot at Discogs . Discogs. 2014 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Colin Jacobson ( 3 May 2006 ) . `` A Knight 's Tale : Extended Edition ( 2001 ) '' . DVD Movie Guide . DVD Movie Guide . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion ; Anastacia - You Shook Me All Night Long '' ( Video upload ) . CelineDionVEVO . Google , Inc. 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big and Rich Shake Up AC / DC '' . Spinner. 2007 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SUPERNATURAL 7x13 ( Dean and Lydia Sex Scene ) You shook me all night long ACDC '' ( Video upload ) . Canal de LanaWinchester2 on YouTube . Google , Inc. 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Girl ( ac / dc - you shook me all night long ) '' ( Video upload ) . Maria Anna Paladino on YouTube . Google , Inc. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mike & Molly ( TV Series ) : First Valentine 's Day ( 2011 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . ( hide ) AC / DC singles discography High Voltage `` Can I Sit Next to You , Girl '' ( Australia ) `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' ( Australia ) T.N.T. `` High Voltage '' ( Australia ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( Australia ) `` T.N.T. '' ( Australia ) High Voltage ( International ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( international ) `` High Voltage '' ( international ) Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap `` Jailbreak '' `` Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap '' `` Love at First Feel '' Let There Be Rock `` Dog Eat Dog '' `` Let There Be Rock '' `` Whole Lotta Rosie '' Powerage `` Rock ' n ' Roll Damnation '' Highway to Hell `` Highway to Hell '' `` Girls Got Rhythm '' `` Touch Too Much '' Back in Black `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' `` Hells Bells '' `` Back in Black '' `` Rock and Roll Ai n't Noise Pollution '' For Those About to Rock We Salute You `` Let 's Get It Up '' `` For Those About to Rock ( We Salute You ) '' Flick of the Switch `` Guns for Hire '' `` Nervous Shakedown '' `` Flick of the Switch '' Fly on the Wall `` Danger '' `` Sink the Pink '' `` Shake Your Foundations '' Who Made Who `` Who Made Who '' Blow Up Your Video `` Heatseeker '' `` That 's the Way I Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll '' The Razors Edge `` Thunderstruck '' `` Moneytalks '' `` Are You Ready '' Live `` Highway to Hell '' ( live ) `` Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap '' ( live ) Ballbreaker `` Hard as a Rock '' `` Hail Caesar '' `` Cover You in Oil '' Stiff Upper Lip `` Stiff Upper Lip '' `` Safe in New York City '' `` Satellite Blues '' Black Ice `` Rock ' N Roll Train '' `` Big Jack '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Money Made '' Rock or Bust `` Play Ball '' `` Rock or Bust '' Non-album single `` Big Gun '' Book : AC / DC Category : AC / DC songs Portal : AC / DC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Shook_Me_All_Night_Long&oldid=790424018 '' Categories : AC / DC songs 1980 singles Big & Rich songs Song recordings produced by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Songs written by Brian Johnson Songs written by Angus Young Songs written by Malcolm Young Songs about sexuality 1980 songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 17 : 33 . 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who sings you shook me all night long
[ "\"You Shook Me All Night Long\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, from the album Back in Black. The song also reappeared on their later album Who Made Who. It is AC/DC's first single to feature Brian Johnson as the lead singer and reached number 35 on the USA's Hot 100 pop singles chart in 1980. The single was re-released internationally in 1986, following the release of the album Who Made Who. The re-released single in 1986 contains the B-side(s): B1. \"She's Got Balls\" (Live, Bondi Lifesaver '77); B2. \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" (Live '83 – 12-inch maxi-single only)." ]
[ "AC/DC" ]
3134596939614656150
Jean-Philippe Susilovic
Jean - Philippe Susilovic - Wikipedia Jean - Philippe Susilovic Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jean - Philippe Susilovic 1975 ( age 42 -- 43 ) Brussels , Belgium Occupation TV personality , restaurant director Known for Maître d'hôtel on Hell 's Kitchen Jean - Philippe Susilovic ( born 1975 ) is a Belgian television personality of Croatian ancestry , known for his appearances as the maître d'hôtel on the American version of Gordon Ramsay 's cooking reality show Hell 's Kitchen ; he was also the Maître d'hôtel for the first series of the original British version of the show . Susilovic joined Ramsay in 1995 in Ramsay 's restaurant Aubergine . Susilovic 's experience in Michelin - starred restaurants broadened when he moved to the U.S. to work in restaurants such as New York 's La Panetiere , Danube and Daniel 's . In October 2001 , he moved to the Middle East to work with Ramsay as the manager of Verre at the Hilton Dubai Creek . Along with his native French , Susilovic speaks English and Dutch . Susilovic left the American Hell 's Kitchen show following the seventh season due to his commitment as Restaurant Director at Gordon Ramsay 's London restaurant Pétrus . Susilovic returned to the show for seasons 11 and 12 but again left before filming began on season 13 . External links ( edit ) Jean - Philippe Susilovic on IMDb VIAF : 187462748 This Belgian biographical article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Philippe_Susilovic&oldid=821816208 '' Categories : Belgian television personalities Living people Belgian expatriates in the United Kingdom 1975 births Restaurateurs Belgian people of Croatian descent Belgian people stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 20 : 19 . About Wikipedia
who was the maitre d on hell's kitchen
[ "Jean-Philippe Susilovic (born 1975) is a Belgian television personality of Croatian ancestry, known for his appearances as the maître d'hôtel on the American version of Gordon Ramsay's cooking reality show Hell's Kitchen; he was also the Maître d'hôtel for the first series of the original British version of the show." ]
[ "Jean-Philippe Susilovic" ]
-4009813100576541552
Voltage-gated ion channel
Voltage - gated ion channel - wikipedia Voltage - gated ion channel Each of the four homologous domains makes up one subunit of the ion channel . The S4 voltage - sensing segments ( marked with + symbols ) are shown as charged . Identifiers Symbol VIC Pfam clan CL0030 TCDB 1. A. 1 OPM superfamily 8 OPM protein 2a79 Ions are depicted by the red circles . A gradient is represented by the different concentration of ions on either side of the membrane . The open conformation of the ion channel allows for the translocation of ions across the cell membrane , while the closed conformation does not . Voltage - gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel . The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins , regulating their opening and closing . Cell membranes are generally impermeable to ions , thus they must diffuse through the membrane through transmembrane protein channels . They have a crucial role in excitable cells such as neuronal and muscle tissues , allowing a rapid and co-ordinated depolarization in response to triggering voltage change . Found along the axon and at the synapse , voltage - gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals . Voltage - gated ion - channels are usually ion - specific , and channels specific to sodium ( Na ) , potassium ( K ) , calcium ( Ca ) , and chloride ( Cl ) ions have been identified . The opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration , and hence charge gradient , between the sides of the cell membrane . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Mechanism 3 Different types 3.1 Sodium ( Na ) channels 3.2 Calcium ( Ca ) channels 3.3 Potassium ( K ) channels 3.4 Chloride ( Cl ) channels 3.5 Proton ( H ) channels 4 Phylogenetics 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Further information : Cation channel superfamily Conformation of the four homologous domains showing the formation of a central pore Voltage - gated ion channels are generally composed of several subunits arranged in such a way that there is a central pore through which ions can travel down their electrochemical gradients . The channels tend to be ion - specific , although similarly sized and charged ions may sometimes travel through them . The functionality of voltage - gated ion channels is attributed to its three main discrete units : the voltage sensor , the pore or conducting pathway , and the gate . Na , K , and Ca channels are composed of four transmembrane domains arranged around a central pore ; these four domains are part of a single α - subunit in the case of most Na and Ca channels , whereas there are four α - subunits , each contributing one transmembrane domain , in most K channels . The membrane - spanning segments , designated S1 - S6 , all take the form of alpha helices with specialized functions . The fifth and sixth transmembrane segments ( S5 and S6 ) and pore loop serve the principal role of ion conduction , comprising the gate and pore of the channel , while S1 - S4 serve as the voltage - sensing region . The four subunits may be identical , or different from one another . In addition to the four central α - subunits , there are also regulatory β - subunits , with oxidoreductase activity , which are located on the inner surface of the cell membrane and do not cross the membrane , and which are coassembled with the α - subunits in the endoplasmic reticulum . Mechanism ( edit ) Crystallographic structural studies of a potassium channel have shown that , when a potential difference is introduced over the membrane , the associated electric field induces a conformational change in the potassium channel . The conformational change distorts the shape of the channel proteins sufficiently such that the cavity , or channel , opens to allow influx or efflux to occur across the membrane . This movement of ions down their concentration gradients subsequently generates an electric current sufficient to depolarize the cell membrane . Voltage - gated sodium channels and calcium channels are made up of a single polypeptide with four homologous domains . Each domain contains 6 membrane spanning alpha helices . One of these helices , S4 , is the voltage sensing helix . The S4 segment contains many positive charges such that a high positive charge outside the cell repels the helix , keeping the channel in its closed state . In general , the voltage sensing portion of the ion channel is responsible for the detection of changes in transmembrane potential that trigger the opening or closing of the channel . The S1 - 4 alpha helices are generally thought to serve this role . In potassium and sodium channels , voltage - sensing S4 helices contain positively - charged lysine or arginine residues in repeated motifs . In its resting state , half of each S4 helix is in contact with the cell cytosol . Upon depolarization , the positively - charged residues on the S4 domains move toward the exoplasmic surface of the membrane . It is thought that the first 4 arginines account for the gating current , moving toward the extracellular solvent upon channel activation in response to membrane depolarization . The movement of 10 -- 12 of these protein - bound positive charges triggers a conformational change that opens the channel . The exact mechanism by which this movement occurs is not currently agreed upon , however the canonical , transporter , paddle , and twisted models are examples of current theories . Movement of the voltage - sensor triggers a conformational change of the gate of the conducting pathway , controlling the flow of ions through the channel . The main functional part of the voltage - sensitive protein domain of these channels generally contains a region composed of S3b and S4 helices , known as the `` paddle '' due to its shape , which appears to be a conserved sequence , interchangeable across a wide variety of cells and species . A similar voltage sensor paddle has also been found in a family of voltage sensitive phosphatases in various species . Genetic engineering of the paddle region from a species of volcano - dwelling archaebacteria into rat brain potassium channels results in a fully functional ion channel , as long as the whole intact paddle is replaced . This `` modularity '' allows use of simple and inexpensive model systems to study the function of this region , its role in disease , and pharmaceutical control of its behavior rather than being limited to poorly characterized , expensive , and / or difficult to study preparations . Although voltage - gated ion channels are typically activated by membrane depolarization , some channels , such as inward - rectifier potassium ion channels , are activated instead by hyperpolarization . The gate is thought to be coupled to the voltage sensing regions of the channels and appears to contain a mechanical obstruction to ion flow . While the S6 domain has been agreed upon as the segment acting as this obstruction , its exact mechanism is unknown . Possible explanations include : the S6 segment makes a scissor - like movement allowing ions to flow through , the S6 segment breaks into two segments allowing of passing of ions through the channel , or the S6 channel serving as the gate itself . The mechanism by which the movement of the S4 segment affects that of S6 is still unknown , however it is theorized that there is a S4 - S5 linker whose movement allows the opening of S6 . Inactivation of ion channels occurs within milliseconds after opening . Inactivation is thought to be mediated by an intracellular gate that controls the opening of the pore on the inside of the cell . This gate is modeled as a ball tethered to a flexible chain . During inactivation , the chain folds in on itself and the ball blocks the flow of ions through the channel . Fast inactivation is directly linked to the activation caused by intramembrane movements of the S4 segments , though the mechanism linking movement of S4 and the engagement of the inactivation gate is unknown . Different types ( edit ) Sodium ( Na ) channels ( edit ) Sodium channels have similar functional properties across many different cell types . While ten human genes encoding for sodium channels have been identified , their function is typically conserved between species and different cell types . Calcium ( Ca ) channels ( edit ) With sixteen different identified genes for human calcium channels , this type of channel differs in function between cell types . Ca channels produce action potentials similarly to Na channels in some neurons . They also play a role in neurotransmitter release in pre-synaptic nerve endings . In most cells , Ca channels regulate a wide variety of biochemical processes due to their role in controlling intracellular Ca concentrations . Potassium ( K ) channels ( edit ) Potassium channels are the largest and most diverse class of voltage - gated channels , with over 100 encoding human genes . These types of channels differ significantly in their gating properties ; some inactivating extremely slowly and others inactivating extremely quickly . This difference in activation time influences the duration and rate of action potential firing , which has a significant effect on electrical conduction along an axon as well as synaptic transmission . Potassium channels differ in structure from the other channels in that they contain four separate polypeptide subunits , while the other channels contain four homologous domain but on a single polypeptide unit . Chloride ( Cl ) channels ( edit ) Chloride channels are present in all types of neurons . With the chief responsibility of controlling excitability , chloride channels contribute to the maintenance of cell resting potential and help to regulate cell volume . Proton ( H ) channels ( edit ) Voltage - gated proton channels carry currents mediated by hydrogen ions in the form of hydronium , and are activated by depolarization in a pH - dependent manner . They function to remove acid from cells . Phylogenetics ( edit ) Further information : Ion channel family Phylogenetic studies of proteins expressed in bacteria revealed the existence of a superfamily of voltage - gated sodium channels . Subsequent studies have shown that a variety of other ion channels and transporters are phylogenetically related to the voltage - gated ion channels , including inwardly rectifying K channels , ryanodine - inositol 1 , 4 , 5 - triphosphate receptor Ca channels , transient receptor potential Ca channels , polycystin cation channels , glutamate - gated ion channels , calcium - dependent chloride channels , monovalent cation : proton antiporters , type 1 , and potassium transporters . See also ( edit ) Potassium channel Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Purves D , Augustine GJ , Fitzpatrick D , Katz LC , LaMantia A , McNamara JO , Williams SM ( 2001 ) . `` Voltage - Gated Ion Channels '' . Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . Sunderland , Mass : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 742 - 4 . Jump up ^ Catterall WA ( April 2000 ) . `` From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms : the structure and function of voltage - gated sodium channels '' . Neuron. 26 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 00 ) 81133 - 2 . PMID 10798388 . ^ Jump up to : Bezanilla F ( March 2005 ) . `` Voltage - gated ion channels '' . IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience. 4 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 48 . doi : 10.1109 / tnb. 2004.842463 . PMID 15816170 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , Matsudaira P , Baltimore D , Darnell J ( 2000 ) . `` Section 21.3 , Molecular Properties of Voltage - Gated Ion Channels '' . Molecular Cell Biology ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Scientific American Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3136 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gulbis JM , Mann S , MacKinnon R ( June 1999 ) . `` Structure of a voltage - dependent K channel beta subunit '' . Cell. 97 ( 7 ) : 943 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / s0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 80805 - 3 . PMID 10399921 . Jump up ^ Catterall WA ( 2010 ) . `` Ion channel voltage sensors : structure , function , and pathophysiology '' . Neuron. 67 ( 6 ) : 915 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2010.08. 021 . PMC 2950829 . PMID 20869590 . ^ Jump up to : Sands Z , Grottesi A , Sansom MS ( 2005 ) . `` Voltage - gated ion channels '' . Current Biology . 15 ( 2 ) : R44 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2004.12. 050 . PMID 15668152 . Jump up ^ Murata Y , Iwasaki H , Sasaki M , Inaba K , Okamura Y ( June 2005 ) . `` Phosphoinositide phosphatase activity coupled to an intrinsic voltage sensor '' . Nature . 435 ( 7046 ) : 1239 -- 43 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 435.1239 M . doi : 10.1038 / nature03650 . PMID 15902207 . Jump up ^ Alabi AA , Bahamonde MI , Jung HJ , Kim JI , Swartz KJ ( November 2007 ) . `` Portability of paddle motif function and pharmacology in voltage sensors '' . Nature . 450 ( 7168 ) : 370 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 370A . doi : 10.1038 / nature06266 . PMC 2709416 . PMID 18004375 . Jump up ^ Long SB , Tao X , Campbell EB , MacKinnon R ( November 2007 ) . `` Atomic structure of a voltage - dependent K channel in a lipid membrane - like environment '' . Nature . 450 ( 7168 ) : 376 -- 82 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 376L . doi : 10.1038 / nature06265 . PMID 18004376 . Jump up ^ Yellen G ( August 1998 ) . `` The moving parts of voltage - gated ion channels '' . Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. 31 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 95 . doi : 10.1017 / s0033583598003448 . PMID 10384687 . Jump up ^ Perozo E , Cortes DM , Cuello LG ( July 1999 ) . `` Structural rearrangements underlying K - channel activation gating '' . Science . 285 ( 5424 ) : 73 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 285.5424. 73 . PMID 10390363 . ^ Jump up to : Jiang Y , Lee A , Chen J , Cadene M , Chait BT , MacKinnon R ( May 2002 ) . `` Crystal structure and mechanism of a calcium - gated potassium channel '' . Nature . 417 ( 6888 ) : 515 -- 22 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 417 ... 515J . doi : 10.1038 / 417515a . PMID 12037559 . Jump up ^ Webster SM , Del Camino D , Dekker JP , Yellen G ( April 2004 ) . `` Intracellular gate opening in Shaker K channels defined by high - affinity metal bridges '' . Nature . 428 ( 6985 ) : 864 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 428 ... 864W . doi : 10.1038 / nature02468 . PMID 15103379 . Jump up ^ Armstrong CM ( July 1981 ) . `` Sodium channels and gating currents '' . Physiological Reviews . 61 ( 3 ) : 644 -- 83 . PMID 6265962 . Jump up ^ Vassilev P , Scheuer T , Catterall WA ( October 1989 ) . `` Inhibition of inactivation of single sodium channels by a site - directed antibody '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 86 ( 20 ) : 8147 -- 51 . Bibcode : 1989PNAS ... 86.8147 V . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 86.20. 8147 . PMC 298232 . PMID 2554301 . ^ Jump up to : Bénitah JP , Chen Z , Balser JR , Tomaselli GF , Marbán E ( March 1999 ) . `` Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating : interactions between P - segment motions and inactivation '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 ( 5 ) : 1577 -- 85 . PMID 10024345 . Jump up ^ Cherny , V.V. ; Markin , V.S. ; DeCoursey , T.E. ( 1995 ) , `` The voltage - activated hydrogen ion conductance in rat alveolar epithelial cells is determined by the pH gradient '' ( PDF ) , Journal of General Physiology ( published June 1995 ) , 105 ( 6 ) , pp. 861 -- 896 , doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 105.6. 861 , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 Jump up ^ DeCoursey , T.E. ( 2003 ) , `` Voltage - gated proton channels and other proton transfer pathways '' , Physiological Reviews , 83 ( 2 ) , pp. 475 -- 579 , doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00028.2002 , OCLC 205658168 , PMID 12663866 , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 Jump up ^ Ramsey , I. Scott ; Mokrab , Younes ; Carvacho , Ingrid ; Sands , Zara A. ; Sansom , Mark S.P. ; Clapham , David E. ( 2010 ) . `` An aqueous H permeation pathway in the voltage - gated proton channel Hv1 '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 17 ( 7 ) : 869 -- 875 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1826 . PMC 4035905 . PMID 20543828 . Jump up ^ Koishi R , Xu H , Ren D , Navarro B , Spiller BW , Shi Q , Clapham DE ( March 2004 ) . `` A superfamily of voltage - gated sodium channels in bacteria '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 279 ( 10 ) : 9532 -- 8 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M313100200 . PMID 14665618 . Jump up ^ Chang , Abraham B. ; Lin , Ron ; Studley , W. Keith ; Tran , Can V. ; Saier , Milton H. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . `` Phylogeny as a guide to structure and function of membrane transport proteins '' . Mol Membr Biol. 21 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 181 . doi : 10.1080 / 09687680410001720830 . PMID 15204625 . External links ( edit ) IUPHAR - DB Voltage - gated ion channel subunits The IUPHAR Compendium of Voltage - gated Ion Channels 2005 Voltage - Dependent Anion Channels at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Membrane transport protein : ion channels ( TC 1A ) Ca : Calcium channel Ligand - gated Inositol trisphosphate receptor Ryanodine receptor Voltage - gated L - type / Ca α 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 N - type / Ca α2. 2 P - type / Ca α 2.1 Q - type / Ca α2. 1 R - type / Ca α2. 3 T - type / Ca α 3.1 3.2 3.3 α δ - subunits β - subunits β1 β2 β3 β4 γ - subunits γ1 γ2 γ3 γ4 Cation channels of sperm Two - pore channel Na : Sodium channel Constitutively active Epithelial sodium channel α β γ δ Proton - gated Amiloride - sensitive cation channel Voltage - gated Na α 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 7A Na β K : Potassium channel Calcium - activated BK channel α1 β1 β2 β3 β4 SK channel SK1 SK2 SK3 IK channel IK1 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 Inward - rectifier 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 GIRK / K 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 7.1 Tandem pore domain K2P 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 18 Voltage - gated K α1 - 6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 K α7 - 12 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 11.1 / hERG 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 K β KCNIP minK / ISK minK / ISK - like MiRP Shaker gene Miscellaneous Cl : Chloride channel Calcium - activated chloride channels Anoctamin ANO1 Bestrophin Chloride Channel Accessory CFTR CLCN 5 6 7 KA KB CLIC 5 6 L1 CLNS 1A 1B H : Proton channel HVCN1 M : CNG cation channel α β HCN FC M : TRP cation channel TRPA ( 1 ) TRPC 4AP 5 6 7 TRPM 5 6 7 8 TRPML TRPN TRPP TRPV 5 6 H O ( + solutes ) : Porin Aquaporin 0 5 6 7 8 9 Voltage - dependent anion channel General bacterial porin family Cytoplasm : Gap junction Connexin GJA1 GJA3 GJA4 GJA5 GJA8 GJA9 GJA10 GJB1 GJB2 GJB3 GJB4 GJB5 GJB6 GJB7 GJC1 GJC2 GJC3 GJD2 GJD3 GJD4 Innexin hide By gating mechanism Ion channel class Ligand - gated Light - gated Voltage - gated Stretch - activated see also disorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_ion_channel&oldid=838977333 '' Categories : Ion channels Electrophysiology Integral membrane proteins Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français עברית Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 13 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
hannels within the structure of the cell membrane are composed of
[ "Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel. The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing. Cell membranes are generally impermeable to ions, thus they must diffuse through the membrane through transmembrane protein channels. They have a crucial role in excitable cells such as neuronal and muscle tissues, allowing a rapid and co-ordinated depolarization in response to triggering voltage change. Found along the axon and at the synapse, voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals. Voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and channels specific to sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl–) ions have been identified.[1] The opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration, and hence charge gradient, between the sides of the cell membrane.[2]" ]
[ "transmembrane proteins" ]
-3954809343727830946
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation - Wikipedia Federal Bureau of Investigation Jump to : navigation , search `` FBI '' redirects here . For other uses , see FBI ( disambiguation ) . Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Special Agent badge Federal Bureau of Investigation seal Agency overview Formed July 26 , 1908 ; 109 years ago ( 1908 - 07 - 26 ) as the Bureau of Investigation Jurisdiction US Federal Government Headquarters J. Edgar Hoover Building Northwest , Washington , D.C. , United States Motto Fidelity , Bravery , Integrity Employees 35,104 ( October 31 , 2014 ) Annual budget US $ 8.7 billion ( FY 2016 ) Agency executives Christopher A. Wray , Director David Bowdich , Deputy Director E.W. Priestap , Assistant Director of the FBI Counterintelligence Division Parent agency Department of Justice Office of the Director of National Intelligence Website fbi.gov The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , formerly the Bureau of Investigation ( BOI ) , is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States , and its principal federal law enforcement agency . Operating under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Justice , the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence . A leading U.S. counter-terrorism , counterintelligence , and criminal investigative organization , the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes . Although many of the FBI 's functions are unique , its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB . Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad , the FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation . At an FBI field office , a senior - level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence . Despite its domestic focus , the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint , operating 60 Legal Attache ( LEGAT ) offices and 15 sub-offices in US embassies and consulates across the globe . These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries . The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas , just as the CIA has a limited domestic function ; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies . The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation , the BOI or BI for short . Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in 1935 . The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building , located in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Budget , mission , and priorities 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Creation 2.3 J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director 2.3. 1 National security 2.3. 2 Japanese American internment 2.3. 3 Sex deviates program 2.3. 4 Civil rights movement 2.3. 5 Kennedy 's assassination 2.4 Organized crime 2.5 Special FBI teams 2.6 Notable efforts in the 1990s 2.7 September 11 attacks 2.8 Faulty bullet analysis 3 Organization 3.1 Organizational structure 3.2 Rank structure 4 Legal authority 4.1 Indian reservations 5 Infrastructure 6 Personnel 6.1 Hiring process 6.2 BOI and FBI directors 7 Firearms 8 Publications 8.1 Crime statistics 8.1. 1 Uniform Crime Reports 8.1. 2 National Incident - Based Reporting System 9 eGuardian 10 Controversies 10.1 Files on U.S. citizens 10.2 Covert operations on political groups 10.3 Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates 10.4 Activities in Latin America 10.5 Viola Liuzzo 10.6 Internal investigations of shootings 10.7 The Whitey Bulger case 10.8 Robert Hanssen 10.9 Death of Filiberto Ojeda Rios 10.10 Associated Press impersonation case 10.11 Wikipedia edits 10.12 Hillary Clinton email investigation 10.13 James Comey dismissal , probe 10.14 The Nunes memo 10.15 Florida school shooting 10.16 Andrew McCabe dismissal & investigation 10.16. 1 OIG Investigation 10.16. 2 Allegations of sexual discrimination 10.17 Leaked info on 20,000 FBI employees 11 Media portrayal 12 Notable FBI personnel 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Budget , Mission , and priorities FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide In the fiscal year 2016 , the Bureau 's total budget was approximately $8.7 billion . The FBI 's main goal is to protect and defend the United States , to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States , and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal , state , municipal , and international agencies and partners . Currently , the FBI 's top priorities are : Protect the United States from terrorist attacks , Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage , Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high - technology crimes , Combat public corruption at all levels , Protect civil rights , Combat transnational / national criminal organizations and enterprises , Combat major white - collar crime , Combat significant violent crime , Support federal , state , local and international partners , and Upgrade technology to enable , and further , the successful performances of its missions as stated above . History Background In 1896 , the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded , which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals . The 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created a perception that America was under threat from anarchists . The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years , but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them . The Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887 , though it lacked the staff to do so . It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the Oregon land fraud scandal at the turn of the 20th Century . President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General . Bonaparte reached out to other agencies , including the U.S. Secret Service , for personnel , investigators in particular . On May 27 , 1908 , the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department , citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department . Again at Roosevelt 's urging , Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation , which would then have its own staff of special agents . Creation The Bureau of Investigation ( BOI ) was created on July 26 , 1908 , after the Congress had adjourned for the summer . Attorney General Bonaparte , using Department of Justice expense funds , hired thirty - four people , including some veterans of the Secret Service , to work for a new investigative agency . Its first `` Chief '' ( the title is now known as `` Director '' ) was Stanley Finch . Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908 . The bureau 's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the `` White Slave Traffic Act , '' or Mann Act , passed on June 25 , 1910 . In 1932 , the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation . The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation ( DOI ) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935 . In the same year , its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present - day Federal Bureau of Investigation , or FBI . J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover , FBI Director from 1924 to 1972 J. Edgar Hoover served as FBI Director from 1924 to 1972 , a combined 48 years with the BOI , DOI , and FBI . He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory , or the FBI Laboratory , which officially opened in 1932 , as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government . Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure . But as detailed below , his proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau Director , especially in its later years . After Hoover 's death , the Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years . Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the Osage Indian murders . During the `` War on Crime '' of the 1930s , FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious criminals who carried out kidnappings , robberies , and murders throughout the nation , including John Dillinger , `` Baby Face '' Nelson , Kate `` Ma '' Barker , Alvin `` Creepy '' Karpis , and George `` Machine Gun '' Kelly . Other activities of its early decades included a decisive role in reducing the scope and influence of the Ku Klux Klan . Additionally , through the work of Edwin Atherton , the BOI claimed success in apprehending an entire army of Mexican neo-revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid-1920s , east of San Diego , California . Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers . In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States , in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping , the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure , as long as the FBI did not break into a person 's home to complete the tapping . After Prohibition 's repeal , Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934 , which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping , but did allow bugging . In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States , the court ruled that due to the 1934 law , evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court . After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging , Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act , allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations , as long as they obtained warrants beforehand . National security Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s , the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies . Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested , and six were executed ( Ex parte Quirin ) under their sentences . Also during this time , a joint US / UK code - breaking effort called `` The Venona Project '' -- with which the FBI was heavily involved -- broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes , allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications . This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence . Hoover was administering this project , but he failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) of it until 1952 . Another notable case was the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957 . The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the American Left , ranging from Communist Party of the United States of America ( CPUSA ) union organizers to American liberals . Japanese American internment In 1939 , the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations . The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders , as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast , but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list . Robert Shivers , head of the Honolulu office , obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7 , 1941 , while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor . Mass arrests and searches of homes ( in most cases conducted without warrants ) began a few hours after the attack , and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody . On February 19 , 1942 , President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 , authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast . FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066 , but Roosevelt prevailed . The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders , but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations , FBI agents handled their arrests . The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war , conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp , and entering the camps ( usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials ) and grooming informants to monitor dissidents and `` troublemakers . '' After the war , the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities . Sex deviates program According to Douglas M. Charles , the FBI 's `` sex deviates '' program began on April 10 , 1950 when J. Edgar Hoover forwarded the White House , U.S. Civil Service Commission , and branches of the armed services a list of 393 alleged federal employees who were allegedly arrested in Washington D.C. , since 1947 , on charges of `` sexual irregularities '' . On June 20 , 1951 , Hoover expanded the program by issuing a memo establishing a `` uniform policy for the handling of the increasing number of reports and allegations concerning present and past employees of the United State Government who assertedly ( sic ) are sex deviates . '' The program was expanded to include non-government jobs . According to Athan Theoharis , `` In 1951 he ( Hoover ) had unilaterally instituted a Sex Deviates program to purge alleged homosexuals from any position in the federal government , from the lowliest clerk to the more powerful position of White house aide . '' On May 27 , 1953 , Executive Order 10450 went into effect . The program was expanded further by this executive order by making all federal employment of homosexuals illegal . On July 8 , 1953 , the FBI forwarded to the U.S. Civil Service Commission information from the sex deviates program . In 1977 -- 1978 , 300,000 pages , collected between 1930 to the mid-1970s , in the sex deviates program were destroyed by FBI officials . Civil rights movement During the 1950s and 1960s , FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders , whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or `` fellow travellers . '' In 1956 , for example , Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T.R.M. Howard , a civil rights leader , surgeon , and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee , Emmett Till , and other blacks in the South . The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO , a portmanteau derived from `` COunter - INTELligence PROgram . '' It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States , including both militant and non-violent organizations . Among its targets was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , a leading civil rights organization whose clergy leadership included the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , who is addressed in more detail below . The `` suicide letter '' , mailed anonymously to King by the FBI The FBI frequently investigated Martin Luther King , Jr . In the mid-1960s , King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists . Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most `` notorious liar '' in the United States . In his 1991 memoir , Washington Post journalist Carl Rowan asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide . Historian Taylor Branch documents an anonymous November 1964 `` suicide package '' sent by the Bureau that combined a letter to the civil rights leader telling him `` You are done . There is only one way out for you ... '' with audio recordings of King 's sexual indiscretions . In March 1971 , the residential office of an FBI agent in Media , Pennsylvania was burgled by a group calling itself the Citizens ' Commission to Investigate the FBI . Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers , including The Harvard Crimson . The files detailed the FBI 's extensive COINTELPRO program , which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens -- including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin . The country was `` jolted '' by the revelations , which included assassinations of political activists , and the actions were denounced by members of the Congress , including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs . The phones of some members of the Congress , including Boggs , had allegedly been tapped . Kennedy 's assassination When President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed , the jurisdiction fell to the local police departments until President Lyndon B. Johnson directed the FBI to take over the investigation . To ensure clarity about the responsibility for investigation of homicides of federal officials , the Congress passed a law that included investigations of such deaths of federal officials , especially by homicide , within FBI jurisdiction . This new law was passed in 1965 . Organized crime An FBI surveillance photograph of Joseph D. Pistone ( aka Donnie Brasco ) , Benjamin `` Lefty '' Ruggiero and Edgar Robb ( aka Tony Rossi ) , 1980s In response to organized crime , on August 25 , 1953 , the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program . The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers . After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act , or RICO Act , took effect , the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition - organized groups , which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns . All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations , using the provisions provided in the RICO Act . Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups . Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States , the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families , including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti . The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who may fall under the Act 's provisions . In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI 's organized crime informant program `` one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement . '' The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward `` Teddy '' Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi , an FBI informant . Three of the men were sentenced to death ( which was later reduced to life in prison ) , and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison . Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years , and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years . In July 2007 , U.S. District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found that the Bureau had helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster Joseph Barboza . The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants . Special FBI teams FBI SWAT agents in a training exercise In 1982 , the FBI formed an elite unit to help with problems that might arise at the 1984 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles , particularly terrorism and major - crime . This was a result of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , Germany , when terrorists murdered the Israeli athletes . Named the Hostage Rescue Team , or HRT , it acts as the FBI lead for a national SWAT team in related procedures and all counter-terrorism cases . Also formed in 1984 was the Computer Analysis and Response Team , or CART . From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s , the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime , and made violent crime the sixth national priority . With reduced cuts to other well - established departments , and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War , the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines , which is a federal offense . The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing , continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924 . Notable Efforts in the 1990s An FBI agent tags the cockpit voice recorder from EgyptAir Flight 990 on the deck of the USS Grapple ( ARS 53 ) at the crash site on November 13 , 1999 . Between 1993 and 1996 , the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City , New York ; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996 . Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted . But Justice Department investigations into the FBI 's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau . During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia , the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing . It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell , who was a private security guard at the venue , along with some media organizations , in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation ; this had briefly led to his being wrongly suspected of the bombing . After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act ( CALEA , 1994 ) , the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA , 1996 ) , and the Economic Espionage Act ( EEA , 1996 ) , the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998 , just as it did with its CART team in 1991 . Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center ( CITAC ) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center ( NIPC ) were created to deal with the increase in Internet - related problems , such as computer viruses , worms , and other malicious programs that threatened US operations . With these developments , the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations , adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems . September 11 attacks September 11 attacks at the Pentagon During the September 11 , 2001 , attacks on the World Trade Center , FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower , and he stayed when it collapsed . Within months after the attacks , FBI Director Robert Mueller , who had been sworn in a week before the attacks , called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations . He made countering every federal crime a top priority , including the prevention of terrorism , countering foreign intelligence operations , addressing cyber security threats , other high - tech crimes , protecting civil rights , combating public corruption , organized crime , white - collar crime , and major acts of violent crime . In February 2001 , Robert Hanssen was caught selling information to the Russian government . It was later learned that Hanssen , who had reached a high position within the FBI , had been selling intelligence since as early as 1979 . He pleaded guilty to treason and received a life sentence in 2002 , but the incident led many to question the security practices employed by the FBI . There was also a claim that Hanssen might have contributed information that led to the September 11 , 2001 attacks . The 9 / 11 Commission 's final report on July 22 , 2004 , stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . In its most damning assessment , the report concluded that the country had `` not been well served '' by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI . While the FBI did accede to most of the recommendations , including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence , some former members of the 9 / 11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005 , claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes . On July 8 , 2007 , The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart 's book Spying Blind : The CIA , the FBI , and the Origins of 9 / 11 . The Post reported , from Zegart 's book , that government documents showed that both the CIA and the FBI had missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The primary reasons for the failures included : agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas ; inappropriate incentives for promotion ; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI , CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community . The book blamed the FBI 's decentralized structure , which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices . The book suggested that the FBI had not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency , due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change . For example , FBI personnel practices continued to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff , classifying intelligence analysts alongside the FBI 's auto mechanics and janitors . Faulty bullet Analysis For over 40 years , the FBI crime lab in Quantico had believed that lead alloys used in bullets had unique chemical signatures . It was analyzing the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically , not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory , but also to a single box of bullets . The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18 - month independent review of comparative bullet - lead analysis . In 2003 , its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony . It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed , and the conclusion , that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition , was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence . One year later , the FBI decided to stop conducting bullet lead analyses . After a 60 Minutes / Washington Post investigation in November 2007 , two years later , the Bureau agreed to identify , review , and release all pertinent cases , and notify prosecutors about cases in which faulty testimony was given . Organization Organizational structure FBI field divisions map Organization chart for the FBI as of July 15 , 2014 Redacted policy guide for the Counterterrorism Division ( part of the FBI National Security Branch ) The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director , which contains most administrative offices . An executive assistant director manages each branch . Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions , each headed by an assistant director . The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches , led by deputy assistant directors . Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs . Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge . Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director . The functions branches of the FBI are : FBI Intelligence Branch FBI National Security Branch FBI Criminal , Cyber , Response , and Services Branch FBI Science and Technology Branch FBI Information and Technology Branch FBI Human Resources Branch The Office of the Director serves as the central administrative organ of the FBI . The office provides staff support functions ( such as finance and facilities management ) to the five function branches and the various field divisions . The office is managed by the FBI associate director , who also oversees the operations of both the Information and Technology and Human Resources Branches . Office of the Director Immediate Office of the Director Office of the Deputy Director Office of the Associate Director Office of Congressional Affairs Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs Office of the General Counsel Office of Integrity and Compliance Office of the Ombudsman Office of Professional Responsibility Office of Public Affairs Inspection Division Facilities and Logistics Services Division Finance Division Records Management Division Resource Planning Office Security Division An FBI agent at a crime scene Rank structure The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI ( in ascending order ) : Field Agents New Agent Trainee Special Agent Senior Special Agent Supervisory Special Agent Assistant Special Agent - in - Charge ( ASAC ) Special Agent - in - Charge ( SAC ) James Comey speaks at the White House following his nomination by President Barack Obama to be the next director of the FBI , 21 June 2013 FBI Management Deputy Assistant Director Assistant Director Associate Executive Assistant Director Executive Assistant Director Associate Deputy Director Deputy Chief of Staff Chief of Staff and Special Counsel to the Director Deputy Director Director Legal authority FBI badge and service pistol , a Glock Model 22 , . 40 S&W caliber The FBI 's mandate is established in Title 28 of the United States Code ( U.S. Code ) , Section 533 , which authorizes the Attorney General to `` appoint officials to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States . '' Other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes . The FBI 's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ( RICO ) Act . The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) . The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 . The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI , especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity . One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so - called sneak and peek provision , granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away , and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards . Under the PATRIOT Act 's provisions , the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism ( something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s ) . In the early 1980s , Senate hearings were held to examine FBI undercover operations in the wake of the Abscam controversy , which had allegations of entrapment of elected officials . As a result , in following years a number of guidelines were issued to constrain FBI activities . A March 2007 report by the inspector general of the Justice Department described the FBI 's `` widespread and serious misuse '' of national security letters , a form of administrative subpoena used to demand records and data pertaining to individuals . The report said that between 2003 and 2005 , the FBI had issued more than 140,000 national security letters , many involving people with no obvious connections to terrorism . Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U.S. Attorney or Department of Justice official , who decides if prosecution or other action is warranted . The FBI often works in conjunction with other federal agencies , including the U.S. Coast Guard ( USCG ) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) in seaport and airport security , and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents . Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations ( ICE - HSI ) has nearly the same amount of investigative manpower as the FBI , and investigates the largest range of crimes . In the wake of the September 11 attacks , then - Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . ICE - HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force . Indian reservations FBI Director visits the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota The federal government has the primary responsibility for investigating and prosecuting serious crime on Indian reservations . There are 565 federally recognized American Indian Tribes in the United States , and the FBI has federal law enforcement responsibility on nearly 200 Indian reservations . This federal jurisdiction is shared concurrently with the Bureau of Indian Affairs , Office of Justice Services ( BIA - OJS ) . Located within the FBI 's Criminal Investigative Division , the Indian Country Crimes Unit ( ICCU ) is responsible for developing and implementing strategies , programs , and policies to address identified crime problems in Indian Country ( IC ) for which the FBI has responsibility . -- Overview , Indian Country Crime The FBI does not specifically list crimes in Native American land as one of its priorities . Often serious crimes have been either poorly investigated or prosecution has been declined . Tribal courts can impose sentences of up to three years , under certain restrictions . Infrastructure J. Edgar Hoover Building , FBI Headquarters FBI Mobile Command Center , Washington Field Office The FBI is headquartered at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington , D.C. , with 56 field offices in major cities across the United States . The FBI also maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States , as well as over 50 legal attachés at United States embassies and consulates . Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico , Virginia , as well as a `` data campus '' in Clarksburg , West Virginia , where 96 million sets of fingerprints `` from across the United States are stored , along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen , Iraq and Afghanistan . '' The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division , which processes Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) requests , to Winchester , Virginia . According to The Washington Post , the FBI `` is building a vast repository controlled by people who work in a top - secret vault on the fourth floor of the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington . This one stores the profiles of tens of thousands of Americans and legal residents who are not accused of any crime . What they have done is appear to be acting suspiciously to a town sheriff , a traffic cop or even a neighbor . '' The FBI Laboratory , established with the formation of the BOI , did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974 . The lab serves as the primary lab for most DNA , biological , and physical work . Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building . The services the lab conducts include Chemistry , Combined DNA Index System ( CODIS ) , Computer Analysis and Response , DNA Analysis , Evidence Response , Explosives , Firearms and Tool marks , Forensic Audio , Forensic Video , Image Analysis , Forensic Science Research , Forensic Science Training , Hazardous Materials Response , Investigative and Prospective Graphics , Latent Prints , Materials Analysis , Questioned Documents , Racketeering Records , Special Photographic Analysis , Structural Design , and Trace Evidence . The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state , local , and international agencies free of charge . The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy . The FBI Academy , located in Quantico , Virginia , is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes . It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI Special Agents . Going through the 21 - week course is required for every Special Agent . First opened for use in 1972 , the facility located on 385 acres ( 1.6 km ) of woodland . The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies , which are invited to the law enforcement training center . The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police Training Unit , Firearms Training Unit , Forensic Science Research and Training Center , Technology Services Unit ( TSU ) , Investigative Training Unit , Law Enforcement Communication Unit , Leadership and Management Science Units ( LSMU ) , Physical Training Unit , New Agents ' Training Unit ( NATU ) , Practical Applications Unit ( PAU ) , the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the `` College of Analytical Studies . '' The FBI Academy , located in Quantico , Virginia In 2000 , the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology ( IT ) infrastructure . This project , originally scheduled to take three years and cost around $380 million , ended up over budget and behind schedule . Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were generally successful , but attempts to develop new investigation software , outsourced to Science Applications International Corporation ( SAIC ) , were not . Virtual Case File , or VCF , as the software was known , was plagued by poorly defined goals , and repeated changes in management . In January 2005 , more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion , the FBI officially abandoned the project . At least $100 million ( and much more by some estimates ) was spent on the project , which never became operational . The FBI has been forced to continue using its decade - old Automated Case Support system , which IT experts consider woefully inadequate . In March 2005 , the FBI announced it was beginning a new , more ambitious software project , code - named Sentinel , which they expected to complete by 2009 . The FBI Field Office in Chelsea , Massachusetts . Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration ; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications . After prolonged negative coverage in the press , the FBI changed the name of its system from `` Carnivore '' to `` DCS1000 . '' DCS is reported to stand for `` Digital Collection System '' ; the system has the same functions as before . The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001 , in favor of commercially available software , such as NarusInsight . The Criminal Justice Information Services ( CJIS ) Division is located in Clarksburg , West Virginia . Organized beginning in 1991 , the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division . The complex is the length of three football fields . It provides a main repository for information in various data systems . Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center ( NCIC ) , Uniform Crime Reporting ( UCR ) , Fingerprint Identification , Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ( IAFIS ) , NCIC 2000 , and the National Incident - Based Reporting System ( NIBRS ) . Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications . FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local , state , federal , and international law enforcement agencies . FBI is in charge of National Virtual Translation Center , which provides `` timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of the Intelligence Community . '' Personnel An FBI Evidence Response Team Agents in training on the FBI Academy firing range As of December 31 , 2009 , the FBI had a total of 33,852 employees . That includes 13,412 special agents and 20,420 support professionals , such as intelligence analysts , language specialists , scientists , information technology specialists , and other professionals . The Officer Down Memorial Page provides the biographies of 69 FBI agents who have died in the line of duty from 1925 to July 2017 . Hiring process To apply to become an FBI agent , one must be between the ages of 23 and 37 . Due to the decision in Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of Personnel Management , 2008 M.S.P.B. 146 , preference - eligible veterans may apply after age 37 . In 2009 , the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella decision . The applicant must also hold U.S. citizenship , be of high moral character , have a clean record , and hold at least a four - year bachelor 's degree . At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required . All FBI employees require a Top Secret ( TS ) security clearance , and in many instances , employees need a TS / SCI ( Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information ) clearance . To obtain a security clearance , all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations ( SSBI ) , which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management . Special agent candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test ( PFT ) , which includes a 300 - meter run , one - minute sit - ups , maximum push - ups , and a 1.5 - mile ( 2.4 km ) run . Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use . Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI . Up until 1975 , the FBI had a minimum height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches ( 170 cm ) . BOI and FBI Directors Main article : Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Directors are appointed ( nominated ) by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by the United States Senate to serve a term of office of ten years , subject to resignation or removal by the President at his / her discretion before their term ends . Additional terms are allowed following the same procedure J. Edgar Hoover , appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 , was by far the longest - serving director , serving until his death in 1972 . In 1968 , Congress passed legislation , as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 , requiring Senate confirmation of appointments of future Directors . As the incumbent , this legislation did not apply to Hoover . The last FBI Director was James B. Comey , who was appointed in 2013 by President Barack Obama . In 2017 he was fired by President Donald J. Trump . The FBI director is responsible for the day - to - day operations at the FBI . Along with the Deputy Director , the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly . The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices is manned with qualified agents . Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks , the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI . Since then , the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) , who in turn reports to the President . Firearms A Glock 22 pistol in . 40 S&W caliber Upon qualification , an FBI special agent is issued a full - size Glock 22 or compact Glock 23 semi-automatic pistol , both of which are chambered in the . 40 S&W cartridge . In May 1997 , the FBI officially adopted the Glock , in . 40 S&W , for general agent use , and first issued it to New Agent Class 98 - 1 in October 1997 . At present , the Glock 23 `` FG&R '' ( finger groove and rail ; either 3rd generation or `` Gen4 '' ) is the issue sidearm . New agents are issued firearms , on which they must qualify , on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy . The Glock 26 ( subcompact 9mm Parabellum ) , Glock 23 and Glock 27 (. 40 S&W compact and subcompact , respectively ) are authorized as secondary weapons . Special agents are also authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock 21 in . 45 ACP . Special agents of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team ( HRT ) and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Armory Professional Model 1911 pistol in . 45 ACP . In June 2016 , the FBI awarded Glock a contract for new handguns . Unlike the currently issued . 40 S&W chambered Glock pistols , the new Glocks will be chambered for 9mm Parabellum . The contract is for the full - size Glock 17M and the compact Glock 19M . The `` M '' means the Glocks have been modified to meet government standards specified by a 2015 government request for proposal . Publications The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is published monthly by the FBI Law Enforcement Communication Unit , with articles of interest to state and local law enforcement personnel . First published in 1932 as Fugitives Wanted by Police , the FBI Law Bulletin covers topics including law enforcement technology and issues , such as crime mapping and use of force , as well as recent criminal justice research , and Vi - CAP alerts , on wanted suspects and key cases . The FBI also publishes some reports for both law enforcement personnel as well as regular citizens covering topics including law enforcement , terrorism , cybercrime , white - collar crime , violent crime , and statistics . However , the vast majority of federal government publications covering these topics are published by the Office of Justice Programs agencies of the United States Department of Justice , and disseminated through the National Criminal Justice Reference Service . Crime statistics In the 1920s , the FBI began issuing crime reports by gathering numbers from local police departments . Due to limitations of this system found during the 1960s and 1970s -- victims often simply did not report crimes to the police in the first place -- the Department of Justice developed an alternate method of tallying crime , the victimization survey . Uniform crime reports Main article : Uniform Crime Reports The Uniform Crime Reports ( UCR ) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country . They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest , clearance ( or closing a case ) , and law enforcement officer information . The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes , hate crimes , and property crimes . Created in the 1920s , the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies . The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape . Since about 93 % of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format , the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data . Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report for 2006 was released on June 4 , 2006 . The report shows violent crime offenses rose 1.3 % , but the number of property crime offenses decreased 2.9 % compared to 2005 . National incident - based Reporting system Main article : National Incident - Based Reporting System The National Incident - Based Reporting System ( NIBRS ) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data . The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes . Local , state , and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems . Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category . The Group A offenses are 46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories . Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system . In addition to the Group A offenses , eleven Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information . The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary - based UCR system . As of 2004 , 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data . That amount represents 20 % of the United States population and 16 % of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI . EGuardian eGuardian is the name of an FBI system , launched in January 2009 , to share tips about possible terror threats with local police agencies . The program aims to get law enforcement at all levels sharing data quickly about suspicious activity and people . eGuardian enables near real - time sharing and tracking of terror information and suspicious activities with local , state , tribal , and federal agencies . The eGuardian system is a spin - off of a similar but classified tool called Guardian that has been used inside the FBI , and shared with vetted partners since 2005 . Controversies Throughout its history , the bureau has been the subject of a number of controversial cases , both at home and abroad . Files on U.S. citizens The FBI has maintained files on numerous people , including celebrities such as Elvis Presley , Frank Sinatra , John Denver , John Lennon , Jane Fonda , Groucho Marx , Charlie Chaplin , the band MC5 , Lou Costello , Sonny Bono , Bob Dylan , Michael Jackson , and Mickey Mantle . The files were collected for various reasons . Some of the subjects were investigated for alleged ties to the Communist party ( Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx ) , or in connection with antiwar activities during the Vietnam War ( John Denver , John Lennon , and Jane Fonda ) . Numerous celebrity files concern threats or extortion attempts against them ( Sonny Bono , John Denver , John Lennon , Elvis Presley , Michael Jackson , Mickey Mantle , Groucho Marx , and Frank Sinatra ) . Covert operations on political groups Image from the FBI monograph of the Nation of Islam ( 1965 ) : Elijah Muhammad COINTELPRO tactics have been alleged to include discrediting targets through psychological warfare ; smearing individuals and / or groups using forged documents and by planting false reports in the media ; harassment ; wrongful imprisonment ; and illegal violence . The FBI 's stated motivation was `` protecting national security , preventing violence , and maintaining the existing social and political order . '' FBI records show that 85 % of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed `` subversive '' , including communist and socialist organizations ; organizations and individuals associated with the civil rights movement , including Martin Luther King Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations ; black nationalist groups ( e.g. , Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party ) ; the American Indian Movement ; a broad range of organizations labeled `` New Left '' , including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen ; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War , as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation ; the National Lawyers Guild ; organizations and individuals associated with the women 's rights movement ; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico , United Ireland , and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch 's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement . The remaining 15 % of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups , including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States ' Rights Party . Files on Puerto Rican independence advocates The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s . Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials : in 1937 ( Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States ) , in 1950 ( attempted murder ) , and in 1954 ( after an armed assault on the US House of Representatives while in session ; although not present , Abizu Campos was considered the mastermind ) . The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s . In the 2000s , researchers obtained files released by the FBI under the Freedom of Information Act revealing that the San Juan FBI office had coordinated with FBI offices in New York , Chicago and other cities , in a decades - long surveillance of Albizu Campos and Puerto Ricans who had contact or communication with him . The documents available are as recent as 1965 . Activities in Latin America From the 1950s to the 1980s , the governments of many Latin American and Caribbean countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Cuba , Mexico and others were infiltrated by the FBI . These operations began in World War II as 700 agents were assigned to monitor Nazi activity , but soon expanded to monitoring communist activity in places like Ecuador . Viola Liuzzo In one particularly controversial 1965 incident , white civil rights worker Viola Liuzzo was murdered by Ku Klux Klansmen , who gave chase and fired shots into her car after noticing that her passenger was a young black man ; one of the Klansmen was Gary Thomas Rowe , an acknowledged FBI informant . The FBI spread rumors that Liuzzo was a member of the Communist Party , a heroin addict , and had abandoned her children to have sexual relationships with African Americans involved in the civil rights movement . FBI records show that J. Edgar Hoover personally communicated these insinuations to President Johnson . Internal investigations of shootings During the period from 1993 to 2011 , FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions ; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases , in none of the 5 cases were people wounded . Samuel Walker , a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was `` suspiciously low . '' In the same time period , the FBI wounded 150 people , 70 of whom died ; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified . Likewise , during the period from 2011 to the present , all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation . In a 2002 case in Maryland , an innocent man was shot , and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber ; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified , based on the man 's actions . The Whitey Bulger case The FBI has been criticized for its handling of Boston organized crime figure Whitey Bulger . Beginning in 1975 , Bulger served as an informant for the FBI . As a result , the Bureau largely ignored his organization in exchange for information about the inner workings of the Italian American Patriarca crime family . In December 1994 , after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act , Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding . For 16 years , he remained at large . For 12 of those years , Bulger was prominently listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list . Beginning in 1997 , the New England media exposed criminal actions by federal , state , and local law enforcement officials tied to Bulger . The revelation caused great embarrassment to the FBI . In 2002 , Special Agent John J Connolly was convicted of federal racketeering charges for helping Bulger avoid arrest . In 2008 , Special Agent Connolly completed his term on the federal charges and was transferred to Florida where he was convicted of helping plan the murder of John B Callahan , a Bulger rival . In 2014 , that conviction was overturned on a technicality . Connolly was the agent leading the investigation of Bulger . In June 2011 , the 81 - year - old Bulger was arrested in Santa Monica , California . Bulger was tried on 32 counts of racketeering , money laundering , extortion , and weapons charges ; including complicity in 19 murders . In August 2013 , the jury found him guilty on 31 counts , and having been involved in 11 murders . Bulger was sentenced to two consecutive life terms plus five years . Robert Hanssen On 20 February 2001 , the bureau announced that a special agent , Robert Hanssen ( born 1944 ) had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001 . He is serving 15 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence , a federal supermax prison near Florence , Colorado . Hanssen was arrested on February 18 , 2001 , at Foxstone Park near his home in Vienna , Virginia , and was charged with selling US secrets to the USSR and subsequently Russia for more than US $1.4 million in cash and diamonds over a 22 - year period . On July 6 , 2001 , he pleaded guilty to 15 counts of espionage in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . His spying activities have been described by the US Department of Justice 's Commission for the Review of FBI Security Programs as `` possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history '' . Death of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 . In 2005 , fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents that some charged was an assassination . Puerto Rico Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá criticized the FBI assault as `` improper '' and `` highly irregular '' and demanded to know why his government was not informed of it . The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release , citing security and agent privacy issues . The Puerto Rico Justice Department filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General , demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth 's own investigation of the incident . The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court . Ojeda Rios ' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries , including the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico , Archbishop Roberto Octavio González Nieves , ex-Governor Rafael Hernández Colón , and numerous other personalities . In the aftermath of his death , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution urging a `` probe of ( the ) pro-independence killing , human rights abuses '' , after `` Petitioner after petitioner condemned the assassination of Mr. Ojeda Rios by agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) '' . Associated Press impersonation case In 2007 , an agent working in Seattle , Washington for the FBI falsely impersonated an Associated Press ( AP ) journalist and unwittingly infected a 15 - year - old suspect 's computer with a malicious surveillance software . The incident sparked a strongly - worded statement from the AP demanding the bureau from ever impersonating a member of the news media again . Moreover , in September 2016 the incident resulted in a condemnation by the Justice Department . In December 2017 , following a US court appearance , a judge ruled in favor of the AP in a lawsuit against the FBI for frauduently impersonating a member of the news media . Wikipedia edits In August 2007 Virgil Griffith , a Caltech computation and neural - systems graduate student , created WikiScanner , a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the changes were made . The database cross-referenced logs of Wikipedia edits with publicly available records pertaining to the Internet IP addresses edits were made from . Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress , and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves . The tool was designed to detect conflict of interest edits . Among his findings were that FBI computers were used to edit the FBI article on Wikipedia . Although the edits correlated with known FBI IP addresses , there was no proof that the changes actually came from a member or employee of the FBI , only that someone who had access to their network had edited the FBI article on Wikipedia . Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith 's `` WikiScanner '' positively , noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles as well as increasing transparency and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts . Hillary Clinton email Investigation Main article : Hillary Clinton email controversy On July 5 , 2016 , FBI Director Comey announced the bureau 's recommendation that the United States Department of Justice file no criminal charges relating to the Hillary Clinton email controversy . During an unusual 15 minute press conference in the J. Edgar Hoover Building , Comey called Secretary Clinton 's and her top aides ' behavior `` extremely careless '' , but concluded that `` no reasonable prosecutor would bring such a case '' . On October 28 , 2016 , less than two weeks before the presidential election , Director Comey , a long - time Republican , announced in a letter to Congress that additional emails potentially related to the Clinton email controversy had been found and that the FBI will investigate `` to determine whether they contain classified information as well as to assess their importance to our investigation . '' At the time Comey sent his letter to Congress , the FBI had still not obtained a warrant to review any of the e-mails in question and was not aware of the content of any of the e-mails in question . After Comey 's letter to Congress , commentator Paul Callan of CNN and Niall O'Dowd of Irish Central compared Comey to J. Edgar Hoover in attempting to influence and manipulate elections . On November 6 , 2016 , in the face of constant pressure from both Republicans and Democrats , Comey conceded in a second letter to Congress that through the FBI 's review of the new e-mails , there was no wrongdoing by Clinton . On November 12 , 2016 , 2016 presidential candidate Hillary Clinton directly attributed her election loss to FBI Director James Comey . James Comey dismissal , probe Main article : Dismissal of James Comey On May 9 , 2017 , President Trump dismissed FBI Director Comey after Comey had misstated several key findings of the email investigation in his testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee . Some question whether the dismissal was in response to Comey 's request for more resources to expand the probe into Russian interference into the Presidential election . Following Comey 's dismissal , Deputy Director Andrew G. McCabe became Acting Director . On August 1 , 2017 , President Trump 's nominee for FBI director Christopher A. Wray was officially confirmed by the Senate in a 92 -- 5 vote and was sworn in as Director the next day . On April 20 , 2018 , an investigation by the Department of Justice internal watchdog surrounding alleged leaks of classified memos written by former FBI Director James Comey was reported by the Wall Street Journal . `` At least two of the memos that former FBI Director James Comey gave to a friend outside of the government contained information that officials now consider classified , according to people familiar with the matter , prompting a review by the Justice Department 's internal watchdog . Comey wrote the memos after his interactions with President Donald Trump , recounting in detail his conversations with the president before he was fired . '' The Nunes memo Main article : Nunes memo On February 2 , 2018 , a four - page confidential memo by Republican House Intelligence Committee chairman Devin Nunes was released after being signed by President Trump . According to the memo , a dossier by Christopher Steele and opposition research firm Fusion GPS was utilized by DOJ and FBI officials like E.W. Priestap for FISA warrants to surveil Trump 's campaign member Carter Page . Additionally , former FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe , who resigned before the release of the memo , stated that the FISA warrant would n't have been obtained without the information in the Steele dossier . All four FISA applications were signed by McCabe , Rod Rosenstein , and former FBI Director James Comey . President Trump commented on the release of the memo , saying : `` A lot of people should be ashamed . '' Florida School shooting Main article : Stoneman Douglas High School shooting On February 16 , 2018 , two days after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting , the FBI released a statement detailing information the organization 's Public Access Line had received a month prior , on January 5 , from a person close to Nikolas Cruz , the suspected shooter . According to the statement , `` The caller provided information about Cruz 's gun ownership , desire to kill people , erratic behavior , and disturbing social media posts , as well as the potential of him conducting a school shooting . '' After conducting an investigation , the FBI reported that it had not followed protocol when the tip was not forwarded to the Miami Field Office , where further investigative steps would have been taken to prevent the mass killing . Andrew McCabe dismissal & Investigation Former Deputy FBI Director Andrew G. McCabe On March 16 , 2018 , Attorney General Jeff Sessions fired Andrew McCabe , former FBI deputy director , for allowing FBI officials to leak information to the media surrounding the Clinton Foundation investigation and then misleading investigators about the incident . The FBI 's Office of Professional Responsibility recommended the firing two days prior . The allegations of misconduct were the result of an investigation by Michael E. Horowitz , the Inspector General specific to the DOJ appointed by former US President Barack Obama , who announced in January 2017 that the DOJ would be probing the FBI 's actions leading up to the 2016 US election . On March 21 , 2018 , FBI Director Christopher Wray said the firing of McCabe was done `` by the book '' and was not politically motivated . Oig Investigation On April 13 , 2018 , a section regarding McCabe from the Department of Justice watchdog report was released to the public . According to the report , McCabe `` lacked candor , '' including under oath , and authorized disclosures to the media in violation of FBI policy during a federal investigation into the Clinton Foundation . On April 19 , 2018 , the Justice Department inspector general had referred the findings of McCabe 's alleged misconduct to a Washington federal prosecutor for potential criminal charges , according to media reports . McCabe has denied the accusations of misconduct . Allegations of sexual discrimination In late - 2017 , during an interview with Circa , former FBI Supervisory special agent Jeffrey Danik spoke out against McCabe and the bureau over his handling of cases surrounding sexual discrimination , Hatch Act Violations , and Hillary Clinton 's email server . Around the same period of time , another former Supervisory Special Agent , Robyn Gritz , one of the bureau 's top intelligence analysts and terrorism experts , filed a sexual discrimination complaint against the bureau . Gritz came forward with allegations of harassment by McCabe , who she said created a `` cancer - like '' bureaucracy striking fear in female agents , causing others to resign , and `` poisoning the 7th floor , '' where management is housed in the FBI 's Hoover Building . In an additional case , where a federal lawsuit was filed , another agent came forward with allegations of harassment and misogynistic behavior against women in particular , describing an increasing problem of sexism at the bureau . Leaked info on 20,000 FBI employees The 15 - year - old British hacker Kane Gamble , sentenced to two years in youth detention , posed as John Brennan , the then director of the CIA , and Mark F. Giuliano , a former deputy director of the FBI , to access highly sensitive information . Gamble leaked the personal details of over 20,000 FBI employees , including employees ' names , job titles , phone numbers and email addresses . The judge said Gamble engaged in `` politically motivated cyber-terrorism . '' Media portrayal Main article : FBI portrayal in media The popular TV series The X-Files depicts the fictional FBI Special Agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) who investigate paranormal phenomena . The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s . The bureau has participated to varying degrees , which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development , to providing consultation on operations and closed cases . A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the series The X-Files , which started in 1993 and concluded it 's eleventh season in early 2018 , and concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents , and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit ( CTU ) agency in the TV drama 24 , which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division . The 1991 movie Point Break is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers . The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia . The 2015 TV series Quantico , titled after the location of the Bureau 's training facility , deals with Probationary and Special Agents , not all of whom , within the show 's format , may be fully reliable or even trustworthy . Notable FBI personnel Edwin Atherton Ed Bethune Alaska P. Davidson Sibel Edmonds James R. Fitzgerald W. Mark Felt J. Edgar Hoover Robert Hanssen Lon Horiuchi Richard Miller Robert Mueller Eric O'Neill John P. O'Neill Joseph D. Pistone Melvin Purvis Coleen Rowley Ali Soufan Sue Thomas Clyde Tolson Loy F. Weaver Frederic Whitehurst See also Government of the United States portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) FBI Honorary Medals FBI Victims Identification Project Federal law enforcement in the United States Inspector Law enforcement in the United States Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation State bureau of investigation U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE / HSI ) United States Marshals Service ( USMS ) United States Secret Service ( USSS ) References Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mission & Priorities '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Our Strength Lies in Who We Are '' . intelligence.gov . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How does the FBI differ from the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) and the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) ? '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Bureau of Investigation -- Quick Facts '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Statement Before the House Appropriations Committee , Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies , Federal Bureau of Investigation , March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ FBI gets a broader role in coordinating domestic intelligence activities , Washington Post , June 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ Overview of the Legal Attaché Program Archived March 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Federal Bureau of Investigation , Retrieved : March 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ Spies Clash as FBI Joins CIA Overseas : Sources Talk of Communication Problem in Terrorism Role , Associated Press via NBC News , February 15 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` FBI - Quick Facts '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Tim ( 2012 ) . `` Revolution '' . Enemies a history of the FBI ( 1 ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64389 - 0 . Jump up ^ Findlay , James G. ( 19 November 1943 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director : Re : Early History of the Bureau of Investigation , United States Department of Justice '' . Historical Documents from the Bureau 's Founding . Los Angeles , CA : Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonaparte , Charles Joseph . `` Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States , 1908 , p. 7 '' . Historical Documents from the Bureau 's Founding . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . In my last annual report I called attention to the fact that this department was obliged to call upon the Treasury Department for detective service , and had , in fact , no permanent executive force directly under its orders . Through the prohibition of its further use of the Secret Service force , contained in the Sundry Civil Appropriation Act , approved May 27 , 1908 , it became necessary for the department to organize a small force of special agents of its own . Although such action was involuntary on the part of this department , the consequences of the innovation have been , on the whole , moderately satisfactory . The Special Agents , placed as they are under the direct orders of the Chief Examiner , who receives from them daily reports and summarizes these each day to the Attorney General , are directly controlled by this department , and the Attorney General knows or ought to know , at all times what they are doing and at what cost . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline of FBI History '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Langeluttig , Albert ( 1927 ) . The Department of Justice of the United States . Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 9 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg , David ( 2001 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Civil Rights : Let ' Em Wiretap ! '' . History News Network . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Benson , Robert L. `` The Venona Story '' . National Security Agency . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Romerstein , Herbert , Eric Breindel ( 2001 ) . The Venona Secrets , Exposing Soviet Espionage and America 's Traitors . Regnery Publishing , Inc. p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 225 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kashima , Tetsuden . `` Custodial detention / A-B-C list '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Niiya , Brian . `` Federal Bureau of Investigation '' . Densho Encyclopledia . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` About the Incarceration '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar Hoover '' . Jump up ^ FBI and Homosexuality : 1950 - 1959 Jump up ^ FBI and Homosexuality : 1970 - 1979 Jump up ^ FBI and Homosexuality : 2010 - 2019 Jump up ^ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2009 ) , 148 , 154 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Mike M. ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) . `` A Short History of FBI COINTELPRO '' . Monitor.net . Archived from the original on 2000 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jalon , Allan M. ( 2006 - 04 - 08 ) . `` A Break - In to End All Break - Ins '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gage , Beverly ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) . `` What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years 1963 - 1965 ( Simon and Shuster , 1999 ) , p. 524 - 529 Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil M. ( 2003 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Was Martin Luther King , Jr. a plagiarist ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years 1963 - 1965 ( Simon and Shuster , 1999 ) p. 527 - 529 . ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Postwar America : 1945 -- 1960s '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 5 things you might not know about JFK 's assassination '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Public Law 89 - 141 - Chapter 84. -- PRESIDENTIAL ASSASSINATION , KIDNAPPING , AND ASSAULT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code Chapter 84 -- PRESIDENTIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL STAFF ASSASSINATION , KIDNAPPING , AND ASSAULT '' . Jump up ^ `` Using Intel to Stop the Mob , Part 2 '' Archived June 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Shelley Murphy ( 2007 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Evidence Of Injustice '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Must Pay Out $100 Million for Wrongful FBI Conviction '' . Reuters. 2007 - 07 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rise in International Crime '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` End of the Cold War '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of a Wired World '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Jewell v. NBC , and other Richard Jewell cases '' . Media Libel . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Change of Mandate '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Seper , Jerry . `` Osama access to state secrets helped 9 / 11 '' . Computer Crime Research Center . Archived from the original on 2003 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shovelan , John ( 2004 - 06 - 23 ) . `` 9 / 11 Commission finds ' deep institutional failings ' '' . ABC Au . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-FBI Chief On Clinton 's Scandals '' . CBS News . 2004 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Zegart , Amy ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Spying Blind '' . Princeton University Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Zegart , Amy ( 2007 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Our Clueless Intelligence System '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Laboratory Announces Discontinuation of Bullet Lead Examinations '' . fbi.gov . FBI National Press Office . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence Of Injustice '' . CBS News . 2007 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` fbi.gov '' . fbi.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` US CODE : Title 28,533 . Investigative and other officials ; appointment '' . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ; Maria Alicia Gaura ( March 10 , 2003 ) . `` Libraries post Patriot Act warnings : Santa Cruz branches tell patrons that FBI may spy on them '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Rosen ( April 15 , 2007 ) . `` Who 's Watching the F.B.I. ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Efforts to Protect the Nation 's Seaports '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Justice , Office of Inspector General . March 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Country Crime '' Archived August 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . FBI website , accessed August 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Native Americans in South Dakota : An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System '' . Usccr.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Overview , Indian Country Crime '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FBI `` Facts and Figures '' Archived September 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . See prominently displayed list of priorities , accessed August 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ Michael Riley , `` Expansion of tribal courts ' authority passes Senate '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Denver Post Posted : 25 June 2010 01 : 00 : 00 am MDT Updated : 25 June 2010 02 : 13 : 47 am MDT Accessed June 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Michael Riley , `` President Obama signs tribal - justice changes '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Denver Post , Posted : 30 July 2010 01 : 00 : 00 am MDT , Updated : 30 July 2010 06 : 00 : 20 am MDT , accessed July 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Federal Bureau of Investigation -- Field Divisions '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Priest , Dana and Arkin , William ( December 2010 ) Monitoring America Archived December 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Washington Post Jump up ^ Reid , Sarah A. ( 2006 - 07 - 26 ) . `` One of the biggest things the FBI has ever done '' . The Winchester Star . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Laboratory History '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Laboratory Services '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Special Agent Career Path Program '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Mark . `` Lawmakers criticize FBI director 's expensive project '' . Newszine . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gerin , Roseanne ( 2005 - 01 - 14 ) . `` SAIC rejects Trilogy criticism '' . Washington Technology . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Arnone , Michael ( 2005 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Senators seek to fast track FBI 's Sentinel '' . FCW.Com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The CJIS Mission '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Translation ? Not at the National Virtual Translation Center '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Jump up ^ `` Federal Bureau of Investigation -- About Us -- Quick Facts '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ The Officer Down Memorial Page . `` United States Department of Justice -- Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington , DC '' . Jump up ^ CHCOC . Chcoc.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Bureau of Investigation Jobs '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Review of the Security and Emergency Planning Staff 's Management of Background Investigations '' . U.S. Department of Justice , Office of Inspector General . September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - FBI Jobs '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Marisa . `` FBI turns away many applicants who fail lie - detector tests . '' The McClatchy Company . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved on July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FBI to Allow Agents to Be Short '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Chronicle / Associated Press . 1975 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub. L. 90 -- 351 , June 19 , 1968 , 82 Stat. 197 , sec. 1101 Jump up ^ Trump fires FBI director Comey , raising questions over Russia investigation US news . The Guardian . Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Vanderpool , Bill ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` A History of FBI Handguns '' . American Rifleman . National Rifle Association . Jump up ^ Vanderpool , Bill ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` A History of FBI Handguns '' . American Rifleman . National Rifle Association . The only personally owned handguns now on the approved list are the Glock 21 ( full - size . 45 ACP ) , the Glock 26 ( sub-compact 9 mm ) and the 27 ( sub-compact . 40 S&W ) . Jump up ^ Vanderpool , Bill ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` A History of FBI Handguns '' . American Rifleman . National Rifle Association . Also in the ' 80s , HRT adopted the Browning Hi - Power . The first Hi - Powers were customized by Wayne Novak and later ones by the FBI gunsmiths at Quantico . They were popular with the `` super SWAT '' guys , and several hesitated to give them up when they were replaced by . 45 ACP single - action pistols , the first ones built by Les Baer , which used high - capacity Para Ordnance frames . Later , Springfield Armory 's `` Bureau Model '' replaced the Baer guns . Field SWAT teams were also issued . 45s , and most still use them . Jump up ^ `` OPERATOR ® , TACTICAL GRAY CONFIGURATION ADDS NEW COLOR AND ADJUSTABLE COMBAT SIGHTS '' . Springfield Armory. 19 January 2017 . Originally developed as a consumer - friendly option for the FBI contract Professional Model 1911 , the TRP TM family provides high - end custom shop features in a production class pistol . Jump up ^ `` RO ® ELITE SERIES '' . Springfield Armory . Every new RO Elite series pistol is clad in the same Black - T ® treatment specified on Springfield Armory 1911s built for the FBI 's regional SWAT and Hostage Rescue Teams . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Glock wins $85 million FBI contract '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` F.B.I. Awards Glock New Duty Pistol Contract ! '' . Blue Sheepdog. 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Terrill , Daniel ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` FBI goes back to 9mm with Glock '' . Guns.com . Jump up ^ `` FBI Chooses 9mm Glocks for New Service Pistols '' . Outdoor Hub . Jump up ^ `` Law Enforcement Communication Unit '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FBI , The New Deal : 1933 -- Late 1930s '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Bureau of Investigation -- Reports & Publications '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Crime Statistics for 2006 '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Launches Tip - Sharing For Inauguration '' . CBS News . 2009 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` eGuardian -- FBI Shares Threat Info With Local Police Agencies '' . National Terror Alert Response Center . 2009 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Reading Room Index '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ The FBI 'S Covert Action Program to Destroy the Black Panther Party Archived January 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ FBI Secrets : An Agent 's Expose . M. Wesley Swearingen . Boston . South End Press . 1995 . Special Agent Gregg York : `` We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place . Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed , Fred Hampton and Mark Clark . '' Jump up ^ `` Final Report , S. Rep. No. 94 - 755 ( 1976 ) , Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities , Book III , Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans '' . Intelligence.senate.gov . Jump up ^ Jeffreys - Jones , Rhodri . THE FBI , Yale University Press , 2008 , p. 189 Jump up ^ `` Final Report , 2A '' . ICDC . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2006 . Retrieved October 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Final Report , 2Cb '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` Final Report , 3A '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` Final Report , 3G '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` CPUSA '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` SWP '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` Black Nationalist '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` White Hate '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` New Left '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . ICDC . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . 2006 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2006 . Retrieved October 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ American National Biography , Pedro Abizu Campos , accessed 19 Apr. 2015 . Jump up ^ FBI Files on Puerto Ricans . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Files on Pedro Albizu Campos '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Files on Surveillance of Puerto Ricans in general '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Che Guevara and the FBI : U.S. Political Police Dossier on the Latin American Revolutionary . Michael Ratner. 1997 . Retrieved 13 December 2103 . Jump up ^ https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-fbi-in-latin-america Jump up ^ Gary May , The Informant : The FBI , the Ku Klux Klan , and the Murder of Viola Luzzo , Yale University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Yardley '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jack Anderson ( March 21 , 1983 ) . `` Hoover smear tactics hurt civil rights case '' . The Evening News . Jump up ^ Joanne Giannino . `` Viola Liuzzo '' . Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kay Houston . `` The Detroit housewife who moved a nation toward racial justice '' . The Detroit News , Rearview Mirror . Archived from the original on 1999 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Uncommon Courage : The Viola Liuzzo Story '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mary Stanton ( 2000 ) . From Selma to Sorrow : The Life and Death of Viola Liuzzo . University of Georgia Press . p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` The F.B.I. Deemed Agents Faultless in 150 Shootings , '' by Charlie Savage and Michael Schmidt , 18 June 2013 , New York Times . Jump up ^ The Feds Let ' Whitey ' Get Away With Murder : FBI agents and other officials protected James `` Whitey '' Bulger as he roamed free for decades . Is there a statute of limitations on corrupting the system ? Mike Barnicle . TIME. 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nagorney , Adam ; Lovett , Ian ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Whitey Bulger Is Arrested in California '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zezima , Katie ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` In South Boston , Mixed Memories of Whitey Bulger '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` law.com '' . law.com . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` FBI helped Bulger evade detection , ex-cop says '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Bulger arrest may revive old scandals '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` FBI corruption and Whitey Bulger '' . necn.com . June 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` James J. Bulger '' . fbi.gov . September 3 , 1929 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rudolf , John ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Nabbed Gangster ' Whitey ' Bulger Could Spill FBI Corruption Secrets '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sonmez , Felicia ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` James ' Whitey ' Bulger 's capture could cause trouble inside the FBI '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Capture Of Boston Gangster Could Mean More Scandal '' NPR . Jump up ^ Florida Court Overturns Murder Conviction of FBI Agent , by Timothy Williams , 29 May 2014 , New York Times Jump up ^ `` Famed crime boss James ' Whitey ' Bulger arrested in Santa Monica '' . Los Angeles Times . June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Bulger Is Arrested in California '' . The New York Times . 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Mobster Whitey Bulger arrested in California '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` One of America 's Top Fugitives James `` Whitey '' Bulger : Caught in Santa Monica '' International Business Times Jump up ^ `` Mass . Mobster Bulger Reportedly Taken to Hospital '' . Boston.com . AP . November 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelley Murphy ; Milton J. Valencia ; Brian Ballou ; John R. Ellement ; Martin Finucane ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Whitey ' Bulger defense claims he was no informant , questions credibility of prosecution witnesses '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelley Murphy ; Milton J. Valencia ; Martin Finucane ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Whitey Bulger , notorious Boston gangster , convicted in sweeping racketeering case ; jury finds he participated in 11 murders '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Topic Galleries '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Adrian Havill , crimelibrary.com . His fate is sealed Archived 2007 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved September 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wise 2003 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Transcript of Hanssen Guilty Plea , July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Justice Thompson Statement Regarding Hanssen Guilty Plea July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Review of FBI Security Programs ( Webster Report ) ( March 2002 ) . Commission for Review of FBI Security Programs , United States Department of Justice . Jump up ^ `` Fugitive is killed in FBI stakeout '' . The Boston Globe . September 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Revés para Puerto Rico en caso de independentista muerto por FBI '' ( in Spanish ) . Azcentral. 2008 - 03 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Funeral Service for Filiberto Ojeda Ríos Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Request for Condemnation of Ojeda - Rios ' assassination by the United States '' . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary Ann ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Associated Press sues after FBI impersonates journalist in sting operation '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Reilly , Ryan ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` An FBI Agent Did A Pretty Terrible Job Of Pretending To Be A Journalist '' . HuffPost . Jump up ^ Tucker , Eric ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` AP demands FBI never again impersonate journalist '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Tucker , Eric ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Justice Department report ' effectively condone ( s ) ' FBI impersonation incident '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Appeals Court sides with Associated Press in lawsuit against FBI '' . Washington Examiner . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` US court hears case involving impersonation of AP journalist '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Borland , John ( November 17 , 2005 ) . `` See Who 's Editing Wikipedia -- Diebold , the CIA , a Campaign '' . Wired . Jump up ^ `` Congressional staffers edit boss 's bio on Wikipedia '' . Ars Technica . ^ Jump up to : Fildes , Jonathan ( August 15 , 2007 ) . `` Technology Wikipedia ' shows CIA page edits ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobbie Johnson , technology correspondent ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Companies and party aides cast censorious eye over Wikipedia '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Susan Duclos ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` McCain Accused Of Plagiarism , Campaign Releases Internal Memo And Denies Claim '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Poulsen , Kevin ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Vote On the Most Shameful Wikipedia Spin Jobs -- UPDATED Threat Level '' . Wired . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelsen , Randall ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` CIA , FBI computers used for Wikipedia edits '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CIA caught rewriting Wikipedia biographies '' . Daily Mail . London . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia and the art of censorship '' . Belfast Telegraph . August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Landler , Mark ; Lichtblau , Eric ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` STERN REBUKE , BUT NO CHARGES FOR CLINTON : F.B.I. Calls Email Use ' Extremely Careless ' '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ; et al. ( 28 October 2016 ) . `` Newly discovered emails relating to Hillary Clinton case under review by FBI '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Isikoff , Michael ( 29 October 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : FBI still does not have warrant to review new Abedin emails linked to Clinton probe '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US election : Hillary Clinton blames loss on FBI 's James Comey in call with top donors '' Jump up ^ `` President Trump dismisses FBI Director Comey '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matthew ; Apuzzo , Matt ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Days Before Firing , Comey Asked for More Resources for Russia Inquiry '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ New York Times , May 9 , 2017 , F.B.I. Director James Comey Is Fired by Trump Jump up ^ Manchester , Julia ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Wray officially sworn in as FBI director '' . Jump up ^ Tau , Byron ( 20 April 2018 ) . `` Justice Department Watchdog Probes Comey Memos Over Classified Information '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Breuninger , Kevin ( 20 April 2018 ) . `` Justice Department watchdog investigating leaked Comey memos over classified information '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` House Intelligence memo released : What it says '' . Washington Examiner . Jump up ^ `` ' A Lot of People Should Be Ashamed ' : Trump Reacts to Surveillance Memo '' . Fox News . 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Statement on the Shooting in Parkland , Florida '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . February 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FBI 's Andrew McCabe fired , DOJ releases statement '' . Fox News . 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Breuninger , Kevin ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` FBI Director Chris Wray says politics did n't influence McCabe firing '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Watchdog report : Ex-FBI deputy director Andrew McCabe misled investigators '' . The Telegraph . 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Eric ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` Watchdog Report Claims Ex-FBI Deputy Director McCabe Misled Investigators '' . TIME . Jump up ^ Shaw , Adam ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` DOJ IG releases explosive report that led to firing of ex-FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Zapotosky , Matt ( 19 April 2018 ) . `` Inspector general referred findings on McCabe to U.S. attorney for consideration of criminal charges '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Serwer , Adam ( 19 April 2018 ) . `` Will Andrew McCabe Be Prosecuted ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Johnson , Carrie ( 20 April 2018 ) . `` Former FBI Director Andrew McCabe 's Camp Fires Back '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` Retired agent Jeff Danik says the FBI wo n't respond to his FOIA on Deputy Director McCabe '' . Circa. 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A former FBI agent battling Deputy Director McCabe said there is a ' cancer ' inside the FBI '' . Circa. 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Kimberly ( 22 August 2016 ) . `` Sexism at FBI So Bad They Had Long - Running Joke About Getting Sued , Lawsuit Says '' . Vice . Jump up ^ `` British 15 - year - old gained access to intelligence operations in Afghanistan and Iran by pretending to be head of CIA , court hears '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British teenager who ' cyber-terrorised ' US intelligence officials gets two years detention '' . The Independent . 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers publish contact info of 20,000 FBI employees '' . CNN . 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ UK teen Kane Gamble gets two years for hacking CIA ex-chief John Brennan `` . Deutsche Welle. 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Richard Gid ( 1983 ) . G - Men : Hoover 's FBI in American Popular Culture . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 1096 - 1 . Further Reading HSI BOOK Government HSI Files Charles , Douglas M. ( 2007 ) . J. Edgar Hoover and the Anti-interventionists : FBI Political Surveillance and the Rise of the Domestic Security State , 1939 -- 1945 . Columbus , Ohio : The Ohio State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 1061 - 1 . Kessler , Ronald ( 1993 ) . The FBI : Inside the World 's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency . Pocket Books Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 78657 - 1 . Powers , Richard Gid ( 1983 ) . G - Men , Hoover 's FBI in American Popular Culture . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 1096 - 8 . Sullivan , William ( 1979 ) . The Bureau : My Thirty Years in Hoover 's FBI . Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 01236 - 1 . Theoharis , Athan G. ; John Stuart Cox ( 1988 ) . The Boss : J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87722 - 532 - 4 . Theoharis , Athan G. ; Tony G. Poveda ; Susan Rosenfeld ; Richard Gid Powers ( 2000 ) . The FBI : A Comprehensive Reference Guide . Checkmark Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4228 - 9 . Theoharis , Athan G. ( 2004 ) . The FBI and American Democracy : A Brief Critical History . Kansas : University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1345 - 8 . Thomas , William H. , Jr. ( 2008 ) . Unsafe for Democracy : World War I and the U.S. Justice Department 's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 22890 - 3 . Tonry , Michael ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) . The Handbook of Crime & Punishment . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514060 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Trahair , Richard C.S. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . Ballentine : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31955 - 6 . Vanderpool , Bill ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` A History of FBI Handguns '' . American Rifleman . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Weiner , Tim ( 2012 ) . Enemies . A History of the FBI . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6748 - 0 . Williams , David ( 1981 ) . `` The Bureau of Investigation and its Critics , 1919 -- 1921 : the Origins of Federal Political Surveillance '' . Journal of American History . Organization of American Historians. 68 ( 3 ) : 560 -- 579 . doi : 10.2307 / 1901939 . JSTOR 1901939 . FBI -- The Year in Review , Part 1 , Part 2 ( 2013 ) Church Committee Report , Vol. 6 , `` Federal Bureau of Investigation . '' 1975 congressional inquiry into American intelligence operations . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Bureau of Investigation . 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[ "The FBI's mandate is established in Title 28 of the United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to \"appoint officials to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States.\"[54] Other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes." ]
[ "Title 28 of the United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533," ]
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Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution - wikipedia Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution Jump to : navigation , search `` Dechristianization '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dechristianization ( disambiguation ) . The dechristianization of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between the start of the French Revolution in 1789 and the Concordat of 1801 , forming the basis of the later and less radical laïcité policies . The goal of the campaign between 1793 and 1794 ranged from the public reclamation of the massive amounts of land , power , and money held by the Catholic Church in France to the termination of Catholic religious practice and of the religion itself . There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated . The French Revolution initially began with attacks on church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy , an action with which even many Christians could identify , since the Roman Catholic church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France . During a two - year period known as the Reign of Terror , the episodes of anti-clericalism grew more violent than any in modern European history . The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the church ; abolished the Catholic monarchy ; nationalized church property ; exiled 30,000 priests and killed hundreds more . In October 1793 the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoning from the date of the Revolution , and Festivals of Liberty , Reason and the Supreme Being were scheduled . New forms of moral religion emerged , including the deistic Cult of the Supreme Being and the atheistic Cult of Reason , with the revolutionary government briefly mandating observance of the former in April 1794. . Contents ( hide ) 1 Religion and the Catholic Church under the monarchy 1.1 Before 1789 1.2 Between 1789 and 1792 1.3 Fall of the monarchy 2 New policies of the Revolutionary authorities 3 The Revolution and the Church 4 Toll on the Church 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Further reading 8.1 In English 8.2 In French 9 External links Religion and the Catholic Church under the monarchy ( edit ) Before 1789 ( edit ) In 18th - century France , the vast majority of the population adhered to the Catholic Church as Catholicism had been since the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 the only religion officially allowed in the kingdom . Nonetheless , there were minorities of French Protestants ( mostly Huguenots & German Lutherans in Alsace ) and Jews still lived in France at the beginning of the Revolution . The Edict of Versailles , commonly known as the Edict of Tolerance , had been signed by Louis XVI on 7 November 1787 and had given non-Catholics in France the right to openly practice their religions as well as legal and civil status , which included the right to contract marriages without having to convert to the Catholic faith . At the same time , libertine thinkers popularized atheism and anti-clericalism . The Ancien Régime institutionalised the authority of the clergy in its status as the First Estate of the realm . As the largest landowner in the country , the Catholic Church controlled properties which provided massive revenues from its tenants ; the Church also had an enormous income from the collection of tithes . Since the Church kept the registry of births , deaths , and marriages and was the only institution that provided hospitals and education in some parts of the country , it influenced all citizens . Between 1789 and 1792 ( edit ) The event that launched the Revolution was the abolition of the privileges of the First and Second Estate on the night of 4 August 1789 . In particular , it abolished the tithes gathered by the Catholic clergy . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 proclaimed freedom of religion across France in these terms : Article IV - Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights . These borders can be determined only by the law . Article X - No one may be disturbed for his opinions , even religious ones , provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law . On October 10 , 1789 , the National Constituent Assembly seized the properties and land held by the Catholic Church and decided to sell them as assignats . On July 12 , 1790 , the assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that subordinated the Roman Catholic Church in France to the French government . It was never accepted by the Pope and other high - ranking clergy in Rome . Fall of the monarchy ( edit ) Main articles : 10 August ( French Revolution ) and September Massacres New policies of the revolutionary authorities ( edit ) The programme of dechristianization waged against Catholicism , and eventually against all forms of Christianity , included : destruction of statues , plates and other iconography from places of worship destruction of crosses , bells and other external signs of worship the institution of revolutionary and civic cults , including the Cult of Reason and subsequently the Cult of the Supreme Being ( spring 1794 ) the enactment of a law on 21 October 1793 making all nonjuring priests and all persons who harbored them liable to death on sight Fête de la Raison ( `` Festival of Reason '' ) , Notre Dame , Paris , 10 November 1793 An especially notable event that took place in the course of France 's dechristianization was the Festival of Reason , which was held in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November 1793 . The dechristianization campaign can be seen as the logical extension of the materialist philosophies of some leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire , while for others with more prosaic concerns it provided an opportunity to unleash resentments against the Catholic Church ( in the spirit of conventional anti-clericalism ) and its clergy . The Revolution and the Church ( edit ) In August 1789 , the State cancelled the taxing power of the Church . The issue of church property became central to the policies of the new revolutionary government . Declaring that all church property in France belonged to the nation , confiscations were ordered and church properties were sold at public auction . In July 1790 , the National Constituent Assembly published the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that stripped clerics of their special rights -- the clergy were to be made employees of the state , elected by their parish or bishopric , and the number of bishoprics was to be reduced -- and required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal , deportation or death . French priests had to receive Papal approval to sign such an oath , and Pius VI spent almost eight months deliberating on the issue . On 13 April 1791 , the Pope denounced the Constitution , resulting in a split in the French Catholic church . Over fifty percent became abjuring priests ( `` jurors '' ) , also known as `` constitutional clergy '' , and nonjuring priests as `` refractory clergy '' . Map of France showing the percentage of juring priests in 1791 . The borders of the map are those of 2007 , because the data come from archives of the modern departments . In September 1792 , the Legislative Assembly legalized divorce , contrary to Catholic doctrine . At the same time , the State took control of the birth , death , and marriage registers away from the Church . An ever - increasing view that the Church was a counter-revolutionary force exacerbated the social and economic grievances and violence erupted in towns and cities across France . In Paris , over a forty - eight - hour period beginning on 2 September 1792 , as the Legislative Assembly ( successor to the National Constituent Assembly ) dissolved into chaos , three Church bishops and more than two hundred priests were massacred by angry mobs ; this constituted part of what would become known as the September Massacres . Priests were among those drowned in mass executions ( noyades ) for treason under the direction of Jean - Baptiste Carrier ; priests and nuns were among the mass executions at Lyons , for separatism , on the orders of Joseph Fouché and Collot d'Herbois . Hundreds more priests were imprisoned and made to suffer in abominable conditions in the port of Rochefort . Anti-church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor , the National Convention , as well as by département councils throughout the country . Many of the acts of dechristianization in 1793 were motivated by the seizure of church gold and silver to finance the war effort . In November 1793 , the département council of Indre - et - Loire abolished the word dimanche ( English : Sunday ) . The Gregorian calendar , an instrument decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 , was replaced by the French Republican Calendar which abolished the sabbath , saints ' days and any references to the Church . The seven - day week became ten days instead . It soon became clear , however , that nine consecutive days of work were too much , and that international relations could not be carried out without reverting to the Gregorian system , which was still in use everywhere outside of France . Consequently , the Gregorian Calendar was reimplemented in 1795 . Anti-clerical parades were held , and the Archbishop of Paris , Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel , was forced to resign his duties and made to replace his mitre with the red `` Cap of Liberty . '' Street and place names with any sort of religious connotation were changed , such as the town of St. Tropez , which became Héraclée . Religious holidays were banned and replaced with holidays to celebrate the harvest and other non-religious symbols . Many churches were converted into `` temples of reason , '' in which Deistic services were held . Local people often resisted this dechristianisation and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again . Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety denounced the dechristianizers as foreign enemies of the Revolution , and established their own new religion . This Cult of the Supreme Being , without the superstitions of Catholicism , supplanted both Catholicism and the rival Cult of Reason . Both new religions were short - lived . Just six weeks before his arrest , on 8 June 1794 the still - powerful Robespierre personally led a vast procession through Paris to the Tuileries garden in a ceremony to inaugurate the new faith . His execution occurred shortly afterward , on 28 July 1794 . By early 1795 a return to some form of religion - based faith was beginning to take shape and a law passed on 21 February 1795 legalized public worship , albeit with strict limitations . The ringing of church bells , religious processions and displays of the Christian cross were still forbidden . As late as 1799 , priests were still being imprisoned or deported to penal colonies . Persecution only worsened after the French army led by General Louis Alexandre Berthier captured Rome in early 1798 , declared a new Roman Republic , and imprisoned Pope Pius VI , who would die in captivity in Valence , France in August 1799 . Ultimately , with Napoleon now in ascendancy in France , year - long negotiations between government officials and the new Pope Pius VII led to the Concordat of 1801 , formally ending the dechristianization period and establishing the rules for a relationship between the Roman Church and the French State . Victims of the Reign of Terror totaled somewhere between 20,000 and 40,000 . According to one estimate , among those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals about 8 percent were aristocrats , 6 percent clergy , 14 percent middle class , and 70 percent were workers or peasants accused of hoarding , evading the draft , desertion , rebellion , and other purported crimes . Of these social groupings , the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church suffered proportionately the greatest loss . Anti-church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor , the National Convention , as well as by département councils throughout the country . The Concordat of 1801 endured for more than a century until it was abrogated by the government of the Third Republic , which established a policy of laïcité on 11 December 1905 . Toll on the Church ( edit ) Under threat of death , imprisonment , military conscription , and loss of income , about twenty thousand constitutional priests were forced to abdicate and hand over their letters of ordination , and six thousand to nine thousand of them agreed or were coerced to marry . Many abandoned their pastoral duties altogether . Nonetheless , some of those who had abdicated continued covertly to minister to the people . By the end of the decade , approximately thirty thousand priests had been forced to leave France , and others who did not leave were executed . Most French parishes were left without the services of a priest and deprived of the sacraments . Any non-juring priest faced the guillotine or deportation to French Guiana . By Easter 1794 , few of France 's forty thousand churches remained open ; many had been closed , sold , destroyed , or converted to other uses . Victims of revolutionary violence , whether religious or not , were popularly treated as Christian martyrs , and the places where they were killed became pilgrimage destinations . Catechising in the home , folk religion , syncretic and heterodox practices all became more common . The long - term effects on religious practice in France were significant . Many who were dissuaded from their traditional religious practices never resumed them . Gallery ( edit ) `` Disaffectation '' of a church , Jacques François Joseph Swebach - Desfontaines , 1794 . Festival of the Supreme Being , 8 June 1794 . Notre Dame of Strasbourg turned into a Temple of Reason . See also ( edit ) Persecution of Christians Christianity in France 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State People engaged in the campaign : Jacques Hébert , Pierre Gaspard Chaumette , Joseph Fouché Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tallet 1991 , p. 1 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Spielvogel 2006 , p. 549 . ^ Jump up to : Tallet 1991 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Collins , Michael ( 1999 ) . The Story of Christianity . Mathew A Price . Dorling Kindersley . p. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 0467 - 1 . At first the new revolutionary government attacked church corruption and the wealth of the bishops and abbots who ruled the church -- causes with which many Christians could identify . Clerical privileges were abolished ... Jump up ^ Kennedy , Emmet ( 1989 ) . A Cultural History of the French Revolution . Yale University Press . p. 343 . ISBN 9780300044263 . Jump up ^ Helmstadter , Richard J. ( 1997 ) . Freedom and religion in the nineteenth century . Stanford Univ . Press . p. 251 . Jump up ^ Heenan , David Kyle . Deism in France 1789 - 1799 . N.p. : U of Wisconsin -- Madison , 1953 . Print . Jump up ^ Ross , David A. Being in Time to the Music . N.p. : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2007 . Print . `` This Cult of Reason or Deism reached its logical conclusion in the French Revolution ... '' Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Tallet , Frank Religion , Society and Politics in France Since 1789 pp. 1 - 17 1991 Continuum International Publishing Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 , p. 212 , retrieved July 17 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Betros , Gemma ( Dec 2010 ) . `` THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH '' . History Review ( 68 ) : 16 -- 21 . ISSN 0962 - 9610 . Jump up ^ Furet , François . `` Night of August 4 , '' in François Furet , and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( Harvard University Press , 1989 ) pp 107 - 114 . Jump up ^ Compare Tallett ( 1991 ) : `` During the course of the year II much of France was subjected to a campaign of dechristianization , the aim of which was the eradication of Catholic religious practice , and Catholicism itself . The campaign , which was at its most intense in the winter and spring of 1793 - 94 ( ... ) comprised a number of different activities . These ranged from the removal of plate , statues and other fittings from places of worship , the destruction of crosses , bells , shrines and other ' external signs of worship ' , the closure of churches , the enforced abdication and , occasionally , the marriage of constitutional priests , the substitution of a Revolutionary calendar for the Gregorian one , the alteration of personal and place names which had any eccesiastical connotations to more suitably Revolutionary ones , through to the promotion of new cults , notably those of reason and of the Supreme Being . '' ^ Jump up to : Latreille , A. ( 2002 ) . `` French revolution '' . New Catholic Encyclopedia . v. 5 ( Second ed . ) . Thompson / Gale . p. 972 -- 973 . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 4004 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schaeffer , Francis A. How Should We Then Live ( L'Abri 50th Anniversary ed . ) . pp. 120 -- 122 . ISBN 1581345364 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1993 , p. 96 ) : `` Many of the Parisian Sections eagerly joined in the priest - hunt ... '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Gwynne ( 1993 ) . The French Revolution : Rethinking the Debate . Historical Connections . Routledge . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 93741 - 7 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vovelle 1991 , p. 180 , 182 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Matthew ( 1 March 2001 ) . `` Reactions To The French Republican Calendar '' . Fr Hist. 15 ( 1 ) : 6 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segura González , Wenceslao ( n.d. ) . `` La reforma del calendario '' ( PDF ) . EWT Ediciones : 42 . ISBN 9788461617296 . Jump up ^ Horne , Thomas Hartwell ; Davidson , Samuel ( 21 November 2013 ) . An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures . Cambridge University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 06772 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , pp. 92 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 : A-L . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 237 . ISBN 9780313334467 . The cult was a deliberate attempt to counter the unsuccessful efforts at dechristianization , and the atheistic Cult of Reason , which reached its high point in the winter of the previous year . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Donald Joseph FRENCH REVOLUTION , History.com 2006 ( Accessed 27 April 2007 ) Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lewis 1993 , p. 96 . Further reading ( edit ) In English ( edit ) Aston , Nigel . Religion and Revolution in France , 1780 - 1804 ( Catholic University of America Press , 2000 ) , pp 259 -- 76 Byrnes , Joseph F. Priests of the French Revolution : Saints and Renegades in a New Political Era ( 2014 ) Cooney , Mary Kathryn ( 2006 ) . `` ' May the Hatchet and the Hammer Never Damage It ! ' : The Fate of the Cathedral of Chartres during the French Revolution '' . Catholic Historical Review . 92 ( 2 ) : 193 - 214 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Desan , Suzanne ( 1988 ) . `` Redefining Revolutionary Liberty : The Rhetoric of Religious Revival during the French Revolution '' . Journal of Modern History . 60 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 27 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Furet , François and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , pp 21 -- 32 Gliozzo , Charles A . `` The Philosophes and Religion : Intellectual Origins of the Dechristianization Movement in the French Revolution . '' Church History ( 1971 ) 40 # 3 Kley , Dale K. Van ( 2003 ) . `` Christianity as casualty and chrysalis of modernity : the problem of dechristianization in the French Revolution '' . American Historical Review . 108 ( 4 ) : 1081 - 1104 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Kley , Dale K. Van . The Religious Origins of the French Revolution : From Calvin to the Civil Constitution , 1560 - 1791 ( 1996 ) Lewis , Gwynne . Life in Revolutionary France . London : New York : Batsford ; Putnam , 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 1556 - 8 McManners , John . The French Revolution and the Church ( Greenwood Press , 1969 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 23074 - 5 Spielvogel , J.J. ( 2006 ) . Western Civilization ( Combined Volume ed . ) . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 64602 - 8 . Tackett , Timothy . Religion , Revolution , and Regional Culture in Eighteenth - Century France : The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791 ( 1986 ) Tallett , Frank ( 1991 ) . `` Dechristianizing France : The year II and the revolutionary experience '' . In Tallett , F. ; Atkin , N. Religion , Society and Politics in France Since 1789 . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 1 - 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 057 - 9 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Vovelle , Michel ( 1991 ) ( 1988 ) , The revolution against the Church : From reason to the Supreme Being , translated by José , Alan , Columbus , OH : Ohio State University Press , ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0577 - 1 , retrieved 9 May 2017 In French ( edit ) La Gorce , Pierre de , Histoire Religieuse de la Révolution Française. 10 . éd . Paris : Plon - Nourrit , 1912 -- 5 v . Langlois , Claude , Timothy Tackett , Michel Vovelle and S. Bonin . Atlas de la Révolution française . Religion , 1770 - 1820 , tome 9 ( 1996 ) External links ( edit ) Chief clauses of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Religious persecution and discrimination By group Ahmadiyya Atheism Bahá'í Buddhism Catholic Christianity modern era Hinduism persecution Falun Gong Islam persecution Judaism antisemitism religious antisemitism persecution Jehovah 's Witness Mormonism Neopaganism Orthodoxy Rastafari Protestantism Shi'a Islam Zoroastrianism Methods Arson Censorship Deprogramming Desecration Discrimination Forced conversion Genocide Rape Intolerance Pogrom Political abuse of psychiatry Segregation State atheism State religion Terrorism Violence War Events Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain Expulsion of the Moriscos Decline of Buddhism in India French Revolutionary dechristianisation European wars of religion French Wars of Religion Inquisition 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war The Holocaust Armenian Genocide Pontic Greek Genocide Palestinian exodus Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent Violence against Muslims in India Direct Action Day Noakhali riots 1971 Bangladesh genocide Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War 1984 anti-Sikh riots Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire Soviet persecution 1917 -- 1921 1921 -- 1928 1928 -- 1941 1958 -- 1964 1970 -- 1987 legislation Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 2002 Gujarat riots Test Act Genocide of Christians by ISIL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution&oldid=815283922 '' Categories : Religion and the French Revolution History of Catholicism in France Anti-Catholicism in France Anti-clericalism Human rights abuses Secularism in France 18th - century Christianity Antitheism Persecution of Catholics Christianization Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the french government take over the church
[ "The dechristianization of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between the start of the French Revolution in 1789 and the Concordat of 1801, forming the basis of the later and less radical laïcité policies. The goal of the campaign between 1793 and 1794 ranged from the public reclamation of the massive amounts of land, power, and money held by the Catholic Church in France to the termination of Catholic religious practice and of the religion itself.[1][2][3] There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated.[1]" ]
[ "between the start of the French Revolution in 1789 and the Concordat of 1801" ]
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Handshake
Handshake - wikipedia Handshake Jump to : navigation , search For the telecommunications concept , see Handshaking . Two people shaking hands A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp one of each other 's like hands , in most cases accompanied by a brief up - and - down movement of the grasped hands . Using the right hand is generally considered proper etiquette . Customs surrounding handshakes are specific to cultures . Different cultures may be more or less likely to shake hands , or there may be different customs about how or when to shake hands . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern customs 3 Germ spreading 4 Chemosignaling 5 Records 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Hera and Athena handshaking , late 5th century BC , Acropolis Museum , Athens Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that handshaking -- also known as dexiosis -- was practiced in ancient Greece as far back as the 5th century BC ; a depiction of two soldiers shaking hands can be found on part of a 5th - century BC funerary stele on display in the Pergamon Museum , Berlin ( stele SK1708 ) and other funerary steles like the one of the 4th century BC which depicts Thraseas and his wife Euandria handshaking ( see images on the right ) . The handshake is believed by some to have originated as a gesture of peace by demonstrating that the hand holds no weapon . Pictures : Handshaking depicted on historic artifacts Hoplite greeting an older man with slave carrying the aspis Funerary stele of Thrasea and Euandria . Marble , ca . 375 - 350 BC . Antikensammlung Berlin , Pergamon Museum , 738 Antiochus I Theos of Commagene , shaking hands with Heracles 70 -- 38 BC , Arsameia . Modern customs ( edit ) Shaking with the right hand while delivering a certificate with the left Tennis players shaking hands after match Public image consultant Álvaro Gordoa demonstrates a handshaking technique at a presentation at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education , Mexico City Leaders welcome a boy into Scouting , March 2010 , Mexico City , Mexico . Note the left - handed handshake . There are various customs surrounding handshakes , both generically and specific to certain cultures : The handshake is commonly done upon meeting , greeting , parting , offering congratulations , expressing gratitude , or completing an agreement . In sports or other competitive activities , it is also done as a sign of good sportsmanship . Its purpose is to convey trust , respect , balance , and equality . If it is done to form an agreement , the agreement is not official until the hands are parted Unless health issues or local customs dictate otherwise , usually a handshake is made with bare hands . However , it depends on the situation . In Anglophone countries , in business situations . In casual non-business situations , men are more likely to shake hands than women . In The Netherlands and Belgium , handshakes are done more often , especially on meetings . In Switzerland , it may be expected to shake the women 's hands first . Austrians shake hands when meeting , often including with children . In Russia , a handshake is performed by men and rarely performed by women . In some countries such as Turkey or the Arabic - speaking Middle East , handshakes are not as firm as in the West . Consequently , a grip which is too firm will be considered as rude . Hand shaking between men and women is not encouraged in the Arabic world . Moroccans also give one kiss on each cheek ( to corresponding genders ) together with the handshake . Also , in some countries , a variation exists where instead of kisses , after the handshake the palm is placed on the heart . In China , where a weak handshake is also preferred , people shaking hands will often hold on to each other 's hands for an extended period after the initial handshake . In Japan , it is appropriate to let the Japanese initiate the handshake , and a weak handshake is preferred . In India and several nearby countries , the respectful Namaste gesture , sometimes combined with a slight bow , is traditionally used in place of handshakes . However , handshakes are preferred in business and other formal settings . In Norway , where a firm handshake is preferred , people will most often shake hands when agreeing on deals , both in private and business relations . In South Korea , a senior person will initiate a handshake , where it is preferred to be weak . It is a sign of respect to grasp the right arm with the left hand when shaking hands . It is also considered rude or disrespectful to have your free hand in your pocket while shaking hands . Related to a handshake but more casual , some people prefer a fist bump . Typically the fist bump is done with a clenched hand . Only the knuckles of the hand are typically touched to the knuckles of the other person 's hand . Like a handshake the fist bump may be used to acknowledge a relationship with another person . However , unlike the formality of a handshake , the fist bump is typically not used to seal a business deal or in formal business settings . The hand hug is a type of handshake popular with politicians , as it can present them as being warm , friendly , trustworthy and honest . This type of handshake involves covering the clenched hands with the remaining free hand , creating a sort of `` cocoon '' . Another version popular with politicians is a `` photo - op handshake '' in which , after the initial grasp both individuals turn to face present photographers and camera men and stay this way for several seconds . Scouts will shake hands with their left hand as a gesture of trust , which originated when the founder of the movement , Lord Baden - Powell of Gillwell , then a British cavalry officer , met an African tribesman . In some areas of Africa , handshakes are continually held to show that the conversation is between the two talking . If they are not shaking hands , others are permitted to enter the conversation . Masai men in Africa greet one another by a subtle touch of palms of their hands for a very brief moment of time . In Liberia , the snap handshake is customary , where the two shakers snap their fingers against each other at the conclusion of the handshake . Germ spreading ( edit ) Handshakes are known to spread a number of microbial pathogens . Certain diseases such as scabies are known to spread the most through direct skin - to - skin contact . A medical study has found that fist bumps and high fives spread fewer germs than handshakes . In light of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic , the dean of medicine at the University of Calgary , Tomas Feasby , suggested that fist bumps may be a `` nice replacement of the handshake '' in an effort to prevent transmission of the virus . Following a 2010 study that showed that only about 40 % of doctors and other health care providers complied with hand hygiene rules in hospitals . Mark Sklansky , a doctor at UCLA hospital , decided to test a `` a handshake - free zone '' as a method for limiting the spread of germs and reducing the transmission of disease . However ; UCLA did n't allow the ban of the handshakes outright , but they rather suggested other options like fist bumping , smiling , bowing , waving , and non-contact Namaste gestures . Chemosignaling ( edit ) It has been discovered as a part of a research in the Weizmann Institute , that human handshakes serve as a means of transferring social chemical signals between the shakers . It appears that there is a tendency to bring the shaken hands to the vicinity of the nose and smell them . They may serve an evolutionary need to learn about the person whose hand was shaken , replacing a more overt sniffing behavior , as is common among animals and in certain human cultures ( such as Tuvalu , Greenland or rural Mongolia , where a quick sniff is part of the traditional greeting ritual ) . Records ( edit ) Atlantic City , New Jersey Mayor Joseph Lazarow was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records for a July 1977 publicity stunt , in which the mayor shook more than 11,000 hands in a single day , breaking the record previously held by President Theodore Roosevelt , who had set the record with 8,510 handshakes at a White House reception on 1 January 1907 . This had already been broken , in 1963 , by Lance Dowson in Wrexham , N. Wales who shook 12,500 individuals hands in 10 1 / 2 hours . This was recognised by the Guinness World Records Organisation and published in their 1964 publication . WSAI DJ Jim Scott broke the record at Northgate Mall , Cincinnati , Oh . On 31 August 1987 Stephen Potter from St Albans Round table shook 19,550 hands at the St Albans Carnival to take the World record for shaking most hands verified by the Guinness Book of records . The record has since been exceeded but has been retired from the book . Stephen Potter still holds the British and European record . On Memorial Day 2008 , two friends from Muscatine , Iowa , Kevin Whittaker and Cory Jens set the Guinness World Record for the world 's longest handshake at 9 hours and 30 minutes in San Francisco . On 21 September 2009 , Jack Tsonis and Lindsay Morrison broke the Guinness World Record for the world 's longest handshake , shaking hands for 12 hours , 34 minutes and 56 seconds . This record was broken less than a month later in Claremont , California , when John - Clark Levin and George Posner shook hands for 15 hours , 15 minutes , and 15 seconds . The next month , on 21 November , Matthew Rosen and Joe Ackerman surpassed this feat , with a new world record time of 15 hours , 30 minutes and 45 seconds certified in the latest edition of the Guinness Book of Records on page 111 . At 8 pm EST on Friday 14 January 2011 the latest attempt at the longest hand - shake commenced in New York Times Square and the existing record was smashed by semi-professional world record - breaker Alastair Galpin and Don Purdon from New Zealand and Nepalese brothers Rohit and Santosh Timilsina who agreed to share the new record after 33 hours and 3 minutes . See also ( edit ) Dap greeting Fist bump Namaste Golden handshake Greeting habits Handshake Man Holding hands Scout handshake Secret handshake References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fist bumps , high - fives spread fewer germs than handshakes , study says '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attention Germaphobes : A Less Icky Alternative to the Handshake '' . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fist bump can pound out flu transmission Archived 20 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Thomas , Chris ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` Handshake -- Priest and two soldiers , 500BC . Pergamon Museum Berlin ( SK1708 ) '' . Picasa Web Albums . Google . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Busterson , Philip A. Social Rituals of the British . Jump up ^ `` Dear Uncle Ezra -- Questions for Tuesday , April 3 , 2007 '' . Cornell University . 3 April 2007 . Question 8 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . There are many conflicting theories about the origin of the handshake . It seems that the most common one involves the evidence of the lack of a weapon in the right hand , which normally bears a weapon . It is shown to be empty by its connectedness to the opposite person 's hand . Jump up ^ Evergreen.edu 4 December 2002 Jump up ^ csun.edu − 28 August 2002 Jump up ^ `` Shaking hands with women '' . GQ . Condé Nast Digital . 2000 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 1922 ) . Etiquette in Society , in Business , in Politics and at Home . New York : Funk & Wagnalls . Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do People Shake Hands ? Why Do People '' . whydopeople.net. 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Theconnectedwoman.com -- `` Handshakes from Around the World '' Jump up ^ `` Shaking Hands Around the World '' . wisc-online.com. 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Strubbe , Kevin ; Hobert , Liesbeth ( 2009 ) . Etiquette in het buitenland ( Etiquette Abroad ) ( in Dutch ) . Leuven : Van Halewyck . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5617 - 910 - 6 . Jump up ^ Handshake : Student 's Book : A Course in Communication . OUP Oxford . 7 November 1996 ) . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5617 - 910 - 6 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Handshake - Free Zone : Stopping the Spread of Germs in the Hospital Jump up ^ Idan Frumin ; Ofer Perl ; Yaara Endevelt - Shapira ; Ami Eisen ; Neetai Eshel ; Iris Heller ; Maya Shemesh ; Aharon Ravia ; Lee Sela ; Anat Arzi ; Noam Sobel ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` A social chemosignaling function for human handshaking '' . eLife Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Two friends shake hands for 9.5 hours in SF to set a new world record '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McClymont , Mhairi ( 21 September 2009 ) . `` Great shakes ! World record raises charity funds '' . ABC News . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movers and shakers -- an article on the new World Record '' . The Jewish Chronicle. 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Handshake : Team New Zealand and Team Nepal set world record '' . New York City : Worldrecordsacademy.org. 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Galpin , Alastair . `` Records achieved '' . WorldRecordChase.com . Longest continuous handshake . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kiwis break world record for a handshake '' . TVNZ.co.nz . Television New Zealand Limited . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Handshake at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of handshake at Wiktionary http://www.videacesky.cz/ostatni-zabavna-videa/gesta-napric-kulturami ( hide ) Gestures Friendly gestures Air kiss Applause Cheek kiss Dap Elbow bump Eskimo kiss Fist bump Forehead kiss Hand heart Handshake Hand wave Hat tip High five Hongi ILY sign Kiss Liberian snap handshake Namaste OK Pinky swear Pound hug Shaka Thumb signal Gestures of respect Adab Bow Curtsey Gadaw Genuflection Hand - kiss Kowtow Kuji - in Mano Mudra Namaste Prostration Sampeah Sembah Schwurhand Wai Zolgokh Salutes Bellamy salute Nazi salute Raised fist Roman salute Scout sign and salute Three - finger salute Two - finger salute Vulcan salute Zogist salute Celebratory gestures Applause Crossed hands Fist pump High five Victory clasp V sign Finger - counting Finger binary Chinese number gestures Chisanbop Obscene gestures Anasyrma Bras d'honneur Cornuto Fig sign Finger Mooning Mountza Reversed V sign Shocker Thumb / index - finger ring Wanker Taunts Akanbe Finger Loser Talk to the hand Head motions Head shake Head bobble Nod Other gestures Air quotes Allergic salute Aussie salute Crossed fingers Facepalm Eyelid pull Finger gun Gang signal Hand - in - waistcoat Hand rubbing Jazz hands Laban sign Pabebe wave Pollice verso Shrug Sign of the cross Sign of the horns Related List of gestures Mudras Articulatory gestures Manual communication Nonverbal communication Sign language LCCN : sh2003010820 GND : 7756832 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handshake&oldid=808527670 '' Categories : Greetings Parting traditions Hand gestures Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2011 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 11 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when do you shake with your left hand
[ "Scouts will shake hands with their left hand as a gesture of trust, which originated when the founder of the movement, Lord Baden-Powell of Gillwell, then a British cavalry officer, met an African tribesman." ]
[ "Scouts" ]
-5286267964140775047
Time in the United States
Time in the United States - wikipedia Time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Time in the United States , by law , is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions , with most of the United States observing daylight saving time ( DST ) for approximately the spring , summer , and fall months . The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation . Official and highly precise timekeeping services ( clocks ) are provided by two federal agencies : the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( an agency of the Department of Commerce ) ; and its military counterpart , the United States Naval Observatory ( USNO ) . The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations . It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules , along with the timekeeping services , which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment . Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that several Indiana counties are now in the eastern time zone instead of the central time zone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States time zones 2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time 2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.4 Zones outside the states 2.5 Minor Outlying Islands 2.6 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern / Central boundary 3.2 Central / Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain / Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time 5 Time representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States , many towns and cities set clocks based on sunsets and sunrises at their locations and by observing the Sun 's zenith at noon ( mean solar time ) . Dawn and dusk occur at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long - distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph . The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved . American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s . Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers . Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train ( sometimes hundreds of miles in a day ) , according to the Library of Congress . Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from . Time zones were therefore a compromise , relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time . Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones , but this was only a partial solution to the problem . Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals . Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18 , 1883 , when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities . In October 1884 , the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) as the world 's time standard . The US time - zone system grew from this , in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian . From GMT to UTC ( edit ) GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) in 1960 , when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time , abbreviated as UTC . It is , within about 1 second , mean solar time at 0 ° . It does not observe daylight saving time . It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . For most purposes , UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT , but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community . United States time zones ( edit ) Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC § 260 . The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs , if observed . It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation , in coordination with the states , to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time . As of August 9 , 2007 , the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC . Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15 ° apart west of Greenwich ( GMT ) . Only the full - time zone names listed below are official ; abbreviations are by common use conventions , and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones . The United States uses nine standard time zones . As defined by US law they are : The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone View the standard time zone boundaries here . Standard time and daylight saving time ( edit ) Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Time States in Zone Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HST ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) HDT ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) Alaska , Hawaii ( no DST ) Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) AKDT ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) Alaska Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) PDT ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) California , Washington , Oregon , Nevada , Idaho Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) MDT ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) Arizona ( no DST outside of Navajo Nation ) , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Wyoming Central Time Zone CST ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) CDT ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Wisconsin Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Connecticut , Florida , District of Columbia , Delaware , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia Zones used in the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) From east to west , the times zones of the contiguous United States are : The Eastern standard time zone : ( Zone R ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley . The Central standard time zone : ( Zone S ) , which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast , Mississippi Valley , and Great Plains . The Mountain standard time zone : ( Zone T ) , which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains . The Pacific standard time zone : ( Zone U ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast , plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle . Zones used in States beyond the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) The Alaska standard time zone : ( AKST ; UTC − 09 : 00 ; Zone V ) , which comprises most of the state of Alaska . The Hawaii - Aleutian standard time zone : ( or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time : HST ) ( HAST ; UTC − 10 : 00 ; zone W ) , which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain ( west of 169 ° 30 ′ W ) . Zones outside the States ( edit ) The Atlantic standard time zone : ( AST ; UTC − 04 : 00 ; Zone Q ) , which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The Samoa standard time zone ( SST ; UTC − 11 : 00 ; Zone X ) , which comprises American Samoa . The Chamorro standard time zone : ( ChST ; UTC + 10 : 00 ; Zone K ) , which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. § 260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time . In practice , military crews may simply use Zulu time ( UTC ± 00 : 00 ) when on these islands . Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC − 12 , while Wake Island is in UTC + 12 : 00 . Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line , it can , for example , be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island . Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Kingman Reef ( UTC − 11 : 00 ) ; Johnston Atoll ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) ; and Navassa Island , Bajo Nuevo Bank , and Serranilla Bank ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) . Antarctic research stations ( edit ) See also : Time in Antarctica In Antarctica , the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC − 03 : 00 , while McMurdo Station and Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station use UTC + 12 : 00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand . Boundaries between the zones ( edit ) ( Described from north to south along each boundary . ) Eastern / Central boundary ( edit ) Marker showing the border of Wayne County , Kentucky , and the Eastern Time Zone Time in Indiana : red areas belong to the Central Time Zone . roughly follows the border between Wisconsin ( to the south and west ) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ( to the north and east ) ; the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( namely Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties ) observe CT , all other counties in the U.P. observe ET follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois ( west ) and Indiana ( east ) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville , Kentucky running from northwest to southeast . divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee , except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee , from the rest of Tennessee . follows the border between Alabama ( west ) and Georgia ( east ) divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee , Florida . Central / Mountain boundary ( edit ) divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado ( Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties ) from the rest of the state ( three other counties which border Colorado -- Cheyenne , Morton , and Stanton counties -- observe CST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Oklahoma ( east ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Texas ( east ) divides El Paso County , Hudspeth County , and a portion of northern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain / Pacific boundary ( edit ) follows the border between northern Idaho ( to the west ) and northwestern Montana ( to the east ) turns west at 45 ° 33.46 ′ N 114 ° 33.89 ′ W  /  45.55767 ° N 114.56483 ° W  / 45.55767 ; - 114.56483 ( just south of Nez Perce Pass ) , and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins , where the Salmon River turns north . This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone , except for the small loop described next . turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border ( at 45 ° 51.3 ′ N 116 ° 47.5 ′ W  /  45.8550 ° N 116.7917 ° W  / 45.8550 ; - 116.7917 ) . Interestingly , this loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more - westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River . turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) to the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon to its western border , where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45 ° ( 42 ° 27 ′ N ) , where it turns east , and returns to the Oregon / Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) turns east and follows the border between Idaho ( north ) and Nevada ( south ) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W . turns south and follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Utah ( east ) , except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada , and putting it in the mountain time zone . Jackpot , Nevada , just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the time zone south turn , also observes Mountain Time , on an unofficial basis . follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) follows the border between California ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) , as defined by the Colorado river , to the border between the U.S. and Mexico . Daylight saving time ( edit ) Main article : Daylight saving time in the United States The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time ( DST ) for an additional month beginning in 2007 . The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November . Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates : Year Start date Ending date 2006 April 2 October 29 2007 March 11 November 4 2008 March 9 November 2 2009 March 8 November 1 March 14 November 7 2011 March 13 November 6 2012 March 11 November 4 2013 March 10 November 3 2014 March 9 November 2 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory : Most use the standard time for their zone ( or zones , where a state is divided between two zones ) , except for using daylight saving time during the summer months . Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October . Two subsequent amendments , in 1986 and 2005 , have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November . Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year . However : The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory , including the portion that lies in Arizona . But the Hopi Nation , which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona , does not observe DST . ( See map inset right . ) In 2005 , Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2 , 2006 , that placed the entire state on daylight saving time ( see Time in Indiana ) . Before then , Indiana officially used standard time year - round , with the following exceptions : The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time . Also , some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time , but did ( unofficially ) observe DST . Time representation ( edit ) Further information : Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States ; see Category : Clock towers in the United States . See also ( edit ) History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Daylight saving time in the United States Lists of time zones Effects of time on North American broadcasting Date and time notation in the United States East Coast bias References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do We Have Time Zones ? '' . Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot , `` Solar time , legal time , time in use '' Metrologica , August 2011 ( volume 48 , issue 4 ) , pages 181 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 260 . Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME '' . Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110 -- 69 -- America COMPETES Act ( August 9 , 2007 ) . Sec. 3013 ) Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Navy time zone page North American Time Zone border data and images CFR 's Title 40 - Protection of Environment ( also at wikisource : Code of Federal Regulations / Title 49 / Subtitle A / Part 71 ) Standard Time Law 15USC260 - 267 ( also at wikisource : United States Code / Title 15 / Chapter 6 / Subchapter IX ) ( hide ) Time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands ( hide ) Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=802358542 '' Categories : Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the time zone change to eastern
[ "The Eastern standard time zone: (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley.", "The Eastern standard time zone: (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley." ]
[ "roughly the states on the Atlantic coast", "the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley" ]
-554190377840485201
Stonehenge
Stonehenge - wikipedia Stonehenge Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stonehenge ( disambiguation ) . Stonehenge Stonehenge in 2007 Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge Location Wiltshire , England Coordinates 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W  /  51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W  / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889 Coordinates : 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W  /  51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W  / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889 Type Monument Height Each standing stone was around 13 foot ( 4.1 metres ) high History Material sarsen , bluestone Founded Bronze Age UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii Designated 1986 ( 10th session ) Reference no . 373 Region Europe and North America Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England , 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of Amesbury . It consists of a ring of standing stones , with each standing stone around 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) high , 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) wide and weighing around 25 tons . The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England , including several hundred burial mounds . Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC . The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch , which constitute the earliest phase of the monument , have been dated to about 3100 BC . Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC , although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC . One of the most famous landmarks in the UK , Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon . It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain . The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 . Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage ; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust . Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings . Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC , when the ditch and bank were first dug , and continued for at least another five hundred years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Early history 2.1 Before the monument ( 8000 BC forward ) 2.2 Stonehenge 1 ( ca . 3100 BC ) 2.3 Stonehenge 2 ( ca . 3000 BC ) 2.4 Stonehenge 3 I ( ca . 2,600 BC ) 2.5 Stonehenge 3 II ( 2600 BC to 2400 BC ) 2.6 Stonehenge 3 III ( 2400 BC to 2280 BC ) 2.7 Stonehenge 3 IV ( 2280 BC to 1930 BC ) 2.8 Stonehenge 3 V ( 1930 BC to 1600 BC ) 2.9 After the monument ( 1600 BC on ) 3 Function and construction 4 Modern history 4.1 Folklore 4.1. 1 `` Heel Stone '' , `` Friar 's Heel '' , or `` Sun - Stone '' 4.1. 2 Arthurian legend 4.2 Sixteenth century to present 4.2. 1 Neopaganism 4.2. 2 Setting and access 4.2. 3 Stonehenge Roundtable Access 4.3 Archaeological research and restoration 4.3. 1 1600 -- 1900 4.3. 2 1900 -- 2000 4.3. 3 2000s 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Videography 10 External links Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric 's tenth - century glossary , in which henge - cliff is given the meaning `` precipice '' , or stone , thus the stanenges or Stanheng `` not far from Salisbury '' recorded by eleventh - century writers are `` supported stones '' . William Stukeley in 1740 notes , `` Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire ... I doubt not , Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones . '' Christopher Chippindale 's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning `` stone '' , and either hencg meaning `` hinge '' ( because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones ) or hen ( c ) en meaning `` hang '' or `` gallows '' or `` instrument of torture '' ( though elsewhere in his book , Chippindale cites the `` suspended stones '' etymology ) . Like Stonehenge 's trilithons , medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them , rather than the inverted L - shape more familiar today . The `` henge '' portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges . Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch . As often happens in archaeological terminology , this is a holdover from antiquarian use . Because its bank is inside its ditch , Stonehenge is not truly a henge site . Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles , Stonehenge is in many ways atypical -- for example , at more than 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall , its extant trilithons ' lintels , held in place with mortise and tenon joints , make it unique . Early History Plan of Stonehenge in 2004 . After Cleal et al. and Pitts . Italicised numbers in the text refer to the labels on this plan . Trilithon lintels omitted for clarity . Holes that no longer , or never , contained stones are shown as open circles . Stones visible today are shown coloured Mike Parker Pearson , leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls , noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence : Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge 's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument 's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead . Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years . There is evidence of large - scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape 's time frame to 6500 years . Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing , poor quality early excavation records , and a lack of accurate , scientifically verified dates . The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below . Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan , right . Before the monument ( 8000 BC forward ) Archaeologists have found four , or possibly five , large Mesolithic postholes ( one may have been a natural tree throw ) , which date to around 8000 BC , beneath the nearby modern tourist car - park . These held pine posts around 0.75 metres ( 2 ft 6 in ) in diameter , which were erected and eventually rotted in situ . Three of the posts ( and possibly four ) were in an east - west alignment which may have had ritual significance . Another Mesolithic astronomical site in Britain is the Warren Field site in Aberdeenshire , which is considered the world 's oldest Lunar calendar , corrected yearly by observing the midwinter solstice . Similar but later sites have been found in Scandinavia . A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at Blick Mead , a reliable year - round spring 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) from Stonehenge . Salisbury Plain was then still wooded , but 4,000 years later , during the earlier Neolithic , people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood 's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape . In approximately 3500 BC , a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area . A number of other adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , previously overlooked , may date as far back as 4000 BC . Charcoal from the ' Blick Mead ' camp 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) from Stonehenge ( near the Vespasian 's Camp site ) has been dated to 4000 BC . The University of Buckingham 's Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia , making it potentially `` one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape . '' Stonehenge 1 ( ca . 3100 BC ) Stonehenge 1 . After Cleal et al . The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous ( Santonian Age ) Seaford Chalk , measuring about 110 metres ( 360 ft ) in diameter , with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south . It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot . The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch , as well as some worked flint tools . The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch , and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial . The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections , like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area . The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank . This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC , after which the ditch began to silt up naturally . Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits , each about a metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in diameter , known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey , the seventeenth - century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them . The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle , although there is no excavated evidence of them . A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle . If this were the case , it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years . A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period . In 2013 a team of archaeologists , led by Mike Parker Pearson , excavated more than 50,000 cremated bones of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge . These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes , exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920 , been considered unimportant by him , and subsequently re-interred together in one hole , Aubrey Hole 7 , in 1935 . Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women , and included some children . As there was evidence of the underlying chalk beneath the graves being crushed by substantial weight , the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers . Radiocarbon dating of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated , to around 3000 BC . Analysis of animal teeth found at nearby Durrington Walls , thought to be the ' builders camp ' , suggests that as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals ; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around 9 months or 15 months after their spring birth . Strontium isotope analysis of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations . Stonehenge 2 ( ca . 3000 BC ) Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible . The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period . Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance , and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance . The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes , being only around 0.4 metres ( 16 in ) in diameter , and are much less regularly spaced . The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up . At least twenty - five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later , intrusive , cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument 's inception . It seems that whatever the holes ' initial function , it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2 . Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure 's ditch and at other points within the monument , mostly in the eastern half . Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time , the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles . Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch - fill . Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase . Stonehenge 3 I ( ca . 2,600 BC ) Graffiti on the sarsen stones include ancient carvings of a dagger and an axe Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC , the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes ( the Q and R Holes ) in the centre of the site . These stone sockets are only partly known ( hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming ' crescents ' ) ; however , they could be the remains of a double ring . Again , there is little firm dating evidence for this phase . The holes held up to 80 standing stones ( shown blue on the plan ) , only 43 of which can be traced today . It is generally accepted that the bluestones ( some of which are made of dolerite , an igneous rock ) , were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills , 150 miles ( 240 km ) away in modern - day Pembrokeshire in Wales . Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England . The long distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at Craig Rhos - y - felin , near Crymych in Pembrokeshire , which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained . Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens ( sandstone ) , used later as lintels . The stones , which weighed about two tons , could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles , as recorded in China , Japan and India . It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to `` merge two sacred centres into one , to unify two politically separate regions , or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another '' . Each monolith measures around 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) in height , between 1 and 1.5 m ( 3.3 and 4.9 ft ) wide and around 0.8 metres ( 2.6 ft ) thick . What was to become known as the Altar Stone is almost certainly derived from the Senni Beds , perhaps from 50 miles ( 80 kilometres ) east of Mynydd Preseli in the Brecon Beacons . The north - eastern entrance was widened at this time , with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period . This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished , however ; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled . Even so , the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase . The Heelstone , a Tertiary sandstone , may also have been erected outside the north - eastern entrance during this period . It can not be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3 . At first it was accompanied by a second stone , which is no longer visible . Two , or possibly three , large portal stones were set up just inside the north - eastern entrance , of which only one , the fallen Slaughter Stone , 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) long , now remains . Other features , loosely dated to phase 3 , include the four Station Stones , two of which stood atop mounds . The mounds are known as `` barrows '' although they do not contain burials . Stonehenge Avenue , a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles ( 3 km ) to the River Avon , was also added . Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone ( which was by then reduced to a single monolith ) were later dug around the Station Stones . Stonehenge 3 ii ( 2600 BC to 2400 BC ) Plan of the central stone structure today ; after Johnson 2008 During the next major phase of activity , 30 enormous Oligocene - Miocene sarsen stones ( shown grey on the plan ) were brought to the site . They may have come from a quarry around 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs , or they may have been collected from a `` litter '' of sarsens on the chalk downs , closer to hand . The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres ( 108 ft ) diameter circle of standing stones , with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top . The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method , the tongue and groove joint . Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres ( 13 ft ) high , 2.1 metres ( 6 ft 11 in ) wide and weighed around 25 tons . Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind ; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground , while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument . The inward - facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces . The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres ( 3 ft 7 in ) and the average distance between them is 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) . A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle ( 60 stones ) and the trilithon horseshoe ( 15 stones ) . It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete , but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of removed sarsens . The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres ( 10 ft ) long , 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) wide and 0.8 metres ( 2 ft 7 in ) thick . The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) above the ground . Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres ( 45 ft ) across , with its open end facing north east . These huge stones , ten uprights and five lintels , weigh up to 50 tons each . They were linked using complex jointing . They are arranged symmetrically . The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) tall , the next pair a little higher , and the largest , single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall . Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands , of which 6.7 metres ( 22 ft ) is visible and a further 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) is below ground . The images of a ' dagger ' and 14 ' axeheads ' have been carved on one of the sarsens , known as stone 53 ; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3 , 4 , and 5 . The carvings are difficult to date , but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons . Early 21st - century laser scanning of the carvings supports this interpretation . The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest , measuring around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in height ; the largest , which is in the south west of the horseshoe , is almost 7.5 metres ( 25 ft ) tall . This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC , slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer , discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978 , and the two sets of burials , known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen , discovered 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the west . At about the same time , a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles ( 3 km ) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon . The timber circle was oriented towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice , opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge . The avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle . Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked . They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year . Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a ' land of the living ' , whilst the stone circle represented a ' land of the dead ' , with the Avon serving as a journey between the two . Stonehenge 3 III ( 2400 BC to 2280 BC ) Later in the Bronze Age , although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear , the bluestones appear to have been re-erected . They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way . Like the sarsens , a few have timber - working style cuts in them suggesting that , during this phase , they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure . Stonehenge 3 IV ( 2280 BC to 1930 BC ) This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones . They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring . Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales . All the stones formed well - spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III . The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically . Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work , Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors , as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well - founded and began to fall over . However , only minor changes were made after this phase . Stonehenge 3 V. ( 1930 BC to 1600 BC ) Soon afterwards , the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed , creating a horseshoe - shaped setting ( the Bluestone Horseshoe ) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons . This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk . After the monument ( 1600 BC on ) Computer rendering of the overall site The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge , built about 1600 BC , and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age . Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond , or exactly how it would have been used . Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian 's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon . A decapitated seventh century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923 . The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups . Function and construction Main article : Theories about Stonehenge See also : Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records . Many aspects of Stonehenge , such as how it was built and which purposes it was used for , remain subject to debate . A number of myths surround the stones . The site , specifically the great trilithon , the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons , the heel stone , and the embanked avenue , are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice . A natural landform at the monument 's location followed this line , and may have inspired its construction . The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer . Further astronomical associations , and the precise astronomical significance of the site for its people , are a matter of speculation and debate . There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders . Over the years , various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used , usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size . However , conventional techniques , using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs , have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size . How the stones could be transported by a prehistoric people without the aid of the wheel or a pulley system is not known . The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs on which the large stones were rolled along . Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat . Such an experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40 - ton slab of stone was successful near Stonehenge in 1995 . A dedicated team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18 - mile ( 29 km ) journey from Marlborough Downs . Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site . More recently two major new theories have been proposed . Professor Geoffrey Wainwright , president of the Society of Antiquaries of London , and Timothy Darvill , of Bournemouth University , have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing -- the primeval equivalent of Lourdes . They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves . However , they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well . Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions . A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea ; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the `` Amesbury Archer '' grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany ; and the `` Boscombe Bowmen '' probably arrived from Wales or Brittany , France . On the other hand , Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon . He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living , whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead . A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death , to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased . Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth , who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument . Whatever religious , mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge , its design includes a celestial observatory function , which might have allowed prediction of eclipse , solstice , equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion . There are other hypotheses and theories . According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield , Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of `` peace and unity '' , indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction , Britain 's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification . Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that the monument 's bluestones possess `` unusual acoustic properties '' -- when struck they respond with a `` loud clanging noise '' . According to Paul Devereux , editor of the journal Time and Mind : The Journal of Archaeology , Consciousness and Culture , this idea could explain why certain bluestones were hauled nearly 200 miles ( 320 km ) -- a major technical accomplishment at the time . In certain ancient cultures rocks that ring out , known as lithophones , were believed to contain mystic or healing powers , and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals . The presence of these `` ringing rocks '' seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a `` place for healing '' , as has been pointed out by Bournemouth University archaeologist Timothy Darvill , who consulted with the researchers . The bluestones of Stonehenge were quarried near a town in Wales called Maenclochog , which means `` ringing rock '' , where the local bluestones were used as church bells until the 18th century . Modern History Folklore The Heel Stone `` Heel stone '' , `` Friar 's Heel '' , or `` sun - stone '' The Heel Stone lies north east of the sarsen circle , beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue . It is a rough stone , 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) above ground , leaning inwards towards the stone circle . It has been known by many names in the past , including `` Friar 's Heel '' and `` Sun - stone '' . At summer solstice an observer standing within the stone circle , looking north - east through the entrance , would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the heel stone , and the sun has often been photographed over it . A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar 's Heel reference . The Devil bought the stones from a woman in Ireland , wrapped them up , and brought them to Salisbury plain . One of the stones fell into the Avon , the rest were carried to the plain . The Devil then cried out , `` No - one will ever find out how these stones came here ! '' A friar replied , `` That 's what you think ! '' , whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel . The stone stuck in the ground and is still there . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable attributes this tale to Geoffrey of Monmouth , but though book eight of Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae does describe how Stonehenge was built , the two stories are entirely different . The name is not unique ; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset . Arthurian legend A giant helps Merlin build Stonehenge . From a manuscript of the Roman de Brut by Wace in the British Library ( Egerton 3028 ) . Dating back to the second quarter of the 14th century , this is the oldest known depiction of Stonehenge . In the twelfth century , Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his Historia Regum Britanniae ( `` History of the Kings of Britain '' ) that attributed the monument 's construction to the wizard Merlin . Geoffrey 's story spread widely , appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace 's Norman French Roman de Brut , Layamon 's Middle English Brut , and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd . According to Geoffrey the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks , called the Giant 's dance , which Giants had brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties . The fifth - century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3,000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury , and at Merlin 's advice chose Stonehenge . The king sent Merlin , Uther Pendragon ( King Arthur 's father ) , and 15,000 knights , to remove it from Ireland , where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by the Giants . They slew 7,000 Irish but , as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force , they failed . Then Merlin , using `` gear '' and skill , easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain , where Stonehenge was dedicated . After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury , Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus , then Uther Pendragon , and finally Constantine III , were buried inside the `` Giants ' Ring of Stonehenge '' . In another legend of Saxons and Britons , in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast , but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests , killing 420 of them . Hengist erected the stone monument -- Stonehenge -- on the site to show his remorse for the deed . Sixteenth century to present Farm carts near the site , ca . 1885 Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands . In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford . It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquess of Queensberry . The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824 . During World War I an aerodrome ( Royal Flying Corps `` No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping '' ) was built on the downs just to the west of the circle and , in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom , a main road junction was built , along with several cottages and a cafe . The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed in the fighting in France . The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included `` Lot 15 . Stonehenge with about 30 acres , 2 rods , 37 perches ( 12.44 ha ) of adjoining downland . '' Sunrise at Stonehenge on the summer solstice , 21 June 2005 Cecil Chubb bought the site for £ 6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later . Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of -- or even as a present for -- his wife , in fact he bought it on a whim , as he believed a local man should be the new owner . In the late 1920s a nationwide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to rise around it . By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations , and given to the National Trust to preserve . The buildings were removed ( although the roads were not ) , and the land returned to agriculture . More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme , returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland . Neopaganism 10th Battalion , CEF marches past the site , winter 1914 -- 15 ( WW I ) ; Background : Preservation work on stones , propped up by timbers During the twentieth century , Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance , this time by adherents of Neopaganism and New Age beliefs , particularly the Neo-druids . The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that `` it was a great , and potentially uncomfortable , irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it . '' The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids , who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905 , in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation . This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press , who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards . Between 1972 and 1984 , Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival . After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985 , this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted . Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world as a form of Druidist worship . Setting and access Stonehenge at sunset When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones , but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion . Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones , but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away . English Heritage does , however , permit access during the summer and winter solstice , and the spring and autumn equinox . Additionally , visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year . The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism , highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey . In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites , 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations , declaring it to be `` in moderate trouble '' . As motorised traffic increased , the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side -- the A344 to Shrewton on the north side , and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south . Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site . However , the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions . On 6 December 2007 , it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors ' centre had been cancelled . The visitors centre at Stonehenge On 13 May 2009 , the government gave approval for a £ 25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors ' centre and close the A344 , although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent . On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km ( 1.5 miles ) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available , supported by a £ 10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund . On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass . The centre , designed by Denton Corker Marshall , opened to the public on 18 December 2013 . Stonehenge Roundtable access Dancing inside the stones , 1984 Stonehenge Free Festival The earlier rituals were augmented by the Stonehenge Free Festival , loosely organised by the Politantric Circle , held between 1972 and 1984 , during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000 . However , in 1985 the site was closed to festivalgoers by English Heritage and the National Trust . A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and New Age travellers that became known as the Battle of the Beanfield when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge . Beginning in 1985 , the year of the Battle , no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason . This ' exclusion - zone ' policy continued for almost fifteen years : until just before the arrival of the twenty - first century , visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance , the winter and summer solstices , and the vernal and autumnal equinoxes . However , now due to the Roundtable process and the ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings gained by picketing by campaigners such as Brian `` Viziondanz '' Felstein and King Arthur Pendragon , some access had been gained four times a year . The ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings recognises that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church , and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids , Pagans and other ' Earth based ' or ' old ' religions . The Roundtable meetings include members of the Wiltshire Police force , National Trust , English Heritage , Pagans , Druids , Spiritualists and others . At the Summer Solstice 2003 , which fell over a weekend , over 30,000 people attended a gathering at and in the stones . The 2004 gathering was smaller ( around 21,000 people ) . Archaeological research and restoration ( ( ( annotations ) ) ) Post-World War I aerial photograph Seventeenth century depiction of Stonehenge from the Atlas van Loon 1600 -- 1900 Throughout recorded history , Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists . John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666 , and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name . William Stukeley continued Aubrey 's work in the early eighteenth century , but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well , identifying ( somewhat incorrectly ) the Cursus and the Avenue . He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area , and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids . Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids ' Barrows . The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740 . His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published . Importantly Wood 's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon , which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958 . William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century . He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood , animal bones , pottery and urns . He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood . Richard Colt Hoare supported Cunnington 's work and excavated some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain including on some 200 in the area around the Stones , some excavated in conjunction with William Coxe . To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened . Cunnington 's finds are displayed at the Wiltshire Museum . In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones , experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms . An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877 The monument from a similar angle in 2008 showing the extent of reconstruction A contemporary newspaper depiction of the 1920 restoration 1900 -- 2000 William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling . In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position . Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date , revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done . During the 1920 restoration William Hawley , who had excavated nearby Old Sarum , excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch . He also located a bottle of port in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington , helped to rediscover Aubrey 's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes . Richard Atkinson , Stuart Piggott and John F.S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley 's work in the 1940s and 1950s , and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones . Atkinson 's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument 's construction . In 1958 the stones were restored again , when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases . The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over . It was again re-erected , and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones . Later archaeologists , including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology , University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England , campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge : A History in Photographs . In 1966 and 1967 , in advance of a new car park being built at the site , the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher . They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC , as well as a 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) length of a palisade ditch -- a V - cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away . Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge , near the avenue . Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch , and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable - laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside , revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone . In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project , a detailed study of the surrounding landscape . The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus , Coneybury Henge and several other smaller features . In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called ' a national disgrace ' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee . Part of English Heritage 's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date . This two - year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape , which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site . It presented a rephasing of the monument . 2000s More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project , led by Mike Parker Pearson . This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones -- notably Durrington Walls , where another `` Avenue '' leading to the River Avon was discovered . The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated , and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones , most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue . In April 2008 Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries , began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars . They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC , although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge . They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC , which , along with the Mesolithic postholes , adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started . In August and September 2008 , as part of the Riverside Project , Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7 , removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s , and re-interred in 1935 . A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008 , in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008 . One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely , privately and decently . A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009 . A shallow mound , rising to about 40 cm ( 16 inches ) was identified between stones 54 ( inner circle ) and 10 ( outer circle ) , clearly separated from the natural slope . It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth - and nineteenth - century illustrations . Indeed , there is some evidence that , as an uncommon geological feature , it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset . A circular , shallow bank , little more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) high , was found between the Y and Z hole circles , with a further bank lying inside the `` Z '' circle . These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes , or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within . In July 2010 , the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a `` henge - like '' monument less than 1 km ( 0.62 miles ) away from the main site . This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located `` at the site of Amesbury 50 '' , a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group . On 26 November 2011 , archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway , aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone . The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010 . The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape . According to team leader Vince Gaffney , this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge . On 18 December 2011 , geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of some of the rhyolite fragments found in the Stonehenge debitage . These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps . The researchers have identified the source as a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos - y - Felin ( 51 ° 59 ′ 30.07 '' N 4 ° 44 ′ 40.85 '' W  /  51.9916861 ° N 4.7446806 ° W  / 51.9916861 ; - 4.7446806  ( Craig Rhos - y - Felin ) ) , near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire , located 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) from Stonehenge . On 10 September 2014 the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , overlooked previously , that may date as far back as 4000 BC . An area extending to 12 square kilometres ( 1,200 ha ) was studied to a depth of three metres with ground - penetrating radar equipment . As many as seventeen new monuments , revealed nearby , may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge . The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments . Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two five - meter wide extremely deep pits , whose purpose is still a mystery . In popular culture See also : Cultural depictions of Stonehenge `` Stonehenge '' from mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap `` Stonehenge '' , a 2013 song by Ylvis See also Historical context Prehistoric Britain Other monuments in the Stonehenge ritual landscape Bluestonehenge Bush Barrow Normanton Down Barrows Woodhenge About Stonehenge and replicas of Stonehenge Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Cultural depictions of Stonehenge Excavations at Stonehenge Manhattanhenge Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Stonehenge Free Festival Stonehenge Landscape Fiction Stonehenge ( novel ) Similar sites See also : Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Almendres Cromlech Arkaim Cahokia Carhenge Goloring Goseck circle List of largest monoliths in the world Maryhill Stonehenge Medicine wheel Newgrange Ring of Brodgar Zorats Karer Sites with similar sunrise or sunset alignments Manhattanhenge MIThenge Museums with collections from the World Heritage Site Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Wiltshire Museum References Jump up ^ Christopher Young , Amanda Chadburn , Isabelle Bedu ( July 2008 ) . `` Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan '' . 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The monument remained in private ownership until 1918 when Cecil Chubb , a local man who had purchased Stonehenge from the Atrobus family at an auction three years previously , gave it to the nation . Thereafter , the duty to conserve the monument fell to the state , today a role performed on its behalf by English Heritage . Jump up ^ `` Ancient ceremonial landscape of great archaeological and wildlife interest '' . Stonehenge Landscape . National Trust . Retrieved 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Mike ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` Stonehenge : one of our largest excavations draws to a close '' . British Archaeology . York , England : Council for British Archaeology ( 102 ) : 13 . ISSN 1357 - 4442 . ^ Jump up to : Schmid , Randolph E. ( 29 May 2008 ) . `` Study : Stonehenge was a burial site for centuries '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stonehenge ; henge '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . 1989 . 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( 10 September 2014 ) . `` Technology unearths 17 new monuments at Stonehenge '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarah Knapton ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Stonehenge discovery could rewrite British pre-history '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New Discoveries at Blick Mead : the Key to the Stonehenge Landscape '' . University of Buckingham . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Field , David ; et al. ( March 2010 ) . `` Introducing Stonehedge '' . British Archaeology . York , England : Council for British Archaeology ( 111 ) : 32 -- 35 . ISSN 1357 - 4442 . Jump up ^ Parker Pearson , Mike ; Richards , Julian ; Pitts , Mike ( 9 October 2008 ) . `` Stonehenge ' older than believed ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Parker Pearson ( 20 August 2008 ) . `` The Stonehenge Riverside Project '' . Sheffield University . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ John , Brian ( 26 February 2011 ) . `` Stonehenge : glacial transport of bluestones now confirmed ? '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . University of Leicester . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parker Pearson , Michael ; et al. ( December 2015 ) . `` Craig Rhos - y - felin : a Welsh bluestone megalith quarry for Stonehenge '' . Antiquity . Antiquity Publications Ltd ,. 89 ( 348 ) : 1331 -- 1352 . doi : 10.15184 / aqy. 2015.177 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Banton , Simon ; Bowden , Mark ; Daw , Tim ; Grady , Damian ; Soutar , Sharon ( July 2013 ) . `` Patchmarks at Stonehenge '' . Antiquity. 88 ( 341 ) : 733 -- 739 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Mike ; Cleal , Ros ; Marshall , Peter ; Needham , Stuart ; Pollard , Josh ; Richards , Colin ; Ruggles , Clive ; Sheridan , Alison ; Thomas , Julian ; Tilley , Chris ; Welham , Kate ; Chamberlain , Andrew ; Chenery , Carolyn ; Evans , Jane ; Knüsel , Chris ( September 2007 ) . `` The Age of Stonehenge '' . 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Jump up ^ Drawing on the writings of Nennius , the tale is noted in Spenser 's Faerie Queene , and given further circulation in William Dugdale 's Monasticon Anglicanum of 1655 . Source : The illustrated guide to Old Sarum and Stonehenge . Salisbury , England : Brown and Company . 1868 . pp. 35 -- 39 . OCLC 181860648 . Jump up ^ Francis Stewart Briggs , S.H. Harris , `` Joysticks and Fiddlesticks : ( the Unofficial History of a Flying Kangaroo ) Or , The Flying Kangaroo '' , Hutchinson & Company Limited , 1938 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heffernan , T.H.J. `` The man who bought Stonehenge '' . This is Amesbury . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ The London Mercury Vol . XVII No. 98 1927 Jump up ^ `` The Future of Stonehenge : Public consultation '' ( PDF ) . English Heritage . 2008 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2009 . p. 323 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2009 . p. 321 - 322 . 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( 2012 ) . `` The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project '' . Archaeological Prospection. 19 ( 2 ) : 147 . doi : 10.1002 / arp. 1422 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Alan , Pits Add to Stonehgenge Mystery Archived 1 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , msnbc.com Cosmic Log , 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Discoveries Provide Evidence of a Celestial Procession at Stonehenge , University of Birmingham Press Release , 26 November 2011 Jump up ^ Birmingham Archaeologists Turn Back Clock at Stonehenge , University of Birmingham Press Release , 5 July 2010 Jump up ^ Keys , David ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Scientists discover source of rock used in Stonehenge 's first circle '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Discovery in Stonehenge Bluestone Mystery '' . National Museum of Wales . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Lies Beneath Stonehenge ? '' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stonehenge on YouTube , 13 December 2013 Bibliography Atkinson , RJC , Stonehenge ( Penguin Books , 1956 ) Bender , B , Stonehenge : Making Space ( Berg Publishers , 1998 ) Burl , A , Great Stone Circles ( Yale University Press , 1999 ) Aubrey Burl , Prehistoric Stone Circles ( Shire , 2001 ) ( In Burl 's Stonehenge ( Constable , 2006 ) , he notes , cf . the meaning of the name in paragraph two above , that `` the Saxons called the ring ' the hanging stones ' , as though they were gibbets . '' ) Chippindale , C , Stonehenge Complete ( Thames and Hudson , London , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 500 - 28467 - 9 Chippindale , C , et al. , Who owns Stonehenge ? ( BT Batsford Ltd , 1990 ) Cleal , R.M.J. , Walker , K.E. & Montague , R. , Stonehenge in its landscape ( English Heritage , London , 1995 ) Cunliffe , B , & Renfrew , C , Science and Stonehenge ( The British Academy 92 , Oxford University Press , 1997 ) Godsell , Andrew `` Stonehenge : Older Than the Centuries '' in `` Legends of British History '' ( 2008 ) Hall , R , Leather , K , & Dobson , G , Stonehenge Aotearoa ( Awa Press , 2005 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , The Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 1 , Oxford University Press , 19 -- 41 ) . 1921 . Hawley , Lt - Col W , Second Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 2 , Oxford University Press , 1922 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Third Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 3 , Oxford University Press , 1923 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Fourth Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 4 , Oxford University Press , 1923 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1923 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 5 , Oxford University Press , 1925 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1924 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 6 , Oxford University Press , 1926 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1926 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 8 , Oxford University Press , 1928 ) Hutton , R , From Universal Bond to Public Free For All ( British Archaeology 83 , 2005 ) John , Brian , `` The Bluestone Enigma : Stonehenge , Preseli and the Ice Age '' ( Greencroft Books , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 905559 - 89 - 6 Johnson , Anthony , Solving Stonehenge : The New Key to an Ancient Enigma ( Thames & Hudson , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05155 - 9 Legg , Rodney , `` Stonehenge Antiquaries '' ( Dorset Publishing Company , 1986 ) Mooney , J , Encyclopedia of the Bizarre ( Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2002 ) Newall , RS , Stonehenge , Wiltshire - Ancient monuments and historic buildings - ( Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , London , 1959 ) North , J , Stonehenge : Ritual Origins and Astronomy ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) Pitts , M , Hengeworld ( Arrow , London , 2001 ) Pitts , MW , On the Road to Stonehenge : Report on Investigations beside the A344 in 1968 , 1979 and 1980 ( Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48 , 1982 ) Richards , J , English Heritage Book of Stonehenge ( BT Batsford Ltd , 1991 ) Julian Richards Stonehenge : A History in Photographs ( English Heritage , London , 2004 ) Stone , JFS , Wessex Before the Celts ( Frederick A Praeger Publishers , 1958 ) Worthington , A , Stonehenge : Celebration and Subversion ( Alternative Albion , 2004 ) English Heritage : Stonehenge : Historical Background Videography SPENCER , Christopher ( dir . ) `` Stonehenge decoded '' , New York City : National Geographic , 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stonehenge . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stonehenge Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Stonehenge . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stonehenge . Stonehenge English Heritage official site : access and visiting information ; research ; future plans 360 ° panoramic English Heritage : A stunning interactive view from the center . Stonehenge Landscape The National Trust -- Information about the surrounding area . Stonehenge Today and Yesterday By Frank Stevens , at Project Gutenberg . The History of Stonehenge BBC animation of the monument 's construction . Stonehenge , a Temple Restor 'd to the British Druids By William Stukeley , at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge , and Other British Monuments Astronomically Considered By Norman Lockyer , at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge Laser Scans English Heritage report about the evidence of stone - working and carvings revealed after scanning of the stones . Glaciers and the bluestones of Wales British Archaeology essay about the bluestones as glacial deposits . Stonehenge Twentieth Century Excavations Databases An English Heritage commissioned report by Wessex Archaeology on the twentieth century excavations . 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Imramma Borġ in - Nadur Buġibba Debdieba Ġgantija Ħaġar Qim Ħal - Ġinwi Kordin Mnajdra Qortin l - Imdawwar Santa Verna Skorba Ta ' Ħaġrat Ta ' Marżiena Ta ' Raddiena Tal - Qadi Tarxien Tas - Silġ Xemxija Xrobb l - Għaġin ) Hypogeum of Ħal - Saflieni Xagħra Stone Circle Netherlands Hunebed Northern Ireland Aughlish Ballynoe Beaghmore Corick Drumskinny Legananny Giant 's Ring Poland Brąchnówko Grzybnica Odry Węsiory Portugal Almendres Cromlech Anta Grande do Zambujeiro Cunha Baixa Dolmen Russia Dolmens of North Caucasus Thunder Stone Megaliths in the Urals Russian Geoglyph Scandinavia Picture stones Runestones Stone circles Stone ships Scotland Balquhain Callanish II III IV VIII X Carlin Cat Stane Clach an Trushal Colmeallie Drybridge Easter Aquhorthies Lochmaben Stone Pictish Ring of Brodgar Sheldon Stenness Steinacleit Strichen Yonder Bognie Ukraine Boundary stones Wales Barclodiad y Gawres Bedd Arthur Bedd Taliesin Bodowyr Bryn Cader Faner Bryn Celli Ddu Bryn Gwyn stones Capel Garmon Carreg Coetan Arthur Carreg Samson Coetan Arthur Foel Chwern Llanfechell Lligwy Burial Chamber Maen Llia Maen Madoc Meini Hirion Moel Tŷ Uchaf Parc Cwm long cairn Penrhos Feilw Pentre Ifan St Lythans burial chamber Trefignath Tinkinswood Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber Whetstones General articles Standing stone Dolmen Henge Menhir Stone circle Stone row Concentric stone circle Recumbent stone circle Chambered cairn Harrespil Photographs of stone circles Middle Eastern megaliths Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language trepanning Prehistoric medicine Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism VIAF : 137120591 LCCN : sh85128337 GND : 4057736 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stonehenge&oldid=828312085 '' Categories : Stonehenge 4th - millennium BC architecture Archaeological sites in Wiltshire Bronze Age sites in England Bronze Age sites in Wiltshire Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Buildings and structures in Wiltshire English Heritage sites in Wiltshire Henges History of Wiltshire Locations associated with Arthurian legend Locations in Celtic mythology Megalithic monuments in England National Trust properties in Wiltshire Ruins in Wiltshire Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Wiltshire Stone Age sites in England Stone circles in England Tourist attractions in Wiltshire World Heritage Sites in England Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ 84 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 20 : 42 . 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what type of stone is stonehenge made of
[ "\nStonehenge\n\n\nStonehenge in 2007\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation\nWiltshire, England\n\n\nCoordinates\n51°10′43.84″N 1°49′34.28″W / 51.1788444°N 1.8261889°W / 51.1788444; -1.8261889Coordinates: 51°10′43.84″N 1°49′34.28″W / 51.1788444°N 1.8261889°W / 51.1788444; -1.8261889\n\n\nType\nMonument\n\n\nHeight\nEach standing stone was around 13 foot (4.1 metres) high\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nMaterial\nsarsen, bluestone\n\n\nFounded\nBronze Age\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUNESCO World Heritage Site\n\n\n\nOfficial name\nStonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites\n\n\nType\nCultural\n\n\nCriteria\ni, ii, iii\n\n\nDesignated\n1986 (10th session)\n\n\nReference no.\n373\n\n\nRegion\nEurope and North America\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\nStonehenge\n\n\nStonehenge in 2007\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation\nWiltshire, England\n\n\nCoordinates\n51°10′43.84″N 1°49′34.28″W / 51.1788444°N 1.8261889°W / 51.1788444; -1.8261889Coordinates: 51°10′43.84″N 1°49′34.28″W / 51.1788444°N 1.8261889°W / 51.1788444; -1.8261889\n\n\nType\nMonument\n\n\nHeight\nEach standing stone was around 13 foot (4.1 metres) high\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nMaterial\nsarsen, bluestone\n\n\nFounded\nBronze Age\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUNESCO World Heritage Site\n\n\n\nOfficial name\nStonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites\n\n\nType\nCultural\n\n\nCriteria\ni, ii, iii\n\n\nDesignated\n1986 (10th session)\n\n\nReference no.\n373\n\n\nRegion\nEurope and North America\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "sarsen", "bluestone" ]
6952479795738331643
Judiciary
Judiciary - wikipedia Judiciary Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Justitia , symbol of the judiciary ( statue at Shelby County Courthouse , Memphis , TN , United States ) Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directory Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( hide ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties The judiciary ( also known as the judicial system or court system ) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state . The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes . Under the doctrine of the separation of powers , the judiciary generally does not make statutory law ( which is the responsibility of the legislature ) or enforce law ( which is the responsibility of the executive ) , but rather interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case . However , the judiciary does make common law , setting precedent for other courts to follow . This branch of the state is often tasked with ensuring equal justice under law . In many jurisdictions the judicial branch has the power to change laws through the process of judicial review . Courts with judicial review power , may annul the laws and rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm , such as primary legislation , the provisions of the constitution or international law . Judges constitute a critical force for interpretation and implementation of a constitution , thus de facto in common law countries creating the body of constitutional law . For a people to establish and keep the ' Rule of Law ' as the operative norm in social constructs great care must be taken in the election or appointment of unbiased and thoughtful legal scholars whose loyalty to an oath of office is without reproach . If law is to govern and find acceptance generally courts must exercise fidelity to justice which means affording those subject to its jurisdictional scope the greatest presumption of inherent cultural relevance within this framework . In the US during recent decades the judiciary became active in economic issues related with economic rights established by constitution because `` economics may provide insight into questions that bear on the proper legal interpretation '' . Since many countries with transitional political and economic systems continue treating their constitutions as abstract legal documents disengaged from the economic policy of the state , practice of judicial review of economic acts of executive and legislative branches have begun to grow . In the 1980s , the Supreme Court of India for almost a decade had been encouraging public interest litigation on behalf of the poor and oppressed by using a very broad interpretation of several articles of the Indian Constitution . Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive . The latter undermines the separation of powers , as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary . The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics . It is important to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary : the state ( through budget planning and various privileges ) , and the private . The term `` judiciary '' is also used to refer collectively to the personnel , such as judges , magistrates and other adjudicators , who form the core of a judiciary ( sometimes referred to as a `` bench '' ) , as well as the staffs who keep the system running smoothly . In some countries and jurisdictions , judiciary branch is expanded to include additional public legal professionals and institutions such as prosecutors , state lawyers , ombudsmen , public notaries , judicial police service and legal aid officers . These institutions are sometimes governed by the same judicial administration that governs courts , and in some cases the administration of the judicial branch is also the administering authority for private legal professions such as lawyers and private notary offices . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Various functions 3 Judicial systems of other countries 3.1 Japan 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) After the French Revolution , lawmakers stopped interpretation of law by judges , and the legislature was the only body permitted to interpret the law ; this prohibition was later overturned by the Napoleonic Code . In civil law jurisdictions at present , judges interpret the law to about the same extent as in common law jurisdictions -- however it is different from the common law tradition which directly recognizes the limited power to make law . For instance , in France , the jurisprudence constante of the Court of Cassation or the Council of State is equivalent in practice with case law . However , the Louisiana Supreme Court notes the principal difference between the two legal doctrines : a single court decision can provide sufficient foundation for the common law doctrine of stare decisis , however , `` a series of adjudicated cases , all in accord , form the basis for jurisprudence constante . '' Moreover , the Louisiana Court of Appeals has explicitly noted that jurisprudence constante is merely a secondary source of law , which can not be authoritative and does not rise to the level of stare decisis . Various functions ( edit ) In common law jurisdictions , courts interpret law ; this includes constitutions , statutes , and regulations . They also make law ( but in a limited sense , limited to the facts of particular cases ) based upon prior case law in areas where the legislature has not made law . For instance , the tort of negligence is not derived from statute law in most common law jurisdictions . The term common law refers to this kind of law . In civil law jurisdictions , courts interpret the law , but are prohibited from creating law , and thus do not issue rulings more general than the actual case to be judged . Jurisprudence plays a similar role to case law . In the United States court system , the Supreme Court is the final authority on the interpretation of the federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it , as well as the constitutionality of the various state laws ; in the US federal court system , federal cases are tried in trial courts , known as the US district courts , followed by appellate courts and then the Supreme Court . State courts , which try 98 % of litigation , may have different names and organization ; trial courts may be called `` courts of common plea '' , appellate courts `` superior courts '' or `` commonwealth courts '' . The judicial system , whether state or federal , begins with a court of first instance , is appealed to an appellate court , and then ends at the court of last resort . In France , the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the Council of State for administrative cases , and the Court of Cassation for civil and criminal cases . In the People 's Republic of China , the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the National People 's Congress . Other countries such as Argentina have mixed systems that include lower courts , appeals courts , a cassation court ( for criminal law ) and a Supreme Court . In this system the Supreme Court is always the final authority , but criminal cases have four stages , one more than civil law does . On the court sits a total of nine justices . This number has been changed several times . Judicial systems of other countries ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) Japan 's process for selecting judges is longer and more stringent than the process in the United States and in Mexico . Assistant judges are appointed from those who have completed their training at the Legal Training and Research Institute located in Wako . Once appointed , assistant judges still may not qualify to sit alone until they have served for five years , and have been appointed by the Supreme Court of Japan . Judges require ten years of experience in practical affairs , as a public prosecutor or practicing attorney . In the Japanese judicial branch there is the Supreme Court , eight high courts , fifty district courts , fifty family courts , and 438 summary courts . Mexico ( edit ) Justices of the Mexican Supreme Court are appointed by the President of Mexico , and then are approved by the Mexican Senate to serve for a life term . Other justices are appointed by the Supreme Court and serve for six years . Federal courts consist of the 21 magistrates of the Supreme Court , 32 circuit tribunals and 98 district courts . The Supreme Court of Mexico is located in Mexico City . Supreme Court Judges must be of ages 35 to 65 and hold a law degree during the five years preceding their nomination . United States ( edit ) United States Supreme Court justices are appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate . The Supreme Court justices serve for a life term or until retirement . The Supreme Court is located in Washington , D.C. The United States federal court system consists of 94 federal judicial districts . The 94 districts are then divided into twelve regional circuits . The United States has five different types of courts that are considered subordinate to the Supreme Court : United States bankruptcy courts , United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , United States Court of International Trade , United States courts of appeals , and United States district courts . See also ( edit ) Bench ( law ) Supreme court Political corruption Judicial independence Judicial review Rule according to higher law Rule of law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hamilton , Marci . God vs. the Gavel , p. 296 ( Cambridge University Press 2005 ) : `` The symbol of the judicial system , seen in courtrooms throughout the United States , is blindfolded Lady Justice . '' Jump up ^ Fabri , Marco . The challenge of chanf for judicial systems , p , 137 ( IOS Press 2000 ) : `` the judicial system is intended to be apolitical , its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding balanced scales . '' Jump up ^ Posner R . The Constitution as an Economic Document . The George Washington Law Review , November 1982 , Vol. 56 . No. 1 Jump up ^ Jeremy Cooper , Poverty and Constitutional Justice , in Philosophy of Law : Classic and Contemporary Readings , edited by Larry May and Jeff Brown , Wiley - Blackwell , UK , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barenboim , Peter ( October 2009 ) . Defining the rules . Issue 90 . The European Lawyer . Jump up ^ Cappelletti , Mauro et al . The Italian Legal System , p. 150 ( Stanford University Press 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Willis - Knighton Med . Ctr . v. Caddo - Shreveport Sales & Use Tax Commission , 903 So. 2d 1071 , at n. 17 ( La . 2004 ) . ( Opinion no . 2004 - C - 0473 ) Jump up ^ Royal v. Cook , 984 So. 2d 156 ( La . Court of Appeals 2008 ) . Jump up ^ American Bar Association ( 2004 ) . How the Legal System Works : The Structure of the Court System , State and Federal Courts . In ABA Family Legal Guide . Jump up ^ The American Legal System . Jump up ^ Public Services Department . `` Introduction to the Courth system '' ( PDF ) . Syracuse University College of Law . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Grider , Alisa . `` How the Judicial System Works Around The World '' . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Mosleh , Peter . `` Japan 's Judiciary '' . Southern Methodist University . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Japanese Judicial System '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico - Judicial Legislative '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Judicial Branch '' . The White House . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Courts '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Cardozo , Benjamin N. ( 1998 ) . The Nature of the Judicial Process . New Haven : Yale University Press . Feinberg , Kenneth , Jack Kress , Gary McDowell , and Warren E. Burger ( 1986 ) . The High Cost and Effect of Litigation , 3 vols . Frank , Jerome ( 1985 ) . Law and the Modern Mind . Birmingham , AL : Legal Classics Library . Levi , Edward H. ( 1949 ) An Introduction to Legal Reasoning . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Marshall , Thurgood ( 2001 ) . Thurgood Marshall : His Speeches , Writings , Arguments , Opinions and Reminiscences . Chicago : Lawrence Hill Books . McCloskey , Robert G. , and Sanford Levinson ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court , 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Miller , Arthur S. ( 1985 ) . Politics , Democracy and the Supreme Court : Essays on the Future of Constitutional Theory . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . Sandefur , Timothy ( 2008 ) . `` Judiciary '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 265 -- 67 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Tribe , Laurence ( 1985 ) . God Save This Honorable Court : How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History . New York : Random House . Zelermyer , William ( 1977 ) . The Legal System in Operation . St. Paul , MN : West Publishing . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judiciaries . Look up judiciary in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Library resources about Mad Resources in your library Law Core subjects Administrative law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Deed Equity Evidence International law Law of obligations Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public law Restitution Statutory law Tort Other subjects Agricultural law Aviation law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Competition law Conflict of laws Construction law Consumer protection Corporate law Cyberlaw Election law Energy law Entertainment law Environmental law Family law Financial regulation Health law Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights International slavery laws Labour Law of war Legal archaeology Legal fiction Maritime law Media law Military law Probate Estate Will and testament Product liability Public international law Space law Sports law Tax law Transport law Trust law Women in law Sources of law Charter Constitution Custom Divine right Human rights Natural and legal rights Case law Precedent Law making Ballot measure Codification Decree Edict Executive order Proclamation Legislation Delegated legislation Regulation Rulemaking Promulgation Repeal Treaty Statutory law Statute Act of Parliament Act of Congress ( US ) Legal systems Civil law Common law Chinese law Legal pluralism Religious law Canon law Hindu law Jain law Jewish law Sharia Roman law Socialist law Statutory law Xeer Yassa Legal theory Critical legal studies Comparative law Feminist Law and economics Legal formalism History Natural law International legal theory Principle of legality Rule of law Sociology Jurisprudence Adjudication Administration of justice Criminal justice Court - martial Dispute resolution Fiqh Lawsuit / Litigation Legal opinion Legal remedy Judge Justice of the peace Magistrate Judgment Judicial review Jurisdiction Jury Justice Practice of law Attorney Barrister Counsel Lawyer Legal representation Prosecutor Solicitor Question of fact Question of law Trial Trial advocacy Trier of fact Verdict Legal institutions Bureaucracy The bar The bench Civil society Court Election commission Executive Judiciary Law enforcement Legal education Law school Legislature Military Police Political party Tribunal Index Outline Portal Separation of powers Typical branches Executive Legislature Judiciary Atypical branches Civil service commission Auditory Electoral Prosecutory By country Australia United Kingdom United States Singapore See also Fusion of powers Separation of duties Judicial independence Judicial review Dual mandate GND : 4115710 - 2 NDL : 00570907 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judiciary&oldid=832998070 '' Categories : Judiciaries Separation of powers Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who has the final authority under the federal system
[ "\nIn common law jurisdictions, courts interpret law; this includes constitutions, statutes, and regulations. They also make law (but in a limited sense, limited to the facts of particular cases) based upon prior case law in areas where the legislature has not made law. For instance, the tort of negligence is not derived from statute law in most common law jurisdictions. The term common law refers to this kind of law.\nIn civil law jurisdictions, courts interpret the law, but are prohibited from creating law, and thus do not issue rulings more general than the actual case to be judged. Jurisprudence plays a similar role to case law.\nIn the United States court system, the Supreme Court is the final authority on the interpretation of the federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it, as well as the constitutionality of the various state laws; in the US federal court system, federal cases are tried in trial courts, known as the US district courts, followed by appellate courts and then the Supreme Court. State courts, which try 98% of litigation,[9] may have different names and organization; trial courts may be called \"courts of common plea\", appellate courts \"superior courts\" or \"commonwealth courts\".[10] The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, is appealed to an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort.[11]\nIn France, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the Council of State for administrative cases, and the Court of Cassation for civil and criminal cases.\nIn the People's Republic of China, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the National People's Congress.\nOther countries such as Argentina have mixed systems that include lower courts, appeals courts, a cassation court (for criminal law) and a Supreme Court. In this system the Supreme Court is always the final authority, but criminal cases have four stages, one more than civil law does. On the court sits a total of nine justices. This number has been changed several times.\n" ]
[ "the Supreme Court" ]
-2332006879796107289
Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida - wikipedia Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the beach community in Florida . For other uses , see Pontevedra ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida Unincorporated community Left to right from top : Palm Valley Bridge , Sunrise at Ponte Vedra Beach , Miliam House , designed by Paul Rudolph , 17th hole at TPC Sawgrass , Military Appreciation Day at The Players Championship , Great White Egret in a local estuary . Location in St. Johns County and the state of Florida Country United States of America State Florida County St. Johns Area Total 33.8 sq mi ( 88 km ) Population ( 2016 ) Total 29,495 Density 858 / sq mi ( 331 / km ) ZIP code 32082 Area code ( s ) 904 Ponte Vedra Beach is an unincorporated seaside community in St. Johns County , Florida , United States . Located eighteen miles ( 29 km ) southeast of downtown Jacksonville and 26 miles ( 42 km ) north of St. Augustine , it is part of the Jacksonville Beaches area . The area is known for its resorts including the Ponte Vedra Inn and Club , the Lodge and Club , and the Marriott at Sawgrass . It also lies within St. Johns County , which is the wealthiest county in Florida . Ponte Vedra Beach is an upper - income tourist resort area best known for its association with golf and is home to the PGA Tour and The Players Championship , played at the TPC at Sawgrass , as well as the ATP Tour . Between the residential neighborhoods lining Ponte Vedra Boulevard there are many points of public beach access . Golf , tennis , boating , wakeboarding , surfing and water skiing are popular activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ponte Vedra Club 1.2 World War II 1.3 Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass 2 Geographics 3 Demographics 3.1 City statistics 4 Education 5 Notable people 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) What is now north Florida was visited several times by European explorers in the 16th century , but there is little evidence for them specifically coming to Ponte Vedra Beach . It may have been sighted by Juan Ponce de León during his voyage to Florida in 1513 , but as his precise landfall is unknown , this claim can be made by many communities on the east coast of Florida . The area remained sparsely populated through the late 19th century , even as other seaside communities began to develop to the north . In 1914 minerals were discovered , and a community known as Mineral City grew up around the mining operations . Titanium ( ilmenite ) extraction was significant , as well as that of zircon and rutile . These minerals were recovered from beach sands by the Buckman and Pritchard Mining Company . The National Lead Company bought Buckman and Pritchard in 1921 and discontinued mining the minerals as demand dropped after World War I. In 1929 it began to develop the area to be similar to The Cloister in Sea Island , Georgia . Colonel Joseph C. Stehlin , who had been with the company in St. Louis , arrived on January 1 , 1929 to manage the development . The company wanted a more impressive name than Mineral City for its resort , so Colonel Stehlin and his wife , Elizabeth ( née Morton ) , went to the library in St. Augustine to research various possibilities for a new name . Since Florida had been under Spanish rule at one time , they looked on an old map and found the name Pontevedra on the Atlantic coast of Spain at approximately the same latitude as Mineral City . The Galician name of the town was derived from a Roman bridge ( `` ponte vetera '' or `` old bridge '' ) that spanned the nearby Lérez River centuries earlier . Colonel Stehlin submitted the name to the National Lead board for approval and Mineral City became Ponte Vedra . Ponte Vedra Club ( edit ) Main article : Ponte Vedra Inn and Club In the early 1920s , the National Lead Company built a nine - hole golf course designed by Herbert Bertram Strong , one of the founders of the PGA , plus a 12 - room clubhouse constructed of logs for the use of its employees . After the company left the area , that real estate became the foundation of the Ponte Vedra Club . Stockton , Whatley , Davin & Co. , a local developer , became the owner of the Ponte Vedra Corporation in July 1934 . World War II ( edit ) Main article : Operation Pastorius During World War II the German submarine U-584 debarked four saboteurs at Ponte Vedra as part of the failed Operation Pastorius . The four German spies , all of whom had previously lived in the United States , came ashore on the night of June 16 , 1942 carrying explosives and American money . After landing they strolled up the beach to Jacksonville Beach , where they caught a city bus to Jacksonville and departed by train for Cincinnati and Chicago . The invaders were captured before they could do any damage . They were tried by a military tribunal and executed . Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass ( edit ) Main article : TPC at Sawgrass In 1972 , real estate developers broke ground on the 1,100 - acre ( 4.5 km ) Sawgrass development . In the mid 1970s , Deane Beman , the Commissioner of the PGA golf tour , was looking for a permanent home for the Tournament Players Championship . Many places in northern Florida were being considered . In an attempt to bring positive attention to the area , developer Paul Fletcher offered a 400 - acre ( 1.6 km ) tract of land to Beman for $1 . Beman could not refuse this one dollar deal for the future home of The Players Championship and the headquarters of the PGA Tour . The Sawgrass Stadium Course has been the permanent home of The Players Championship since 1982 . Geographics ( edit ) Ponte Vedra Beach is wholly located east of the Intracoastal Waterway , south of the Duval County line , and north of Vilano Beach . The South Ponte Vedra Beach community is commonly considered to be a part of Ponte Vedra Beach . The Ponte Vedra area includes Ponte Vedra , Ponte Vedra Beach , South Ponte Vedra Beach ( an area between the Atlantic and Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve ) , Sawgrass , Palm Valley , and Nocatee . In June 2006 , the U.S. Postal Service designated an area to the south and southwest of the 32082 area as Ponte Vedra ( as distinct from Ponte Vedra Beach ) and assigned it the ZIP code 32081 . Demographics ( edit ) Median household income in Ponte Vedra Beach is $102,918 and median family income is $109,181 . The median age of the people and Ponte Vedra reveals it has 49.0 overall median age of all people which is the 2nd most of all the places in the area . The place with the highest overall median age of all people in the area is Sawgrass with an age of 55.8 measures 13.9 % larger . The Ponte Vedra area is known for being a very influential area of North Florida , and boasts one of the best school districts in Florida . Ponte Vedra Beach was 50th on the list of 100 finalists for CNN and Money Magazine 's 2005 List of the Best Places to Live . It was the first place in Florida to be named in that year and one of only four areas in the state to make the cut . As of August 1 , 2012 the average house costs around $720,000 . According to our research of Florida and other state lists there were 3 registered sex offenders living in Ponte Vedra , Florida as of April 10 , 2017 . The ratio of number of residents in Ponte Vedra to the number of sex offenders is 12,641 to 1. The number of registered sex offenders compared to the number of residents in this city is a lot smaller than the state average . City statistics ( edit ) Population : 27,750 Median family income ( per year ) : $116,399 Unemployment ( September 2015 ) : 3.8 % Job growth % ( 2000 -- 2008 ) : 5.27 % Median home price : $330,000 Restaurants ( within 15 miles ) : 1,373 Avg . High temp in July ° F : 89.90 ° F Avg . Low temp in Jan ° F : 46.60 ° F Median age : 48.00 Education ( edit ) Main article : St. Johns County School District Public primary and secondary schools in Ponte Vedra Beach are administered by the St. Johns County School District . Allen D. Nease High School and Ponte Vedra High School , which was constructed to relieve the overcrowding of Allen D. Nease High School , serve as the two public high schools in the Ponte Vedra area . Alice B. Landrum Middle School is one of the primary , public middle schools in the area . The Ponte Vedra Palm Valley - Rawlings Elementary School serves as one of the primary , public elementary schools ( K - 5 ) in the area , as well as Ocean Palms Elementary School . Ponte Vedra offers private education ( K - 8 ) at the Palmer Catholic Academy . Also , the Bolles School has one of their two lower school campuses in Ponte Vedra Beach , and offers education from pre-kindergarten to fifth grade before transferring students to the middle and high schools located in Jacksonville , Florida . Additionally , the St Johns County Public Library System has a Ponte Vedra Beach branch library . Notable people ( edit ) Famous past and present residents of Ponte Vedra : Kim Alexis , actress and model Ehsan Bayat , Afghan American businessman Jason Altmire , U.S. Congressman Tony Boselli , professional football player Caitlin Brunell , Miss America 's Outstanding Teen 2008 ( daughter of Mark Brunell ) Mark Brunell , professional football player and coach Shelby Cannon , professional tennis player Christina Crawford , dancer and professional wrestler Ron DeSantis , U.S. Congressman Ron Duguay , professional hockey player and coach Bob Duval , professional golfer and author David Duval , professional golfer Tim Finchem , PGA Tour Commissioner Alicia Fox , model , WWE wrestler , actress Fred Funk , professional golfer Jim Furyk , professional golfer Brian Gottfried , professional tennis player Michael Huyghue , United Football League Commissioner Dan Jenkins , author and sports writer Hamilton Jordan , White House Chief of Staff for President Carter Jeff Klauk , professional golfer E.L. Konigsburg , author Billy Kratzert , professional golfer and commentator Matt Kuchar , professional golfer Bowie Kuhn , lawyer and former MLB Commissioner Christian Laettner , professional basketball player Mike Lester , cartoonist , illustrator , author Frank Lickliter , professional golfer Todd Martin , professional tennis player Len Mattiace , professional golfer Brian Moorman , former professional football player Mark McCumber , professional golfer Craig McKinley , first National Guard four - star general Ben Nowland , professional football player Donna Orender , professional athlete and sports executive Calvin Peete , pioneer black golfer Rick Rhoden , professional athlete Fred Rogers , television personality , Mr. Rogers ' Neighborhood Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. , general and winner of the Medal of Honor Michael Russell , professional tennis player Vijay Singh , professional golfer Nancy Soderberg , foreign policy strategist Tim Tebow , professional football & baseball player Bill Terry , baseball Hall of Fame member G. Kennedy Thompson , former Wachovia CEO Bobby Thomson , professional baseball player , star of the `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' MaliVai Washington , professional tennis player Bobby Weed , golf course designer Bob Wenzel , college basketball coach and broadcaster Rick Wilkins , professional baseball player Betty Williams , Nobel Peace Prize winner See also ( edit ) Florida portal Jacksonville portal Jacksonville Beaches St. Johns County , Florida Greater Jacksonville National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Johns County , Florida References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ponte Vedra FL Demographics data '' . Towncharts.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau : St. Johns County is the richest in Florida '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FGS - Florida Minerals '' . Dep.state.fl.us . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boykin , Patricia Sarah Stehlin ( 1998 ) . Ponte Vedra Beach : How It Got The Name and The Driving Force Behind the Development of Jacksonville Beach 1929 - 1934 . Jump up ^ Although the Boykin reference states that the two cities are at the `` same latitude '' , the Spanish city is over 800 miles farther north at approximately the same latitude as Boston . Jump up ^ Cox , Roger . `` Tennis Resorts Online : link to Ponte Vedra Inn & Club '' . Tennisresortsonline.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzroy , Maggie : `` When Ponte Vedra was just a rural beach '' Florida Times - Union , May 31 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Type VIIC boat U-584 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net '' . uboat.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FBI History , Famous Cases : George John Dasch and the Nazi Saboteurs '' . Fbi.gov . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ponte Vedra , Florida '' . Trulia.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` MONEY : Personal Finance News & Advice '' . MONEY.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ponte Vedra Beach average and median listing prices '' . Trulia.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ponte Vedra , Florida ( FL 32082 ) profile : population , maps , real estate , averages , homes , statistics , relocation , travel , jobs , hospitals , schools , crime , moving , houses , news , sex offenders '' . City-data.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Schools - Florida State School Ratings - Public and Private '' . Greatschools.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Alistair ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Florida 's ' hidden gem ' for prime homes : Ponte Vedra Beach '' . Financial Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Shei , Tim ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Helping grieving parents is only sure thing for Moorman '' . Billsblitz.wp.buffalonews.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Russell '' . Cbssports.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPonte Vedra Beach , Floridaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Geographic data related to Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida at OpenStreetMap Articles Relating to Ponte Vedra Beach and St. Johns County Jacksonville metropolitan area Central city Jacksonville Municipalities over 10,000 population ( in 2000 ) Jacksonville Beach ( Duval ) Atlantic Beach ( Duval ) Fernandina Beach ( Nassau ) St. Augustine ( St. Johns ) Municipalities 1,000 - 10,000 population ( in 2000 ) Baldwin ( Duval ) Neptune Beach ( Duval ) Green Cove Springs ( Clay ) Keystone Heights ( Clay ) Orange Park ( Clay ) Penney Farms ( Clay ) Callahan ( Nassau ) Hilliard ( Nassau ) Macclenny ( Baker ) Glen St. Mary ( Baker ) St. Augustine Beach ( St. Johns ) Hastings ( St. Johns ) Marineland ( St. Johns ) Crescent Beach ( St. Johns ) Counties Duval Clay St. Johns Nassau Baker Municipalities and communities of St. Johns County , Florida , United States County seat : St. Augustine Cities St. Augustine St. Augustine Beach Towns Hastings Marineland ‡ CDPs Butler Beach Crescent Beach Flagler Estates ‡ Fruit Cove Nocatee Palm Valley Sawgrass St. Augustine Shores St. Augustine South Vilano Beach Unincorporated communities Armstrong Elkton Julington Creek Plantation Ponte Vedra Ponte Vedra Beach St. Johns Spuds Switzerland Vermont Heights Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Coordinates : 30 ° 14 ′ N 81 ° 23 ′ W  /  30.233 ° N 81.383 ° W  / 30.233 ; - 81.383 VIAF : 238761605 LCCN : n81038739 GND : 4372442 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponte_Vedra_Beach,_Florida&oldid=797195276 '' Categories : Unincorporated communities in St. Johns County , Florida Seaside resorts in Florida Beaches of St. Johns County , Florida Unincorporated communities in Jacksonville metropolitan area Unincorporated communities in Florida Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean Beaches of Florida Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Official website not in Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Нохчийн Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Русский Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 14 : 23 . 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how far is ponte vedra beach from jacksonville fl
[ "Ponte Vedra Beach is an unincorporated seaside community in St. Johns County, Florida, United States. Located eighteen miles (29 km) southeast of downtown Jacksonville and 26 miles (42 km) north of St. Augustine, it is part of the Jacksonville Beaches area." ]
[ "eighteen miles (29 km) southeast" ]
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American Idol (season 15)
American Idol ( season 15 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 15 ) Jump to : navigation , search American Idol Season 15 Broadcast from January 6 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) -- April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) Judges Harry Connick , Jr . Jennifer Lopez Keith Urban Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster Fox Finals venue Dolby Theatre Winner Trent Harmon Origin Amory , Mississippi Song `` Falling '' Genre ( s ) Pop , Country Runner - up La'Porsha Renae Chronology ◀ 2016 ▶ The fifteenth season of American Idol , also branded as American Idol : The Farewell Season , premiered on the Fox television network on January 6 , 2016 . Ryan Seacrest continued as the show 's host , while Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban , and Harry Connick , Jr. returned as judges . This season was four to six weeks shorter than seasons 2 through 14 . On April 7 , Trent Harmon was announced as the season 's winner and La'Porsha Renae was the runner - up . Harmon was the third consecutive winner to never be in the bottom two or three , and the eighth male winner in nine years . It was the series ' final season to air on Fox ; in May 2017 , ABC announced that it would revive American Idol . Contents ( hide ) 1 Changes 2 Regional auditions 3 Hollywood week 4 Semi-finalists 5 Semi-finals 5.1 Group 1 5.2 Group 2 5.3 Wild Card round 6 Finalists 7 Finals 7.1 Top 10 -- Contestants ' Choice 7.2 Top 8 -- Idol Grammy Hits 7.3 Top 6 -- American Idol All Time Song Book 7.4 Top 5 -- America 's Twitter Song Choice 7.5 Top 4 -- Classic rock / Sia 7.6 Top 3 -- Hometown Dedication / Scott Borchetta 's Choice / Judges ' Choice 7.7 Top 2 -- Original 's Single / Simon Fuller 's Choice / Favorite Performance 8 Elimination chart 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons / shows 10 Guest performances 11 Reception 11.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 12 International broadcasts 13 Music releases 14 Concert tour 15 References 16 External links Changes ( edit ) For the first time , performances by the Top 24 were judged solely by the show 's judges and producers , who determined which contestants were eliminated . From each group of 12 , seven advanced and five were eliminated , resulting in a Top 14 for the third week of the semi-finals . The voting limit for this season was 10 votes per contestant per voting method , half of what it was the previous season . Regional auditions ( edit ) Auditions took place in : Date of airing City Audition date Venue Callback date Callback venue January 6 , 2016 Denver , Colorado July 10 , 2015 Denver Coliseum September 26 -- 27 , 2015 Denver Convention Center January 6 , 2016 Savannah , Georgia July 22 , 2015 Martin Luther King , Jr . Arena September 13 -- 14 , 2015 W Midtown Hotel , Atlanta January 7 , 2016 Little Rock , Arkansas August 8 , 2015 Verizon Arena August 22 -- 23 , 2015 Statehouse Convention Center January 7 , 2016 San Francisco , California September 15 , 2015 Cow Palace October 10 -- 11 , 2015 Westin St. Francis January 13 , 2016 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania August 2 , 2015 Liacouras Center August 15 -- 16 , 2015 Pennsylvania Convention Center January 14 , 2016 Bus tour -- various cities July 9 -- 21 , 2015 Various The American Idol `` Audition Bus Tour '' visited Seattle , Washington ; Providence , Rhode Island ; Baltimore , Maryland ; San Diego , California ; Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; Tucson , Arizona ; Indianapolis , Indiana ; Santa Fe , New Mexico ; Athens , Georgia ; Tulsa , Oklahoma ; and Oxford , Mississippi . Auditions were also held in Wilmington , North Carolina . The show also partnered with two technology companies to allow people to audition using video recording kiosks and mobile apps in Culver City , California , and Nashville , Tennessee . Kanye West made a surprise appearance as an auditioner in San Francisco , where he performed `` Gold Digger '' . Hollywood Week ( edit ) Hollywood Week aired in three parts over two weeks . They were filmed at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , California in mid-late November 2015 . Contestants participated in three rounds : lines of 10 , groups , and solos . Semifinalists ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of the Top 24 contestants who were eliminated : Males Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city James VIII 23 Provo , Utah Denver , Colorado C.J. Johnson 28 Memphis , Tennessee Little Rock , Arkansas Adam Lasher 28 Danville , California San Francisco , California Jordan Sasser 27 Raleigh , North Carolina Atlanta , Georgia Kory Wheeler 27 Jamestown , Tennessee Atlanta , Georgia Females Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city Emily Brooke 17 Wellington , Florida Atlanta , Georgia Amelia Eisenhauer 16 Nashville , Tennessee Atlanta , Georgia Stephany Negrete 21 El Cajon , California San Francisco , California Jenna Renae 23 Williamson , New York Atlanta , Georgia Shelbie Z 23 Sumiton , Alabama Denver , Colorado The following is a list of the Top 14 contestants who were eliminated : Males Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city Thomas Stringfellow 17 Bentonville , Arkansas Little Rock , Arkansas Manny Torres 20 Flushing , Michigan San Francisco , California Females Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city Jenn Blosil 23 Orem , Utah Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Jeneve Rose Mitchell 16 Crawford , Colorado Denver , Colorado Semifinals ( edit ) The Top 24 semifinalists will be split into two groups of twelve . They were filmed at The Vibiana in Los Angeles , California . Pre-taped performances of the first group will air on February 10 and the second group on February 17 . On the following day each week , pre-taped performances of each contestant performing a duet with a past Idol contender will air , as will the judges selection of seven contestants from each group to advance to the Top 14 . The past contestants for group one were season 2 winner Ruben Studdard , season 3 winner Fantasia Barrino , season 10 winner Scotty McCreery , season 10 runner - up Lauren Alaina , season 13 winner Caleb Johnson , and last season 's winner Nick Fradiani . The past contestants for group two were season 4 finalist Constantine Maroulis , season 5 finalists Chris Daughtry and Kellie Pickler , season 6 winner Jordin Sparks , season 7 winner David Cook , and season 10 finalist Haley Reinhart . Group 1 ( edit ) Date of filming Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result February 2 , 2016 February 10 , 2016 Stephany Negrete `` Mamma Knows Best '' N / A Eliminated MacKenzie Bourg `` Say Something '' N / A Wild Card Jeneve Rose Mitchell `` Angel '' N / A Wild Card Jenna Renae `` My Church '' N / A Eliminated 5 James VIII `` Love Lockdown '' N / A Eliminated 6 Sonika Vaid `` Safe & Sound '' N / A Wild Card 7 Gianna Isabella `` I Put a Spell on You '' N / A Wild Card 8 Emily Brooke `` I Am Invincible '' N / A Eliminated 9 Avalon Young `` Love Yourself '' N / A Wild Card 10 Jordan Sasser `` All by Myself '' N / A Eliminated 11 Thomas Stringfellow `` Creep '' N / A Wild Card 12 La'Porsha Renae `` Proud Mary '' N / A Advanced February 11 , 2016 Emily Brooke `` Flat on the Floor '' Lauren Alaina Eliminated Thomas Stringfellow `` Man in the Mirror '' Nick Fradiani Wild Card Stephany Negrete `` Superstar '' Ruben Studdard Eliminated Sonika Vaid `` Skyfall '' Caleb Johnson Wild Card 5 Jenna Renae `` See You Tonight '' Scotty McCreery Eliminated 6 La'Porsha Renae `` Summertime '' Fantasia Advanced 7 MacKenzie Bourg `` I Hope You Dance '' Lauren Alaina Wild Card 8 Gianna Isabella `` Beautiful Life '' Nick Fradiani Wild Card 9 Avalon Young `` Flying Without Wings '' Ruben Studdard Wild Card 10 James VIII `` Gimme Shelter '' Caleb Johnson Eliminated 11 Jeneve Rose Mitchell `` Gone '' Scotty McCreery Wild Card 12 Jordan Sasser `` I Believe '' Fantasia Eliminated Group 2 ( edit ) Date of filming Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result February 11 , 2016 February 17 , 2016 Shelbie Z `` Work Hard , Play Harder '' N / A Eliminated Manny Torres `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' N / A Wild Card Kory Wheeler `` Let It Go '' N / A Eliminated Amelia Eisenhauer `` Wake Me Up '' N / A Eliminated 5 Jenn Blosil `` Sorry '' N / A Wild Card 6 C.J. Johnson `` I 'll Be '' N / A Eliminated 7 Lee Jean `` Runaway '' N / A Wild Card 8 Trent Harmon `` What Are You Listening To '' N / A Advanced 9 Tristan McIntosh `` Good Girl '' N / A Wild Card 10 Adam Lasher `` Black and Gold '' N / A Eliminated 11 Dalton Rapattoni `` Rebel Yell '' N / A Advanced 12 Olivia Rox `` Confident '' N / A Advanced February 18 , 2016 Amelia Eisenhauer `` Suds in the Bucket '' Kellie Pickler Eliminated Kory Wheeler `` Bennie and the Jets '' Haley Reinhart Eliminated Lee Jean `` Home '' Chris Daughtry Wild Card C.J. Johnson `` The World I Know '' David Cook Eliminated 5 Manny Torres `` No Air '' Jordin Sparks Wild Card 6 Jenn Blosil `` My Funny Valentine '' Constantine Maroulis Wild Card 7 Tristan McIntosh `` Best Days of Your Life '' Kellie Pickler Wild Card 8 Olivia Rox `` Light On '' David Cook Advanced 9 Adam Lasher `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Haley Reinhart Eliminated 10 Dalton Rapattoni `` Higher Ground '' Chris Daughtry Advanced 11 Trent Harmon `` To Love Somebody '' Jordin Sparks Advanced 12 Shelbie Z `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Constantine Maroulis Eliminated Wild card Round ( edit ) Following the judges selection of four semifinalists to advance to the Finals , the remaining ten semifinalists will compete for the viewers ' vote to advance six of them to complete the final group of ten . They were filmed February 23 , 2016 , at CBS Television City in Hollywood , California , and aired February 24 , 2016 . Order Contestant Song Result Manny Torres `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' Eliminated Gianna Isabella `` I Put a Spell on You '' Advanced Thomas Stringfellow `` Story of My Life '' Eliminated Tristan McIntosh `` What Hurts the Most '' Advanced 5 Avalon Young `` Yo ( Excuse Me Miss ) '' Advanced 6 Jenn Blosil `` True Colors '' Eliminated 7 Lee Jean `` Make It Rain '' Advanced 8 Sonika Vaid `` I Surrender '' Advanced 9 Jeneve Rose Mitchell `` Ring of Fire '' Eliminated 10 MacKenzie Bourg `` Roses '' Advanced Finalists ( edit ) Trent Harmon ( born October 8 , 1990 ) is from Amory , Mississippi . Harmon fell into music when his mother taught him to sing `` Amazing Grace '' at the age of 5 . His family owns a farm and a restaurant . He sang and performed in numerous musicals throughout high school and college . Before his graduation from the University of Arkansas at Monticello , he led worship services on campus . He previously tried out for an audition on The Voice . He auditioned in Little Rock , Arkansas , singing `` Unaware '' by Allen Stone . When Harmon suffered mononucleosis during Hollywood Week , he continued by singing Sam Smith 's `` Lay Me Down '' as his first solo performance . In group round , he was not able to perform with other contestants due to his sickness and the producers allowed him to perform a solo to advance . He landed a spot in the Top 24 during Showcase Week after performing Elton John 's `` Tiny Dancer '' . On April 7 , Harmon was named as the winner of the fifteenth season and received a recording contract with Big Machine Records . His single `` Falling '' was then released , and peaked at number 3 on the iTunes Top 100 . La'Porsha Renae ( born August 1 , 1993 ) is a call representative from McComb , Mississippi . At 16 , she once tried out for Idol during the eighth season . After her college graduation at the age of 22 , Renae was a former victim of domestic abuse . After a year , she separated with her husband and moved to McComb with her one month old daughter Nayalee Keya . Accompanied with her daughter , she returned to audition at Little Rock , Arkansas and earned her golden ticket by performing in front of the judges with Radiohead 's Creep . During Hollywood Week , she performed Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' in her first solo performance . She advanced to the Top 24 after she sang `` The House of the Rising Sun '' at Showcase Week . She was the last female contestant . Renae was announced as the runner - up on April 7 . It was revealed on the season finale that Renae had received a recording contract with Big Machine Records . Dalton Rapattoni ( born February 6 , 1996 ) is from Sunnyvale , Texas . At the age of 11 , he started learning to play guitar . Rapattoni works as a vocal coach in School of Rock . He was a member of the band Fly Away Hero . In 2012 , Rapattoni was discovered in a national talent search where he was part of Disney boy band IM5 with other four members . After he left the band in 2014 , he reformed his former band Fly Away Hero with new bandmates . Rapattoni auditioned in Little Rock , Arkansas and sang `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . In his first solo performance in Hollywood rounds , he sang `` California Dreamin ' '' by The Mamas & the Papas . He sang Olivia Newton - John 's `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' in his final solo performance . He advanced to the Top 24 after he sang `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' by NSYNC during Showcase Week . He was eliminated on April 6 and finished in third place . MacKenzie Bourg ( born September 11 , 1992 ) is from Lafayette , Louisiana . He was a contestant on the third season of The Voice where he was defaulted to CeeLo Green 's team after being voted off in the first live show . Bourg auditioned at Atlanta performing a medley of songs by the judges . He sang his original song `` Roses '' for his final solo performance to advance to the Showcase round . Bourg advanced to the top 24 after he performed `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . He was eliminated on March 31 . Bourg released his single `` Roses '' in association with Big Machine Records on April 7 . His single peaked at number 4 of the iTunes Top 100 . Sonika Vaid ( born August 4 , 1995 ) was originally from Weston , Massachusetts who moved to Martha 's Vineyard . She is of Indian descent and her parents immigrated to the U.S. when she was a child . She began singing at the age of three . Aside from singing , she also plays the piano . She graduated from Weston High School in 2013 . Prior to entering Idol , she was studying biology and a regular performer at a local park near her home for special events . Vaid sang `` Look at Me '' by Carrie Underwood at her audition in Denver , Colorado and received high praises from the judges , earning a golden ticket to Hollywood . She then progressed to the first round of Hollywood week and sang `` Almost Is Never Enough '' . Vaid made it to the final Hollywood solo round , where she performed `` One Last Time '' by Ariana Grande . In Showcase round , she performed `` I Surrender '' by Celine Dion and advanced to the Top 24 . She was eliminated on March 24 . Tristan McIntosh ( born April 25 , 2000 ) is from Nashville , Tennessee . McIntosh won Q108 's Clarksville 's Got Talent competition in April 2013 at the age of 13 . Her mother Amy was an army major who works in the military overseas . She performs at special events and venues . She was also a member of the Children 's Christian choir and the Let Freedom Sing Tour in the past . McIntosh auditioned at Little Rock , Arkansas , performing `` Why Baby Why '' by Mickey Guyton . During Hollywood Week , she sang `` Something in the Water '' by Carrie Underwood as her first solo performance . She advanced to the Showcase round after performing her final solo performance , `` What Hurts the Most '' . She advanced to the Top 24 after singing `` Stronger '' by Faith Hill . She was eliminated on March 17 . Lee Jean ( born September 10 , 1999 ) is from Bluffton , South Carolina . Jean 's first experience in music is singing in high school campus . He was part of a duo with fellow musician Hannah Lindsey Lane . He auditioned at Atlanta and sang Ed Sheeran 's `` I See Fire '' . He sang `` Stitches '' by Shawn Mendes for his final solo performance . In Showcase week , he sang `` Make It Rain '' to land a spot in the top 24 . He was eliminated along with Avalon Young on March 10 . Avalon Young ( born July 16 , 1994 ) is from San Diego , California . She was named by her mother after the album of the same name by Roxy Music . She learned how to play guitar during her middle school years . Young began singing during her senior year and was a band member of `` Over the Edge '' . Young originally works as a server at a restaurant . She auditioned in San Francisco , California by performing an acoustic version of `` XO '' by Beyoncé . During the final round of Hollywood week , Young sang Ariana Grande 's `` One Last Time '' to advance in the Showcase Round . She sang `` Yo ( Excuse Me Miss ) '' by Chris Brown and advanced to the top 24 semifinals . She was eliminated along with Lee Jean on March 10 . Gianna Isabella ( born March 30 , 2000 ) is from Jackson , New Jersey . She is the daughter of singer Brenda K. Starr . In 2014 , Gianna won the ' New York Dream Night Talent Search ' competition . She auditioned in Philadelphia and sang `` The House of the Rising Sun '' . She sang `` One Night Only '' during her first solo performance in Hollywood Week . She sang her mother 's hit single `` I Still Believe '' during Showcase Week to advance to the Top 24 . She was one of the first two finalists to be eliminated on March 3 . Olivia Rox ( born January 16 , 1999 ) is from Agoura Hills , California . Olivia is the daughter of saxophonist Warren Hill and music producer Tamara Van Cleef . She wrote her first song on the piano at the age of 4 . She earned her golden ticket during an audition in San Francisco , California , after she performed `` When I Was Your Man '' by Bruno Mars . She advanced in the first round of Hollywood Week by performing `` Genie in a Bottle '' by Christina Aguilera . She sang one of her composed original songs to advance for the Showcase week . She advanced to the Top 24 after she sang Maroon 5 's `` Love Somebody '' . She was one of the first two finalists to be eliminated on March 3 . Finals ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The finals took place over six weeks , consisting of seven live shows . They were filmed at CBS Television City in Hollywood , California . There were 10 finalists . Two finalists were eliminated in the first two weeks and one in each subsequent week , based on viewers ' votes and the Judges ' Save . Scott Borchetta served as the finalists ' mentor . Top 10 -- Contestants ' Choice ( edit ) Guest judge : Kelly Clarkson Order Contestant Song Result Olivia Rox `` Unconditionally '' Eliminated Gianna Isabella `` Listen '' Eliminated Lee Jean `` Skinny Love '' Safe Avalon Young `` Stitches '' Bottom 3 5 Dalton Rapattoni `` Hey There Delilah '' Safe 6 Tristan McIntosh `` Nothin ' Like You '' Safe 7 MacKenzie Bourg `` I See Fire '' Safe 8 La'Porsha Renae `` Diamonds '' Safe 9 Sonika Vaid `` Bring Me to Life '' Safe 10 Trent Harmon `` Like I Can '' Safe Top 8 -- Idol grammy hits ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Dalton Rapattoni `` Radioactive '' Safe Lee Jean `` Use Somebody '' Eliminated Sonika Vaid `` Since U Been Gone '' Bottom 3 MacKenzie Bourg `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' Safe 5 La'Porsha Renae `` Halo '' Safe 6 Trent Harmon `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' Safe 7 Tristan McIntosh `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Safe 8 Avalon Young `` Earned It '' Eliminated Group performance : `` Confident '' with Demi Lovato Note : Olivia Rox performed `` Trouble '' and Gianna Isabella performed `` If I Ai n't Got You '' in the Top 8 performance night for a spot in the top eight . They were part of the Top 10 week 's Bottom 3 along with Avalon Young . However , both of them were eliminated and did not advance . Top 6 -- American Idol all time song book ( edit ) For the first time this season , the contestants paired up to sing duets . Order Contestant Song Result Trent Harmon & La'Porsha Renae `` See You Again '' N / A Sonika Vaid & Avalon Young `` Rise Up '' N / A MacKenzie Bourg & Dalton Rapattoni `` I Want It That Way '' N / A Tristan McIntosh & Lee Jean `` I Do n't Wanna Miss A Thing '' N / A 5 La'Porsha Renae `` Come Together '' Safe 6 MacKenzie Bourg `` You Are So Beautiful '' Safe 7 Trent Harmon `` Stand By Me '' Safe 8 Tristan McIntosh `` A Broken Wing '' Eliminated 9 Dalton Rapattoni `` Eleanor Rigby '' Safe 10 Sonika Vaid `` I Have Nothing '' Bottom 2 Note : Lee Jean performed `` Let It Be '' and Avalon Young performed `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' in the Top 6 performance night for a spot in the top six . They were part of the Top 8 week 's Bottom 3 along with Sonika Vaid . However , both of them were eliminated and did not advance . Top 5 -- America 's Twitter song choice ( edit ) The finalists performed songs requested by the voting public through Twitter . For the first time in the competition , each finalist performs two songs . Order Contestant Song Result Trent Harmon `` Counting Stars '' Safe Dalton Rapattoni `` Numb '' Bottom 2 La'Porsha Renae `` Ready for Love '' Safe MacKenzie Bourg `` Wild World '' Safe 5 Sonika Vaid `` Let It Go '' Eliminated 6 Dalton Rapattoni `` The Sound of Silence '' Bottom 2 7 MacKenzie Bourg `` Billie Jean '' Safe 8 Trent Harmon `` Simple Man '' Safe 9 Sonika Vaid `` Clarity '' Eliminated 10 La'Porsha Renae `` No More Drama '' Safe Note : Tristan McIntosh performed `` Independence Day '' in the Top 5 performance night for a spot in the top five . She was part of the Top 6 week 's Bottom 2 along with Sonika Vaid . However , she was eliminated and did not advance . Top 4 -- Classic rock / Sia ( edit ) Guest mentors : Sia & Stevie Van Zandt Order Contestant Song Result La'Porsha Renae `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' Bottom 2 MacKenzie Bourg `` I Want You to Want Me '' Eliminated Trent Harmon `` Sharp Dressed Man '' Safe Dalton Rapattoni `` God Only Knows '' Safe 5 La'Porsha Renae `` Elastic Heart '' Bottom 2 6 MacKenzie Bourg `` Titanium '' Eliminated 7 Trent Harmon `` Chandelier '' Safe 8 Dalton Rapattoni `` Bird Set Free '' Safe Top 3 -- hometown Dedication / Scott Borchetta 's choice / judges ' choice ( edit ) Each finalist performed a song dedicated to their hometown , a song Scott Borchetta chose , and a song the judges chose . Order Contestant Song Result Dalton Rapattoni `` Calling You '' Eliminated Trent Harmon `` Tennessee Whiskey '' Safe La'Porsha Renae `` Glory '' Safe Dalton Rapattoni `` Dancing in the Dark '' Eliminated 5 La'Porsha Renae `` Stay with Me '' Safe 6 Trent Harmon `` Drink You Away '' Safe 7 Dalton Rapattoni `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' Eliminated 8 La'Porsha Renae `` Hello '' Safe 9 Trent Harmon `` Waiting Game '' Safe Note : MacKenzie Bourg performed `` Hallelujah '' in the Hometown Dedication round , but did not advance to the Top 3 . Top 2 -- original 's single / simon fuller 's choice / favorite performance ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Trent Harmon `` Falling '' Winner La'Porsha Renae `` Battles '' Runner - up Trent Harmon `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' Winner La'Porsha Renae `` A House Is Not a Home '' Runner - up 5 Trent Harmon `` Chandelier '' Winner 6 La'Porsha Renae `` Diamonds '' Runner - up Group performance : `` Stole the Show '' Note : Dalton Rapattoni performed `` Strike A Match '' in the Original 's Single round , but did not advance to the Top 2 . Elimination chart ( edit ) Females Males Top 24 Top 10 Wild Card Winner Did Not Perform Safe Safe Last Eliminated Stage : Semi-Finals Wild Card Finals Date : 2 / 11 2 / 18 2 / 25 3 / 3 3 / 10 3 / 17 3 / 24 3 / 31 4 / 6 4 / 7 Place Contestant Result Trent Harmon Top 10 Winner La'Porsha Renae Top 10 Bottom 2 Runner - up Dalton Rapattoni Top 10 Bottom 2 Elim MacKenzie Bourg Wild Card Top 10 Elim 5 Sonika Vaid Wild Card Top 10 Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Elim 6 Tristan McIntosh Wild Card Top 10 Elim 7 -- 8 Lee Jean Wild Card Top 10 Elim Avalon Young Wild Card Top 10 Bottom 3 9 -- 10 Gianna Isabella Wild Card Top 10 Elim Olivia Rox Top 10 11 -- 14 Jenn Blosil Wild Card Elim Jeneve Rose Mitchell Wild Card Thomas Stringfellow Wild Card Manny Torres Wild Card 15 -- 24 Amelia Eisenhauer Elim C.J. Johnson Adam Lasher Kory Wheeler Shelbie Z James VIII Elim Emily Brooke Stephany Negrete Jenna Renae Jordan Sasser ^ Note 1 The judges ' save starts . ^ Note 1 The judges ' save ends . Contestants who appeared on other seasons / shows ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) MacKenzie Bourg was a semifinalist on the third season of The Voice and was on Team Cee Lo , but was eliminated on the first live show of the season . Adam Lasher , C.J. Johnson , and Sonika Vaid all auditioned for The Voice . However , none of them scored a chair turn . Olivia Rox appeared on the eighth season of America 's Got Talent ; however , she was cut during `` Vegas Week '' . Shelbie Z was a contestant on the fifth season of The Voice on Team Blake . She was eliminated during the first live show . Jenna Renae appeared on the tenth season of America 's Got Talent ; however , she was cut during Week 2 of the Judge 's Cuts . Stephany Negrete was a finalist on a program called `` Tengo Talento , Mucho Talento '' , season 12 , on Estrella TV , an American channel dedicated to the Latino culture . Anatalia Villaranda tried out on season 12 of The Voice was on Team Alicia . She was eliminated during the first live show . Lindita Halimi won the Festivali i Këngës 55 in Albania , so she would represent Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kiev , Ukraine with the song `` World '' ; however , she was eliminated in Semifinal 1 . Two auditionees in the sixteenth season were failed to advance through the semi-final stage : Jurnee Siani Marcio Donaldson Guest performances ( edit ) Week Performer ( s ) Title Hot 100 reaction iTunes sales reaction Performance type Top 10 Kelly Clarkson `` Piece by Piece '' 8 ( debut ) 210,000 Live Top 8 Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' 102 -- Harry Connick , Jr . `` ( I Do ) Like We Do '' -- -- Top 6 Nick Fradiani `` Get You Home '' -- -- Top 5 Adam Lambert `` Mad World '' -- -- Jussie Smollett & Yazz The Greatest `` Never Let It Die '' -- -- Adam Lambert featuring Laleh `` Welcome to the Show '' -- -- Top 4 David Cook `` Heartbeat '' 65 11,000 Katharine McPhee `` Over the Rainbow '' -- peaked at 171 Sia `` Cheap Thrills '' 81 7,000 Top 3 Keith Urban `` Wasted Time '' 37 30,000 Finale * American Idol Top 10 & alumni `` One Voice '' unreleased unreleased Trent Harmon & La'Porsha Renae `` It Takes Two '' unreleased unreleased Kara DioGuardi featuring Tamyra Gray & Jordin Sparks `` Sober '' unreleased unreleased Colton Dixon `` Through All of It '' -- -- Jordin Sparks & Justin Guarini `` No Air '' -- -- Kimberley Locke featuring Allison Iraheta & Jordin Sparks `` 8th World Wonder '' -- -- Tamyra Gray featuring Justin Guarini , Allison Iraheta & Jordin Sparks `` Girl Crush '' -- -- Allison Iraheta & Larry Platt featuring Tamyra Gray , Kimberley Locke , Jordin Sparks & Pia Toscano `` No '' / `` Pants on the Ground '' unreleased unreleased Pia Toscano featuring Colton Dixon , Tamyra Gray , Justin Guarini , Allison Iraheta , Kimberley Locke & Jordin Sparks `` All by Myself '' unreleased unreleased Kelly Clarkson `` Miss Independent '' / `` The Trouble With Love Is '' / `` Breakaway '' / `` Since U Been Gone '' / `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' / `` Because of You '' / `` Walk Away '' / `` Never Again '' / `` Catch My Breath '' / `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' / `` I Do Not Hook Up '' / `` Already Gone '' / `` Do n't You Wanna Stay '' / `` Mr. Know It All '' / `` Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) '' / `` Dark Side '' / `` Heartbeat Song '' / `` Invincible '' / `` Piece by Piece '' / `` A Moment Like This '' unreleased unreleased Pre-recorded Bo Bice featuring James Durbin , Caleb Johnson & Constantine Maroulis `` Vehicle '' unreleased unreleased Live James Durbin , Caleb Johnson & Constantine Maroulis `` Hard to Handle '' unreleased unreleased Chris Daughtry featuring Bo Bice , James Durbin , Caleb Johnson & Constantine Maroulis `` Torches '' unreleased unreleased Bo Bice , Chris Daughtry , James Durbin , Caleb Johnson & Constantine Maroulis `` Tobacco Road '' unreleased unreleased Carrie Underwood & Keith Urban `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' unreleased unreleased Diana DeGarmo , Kree Harrison & Skylar Laine featuring Bucky Covington , Constantine Maroulis & Ace Young `` You Belong with Me '' unreleased unreleased Bucky Covington , Constantine Maroulis & Ace Young featuring Diana DeGarmo , Kree Harrison & Skylar Laine `` Storm Warning '' unreleased unreleased Lauren Alaina & Kellie Pickler featuring Bucky Covington , Diana DeGarmo , Kree Harrison , Skylar Laine , Constantine Maroulis & Ace Young `` Done '' unreleased unreleased Scotty McCreery featuring Lauren Alaina , Bucky Covington , Diana DeGarmo , Kree Harrison , Skylar Laine , Constantine Maroulis , Kellie Pickler & Ace Young `` Papa Loved Mama '' unreleased unreleased Lauren Alaina , Bucky Covington , Diana DeGarmo , Kree Harrison , Skylar Laine , Constantine Maroulis , Scotty McCreery , Kellie Pickler & Ace Young `` Pavement Ends '' unreleased unreleased Harry Connick , Jr . & Marley Fletcher `` What a Wonderful World '' unreleased unreleased Casey James & Katharine McPhee `` Need You Now '' unreleased unreleased Carly Smithson `` Here You Come Again '' unreleased unreleased Clay Aiken `` Annie 's Song '' unreleased unreleased Amber Holcomb & Ruben Studdard `` Here , There and Everywhere '' unreleased unreleased Jessica Sanchez `` The Prayer '' -- peaked at 166 Jennifer Lopez `` Ai n't Your Mama '' 92 -- Pre-recorded `` Let 's Get Loud '' -- -- Fantasia , Jennifer Hudson & LaToya London `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' unreleased unreleased Jennifer Hudson `` Remember the Music '' -- -- Clark Beckham , Danny Gokey , George Huff , Brandon Rogers & Elliott Yamin `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' unreleased unreleased Live Fantasia `` Ugly '' -- -- Taylor Hicks & LaToya London featuring Clark Beckham , Melinda Doolittle , Candice Glover , Mikalah Gordon , Danny Gokey , George Huff , Joshua Ledet , Brandon Rogers & Elliott Yamin `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' unreleased unreleased Joshua Ledet `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' unreleased unreleased Melinda Doolittle & Candice Glover featuring Clark Beckham , James Durbin , Danny Gokey , Mikalah Gordon , Taylor Hicks , George Huff , Joshua Ledet , Blake Lewis , Kimberley Locke , Brandon Rogers , Jordin Sparks , Elliott Yamin & American Idol Top 10 `` Joy to the World '' unreleased unreleased Kris Allen , David Cook , Lee DeWyze , Nick Fradiani & Phillip Phillips `` Starman '' / `` Rebel Rebel '' / `` The Jean Genie '' unreleased unreleased William Hung `` She Bangs '' unreleased unreleased Trent Harmon `` Falling '' 116 23,000 Former contestants who performed on the April 7 finale included Clay Aiken , Lauren Alaina , Kris Allen , David Archuleta , Fantasia Barrino , Clark Beckham , Bo Bice , Kelly Clarkson , David Cook , Bucky Covington , Chris Daughtry , Diana DeGarmo , Lee DeWyze , Colton Dixon , Melinda Doolittle , James Durbin , Nick Fradiani , Candice Glover , Danny Gokey , Mikalah Gordon , Tamyra Gray , Justin Guarini , Kree Harrison , Taylor Hicks , Amber Holcomb , Jennifer Hudson , George Huff , Allison Iraheta , Casey James , Caleb Johnson , Skylar Laine , Joshua Ledet , Blake Lewis , Kimberley Locke , LaToya London , Sanjaya Malakar , Constantine Maroulis , Scotty McCreery , Katharine McPhee , Phillip Phillips , Kellie Pickler , Brandon Rogers , Jessica Sanchez , Carly Smithson , Jordin Sparks , Ruben Studdard , Pia Toscano , Jasmine Trias , Carrie Underwood , Elliott Yamin , and Ace Young . Reception ( edit ) U.S. nielsen ratings ( edit ) Live + same day ratings Season 15 premiered to 10.96 million viewers , the second lowest since the series premiere . It received an all - time - low 3.0 / 9 18 -- 49 rating , down 9 % from last season . The season finale however had 13.30 million viewers , 5 million more than the season 14 finale . No . Episode Air date Timeslot Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank Ref . `` Denver & Atlanta Auditions '' January 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 9 10.96 5 `` Little Rock & San Francisco Auditions '' January 7 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 9 10.21 7 `` Philadelphia Auditions '' January 13 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 8 9.77 5 `` Denver & Little Rock Auditions '' January 14 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.2 7 8.72 6 5 `` Atlanta , Little Rock , Philadelphia and San Francisco Auditions '' January 20 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 8 9.22 6 `` Atlanta , Philadelphia and San Francisco Auditions '' January 21 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 8 9.36 7 `` Hollywood Week : Lines of Ten '' January 27 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 8 9.63 8 `` Hollywood Week : Group Rounds '' January 28 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 8 8.77 5 9 `` Hollywood Week : Solo Round '' February 3 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 8 9.18 7 10 `` Final Judgement '' February 4 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.2 7 8.94 9 11 `` Semi-Final # 1 : 1st 12 Solo Performances '' February 10 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.2 7 9.16 7 12 `` Semi-Final # 2 : 1st 12 Duets & Judges ' Vote '' February 11 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 7 8.96 9 13 `` Semi-Final # 3 : 2nd 12 Solo Performances '' February 17 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 7 8.29 9 14 `` Semi-Final # 4 : 2nd 12 Duets & Judges ' Vote '' February 18 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 7 8.19 9 15 `` Wild Card Night '' February 24 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 7 8.92 10 16 `` Top 10 Perform : Contestants ' Choice '' February 25 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 7 8.72 10 17 `` Top 8 Perform : Grammy Hits '' March 3 , 2016 2.0 7 8.74 8 18 `` Top 6 Perform : American Idol Songbook '' March 10 , 2016 1.8 6 8.06 11 19 `` Top 5 Perform : America 's Choice '' March 17 , 2016 1.7 6 8.22 17 20 `` Top 4 Perform : Sia & classic rock songs '' March 24 , 2016 1.7 6 8.02 18 21 `` Top 3 Perform : Hometown Dedication '' March 31 , 2016 2.1 7 9.11 7 22 `` American Dream '' April 5 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 5 5.98 23 23 `` Top 2 Perform '' April 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.2 8 9.70 6 24 `` Series Finale '' April 7 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 10 13.30 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings No . Episode Air date Timeslot DVR 18 -- 49 DVR viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . `` Denver & Atlanta Auditions '' January 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 2.28 3.7 13.25 `` Little Rock & San Francisco Auditions '' January 7 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.8 2.24 3.5 12.45 `` Philadelphia Auditions '' January 13 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.84 3.2 11.61 `` Denver & Little Rock Auditions '' January 14 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 2.05 2.9 10.77 5 `` Auditions No. 5 '' January 20 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.51 3.1 10.73 6 `` Auditions No. 6 '' January 21 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 2.05 3.1 11.42 7 `` Hollywood Week : Lines of Ten '' January 27 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.6 1.88 3.1 11.50 8 `` Hollywood Week : Group Rounds '' January 28 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 2.23 3.0 11.01 9 `` Hollywood Week : Solo Round '' February 3 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 2.04 3.0 11.21 10 `` Final Judgement '' February 4 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 2.04 2.9 10.98 11 `` Semi-Final # 1 : 1st 12 Performances '' February 10 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.55 2.7 10.71 12 `` Semi-Final # 2 : Judge 's Vote '' February 11 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.4 1.48 2.5 10.44 13 `` Semi-Final # 3 : 2nd 12 Performances '' February 17 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.47 2.5 9.76 14 `` Semi-Final # 4 : Judge 's Vote '' February 18 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.4 1.57 2.4 9.76 15 `` Top 10 Wild Card Round '' February 24 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.30 2.6 10.22 16 `` Top 10 Perform '' February 25 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.73 2.6 10.45 17 `` Top 8 Perform : Grammy Hits '' March 3 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.4 1.63 2.4 10.37 18 `` Top 6 Perform : American Idol Songbook '' March 10 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 2.02 2.3 10.08 19 `` Top 5 Perform : America 's Choice '' March 17 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.66 2.2 9.89 20 `` Top 4 Perform : Sia & classic rock songs '' March 24 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.4 1.24 2.1 9.26 21 `` Top 3 Perform : Hometown Dedication '' March 31 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.4 1.50 2.5 10.61 22 `` American Dream '' April 5 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.4 -- 1.8 -- 23 `` Top 2 Perform '' April 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.4 1.53 2.6 11.23 24 `` Series Finale '' April 7 , 2016 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.57 3.5 14.87 International broadcasts ( edit ) The season premiered in Australia on Fox8 and in New Zealand on Prime on January 7 , 2016 and in the United Kingdom on January 11 , 2016 on 4Music . The show broadcasts live throughout Africa and Middle Eastern territories on DSTV 's Vuzu Channel 114 , but due to it being broadcast at 2 am , there are repeats during the week . The show started in Iran on August 2017 on PMC . Music releases ( edit ) Music releases Concert Tour ( edit ) This was the only season without a concert tour . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Judges Tease Show 's Potential Return After Farewell Season '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Underwood , Sara ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Mass. native auditions for American Idol : The Farewell Season '' . MyFoxBoston.com . Cox Media Group . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC officially revives American Idol , chides Fox for canceling '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Voting Frequently Asked Questions '' . American Idol . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Adams ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` What you need to know about American Idol auditions in Indianapolis '' . Fox59 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 2016 Audition Schedule , Judges , Rules , Final '' . American Idol . June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaul Turner ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hundreds of singers gather in Denver to sing for ' American Idol ' judges '' . Fox31 . Jump up ^ Rodney Ho ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Talking with Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban , Harry Connick Jr. at Atlanta ' American Idol ' auditions '' . AJC.com . Jump up ^ `` Another Round of American Idol Auditions in Little Rock '' . Arkansas Matters . August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave Herrera ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Of course Kanye West auditioned for ' American Idol ' this weekend '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , Harry Connick Jr. , and Keith Urban Brace for ' American Idol ' Farewell as Auditions Begin '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Madeleine Sprenger . `` Over 230 compete to win an audition for the producers of ' American Idol ' '' . Fox Wilmington . Jump up ^ `` bBooth is Proud to Partner with American Idol ® for Season XV Auditions '' . bBooth . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Kanye West Stages Surprise Audition for ' American Idol ' '' . RollingStone . Jump up ^ Rodney Ho ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) . `` ' American Idol ' recap : the top 24 are picked '' . AJC . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Paulette Cohn ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Photos : Meet American Idol 's Top 24 '' . Parade . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Spoilers : 2016 Top 14 Elimination Results -- Update : Leaks '' . American Idol Net . Jump up ^ Reiter , Amy . `` ' American Idol ' recap : Top 14 compete in tame ' Wildcard ' round '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred . `` ' American Idol ' Top 24 : Meet the First 12 Finalists '' . Mission Viejo . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Altman , Isabelle . `` Amory native heading to Hollywood '' . The Dispatch . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Alice . `` Harmon has `` The Voice '' to make it to show 's L.A. auditions `` . Monroe Journal . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 1 ' : Former frontrunners fall prey to Idol 's most notorious hurdle : Hollywood Week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 2 ' : If all else fails during the group round , send your mom out to find a new group '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 4 ' : After a grueling Hollywood Week , the final 51 are narrowed down to 24 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Stowers , Mark . `` McComb singer makes it to Hollywood for ' American Idol ' '' . The Clarion - Ledger . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Courtney Ann . `` La'Porsha's Survival Song '' . MS News Now . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 1 ' : Former frontrunners fall prey to Idol 's most notorious hurdle : Hollywood Week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 4 ' : After a grueling Hollywood Week , the final 51 are narrowed down to 24 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred . `` ' American Idol ' Top 24 : Meet This Week 's 12 Finalists '' . Mission Viejo . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Blaskovich , Sarah . `` Already famous Dallas guy Dalton Rapattoni makes final season of ' American Idol ' '' . Guide Live . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 1 ' : Former frontrunners fall prey to Idol 's most notorious hurdle : Hollywood Week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 3 ' : Sometimes the only thing that can get you through solo rounds is a good best friend '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 4 ' : After a grueling Hollywood Week , the final 51 are narrowed down to 24 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 3 ' : Sometimes the only thing that can get you through solo rounds is a good best friend '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian American singer Sonika Vaid books ticket to Hollywood on ' American Idol '' . Indian Diaspora Club . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gabrillo , James . `` Indian - American Sonika Vaid is early fave on American Idol '' . The National . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Sara . `` Vineyard Contestant Gets High Marks from American Idol Judges '' . Vineyard Gazette . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` ' American Idol ' Top 24 : Meet the First 12 Finalists '' . Mission Viejo . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Underwood , Sara . `` Mass. native auditions for American Idol : The Farewell Season '' . Fox 25 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local talent Tristan McIntosh is an ' American Idol ' hopeful '' . Clarksville Now . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mattish , Stacey . `` Veteran surprises daughter by coming back for her ' American Idol ' audition '' . The San Francisco Globe . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mattish , Stacey . `` Veteran surprises daughter by coming back for her ' American Idol ' audition '' . The San Francisco Globe . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 4 ' : After a grueling Hollywood Week , the final 51 are narrowed down to 24 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` ' American Idol ' Top 24 : Meet This Week 's 12 Finalists '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` ' American Idol ' Top 24 : Meet the First 12 Finalists '' . Mission Viejo . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 3 ' : Sometimes the only thing that can get you through solo rounds is a good best friend '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin . `` American Idol recap : ' Hollywood Round # 4 ' : After a grueling Hollywood Week , the final 51 are narrowed down to 24 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 15 ' video : Olivia Rox auditions to Bruno Mars '' . Carter Matt . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Signs on as ' American Idol ' Guest Judge '' . The Boot . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Contestant Sonika Vaid Talks Elimination , Working With Sia & More '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson 's `` Piece By Piece '' Debuts At # 8 on Hot 100 `` . Headline Planet . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol 15 ' : Demi Lovato , Harry Connick Jr. performing on March 3 show '' . Carter Matt . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It 's A Mad World -- American Idol '' . American Idol . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Lambert to Perform New Song on ' American Idol ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Finalist Eliminated on American Idol ; David Cook Performs on Next Week 's Show '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Finalist Eliminated on American Idol ; Katherine McPhee Performs on Next Week 's Show '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vocal Powerhouse Sia Performs ! -- American Idol '' . American Idol . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban Performs ! -- American Idol '' . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kelly Clarkson & Carrie Underwood to Perform at ' American Idol ' Finale '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.popvortex.com/music/charts/itunes-american-idol.php Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' series finale spoilers : Phillip Phillips could return , after all '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ `` American Idol series finale to include Jennifer Hudson performance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Former ' Idol ' contestant Jasmine Trias to perform on show 's series finale '' . Khon2 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finale : Nigel Lythgoe Reveals White Guys With Guitars Medley , Bowie Tribute and More '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` American Idol premiere ratings lowest ever , yet still beat rivals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Premiere Ratings : How Far Has the Mighty Fallen ? '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NFL playoffs and Golden Globes lead the week of Jan. 4 - 10 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/25/broadcast-live-7-ratings-week-16-jan-4-10-2016/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Modern Family ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NFL playoffs , ' 60 Minutes ' score big in the week of Jan. 11 - 17 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/01/broadcast-live-7-ratings-jan-11-17-2016-week-17/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' The Blacklist ' adjust up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/01/broadcast-live-7-ratings-jan-11-17-2016-week-17/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NFC Championship is huge for FOX '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Grease Live ' leads a good week for FOX '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/09/broadcast-weekly-top-25-feb-1-7-2016-super-bowl-50/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/09/broadcast-weekly-top-25-feb-1-7-2016-super-bowl-50/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/17/broadcast-weekly-top-25-feb-8-14-2016/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/17/broadcast-weekly-top-25-feb-8-14-2016/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : Grammys dominate the week of Feb. 15 - 21 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/01/broadcast-weekly-top-25-feb-22-28-2016/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/01/broadcast-weekly-top-25-feb-22-28-2016/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' The Voice ' premiere leads for Feb. 29 - March 7 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NCAA tourney has a soft start on CBS '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS ' lead a quiet week of March 14 -- 20 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , plus final NCAA numbers '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NCAA Tournament and ' NCIS ' on top for March 21 -- 27 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/05/broadcast-weekly-top-25-march-28-april-3-2016/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' leads demo for April 4 -- 10 , ' NCIS ' tops in viewers '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Shades of Blue ' premiere gets a good lift in week 16 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' lead week 17 , ' Shades of Blue ' doubles '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 8 - 14 : TGIT dramas move up the ranks '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 15 - 21 : Grammys on top , ' Big Bang Theory ' posts biggest gains '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 22 - 28 : Oscars grow a little , ' Big Bang Theory ' grows a lot '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 29 - March 6 : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot ' and ' Quantico ' score biggest gains '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Live + 3 ratings , March 14 -- 20 : ' Modern Family , ' ' NCIS ' and ' Blindspot ' on top '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/02/broadcast-live-3-ratings-march-21-27-2016/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/09/broadcast-live-3-ratings-march-28-april-3-2016/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/16/broadcast-live-3-ratings-april-4-10-2016/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/16/broadcast-live-3-ratings-april-4-10-2016/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/16/broadcast-live-3-ratings-april-4-10-2016/ External links ( edit ) Official website American Idol season 15 Finalists Trent Harmon La'Porsha Renae Dalton Rapattoni MacKenzie Bourg Sonika Vaid Tristan McIntosh Lee Jean Avalon Young Gianna Isabella Olivia Rox Other sources Episode list `` Falling '' `` Battles '' `` Strike a Match '' `` Roses '' American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_15)&oldid=843060497 '' Categories : American Idol seasons 2016 American television seasons 2016 in American music Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the 15th season of american idol
[ "The fifteenth season of American Idol, also branded as American Idol: The Farewell Season,[1][2] premiered on the Fox television network on January 6, 2016. Ryan Seacrest continued as the show's host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban, and Harry Connick, Jr. returned as judges. This season was four to six weeks shorter than seasons 2 through 14. On April 7, Trent Harmon was announced as the season's winner and La'Porsha Renae was the runner-up. Harmon was the third consecutive winner to never be in the bottom two or three, and the eighth male winner in nine years." ]
[ "Trent Harmon" ]
8575677069016401579
Por una Cabeza
Por una Cabeza - wikipedia Por una Cabeza Jump to : navigation , search `` Por una Cabeza '' Song Written 1935 Genre Tango Length 2 : 34 Label RCA Victor Composer ( s ) Carlos Gardel Lyricist ( s ) Alfredo Le Pera Audio sample file help `` Por una Cabeza '' is a tango song with music and lyrics written in 1935 by Carlos Gardel and Alfredo Le Pera respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Notable uses 3 Lyrics in public domain 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Carlos Gardel The name is a Spanish horse - racing phrase meaning `` by a head '' , which refers to a horse winning a race narrowly - by just the length of its head . The lyrics speak of a compulsive horse - track gambler who compares his addiction for horses with his attraction to women . Alfredo Le Pera was an Argentine , born in Brazil , son of Italian immigrants . Le Pera and Gardel died in an airplane crash in Medellín , on Monday , June 24 , 1935 . The starting phrase in the B section may be inspired by Mozart 's Rondo for violin and orchestra in C major , K. 373 . The song was originally composed in A major . It was thereafter adapted to the violin and the piano sometimes in A major , sometimes in G major . Notable uses ( edit ) Por Una Cabeza was featured in a famous tango scene in Martin Brest 's Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) , in the opening scene of Steve Spielberg 's Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , and in James Cameron 's True Lies ( 1994 ) . An arrangement , without vocals , is performed by Nicola Benedetti on her 2012 album The Silver Violin . Lyrics in public domain ( edit ) Por una cabeza de un noble potrillo que justo en la raya afloja al llegar , y que al regresar parece decir : No olvidés , hermano , vos sabés , no hay que jugar . Por una cabeza , metejón de un día de aquella coqueta y risueña mujer , que al jurar sonriendo el amor que está mintiendo , quema en una hoguera todo mi querer . Por una cabeza , todas las locuras . Su boca que besa , borra la tristeza , calma la amargura . Por una cabeza , si ella me olvida qué importa perderme mil veces la vida , para qué vivir . Cuántos desengaños , por una cabeza . Yo juré mil veces , no vuelvo a insistir . Pero si un mirar me hiere al pasar , su boca de fuego otra vez quiero besar . Basta de carreras , se acabó la timba . ¡ Un final reñido yo no vuelvo a ver ! Pero si algún pingo llega a ser fija el domingo , yo me juego entero . ¡ Qué le voy a hacer ... ! Wikisource has sheet music and full lyrics in Spanish and English : Por una Cabeza Por una cabeza , todas las locuras . Su boca que besa , borra la tristeza , calma la amargura . Por una cabeza , si ella me olvida qué importa perderme mil veces la vida , para qué vivir . See also ( edit ) Music of Argentina Public domain music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Por una Cabeza '' . Todo Tango . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clavell , M. ( 1996 ) ( in Spanish ) , Biografía . In : Los Mejores Tangos de Carlos Gardel . Alfred Publ. Van Nuys , California . Jump up ^ http://www.tyalgumfestival.com.au/TFCM/C2_Concert_Notes.html Jump up ^ http://www.miamimusicproject.org/files/dancing.pdf Jump up ^ http://imslp.org/wiki/Por_una_Cabeza_%28Gardel,_Carlos%29 Jump up ^ YouTube , Carlos Gardel and Alfredo Le Pera - `` Por una Cabeza '' ( in A major ) Jump up ^ Wikisource , Scores of `` Por una Cabeza '' ( in A major ) Jump up ^ YouTube , Miguel Gragera - `` Por Una Cabeza '' ( in A major ) Jump up ^ YouTube , Carlos Gardel - `` Por una cabeza '' with score ( in G major ) Jump up ^ YouTube , `` Por Una Cabeza '' in True Lies ( in G major ) Jump up ^ Schickler , David ( 2013 ) . The Dark Path . Riverhead Books . ISBN 978 - 1594486456 ... an instrumental recording of Por una Cabeza used in the films Scent of a Woman and True Lies . The original version of the song , a hit from the 1930s by Carlos Gardel and Alfredo La Pera ... Jump up ^ Scaffidi , Susan ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` All grown up : Youth symphony to lose a quarter of players after concert '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Hong , a violinist , will perform one of the most famous of tango melodies : `` Por una Cabeza '' by Carlos Gardel . The tango has been used in several films , most memorably in `` Scent of a Woman '' and `` True Lies . '' Jump up ^ Thompson , Robert ( 2005 ) . Tango : The Art History of Love . Vintage Books . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1400095797 . Finally , in Steven Spielburg 's Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Liam Neeson dances , once again , to `` Por una cabeza . '' Jump up ^ Edwards , Adrian ( November 2012 ) . `` The Silver Violin . Benedetti in Bournemouth for silver - screen violin classics '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . This new release from Nicola Benedetti offers a programme inspired by film music ... The bonne bouche of the shorter pieces is Carlos Gardel 's tango Por una cabeza Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Album : Nicola Benedetti The Silver Violin ( Decca ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Nicola Benedetti believes that film music is the primary contemporary conduit for classical or orchestral music ... But the most interesting pieces are Gardel 's playful tango from Scent of a Woman , `` Por Una Cabeza '' External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) `` Por una cabeza '' . Comparación con `` Rondó para violín y orquesta K 373 '' ( Mozart ) . Por Marcelo O. Martínez . Por una Cabeza 's Lyrics , music , scores , versions Por una Cabeza 's Lyrics English translation Performed by Itzhak Perlman on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Por_una_Cabeza&oldid=816234274 '' Categories : 1935 songs Spanish - language songs Tangos Songs with lyrics by Alfredo Le Pera Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 03 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the name of the tango song in scent of a woman
[ "Por Una Cabeza was featured in a famous tango scene in Martin Brest's Scent of a Woman (1992), in the opening scene of Steve Spielberg's Schindler's List (1993), and in James Cameron's True Lies (1994).[11][12][13]" ]
[ "Por Una Cabeza" ]
6579788628631458086
Bright Lights, Big City (film)
Bright Lights , Big City ( film ) - wikipedia Bright Lights , Big City ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Bright Lights , Big City Theatrical release poster Directed by James Bridges Produced by Mark Rosenberg Sydney Pollack Screenplay by Jay McInerney Based on Bright Lights , Big City by Jay McInerney Starring Michael J. Fox Kiefer Sutherland Phoebe Cates Dianne Wiest Music by Donald Fagen , Rob Mounsey Cinematography Gordon Willis Edited by John Bloom Production company Mirage Distributed by United Artists Release date April 1 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 01 ) ( North America ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $ 25 million Box office $ 16,118,077 Bright Lights , Big City is a 1988 American drama film directed by James Bridges , starring Michael J. Fox , Kiefer Sutherland , Phoebe Cates , Dianne Wiest and Jason Robards , and based on the novel by Jay McInerney , who also wrote the screenplay . It was the last film directed by Bridges , who died in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production and development 4 Reception 4.1 Home video 4.2 Remake 5 Bright Lights , Big City : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The film follows one week in the life of 24 - year - old Jamie Conway ( Michael J. Fox ) . Originally from Pennsylvania , Jamie works as a fact - checker for a major New York magazine , but because he spends his nights partying with his glib best friend Tad ( Kiefer Sutherland ) and his frequent cocaine abuse which has led to him coming in late freqently and not finishing assignments on time , he 's on the verge of getting fired by his stern boss , Clara Tillinghast ( Frances Sternhagen ) . His wife Amanda , a fast - rising model ( Phoebe Cates ) , just left him ; he is still reeling from the death of his mother ( Dianne Wiest ) from cancer a year earlier ; and he follows a tabloid story about a pregnant woman in a coma . The movie captures some of the glossy chaos and decadence of the New York nightlife during the 1980s , and also looks at a man desperately trying to escape the pain in his life . After Jamie gets fired from his job , he goes on a further downward spiral with more cocaine and alcohol abuse . He attempts to go on a date with Tad 's cousin Vicky ( Tracy Pollan ) as a favor . Jamie also avoids phone calls from his younger brother Michael ( Charlie Schlatter ) who has come to New York to look for him . Megan ( Swoosie Kurtz ) attempts to help him out with finding a new job as well as try to open up about his troubled life and the reason why Amanda left him . After a confrontation with Michael , and attending a party where Amanda is in attendance , Jamie finally decides to open up and come clean with himself before he ends up either dead or in jail . He phones Vicky and tells her that he and his brother Michael helped their dying mother commit suicide to end her suffering . Jamie refuses Tad 's offer of more drugs and women to spend time with and leaves the party . Jamie wanders the streets until dawn when he decides that today will be a better day to get his life back on track . Cast ( edit ) Michael J. Fox as Jamie Conway Kiefer Sutherland as Tad Allagash Phoebe Cates as Amanda Conway Swoosie Kurtz as Megan Frances Sternhagen as Clara Tillinghast Tracy Pollan as Vicky Allagash John Houseman as Mr. Vogel Charlie Schlatter as Michael David Warrilow as Rittenhouse Dianne Wiest as Mrs. Conway Alec Mapa as Yasu Wade William Hickey as Ferret Man Gina Belafonte as Kathy Sam Robards as Rich Vanier Kelly Lynch as Elaine Jessica Lundy as Theresa Annabelle Gurwitch as Barbara Maria Pitillo as Pony Tail Girl David Hyde Pierce as Bartender at Fashion Show Peg Murray as Receptionist Jason Robards as Mr. Hardy Production and development ( edit ) In 1984 , Robert Lawrence , a vice president at Columbia Pictures , championed Jay McInerney 's novel against resistance from older executives . He felt that the book spoke to his generation and described it as `` Graduate , with a little bit of Lost Weekend '' . The studio agreed to make the film with Jerry Weintraub producing and Joel Schumacher directing . McInerney wrote a draft of the screenplay and , soon afterward , Schumacher started rewriting it . Actor Emilio Estevez was interested in adapting it into a film . He met with McInerney while he was still working on the screenplay . Tom Cruise was offered first refusal on the script while McInerney and Schumacher were attempting to capture the novel 's distinctive voice . McInerney , Cruise and Schumacher scouted locations in New York City and checked out the atmosphere of the club scenes described in the novel . At one point , Judd Nelson , Estevez , Zach Galligan , and Rob Lowe were all considered for the role of Allagash . In 1985 , Weintraub took the property to United Artists when he became chief executive there . The film needed a new producer so Sydney Pollack and Mark Rosenberg took over . They hired writer Julie Hickson to write a script . Cruise and Schumacher grew tired of waiting for a workable script , but before they could be replaced , Weintraub left United Artists . The project became entangled in a complicated settlement with the studio , months being lost before it finally stayed at United Artists . A decision was made to shoot the film in Toronto and cast an unknown in the leading role . Joyce Chopra was hired to co-write the script , with her husband Tom Cole , and also direct it . She had her agent send a copy of McInerney 's novel to Michael J. Fox . The actor won the leading role and , at his request , the part of Tad Allagash went to Kiefer Sutherland . Fox 's casting increased the budget to $15 million and principal photography was moved to New York City . The producers hired a crew , many of whom had worked with Pollack , while Chopra brought along the cinematographer from her first film , Smooth Talk , James Glennon . Fox had to be back in Los Angeles to start filming his TV series Family Ties by mid-July , giving Chopra only ten weeks to finish the film . It was rumored that she was indecisive , relying too much on consulting with Glennon and Cole , wasting time over a single shot . It was also rumored that she panicked while shooting on the streets of New York as fans of Fox disrupted filming . Chopra has said , `` I kept insisting that we take time each day to give the actors a chance to find their way , in spite of the panic caused all around us by the morning calls from United Artists asking if I had taken my first shot yet . Working collaboratively with my cameraman seemed to drive the producers into a sort of frenzy '' . Studio executives did not like what Chopra was shooting and , a week into filming , the studio 's chairman and its president of production flew from L.A. to New York to check on the film . Both executives had not read the script and were unaware of how different it was from the novel . McInerney has said that Cole wrote all the drugs out of the script while Cole said that he did this on instructions from Pollack , who was worried that the film would hurt Fox 's wholesome image with audiences . Cole recalls , `` There was definitely pressure and concern at that time about how Michael was seen by America . '' The studio announced that `` a more experienced director '' was needed as a result of an impending strike by the Directors Guild of America . On the short list of possible replacements were Ulu Grosbard , Bruce Beresford , and James Bridges . Bridges received a call on a Friday that the film was in trouble , read the novel that night , and flew to New York on Sunday . He saw Chopra 's footage and agreed to direct if he could start from scratch and hire Gordon Willis as his cinematographer . Reflecting on her experience in a 2013 interview with Hidden Films , Chopra reiterated Cole 's statements that her version reduced the drug - related content because of studio pressures . `` The film was produced right at the time of Nancy Reagan 's ' Just Say No ' ( slogan ) and I think the studios were scared shitless . I think the producers had a book they were sorry they were doing . Sydney said he did n't like the book , he did n't approve of it . So you get a mess , yeah . '' She is still angered by statements made in The New York Times Magazine article . `` What amazed me was , they were boasting that after I left , they were wearing a shirt with a shoe on it ! They said that I spent a month doing nothing but filming Michael walking , which was so insane . I was flabbergasted that the producers would print a t - shirt to step on me . What kind of people are these ? '' According to Chopra , these `` shoe leather '' scenes were shot in adherence to the studio 's schedule . `` It was set up so that we would do all the exterior shots first . There was a concern about the trees . I do n't remember what season it was , but if there were shots of Michael going from A to B , you try to do all his scenes on days with a lot of daylight . In seven days , Bridges wrote a new draft bringing back the darker elements of the novel such as the main character 's heavy drinking and drug abuse and replaced six actors , casting instead Jason Robards , John Houseman , Swoosie Kurtz , Frances Sternhagen , and Tracy Pollan , while keeping Sutherland and Dianne Wiest . The new cast members read the novel because there was no script at the time . Chopra had worked on the film for only a month , which Fox has described as `` a rehearsal period , though it was n't meant to be . '' The strike forced the production to shoot in seven weeks and use McInerney 's first draft , which Bridges liked the best . Bridges worked on the script on weekends with McInerney , who was enlisted to help with revisions . The two agreed to share screenwriting credit but the Writers Guild of America decided to give it to McInerney only . The cocaine that Fox snorts in the film was a prop called milk sugar . The filmmakers shot two different endings - one where Fox 's character decides to start his life all over but is vague with what he specifically plans to do and an alternate one , to please the studio , where he has finished writing a novel to be called Bright Lights , Big City with a new girlfriend who is proud of what he has written . Reception ( edit ) Bright Lights , Big City was released on April 1 , 1988 in 1,196 theaters , and grossed USD $5.1 million during its opening weekend . The film went to make $16.1 million domestically , below its budget of $25 million . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has a 61 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 18 reviews . In his review for Newsweek , David Ansen wrote , `` Bright Lights is n't an embarrassment , like Less Than Zero ; it 's a smooth , professional job . But when it 's over you may shrug your shoulders and ask , `` Is that all ? '' Janet Maslin , wrote in her review for the New York Times , `` Mr. Bridges may not have breathed fire into this material , but he has preserved most of its better qualities . He has treated it with intelligence , respect and no undue reverence , assembling a coherent film that resists any hint of exploitation '' . In his review for the Washington Post , Hal Hinson criticized Fox 's performance , stating that he `` was the wrong actor for the job . Fox , who in The Secret of My Succe $ s showed a gift for light comedy , is too stylized a performer for the heavier stuff ; he has no natural weight . In addition , Fox shows a reluctance to let the audience see him in an unflattering light '' . However , Roger Ebert praised the actor 's performance : `` Fox is very good in the central role ( he has a long drunken monologue that is the best thing he has ever done in a movie ) '' . Time magazine 's Richard Schickel felt that the film , `` arrives ... looking like something that has been kicking around too long in the dead - letter office '' . Home video ( edit ) A special edition DVD version of Bright Lights , Big City was released on September 2 , 2008 . In her review for The Washington Post , Jen Chaney wrote , `` In the end , that 's what is most disappointing about this DVD . What could have become a compelling look at a seminal novel of the 1980s and its rocky path through Hollywood ends up being a rudimentary release with a couple of decent commentary tracks and two forgettable featurettes '' . Remake ( edit ) On July , 31 , 2010 the story 's author stated in an NPR All Things Considered interview that Gossip Girl co-creator Josh Schwartz would remake an updated version of the film . Bright Lights , Big City : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( edit ) Bright Lights , Big City : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released Length 49 : 14 Label Warner Bros . Producer Joel Sill ( Compilation producer ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` Good Love '' Prince Prince 5 : 12 2 . `` True Faith '' Gillian Gilbert , Stephen Hague , Peter Hook , Stephen Morris , Bernard Sumner New Order 5 : 54 3 . `` Divine Emotions '' Jeffrey Cohen , Narada Michael Walden Narada 4 : 27 4 . `` Kiss and Tell '' Bryan Ferry Bryan Ferry 4 : 06 5 . `` Pleasure , Little Treasure ( Glitter Mix ) '' Martin Gore Depeche Mode 5 : 36 6 . `` Century 's End '' Donald Fagen , Timothy Meher Donald Fagen 5 : 36 7 . `` Obsessed '' Oliver Leiber The Noise Club 5 : 40 8 . `` Love Attack '' Shannon Dawson , G. ' Love ' Jay Konk 4 : 00 9 . `` Ice Cream Days '' Jennifer Caron Hall , Alan Tarney Jennifer Hall 4 : 38 10 . `` Pump Up the Volume '' Martyn Young , Steve Young MARRS 4 : 06 Total length : 49 : 14 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bright Lights , Big City '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James , Caryn ( January 10 , 1988 ) . `` Big Trouble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Blum , David ( 1985 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Hollywood 's Brat Pack '' . New York : 40 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , Stephen ( February 26 , 1988 ) . `` Some people have a terrible resentment of early success '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Bright Lights , Big City '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( April 4 , 1988 ) . `` Coke , Ghosts and Paranoia '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( April 1 , 1988 ) . `` A Tale of the Dark Side '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( April 1 , 1988 ) . `` City Blight '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 1 , 1988 ) . `` Bright Lights , Big City '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( April 11 , 1988 ) . `` Dead Letters '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chaney , jen ( September 2 , 2008 ) . `` Lights : Could Have Been Brighter '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bright Lights , Big City : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Bright Lights , Big City on IMDb Bright Lights , Big City at the TCM Movie Database Bright Lights , Big City at AllMovie Bright Lights , Big City at Rotten Tomatoes Bright Lights , Big City at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by James Bridges The Baby Maker ( 1970 ) The Paper Chase ( 1973 ) September 30 , 1955 ( 1977 ) The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) Urban Cowboy ( 1980 ) Mike 's Murder ( 1984 ) Perfect ( 1985 ) Bright Lights , Big City ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bright_Lights,_Big_City_(film)&oldid=803614110 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films 1980s drama films American drama films American films Films about alcoholism Films about drugs Films based on American novels Films directed by James Bridges Films set in New York City United Artists films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Corsu Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 15 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what depeche mode song was used in the 80's movie big lights big city
[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nArtist\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Good Love\"\nPrince\nPrince\n5:12\n\n\n2.\n\"True Faith\"\nGillian Gilbert, Stephen Hague, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris, Bernard Sumner\nNew Order\n5:54\n\n\n3.\n\"Divine Emotions\"\nJeffrey Cohen, Narada Michael Walden\nNarada\n4:27\n\n\n4.\n\"Kiss and Tell\"\nBryan Ferry\nBryan Ferry\n4:06\n\n\n5.\n\"Pleasure, Little Treasure (Glitter Mix)\"\nMartin Gore\nDepeche Mode\n5:36\n\n\n6.\n\"Century's End\"\nDonald Fagen, Timothy Meher\nDonald Fagen\n5:36\n\n\n7.\n\"Obsessed\"\nOliver Leiber\nThe Noise Club\n5:40\n\n\n8.\n\"Love Attack\"\nShannon Dawson, G. 'Love' Jay\nKonk\n4:00\n\n\n9.\n\"Ice Cream Days\"\nJennifer Caron Hall, Alan Tarney\nJennifer Hall\n4:38\n\n\n10.\n\"Pump Up the Volume\"\nMartyn Young, Steve Young\nMARRS\n4:06\n\n\nTotal length:\n49:14\n\n" ]
[ "\"Pleasure, Little Treasure (Glitter Mix)\"" ]
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Nathan Scott
Nathan Scott - Wikipedia Nathan Scott Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Nathan Scott , see Nathan Scott ( disambiguation ) . Nathan Scott James Lafferty as Nathan Scott One Tree Hill character Portrayed by James Lafferty First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` One Tree Hill '' ( episode 9.13 ) Created by Mark Schwahn Profile Occupation Sports agent ( for Fortitude ) Former : Basketball coach ( Tree Hill Ravens ) Basketball player in the NBA ( Point guard for the Charlotte Bobcats ) Residence Tree Hill , North Carolina ( show ) Family Family Daniel `` Dan '' Scott ( father ; deceased ) Deborah `` Deb '' Lee ( mother ) Royal and May Scott ( paternal grandparents ) Keith Scott ( paternal uncle ; deceased ) Cooper Lee ( maternal uncle ) Lucas Scott ( paternal half - brother ) Sawyer Brooke Scott ( niece , via Lucas and Peyton ) Logan Evans ( adoptive nephew , via Clay and Quinn ) Spouse Haley James ( wife ; 2 children ) Children James `` Jamie '' Lucas Scott ( son , with Haley ) Lydia Bob Scott ( daughter , with Haley ) Other relatives Peyton Sawyer ( sister - in - law , via Lucas ) Jimmy James ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Lydia James ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Vivian James ( sister - in - law ) Taylor James ( sister - in - law ) Quinn Evans ( sister - in - law ) Clay Evans ( brother - in - law ) Nathan Royal Scott is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill , portrayed by James Lafferty . Following Lucas Scott 's departure , Nathan has become the main character and central figure of the show . Nathan is Lucas 's younger half - brother . He fell in love with Lucas 's best friend , Haley James ; despite various problems in their relationship , the couple was eventually married and had a son , Jamie , in season four and a daughter , Lydia , in season eight . Considered to be an anti-hero at the beginning of the first season , Nathan became a much nicer and caring person as the series progressed due to his relationships with Haley and Lucas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 1.1 Casting and creation 1.2 Evolution 2 Character arc 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Missing years 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 2.8 Season 7 2.9 Season 8 2.10 Season 9 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References Character development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) The writers originally wanted Chad Michael Murray to play Nathan but he chose to portray Lucas as his mother had abandoned him which helped him relate to the character . James Lafferty was subsequently cast , as he was a talented basketball player . Evolution ( edit ) `` It 's really great . One of my favorite things about coming back for the seventh season is seeing what Nathan 's life is like and what the Scott family 's life is like after Nathan has been in the NBA . '' -- Lafferty on Nathan 's new career path . In the beginning , the character of `` Nathan '' was described as `` cocky and an academically - challenged high school junior '' . In an interview Lafferty mentioned his thoughts on Nathan and Haley 's unlikely relationship , `` I think , to start with , the likelihood of the situation , of Nathan and Haley coming together , was so small . In our first few episodes , the characters were worlds apart . It did n't seem like it would be a good fit . But sort of against all odds , they continued to make it work over the years and they fought through adversity . I think they 've become a couple that you do n't take for granted because they 've been up against so much . So you root for them . '' `` Nathan and Haley 's fan base is so strong , and there 's a reason for that . That couple is gold as far as I 'm concerned , and I 've felt that way since the very beginning . '' said Mark Schwahn on the couple . At the end of season three , James Lafferty has said he enjoys playing the rebellious Nathan , which he believes is due to his upbringing and having a father like Dan . He said it 's a personality trait he can relate to from his own personality and it 's fun to bring it through to Nathan . Lafferty has said it has been gratifying to play a good family man . `` There was definitely a time when Nathan was a villain on the show . I remember not really knowing what the future of the character was going to be , because it seems like on television shows in general , the villain does n't usually stick around for that long . They 're around for as long as it takes the hero to overcome him or defeat him . I was a little bit insecure about what my future on the show would be , but ( series creator Mark ) Schwahn sort of comforted me . I never could 've imagined that it would come to this , that he would be so settled down , and sort of the one present character on the show that 's been married for years and has these two children , and such a strong family unit . It 's pretty cool to be able to see how far the character has come , '' said Lafferty regarding the development of Nathan . He also said that if the series was n't picked up for a ninth season he was happy with how his character 's story was wrapped up . Lafferty opted out of returning for the ninth , and final , season as a full - time cast member . Instead , he appeared in 7 out of the thirteen episodes picked up , but continued as a series regular . After some time of speculation , James Lafferty signed on for one extra episode , which was the series finale . Lafferty has revealed that his favorite episode was `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days . '' He said , `` When we came back four years later in the characters ' lives and Nathan and Haley had Jamie , it was an exciting atmosphere not really knowing where my character would go . He was in such a dark place and not knowing how the family unit was going to stay together , and then also being able to work with Jackson for the first time -- I 'll always have fond memories of that . '' Character arc ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( edit ) Nathan says goodbye to Lucas acknowledging him as his brother for the first time . He says : `` I actually wish you were n't gon na leave , because you 're one hell of a basketball player and because you 're my brother '' . In season one , Nathan was introduced as the selfish , jock basketball player for the Tree Hill Ravens . He dated Peyton Sawyer for a significant amount of time , though their relationship is complicated . After his half - brother , Lucas Scott , joins the school basketball team , Nathan feels threatened and goes out of his way to often tease and ridicule him , most often by pointing out how Dan favored him instead of Lucas . Nathan deals with constant pressure to be the best from his father , Dan Scott , who is determined to further Nathan 's career . His mother , Deb , was never around in the beginning but tried her best to be there for him when she realized how much pressure he received off Dan . Peyton breaks up with Nathan after she sees the kind of person he is . Nathan begin receiving tutoring lessons from Lucas ' best friend Haley James as a way to make Lucas mad . However , he later falls in love with her , when she forgave him after he took drugs to help his game . Throughout the season , Nathan and Haley 's relationship blossoms into love and in the season finale they get married and his relationship with Lucas slowly begins to thaw . Season 2 ( edit ) Nathan and Haley learn that Dan has had a heart attack . At the hospital , they tell Deb of their marriage but she is , not surprisingly , angry and refuses to accept it , nor does Dan when he wakes up . Lucas and Keith return to Tree Hill and Lucas , Peyton and Brooke throw Nathan and Haley a wedding reception while Keith , filling in for Dan at the dealership , takes Nathan on as a mechanic . Haley starts to blossom as a musician but Nathan is jealous of her closeness to fellow musician Chris Keller and warns Chris to stay away from Haley . When Haley 's older sister Taylor James comes to Tree Hill , Nathan realizes that Taylor is the girl to whom he lost his virginity several years ago before he had even known Haley . He and Haley fall out about this but later make up . When Haley mentions that Chris wants her to accompany him on tour , Nathan asks her if she kissed him and she finally admits it . Nathan tells his wife to choose between him and the tour . Haley chooses the tour and leaves Tree Hill . Nathan is devastated and goes on a downward spiral , drinking in class , punching his father and letting Lucas take the fall for his drunk - driving . Nathan finally gets his act together and goes to visit Haley in an attempt to get her to come home but this does n't work out and he comes back to Tree Hill alone . When Nathan 's uncle Cooper ( Deb 's brother and Nathan 's role model ) pays a visit to Tree Hill , he takes Nathan and Lucas to a racing track but tragedy strikes when Nathan attempts suicide by deliberately crashing the car . He ends up in hospital where he has a dream of what life would have been like if Dan had married Karen instead of Deb and Nathan and Lucas had grown up in each other 's shoes . This dream makes Nathan realize how much he loves his mother . They agree to be strong for each other and Deb goes to rehab to overcome her pill addiction . Nathan decides to move home and Dan pays his medical bills in exchange for Nathan getting an annulment from Haley . Whitey offers Nathan the opportunity to go to `` High Flyers '' , a prestigious basketball camp , for the summer but Dan tries to talk Nathan out of it , blaming him for Deb 's addiction . When Deb learns of this , she and Nathan agree to leave Dan and make a fresh start . Nathan is annoyed that Lucas has been investigating Dan even though Nathan asked him not to . Nathan disowns his brother and moves back home with Deb . In the last episode ( s ) , someone drugs Dan and sets fire to the dealership . Season 3 ( edit ) Nathan goes to the door and there stands Haley . She returns to Tree Hill for good , but Nathan has not yet forgiven her or Lucas . Nathan learns that Haley is suffering musicians ' block and pays Chris to come back to Tree Hill and help Haley with her music . Nathan and Haley grow close again and eventually have make - up sex and get back together . Dan is crowned Mayor of Tree Hill and Deb tells Nathan that she started the dealership fire in an attempt to kill Dan ; Nathan is angry with his mother and sends her away for a while to get her life in order . After some inspirational words from Lucas , they gradually begin speaking again , before making up properly . When Jimmy Edwards brings a gun to school , Nathan races inside to find Haley . They are held hostage in the Tutor Center and the deaths of Edwards and Keith leave Nathan and Haley realizing that life is too short . They move back in together and Nathan asks Haley to ' marry ' him again , to renew their vows . While planning their ( second ) wedding , they receive a visit from Nathan 's uncle from his mom 's side , Cooper , but are dubious about his relationship with the younger Rachel . Deb returns and she and Nathan take out a restraining order against Dan , which Nathan initiating , while Nathan beats old `` High Flyers '' rival Damien West in an all - important game . On the morning of his wedding , Nathan is traumatized following a nightmare where Haley was drowning and he could n't save her . He gets Lucas to keep a close eye on Haley but all goes well and they renew their vows , though Rachel causes a scene at the reception over Cooper sleeping with her despite her age . Nathan and Haley head to London for their honeymoon and Haley has something to tell Nathan but before he gets to hear it , they have a near - collision with Cooper and Rachel ( in the wedding limo ) on the Mollina Bridge . Nathan dives into the water to rescue his uncle but becomes trapped and is left gasping for air and fighting for his life . Season 4 ( edit ) Nathan wakes up in the hospital and is hailed as a hero for saving Rachel and Cooper . However , Nathan does not believe that he did save them - he thinks Keith did as he believes he saw Keith in the water . Rachel develops a crush on Nathan for him looking like Cooper and sets out to seduce him , using his confusion over Keith to her advantage . What Haley had wanted to tell Nathan while they were driving to the airport on their ( second ) wedding day , was that she was pregnant . Finally , she tells Nathan on the same day that he gets a scholarship to Duke University . He is initially annoyed that she kept it from him , but is later delighted and tells Rachel that she never had a chance with him . Nathan and Haley face even more money difficulties now that they have a baby on the way and when Dan refuses to help , Nathan turns to a loan shark , Daunte Jones . He provides Nathan with money in exchange for Nathan losing the State Championship . He plays badly , causing his team to trail behind drastically in points . Haley talks with him and reveals the sex of their baby by saying `` ... as long as you 're a good husband and father ... to your son . It 's a boy , Nathan , you 're gon na have a son ! '' Nathan decides to play his best for his son , and the Ravens win the championship with Lucas scoring the winning shot . Afterwards , Daunte , angry about Nathan 's failure by not losing , tries to run him over with his car . Haley pushes him out of the way and is struck herself . Furious , Nathan beats Daunte with his fists . Dan stops him and covers for his son by pounding the ground , which breaks his hand . He is arrested for the beating of Daunte , who dies . ( It 's later revealed at the autopsy , that the crash is what killed Daunte , not Nathan 's beating . ) Meanwhile , as the paramedics are working on Haley , Lucas falls unconscious after a heart attack . They are both rushed to the hospital . In the next episode , Haley wakes up and an ultrasound is done to check the baby . They hear the heartbeat , proving that the baby is indeed fine . After Deb attempts suicide by taking an overdose , Nathan is racked with guilt . He and Haley decide to help Deb by moving out of their apartment and into the Scott mansion . Nathan posing for his yearbook image . In episode `` Pictures of You '' A party is thrown on the night before prom . A tape of Nathan 's basketball glories is played , but Nathan is horrified when it also reveals footage of him having sex with Brooke Davis at a time when he and Peyton had just broken up . Haley asks Nathan to make a list of his conquests and Nathan tells Haley that she is the only one he loved . Haley forgives Nathan and they kiss and then go to the prom together . After Mouth sends a text saying he needs help , the gang goes to Honey Grove , Texas , where Nathan and Haley have their dream prom . When they get back home , Nathan tells Lucas that an investigator has been calling him about point shaving and they are looking at Lucas . Lucas decides to take the fall after Haley asks him to . When Nathan finds out , he decides to come forward because he does n't want to end up like Dan , putting his future in front of everybody else . He holds a press conference about the point shaving , which causes him to lose his scholarship . Nathan soon finds out from Deb that Dan killed Keith . When he confronts Dan about it , Dan does n't deny it and Nathan , in anger , disowns him and says he died the day Keith died . Whitey decides to help Nathan achieve his college basketball dreams . Whitey accepts a coaching position with a nearby college and asks Nathan to be his star recruit . During graduation , Haley goes into labor in the middle of her valedictorian speech . In the season finale , Haley gives birth to their son , James Lucas Scott , on June 13 , 2007 ( their graduation day ) . At their graduation party , Haley tells Brooke that she was chosen to be the godmother , which she happily accepts . Later on the roof , Lucas and Nathan exchange pictures of their new family members and consider confronting Dan in jail , but agree that they will never do so . Lucas reveals that he will be Whitey 's assistant coach . After the party , everyone heads to the River Court where Lucas and Nathan prepare for a one on one game . The season ends with Nathan jumping to shoot a basket and Lucas trying to block it . It 's unknown if he made that shot or who won . The game was a tribute to the first one - on - one game between the two Scott brothers , which led to Lucas joining the Ravens and the start of everything . Missing years ( edit ) In his first year of college , Nathan won his first National Championship , coached by Lucas and Whitey , trying to make people forget he had shaved points back in the days . He almost got into a fight with rival fans after it , but Lucas held him back and Whitey advised him to control his temper or he would end up like Dan . Eventually Nathan Scott played for the University of Maryland Terrapins men 's basketball team , where , as a First Team All - American , he led the team to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship . Three years later Nathan was all set to be the tenth pick in the NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics . One night he went to a party at a bar with Lucas and Haley to celebrate his new shoe deal , shoes called `` the NS 23 's '' . When Haley left to watch their son Jamie , fans of Portland , a rival NBA team , pretended they wanted an autograph from Nathan , only to mock him . When things escalated , he almost walked away thanks to Lucas , but the rival fans made a nasty comment about Haley , and he defended his wife and a fight ensued . Thrown through a plate glass window , he screamed he could n't feel his legs and consequently his NBA career was over before it started . Season 5 ( edit ) After his accident that left him paralyzed , Nathan has become an angered alcoholic . He 's grown his hair long and has a scruffy beard . He gets into an argument with Haley , saying that he lost everything and has nothing . Haley angrily tells him that he still has her and Jamie , but if he keeps this up , he will definitely have nothing because Haley says that she ca n't keep living like this . When he realizes that he failed Jamie by not being there for his soap box derby , Nathan decides to get his life back to what it used to be . He also teaches Jamie how to not be afraid . He then pays a visit to Dan to tell him he is over with him for good . To prove that he is going to get his family back , he cooks Haley dinner , and shaves . Haley , happy to see her husband back , tells him that she missed him and they all sit down to eat . Nathan also starts playing basketball with Jamie . Nathan decides to assist talented yet troublesome Tree Hill High School student Quentin Fields as he reminds him of his former self . He even confronts him , telling how much he regrets his own mistakes , actually convincing him to go back to school . His temper gets the best of him again when Jason , a musician in a band touches Haley 's behind . Quentin comes to her aid , punching Jason , which also damages his hand , putting him out of basketball for some time . Haley , however , is disappointed about Nathan 's temper . After he has been hit on several times by Jamie 's nanny , Carrie , Haley walks in on them in the shower . He tells her that Carrie snuck into the shower without his knowledge , which is the truth . But Carrie insists that she and Nathan are in love , angering Haley , which gets them both kicked out . Some time later , Nathan has an argument with Haley . During this time , Jamie falls into the pool , nearly drowning . Nathan and Haley soon look out the window to see him lying face down in the pool . Rushing to his aid , Nathan jumps in and pulls Jamie out . As Haley is sitting on the ground with Jamie in her arms , she angrily tells him that she wants a divorce. ; Later at Lucas and Lindsey 's bachelor ( ette ) party she realizes she ca n't change him , leaving him distraught on the spot . When Jamie is kidnapped on Lucas ' wedding day , Haley and Nathan turn to each other for comfort ; they believe that it was Dan who took him and are n't aware that it was actually Carrie . They fear that they will never see Jamie again . However , Jamie returns home , and Jamie tells his parents that it was Dan who brought him home . Nathan and Lucas attack Dan outside after he walks in with Jamie . After they reconnect , Nathan and Haley start marriage counseling . In counseling , Nathan admits that he wants Haley to look at him the way she used to . He realizes all his mistakes and tell Haley he loves her , and they make up . After Jamie 's birthday party , he learns Dan is dying , but tells him he is done with him , proving that he really does n't care if Dan dies , but is sorry that he is . He then begins working on his come - back , although he refuses to have it called so . Season 6 ( edit ) With Quentin 's help , Nathan quickly gets back into shape with his basketball technique . Quentin has also befriended Jamie , who looks up to him . Unfortunately , Quentin is fatally shot while interrupting a store robbery . Nathan and Haley tell Jamie together and they also decide to take him to the funeral because Jamie wants to say goodbye . During this time , Nathan finds out that Deb and Skills are in a relationship , which disgusts him . The revelation strains his friendship with Skills but after a talk with Jamie , he comes to terms with their relationship . To ease it , Skills decides to help Nathan with his comeback . Nathan soon gets a call from the general manager of an NBA D - League basketball team in Fort Wayne ( the Fort Wayne Mad Ants ) , who says that they are interested in recruiting him . Once Nathan gets there , he is disappointed to hear they want him as a coach , not as a player . Nathan turns down the position but is soon asked to play Slamball by Owen ( Brooke Davis ' ex ) . After some hesitation , Nathan starts to play Slamball . Haley is afraid he 'll hurt his back . Her worry intensifies when she sees some severe bruises on his back . Then , after a game , an old rival charges at Nathan and pushes him through a glass window in front of his wife and son . Scared that his father almost ended up badly injured , Jamie makes him promise that he will stop playing Slamball . On the night of the USO concert , Nathan is at his home talking with the spirit of `` Q '' as he watches the Slamball championships on television . Q asks if he really gave it up for Jamie or because he stopped believing in himself . After Q 's pep talk , Nathan asks Haley to promise him that they wo n't be afraid of chasing their dreams . Nathan attends a trial for D - League basketball and after initially getting turned away for not belonging to a team , he is called back by the general manager who had earlier offered him the coaching position . After a successful trial , Nathan is selected to play for the Charleston Chiefs . Teammate Devon Fox threatens Nathan , and says he 's not going to be taking his spot . After struggling during the training session , Nathan returns to his locker to see his photos of Haley and Jamie ripped up , as well as one of him and Quentin . Angered and spurred on , Nathan threatens Devon , saying that he 's going to take his spot and Devon can have it back after Nathan is called up to the NBA . Later in the season , when Devon ruins five straight games for the Chiefs , the coach benches him . Nathan is put in and makes an assist that leads to the winning shot . Devon is later cut from the team and his starting position is given to Nathan , whose back up is Neno , who taunted Nathan at the tryouts . Nathan and Neno prove to be the team 's two best players , but they play the same position , so they ca n't both start . The coach has Nathan teach Neno how to play shooting guard . An NBA scout from the Los Angeles Clippers comes to see the two of them play , but Nathan is worried that he wo n't play his best in front of the scout , so he opts to drive the ball in for Neno to score . Neno is later called up by the Clippers , leaving Nathan still in the D - League . In the season 6 finale , Nathan gets called up to the Charlotte Bobcats and starts in his first game up . Season 7 ( edit ) Nathan has been playing for the Charlotte Bobcats since the finale of season 6 , but his contract is up and his friend and agent , Clay , puts Nathan 's career in jeopardy by being too greedy during the negotiations . Nathan , Haley , and Jamie celebrate Jamie 's 7th birthday , and a woman named Renee asks to take a picture with Nathan . Later , the woman tells Clay that she slept with Nathan . After doubting Nathan and offering to pay Renee off , Haley decides to support him and not pay her anything . Dan and Rachel convince Renee to come onto Dan 's talk show to tell her side of the story . In a surprising turn of events , Dan submits Renee to a lie detector test , and all of the answers she gives come across as being true . He goads her into revealing that she had sex the night of the party and got pregnant , but not by Nathan . Before Dan leaves Tree Hill for good , Nathan brings Jamie to say goodbye and thanks his dad for helping him get to the NBA . Later in the season , Nathan helps Haley and James come to terms with Haley 's mother 's death . Nathan also spends a day bonding with Jamie , who asks Nathan about his relationship with Lucas . Nathan replies that although they were not close when they were younger , they became more like real brothers as they got older . In addition , he finds out Jamie would like a brother or sister . Haley then confesses to Nathan that she took a pregnancy test that morning , but it turned out negative . Still distraught over her mother 's death , Haley jumps into the swimming pool hoping to feel emotion again . Nathan gets to her just in time and pulls her out of the pool after she has flashbacks about her life with Nathan . On a trip to Utah , Haley begins to get through her depression and is overjoyed when she finds out she 's pregnant . Haley tells Nathan she thinks the baby is a girl . Season 8 ( edit ) In Season 8 , Nathan desperately tries to help a wounded Clay by donating his kidney , even if it means he will never play basketball again . He soon finds out he is n't a match . After Clay wakes up , Nathan tells Haley he has back pains and decides to quit basketball and become an agent . He soon becomes an agent and signs his first client . Nathan goes back to college , and is n't well - liked by his college professor , Dr. August Kellerman . He then starts to gain respect and gets the hang of college , with the help of Jamie . He then wants to sign Kellerman 's son Ian , who is a baseball player . He is really good , but he is the life of the party . Nathan wanted Ian to sign with him , but Dr. Kellerman told him not to . He goes to Ian 's house with Clay and engages in a game of beer pong with him . After the game , Ian signs the contract and Nathan asked to go to the bathroom . Nathan goes to find it and finds the garage instead . Going inside , he finds a vintage Jeep Grand Wagoneer with front - end damage . He approaches it and finds an empty bottle of whiskey on the floor in front of the driver 's seat . He realizes that is the car that hit Brooke and Jamie , knocking them off the bridge , almost killing them . He confronts Professor Kellerman , who at first denies involvement , but then admits responsibility a short time later in a separate meeting . Afterwards , Clay , Nathan , and Ian gather at a local bar , where Ian buys shots for everyone . When Nathan asks what they 're drinking , Ian tells him the brand name of the whiskey , which Nathan finds to be consistent with the brand on the bottle found in the Jeep , and concludes that his professor was lying about his involvement in the crash to cover up for his son . Nathan also becomes a father once again when Haley has Lydia Bob Scott . Season 9 ( edit ) In Season 9 , after returning home from traveling for Clay 's company to scout for sport players , Nathan returns home to find that Dan is living under his roof and learns that Haley let him move in after his diner burned down . Nathan understands Haley 's reasons for letting Dan move in because he says she has `` a good heart '' and that is just the kind of person she is . Nathan volunteers to scout in Europe , since Clay ca n't go after learning he is sick and is sleepwalking to the point of waking up in various parts of Tree Hill . However , before he leaves , Nathan tells Dan he wants him out of his house by the time he returns home in a week . While in Europe , Nathan goes off route after seeing the European players are n't as good as he thought they were and goes to a darker part of Europe to sign a player only to fail in the end of signing the player . Nathan chats with Haley and Lydia via webcam before leaving Europe , showing them both a pink moose he bought to bring back home for Lydia as a gift . Upon returning to Tree Hill , Nathan is kidnapped outside Tree Hill Airport and he struggles to break free he drops the pink moose outside the airport . After learning why he was kidnapped , his failure signing in Europe , Nathan argues with his kidnapper Dimitri to let him go . Dimitri tells Nathan when the phone rings , he will die . Nathan yells at Dimitri when the phone rings and tells him not to be his `` boss 's bitch . '' He begs Dimitri to let him pay him money to let him go , but Dimitri finds a better way to make money off Nathan 's ransom . He contacts people who will pay to want Nathan dead back over in Europe . Dimitri soon brings up Haley referring to her as a `` whore , '' and talks about her causing Nathan to threaten to kill him if he hurts her . Nathan makes an escape attempt after fooling Dimitri and choking him knocking him unconscious . Nathan is almost caught by the drug dealer that Dan and Clay confronted , Billy . As Nathan tries to find an exit and escape , he encounters Officer Stevens ( the officer that is working on his missing case ) in the building . Nathan takes the gun the officer gives him and Officer Stevens tells Nathan to go out the exit in a room and find his squad car and quickly leave saying that he 'll catch up . Nathan follows the officer 's instructions and comes face to face with Dimitri . Nathan tries to fire the gun only to find it empty causing him to realize everything is actually a trap . The officer then jumps behind him and strikes Nathan against his head with a pipe knocking him unconscious . Nathan regains consciousness as Officer Stevens is tying him back up to the chair , he asks the officer `` Why ? A cop . '' Officer Stevens tells him he 's only a `` desk cop '' and he 's behind this as well because the Tree Hill Police Department would n't make him a detective . He punches Nathan in the abdomen and tells Nathan that `` this pays much better '' and that he will indeed die . Nathan looks at Officer Stevens and Dimitri , fear filling his eyes as he realizes that he just may never escape and that he may actually in fact die . Nathan 's mouth is then taped up and Officer Steven 's tells Nathan in his ear , `` Your wife says hi , '' before he covers Nathan 's head with a black cover . Dan later comes to Nathan 's rescue , with the help of Julian and Chris Keller . Dan manages to make his way to Nathan by killing most of Dimitri 's men . As they are about to leave , Dimitri catches up to them and fires a shot at Nathan , but not before Dan can jump between them and take the bullet intended for his son . Dan secretly gives Nathan his gun , which Nathan then uses to shoot and kill a distracted Dimitri . Officer Stevens comes to the scene , holding Nathan at gunpoint , but is knocked out cold by Julian . The series finale shows Nathan and Haley continuing to lead happy lives after Nathan 's kidnapping and also shows a final rain kiss between the two of them . In a flashforward , Nathan and Haley are still happily married and Haley still owns Karen 's Cafe . The show ends with Nathan , Haley and Lydia watching Jamie 's high school basketball game where it is revealed that Jamie beat Nathan 's scoring record . The show has come full circle with Nathan watching Jamie compete in a basketball game , the way Dan used to watch Nathan . However , throughout the series , we know that Nathan will never put the pressure on Jamie that Dan did on him and Nathan is the kind of man who learned from his mistakes and who is a decent man and therefore he has the life that Dan Scott wanted ( loving wife and kids ) but his mistakes made him fall short of . Reception ( edit ) BuddyTV ranked him # 12 in its list of the `` 15 TV 's Hottest Dads '' but was described as not the best father for initially ignoring his family after his accident , though he does redeem himself afterwards . See also ( edit ) List of fictional supercouples Quotes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Making of `` One Tree Hill '' ( Documentary ) . One Tree Hill : The Complete First Season : Warner Brothers Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Korbi ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : James Lafferty ( and you ) talk season 7 sans Chad & Hilarie '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Lafferty on the past present and future of One Tree Hill '' . TeenDramaWhore. April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : ' One Tree Hill ' Creator Mark Schwahn , Part 2 '' . BuddyTV . August 25 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OTHWEB.net EXCLUSIVE ! ! Interview with James Lafferty '' . OTHWeb.net . May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill James Lafferty talks Nathan and Haley Season 8 Archived 2010 - 07 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill 's ' James Lafferty talks Season 9 , Naley , and his ' mortifying ' musical moment '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Get Scoop on Grey 's Anatomy , Glee , Nikita and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Chad Michael Murray returns for Season 9 '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : James Lafferty 's reduced role in Season 9 '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 exclusive : James Lafferty returns for series finale '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill : The Cast 's Favorite Episodes '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill episode 1.22 The Games That Play Us Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.05 I Forgot to Remember to Forget ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer ) , Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) . `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5x02 : Racing Like a Pro Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.03 : My Way Home is through You Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.06 Do n't Dream it 's Over Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.07 In Da Club Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.10 Jump up ^ One Tree Hill episode 5x11 You 're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.12 Hundred Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.13 Echoes , Silence , Patience and Grace Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.14 What Do You Go Home to ? Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.15 Life is Short Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.17 Crying Wo n't Help You Now Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6.02 One Million Billionth of a Millisecond on a Sunday Morning Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6.03 Get Cape . Wear Cape . Fly . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill episode 7.07 I and Love and You Jump up ^ One Tree Hill episode 7.12 Some Roads Lead Nowhere Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 7.22 Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` 15 Hottest TV Dads : # 12 - Nathan Scott , One Tree Hill '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Brooke Davis Mouth McFadden Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Scott&oldid=831927044 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Scottish descent One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional basketball players Fictional characters from North Carolina Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Fictional teenage parents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 21 : 38 . 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who saved cooper and rachel at the river
[ "While planning their (second) wedding, they receive a visit from Nathan's uncle from his mom's side, Cooper, but are dubious about his relationship with the younger Rachel. Deb returns and she and Nathan take out a restraining order against Dan, which Nathan initiating, while Nathan beats old \"High Flyers\" rival Damien West in an all-important game. On the morning of his wedding, Nathan is traumatized following a nightmare where Haley was drowning and he couldn't save her. He gets Lucas to keep a close eye on Haley but all goes well and they renew their vows, though Rachel causes a scene at the reception over Cooper sleeping with her despite her age. Nathan and Haley head to London for their honeymoon and Haley has something to tell Nathan but before he gets to hear it, they have a near-collision with Cooper and Rachel (in the wedding limo) on the Mollina Bridge. Nathan dives into the water to rescue his uncle but becomes trapped and is left gasping for air and fighting for his life." ]
[ "Nathan" ]
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Jana Gana Mana
Jana Gana Mana - Wikipedia Jana Gana Mana Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the national anthem of India . For other uses , see Jana Gana Mana ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jana Gana Mana English : Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People Sheet music for `` Jana Gana Mana '' . National anthem of India Lyrics Rabindranath Tagore , 1919 Music Rabindranath Tagore , 1919 Adopted 24 January 1950 Audio sample `` Jana Gana Mana '' ( Instrumental ) file help `` Jana Gana Mana '' ( Bengali : ( ɟənə gəɳə mənə ) ) is the national anthem of India . It is composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore . The National Anthem of India Jana - gana - mana , composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore , was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950 . The first stanza of the song Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950 . A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately fifty - two seconds . A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines ( and taking about 20 seconds to play ) is also staged occasionally . It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta ( now , Kolkata ) Session of the Indian National Congress . This is the first of five stanzas of Tagore 's Bengali song Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 English translation 3 History 4 Code of conduct 5 Controversies 5.1 Historical significance 5.1. 1 Counter arguments 5.2 Regional aspects 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The poem is sung in a literary register of the Bengali language called sadhu bhasa . The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbs and has commonality with all major languages in India due to Sanskrit being their common source of formal vocabulary . Therefore , the original song is quite clearly understandable , and in fact , remains almost unchanged in several widely different Indian languages ( if variations in inherent vowel and pronunciation of approximants and some sibilants are ignored ) . The transcription below reflects the pronunciation in Bengali script , Devanagari script and Latin script . জন গণ মন ( Bengali Script ) जन गण मन ( Devanagari ) Official Latin transliteration জনগণমন - অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা ! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে , তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে , গাহে তব জয়গাথা । জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা ! জয় হে , জয় হে , জয় হে , জয় জয় জয় জয় হে ॥ जन गण मन अधिनायक जय हे , भारत भाग्य विधाता । पंजाब सिन्ध गुजरात मराठा , द्राविड़ उत्कल बंग । विंध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा , उच्छल जलधि तरंग । तव शुभ नामे जागे , तव शुभ आशिष मागे । गाहे तव जयगाथा । जन गण मंगलदायक जय हे , भारत भाग्य विधाता । जय हे , जय हे , जय हे , जय जय जय जय हे ॥ Jana - gana - mana - adhinayaka jaya he Bharata - bhagya - vidhata Punjaba - Sindhu - Gujarate - Maratha Dravida - Utkala - Banga Vindhya - Himachala - Yamuna - Ganga uchchala - jaladhi - taranga Taba Subha name jage , taba subha ashisha maange , gahe taba jaya - gatha . Jana - gana - mangala - dayaka jaya he Bharata - bhagya - vidhata . Jaya he , Jaya he , Jaya he , jaya jaya jaya jaya he . English translation ( edit ) Thou art , the ruler of our minds , of all people The dispenser of India 's destiny ! Thy name rouses the heart of Punjab , Sindh , Gujarat and Maratha , of the Dravida and Odisha and Bengal ; It echoes in the hills of Vindhya and the Himalayas , and mingles in the music of Ganga and Yamuna and is chanted by the waves of the Indian sea . The pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise . The saving of all people waits in thy hands , Though dispenser of India 's destiny . Victory , Victory , Victory to thee . History ( edit ) Rabindranath Tagore , the author and composer of the national anthem of India and Bangladesh . Jana Gana Mana was sung on 27 December 1911 at the Indian National Congress , Calcutta and again in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj . Though the Bengali song had been written in 1911 , it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal , Tattwabodhini Patrika , of which Tagore was the editor . Code of conduct ( edit ) The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions . Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the Anthem , the occasions on which these are to be played or sung , and about the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions . The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance . The approximate duration of the National Anthem of India is 52 seconds . Controversies ( edit ) In Kerala , students belonging to the Jehovah 's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds , although they stood up respectfully when the anthem was sung . The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone 's religious susceptibilities , and upheld their expulsion . On 11 August 1986 , the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of a religion . `` Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant '' The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief . Supreme Court observed in its ruling `` There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing . Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung . It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing . Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s . 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act '' . On 30 November 2016 , Supreme Court of India ordered the National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters , in order to instill `` committed patriotism and nationalism '' . On February 10 , 2017 , 2 Kashmiris were booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema , under provisions of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . This was the first arrest of its kind made by a state government in India . In January 2018 , the government reversed its stance and requested that the Supreme Court rescind the order until a government panel could consider the issue in more depth ; the court agreed , and so around 9 January 2018 the National Anthem ceased being compulsory in movie theaters . Historical significance ( edit ) The composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911 . It was sung on the second day of the convention , and the agenda of that day devoted itself to a loyal welcome of George V on his visit to India . The event was reported thus in the British Indian press : `` The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor . '' ( Statesman , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) `` The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor . '' ( Englishman , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) `` When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27th December 1911 , a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung . A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously . '' ( Indian , Dec. 29 , 1911 ) Counter arguments ( edit ) Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided . The confusion arose in British Indian press since a different song , `` Badshah Humara '' written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary , was sung on the same occasion in praise of the monarch . The nationalist Indian press stated this difference of events clearly : `` The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God ( song of benediction ) . This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V . '' ( Amrita Bazar Patrika , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) `` The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Ravindranath Tagore . Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed . A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls . '' ( The Bengalee , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference : `` On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress , proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram . On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Ravindranath Tagore . Messages from well wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung . '' On 10 November 1937 Tagore wrote a letter to Mr Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy . That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore 's biography Ravindrajivani , volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee . `` A certain high official in His Majesty 's service , who was also my friend , had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor . The request simply amazed me . It caused a great stir in my heart . In response to that great mental turmoil , I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata ( ed . God of Destiny ) of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India 's chariot through rise and fall , through the straight path and the curved . That Lord of Destiny , that Reader of the Collective Mind of India , that Perennial Guide , could never be George V , George VI , or any other George . Even my official friend understood this about the song . After all , even if his admiration for the crown was excessive , he was not lacking in simple common sense . '' Again in his letter of 19 March 1939 Tagore writes : `` I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind . '' ( Purvasa , Phalgun , 1354 , p. 738 . ) Moreover , Tagore was hailed as a patriot who wrote other songs too apart from `` Jana Gana Mana '' lionising the Indian independence movement . He renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre . The Knighthood ( i.e. the title of ' Sir ' ) was conferred on him by the same King George V after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature for `` Gitanjali '' from the government of Sweden . Two of Tagore 's more politically charged compositions , `` Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo '' ( `` Where the Mind is Without Fear '' , Gitanjali Poem # 35 ) and `` Ekla Chalo Re '' ( `` If They Answer Not to Thy Call , Walk Alone '' ) , gained mass appeal , with the latter favoured by Gandhi and Netaji . Regional aspects ( edit ) Another controversy is that only those provinces that were under British rule , i.e. Punjab , Sindh , Gujarat , Maratha , Dravid ( South India ) , Odisha and Bengal , were mentioned . None of the princely states -- Kashmir , Rajasthan , Hyderabad , Mysore or Kerala -- or the states in Northeast India , which are now integral parts of India were mentioned . But opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India . Whether the princely states would form a part of a liberated Indian republic was a matter of debate even till Indian Independence . ' Dravida ' includes the people from the south ( though Dravida specifically means Tamil and even then , the same consideration is not given for the south since there are many distinct people whereas in the north each of the distinct people are named ) and ' Jolodhi ' ( Stanza 1 ) is Sanskrit for `` seas and oceans '' . Even North - East which was under British rule or holy rivers apart from Ganges and Yamuna are not mentioned to keep the song in its rhythm . India has 29 states , 7 union territories . In 2005 , there were calls to delete the word `` Sindh '' and substitute it with the word Kashmir . The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India , having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947 . Opponents of this proposal hold that the word `` Sindh '' refers to the Indus and to Sindhi culture , and that Sindhi people are an integral part of India 's cultural fabric . The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged . On 17 December 2013 , MLA of Assam , Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited article of ' The Times of India ' published on 26 January 1950 , stating that originally the word ' Kamarup ' was included in the song , but was later changed to ' Sindhu ' and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included . To this , the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after response from the newspaper . The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey , mentioning ' Sanchayita ' ( edited by Tagore himself ) etc. where he said Kamrup was not mentioned . See also ( edit ) Subh Sukh Chain , the National Anthem of the Provisional Government of Free India Vande Mataram , the National Song of India Amar Shonar Bangla , the National Anthem of Bangladesh Indian National Army Capt. Ram Singh Thakur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html Quote : `` Though written in Bengali , the language used was sadhu Bengali or tatsama Bengali which was heavily sanskritised . Many of the words exist with the same meaning in different Indian languages and thus , all Indian people understand the words and meaning of the national anthem '' Jump up ^ `` National Symbol : National Anthem '' . National Portal of India . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf Quote : `` The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore 's song known as `` Jana Gana Mana '' is the National Anthem of India '' Jump up ^ Britannica , Editors of Encyclopedia ( 2008 ) , Britannica Encyclopedia of India ( Set of 5 Volumes ) , Encyclopedia Britannica India , p. 167 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8131 - 008 - 8 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Quote : `` Adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the national anthem of India on January 24 , 1950 , the song Jana - gana - mana , in its Hindi version of the first stanza , was originally composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore '' ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem - National Identity Elements of India - Know India : National Portal of India '' . knowindia.gov.in ( in Hindi ) . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Arunangsu Roy . `` 100 years since ' Jana Gana Mana ' was born '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bharat Bhagya Bidhata ' from ' Rajkahini ' is a Tagore song and not an extended version of the national anthem '' . IBNliveNews . Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf Jump up ^ James Minahan . `` The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems ( 2 Volumes ) '' . ABC - CLIO . p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Sabyasachi ( 2011 ) . Rabindranath Tagore : an interpretation . New Delhi : Viking , Penguin Books India . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0670084555 . Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest . It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911 . On December 12 , 1911 the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day . The song was actually sung at the twenty - seventh session of the Indian National Congress , Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day 's proceedings . Thereafter it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms , Brahma Sangit . Jump up ^ http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/ Jump up ^ https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case Jump up ^ https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/ Jump up ^ `` To sing or not to sing Vande Mataram '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors V. State of Kerala & Ors ( 1986 ) INSC 167 '' . indiankanoon.org. 11 August 1986 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court orders National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters Jump up ^ 2 Kashmiris booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema Jump up ^ In a first , state govt employee amongst two arrested for not standing during national anthem Archived 12 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` India anthem not mandatory in cinemas '' . BBC News . 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tagore and Jana Gana Mana '' . Monish R. Chatterjee . Jump up ^ `` India : Are we still singing for the Empire ? '' . Pradip Kumar Datta . Jump up ^ `` Controversy Surrounding The Indian National Anthem '' . Rare India Fact . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Indian anthem Jana Gana Mana turns 100 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 27 December 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : State to seek newspaper clarification on report . STAFF Reporter . Assam Tribune , 17 - 12 - 2013 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJana Gana Manaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Know India : National anthem , Government of India website The Morning Song of India . Wikisource . English translation of the hymn `` Jana Gana Mana '' in Tagore 's handwriting National symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Calendar Currency Animal Aquatic animal Bird Flower Fruit River Tree National anthems of Asia National Abkhazia Afghanistan Armenia Artsakh ( Nagorno - Karabakh ) Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Cyprus Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Ossetia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Transnistria Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Regional India Assam Karnataka Puducherry Odisha Tamil Nadu Telangana Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Malaysia Federal Territories Johor Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Penang Pahang Perak Perlis Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu Russia Altai Republic Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Buryatia Khakassia Sakha Republic Tartarstan Tuva Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan Tibet ( in exile ) West Papua ( disputed ) Organisations ASEAN Former anthems Former Russian Empire or Soviet Union Russian Empire ( 1816 - 33 ) Russian Empire ( 1833 - 1917 ) Russian Republic ( 1917 -- 18 ) The Internationale ( 1918 -- 44 ) Soviet Union ( and Russian SFSR , 1944 -- 91 ) Armenian SSR ( 1944 -- 91 ) Azerbaijan SSR ( 1944 -- 92 ) Georgian SSR ( 1946 -- 91 ) Kazakh SSR ( 1945 -- 92 ) Kazakhstan ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Kirghiz SSR ( 1946 -- 92 ) Russian Federation ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Tajik SSR ( 1946 -- 94 ) Turkmen SSR ( 1946 -- 97 ) Uzbek SSR ( 1946 -- 92 ) Tuva ( 1993 -- 2011 ) Other non-Islamic China ( Qing dynasty 1911 ) Khmer Republic ( 1970 -- 75 ) Democratic Kampuchea ( 1975 -- 93 ) People 's Republic of Kampuchea ( 1979 -- 89 ) Manchukuo ( 1932 -- 45 ) Kingdom of Nepal ( 1967 -- 2006 ) Siam ( now as royal salute ) South Vietnam ( 1948 -- 75 ) South Vietnam ( 1975 -- 76 ) Islamic World United Arab Republic ( 1960 -- 81 ) Kingdom of Iraq ( 1932 -- 58 ) Iraqi Republic ( 1981 -- 2003 ) Afghanistan ( 1943 - 73 ) ( 1978 -- 92 ) Kuwait ( 1951 -- 78 ) Palestine ( de facto until 1996 ) Italics indicates partially - recognized states . Rabindranath Tagore Life Early life Middle years Political views Chronology Timeline List of works Works Novels Nastanirh ( 1901 ) Chokher Bali ( 1902 - 1903 ) Noukadubi ( 1906 ) Gora ( 1909 ) Ghare Baire ( 1916 ) Chaturanga ( 1916 ) Jogajog ( 1929 ) Shesher Kabita ( 1929 ) Stories Hungry Stones Kabuliwala List of stories Poetry Bhanusimha Thakurer Padabali ( 1884 ) Gitanjali ( 1910 ) Poems and songs Rabindra Sangeet Gitabitan `` Amar Sonar Bangla '' `` Birpurush '' `` Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo '' `` Ekla Chalo Re '' `` Jana Gana Mana '' `` Vocation '' Plays Valmiki - Pratibha ( 1888 ) Raja ( 1910 ) The Post Office ( 1912 ) Chitra ( 1913 ) Dance dramas Rabindra Nritya Natya Lectures The Religion of Man Essays The Cult of the Charkha Translations Songs of Kabir Film Natir Puja ( 1932 film ) Collections The Essential Tagore Adaptations Kabuliwala Dak Ghar Charulata Ghare Baire Rabindranath Tagore Teen Kanya Jogajog Stories by Rabindranath Tagore Robi Thakurer Golpo Places Jorasanko Thakur Bari Santiniketan Shahzadpur Shilaidaha Patisar Rabindra Bharati University Rabindra Sadan Rabindra Tirtha Visva - Bharati University Tagore museums Family Tagore family Dwarkanath Ramanath Debendranath Related Adi Brahmo Samaj Rabindra Jayanti The Last Harvest : Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore ( exhibition book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jana_Gana_Mana&oldid=833961204 '' Categories : Asian anthems Bengali - language literature Rabindra Sangeet Indian songs National symbols of India Indian patriotic songs Songs written by Rabindranath Tagore Bengali - language songs History of West Bengal History of Kolkata Bengali music National anthems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 06 : 12 . 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in which language is the indian national anthem
[ "\"Jana Gana Mana\" (Bengali: [ɟənə gəɳə mənə]) is the national anthem of India. It is composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore.[1][2] The National Anthem of India Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950. [3]" ]
[ "Bengali" ]
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United Nations System
United Nations System - wikipedia United Nations System Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Structure of the United Nations The United Nations Office at Geneva ( Switzerland ) is the second biggest UN centre , after the United Nations Headquarters ( New York City ) . The United Nations System consists of the United Nations , and the six principal organs of the United Nations : the General Assembly , Security Council , Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) , Trusteeship Council , International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) , and the UN Secretariat , specialized agencies , and affiliated organizations . The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization , which is not formally part of the United Nations System , have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives ' Board for Coordination ( CEB ) . This body , chaired by the Secretary - General of the United Nations , meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System . The United Nations System includes the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies ( such as the separately - administered funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other subsidiary entities ) , specialized agencies , and affiliated organizations . Some of the organizations of the United Nations System predate the founding of the United Nations in 1945 and were inherited after the dissolution of the League of Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Nations 1.1 General Assembly 1.2 Security Council 1.3 Economic and Social Council 1.4 Secretariat 1.5 International Court of Justice 1.6 Trusteeship Council 2 Funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other bodies 2.1 Funds and programmes 2.2 Research and training institutes 2.3 Secretariats of Conventions 2.4 Other entities 3 Specialized agencies 4 Related organizations 4.1 International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) 4.2 Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission ( CTBTO PrepCom ) 4.3 International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) 4.4 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) 4.5 World Trade Organization ( WTO ) 5 Chief Executives Board and Senior Management Group 6 United Nations common system 7 See also 8 References 9 External links United Nations ( edit ) Main article : United Nations The principal organ of the UN System is the United Nations itself . It consists of the six principal organs established by the Charter of the United Nations : Principal organs of the United Nations UN General Assembly -- Deliberative assembly of all UN member states -- UN Secretariat -- Administrative organ of the UN -- International Court of Justice -- Universal court for international law -- May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council ( UNSC ) ; Decides on the admission of new members , following proposal by the UNSC ; Adopts the budget ; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC ; all members of ECOSOC ; the UN Secretary General ( following his / her proposal by the UNSC ) ; and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) . Each country has one vote . Supports the other UN bodies administratively ( for example , in the organization of conferences , the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget ) ; Its chairperson -- the UN Secretary General -- is elected by the General Assembly for a five - year mandate and is the UN 's foremost representative . Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction ; Issues legal opinions ; Renders judgement by relative majority . Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine - year terms . UN Security Council -- For international security issues -- UN Economic and Social Council -- For global economical and social affairs -- UN Trusteeship Council -- For administering trust territories ( currently inactive ) -- Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security ; May adopt compulsory resolutions ; Has fifteen members : five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members . Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters ; Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN 's numerous specialized agencies ; Has 54 members , elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three - year mandates . Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations mandates ; Has been inactive since 1994 , when Palau , the last trust territory , attained independence . General Assembly ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA / GA ) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation . Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations , appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council , receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions . It has also established a wide number of subsidiary organs . Security Council ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council ( UNSC ) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security . Its powers , outlined in the United Nations Charter , include the establishment of peacekeeping operations , the establishment of international sanctions , and the authorization of military action . Its powers are exercised through United Nations Security Council resolutions . The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House , Westminster , London . Since its first meeting , the Council , which exists in continuous session , has travelled widely , holding meetings in many cities , such as Paris and Addis Ababa , as well as at its current permanent home at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City . There are 15 members of the Security Council , consisting of five veto - wielding permanent members ( China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and 10 elected non-permanent members with two - year terms . This basic structure is set out in Chapter V of the UN Charter . Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time . Economic and Social Council ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Economic and Social Council The United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) constitutes one of the six principal organs ( one is not active , as of 2011 ) of the United Nations . It is responsible for co-ordinating the economic , social and related work of 14 UN specialized agencies , their functional commissions and five regional commissions . ECOSOC has 54 members ; it holds a four - week session each year in July . Since 1998 , it has also held a meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues , and for formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states and the United Nations System . Secretariat ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Secretariat The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the United Nations Secretary - General , assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide . It provides studies , information , and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings . It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council , the UN General Assembly , the UN Economic and Social Council , and other U.N. bodies . The United Nations Charter provides that the staff to be chosen by application of the `` highest standards of efficiency , competence , and integrity , '' with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis . The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN . Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff . The Secretary - General alone is responsible for staff selection . International Court of Justice ( edit ) Main article : International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations . It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague , Netherlands . Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs , agencies , and the UN General Assembly . Trusteeship Council ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Trusteeship Council The United Nations Trusteeship Council , one of the principal organs of the United Nations , was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security . The trust territories -- most of them are former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II -- have all now attained self - government or independence , either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries . The last was Palau , formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , which became a member state of the United Nations in December 1994 . Funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other bodies ( edit ) The separately - administered funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other subsidiary bodies are autonomous subsidiary organs of the United Nations . Funds and programmes ( edit ) Throughout its history the United Nations General Assembly has established a number of programmes and funds to address particular humanitarian and development concerns . These bodies usually report to the General Assembly through an executive board . Only one UN programme has ever closed in the history of the organization , the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration ( UNRRA ) , which ceased to exist in 1959 and was subsequently replaced by the UNHCR . Each of the funds and programmes is headed by an Executive Director at the Under - Secretary - General level and is governed by an Executive Board . One former fund , the United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) , was merged with other elements of the United Nations System into a new organization , UN Women , in January 2011 . International Trade Centre ( ITC ) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( HCR ) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) United Nations Capital Development Fund ( UNCDF ) United Nations Volunteers ( UNV ) United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) United Nations Human Settlements Programme ( UN-HABITAT ) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) World Food Programme ( WFP ) Programmes and funds of the United Nations No . Acronyms Agency Headquarters Head Established UNDP United Nations Development Programme New York City , United States Achim Steiner 1965 UNICEF United Nations Children 's Fund New York City , United States Henrietta H. Fore 1946 UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund New York City , United States Marc Bichler 1966 Affiliated with the UNDP WFP World Food Programme Rome , Italy David Beasley 1963 5 UNEP United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi , Kenya Erik Solheim 1972 6 UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women New York City , United States Inés Alberdi 1976 Merged with UN Women in 2011 7 UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Geneva , Switzerland Filippo Grandi 1951 8 UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS Geneva , Switzerland Michel Sidibé Joint programme 9 UNFPA United Nations Population Fund New York City , United States Babatunde Osotimehin 1969 10 UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme Nairobi , Kenya Joan Clos 1978 11 UNV United Nations Volunteers Bonn , Germany Richard Dictus 1978 Administered by UNDP 12 UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Gaza , Palestine and Amman , Jordan Pierre Krähenbühl 1949 13 UN WOMEN United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women New York City , United States Phumzile Mlambo - Ngcuka Created by the merger of the Division for the Advancement of Women ( DAW ) , the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women ( INSTRAW ) , the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women ( OSAGI ) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) Research and training institutes ( edit ) The various research and training institutes were established by the General Assembly to perform independent research and training . One former institute , the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women ( INSTRAW ) , was merged with other elements of the United Nations System into a new organization , UN Women , in January 2011 . United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research ( UNIDIR ) United Nations Institute for Training and Research ( UNITAR ) United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute ( UNICRI ) United Nations Research Institute for Social Development ( UNRISD ) Secretariats of conventions ( edit ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities UNCCD - United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNCLOS - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea established bodies : ISA -- International Seabed Authority ITLOS -- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Other entities ( edit ) Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women ( UN Women ) United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ( UNISDR ) United Nations Office for Project Services ( UNOPS ) United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services ( UN-OIOS ) United Nations System Staff College ( UNSSC ) United Nations University ( UNU ) Specialized agencies ( edit ) Main article : List of specialized agencies of the United Nations The specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the co-ordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council . Each was integrated into the UN System by way of an agreement with the UN under UN Charter article 57 . Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) International Labour Organization ( ILO ) International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO ) Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) International Development Association ( IDA ) International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) International Refugee Organization ( IRO ) ; ceased to exist in 1952 Related organizations ( edit ) Some organizations have a relationship with the UN defined by an arrangement different from the agreements between the specialized agencies and the UN , which are established under Articles 57 and 63 of the United Nations Charter . International organization for migration ( IOM ) ( edit ) The IOM , established in 1951 , is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental , intergovernmental and non-governmental partners . IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration , to promote international cooperation on migration issues , to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need , including refugees and internally displaced people . In September 2016 , IOM joined the United Nations System as a related organization during the United Nations General Assembly high - level summit to address large movements of refugees and migrants . Comprehensive nuclear - test - ban treaty organization preparatory Commission ( CTBTO PrepCom ) ( edit ) The CTBTO PrepCom reports directly to the UN General Assembly . International atomic energy agency ( IAEA ) ( edit ) The relationship between the IAEA and the UN was established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly . Unlike the specialized agencies which report to ECOSOC , the IAEA reports directly to the General Assembly as well as the Security Council and ECOSOC . Like the other specialized agency 's heads , their executives are part of the United Nations System Chief Executives ' Board for Coordination ( CEB ) . Organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons ( OPCW ) ( edit ) The OPCW is not an agency of the United Nations , but cooperates both on policy and practical issues . On 7 September 2000 the OPCW and the United Nations signed a co-operation agreement outlining how they were to co-ordinate their activities . Under this agreement , the OPCW reports to the UN General Assembly . World Trade organization ( WTO ) ( edit ) The WTO does not have a formal agreement with the UN . Instead , their relationship is governed by exchanges of letters . Unlike the specialized agencies and the IAEA , the WTO has no reporting obligations towards any of the principal organs of the UN , but provides ad - hoc contribution to the work of the General Assembly and ECOSOC . The WTO has a seat on the CEB . Chief Executives Board and senior management Group ( edit ) The United Nations Chief Executives ' Board for Coordination ( CEB ) brings together on a regular basis the executive heads of the organizations of the United Nations System , under the chairmanship of the Secretary - General of the UN . The CEB aims to further co-ordination and co-operation on a whole range of substantive and management issues facing UN System organizations . In addition to its regular reviews of contemporary political issues and major concerns facing the UN System , the CEB approves policy statements on behalf of the UN System as a whole . Three committees report to the CEB , namely the High - level Committee on Programme ( HCLP ) , the High - level Committee on Management ( HCLM ) and the United Nations Development Group ( UNDG ) . Each of those bodies has , in turn , developed a subsidiary machinery of regular and ad hoc bodies on the substantive and managerial aspects of inter-agency co-ordination . The committee structure is supported by a CEB secretariat located in New York and Geneva . There is also a Senior Management Group , composed of some of the senior officials in the Secretariat and the funds and programmes at the Under - Secretary - General and Assistant Secretary - General rank , which serves as the cabinet of the Secretary - General . United Nations common System ( edit ) The United Nations , its subsidiary bodies , thirteen of the specialized agencies ( ILO , FAO , UNESCO , WHO , ICAO , UPU , ITU , WMO , IMO , WIPO , IFAD , UNDIO , and UNWTO ) , and one related body ( IAEA ) are part of the United Nations common system of salaries , allowances , and benefits administered by the International Civil Service Commission . Most , but not all , of the members of the United Nations System are part of the common system ; the Bretton Woods institutions ( i.e. the World Bank Group and the IMF ) are notable exceptions . The WTO utilizes the OECD common system . The UN common system was established to prevent competition amongst organizations of the United Nations System for staff and to facilitate co-operation and exchange between organizations . Some international organizations that are not part of the United Nations System ( and therefore not members of the common system ) but who voluntarily follow the policies of the common system in whole or in part include : Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) See also ( edit ) Outline of the United Nations List of United Nations organizations by location United Nations Member States League of Nations for a rudimentary model on which the UN System is based . Vienna formula References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination '' . UN System . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations System : '' . DIRECTORY OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS . United Nations . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NGLS Handbook '' . United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) is not officially a part of the UN system ... Jump up ^ `` UN System of Organizations '' . United Nations Global Marketplace . Retrieved 28 January 2013 ... the World Trade Organization , which is not part of the UN system . Jump up ^ `` How to do business with the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2003 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 ... the World Trade Organization , which is not part of the UN system . ^ Jump up to : `` The UN System , Chief Executives Board for Coordination '' . Unsceb.org . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations System '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structure and Organization '' . Un.org . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN Charter : Chapter III '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS : Chapter IV . UN.org . Jump up ^ `` UN General Assembly '' . www.un.org . Jump up ^ `` Background Information '' . UN Economic and Social Council . Jump up ^ United Nations System of Organizations : `` Entries listed in bold are members of the United Nations System 's Chief Executives Board '' . ^ Jump up to : The United Nations System chart , Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information , December 2007 ^ Jump up to : The United Nations System chart , Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information , October 2011 Jump up ^ List of Agreements between Specialized Agencies and the United Nations Jump up ^ UN Structure and Organization Jump up ^ Organizational Chart of the UN System and the CEB Jump up ^ `` Addressing Large Movements of Refugees and Migrants '' . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Resolution A / RES / 55 / 283 Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Executives Board '' . Unsceb.org. 31 December 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 15 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the International Civil Service Commission '' . Icsc.un.org . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ OSCE General conditions of employment http://www.osce.org/employment/18 Jump up ^ Article 40 of the General Standards to govern the operations of the General Secretariat External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations System . Official directory of the UN System Details of main UN System bodies UN System Organizational Chart Global Issues on the UN Agenda UN System -- CEB ( Chief Executives Board ) UN -- Senior Management Group United Nations -- Official site ( hide ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture United Nations portal GND : 4316286 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_System&oldid=834531211 '' Categories : United Nations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use British English Oxford spelling from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Shqip Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Татарча / tatarça ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 05 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what are the 5 organs of the un
[ "The United Nations System consists of the United Nations, and the six principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the UN Secretariat,[1] specialized agencies, and affiliated organizations.[2] The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization, which is not formally part of the United Nations System,[3][4][5] have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB).[6] This body, chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System.", "The United Nations System consists of the United Nations, and the six principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the UN Secretariat,[1] specialized agencies, and affiliated organizations.[2] The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization, which is not formally part of the United Nations System,[3][4][5] have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB).[6] This body, chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System.", "The United Nations System consists of the United Nations, and the six principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the UN Secretariat,[1] specialized agencies, and affiliated organizations.[2] The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization, which is not formally part of the United Nations System,[3][4][5] have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB).[6] This body, chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System.", "The United Nations System consists of the United Nations, and the six principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the UN Secretariat,[1] specialized agencies, and affiliated organizations.[2] The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization, which is not formally part of the United Nations System,[3][4][5] have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB).[6] This body, chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System.", "The United Nations System consists of the United Nations, and the six principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the UN Secretariat,[1] specialized agencies, and affiliated organizations.[2] The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization, which is not formally part of the United Nations System,[3][4][5] have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB).[6] This body, chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System.", "The United Nations System consists of the United Nations, and the six principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the UN Secretariat,[1] specialized agencies, and affiliated organizations.[2] The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization, which is not formally part of the United Nations System,[3][4][5] have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB).[6] This body, chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System." ]
[ "the General Assembly", "Security Council", "Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)", "Trusteeship Council", "International Court of Justice (ICJ)", "the UN Secretariat" ]
4960829935974498381
New Jersey Generals
New Jersey Generals - wikipedia New Jersey Generals Jump to : navigation , search New Jersey Generals Founded Folded 1986 Based in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States Home field Giants Stadium League USFL Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Division Team History New Jersey Generals ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Team colors Scarlet Red , White , Royal Blue ( Gold , Brown ) Head coaches 1983 Chuck Fairbanks ( 6 -- 12 ) 1984 -- 1985 Walt Michaels ( 25 -- 13 ) Owner ( s ) 1983 J. Walter Duncan / Chuck Fairbanks 1984 -- 1985 Donald Trump The New Jersey Generals was a franchise of the United States Football League ( USFL ) established in 1982 to begin play in the spring and summer of 1983 . The team played three seasons from 1983 -- 85 , winning 31 regular - season games and losing 25 while going 0 -- 2 in postseason competition . Home games were played at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which was called The Meadowlands for Generals games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uniforms 2 History 2.2 1984 2.3 1985 2.4 1986 3 Single - season leaders 4 Season - by - season 5 A-11 Football League 6 References Uniforms ( edit ) Team colors were scarlet , white , royal blue and sunflower gold . The primary logo was a gold five - star general wreath . Team helmets were solid scarlet with the logo decal on each side and a white face - mask . Home uniforms featured red jerseys with white numbers trimmed in royal blue , with numbers on the sleeves and no striping ; pants were white with a single wide red stripe trimmed in blue down the sides from hip to knee . Road jerseys were white with red numbers trimmed in blue . The team was the second in the New York metropolitan area to be known as `` Generals , '' since there was a professional soccer team in the late 1960s known as the New York Generals . History ( edit ) The franchise was originally owned by Oklahoma oil magnate J. Walter Duncan , who took on former New England Patriots coach Chuck Fairbanks as a minority partner . Fairbanks also served as general manager and head coach . The team made a big splash by signing Heisman Trophy - winning underclassman Herschel Walker , a running back from the University of Georgia . While the USFL had followed the NFL 's lead in banning underclassmen from playing , league officials were certain that this rule would never withstand a court challenge . In an even more ominous development , Walker did not sign a standard player contract . Rather , he agreed to a three - year personal - services contract with Duncan . The contract was valued at $4.2 million -- more than double the USFL 's salary cap of $1.8 million . Nonetheless , the other owners knew having the incumbent Heisman winner in their fold would lend the USFL instant credibility , and allowed the contract to stand . Eventually , nearly all of the other teams jettisoned league founder David Dixon 's original blueprint and began signing star players to expensive contracts -- a step which ultimately proved to be the league 's undoing . Despite the signing of Walker , who rushed for 1,812 yards and 17 touchdowns , the Generals finished their inaugural season with a 6 -- 12 record . This was largely due to a porous defense which gave up the third-most points in the league ( 437 ) . 1984 ( edit ) At 66 years old , Duncan soon tired of flying 2,000 miles from Oklahoma to New York to see his team play . After the 1983 season , he and Fairbanks sold their interest to real estate mogul Donald Trump . Trump tried to lure legendary coach Don Shula from the Miami Dolphins . It was said that Shula asked for a condominium in Trump Tower as part of his deal and Trump balked at the prospect . Once Shula declined , the Generals hired former New York Jets head coach Walt Michaels . The Generals responded to their poor 1983 showing with an influx of veteran NFL talent for 1984 , including wide receiver Tom McConnaughey , quarterback Brian Sipe , defensive back Gary Barbaro , and linebackers Jim LeClair and Bobby Leopold . Both Walker and fullback Maurice Carthon rushed for over 1,000 yards ( Walker 1,339 ; Carthon 1,042 ) as the Generals went 14 -- 4 , defeating the eventual champion Philadelphia Stars twice for that franchise 's only two losses of the season . The Stars defeated the Generals 28 -- 7 in a first round playoff game . 1985 ( edit ) The 1985 season saw the heralded signing of Heisman Trophy - winning quarterback Doug Flutie of Boston College . Despite Flutie 's inexperience , the Generals traded Sipe to the Jacksonville Bulls to ensure Flutie would start . Flutie struggled at times but played well overall until he suffered a broken collarbone against the Memphis Showboats in the season 's 15th game and did not play again . The 1985 Generals finished 11 -- 7 behind Walker 's pro-football record 2,411 rushing yards but lost again to the Stars ( transplanted to Baltimore ) in the first round of the playoffs , 20 -- 17 . 1986 ( edit ) The USFL planned to play its 1986 schedule in the fall , directly opposite the NFL , thanks mostly to Trump 's strong advocacy of direct competition with the older , established league . Two years earlier , Trump sold most of his fellow owners on a move to the fall by arguing that it would eventually force a merger with the NFL -- in which the owners of any USFL teams included in a merger would see their investment more than double . The Generals merged with the Houston Gamblers during the extended offseason , adding such stars as quarterback Jim Kelly and wide receiver Ricky Sanders . Michaels was fired , replaced with former Gamblers coach Jack Pardee , who planned to bring the Gamblers ' high - powered run and shoot offense with him . However , the USFL 's `` Dream Team '' never took the field . The 1986 season was cancelled after the USFL won a minimal verdict in an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL ; the league folded soon afterward . Numerous Generals players , including Flutie , Walker and center Kent Hull went on to productive NFL careers . Flutie also starred in the Canadian Football League ; Hull ( with Gambler quarterback Kelly ) played in four Super Bowls with the Buffalo Bills , and Flutie is the last quarterback to have led the Bills to the NFL playoffs . Single - season leaders ( edit ) Rushing yards : 2411 Herschel Walker ( 1985 ) ( USFL record ) Receiving yards : 715 Sam Bowers ( 1983 ) Passing yards : 2540 Brian Sipe ( 1984 ) Sacks : 13 James Lockette ( 1985 ) Season - by - season ( edit ) Season Finish Playoff results 6 12 0 3rd Atlantic -- 1984 14 0 2nd EC Atlantic Lost Quarterfinal ( Philadelphia ) 1985 11 7 0 2nd EC Lost Quarterfinal ( Baltimore ) Totals 31 25 0 ( including playoffs ) A-11 Football league ( edit ) A new team using the New Jersey Generals ' name , logo and colors was scheduled to be begin play in 2014 with the proposed A-11 Football League . The league was disbanded before any games were played . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Generals Archives - Fun While It Lasted '' . Fun While It Lasted . Businesses of Donald Trump The Trump Organization Donald Trump Jr . Eric Trump Allen Weisselberg Legal affairs of Donald Trump Michael D. Cohen List of things named after Donald Trump Real estate New York properties Trump Tower The Trump Building ( 40 Wall Street ) Trump Parc and Trump Parc East Trump Park Avenue Trump Village Trump World Tower Central Park Carousel Wollman Rink Hotels Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago Honolulu Las Vegas New York City Washington D.C. Baku Panama City Vancouver Mar - a-Lago Name licensing Riverside South / Trump Place Trump Bay Street Trump Palace Condominiums Trump Parc Stamford Trump Plaza Jersey City , NJ New Rochelle , NY New York City , NY West Palm Beach , FL Trump Tower Sunny Isles Beach , FL White Plains , NY Istanbul , Turkey Manila , Philippines Pune , India Punta del Este , Uruguay Former properties GM Building Grand Hyatt New York Plaza Hotel The Adelaide Hotel Toronto Trump Hotel ( Brazil ) Trump SoHo Cancelled projects Trump International Hotel and Tower Dubai , UAE New Orleans , LA Phoenix , AZ Trump Tower Philadelphia , PA Tampa , FL Brazil Germany Israel Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico Twin Towers 2 Russian projects Golf courses U.S. Los Angeles , CA `` Doral '' Miami , FL Washington , D.C. Bedminster , NJ Ferry Point , NY Pine Hill , NJ Westchester , NY Jupiter , FL West Palm Beach , FL Europe Wind farm dispute Doonbeg , Ireland Turnberry , Scotland Other ventures Current Donald J. Trump Foundation Trump Home Trump Productions Trump Winery Former Donald Trump dolls GoTrump.com Miss Universe Miss USA Miss Teen USA New Jersey Generals Tour de Trump Trump Entertainment Resorts Trump 's Castle / Trump Marina Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino Trump Taj Mahal Trump World 's Fair Trump Casino Indiana Trump magazines Trump Model Management Trump Mortgage Trump Network Trump Shuttle Trump Steaks Trump University Trump Vodka Miscellaneous United States Football League Broadcasters Coaches Executives Players Radio coverage Seasons : 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 Television coverage Venues Teams Arizona Wranglers ( 1983 -- 84 ) Birmingham Stallions ( 1983 -- 85 ) Boston / New Orleans / Portland Breakers ( 1983 -- 85 ) Chicago Blitz ( 1983 -- 84 ) Denver Gold ( 1983 -- 85 ) Los Angeles Express ( 1983 -- 85 ) Michigan Panthers ( 1983 -- 84 ) New Jersey Generals ( 1983 -- 85 ) Oakland Invaders ( 1983 -- 85 ) Philadelphia / Baltimore Stars ( 1983 -- 85 ) Tampa Bay Bandits ( 1983 -- 85 ) Washington Federals / Orlando Renegades ( 1983 -- 85 ) Houston Gamblers ( 1984 -- 85 ) Jacksonville Bulls ( 1984 -- 85 ) Memphis Showboats ( 1984 -- 85 ) Oklahoma / Arizona Outlaws ( 1984 -- 85 ) Pittsburgh Maulers ( 1984 ) San Antonio Gunslingers ( 1984 -- 85 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Generals&oldid=812290818 '' Categories : Sports clubs established in 1983 Sports clubs disestablished in 1985 United States Football League teams Defunct American football teams in New Jersey Sports in East Rutherford , New Jersey 1983 establishments in New Jersey 1985 disestablishments in New Jersey New Jersey Generals Business career of Donald Trump Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who owned the new jersey generals of the usfl during their final two seasons
[ "At 66 years old, Duncan soon tired of flying 2,000 miles from Oklahoma to New York to see his team play.[citation needed] After the 1983 season, he and Fairbanks sold their interest to real estate mogul Donald Trump. Trump tried to lure legendary coach Don Shula from the Miami Dolphins. It was said[according to whom?] that Shula asked for a condominium in Trump Tower as part of his deal and Trump balked at the prospect.[citation needed] Once Shula declined, the Generals hired former New York Jets head coach Walt Michaels. The Generals responded to their poor 1983 showing with an influx of veteran NFL talent for 1984, including wide receiver Tom McConnaughey, quarterback Brian Sipe, defensive back Gary Barbaro, and linebackers Jim LeClair and Bobby Leopold. Both Walker and fullback Maurice Carthon rushed for over 1,000 yards (Walker 1,339; Carthon 1,042) as the Generals went 14–4, defeating the eventual champion Philadelphia Stars twice for that franchise's only two losses of the season. The Stars defeated the Generals 28–7 in a first round playoff game." ]
[ "Donald Trump" ]
994255847407487684
Dynasty (2017 TV series)
Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Dynasty Genre Soap opera Based on Dynasty by Richard and Esther Shapiro Developed by Sallie Patrick Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Starring Elizabeth Gillies Nathalie Kelley James Mackay Robert Christopher Riley Sam Adegoke Rafael de la Fuente Alan Dale Grant Show Theme music composer Bill Conti Paul Leonard - Morgan Troy Nõka Composer ( s ) Paul Leonard - Morgan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Shapiro Esther Shapiro Stephanie Savage Josh Schwartz Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick Producer ( s ) Jeffrey Downer Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Cinematography Xavier Grobet Editor ( s ) Brandi Bradburn Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera reboot based on the 1980s series of the same name . Developed by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick , the new series stars Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , Grant Show as her father Blake Carrington , Nathalie Kelley as Blake 's new wife Cristal , and James Mackay as his son Steven , with Robert Christopher Riley as chauffeur Michael Culhane , Sam Adegoke as tech billionaire Jeff Colby , Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , Cristal 's nephew and Steven 's fiancé , and Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo . The pilot , which was announced in September 2016 , was ordered to series in May 2017 . Dynasty premiered on October 11 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on Netflix internationally a day later . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Music 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Dynasty begins with heiress Fallon Carrington unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake engaged to Cristal , a rival employee at the family company . When Fallon 's machinations to separate the couple backfire and cost her a promotion , she allies with Blake 's nemesis and former employee , Jeff Colby , and strikes out on her own . Meanwhile , the arrival of Cristal 's opportunistic nephew Sam -- who becomes romantically involved with Fallon 's wayward brother Steven -- threatens to expose her shady past . The Carringtons form a united front in the wake of the suspicious death of Cristal 's former lover , but things at the mansion do not remain harmonious for long . The reboot updates several elements from the 1980s original , including moving the setting from Denver , Colorado to Atlanta , Georgia ; making Steven 's homosexuality a nonissue to Blake ; and changing gold digger Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man . Additionally , in the new series , both Blake 's fiancée later wife and her nephew are Hispanic , and both chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , energy executive and heiress to an Atlanta energy fortune Nathalie Kelley as Cristal Flores Carrington , Fallon 's new stepmother , a woman with a shady past James Mackay as Steven Carrington , Fallon 's gay environmentalist brother , who is the older and more levelheaded of the two Robert Christopher Riley as Michael Culhane , the Carrington chauffeur and Fallon 's former lover Sam Adegoke as Jeff Colby , a young business rival to Blake Rafael de la Fuente as Samuel Josiah `` Sammy Jo '' Jones , Cristal 's wayward nephew and Steven 's fiancé Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo Grant Show as Blake Carrington , billionaire CEO of Carrington Atlantic , married to Cristal , and the father of Fallon and Steven by his first wife Recurring ( edit ) Nick Wechsler as Matthew Blaisdel , Cristal 's former lover , a field engineer who dies in a suspicious explosion Brianna Brown as Claudia Blaisdel , Matthew 's wife , a former engineer Wakeema Hollis as Monica Colby , Jeff 's sister Dave Maldonado as Willy Santiago , Matthew 's friend and coworker at Carrington Atlantic Michael Beach as Police Chief Aaron Stansfield , a longtime friend of Blake 's Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother KJ Smith as Kori Rucks , Michael 's ex-girlfriend Michael Patrick Lane as Ted Dinard , Steven 's ex-boyfriend Arnetia Walker as Louella Culhane , Michael 's mother Darryl Booker as James Culhane , Michael 's father Luis Fernández as Alejandro Silva , Sam 's father who is operating under the alias of Diego Calastana Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's father and Fallon and Steven 's grandfather Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father J.R. Cacia as Rick Morales , a journalist and old friend of Cristal 's Kelly Rutherford as Melissa Daniels , wife of Senator Paul Daniels , and Steven 's former lover Elizabeth Youman as Evie Culhane , Michael 's sister . Adam Huber as Liam Ridley , Fallon 's husband Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington , Blake 's ex-wife , and the estranged mother of Fallon and Steven Guests ( edit ) Nana Visitor as Diana Davis , editor - in - chief of Atlanta Digest Kearran Giovanni as Police Chief Bobbi Johnson Rick Hearst as Senator Paul Daniels , a longtime contact of Blake 's Steven Culp as Tim Meyers , a business associate of Jeff and Fallon Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Dynasty ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Hardly Recognized You '' Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick , Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.26 `` Spit It Out '' Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.92 `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' Kellie Cyrus Ali Adler October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.72 `` Private as a Circus '' Kevin Sullivan Jenna Richman November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.74 5 5 `` Company Slut '' Cherie Nowlan Christopher Fife November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.72 6 6 `` I Exist Only for Me '' Lee Rose Kevin Garnett November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.64 7 7 `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' Matt Earl Beesley Jay Gibson November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 0.64 8 8 `` The Best Things in Life '' Pascal Verschooris Francisca X . Hu December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 0.64 9 9 `` Rotten Things '' Brad Silberling Paula Sabbaga December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 0.69 10 10 `` A Well - Dressed Tarantula '' Kenny Leon Adele Lim January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 0.63 11 11 `` I Answer to No Man '' Steven A. Adelson Gladys Rodriguez January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 0.56 12 12 `` Promises You Ca n't Keep '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 0.65 13 13 `` Nothing But Trouble '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 0.65 14 14 `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' Dawn Wilkinson Francisca X . Hu & Paula Sabbaga March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.64 15 15 `` Our Turn Now '' Matt Earl Beesley Libby Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.60 16 16 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' Kenny Leon Jenna Richman & Ali Adler March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.63 17 17 `` Enter Alexis '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Sallie Patrick & Christopher Fife March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 0.69 18 18 `` Do n't Con a Con Artist '' Carl Seaton Kevin A. Garnett & Paula Sabbaga April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.71 19 19 `` Use or Be Used '' Viet Nguyen Jake Coburn & Jay Gibson April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBD 20 20 `` A Line from the Past '' Pascal Verschooris Jenna Richman & Francisca X . Hu April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) TBD 21 21 `` Trashy Little Tramp '' Brandi Bradburn Christopher Fife & Kevin A. Garnett May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) TBD 22 22 Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick & Libby Wells May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies ( left ) and Grant Show ( right ) star as Fallon and Blake Carrington . James Mackay ( left ) and Rafael de la Fuente ( right ) star as Steven Carrington and Sam Jones . Development ( edit ) In September 2016 , it was announced that a reboot of the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty was in development at The CW , co-written by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick . Savage said , `` All of us have worked on shows that owe a huge debt to Dynasty , so it 's kind of in our writing DNA to do this show . '' The trio discussed what they found unique and attractive about the original series , and how best to preserve those elements in an update . They also met with Richard and Esther Shapiro , the creators of Dynasty , who were ultimately attached as producers . Schwartz said , `` We are definitely living in an age of dynasties . Whether it 's the Trumps or the Clintons or the Kardashians or the Murdochs , our news is filled with the worlds of family dynasties and that was exciting for us . '' Savage added , `` When we first sat down with the Shapiros to talk about rebooting the show , they talked a lot about family . No matter the villainous things that they did , they never stopped loving each other . I think we took that core concept and then just talked about how to place the idea in the historical context of our day . '' Patrick noted that the 1980s series was progressive for its time , dealing with issues like race , women in the workplace , and gay acceptance . She said , `` We 're trying to figure out how do we respect what that show was doing then and pushing it even farther in our version . '' De la Fuente said , `` We 're trying to make it stand on its own and be its own thing . But we have to pay homage to the original and the classic stuff that people remember from Dynasty , like the fashion , the catfights and the opulence of it all , is of course in our show . It would n't be Dynasty otherwise . '' The new series finds heiress Fallon Carrington facing off against her soon - to - be stepmother Cristal , a Hispanic woman . Patrick said , `` It was important to me as a working woman to have two women fighting over the future of the dynasty . '' Schwartz said of the rival characters : Even when you watch the original , Fallon is a character who feels as if she can exist in 2017 . She just pops off the screen , and she can take on Krystle , who , in the original , was pure and the moral center of the show . With this new Cristal , we liked the idea of not letting her be quite as pure and raising some questions about her past and having her stir the pot -- making her more formidable . That really let us lean into this rivalry between Fallon and Cristal . Patrick said , `` We knew in our version -- 2017 -- we wanted Steven 's conflict with Blake to be not about him being gay , but about him being liberal . '' Savage noted , `` With Steven Carrington out and proud , it makes sense for Sammy Jo to be a man . '' Patrick said in August 2017 that Blake 's first wife Alexis would be introduced during the first season , but that the role had yet to be cast . She noted , `` We knew Alexis was coming before we even started shooting the pilot , which allowed us to pave the way for her ... throughout the season , we hear Blake , Steven , and Fallon 's memories about the woman who abandoned their family . So by the time she actually enters the series , we 've established expectations about her character -- which Alexis will happily break . '' The role was cast with Nicollette Sheridan in November 2017 , and she first appeared in episode 16 in March 2018 . The setting was also moved from Denver to Atlanta , in part because of Atlanta 's diversity . Schwartz called the city `` a realistic location of this family to be based out of '' , noting that the Shapiros had arbitrarily picked Denver for the original series and were not creatively attached to it . Patrick said that Atlanta is `` a super diverse population and a great mixture -- where there 's conflict between old money and new money . '' Kelley said , `` This modern version represents a more current picture of what 's happening in America . The diversity of the cast really represents that . '' In the update , chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Also , Cristal 's Venezuelan origins will allow the show to explore the current geopolitics of that country . Patrick said that episode seven , `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' , `` brings to a head so many of the stories that we 've been slowly building . It hits the tone of the show perfectly . '' She added : We loved the original Dynasty -- the camp and the big , surprising soapy twists . We also felt very strongly that we needed to earn those . It would have been hard to come out of the gate with an episode like this . You have to be with the characters long enough to start caring about them . We 're cranking up the crazy moving forward . The episode titles are lines of dialogue from the original series . In addition to reworked characters and plotlines , the reboot contains multiple visual homages to the 1980s series , including props and wardrobe . The pilot was filmed in Atlanta . On May 10 , 2017 , the Dynasty reboot received a series order at The CW . A preview trailer was released on May 18 , 2017 . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . Sheridan 's casting was a key factor in the decision to give Dynasty a back nine order of episodes after the initial 13 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season . Casting ( edit ) Nathalie Kelley was cast as Cristal in January 2017 , followed by Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon , Sam Adegoke as playboy Jeff Colby , and Robert Christopher Riley as Blake 's chauffeur Michael Culhane in February . Next cast were Grant Show as Fallon 's father Blake Carrington , and Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , a gay male version of the original series ' Sammy Jo Carrington , in March . The remaining main cast members are James Mackay as Fallon 's gay brother Steven , and Alan Dale as Carrington majordomo Anders , Additional recurring performers include Nick Wechsler as Cristal 's ex-lover Matthew Blaisdel , Brianna Brown as Matthew 's wife Claudia , and Wakeema Hollis as Jeff 's sister Monica Colby . In November 2017 , Nicollette Sheridan was cast in the role of Blake 's ex-wife Alexis Carrington . Other guest stars include Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother , Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's estranged father , and Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father . Music ( edit ) The pilot includes a flashback of a young Steven playing the original Dynasty theme by Bill Conti on piano . An updated , 15 - second version debuted as an opening credits sequence in the 1980s - themed third episode , `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' , but is only used in some episodes . Composer Paul Leonard - Morgan worked with Troy Nõka to get `` an ' 80s - rock vibe '' for the song , to match Leonard - Morgan 's soundtrack for the series . The new theme was recorded with an orchestra at Capitol Records in Hollywood , featuring Los Angeles Philharmonic lead trumpet player Tom Hooten . Broadcast ( edit ) Dynasty premiered on The CW in the United States on Wednesday , October 11 , 2017 , with the season 2 premiere of Riverdale as its lead - in . Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Dynasty , making it available as an original series on the platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast . The series moved to Fridays starting with the fourteenth episode . Leslie Moonves , the head of CBS Corporation , said in 2017 , `` We own 100 percent of ( Dynasty ) , and we 've already licensed it to Netflix in 188 countries ... So this means Dynasty is profitable before it even hits the air . '' The CW 's president Mark Pedowitz said in January 2018 , `` I 'm disappointed in the ratings , I wanted it to do more , but I 'm happy with the production values that Josh , Steph and Sallie are doing . There are changes coming , I 'm thrilled to have Nicollette ( Sheridan ) ... I 'm looking forward to Nicollette and Liz ( Gillies ) really going at it as a mother - daughter situation , and I think that will add some juice to the show . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( episodes 1 - 13 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( episodes 14 - 22 ) 22 October 11 , 2017 1.26 May 11 , 2018 TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 53 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.59 / 10 based on 40 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Dynasty 's revival retains enough of its predecessor 's over-the - top allure to offer a glamorous guilty pleasure in its first season , even if it never quite recaptures the magic of the original . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Chris Harnick of E ! Online called the pilot `` soapy and fun '' , adding that the series is `` a worthy heir to the original show and Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage 's previous offering Gossip Girl and The O.C. '' . Adweek called the pilot inferior to Gossip Girl and the original Dynasty , but suggested that its pairing with Riverdale `` could provide audiences a guilty - pleasure double - feature '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! Online dubbed Kelley `` this season 's breakout star '' , with Gillies `` hot on her Louboutin heels '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Dynasty Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Fall TV First Impression : Dynasty '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showatch : Dynasty '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` At First Sight '' . Emmy . Vol. 39 no . 7 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Hanh ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : 4 Ways CW 's Reboot Has Updated the Series to Be More Inclusive and Tolerant '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist adjust up , Dynasty adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , Goldbergs , SEAL Team adjust up , Criminal Minds adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Blacklist and Designated Survivor adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist , Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , SVU , CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Goldbergs adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Empire adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , SVU and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor and Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , X-Files and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Match Game adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race adjusts up , The Blacklist adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods , Agents of SHIELD , Taken , Confronting Putin adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and Dynasty adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 119 ) `` Use or Be Used '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 120 ) A Line from the Past '' . The Futon Critic. April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 121 ) Trashy Little Tramp '' . The Futon Critic. April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - dynasty on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; O'Connell , Michael ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot in the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Set At the CW With Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Ways CW 's Dynasty Reboot Will Be Different From the Original '' . Variety . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dynasty Aims To Be The Sexiest , Most Progressive Primetime Soap Ever '' . IndieWire . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Massbrook , Nicole ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Star Rafael De La Fuente Says Sammy Joe Is Still ' Naughty ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty first look : Nicollette Sheridan makes her entrance as Alexis Carrington '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Nicollette Sheridan Steps Into Joan Collins ' Shoes for CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Casts Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Boss On Supernatural 's Future & Possible Spinoff , Dynasty Tweaks , Valor 's Fate & Sabrina 's Move To Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Boss Breaks Down Claudia 's Reveal , the Show 's New Direction : ' We 're Cranking Up the Crazy ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner reveals the Alexis Carrington cameo you might 've missed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner takes you behind the scenes of that drama - filled gala '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Sallie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner shares secrets from ' Company Slut ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Newest TV shows shooting in Atlanta : 3000 Lb Family , Dynasty pilot , Queer Eye for the Straight Guy revival '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot , Military Drama Valor Land Series Orders at CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emma ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Everything we know about the Dynasty remake '' . BBC . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Picked Up To Series At the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Trailer : First Look At The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Previews Their Steamy Reboot Series '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Gets Full - Season Pickup From the CW , No Back Order For Valor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , Flash , Supernatural Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Nathalie Kelley Cast As Lead In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Dynasty Reboot Casts Its Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Elizabeth Gillies Joins The CW 's Dynasty Reboot ; William Miller Cast In Searchers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Sam Adegoke To Star In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Reboot Casts Robert Christopher Riley ; Valor Adds Charlie Barnett '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Grant Show To Star As Blake Carrington In The CW Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Empire Star Cast as Hispanic , Gay Male Version of Dynasty 's Sammy Jo '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Rafael de la Fuente Joins The CW Pilot ; W. Tré Davis In Valor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Cassie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ready for a catfight ? The CW to air modern - day Dynasty revival '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` The O.C. Alum Alan Dale Joins CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer For The CW 's Dynasty -- Nick Wechsler '' . Crashdown.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Dynasty Pilot : Devious Maids ' Brianna Brown Guest - Stars as Claudia '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` General Hospital 's Rick Hearst to Appear on Dynasty ! '' . ABC Soaps in Depth . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Rick Hearst Announces Dynasty Reboot Role on the CW '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty Episode Description : ' Rotten Things ' '' . The CW Press . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Hakeem Kae - Kazim to Play Cesil Colby in Dynasty '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Maria Elena ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Opening Credits for the CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For Dynasty & Valor And Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Netflix To Distribute The CW Reboot Internationally Via Deal With CBS Studios Int'l '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 114 ) `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cancel Bear vs. The CW , week 3 : Dynasty 's slow start wo n't matter '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - dynasty on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty ( 2017 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid - Fire Reviews : All Hail Dynasty 's Soapy Return on The CW ! '' . E ! News . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Could Help The CW Improve Its Batting Average This Fall '' . Adweek . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dynasty on IMDb Dynasty Characters Blake Carrington Krystle Carrington Fallon Carrington Colby Steven Carrington Jeff Colby Claudia Blaisdel Carrington Alexis Colby Sammy Jo Carrington Adam Carrington Kirby Anders Dex Dexter Dominique Deveraux Amanda Carrington 1981 characters 2017 characters Carrington family Related topics Episodes Dynasty : The Reunion The Colbys Episodes Dynasty : The Making of a Guilty Pleasure Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A. Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Life Sentence ( since 2018 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynasty_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=836800736 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American television soap operas The CW shows Dynasty ( TV series ) English - language television programs Gay - related television programs LGBT - related drama television series Media portrayals of the upper class Serial drama television series Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series reboots Television shows filmed in Atlanta Television shows set in Atlanta Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 22 : 50 . 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when is a new episode of dynasty coming out
[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n1\n\"I Hardly Recognized You\"\nBrad Silberling\nSallie Patrick, Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage\nOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)\n1.26[5]\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Spit It Out\"\nMichael A. Allowitz\nSallie Patrick\nOctober 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)\n0.92[6]\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Guilt is for Insecure People\"\nKellie Cyrus\nAli Adler\nOctober 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)\n0.72[7]\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Private as a Circus\"\nKevin Sullivan\nJenna Richman\nNovember 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)\n0.74[8]\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Company Slut\"\nCherie Nowlan\nChristopher Fife\nNovember 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)\n0.72[9]\n\n\n6\n6\n\"I Exist Only for Me\"\nLee Rose\nKevin Garnett\nNovember 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)\n0.64[10]\n\n\n7\n7\n\"A Taste of Your Own Medicine\"\nMatt Earl Beesley\nJay Gibson\nNovember 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)\n0.64[11]\n\n\n8\n8\n\"The Best Things in Life\"\nPascal Verschooris\nFrancisca X. Hu\nDecember 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)\n0.64[12]\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Rotten Things\"\nBrad Silberling\nPaula Sabbaga\nDecember 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)\n0.69[13]\n\n\n10\n10\n\"A Well-Dressed Tarantula\"\nKenny Leon\nAdele Lim\nJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)\n0.63[14]\n\n\n11\n11\n\"I Answer to No Man\"\nSteven A. Adelson\nGladys Rodriguez\nJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)\n0.56[15]\n\n\n12\n12\n\"Promises You Can't Keep\"\nMatt Earl Beesley\nJenna Richman\nJanuary 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)\n0.65[16]\n\n\n13\n13\n\"Nothing But Trouble\"\nMatt Earl Beesley\nJenna Richman\nFebruary 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)\n0.65[17]\n\n\n14\n14\n\"The Gospel According to Blake Carrington\"\nDawn Wilkinson\nFrancisca X. Hu & Paula Sabbaga\nMarch 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)\n0.64[18]\n\n\n15\n15\n\"Our Turn Now\"\nMatt Earl Beesley\nLibby Wells\nMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)\n0.60[19]\n\n\n16\n16\n\"Poor Little Rich Girl\"\nKenny Leon\nJenna Richman & Ali Adler\nMarch 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)\n0.63[20]\n\n\n17\n17\n\"Enter Alexis\"\nJeffrey W. Byrd\nSallie Patrick & Christopher Fife\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n0.69[21]\n\n\n18\n18\n\"Don't Con a Con Artist\"\nCarl Seaton\nKevin A. Garnett & Paula Sabbaga\nApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)\n0.71[22]\n\n\n19\n19\n\"Use or Be Used\"[23]\nViet Nguyen\nJake Coburn & Jay Gibson\nApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)\nTBD\n\n\n20\n20\n\"A Line from the Past\"[24]\nPascal Verschooris\nJenna Richman & Francisca X. Hu\nApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)\nTBD\n\n\n21\n21\n\"Trashy Little Tramp\"[25]\nBrandi Bradburn\nChristopher Fife & Kevin A. Garnett\nMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)\nTBD\n\n\n22\n22\n[26]\nMichael A. Allowitz\nSallie Patrick & Libby Wells\nMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)\nTBD\n\n" ]
[ "April 27, 2018" ]
8719170665964951335
2017–18 Indian Super League season
2017 -- 18 Indian Super League season - Wikipedia 2017 -- 18 Indian Super League season Jump to : navigation , search Indian Super League Season 2017 -- 18 Champions Chennaiyin AFC Cup Chennaiyin Matches played 95 Goals scored 261 ( 2.75 per match ) Top goalscorer Coro ( 18 goals ) Best goalkeeper Subrata Pal ( 102.74 minutes per goal ) Biggest home win Pune City 5 -- 0 NorthEast United ( 30 December 2017 ) Biggest away win Delhi Dynamos 1 -- 5 Goa ( 16 December 2017 ) Pune City 0 -- 4 Goa ( 25 February 2018 ) Highest scoring Goa 4 -- 3 Bengaluru ( 30 November 2017 ) Goa 5 -- 2 Kerala Blasters ( 9 December 2017 ) Goa 3 -- 4 Mumbai City ( 28 January 2018 ) Delhi Dynamos 4 -- 3 ATK ( 24 February 2018 ) Longest winning run Bengaluru ( 5 games ) Longest unbeaten run Bengaluru ( 10 games ) Longest winless run Delhi Dynamos ATK ( 8 games ) Longest losing run Delhi Dynamos ( 6 games ) Highest attendance 37,986 Kerala Blasters 1 -- 3 Bengaluru ( 31 December 2017 ) Lowest attendance 1,121 NorthEast United 0 -- 1 Kerala Blasters ( 17 February 2018 ) Total attendance 1,399,409 Average attendance 15,047 ← 2016 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 Indian Super League season was the fourth season of the Indian Super League , one of the top Indian professional football leagues , since its establishment in 2013 . The regular season started on 17 November 2017 and ended on 4 March 2018 , The finals began on 7 March 2018 , concluding with the final on 17 March 2018 . ATK were the defending champions from the 2016 season , however they could not advance to the playoffs . Chennaiyin won their second Indian Super League title by defeating Bengaluru 3 -- 2 in the final . Two new sides joined the league as expansion teams : Bengaluru and Jamshedpur . The two new clubs are the ninth and tenth teams in the league . This made it the first edition of the ISL in which there are more than eight teams participating . As well as expanding two teams , the league also expanded two more months , being played in five months instead of three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 Stadiums and locations 1.1. 1 Expansion 1.2 Personnel and sponsorship 1.3 Head coaching changes 1.4 Roster changes 1.5 Overseas players 2 League table 2.1 Results 3 Finals 3.1 Bracket 3.2 Semi-finals 3.3 Final 4 Season statistics 4.1 Scoring 4.1. 1 Top scorers 4.1. 2 Top Indian scorers 4.1. 3 Hat - tricks 4.2 Discipline 4.3 Cleansheets 5 Average home attendances 6 Awards 6.1 Hero of the Match 6.2 Emerging Player of the Match 6.3 Fans ' Player of the Month 6.4 Fans ' Team of the Season 6.5 End of season awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Teams ( edit ) ATK Bengaluru Chennaiyin Goa Jamshedpur Mumbai City Pune City NorthEast United Delhi Dynamos Kerala Blasters Locations of the Indian Super League teams Stadiums and locations ( edit ) Team City / State Stadium Capacity ATK Kolkata , West Bengal Salt Lake Stadium 7004680120000000000 ♠ 68,012 Bengaluru Bengaluru , Karnataka Sree Kanteerava Stadium 7004258100000000000 ♠ 25,810 Chennaiyin Chennai , Tamil Nadu Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 7004196910000000000 ♠ 19,691 Delhi Dynamos Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 7004320000000000000 ♠ 32,000 Goa Margao , Goa Fatorda Stadium 7004186000000000000 ♠ 18,600 Jamshedpur Jamshedpur , Jharkhand JRD Tata Sports Complex 7004244240000000000 ♠ 24,424 Kerala Blasters Kochi , Kerala Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 7004380860000000000 ♠ 38,086 Mumbai City Mumbai , Maharashtra Mumbai Football Arena 7003930000000000000 ♠ 9,300 NorthEast United Guwahati , Assam Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium 7004236270000000000 ♠ 23,627 Pune City Pune , Maharashtra Balewadi Stadium 7004102370000000000 ♠ 10,237 Expansion ( edit ) On 11 May 2017 , it was announced by the Indian Super League organizers , Football Sports Development , that they would be inviting bids for new teams to join the league for the upcoming season . The bids would be for ten cities , namely Ahmedabad , Bengaluru , Cuttack , Durgapur , Hyderabad , Jamshedpur , Kolkata , Ranchi , Siliguri and Thiruvananthapuram . It was also clarified that if Kolkata were to win at least one bid for a team , the new `` Kolkata '' side would have to play away from the city for two seasons . On 25 May 2017 , it was announced that bidding for new teams had ended and that the league 's appointed external validator would look over the bids . It was also announced that Bengaluru , the two - time champion of the I - League , India 's top - tier professional football league , had submitted a bid . Two weeks later , on 12 June , it was officially announced that Bengaluru ( for Bangalore ) and Tata Group ( for Jamshedpur ) had won the bids for the new teams . Personnel and sponsorship ( edit ) Team Head coach Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor ATK Robbie Keane ( Player Manager ) Nivia CESC Limited Bengaluru Albert Roca Puma JSW Chennaiyin John Gregory Performax Apollo Tyres Delhi Dynamos Miguel Ángel Portugal T10 Sports Kent RO Systems Goa Sergio Lobera None Deltin Jamshedpur Steve Coppell Nivia Tata Kerala Blasters David James Admiral Muthoot Pappachan Mumbai City Alexandre Guimarães T10 Sports Ace Group NorthEast United Avram Grant Performax McDowell 's No. 1 Pune City Ranko Popović Adidas Suzuki Gixxer Head coaching changes ( edit ) Team Outgoing coach Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming coach Date of appointment Goa Zico ! Zico Contract finished 18 December 2016 Pre-season Lobera , Sergio ! Sergio Lobera 6 June 2017 Delhi Dynamos Zambrotta , Gianluca ! Gianluca Zambrotta Mutual consent 14 June 2017 Ángel Portugal , Miguel ! Miguel Ángel Portugal 29 June 2017 Chennaiyin Materazzi , Marco ! Marco Materazzi Mutual consent 6 March 2017 Gregory , John ! John Gregory 3 July 2017 Jamshedpur Expansion club Coppell , Steve ! Steve Coppell 14 July 2017 Kerala Blasters Coppell , Steve ! Steve Coppell Mutual consent 12 July 2017 Meulensteen , Rene ! René Meulensteen 14 July 2017 ATK Molina , José Francisco ! José Francisco Molina 18 December 2016 Sheringham , Teddy ! Teddy Sheringham 14 July 2017 NorthEast United Vingada , Nelo ! Nelo Vingada 15 May 2017 Carlos Pires de Deus , João ! João de Deus 17 July 2017 Pune City López Habas , Antonio ! Antonio López Habas 15 September 2017 Popović , Ranko ! Ranko Popović 25 September 2017 Kerala Blasters Meulensteen , Rene ! René Meulensteen Sacked 3 January 2018 8th David James 3 January 2018 NorthEast United João de Deus 3 January 2018 9th Avram Grant 12 January 2018 ATK Sheringham , Teddy ! Teddy Sheringham 24 January 2018 8th Westwood , Ashley ! Ashley Westwood ( Interim ) 24 January 2018 ATK Westwood , Ashley ! Ashley Westwood Resignation 2 March 2018 9th Keane , Robbie ! Robbie Keane ( Player Manager ) 3 March 2018 Roster changes ( edit ) Main articles : List of 2017 -- 18 Indian Super League season roster changes and 2017 -- 18 ISL Players Draft Overseas players ( edit ) Unlike during the first three seasons of the Indian Super League , the 2017 -- 18 season saw the maximum number of foreign players per team reduced to eight from 11 . Also unlike the previous three seasons , the maximum number of foreigners allowed on the pitch at the same time was reduced to five from six . ATK ( 8 ) Bengaluru ( 8 ) Chennaiyin ( 8 ) Delhi Dynamos ( 8 ) Goa ( 8 ) Robbie Keane Zequinha Conor Thomas Jordi Figueras Tom Thorpe Ryan Taylor Martin Paterson Sibongakonke Mbatha John Johnson Juanan Erik Paartalu Dimas Toni Dovale Miku Daniel Segovia Víctor Pérez Iñigo Calderón Raphael Augusto Rene Mihelič Jaime Gavilán Jude Nworuh Gregory Nelson Henrique Sereno Maílson Alves Paulinho Dias Matías Mirabaje Gabriel Cichero Kalu Uche Manuel Arana Edu Moya Jeroen Lumu Xabi Irureta Bruno Pinheiro Hugo Boumous Coro Ahmed Jahouh Chechi Manuel Lanzarote Edu Bedia Mark Sifneos Jamshedpur ( 8 ) Kerala Blasters ( 8 ) Mumbai City ( 8 ) NorthEast United ( 8 ) Pune City ( 8 ) Tiri Sameehg Doutie Memo Kervens Belfort Andre Bikey Matheus Gonçalves Izu Azuka Wellington Priori Iain Hume Courage Pekuson Nemanja Lakić - Pešić Wes Brown Paul Rachubka Dimitar Berbatov Guðjón Baldvinsson Pulga Lucian Goian Gerson Vieira Éverton Santos Rafa Jordà Léo Costa Márcio Rosário Achille Emaná Thiago Santos Marcinho José Gonçalves Sambinha Martín Díaz Danilo Hélio Pinto Maic Sema John Mosquera Emiliano Alfaro Marcos Tébar Marcelinho Rafa Jonatan Lucca Diego Carlos Marko Stanković Lolo League table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Bengaluru 18 13 35 16 + 19 40 Qualification for the semifinals Chennaiyin ( C ) 18 9 5 24 19 + 5 32 Goa 18 9 6 42 28 + 14 30 Pune City 18 9 6 30 21 + 9 30 5 Jamshedpur 18 7 5 6 16 18 − 2 26 6 Kerala Blasters 18 6 7 5 20 22 − 2 25 7 Mumbai City 18 7 9 25 29 − 4 23 8 Delhi Dynamos 18 5 9 27 37 − 10 19 9 ATK 18 10 16 30 − 14 16 10 NorthEast United 18 13 12 27 − 15 11 Source : Indian Super League Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head goals scored ; 5 ) goal difference ; 5 ) number of goals scored ; 6 ) fair play ranking ; 6 ) drawing of lots ( C ) Champion . Notes : Jump up ^ Qualified for 2019 AFC Cup qualifier Results ( edit ) Home \ Away KOL BEN CHE DEL GOA JAM KER MUM NEU PUN ATK -- 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 4 Bengaluru 1 -- 0 -- 1 -- 2 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 Chennaiyin 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 -- 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 Delhi Dynamos 4 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 5 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 5 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 Goa 5 -- 1 4 -- 3 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 5 -- 2 3 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 Jamshedpur 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 3 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 Kerala Blasters 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 Mumbai City 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 -- 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 NorthEast United 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 -- 0 -- 1 Pune City 3 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 4 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 5 -- 0 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 4 March 2018 . Source : Indian Super League Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Indian Super League finals Bracket ( edit ) Semi-finals Final Bengaluru 0 Pune City 0 Bengaluru Chennaiyin Chennaiyin Goa 0 Semi-finals ( edit ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Pune City 1 -- 3 Bengaluru 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 Goa 1 -- 4 Chennaiyin 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Indian Super League Final 17 March 2018 20 : 00 IST Bengaluru 2 -- 3 Chennaiyin Chhetri 9 ' Miku 90 + 2 ' Report Alves 17 ' , 45 ' Augusto 67 ' Sree Kanteerava Stadium , Bangalore Attendance : 25,753 Referee : Ali Abdulnabi Season statistics ( edit ) Scoring ( edit ) Top scorers ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Coro Goa 18 Miku Bengaluru 15 Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru 14 Kalu Uche Delhi Dynamos 13 Manuel Lanzarote Goa 6 Emiliano Alfaro Pune City 9 Jeje Lalpekhlua Chennaiyin 8 Marcelinho Pune City 8 9 Balwant Singh Mumbai City 6 Éverton Santos Mumbai City Robbie Keane ATK Source : Top Indian scorers ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru 14 Jeje Lalpekhlua Chennaiyin 9 Balwant Singh Mumbai City 6 Adil Khan Pune City Seiminlen Doungel NorthEast United C.K. Vineeth Kerala Blasters 7 Lallianzuala Chhangte Delhi Dynamos 8 Rohit Kumar Pune City Jackichand Singh Kerala Blasters Mandar Rao Desai Goa Bipin Singh ATK Mohammed Rafi Chennaiyin Anirudh Thapa Chennaiyin Dhanpal Ganesh Chennaiyin Source : Hat - tricks ( edit ) See also : List of Indian Super League hat - tricks Player For Against Result Date Ref Coro Goa Bengaluru 4 -- 3 ( H ) 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2017 Coro Goa Kerala Blasters 5 -- 2 ( H ) 000000002017 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2017 Marcelinho Pune City NorthEast United 5 -- 0 ( H ) 000000002017 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2017 Iain Hume Kerala Blasters Delhi Dynamos 3 -- 1 ( A ) 000000002018 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2018 Seiminlen Doungel NorthEast United Chennaiyin 3 -- 1 ( H ) 000000002018 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2018 Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru Pune City 3 -- 1 ( H ) 000000002018 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2018 Discipline ( edit ) Most yellow cards ( club ) : 47 Chennaiyin Most red cards ( club ) : 4 Delhi Dynamos Most yellow cards ( player ) : 9 Dhanpal Ganesh ( Chennaiyin ) Most red cards ( player ) : 2 Pratik Chowdhary ( Delhi Dynamos ) Cleansheets ( edit ) Rank Player Club Clean sheets Subrata Pal Jamshedpur 7 Gurpreet Singh Sandhu Bengaluru Karanjit Singh Chennaiyin Vishal Kaith Pune City 5 Paul Rachubka Kerala Blasters 5 6 Debjit Majumder ATK 7 Rehenesh TP NorthEast United 8 Amrinder Singh Mumbai City Naveen Kumar Goa Source : Average home attendances ( edit ) See also : Indian Super League attendance Team GP Cumulative High Low Mean Kerala Blasters 9 285,870 37,986 16,796 31,763 Jamshedpur 9 192,367 24,212 8,178 21,374 Bengaluru 11 209,584 25,753 12,564 19,053 Goa 10 176,038 18,600 16,221 17,604 Chennaiyin 10 155,377 19,013 12,499 15,538 ATK 9 114,021 32,816 3,165 12,669 Pune City 10 87,111 9,968 6,612 8,711 NorthEast United 8 65,736 21,151 1,121 8,217 Delhi Dynamos 8 55,086 11,453 2,332 6,886 Mumbai City 9 58,039 8,597 4,222 6,449 Total 93 1,399,409 37,986 1,121 15,047 Source : Awards ( edit ) Source : Indian Super League website Hero of the Match ( edit ) Match Hero of the Match Match Hero of the Match Match Hero of the Match Player Club Player Club Player Club Match 1 Nemanja Lakić - Pešić Kerala Blasters Match 33 Jeje Lalpekhlua Chennaiyin Match 65 Dimas Delgado Bengaluru Match 2 Marcinho NorthEast United Match 34 Éverton Santos Mumbai City Match 66 Adil Khan Pune City Match 3 Manuel Lanzarote Goa Match 35 Marcelinho Pune City Match 67 Ryan Taylor ATK Match 4 Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru Match 36 Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru Match 68 Dimas Delgado Bengaluru Match 5 Lallianzuala Chhangte Delhi Dynamos Match 37 Edu Bedia Goa Match 69 Wellington Priori Jamshedpur Match 6 Raphael Augusto Chennaiyin Match 38 Mark Sifneos Kerala Blasters Match 70 Marcos Tébar Pune City Match 7 Mehtab Hossain Jamshedpur Match 39 Izu Azuka Jamshedpur Match 71 Maílson Alves Chennaiyin Match 8 Éverton Santos Mumbai City Match 40 Marcinho Northeast United Match 72 Kalu Uche Delhi Dynamos Match 9 Marcelinho Pune City Match 41 Jeje Lalpekhlua Chennaiyin Match 73 Maílson Alves Chennaiyin Match 10 Erik Paartalu Bengaluru Match 42 Juanan Bengaluru Match 74 Miku Bengaluru Match 11 Gerson Vieira Mumbai City Match 43 Iain Hume Kerala Blasters Match 75 Wes Brown Kerala Blasters Match 12 Coro Goa Match 44 Bruno Pinheiro Goa Match 76 Wellington Priori Jamshedpur Match 13 Memo Jamshedpur Match 45 Zequinha ATK Match 77 Márcio Rosário Mumbai City Match 14 Halicharan Narzary NorthEast United Match 46 Maílson Alves Chennaiyin Match 78 Kalu Uche Delhi Dynamos Match 15 Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 47 Lallianzuala Chhangte Delhi Dynamos Match 79 Éverton Santos Mumbai City Match 16 Balwant Singh Mumbai City Match 48 Iain Hume Kerala Blasters Match 80 Karanjit Singh Chennaiyin Match 17 André Bikey Jamshedpur Match 49 Memo Jamshedpur Match 81 Kalu Uche Delhi Dynamos Match 18 Jeje Lalpekhlua Chennaiyin Match 50 Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru Match 82 Coro Goa Match 19 Miku Bengaluru Match 51 Seiminlen Doungel NorthEast United Match 83 Gurpreet Singh Sandhu Bengaluru Match 20 Coro Goa Match 52 Diego Carlos Pune City Match 84 Matías Mirabaje Delhi Dynamos Match 21 Marcos Tébar Pune City Match 53 Wellington Priori Jamshedpur Match 85 Manuel Lanzarote Goa Match 22 Achille Emaná Mumbai City Match 54 Edu Bedia Goa Match 86 Miku Bengaluru Match 23 Miku Bengaluru Match 55 Emiliano Alfaro Pune City Match 87 Kalu Uche Delhi Dynamos Match 24 Wes Brown Kerala Blasters Match 56 Anirudh Thapa Chennaiyin Match 88 Jaime Gavilán Chennaiyin Match 25 Arana Goa Match 57 Juanan Bengaluru Match 89 Coro Goa Match 26 Maílson Alves Chennaiyin Match 58 Deependra Singh Negi Kerala Blasters Match 90 Robbie Keane ATK Match 27 Zequinha ATK Match 59 Thiago Santos Mumbai City Match 91 ( SF ) Marko Stanković Pune City Match 28 Gerson Vieira Mumbai City Match 60 Matheus Gonçalves Jamshedpur Match 92 ( SF ) Gregory Nelson Chennaiyin Match 29 Miku Bengaluru Match 61 Subrata Pal Jamshedpur Match 93 ( SF ) Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru Match 30 Karanjit Singh Chennaiyin Match 62 Marcelinho Pune City Match 94 ( SF ) Maílson Alves Chennaiyin Match 31 Adil Khan Pune City Match 63 Gurpreet Singh Sandhu Bengaluru Match 95 ( F ) Maílson Alves Chennaiyin Match 32 Robbie Keane ATK Match 64 Coro Goa Emerging Player of the Match ( edit ) Match Emerging Player of the Match Match Emerging Player of the Match Match Emerging Player of the Match Player Club Player Club Player Club Match 1 Hitesh Sharma ATK Match 33 Jerry Mawihmingthanga Jamshedpur Match 65 Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 2 Hakku Nediyodath NorthEast United Match 34 Nanda Kumar Delhi Dynamos Match 66 Seminlen Doungel NorthEast United Match 3 Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 35 Ashique Kuruniyan Pune City Match 67 Bipin Singh ATK Match 4 Abhinas Ruidas Mumbai City Match 36 Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Match 68 Nishu Kumar Bengaluru Match 5 Sarthak Golui Pune City Match 37 Brandon Fernandes Goa Match 69 Seminlen Doungel NorthEast United Match 6 Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 38 Ashique Kuruniyan Pune City Match 70 Sahil Panwar Pune City Match 7 Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Match 39 Jerry Mawihmingthanga Jamshedpur Match 71 Lallianzuala Chhangte Delhi Dynamos Match 8 Abhinas Ruidas Mumbai City Match 40 Seminlen Doungel NorthEast United Match 72 Seiminlen Doungel NorthEast United Match 9 Bipin Singh ATK Match 41 Nanda Kumar Delhi Dynamos Match 73 Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 10 Vinit Rai Delhi Dynamos Match 42 Subhasish Bose Bengaluru Match 74 Sarthak Golui Pune City Match 11 Kamaljit Singh Pune City Match 43 Lallianzuala Chhangte Delhi Dynamos Match 75 Gursimrat Singh NorthEast United Match 12 Mohamed Ali Goa Match 44 Brandon Fernandes Goa Match 76 Farukh Choudhary Jamshedpur Match 13 Jerry Mawihmingthanga Jamshedpur Match 45 Prabir Das ATK Match 77 Bipin Singh ATK Match 14 Lallianzuala Chhangte Delhi Dynamos Match 46 Ashique Kuruniyan Pune City Match 78 Mohammad Sajid Dhot Delhi Dynamos Match 15 Dhanpal Ganesh Chennaiyin Match 47 Nanda Kumar Delhi Dynamos Match 79 Gursimrat Singh NorthEast United Match 16 Davinder Singh Mumbai City Match 48 Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Match 80 Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Match 17 Albino Gomes Delhi Dynamos Match 49 Jerry Mawihmingthanga Jamshedpur Match 81 Lallianzuala Chhangte Delhi Dynamos Match 18 Bipin Singh ATK Match 50 Udanta Singh Bengaluru Match 82 Mohamed Ali Goa Match 19 Lalthuammawia Ralte Bengaluru Match 51 Anirudh Thapa Chennaiyin Match 83 Subhasish Bose Bengaluru Match 20 Brandon Fernandes Goa Match 52 Sahil Panwar Pune City Match 84 Nanda Kumar Delhi Dynamos Match 21 Souvik Chakrabarti Jamshedpur Match 53 Nanda Kumar Delhi Dynamos Match 85 Seriton Fernandes Goa Match 22 Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 54 Brandon Fernandes Goa Match 86 Nishu Kumar Bengaluru Match 23 Isaac Vanmalsawma Pune City Match 55 Farukh Choudhary Jamshedpur Match 87 Isaac Vanmalsawma Pune City Match 24 Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Match 56 Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 88 Germanpreet Singh Chennaiyin Match 25 Narayan Das Goa Match 57 Seiminlen Doungel NorthEast United Match 89 Chinglensana Singh Goa Match 26 Nishu Kumar Bengaluru Match 58 Munmun Lugun Delhi Dynamos Match 90 Halicharan Narzary NorthEast United Match 27 Debjit Majumder ATK Match 59 Brandon Fernandes Goa Match 91 ( SF ) Vishal Kaith Pune City Match 28 Davinder Singh Mumbai City Match 60 Jerry Mawihmingthanga Jamshedpur Match 92 ( SF ) Anirudh Thapa Chennaiyin Match 29 Subhasish Bose Bengaluru Match 61 Farukh Choudhary Jamshedpur Match 93 ( SF ) Isaac Vanmalsawma Pune City Match 30 Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Match 62 Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Match 94 ( SF ) Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 31 Vishal Kaith Pune City Match 63 Subhasish Bose Bengaluru Match 95 ( F ) Jerry Lalrinzuala Chennaiyin Match 32 Hitesh Sharma ATK Match 64 Seiminlen Doungel NorthEast United Fans ' Player of the Month ( edit ) Month Player of the Month Reference Player Club November Paul Rachubka Kerala Blasters December Jeje Lalpekhlua Chennaiyin January Iain Hume Kerala Blasters February Maílson Alves Chennaiyin Fans ' Team of the Season ( edit ) Position Player Club GK Gurpreet Singh Sandhu Bengaluru DF Sandesh Jhingan Kerala Blasters DF Lucian Goian Mumbai City DF Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters DF Tiri Jamshedpur MF Manuel Lanzarote Goa MF Raphael Augusto Chennaiyin MF Wellington Priori Jamshedpur FW Coro Goa FW Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru FW Miku Bengaluru End of season awards ( edit ) Award Player Club Hero of the League Sunil Chhetri Bengaluru Emerging Player of the League Lalruatthara Kerala Blasters Golden Glove Subrata Pal Jamshedpur Winning Pass Award Udanta Singh Bengaluru Golden Boot Coro Goa Fittest Player of the League Iñigo Calderón Chennaiyin Best Pitch of the Season Delhi Dynamos See also ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 ATK season 2017 -- 18 Bengaluru FC season 2017 -- 18 Chennaiyin FC season 2017 -- 18 Delhi Dynamos FC season 2017 -- 18 FC Goa season 2017 -- 18 FC Pune City season 2017 -- 18 Jamshedpur FC season 2017 -- 18 Kerala Blasters FC season 2017 -- 18 Mumbai City FC season 2017 -- 18 NorthEast United FC season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot award '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Glove award '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule for new season announced , ATK and Kerala Blasters FC to play first match on 17 November '' . FirstPost. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FSDL announces change in Hero ISL fixtures , Bengaluru to host final '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Football Set For Exponential Growth ; Indian Super League expands to 10 cities with inclusion of Bengaluru & Jamshedpur '' . Indian Super League . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salt Lake Stadium '' . Indian Super League . Jump up ^ `` Kanteerava Stadium '' . Bengaluru FC . Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Chennai '' . ISL . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Delhi '' . ISL . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fatorda Stadium '' . ISL . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JRD Tata Sports Complex , Jamshedpur '' . ISL . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi '' . ISL . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Football Arena '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium '' . ISL . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex '' . ISL . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Super League to invite bids for new teams '' . Times of India . 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bengaluru FC submit bid as ITB submission deadline ends '' . Times of India . 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ISL expanded to 10 teams , Bengaluru FC one of them '' . Times of India . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ATK Nivia and CESC '' . ATK ( Twitter ) . ^ Jump up to : `` New Bengaluru FC Home Kit '' . Bengaluru FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Chennaiyin FC announce Performax as new kit sponsor '' . Chennaiyin FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Chennaiyin FC announce Apollo Tyres as sponsor '' . Chennaiyin FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Dynamos announce T10 Sports as new kit sponsor '' . Delhi Dynamos FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Dynamos Kent '' . Delhi Dynamos FC ( Twitter ) . ^ Jump up to : `` FC Goa Kit '' . FC Goa ( Twitter ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Nivia and Tata sponsor Jamshedpur FC '' . Jamshedpur FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Blasters sponsored by Admiral '' . Kerala Blasters FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Blasters Kit Launch '' . Kerala Blasters FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai City announces T10 Sports as official kit partners '' . Mumbai City FC on Twitter . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai City Photoshoot '' . Mumbai City FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Performax NorthEast United '' . NorthEast United FC ( twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` McDowell 's No. 1 strengthens partnership with NorthEast United '' . NorthEast United FC ( twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Adidas sponsor FC Pune City '' . FC Pune City ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Pune City Suzuki Gixxer '' . FC Pune City ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Lobera Rodriguez replaces Zico as FC Goa 's new head coach '' . Indian Super League . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zambrotta leaves Delhi Dynamos '' . Delhi Dynamos ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Angel Portugal new coach for Delhi Dynamos '' . Delhi Dynamos FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Chennaiyin FC part ways with Materazzi by mutual consent '' . Times of India . 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Gregory joins Chennaiyin '' . Chennaiyin FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Steve Coppell joins Jamshedpur ISL team '' . Tata Steel ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Steve Coppell leaves Kerala Blasters '' . Kerala Blasters FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Rene Meulensteen signs with Kerala Blasters '' . Kerala Blasters FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Sheringham signs for ATK '' . Atletico de Kolkata ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Vingada leaves NorthEast United FC '' . NorthEast United FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Joao Carlos Pires signs with NorthEast United '' . NorthEast United FC ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` FC Pune City and Antonio Habas Part Ways '' . FC Pune City . Jump up ^ `` Ranko Popović signs with Pune City '' . FC Pune City ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Blasters Part Ways With Rene Meulensteen '' . Goal.com. 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David James returns as Kerala Blasters head coach '' . Times of India . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NorthEast United sack coach Joao de Deus Pires , Siddy to take charge '' . Times of India . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avram Grant Head Coach '' . NorthEast United FC ( Twitter ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Teddy Sheringham sacked ; Ashley Westwood replaces as interim '' . ATK ( Twitter ) . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Westwood steps down at ATK ; Robbie Keane - Bastab Roy likely to take charge '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Keane will be the Player Manager for tomorrow 's game '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Super League : Holders Atletico De Kolkata Play Runner - Up Kerala Blasters In Opener '' . NDTV Sports . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goals '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goa 3 -- 4 Bengaluru '' . Soccerway. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goa 5 -- 2 Kerala Blasters '' . Soccerway. 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pune City 5 -- 0 NorthEast United '' . Soccerway. 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Dynamos 1 -- 3 Kerala Blasters '' . 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NorthEast United 3 -- 1 Chennaiyin '' . Soccerway . Jump up ^ `` Bengaluru 3 -- 1 Pune '' . Soccerway . Jump up ^ `` Disciplinary '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club Stats '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Sheets '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attendance '' . worldfootball.net . Jump up ^ `` The official Website of the Hero Indian Super League Fans ' Player of the Month , Social & more '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official Website of the Hero Indian Super League Fans ' Player of the Month , Social & more www.indiansuperleague.com '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` the official website of the hero Indian Super League Fans ' Player of the Month , Social & more '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` the official website of the hero Indian Super League Fans ' Player of the Month , Social & more '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fans ' Team of the Season for Hero ISL 2017 - 18 '' . Indian Super League . External links ( edit ) Official website Indian Super League Seasons 2014 2015 2016 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 2014 2015 2016 2017 -- 18 Final 2014 2015 2016 2018 Player drafts 2014 ( domestic ) 2014 ( international ) 2015 ( domestic ) 2017 -- 18 ( domestic ) Teams ATK Bengaluru Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City Awards Indian Super League Golden Boot Indian Super League Golden Glove Other related articles Stadiums Seasons Marquees Owners Attendance Foreign players Coaches Hat - tricks Winners 2014 : Atlético de Kolkata 2015 : Chennaiyin 2016 : Atlético de Kolkata 2017 -- 18 : Chennaiyin 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - 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offs Group stage Knockout stage Final AFC Cup Qualifying play - offs Group stage Knockout stage Final National team competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification 2018 AFC U-23 Championship 2018 AFC Futsal Championship 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup 2018 AFC U-19 Championship 2018 AFC U-16 Championship 2018 AFF Championship 2018 SAFF Championship 23rd Arabian Gulf Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_Indian_Super_League_season&oldid = 843646274 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 Indian Super League season Indian Super League seasons 2017 -- 18 in Indian football leagues 2017 -- 18 in Asian association football leagues Current association football seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use Indian English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 19 . 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who won the final match of isl 2018
[ "The 2017–18 Indian Super League season was the fourth season of the Indian Super League, one of the top Indian professional football leagues, since its establishment in 2013. The regular season started on 17 November 2017 and ended on 4 March 2018,[3] The finals began on 7 March 2018, concluding with the final on 17 March 2018. ATK were the defending champions from the 2016 season, however they could not advance to the playoffs. Chennaiyin won their second Indian Super League title by defeating Bengaluru 3–2 in the final.[4]" ]
[ "Chennaiyin" ]
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Belmont Stakes
Belmont Stakes - wikipedia Belmont Stakes For the 2018 race , see 2018 Belmont Stakes . Belmont Stakes Grade I race The final and longest leg of the United States Triple Crown `` The Third Jewel of the Triple Crown '' The Test of the Champion `` The Run for the Carnations '' Location Belmont Park Elmont , New York , United States Inaugurated 1867 ( 151 years ago ) ( 1867 ) Race type Thoroughbred Website belmontstakes.com Race information Distance 11⁄2 miles ( 12 furlongs ) Record 2 : 24 , Secretariat ( 1973 ) Surface Dirt Track Left - handed Qualification 3 - year - olds Weight Colt / Gelding : 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; Filly : 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) Purse US $1.5 million 1st : $800,000 The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held on the first or second Saturday in June at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York . It is a 1.5 - mile - long ( 2.4 km ) horse race , open to three - year - old Thoroughbreds . Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; fillies carry 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) . The race , nicknamed The Test of the Champion , and The Run for the Carnations , is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes . The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record ( which is also a track and world record on dirt ) of 2 : 24 . The attendance at the Belmont Stakes is among the American thoroughbred racing top - attended events . The 2004 Belmont Stakes drew a television audience of 21.9 million viewers , and had the highest household viewing rate since 1977 when Seattle Slew won the Triple Crown . The 150th Belmont Stakes took place on Saturday , June 9 , 2018 . Justify won the race and became the second horse in four years to win the Triple Crown . Contents 1 History 1.1 1868 -- 1929 : Early years 1.2 1930 -- 2000 : Evolution of the Triple Crown series 1.3 2001 -- present : Recent years 2 Distance and race details 3 Traditions 4 Broadcasting history 5 Records 6 Trivia 7 Fillies in the Belmont 8 Foreign - born winners 9 Belmont Stakes winners 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) 1868 -- 1929 : early years ( edit ) See also : Belmont Park August Belmont Trophy , presented annually to the winning owner since 1926 . The first Belmont Stakes was held at Jerome Park Racetrack in The Bronx , built in 1866 by stock market speculator Leonard Jerome ( 1817 -- 1891 ) and financed by August Belmont Sr. ( 1816 -- 1890 ) , for whom the race was named . The first race in 1867 saw the filly Ruthless win , while the following year was won by General Duke . The race continued to be held at Jerome Park until 1890 , when it was moved to the nearby facility , Morris Park Racecourse . The 1895 race was almost not held because of new laws that banned bookmaking in New York : it was eventually rescheduled for November 2 . The race remained at Morris Park Racecourse until the May 1905 opening of the new Belmont Park , 430 - acre ( 1.7 km ) racetrack in Elmont , New York on Long Island , just outside the New York City borough of Queens . When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State , Belmont Racetrack was closed , and the race was cancelled in 1911 and 1912 . The first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton , in 1919 , before the series was recognized as such . In 1920 , the Belmont was won by the great Man o ' War , who won by 20 lengths , setting a new stakes and American record . Starting in 1926 , the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been presented with August Belmont Trophy . The owner may keep the trophy for one year , and also receives a silver miniature for permanent use . 1930 -- 2000 : evolution of the Triple Crown series ( edit ) Main article : Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) The term Triple Crown was first used when Gallant Fox won the three races in 1930 , but the term did not enter widespread use until 1935 when his son Omaha repeated the feat . Sir Barton was then honored retroactively . Since 1931 , the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first , followed by the Preakness Stakes , and then the Belmont Stakes . Prior to 1931 , the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times . On May 12 , 1917 and again on May 13 , 1922 , the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day . On eleven occasions , the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes . The date of each event is now set by the Kentucky Derby , which is always held on the first Saturday in May . The Preakness Stakes is currently held two weeks later ; and the Belmont Stakes is held three weeks after the Preakness ( five weeks after the Derby ) . The earliest possible date for the Derby is May 1 , and the latest is May 7 ; the earliest possible date for the Belmont is thus June 5 , and the latest is June 11 . Assault , winner of the 1946 Triple Crown In 1937 , War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new track record time of 2 : 28 3 / 5 . In the 1940s , four Triple Crown winners followed : Whirlaway in 1941 , Count Fleet in 1943 , Assault in 1946 and Citation in 1948 . Count Fleet won the race by a then - record margin of twenty - five lengths . He also set a stakes record of 2 : 28 1 / 5 , a record tied by Citation . In 1957 , the stakes record was smashed when Gallant Man ran the Belmont in 2 : 26 3 / 5 in a year when the Triple Crown series was split three ways . The Belmont Stakes race was held at Aqueduct Racetrack from 1963 to 1967 , while the track at Belmont was restored and renovated . The largest crowd of the 20th century was in 1971 with over 80,000 people , supplemented by the city 's Latino community , there to cheer on their new hero , Cañonero II , the Venezuelan colt who had won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was poised to win the U.S. Triple Crown . However , due to a foot infection that had bothered the horse for several days , Cañonero II failed to win the Triple Crown when he struggled across the finish line in 4th place behind Pass Catcher , ridden by Walter Blum . Despite this loss , Cañonero II was named the winner of the first Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three - Year - Old Male Horse . On June 9 , 1973 , Secretariat won the Belmont Stakes by thirty - one lengths in a record time of 2 : 24 , becoming a Triple Crown champion , ending a 25 - year gap between Citation , the Belmont and Triple Crown winner in 1948 . Secretariat 's record still stands as the fastest running of the Belmont Stakes and an American record for 11⁄2 miles on the dirt . In 1977 , Seattle Slew became the first horse to win the Triple Crown while undefeated . Affirmed was the last winner of the Triple Crown in the 20th century , taking the Belmont Stakes in 2 : 26 4 / 5 on June 10 , 1978 . Ridden by eighteen - year - old Steve Cauthen , Affirmed defeated rival Alydar with Jorge Velasquez in the saddle . At the time the race was the third - slowest start and the third - fastest finish with the quarter in 25 , the half in 50 , 3 / 4 in 1 : 14 , the mile in 1 : 37 2 / 5 . In 1988 , Secretariat 's son Risen Star won the Belmont in 2 : 26 2 / 5 , then the second - fastest time in the history of the race . The next year , Easy Goer lowered the mark for second - fastest time to 2 : 26 . Easy Goer also holds a Beyer Speed Figure of 122 for the race , the best of any Triple Crown race since these ratings were first published in 1987 . 2001 -- present : recent years ( edit ) The crowd packs the facility when a Triple Crown is on the line For three years in a row , horses came to the Belmont Stakes with a Triple Crown on the line only to fail . In 2002 , Belmont Park hosted what was then the largest crowd in its history when 103,222 saw War Emblem lose to longshot Sarava after stumbling at the start . In 2003 , 101,864 watched Funny Cide finish third behind Empire Maker . In 2004 , the attendance record was shattered when 120,139 people saw Smarty Jones upset by Birdstone . In 2007 , Rags to Riches became the first filly to win the race since Tanya in 1905 . Three more failed Triple Crown bids followed : in 2008 , Big Brown lost to Da ' Tara ; in 2012 , I 'll Have Another was withdrawn due to injury ; and in 2014 , California Chrome was beaten by Tonalist . This fueled debate about whether the series needed to be changed , for example by lengthening the period between races . American Pharoah won the 2015 race , becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years . The crowd that year was limited for the first time , to 90,000 . His time of 2 : 26.65 was the sixth - fastest in Belmont Stakes history , and the second - fastest time for a Triple Crown winner . In 2018 , Justify became the 13th Triple Crown winner and only the second horse to do so while undefeated . Distance and race details ( edit ) The Belmont Stakes has been run at a mile and a half since 1926 , having been run at that distance in 1874 -- 1889 . The race has also been run at the following distances : a mile and five furlongs in 1867 -- 1873 ; a mile and a quarter in 1890 -- 1892 , 1895 , and 1904 -- 1905 ; a mile and a furlong in 1893 -- 1894 ; and a mile and three furlongs from 1896 -- 1903 and 1906 -- 1925 . The purse for the first running in 1867 was $1,500 added , meaning the purse was supplemented by nomination and entry fees . This made the total purse $2,500 , with the winner receiving $1,850 . The purse increased sharply in the Roaring Twenties , from Man O'War's earnings of $7,950 in 1920 to Gallant Fox 's take of $66,040 in 1930 . Purses declined as a result of the Great Depression , with War Admiral earning only $28,020 in 1937 , then began to recover . Throughout the sixties and early seventies , the value to the winner was roughly $100,000 , depending on the added money generated by entry fees ( larger fields thus leading to higher prize money ) . The purse was repeatedly raised in the eighties and nineties , reaching $500,000 added , with the winner receiving roughly $400,000 . In 1998 , the purse was changed to $1,000,000 guaranteed , with the winner receiving $600,000 . In 2014 , the purse was raised to $1,500,000 . With one exception , the race has been run at a level weight of 126 pounds ( with a 5 - pound allowance for fillies ) since 1900 . The 126 pounds comes from the English Classics , where the standard weight is 9 stone , with one stone equaling 14 pounds . In 1913 , the Belmont was run as a handicap with the winner carrying only 109 pounds compared to the runner - up carrying 126 pounds . Races run prior to 1900 had varied weight conditions . The first post parade in the United States was at the 14th Belmont , in 1880 . Before 1921 , the race was run in the clockwise tradition of English racing . Since then , the race has been run in the American , or counter-clockwise , direction . Because of its length ( one lap around the enormous Belmont main track ) , and because it is the final race of the Triple Crown , it is called the `` Test of the Champion '' . Most three - year - olds are unaccustomed to the distance , and lack the experience , if not the stamina , to maintain a winning speed for so long . In a long race such as the Belmont , positioning of the horse and the timing of the move to chase for the lead can be critical . Traditions ( edit ) The winner 's blanket , made of white carnations The Belmont Stakes is traditionally called `` The Test of the Champion '' because of its 1.5 mile length -- by far the longest of the three Triple Crown races , and one of the longest for a first - class race in the United States on the dirt . It is also known as `` The Run for the Carnations '' because the winning horse is draped with a blanket of white carnations after the race , in similar fashion to the blanket of roses and black - eyed Susans for the Derby and Preakness , respectively . The winning owner is ceremonially presented with the silver winner 's trophy , designed by Paulding Farnham for Tiffany and Co . It was first presented to August Belmont Jr. in 1896 and donated by the Belmont family for annual presentation in 1926 . Despite the fact that the Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the Triple Crown races , its traditions have been more subject to change . Until 1996 , the post parade song was `` The Sidewalks of New York '' . From 1997 to 2009 , the song was changed to broadcast a recording by Frank Sinatra of the `` Theme from New York , New York '' in an attempt to appeal to younger fans . In 2010 , the song was changed to Jay - Z 's `` Empire State of Mind '' sung by Jasmine V before reverting to `` Theme from New York , New York '' from 2011 through the present . This tradition is similar to the singing of the state song at the post parades of the first two Triple Crown races : `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at the Kentucky Derby and `` Maryland , My Maryland '' at the Preakness Stakes . The change of song gave rise to `` the myth of Mamie O'Rourke , '' a reference to a character in the lyrics of `` The Sidewalks of New York . '' Before American Pharoah won the Triple Crown in 2015 , some claimed that changing the official Belmont song `` cursed '' the Triple Crown and was why no horse had won since Affirmed in 1978 . Others note that there was no Triple Crown winner between 1979 and 1996 , even though `` Sidewalks '' was still played . Along with the change of song in 1997 , the official drink was also changed , from the `` White Carnation '' to the `` Belmont Breeze . '' The New York Times reviewed both cocktails unfavorably , calling the Belmont Breeze `` a significant improvement over the nigh undrinkable White Carnation '' despite the fact that it `` tastes like a refined trashcan punch . '' In 2011 , the Belmont Breeze was again changed to the current official drink known as the `` Belmont Jewel . '' While the origin of the white carnation as the official flower of the Belmont Stakes is unknown , traditionally , pure white carnations stand for love and luck . It takes approximately 700 `` select '' carnations imported from Colombia to create the 40 - pound blanket draped over the winner of the Belmont Stakes . The NYRA has long used The Pennock Company , a wholesale florist based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to import the carnations used for the mantle . Broadcasting history ( edit ) From 1986 until 2005 , the Triple Crown television rights comprised a single package . In late 2004 , the New York Racing Association withdrew from that agreement to negotiate independently . As a result of this NBC , who was the rights holder for all three events , was only able to keep its broadcast rights to the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes . ABC regained the rights to the Belmont Stakes as part of a five - year contract that expired following the 2010 race ; NBC has since regained the rights to the race through 2020 . CBS Sports 1960 -- 1985 ABC Sports 1986 -- 2000 NBC Sports 2001 -- 2005 , 2011 -- 2020 ESPN on ABC 2006 -- 2010 Records ( edit ) Kenny McPeek -- 2002 Belmont Stakes ( G1 ) win with Sarava , who at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Speed record : 2 : 24 flat -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) . Secretariat also holds the fastest 1⁄2 - , 3⁄4 - , 1 - and 11⁄4 - mile fractions in Belmont history . Margin of Victory : 31 lengths -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) Most wins by a jockey : 6 -- Jim McLaughlin ( 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 ) 6 -- Eddie Arcaro ( 1941 , 1942 , 1945 , 1948 , 1952 , 1955 ) Most wins by a trainer : 8 -- James G. Rowe Sr . Most wins by an owner : 6 -- Belair Stud ( 1930 , 1932 , 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1955 ) 6 -- James R. Keene ( 1879 , 1901 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1910 ) Trivia ( edit ) Only James G. Rowe Sr. and George M. Odom have won the Belmont Stakes as both jockey and trainer . On June 5 , 1993 Thoroughbred racing 's all - time leading female jockey , Julie Krone , became the first woman to win a Triple Crown race when she rode to victory in the Belmont Stakes aboard Colonial Affair . In 1984 , Sarah Lundy became the first female trainer to saddle a horse in the Belmont Stakes , sending out Minstrel Star , who finished eleventh . The 2004 race had the biggest attendance in the park 's history with 120,139 . Sarava , at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Braulio Baeza has the distinction of winning three Belmont Stakes over three different surfaces . He won in his Belmont Stakes debut on 65 to 1 long - shot Sherluck in 1961 at the old Belmont Park , won in 1963 on Chateaugay when the race was run at Aqueduct , and won in 1969 on Arts and Letters at the new Belmont Park . Prior to the 2016 running , bay horses had the most victories with 56 . Chestnuts were close behind with 54 wins , followed by 33 dark bay / browns . Only three gray / roan horses had won ( Belmar in 1895 , Native Dancer in 1953 , and High Echelon in 1970 ) . In 2016 , gray horses swept the top three positions . Fourteen Belmont Stakes winners have sired at least one Belmont winner . Leading this list is Man o ' War , who sired three subsequent winners -- American Flag , Crusader and Triple Crown winner War Admiral . Twenty - three horses missed their chance at a Triple Crown by not winning the Belmont . Eight of these finished second : Pensive ( 1944 ) , Tim Tam ( 1958 ) , Forward Pass ( 1968 ) , Majestic Prince ( 1969 ) , Sunday Silence ( 1989 ) , Silver Charm ( 1997 ) , Real Quiet ( 1998 ) , and Smarty Jones ( 2004 ) . Five finished third : Northern Dancer ( 1964 ) , Spectacular Bid ( 1979 ) , Pleasant Colony ( 1981 ) , Charismatic ( 1999 ) , and Funny Cide ( 2003 ) . Four finished fourth : Kauai King ( 1966 ) , Canonero II ( 1971 ) , Alysheba ( 1987 ) , and California Chrome ( 2014 ) . Carry Back ( 1961 ) finished seventh , War Emblem ( 2002 ) finished eighth and Big Brown ( 2008 ) did not finish . Finally , three Derby / Preakness winners did not race in the Belmont : Burgoo King ( 1932 ) , Bold Venture ( 1933 ) and I 'll Have Another ( 2012 ) , though I 'll Have Another was injured and was scratched the day before his Belmont Stakes in 2012 . Fillies in the Belmont ( edit ) Only 23 fillies have run in the Belmont ; three of which have won : 1867 -- Ruthless 1905 -- Tanya 2007 -- Rags to Riches This gives them a respectable 13 % win rate when entered . For context , three fillies have won the Kentucky Derby while five have won the Preakness Stakes . On average , fillies have won between 2 % and 3 % of the Triple Crown races , with similar numbers for geldings ; while about 95 % of these races have been won by colts . The last filly as of November 2017 to run in the Belmont was in 2013 when Unlimited Budget ran six behind the winner Palace Malice . Foreign - born winners ( edit ) 1874 -- Saxon 1898 -- Bowling Brook 1917 -- Hourless 1918 -- Johren 1957 -- Gallant Man 1958 -- Cavan 1960 -- Celtic Ash 1990 -- Go And Go 1998 -- Victory Gallop Belmont Stakes winners ( edit ) Belmont Stakes winners since 1867 Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Track Length Time * 2018 Justify † Mike Smith Bob Baffert China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm Belmont 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 28.18 2017 Tapwrit Jose Ortiz Todd Pletcher Bridlewood Farm , Eclipse Thoroughbred Partners , Robert V. LaPenta 2 : 30.02 2016 Creator Irad Ortiz Jr . Steve Asmussen WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 28.51 2015 American Pharoah † Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables , LLC 2 : 26.65 2014 Tonalist Joel Rosario Christophe Clement Robert S. Evans 2 : 28.52 2013 Palace Malice Mike Smith Todd Pletcher Dogwood Stable 2 : 30.70 2012 Union Rags John Velazquez Michael Matz Phyllis M. Wyeth 2 : 30.42 2011 Ruler on Ice Jose Valdivia Jr . Kelly Breen George and Lori Hall 2 : 30.88 Drosselmeyer Mike Smith William Mott WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 31.57 2009 Summer Bird Kent Desormeaux Tim Ice Kalarikkal & Vilasini Jayaraman 2 : 27.54 2008 Da'Tara Alan Garcia Nick Zito Robert V. LaPenta 2 : 29.65 2007 Rags to Riches ‡ John Velazquez Todd Pletcher M. Tabor & D. Smith 2 : 28.74 2006 Jazil Fernando Jara Kiaran McLaughlin Shadwell Farm 2 : 27.86 2005 Afleet Alex Jeremy Rose Timothy Ritchey Cash is King LLC 2 : 28.75 Birdstone Edgar Prado Nick Zito Marylou Whitney Stables 2 : 27.50 2003 Empire Maker Jerry Bailey Robert Frankel Juddmonte Farms 2 : 28.26 2002 Sarava Edgar Prado Kenneth McPeek New Phoenix Stable 2 : 29.71 2001 Point Given Gary Stevens Bob Baffert The Thoroughbred Corp . 2 : 26.56 2000 Commendable Pat Day D. Wayne Lukas Bob & Beverly Lewis 2 : 31.19 1999 Lemon Drop Kid Jose Santos Scotty Schulhofer Jeanne G. Vance 2 : 27.88 1998 Victory Gallop Gary Stevens W. Elliott Walden Prestonwood Farm 2 : 29.16 1997 Touch Gold Chris McCarron David Hofmans Frank Stronach 2 : 28.82 Editor 's Note Rene R. Douglas D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 2 : 28.96 1995 Thunder Gulch Gary Stevens Michael Tabor 2 : 32.02 1994 Tabasco Cat Pat Day Reynolds / Overbrook 2 : 26.82 1993 Colonial Affair Julie Krone Scotty Schulhofer Centennial Farms 2 : 29.97 1992 A.P. Indy Ed Delahoussaye Neil Drysdale Tomonori Tsurumaki 2 : 26.13 1991 Hansel Jerry Bailey Frank L. Brothers Lazy Lane Farm 2 : 28.10 1990 Go And Go Michael Kinane Dermot K. Weld Moyglare Stud Farm 2 : 27.20 1989 Easy Goer Pat Day C.R. McGaughey III Ogden Phipps 2 : 26.00 1988 Risen Star Ed Delahoussaye Louie J. Roussel III Louie J. Roussel III 2 : 26.40 Bet Twice Craig Perret Jimmy Croll Blanche P. Levy 2 : 28.20 1986 Danzig Connection Chris McCarron Woody Stephens Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 29.80 1985 Creme Fraiche Eddie Maple Brushwood Stables 2 : 27.00 1984 Swale Laffit Pincay Jr . Claiborne Farm 2 : 27.20 Caveat August Belmont IV 2 : 27.80 1982 Conquistador Cielo Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 28.20 1981 Summing George Martens Luis Barrera Charles T. Wilson Jr . 2 : 29.00 1980 Temperence Hill Eddie Maple Joseph B. Cantey Loblolly Stable 2 : 29.80 1979 Coastal Ruben Hernandez David A. Whiteley William Haggin Perry 2 : 28.60 1978 Affirmed † Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm 2 : 26.80 1977 Seattle Slew † Jean Cruguet William H. Turner Jr . Karen L. Taylor 2 : 29.60 1976 Bold Forbes Angel Cordero Jr . Laz Barrera E. Rodriguez Tizol 2 : 29.00 Avatar Bill Shoemaker Tommy Doyle Arthur A. Seeligson Jr . 2 : 28.20 Little Current Miguel A. Rivera Lou Rondinello Darby Dan Farm 2 : 29.20 1973 Secretariat † Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable 2 : 24.00 1972 Riva Ridge Meadow Stud 2 : 28.00 1971 Pass Catcher Walter Blum Eddie Yowell October House Farm 2 : 30.40 1970 High Echelon John L. Rotz John W. Jacobs Ethel D. Jacobs 2 : 34.00 1969 Arts and Letters Braulio Baeza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.80 1968 Stage Door Johnny Heliodoro Gustines John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 27.20 1967 Damascus Bill Shoemaker Frank Y . Whiteley Jr . Edith W. Bancroft Aqueduct 2 : 28.80 1966 Amberoid William Boland Lucien Laurin Reginald N. Webster 2 : 29.60 1965 Hail To All Johnny Sellers Eddie Yowell Zelda Cohen 2 : 28.40 1964 Quadrangle Manuel Ycaza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.40 1963 Chateaugay Braulio Baeza James P. Conway Darby Dan Farm 2 : 30.20 1962 Jaipur Bill Shoemaker Bert Mulholland George D. Widener Jr . Belmont 2 : 28.80 1961 Sherluck Braulio Baeza Harold Young Jacob Sher 2 : 29.20 1960 Celtic Ash Bill Hartack Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 29.20 1959 Sword Dancer Bill Shoemaker J. Elliott Burch Brookmeade Stable 2 : 28.40 1958 Cavan Pete Anderson Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 30.20 1957 Gallant Man Bill Shoemaker John A. Nerud Ralph Lowe 2 : 26.60 1956 Needles David Erb Hugh L. Fontaine D & H Stable 2 : 29.80 1955 Nashua Eddie Arcaro Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.00 1954 High Gun Eric Guerin Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1953 Native Dancer Bill Winfrey Alfred G. Vanderbilt II 2 : 28.60 1952 One Count Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Sarah F. Jeffords 2 : 30.20 1951 Counterpoint David Gorman Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.00 1950 Middleground William Boland Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 28.60 1949 Capot Ted Atkinson John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 30.20 1948 Citation † Eddie Arcaro Horace A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 28.20 1947 Phalanx Ruperto Donoso Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.40 1946 Assault † Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1945 Pavot Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Walter M. Jeffords Sr . 2 : 30.20 1944 Bounding Home Gayle Smith Matt Brady William Ziegler Jr . 2 : 32.20 1943 Count Fleet † Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz 2 : 28.20 1942 Shut Out Eddie Arcaro John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.20 1941 Whirlaway † Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 31.00 1940 Bimelech Fred A. Smith William A. Hurley Edward R. Bradley 2 : 29.60 1939 Johnstown James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.60 1938 Pasteurized George M. Odom Carol Harriman Plunkett 2 : 29.40 1937 War Admiral † Charley Kurtsinger George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 28.60 1936 Granville James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 30.00 1935 Omaha † Willie Saunders 2 : 30.60 1934 Peace Chance Wayne D. Wright Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 29.20 1933 Hurryoff Mack Garner Henry McDaniel 2 : 32.60 1932 Faireno Tommy Malley Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 32.80 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe Jr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.60 1930 Gallant Fox † Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 31.60 1929 Blue Larkspur Mack Garner Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 2 : 32.80 1928 Vito Clarence Kummer Max Hirsch Alfred H. Cosden 2 : 33.20 1927 Chance Shot Earl Sande Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 32.40 1926 Crusader Albert Johnson George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 32.20 1925 American Flag Albert Johnson Gwyn R. Tompkins 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 16.80 1924 Mad Play Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 18.80 1923 Zev 2 : 19.00 1922 Pillory C.H. Miller Thomas J. Healey Richard T. Wilson Jr . 2 : 18.80 1921 Grey Lag Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 16.80 1920 Man o ' War Clarence Kummer Louis Feustel Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 14.20 1919 Sir Barton † Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross 2 : 17.40 1918 Johren Frank Robinson Albert Simons Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.40 1917 Hourless James H. Butwell Sam Hildreth August Belmont Jr . 2 : 17.80 1916 Friar Rock Everett Haynes 2 : 22.00 1915 The Finn George Byrne Edward W. Heffner Harry C. Hallenbeck 2 : 18.40 1914 Luke McLuke Merritt C. Buxton John F. Schorr John W. Schorr 2 : 20.00 1913 Prince Eugene Roscoe Troxler James G. Rowe Sr . Harry P. Whitney 2 : 18.00 1912 No races held due to the Hart -- Agnew Law . 1911 1910 Sweep James H. Butwell James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene Belmont 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 22.00 1909 Joe Madden Eddie Dugan Sam Hildreth Sam Hildreth 2 : 21.60 1908 Colin Joe Notter James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene N / A 1907 Peter Pan George Mountain N / A 1906 Burgomaster Lucien Lyne John W. Rogers Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.00 1905 Tanya ‡ Gene Hildebrand 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 08.00 1904 Delhi George M. Odom James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene Morris Park 2 : 06.60 1903 Africander John Bullman Richard O. Miller Hampton Stable 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 21.75 1902 Masterman John J. Hyland August Belmont Jr . 2 : 22.60 1901 Commando Henry Spencer James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene 2 : 21.00 1900 Ildrim Nash Turner H. Eugene Leigh H. Eugene Leigh 2 : 21.25 1899 Jean Bereaud Richard Clawson Sam Hildreth Sydney Paget 2 : 23.00 1898 Bowling Brook Fred Littlefield R. Wyndham Walden A.H. & D.H. Morris 2 : 32.00 1897 Scottish Chieftain Joe Scherrer Matt Byrnes Marcus Daly 2 : 23.25 1896 Hastings Henry Griffin John J. Hyland Blemton Stable 2 : 24.50 1895 Belmar Fred Taral Edward Feakes Preakness Stables 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 11.50 1894 Henry of Navarre Willie Simms Byron McClelland Byron McClelland 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 1 : 56.50 1893 Comanche Gus Hannon Empire Stable 1 : 53.25 1892 Patron William Hayward Lewis Stuart Lewis Stuart 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 17.00 1891 Foxford Edward R. Garrison M. Donavan C.E. Rand 2 : 08.75 1890 Burlington Shelby `` Pike '' Barnes Albert Cooper Hough Bros . 2 : 07.75 1889 Eric William Hayward John Huggins A.J. Cassatt Jerome Park 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 2 : 47.25 1888 Sir Dixon Jim McLaughlin Frank McCabe Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 40.25 1887 Hanover 2 : 43.50 1886 Inspector B 2 : 41.00 1885 Tyrant Paul Duffy C. Claypool James B.A. Haggin 2 : 43.00 1884 Panique Jim McLaughlin James G. Rowe Sr . Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 42.00 1883 George Kinney 2 : 42.50 1882 Forester Lewis Stuart Appleby & Johnson 2 : 43.00 1881 Saunterer Tom Costello R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 47.00 1880 Grenada W. Hughes 2 : 47.00 1879 Spendthrift George Evans Thomas Puryear James R. Keene 2 : 42.75 1878 Duke of Magenta W. Hughes R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 43.50 1877 Cloverbrook C. Holloway Jeter Walden E.A. Clabaugh 2 : 46.00 1876 Algerine Billy Donohue Thomas W. Doswell Doswell & Co . 2 : 40.50 1875 Calvin Bobby Swim Ansel Williamson Hal P. McGrath 2 : 42.25 1874 Saxon George Barbee W. Prior Pierre Lorillard IV 2 : 39.50 1873 Springbok James G. Rowe Sr . David McDaniel David McDaniel 1 ​ ⁄ - miles 3 : 01.75 1872 Joe Daniels 2 : 58.25 1871 Harry Bassett W. Miller 2 : 56.00 1870 Kingfisher Edward D. Brown Raleigh Colston Daniel Swigert 2 : 59.50 1869 Fenian C. Miller Jacob Pincus August Belmont 3 : 04.25 1868 General Duke Bobby Swim A. Thompson McConnell & Co . 3 : 02.00 1867 Ruthless ‡ Gilbert Patrick A. Jack Minor Francis Morris 3 : 05.00 Note : Timed to the ​ ⁄ second 1867 to 1901 and 1903 , and to the ​ ⁄ second in 1902 and from 1904 to 1991 . Decimal timing , to the nearest ​ ⁄ , is now used , though race calls and many charts still use fifths . A † designates a Triple Crown Winner . A ‡ designates a filly . See also ( edit ) Triple Crown Productions American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events List of Belmont Stakes broadcasters Belmont Stakes Top three finishers Further reading ( edit ) Official Site ESPN.Com Attending the Belmont Stakes ( gives future race dates ) Details of all past Belmont Stakes courtesy of the New York Racing Association Belmont Stakes History & Facts Ten Things You Should Know about the Belmont Stakes at Hello Race Fans ! Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before 1991 , times were measured in fractions . Since then , decimal times to the hundredth have been used . When comparing the fractional times to decimal values , it is racing convention to round the decimal time down to the nearest fifth . Thus A.P. Indy 's time of 2 : 26.13 is considered equivalent to Easy Goer 's time of 2 : 26 flat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Viewership of 2008 Belmont Stakes '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Records & Traditions '' . New York Racing Association . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sowers , Richard ( 2014 ) . The Kentucky Derby , Preakness and Belmont Stakes : a comprehensive history . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0786476982 . Jump up ^ `` Horse Racing 's Triple Crown : 10 Fast Facts -- History in the Headlines '' . history.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Challenge : The first Triple Crown winner , Sir Barton '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1920 Belmont Stakes '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things to know about the Triple Crown '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preakness Stakes '' . Turfnsport.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Races '' . Triple Crown Racing . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1937 Belmont '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Here are the 12 winners of the Triple Crown '' . Fortune . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Barbara . `` Bygone Belmont winners '' . Daily Racing Form . Jump up ^ Hammonds , Evan . `` First Time By : Inaugural Eclipse Awards '' . BloodHorse.com . Jump up ^ `` Statistics -- North American Records '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Belmonts '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` On the Fast Track To History '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Attendance '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary . `` California Chrome fails to win Belmont , Triple Crown '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Pharoah wins the Triple Crown '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrella , Steve ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah posts sixth - best winning time in Belmont Stakes history '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Britton , Bianca . `` Undefeated Triple Crown winner Justify retires from racing '' . CNN . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Largest and Smallest Purses wins at Belmont Stakes Belmont Stakes Betting '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wing , Eric . `` Belmont Stakes purse raised to $1.5 million -- General News -- News New York Racing Association -- Belmont '' . www.nyra.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Belmont Stakes singing a new tune '' . newsobserver.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sinatra 's voice returns to Belmont Stakes '' . boston.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scheinman , John ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Five Myths About the Triple Crown '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Powell , Julie ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Summer Cook ; The Appetites Are Nearing the Gate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ York Racing Association website , Belmont Park home page ; article by Ashley Herriman . ^ Jump up to : Scheinman , John ( October 5 , 2004 ) . `` ABC Will Broadcast Belmont Stakes Starting in 2006 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Needham , Dan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Triple Crown on television : Still ' moving like a tremendous machine ' ? Thoroughbred Racing Commentary '' . www.thoroughbredracing.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novy , Eben ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Gets Belmont TV Rights to Complete Horse Racing 's Triple Crown Package '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Belmont Stakes Extension -- Sports Media Watch '' . www.sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Attendance , Wagering Set Records '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Creator wins Belmont Stakes by a nose Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Runners '' ( PDF ) . belmontstakes.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belmont Stakes . Official website Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit 2018 Justify ₩ Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff American stakes race for Thoroughbreds , part of the Triple Crown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont_Stakes&oldid=855613471 '' Categories : Belmont Stakes 1867 establishments in New York ( state ) Annual sporting events in the United States Belmont family Belmont Park Flat horse races for three - year - olds Grade 1 stakes races in the United States Graded stakes races in the United States Horse races in New York ( state ) June sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1867 Sports in Long Island Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 日本 語 Polski Português Scots 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 16 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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what was the winning time for american pharoah in the belmont stakes
[ "American Pharoah won the 2015 race, becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years. The crowd that year was limited for the first time, to 90,000.[20] His time of 2:26.65 was the sixth-fastest in Belmont Stakes history, and the second-fastest time for a Triple Crown winner.[21] In 2018, Justify became the 13th Triple Crown winner and only the second horse to do so while undefeated.[22]\n" ]
[ "2:26.65" ]
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Cell cycle
Cell cycle - wikipedia Cell cycle For the separation of chromosomes that occurs as part of the cell cycle , see mitosis . For the Academic journal , see Cell Cycle ( journal ) . See also : Cell division Life Cycle of the cell Onion ( Allium ) cells in different phases of the cell cycle . Growth in an ' organism ' is carefully controlled by regulating the cell cycle . The cell cycle or cell - division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA ( DNA replication ) to produce two daughter cells . In bacteria , which lack a cell nucleus , the cell cycle is divided into the B , C , and D periods . The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication . DNA replication occurs during the C period . The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells . In cells with a nucleus , as in eukaryotes , the cell cycle is also divided into three periods : interphase , the mitotic ( M ) phase , and cytokinesis . During interphase , the cell grows , accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis , preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA . During the mitotic phase , the chromosomes separate . During the final stage , cytokinesis , the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells . To ensure the proper division of the cell , there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints . The cell - division cycle is a vital process by which a single - celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism , as well as the process by which hair , skin , blood cells , and some internal organs are renewed . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell divisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phases 1.1 G phase ( quiescence ) 1.2 Interphase ( intermitosis ) 1.2. 1 G phase ( First growth phase or Post mitotic gap phase ) 1.2. 2 S phase ( DNA replication ) 1.2. 3 G phase ( growth ) 1.3 Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) 1.4 Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) 2 Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle 2.1 Role of cyclins and CDKs 2.1. 1 General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction 2.1. 2 Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes 2.2 Inhibitors 2.3 Transcriptional regulatory network 2.4 DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity 3 Checkpoints 4 Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle 5 Role in tumor formation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Phases ( edit ) The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases : G phase , S phase ( synthesis ) , G phase ( collectively known as interphase ) and M phase ( mitosis or meiosis ) . M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes : karyokinesis , in which the cell 's chromosomes are divided , and cytokinesis , in which the cell 's cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells . Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one . Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G phase . Schematic of the cell cycle . outer ring : I = Interphase , M = Mitosis ; inner ring : M = Mitosis , G = Gap 1 , G = Gap 2 , S = Synthesis ; not in ring : G = Gap 0 / Resting . State Phase Abbreviation Description Resting Gap 0 A phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . Interphase Gap 1 Cells increase in size in Gap 1 . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis . Synthesis DNA replication occurs during this phase . Gap 2 During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis , the cell will continue to grow . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M ( mitosis ) phase and divide . Cell division Mitosis Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells . A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis ( Metaphase Checkpoint ) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division . G phase ( quiescence ) ( edit ) Plant cell cycle Animal cell cycle G is a resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . The cell cycle starts with this phase . The word `` post-mitotic '' is sometimes used to refer to both quiescent and senescent cells . Non-proliferative ( non-dividing ) cells in multicellular eukaryotes generally enter the quiescent G state from G and may remain quiescent for long periods of time , possibly indefinitely ( as is often the case for neurons ) . This is very common for cells that are fully differentiated . Cellular senescence occurs in response to DNA damage and external stress and usually constitutes an arrest in G. Some cells enter the G phase semi-permanently and are considered post-mitotic , e.g. , some liver , kidney , and stomach cells . Many cells do not enter G and continue to divide throughout an organism 's life , e.g. , epithelial cells . Cellular senescence is also a state that occurs in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell 's progeny nonviable ; it is often a biochemical alternative to the self - destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis . Interphase ( intermitosis ) ( edit ) Before a cell can enter cell division , it needs to take in nutrients . All of the preparations are done during interphase . Interphase is a series of changes that takes place in a newly formed cell and its nucleus , before it becomes capable of division again . It is also called preparatory phase or intermitosis . Previously it was called resting stage because there is no apparent activity related to cell division. Typically interphase lasts for at least 91 % of the total time required for the cell cycle . Interphase proceeds in three stages , G , S , and G , followed by the cycle of mitosis and cytokinesis . The cell 's nuclear DNA contents are duplicated during S phase but may continue till G in case of heterochromatin . G phase ( first growth phase or post mitotic Gap phase ) ( edit ) The first phase within interphase , from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis , is called G ( G indicating gap ) . It is also called the growth phase . During this phase , the biosynthetic activities of the cell , which are considerably slowed down during M phase , resume at a high rate . The duration of G is highly variable , even among different cells of the same species . In this phase , the cell increases its supply of proteins , increases the number of organelles ( such as mitochondria , ribosomes ) , and grows in size . In G phase , a cell has three options . ( 1 ) To continue cell cycle and enter S phase ( 2 ) Stop cell cycle and enter G phase for undergoing differentiation. ( 3 ) Get arrested in G phase hence it may enter G phase or re-enter cell cycle . The deciding factor is availability of nitrogens and storage of energy rich compounds at the deciding point called check point . This check point is called the restriction point or START and is regulated by G / S cyclins , which cause transition from G to S phase . Passage through the G check point commits the cell to division . S phase ( DNA replication ) ( edit ) The ensuing S phase starts when DNA synthesis commences ; when it is complete , all of the chromosomes have been replicated , i.e. , each chromosome has two ( sister ) chromatids . Thus , during this phase , the amount of DNA in the cell has effectively doubled , though the ploidy of the cell remains the same . Rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis are very low during this phase . An exception to this is histone production , most of which occurs during the S phase . G phase ( growth ) ( edit ) G2 phase occurs after DNA replication and is a period of protein synthesis and rapid cell growth to prepare the cell for mitosis . During this phase microtubules begin to reorganize to form a spindle . Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) ( edit ) Main article : Mitosis The relatively brief M phase consists of nuclear division ( karyokinesis ) . It is a relatively short period of the cell cycle . M phase is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These phases are sequentially known as : prophase , metaphase , anaphase , telophase Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . Mitosis occurs exclusively in eukaryotic cells , but occurs in different ways in different species . For example , animals undergo an `` open '' mitosis , where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate , while fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( yeast ) undergo a `` closed '' mitosis , where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus . Prokaryotic cells , which lack a nucleus , divide by a process called binary fission . Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) ( edit ) Main article : Cytokinesis Mitosis is immediately followed by cytokinesis , which divides the nuclei , cytoplasm , organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components . Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells , genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell . This accounts for approximately 10 % of the cell cycle . Because cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with mitosis , `` mitosis '' is often used interchangeably with `` M phase '' . However , there are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately , forming single cells with multiple nuclei in a process called endoreplication . This occurs most notably among the fungi and slime moulds , but is found in various groups . Even in animals , cytokinesis and mitosis may occur independently , for instance during certain stages of fruit fly embryonic development . Errors in mitosis can either kill a cell through apoptosis or cause mutations that may lead to cancer . The process of mitosis is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These stages are prophase , prometaphase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . The cell then divides in cytokinesis , to produce two identical daughter cells . Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle ( edit ) Regulation of the cell cycle involves processes crucial to the survival of a cell , including the detection and repair of genetic damage as well as the prevention of uncontrolled cell division . The molecular events that control the cell cycle are ordered and directional ; that is , each process occurs in a sequential fashion and it is impossible to `` reverse '' the cycle . Role of cyclins and CDKs ( edit ) Nobel Laureate Paul Nurse Nobel Laureate Tim Hunt Two key classes of regulatory molecules , cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases ( CDKs ) , determine a cell 's progress through the cell cycle . Leland H. Hartwell , R. Timothy Hunt , and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules . Many of the genes encoding cyclins and CDKs are conserved among all eukaryotes , but in general more complex organisms have more elaborate cell cycle control systems that incorporate more individual components . Many of the relevant genes were first identified by studying yeast , especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetic nomenclature in yeast dubs many of these genes cdc ( for `` cell division cycle '' ) followed by an identifying number , e.g. cdc25 or cdc20 . Cyclins form the regulatory subunits and CDKs the catalytic subunits of an activated heterodimer ; cyclins have no catalytic activity and CDKs are inactive in the absence of a partner cyclin . When activated by a bound cyclin , CDKs perform a common biochemical reaction called phosphorylation that activates or inactivates target proteins to orchestrate coordinated entry into the next phase of the cell cycle . Different cyclin - CDK combinations determine the downstream proteins targeted . CDKs are constitutively expressed in cells whereas cyclins are synthesised at specific stages of the cell cycle , in response to various molecular signals . General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction ( edit ) Upon receiving a pro-mitotic extracellular signal , G cyclin - CDK complexes become active to prepare the cell for S phase , promoting the expression of transcription factors that in turn promote the expression of S cyclins and of enzymes required for DNA replication . The G cyclin - CDK complexes also promote the degradation of molecules that function as S phase inhibitors by targeting them for ubiquitination . Once a protein has been ubiquitinated , it is targeted for proteolytic degradation by the proteasome . However , results from a recent study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level argue that the role of G1 cyclin - CDK activities , in particular cyclin D - CDK4 / 6 , is to tune the timing rather than the commitment of cell cycle entry . Active S cyclin - CDK complexes phosphorylate proteins that make up the pre-replication complexes assembled during G phase on DNA replication origins . The phosphorylation serves two purposes : to activate each already - assembled pre-replication complex , and to prevent new complexes from forming . This ensures that every portion of the cell 's genome will be replicated once and only once . The reason for prevention of gaps in replication is fairly clear , because daughter cells that are missing all or part of crucial genes will die . However , for reasons related to gene copy number effects , possession of extra copies of certain genes is also deleterious to the daughter cells . Mitotic cyclin - CDK complexes , which are synthesized but inactivated during S and G phases , promote the initiation of mitosis by stimulating downstream proteins involved in chromosome condensation and mitotic spindle assembly . A critical complex activated during this process is a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase - promoting complex ( APC ) , which promotes degradation of structural proteins associated with the chromosomal kinetochore . APC also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation , ensuring that telophase and cytokinesis can proceed . Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes ( edit ) Cyclin D is the first cyclin produced in the cell cycle , in response to extracellular signals ( e.g. growth factors ) . Cyclin D binds to existing CDK4 , forming the active cyclin D - CDK4 complex . Cyclin D - CDK4 complex in turn phosphorylates the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein ( Rb ) . The hyperphosphorylated Rb dissociates from the E2F / DP1 / Rb complex ( which was bound to the E2F responsive genes , effectively `` blocking '' them from transcription ) , activating E2F . Activation of E2F results in transcription of various genes like cyclin E , cyclin A , DNA polymerase , thymidine kinase , etc . Cyclin E thus produced binds to CDK2 , forming the cyclin E-CDK2 complex , which pushes the cell from G to S phase ( G / S , which initiates the G / M transition ) . Cyclin B - cdk1 complex activation causes breakdown of nuclear envelope and initiation of prophase , and subsequently , its deactivation causes the cell to exit mitosis . A quantitative study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level by using engineered fluorescent reporter cells provided a quantitative framework for understanding the control logic of cell cycle entry , challenging the canonical textbook model . Genes that regulate the amplitude of E2F accumulation , such as Myc , determine the commitment in cell cycle and S phase entry . G1 cyclin - CDK activities are not the driver of cell cycle entry . Instead , they primarily tune the timing of E2F increase , thereby modulating the pace of cell cycle progression . Inhibitors ( edit ) Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis , also known as `` programmed cell death '' . Two families of genes , the cip / kip ( CDK interacting protein / Kinase inhibitory protein ) family and the INK4a / ARF ( Inhibitor of Kinase 4 / Alternative Reading Frame ) family , prevent the progression of the cell cycle . Because these genes are instrumental in prevention of tumor formation , they are known as tumor suppressors . The cip / kip family includes the genes p21 , p27 and p57 . They halt cell cycle in G phase , by binding to , and inactivating , cyclin - CDK complexes . p21 is activated by p53 ( which , in turn , is triggered by DNA damage e.g. due to radiation ) . p27 is activated by Transforming Growth Factor of β ( TGF β ) , a growth inhibitor . The INK4a / ARF family includes p16 , which binds to CDK4 and arrests the cell cycle in G phase , and p14 which prevents p53 degradation . Synthetic inhibitors of Cdc25 could also be useful for the arrest of cell cycle and therefore be useful as antineoplastic and anticancer agents . Transcriptional regulatory network ( edit ) Current evidence suggests that a semi-autonomous transcriptional network acts in concert with the CDK - cyclin machinery to regulate the cell cycle . Several gene expression studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified 800 -- 1200 genes that change expression over the course of the cell cycle . They are transcribed at high levels at specific points in the cell cycle , and remain at lower levels throughout the rest of the cycle . While the set of identified genes differs between studies due to the computational methods and criteria used to identify them , each study indicates that a large portion of yeast genes are temporally regulated . Many periodically expressed genes are driven by transcription factors that are also periodically expressed . One screen of single - gene knockouts identified 48 transcription factors ( about 20 % of all non-essential transcription factors ) that show cell cycle progression defects . Genome - wide studies using high throughput technologies have identified the transcription factors that bind to the promoters of yeast genes , and correlating these findings with temporal expression patterns have allowed the identification of transcription factors that drive phase - specific gene expression . The expression profiles of these transcription factors are driven by the transcription factors that peak in the prior phase , and computational models have shown that a CDK - autonomous network of these transcription factors is sufficient to produce steady - state oscillations in gene expression ) . Experimental evidence also suggests that gene expression can oscillate with the period seen in dividing wild - type cells independently of the CDK machinery . Orlando et al. used microarrays to measure the expression of a set of 1,271 genes that they identified as periodic in both wild type cells and cells lacking all S - phase and mitotic cyclins ( clb1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) . Of the 1,271 genes assayed , 882 continued to be expressed in the cyclin - deficient cells at the same time as in the wild type cells , despite the fact that the cyclin - deficient cells arrest at the border between G and S phase . However , 833 of the genes assayed changed behavior between the wild type and mutant cells , indicating that these genes are likely directly or indirectly regulated by the CDK - cyclin machinery . Some genes that continued to be expressed on time in the mutant cells were also expressed at different levels in the mutant and wild type cells . These findings suggest that while the transcriptional network may oscillate independently of the CDK - cyclin oscillator , they are coupled in a manner that requires both to ensure the proper timing of cell cycle events . Other work indicates that phosphorylation , a post-translational modification , of cell cycle transcription factors by Cdk1 may alter the localization or activity of the transcription factors in order to tightly control timing of target genes . While oscillatory transcription plays a key role in the progression of the yeast cell cycle , the CDK - cyclin machinery operates independently in the early embryonic cell cycle . Before the midblastula transition , zygotic transcription does not occur and all needed proteins , such as the B - type cyclins , are translated from maternally loaded mRNA . DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity ( edit ) Analyses of synchronized cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions that prevent DNA replication initiation without delaying cell cycle progression showed that origin licensing decreases the expression of genes with origins near their 3 ' ends , revealing that downstream origins can regulate the expression of upstream genes . This confirms previous predictions from mathematical modeling of a global causal coordination between DNA replication origin activity and mRNA expression , and shows that mathematical modeling of DNA microarray data can be used to correctly predict previously unknown biological modes of regulation . Checkpoints ( edit ) Main article : Cell cycle checkpoint Cell cycle checkpoints are used by the cell to monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle . Checkpoints prevent cell cycle progression at specific points , allowing verification of necessary phase processes and repair of DNA damage . The cell can not proceed to the next phase until checkpoint requirements have been met . Checkpoints typically consist of a network of regulatory proteins that monitor and dictate the progression of the cell through the different stages of the cell cycle . There are several checkpoints to ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells . Three main checkpoints exist : the G / S checkpoint , the G / M checkpoint and the metaphase ( mitotic ) checkpoint . G / S transition is a rate - limiting step in the cell cycle and is also known as restriction point . This is where the cell checks whether it has enough raw materials to fully replicate its DNA ( nucleotide bases , DNA synthase , chromatin , etc . ) . An unhealthy or malnourished cell will get stuck at this checkpoint . The G / M checkpoint is where the cell ensures that it has enough cytoplasm and phospholipids for two daughter cells . But sometimes more importantly , it checks to see if it is the right time to replicate . There are some situations where many cells need to all replicate simultaneously ( for example , a growing embryo should have a symmetric cell distribution until it reaches the mid-blastula transition ) . This is done by controlling the G / M checkpoint . The metaphase checkpoint is a fairly minor checkpoint , in that once a cell is in metaphase , it has committed to undergoing mitosis . However that 's not to say it is n't important . In this checkpoint , the cell checks to ensure that the spindle has formed and that all of the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator before anaphase begins . While these are the three `` main '' checkpoints , not all cells have to pass through each of these checkpoints in this order to replicate . Many types of cancer are caused by mutations that allow the cells to speed through the various checkpoints or even skip them altogether . Going from S to M to S phase almost consecutively . Because these cells have lost their checkpoints , any DNA mutations that may have occurred are disregarded and passed on to the daughter cells . This is one reason why cancer cells have a tendency to exponentially accrue mutations . Aside from cancer cells , many fully differentiated cell types no longer replicate so they leave the cell cycle and stay in G until their death . Thus removing the need for cellular checkpoints . An alternative model of the cell cycle response to DNA damage has also been proposed , known as the postreplication checkpoint . Checkpoint regulation plays an important role in an organism 's development . In sexual reproduction , when egg fertilization occurs , when the sperm binds to the egg , it releases signalling factors that notify the egg that it has been fertilized . Among other things , this induces the now fertilized oocyte to return from its previously dormant , G , state back into the cell cycle and on to mitotic replication and division . p53 plays an important role in triggering the control mechanisms at both G / S and G / M checkpoints . In addition to p53 , checkpoint regulators are being heavily researched for their roles in cancer growth and proliferation . Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle ( edit ) Fluorescent proteins visualize the cell cycle progression . IFP2. 0 - hGem ( 1 / 110 ) fluorescence is shown in green and highlights the S / G / M phases . smURFP - hCdtI ( 30 / 120 ) fluorescence is shown in red and highlights the G / G phases . Pioneering work by Atsushi Miyawaki and coworkers developed the fluorescent ubiquitination - based cell cycle indicator ( FUCCI ) , which enables fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle . Originally , a green fluorescent protein , mAG , was fused to hGem ( 1 / 110 ) and an orange fluorescent protein ( mKO ) was fused to hCdt1 ( 30 / 120 ) . Note , these fusions are fragments that contain a nuclear localization signal and ubiquitination sites for degradation , but are not functional proteins . The green fluorescent protein is made during the S , G , or M phase and degraded during the G or G phase , while the orange fluorescent protein is made during the G or G phase and destroyed during the S , G , or M phase . A far - red and near - infrared FUCCI was developed using a cyanobacteria - derived fluorescent protein ( smURFP ) and a bacteriophytochrome - derived fluorescent protein ( movie found at this link ) . Role in tumor formation ( edit ) A disregulation of the cell cycle components may lead to tumor formation . As mentioned above , when some genes like the cell cycle inhibitors , RB , p53 etc . mutate , they may cause the cell to multiply uncontrollably , forming a tumor . Although the duration of cell cycle in tumor cells is equal to or longer than that of normal cell cycle , the proportion of cells that are in active cell division ( versus quiescent cells in G phase ) in tumors is much higher than that in normal tissue . Thus there is a net increase in cell number as the number of cells that die by apoptosis or senescence remains the same . The cells which are actively undergoing cell cycle are targeted in cancer therapy as the DNA is relatively exposed during cell division and hence susceptible to damage by drugs or radiation . This fact is made use of in cancer treatment ; by a process known as debulking , a significant mass of the tumor is removed which pushes a significant number of the remaining tumor cells from G to G phase ( due to increased availability of nutrients , oxygen , growth factors etc . ) . Radiation or chemotherapy following the debulking procedure kills these cells which have newly entered the cell cycle . The fastest cycling mammalian cells in culture , crypt cells in the intestinal epithelium , have a cycle time as short as 9 to 10 hours . Stem cells in resting mouse skin may have a cycle time of more than 200 hours . Most of this difference is due to the varying length of G , the most variable phase of the cycle . M and S do not vary much . In general , cells are most radiosensitive in late M and G phases and most resistant in late S phase . For cells with a longer cell cycle time and a significantly long G phase , there is a second peak of resistance late in G . The pattern of resistance and sensitivity correlates with the level of sulfhydryl compounds in the cell . Sulfhydryls are natural substances that protect cells from radiation damage and tend to be at their highest levels in S and at their lowest near mitosis . See also ( edit ) Cellular model Synchronous culture -- synchronization of cell cultures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wang JD , Levin PA ( November 2009 ) . `` Metabolism , cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 7 ( 11 ) : 822 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2202 . PMC 2887316 . PMID 19806155 . 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Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 274.1664 E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 274.5293. 1664 . PMID 8939848 . Jump up ^ LeMaire - Adkins R , Radke K , Hunt PA ( December 1997 ) . `` Lack of checkpoint control at the metaphase / anaphase transition : a mechanism of meiotic nondisjunction in mammalian females '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 139 ( 7 ) : 1611 -- 9 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 139.7. 1611 . PMC 2132649 . PMID 9412457 . Jump up ^ Sakaue - Sawano A , Kurokawa H , Morimura T , Hanyu A , Hama H , Osawa H , Kashiwagi S , Fukami K , Miyata T , Miyoshi H , Imamura T , Ogawa M , Masai H , Miyawaki A ( February 2008 ) . `` Visualizing spatiotemporal dynamics of multicellular cell - cycle progression '' . Cell. 132 ( 3 ) : 487 -- 98 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.12. 033 . PMID 18267078 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez EA , Tran GN , Gross LA , Crisp JL , Shu X , Lin JY , Tsien RY ( September 2016 ) . `` A far - red fluorescent protein evolved from a cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein '' . Nature Methods. 13 ( 9 ) : 763 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth. 3935 . PMC 5007177 . PMID 27479328 . Jump up ^ Champeris Tsaniras S , Kanellakis N , Symeonidou IE , Nikolopoulou P , Lygerou Z , Taraviras S ( June 2014 ) . `` Licensing of DNA replication , cancer , pluripotency and differentiation : an interlinked world ? '' . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 30 : 174 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2014.03. 013 . PMID 24641889 . Further Reading ( edit ) Morgan DO ( 2007 ) . The Cell Cycle : Principles of Control . London : Published by New Science Press in association with Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 508 - 8 . Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 17 '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4111 - 6 . Krieger M , Scott MP , Matsudaira PT , Lodish HF , Darnell JE , Zipursky L , Kaiser C , Berk A ( 2004 ) . Molecular cell biology . New York : W.H. Freeman and CO . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 . Watson JD , Baker TA , Bell SP , Gann A , Levine M , Losick R ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 7 '' . Molecular biology of the gene ( 5th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4642 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell cycle . This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . David Morgan 's Seminar : Controlling the Cell Cycle The cell cycle & Cell death Transcriptional program of the cell cycle : high - resolution timing Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast Cell Cycle Animation 1Lec.com Cell Cycle Fucci : Using GFP to visualize the cell - cycle Science Creative Quarterly 's overview of the cell cycle KEGG -- Human Cell Cycle hide Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 5 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis NDL : 00576703 Evolutionary biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_cycle&oldid=849038021 '' Categories : Cell cycle Cellular processes Cellular senescence Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Use dmy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 02 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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at what point in the cell cycle does dna replication occur
[ "\n\n\nState\n\nPhase\n\nAbbreviation\n\nDescription\n\n\nResting\n\nGap 0\n\nG0\n\nA phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing.\n\n\nInterphase\n\nGap 1\n\nG1\n\nCells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.\n\n\nSynthesis\n\nS\n\nDNA replication occurs during this phase.\n\n\nGap 2\n\nG2\n\nDuring the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide.\n\n\nCell division\n\nMitosis\n\nM\n\nCell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division.\n" ]
[ "Synthesis" ]
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Nike, Inc.
Nike , Inc. . - Wikipedia Nike , Inc. . This article is about the sportswear and apparel company . For other uses of the name `` Nike '' , see Nike ( disambiguation ) . NIKE , Inc . Nike Swoosh logo Nike World Headquarters in Beaverton Formerly Blue Ribbon Sports ( 1964 -- 1971 ) Type Public Traded as NYSE : NKE ( Class B) DJIA component S&P 100 component S&P 500 component Industry Apparel Accessories Sports equipment Founded January 25 , 1964 ; 54 years ago ( 1964 - 01 - 25 ) Founder Bill Bowerman Phil Knight Headquarters Washington County , Oregon , U.S. ( Near Beaverton , Oregon ) Area served Worldwide Key people Phil Knight ( Chairman Emeritus ) Mark Parker ( Chairman , President , & CEO ) Andrew Campion ( CFO ) Products Athletic footwear & apparel Athletic & recreational products Sports equipment Revenue US $ 34.35 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $ 4.95 billion ( 2017 ) Net income US $ 4.24 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $ 23.26 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $ 12.41 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees 74,400 ( 2017 ) Website Nike.com Footnotes / references Nike Factory Store in Wisconsin Nike , Inc. ( / ˈnaɪki / ) is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $29.6 billion . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 and 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro . In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment , the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name . Nike sponsors many high - profile athletes and sports teams around the world , with the highly recognized trademarks of `` Just Do It '' and the Swoosh logo . Contents 1 Origins and history 1.1 Acquisitions 1.2 Finance 2 Products 2.1 Sports equipment 2.2 Street fashions 3 Headquarters 4 Controversy 4.1 Sweatshops 4.2 Child labor allegations 4.3 Strike in China factory 4.4 Justin Gatlin sponsorship 4.5 Paradise Papers 5 Environmental record 6 Marketing strategy 6.1 Advertising 6.1. 1 Beatles song 6.1. 2 New media marketing 6.1. 3 Minor Threat advertisement 6.1. 4 Nike 6.0 6.2 NBA uniform and apparel deal 7 Sponsorship 7.1 Current sponsorships 8 Ties with the University of Oregon 9 Causes 10 Program 11 Products 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Origins and History Old logo of Nike , Inc. , still used on some retro products with red boxes A Nike Factory Store in Vaughan Mills Nike , originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports ( BRS ) , was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964 . The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger ( now ASICS ) , making most sales at track meets out of Knight 's automobile . According to Otis Davis , a student athlete whom Bowerman coached at the University of Oregon , who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics , Bowerman made the first pair of Nike shoes for him , contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight . Says Davis , `` I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first . I do n't care what all the billionaires say . Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me . People do n't believe me . In fact , I did n't like the way they felt on my feet . There was no support and they were too tight . But I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron , and they were mine '' . In 1964 , in its first year in business , BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000 . By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full - time employee , and sales had reached $20,000 . In 1966 , BRS opened its first retail store , located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica , California next to a beauty salon , so its employees no longer needed to sell inventory from the back of their cars . In 1967 , due to rapidly increasing sales , BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast , in Wellesley , Massachusetts . By 1971 , the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end . BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear , which would bear the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson . The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18 , 1971 , and was registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on January 22 , 1974 . In 1976 , the company hired John Brown and Partners , based in Seattle , as its first advertising agency . The following year , the agency created the first `` brand ad '' for Nike , called `` There is no finish line '' , in which no Nike product was shown . By 1980 , Nike had attained a 50 % market share in the U.S. athletic shoe market , and the company went public in December of that year . Together , Nike and Wieden + Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements , and Wieden + Kennedy remains Nike 's primary ad agency . It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now - famous slogan `` Just Do It '' for a 1988 Nike ad campaign , which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution . Walt Stack was featured in Nike 's first `` Just Do It '' advertisement , which debuted on July 1 , 1988 . Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to `` Let 's do it '' , the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed . Throughout the 1980s , Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world . In 1990 , Nike moved into its eight - building World Headquarters campus in Beaverton , Oregon . The first Nike retail store , dubbed Niketown , opened in downtown Portland in November of that year . Phil Knight announced in mid-2015 that he would to step down as chairman of Nike in 2016 . He officially stepped down from all duties with the company on June 30 , 2016 . In a company public announcement on March 15 , 2018 , Parker said Trevor Edwards , a top Nike executive who was seen as a potential successor to the chief executive , was relinquishing his position as Nike 's brand president and would retire in August . Acquisitions Nike has acquired several apparel and footwear companies over the course of its history , some of which have since been sold . Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear company Cole Haan in 1988 , followed by the purchase of Bauer Hockey in 1994 . In 2002 , Nike bought surf apparel company Hurley International from founder Bob Hurley . In 2003 , Nike paid US $309 million to acquire Converse , makers of the Chuck Taylor All - Stars line of sneakers . The company acquired Starter in 2004 and Umbro , known as the manufacturers of the England national football team 's kit , in 2008 . In order to refocus on its core business lines , Nike began divesting of some of its subsidiaries in the 2000s . It sold Starter in 2007 and Bauer Hockey in 2008 . The company sold Umbro in 2012 and Cole Haan in 2013 . As of 2017 , Nike owns two key subsidiaries : Converse Inc. and Hurley International . Finance Nike will buy back $8 billion of Nike 's class B stock in four years after the current $5 billion buyback program is completed in second quarter of fiscal 2013 . Up to September 2012 , Nike Inc. has bought back $10 billion of stock . Nike was made a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2013 , when it replaced Alcoa . On December 19 , 2013 , Nike 's quarterly profit rose due to a 13 percent increase in global orders for merchandise since April of that year . Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and April , rose to $10.4 billion . Nike shares ( NKE ) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading . In November 2015 , Nike announced it would initiate a $12 billion share buyback , as well as a two - for - one stock split , with shares to begin trading at the decreased price on December 24 . The split will be the seventh in company history . Products A Nike brand athletic shoe A pair of Nike Air Jordan I basketball shoes Sports equipment Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment . Their first products were track running shoes . They currently also make shoes , jerseys , shorts , cleats , baselayers , etc. for a wide range of sports , including track and field , baseball , ice hockey , tennis , association football ( soccer ) , lacrosse , basketball , and cricket . Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike , Inc. in 1987 . Additional product lines were introduced later , such as Air Huarache , which debuted in 1992 . The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0 , Nike NYX , and Nike SB shoes , designed for skateboarding . Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker , designed to be 30 % lighter than their competitors ' . In 2008 , Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3 , a high - performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind . Nike sells an assortment of products , including shoes and apparel for sports activities like association football , basketball , running , combat sports , tennis , American football , athletics , golf , and cross training for men , women , and children . Nike also sells shoes for outdoor activities such as tennis , golf , skateboarding , association football , baseball , American football , cycling , volleyball , wrestling , cheerleading , aquatic activities , auto racing , and other athletic and recreational uses . Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product that monitors a runner 's performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the iPod nano . While the product generates useful statistics , it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users ' RFID devices from 60 feet ( 18 m ) away using small , concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network . In 2004 , Nike launched the SPARQ Training Program / Division . Some of Nike 's newest shoes contain Flywire and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight . The Air Zoom Vomero running shoe , introduced in 2006 and currently in its 11th generation , featured a combination of groundbreaking innovations including a full - length air cushioned sole , an external heel counter , a crashpad in the heel for shock absorption , and Fit Frame technology for a stable fit . Street fashions This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nike Cortez shoe Nike Elite no - show socks with cushioned sole . The Nike brand , with its distinct V - shaped logo , quickly became regarded as a status symbol in modern urban fashion and hip - hop fashion due to its association with success in sport . Beginning in the 1980s , various items of Nike clothing became staples of mainstream American youth fashion , especially tracksuits , shell suits , baseball caps , Air Jordans , Air Force 1 's , and Air Max running shoes with thick , air cushioned rubber soles and contrasting blue , yellow , green , white , or red trim . Limited edition sneakers and prototypes with a regional early release were known as Quickstrikes , and became highly desirable items for teenage members of the sneakerhead subculture . By the 1990s and 2000s , American and European teenagers associated with the preppy or popular clique began combining these sneakers , leggings , sweatpants , crop tops , and tracksuits with regular casual chic street clothes such as jeans , skirts , leg warmers , slouch socks , and bomber jackets . Particularly popular were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo compression shorts worn for cycling and running , which had a mesh lining , waterproofing , and , later in the 2000s , a zip pocket for a Walkman or MP3 player . From the late 2000s into the 2010s , Nike Elite basketball socks began to be worn as everyday clothes by hip - hop fans and young children . Originally plain white or black , these socks had special shock absorbing cushioning in the sole plus a moisture wicking upper weave . Later , Nike Elite socks became available in bright colors inspired by throwback basketball uniforms , often with contrasting bold abstract designs , images of celebrities , and freehand digital print to capitalise upon the emerging nostalgia for 1990s fashion . In 2015 , a new self - lacing shoe was introduced . Called the Nike Mag , which are replicas of the shoes featured in Back to the Future Part II , it had a preliminary limited release , only available by auction with all proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation . This was done again in 2016 . Nike have introduced a premium line , focused more on streetwear than sports wear called NikeLab . In March 2017 , Nike announced its launch of a plus - size clothing line , which will feature new sizes 1X through 3X on more than 200 products . Another significant development at this time was the Chuck Taylor All - Star Modern , an update of the classic basketball sneaker that incorporated the circular knit upper and cushioned foam sole of Nike 's Air Jordans . Headquarters Nike 's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton but are within unincorporated Washington County . The city attempted to forcibly annex Nike 's headquarters , which led to a lawsuit by Nike , and lobbying by the company that ultimately ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005 . Under that bill 's terms , Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land that Nike and Columbia Sportswear occupy in Washington County for 35 years , while Electro Scientific Industries and Tektronix receive the same protection for 30 years . Nike is planning to build a 3.2 million square foot expansion to its World Headquarters in Beaverton . The design will target LEED Platinum certification and will be highlighted by natural daylight , and a gray water treatment center . Controversy Nike office in North America . Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States . Most of the factories are located in Asia , including Indonesia , China , Taiwan , India , Thailand , Vietnam , Pakistan , Philippines , and Malaysia . Nike is hesitant to disclose information about the contract companies it works with . However , due to harsh criticism from some organizations like CorpWatch , Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report . Sweatshops Main article : Nike sweatshops Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories ( known as Nike sweatshops ) in countries such as China , Vietnam , Indonesia and Mexico . Vietnam Labor Watch , an activist group , has documented that factories contracted by Nike have violated minimum wage and overtime laws in Vietnam as late as 1996 , although Nike claims that this practice has been stopped . The company has been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor working conditions and exploitation of cheap overseas labor employed in the free trade zones where their goods are typically manufactured . Sources for this criticism include Naomi Klein 's book No Logo and Michael Moore documentaries . Campaigns have been taken up by many colleges and universities , especially anti-globalisation groups , as well as several anti-sweatshop groups such as the United Students Against Sweatshops . As of July 2011 , Nike stated that two - thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet the company 's standards for worker treatment . A July 2011 Associated Press article stated that employees at the company 's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors . Child labor allegations During the 1990s , Nike faced criticism for the use of child labor in Cambodia and Pakistan in factories it contracted to manufacture soccer balls . Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice , they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used . In 2001 , a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike . The documentary focused on six girls , who all worked seven days a week , often 16 hours a day . Strike in China factory In April 2014 , one of the biggest strikes in mainland China took place at the Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Dongguan shoe factory , producing amongst others for Nike . Yue Yuen did underpay an employee by 250 yuan ( 40.82 US Dollars ) per month . The average salary at Yue Yuen is 3000 yuan per month . The factory employs 70,000 people . This practice was in place for nearly 20 years . Justin Gatlin sponsorship In March 2015 , Nike drew criticism after announcing a new sponsorship deal with American sprinter Justin Gatlin who had served two bans for doping . Nike had previously dropped Gatlin after his second failed drug test and resulting long term ban . Critics said that Nike was sending out a bad message by endorsing an athlete who has never been repentant for his actions and still causes widespread discontent within the sport . English sprinter Marlon Devonish described the deal as `` a kick in the teeth to the 99 % of guys who are clean '' . Paradise papers Main article : Paradise Papers On 5 November 2017 , the Paradise Papers , a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment , revealed that Nike is among the corporations that used offshore companies to avoid taxes . Appleby documents detail how Nike boosted its after - tax profits by , among other maneuvers , transferring ownership of its Swoosh trademark to a Bermudan subsidiary , Nike International Ltd . This transfer allowed the subsidiary to charge royalties to its European headquarters in Hilversum , Netherlands , effectively converting taxable company profits to an account payable in tax - free Bermuda . Although the subsidiary was effectively run by executives at Nike 's main offices in Beaverton , Oregon -- to the point where a duplicate of the Bermudan company 's seal was needed -- for tax purposes the subsidiary was treated as Bermuda . Its profits were not declared in Europe and came to light only because of a mostly unrelated case in US Tax Court , where papers filed by Nike briefly mention royalties in 2010 , 2011 and 2012 totaling $3.86 billion . Under an arrangement with Dutch authorities , the tax break was to expire in 2014 , so another reorganization transferred the intellectual property from the Bermudan company to a Dutch commanditaire vennootschap or limited partnership , Nike Innovate CV . Dutch law treats income earned by a CV as if it had been earned by the principals , who owe no tax in the Netherlands if they do not reside there . Environmental record According to the New England - based environmental organization Clean Air - Cool Planet , Nike ranked among the top three companies ( out of 56 ) in a survey of climate - friendly companies in 2007 . Nike has also been praised for its Nike Grind program ( which closes the product lifecycle ) by groups like Climate Counts . One campaign that Nike began for Earth Day 2008 was a commercial that featured basketball star Steve Nash wearing Nike 's Trash Talk Shoe , which had been constructed in February 2008 from pieces of leather and synthetic leather waste from factory floors . The Trash Talk Shoe also featured a sole composed of ground - up rubber from a shoe recycling program . Nike claims this is the first performance basketball shoe that has been created from manufacturing waste , but it only produced 5,000 pairs for sale . Another project Nike has begun is called Nike 's Reuse - A-Shoe program . This program , started in 1993 , is Nike 's longest - running program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type in order to process and recycle them . The material that is produced is then used to help create sports surfaces such as basketball courts , running tracks , and playgrounds . A project through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand . In addition to inhalation , dermal exposure was the biggest problem found . This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic reactions . Marketing strategy Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes , professional teams and college athletic teams . Advertising In 1982 , Nike aired its first three national television ads , created by newly formed ad agency Wieden + Kennedy ( W + K ) , during the broadcast of the New York Marathon . The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003 , making it the first company to receive that honor twice . Nike also has earned the Emmy Award for best commercial twice since the award was first created in the 1990s . The first was for `` The Morning After , '' a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1 , 2000 if every dire prediction about the Y2K problem came to fruition . The second was for a 2002 spot called `` Move , '' which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a variety of athletic pursuits . Beatles song Nike was criticized for its use of the Beatles song `` Revolution '' in a 1987 commercial against the wishes of Apple Records , the Beatles ' recording company . Nike paid US $250,000 to Capitol Records Inc. , which held the North American licensing rights to the recordings , for the right to use the Beatles ' rendition for a year . Apple Records sued Nike Inc. , Capitol Records Inc. , EMI Records Inc. and Wieden + Kennedy for $15 million . Capitol - EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was `` groundless '' because Capitol had licensed the use of `` Revolution '' with the `` active support and encouragement of Yoko Ono , a shareholder and director of Apple Records . '' Nike discontinued airing ads featuring `` Revolution '' in March 1988 . Yoko Ono later gave permission to Nike to use John Lennon 's `` Instant Karma '' in another advertisement . New media marketing Nike was an early adopter of internet marketing , email management technologies , and using broadcast and narrowcast communication technologies to create multimedia marketing campaigns . Minor Threat advertisement In late June 2005 , Nike received criticism from Ian MacKaye , owner of Dischord Records , guitarist / vocalist for Fugazi and The Evens , and front man of the defunct punk band Minor Threat , for appropriating imagery and text from Minor Threat 's 1981 self - titled album 's cover art in a flyer promoting Nike Skateboarding 's 2005 East Coast demo tour . On June 27 , Nike Skateboarding 's website issued an apology to Dischord , Minor Threat , and fans of both and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers . They stated that the people who designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of respect and appreciation for the band . The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike and Minor Threat . Niketown at Oxford Circus , London Nike 6.0 As part of the 6.0 campaign , Nike introduced a new line of T - shirts that include phrases such as `` Dope '' , `` Get High '' and `` Ride Pipe '' -- sports lingo that is also a double entendre for drug use . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino expressed his objection to the shirts after seeing them in a window display at the city 's Niketown and asked the store to remove the display . `` What we do n't need is a major corporation like Nike , which tries to appeal to the younger generation , out there giving credence to the drug issue , '' Menino told The Boston Herald . A company official stated the shirts were meant to pay homage to extreme sports , and that Nike does not condone the illegal use of drugs . Nike was forced to replace the shirt line . NBA uniform and apparel deal In June 2015 , Nike signed an 8 - year deal with the NBA to become the official apparel supplier for the league , beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . The brand took over for Adidas , who provided the uniforms and apparel for the league since 2006 . Unlike previous deals , Nike 's logo appeared on NBA game jerseys -- a first for the league . The only exception is the Charlotte Hornets , owned by longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan , which instead uses the Jumpman logo associated with Jordan - related merchandise . Sponsorship Michael Jordan ( pictured in 1987 ) helped drive Nike sales . Nike pays top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design . Nike 's first professional athlete endorser was Romanian tennis player Ilie Năstase . The first track endorser was distance runner Steve Prefontaine . Prefontaine was the prized pupil of the company 's co-founder , Bill Bowerman , while he coached at the University of Oregon . Today , the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in his honor at Nike 's corporate headquarters . Nike has also sponsored many other successful track and field athletes over the years , such as Carl Lewis , Jackie Joyner - Kersee and Sebastian Coe . The signing of basketball player Michael Jordan in 1984 , with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the course of his career , with Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon , proved to be one of the biggest boosts to Nike 's publicity and sales . Ronaldinho ( pictured with Barcelona in 2007 ) appeared in a 2005 Nike advertisement that went viral on YouTube , becoming the site 's first video to reach one million views . Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at Penn State University and named its first child care facility after Joe Paterno when it opened in 1990 at the company 's headquarters . Nike originally announced it would not remove Paterno 's name from the building in the wake of the Penn State sex abuse scandal . After the Freeh Report was released on July 12 , 2012 , Nike CEO Mark Parker announced the name Joe Paterno would be removed immediately from the child development center . A new name has yet to be announced . Nike also sponsored association football players such as Ronaldinho , Ronaldo , Neymar , Cristiano Ronaldo , Kylian Mbappé , Zlatan Ibrahimović , Thierry Henry , Wayne Rooney , Didier Drogba , Francesco Totti , Harry Kane , Andrés Iniesta and Eden Hazard among others . Nike Hypervenom 3 boots were commissioned for French prodigy Kylian Mbappé In 2012 , Nike carried a commercial partnership with the Asian Football Confederation . In December 2017 , Nike advertised Philippe Coutinho 's image on the back of a Barcelona jersey despite still being a Liverpool player . In 2017 , Kylian Mbappé had his own boots commissioned at age 18 , the Kylian Mbappé Nike Hypervenom 3 . Nike has sponsored Tiger Woods for much of his career . In January 2013 , Nike signed Rory McIlroy , the then No 1 golfer in the world to a 10 - year sponsorship deal worth $250 million . The deal includes using Nike 's range of golf clubs , a move Nick Faldo previously described as `` dangerous '' for McIlroy 's game . Nike has been the official kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team since 2005 . On February 21 , 2013 , Nike announced it suspended its contract with South African athlete Oscar Pistorius , due to his being charged with premeditated murder . In August 2014 , Nike announced that they will not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million . Nike is currently sponsoring a group of long - distance runners in an attempt to run a sub-two hour full 26.2 mile marathon . The current world record is 2 : 02 : 57 . Nike is putting together a team of `` designers , scientists , coaches , and statisticians '' with the goal of having one or more runners break the record by 3 percent in the spring of 2017 . Current sponsorships Main article : List of Nike sponsorships Ties with the University of Oregon See also : Oregon Ducks § Relationship with Nike The company maintains strong ties , both directly and indirectly ( through partnership with Phil Knight ) , with the University of Oregon . Nike designs the University of Oregon football program 's team attire . New unique combinations are issued before every game day . Tinker Hatfield , who also redesigned the university 's logo , leads this effort . More recently , the corporation donated $13.5 million towards the renovation and expansion of Hayward Field . Phil Knight has invested substantial personal funds towards developing and maintaining the university 's athletic apparatus . His university projects often involve input from Nike designers and executives , such as Tinker Hatfield . Causes In 2012 , Nike is listed as a partner of the ( PRODUCT ) campaign together with other brands such as Girl , American Express and Converse . The campaign 's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 ( the campaign 's byline is `` Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation '' ) . The company 's goal is to raise and send funds , for education and medical assistance to those who live in areas heavily effected by AIDS . Program The Nike Community Ambassador Program , allows Nike employees from around the world to go out and give to their community . Over 3,900 employees from various Nike stores have participated in teaching children to be active and healthy . Products Nike Air Max Nike Air Yeezy Nike Pro Hijab See also Nike timeline List of companies based in Oregon Companies portal Oregon portal United States portal Notes Jump up ^ The pronunciations of `` Nike '' include / ˈnaɪki / NY - kee officially and in the US , as well as / naɪk / NYKE outside of the US . References Jump up ^ `` US SEC : Form 10 - K Nike , Inc '' . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collins , Paul ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nike IS pronounced Nikey , chairman of shoe giant finally confirms '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ It 's official : Nike rhymes with spiky -- and you 're saying all these wrong too `` . The Guardian . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sage , Alexandria ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Nike profit up but shares tumble on U.S. concerns '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Forbes Fab 40 : The World 's Most Valuable Sports Brands 2014 '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ null . `` Nike - pg. 16 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Philip . `` How Nike almost ended up with a very different name '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Nike CR7 '' . Nike , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Nike sells Bauer Hockey for $200 Million '' . The Sports Network . February 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview : History : 1950s '' . Nikebiz . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hague , Jim ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` Truant officer was Olympic hero Emerson High has gold medalist in midst '' . The Hudson Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Company History '' . Jump up ^ `` Logos that became legends : Icons from the world of advertising '' . The Independent . London . January 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Registration Number 72414177 '' . TSDR . U.S. Patent & Trademark Office . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview : History : 1970s '' . Nikebiz . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview : History : 1970s '' . Nikebiz . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nike 's ' Just Do It ' slogan celebrates 20 years '' . OregonLive.com . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy W. ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Birth of ' Just Do It ' and Other Magic Words '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Porter , Jeff ; Harris , Mark ; Yeung , Gavin ( December 11 , 2002 ) . `` Nike '' ( PDF ) . Management 296 -- International Business Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 5 , 2003 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` As Nike looks to expand , it already has a 22 - building empire '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . The first phase of the Nike World Headquarters campus opened in 1990 and included eight buildings . Now , there are 22 buildings . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` NikeTown Portland to close forever ( at its original location ) on Friday '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wightman - Stone , Danielle ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nike chairman Phil Knight to step down in 2016 '' . FashionUnited . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinton , Kate ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Nike Cofounder And Chairman Phil Knight Officially Retires From The Board '' . FashionUnited . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Nike Executive Resigns ; C.E.O. Addresses Workplace Behavior Complaints '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Cole - Haan to Nike For $80 Million '' . The New York Times . April 26 , 1988 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Laylan ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Hurley : Success built on everyone 's inner surfer '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Partlow , Joshua ( July 2003 ) . `` Nike Drafts An All Star '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nike unloads Starter for $60 M '' . Portland Business Journal . November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Matt ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Iconix Brand Buys Nike 's Umbro Soccer Unit for $225 Million '' . BloombergBusinessweek . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dezember , Ryan ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` After Umbro , Nike Turns to Cole Haan Sale '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Austen , Ian ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Hockey Fan , and Investor , Buys Bauer From Nike '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Suzanne ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Nike completes Umbro sale to Iconix '' . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike completes Cole Haan sale '' . Portland Business Journal . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Completes Sale of Cole Haan to APAX Partners , LLP '' . Barrons / Business Wire . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` With Cole Haan sale , Nike can focus on more important things , analysts say '' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ Prasad , Sakthi ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Nike approves $8 billion share repurchase program '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ GOLDWYN BLUMENTHAL , ROBIN . `` Alcoa 's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant '' . Barron 's . Barron 's . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Fiscal 2nd - Quarter Profit Jumps 40 Percent '' . December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scholer , Kristen ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` What Nike 's Two - For - One Stock Split Means for the Dow '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Soccer -- World - class soccer cleats . World - class pros '' . Nike.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike launches cricket shoe Air Zoom Yorker '' . The Hindu Business Line . September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Air Zoom Control II FS Futsal Shoes at Soccer Pro '' . Soccerpro.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ T. Scott Saponas ; Jonathan Lester ; Carl Hartung ; Tadayoshi Kohno . `` Devices That Tell On You : The Nike + iPod Sport Kit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Espiner ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Nike + iPod raises RFID privacy concerns '' . CNet . Jump up ^ `` SPARQ - Nike Performance Summitt '' . SPECTRUM , Inc. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Latest materials improve sportswear performance '' . ICIS Chemical Business . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 20th Anniversary of Air Zoom Jump up ^ New Air Zoom Vomero Jump up ^ McKee , Alan ( April 15 , 2008 ) . Beautiful things in popular culture . Wiley . p. 106 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Peter ; Papson , Stephen ( 1998 ) . Nike Culture : The Sign of the Swoosh . SAGE . pp. 88 , 102 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbasho , Tracy ( 2010 ) . Nike . ABC - CLIO . p. 17 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nike 's High - Stepping Air Force '' . Popular Mechanics . August 1987 . p. 33 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nike advert '' . Working Mother . p. 76 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ GQ guide to selling sneakers Jump up ^ High Snob Jump up ^ Sneaker Watch Jump up ^ How teens spend money Jump up ^ Brand failures Jump up ^ Dress to express Jump up ^ Queen of the basic bitches Jump up ^ Vogue magazine Jump up ^ Nike vs J Crew Jump up ^ Exeter basic bitch Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Makeup - free Kaley Cuoco showcases sculpted abs in pink gym shorts and printed bralet as she steps out after fitness session '' . Mail Online ( Daily Mail ) . United Kingdom . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nike Tempo trend Jump up ^ Running for beginners . Imagine . p. 240 . ISBN 9781908955111 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young and stylish Jump up ^ Introducing the Nike Elite Jump up ^ Colorful socks no longer a fad Jump up ^ Dr Jays Jump up ^ Aaliyah , Nino Brown and Freddy Kruger socks Jump up ^ Digital ink printed socks Jump up ^ `` The 2015 Nike Mag '' . NIKE , Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Michael J. Fox Foundation does raffle with Nike to raise awareness for Parkinson 's disease '' . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NikeLab '' . www.nike.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lekach , Sasha . `` Nike finally releases plus - size clothing line for women '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nike unveils converse modern Jump up ^ `` Appellate court rejects Beaverton annexation The Oregonian Extra '' . Blog.oregonlive.com . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nike Releases Renderings of 3.2 Million - SF HQ Expansion - CoStar Group '' . www.costar.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NikeBiz Investors Corporate Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` India 's 50 most trusted brands '' . rediff.com . January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nike Labor Practices in Vietnam Archived April 18 , 2001 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sweatfree Campus Campaign Launch '' . Studentsagainstsweatshops.org . September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Nike still dogged by worker abuses '' , Japan Times , July 15 , 2011 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` MIT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sun Thyda , 12 ( October 15 , 2000 ) . `` Programmes Panorama Archive Gap and Nike : No Sweat ? October 15 , 2000 '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ More than ten thousand workers stage strike at massive Dongguan shoe factory , April 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Yue Yuen shoe factory workers ' strike at Dongguan plants continues , April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yue Yuen strikers vow to continue until benefit contribution deficit paid in full , South China Morning Post , April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ed Aarons ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Paula Radcliffe criticises Nike for giving Justin Gatlin new sponsorship deal '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Matt Slater ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Nike gives controversial sprinter Justin Gatlin sponsorship deal '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Ben Bloom ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Gatlin not only threatens Usain Bolt -- he threatens athletics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Ben Bloom ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Nike 's decision to give drugs cheat Justin Gatlin sponsorship deal is ' absolute nonsense ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` ' Paradise papers ' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite '' . Deutsche Welle. 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So lief die SZ - Recherche '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offshore Trove Exposes Trump - Russia Links And Piggy Banks Of The Wealthiest 1 Percent '' . International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Simon Bowers ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` How NikeStays One Step Ahead of the Regulators : When One Tax Loophole Closes , Another Opens '' . ICIJ . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Zabarenko , Deborah ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Reuters report '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nike '' . ClimateCounts . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Wicked Local '' . April 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Todd , L.A. ; Sitthichok , T.P. ; Mottus , K. ; Mihlan , G. ; Wing , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Health Survey of Workers Exposed to Mixed Solvent and Ergonomic Hazards in Footwear and Equipment Factory Workers in Thailand '' . Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 52 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 205 . doi : 10.1093 / annhyg / men003 . PMID 18344534 Jump up ^ Todd , L.A. ; Mottus , K. ; Mihlan , G.J. ( 2008 ) . `` A Survey of Airborne and Skin Exposures to Chemicals in Footwear and Equipment Factories in Thailand '' . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 5 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 181 . doi : 10.1080 / 15459620701853342 . PMID 18213531 Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim . `` W + K Finds Its First Ads Ever , for Nike , on Dusty Old Tapes '' . Adweek . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nike 's Knight Is Advertiser of the Year '' . AllBusiness.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fass , Allison ( August 31 , 2000 ) . `` The Media Business -- Advertising -- Addenda -- Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( September 20 , 2002 ) . `` Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ According to a July 28 , 1987 article written by the Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Skateboarding '' . Nike . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Nike courts controversy , publicity with drug - themed skater shirts '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Inc . ( NYSE : NKE ) Facing Slogan Backlash '' . stocksandshares.tv . June 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Signs 8 - Year Deal With NBA '' . BallerStatus.com . June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dator , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Hornets will be the only NBA team to have jerseys licensed by Jumpman '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , Sarah . `` 23 years later , Air Jordans maintain mystique '' , The Seattle Times , January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ YouTube Five Year Anniversary on YouTube , compilation of videos on the site . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Paterno 's name off child care center '' . FOX Sports . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Paterno 's Name Removed From Child Development Center at Nike Headquarters '' . NESN.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jogadores de Futebol Patrocinados pela Nike '' . Nike Brasil . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike offers further backing for Asian soccer '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Philippe Coutinho : Nike advertises Liverpool player 's name on Barcelona shirts '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Just Gave AS Monaco Sensation Kylian Mbappé His First Pair of Personalised Boots '' . Complex. 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Tom Fordyce ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Rory McIlroy , Nike and the $250 m , 10 - year sponsorship deal '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team India 's new NIKE ODI kit '' . Cricbuzz.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Cricket team 's NIKE ODI kit '' . Cricketliveguide.com . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Roxanna ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Oscar Pistorius dropped by Nike '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League : Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship '' . Sky Sports . London . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign record 10 - year kit deal with Adidas worth £ 750m '' . Sky Sports . London . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Ed ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Inside Nike 's Quest for the Impossible : a Two - Hour Marathon '' . Wired . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Alger , Tyson . `` Oregon Ducks add orange to their Nike uniform repertoire for Colorado game '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peter , Josh . `` Behind Oregon 's ( Phil ) Knight in shining armor '' . USA Today . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Germano , Sara . `` Nike Pledges $13.5 Million to Help Renovate University of Oregon Track Facilities '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg . `` Oregon Embraces ' University of Nike ' Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( RED ) Partners '' . ( RED ) . ( RED ) , a division of The ONE Campaign. 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Community Ambassadors Nike Global Community Impact '' . Nike Global Community Impact . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Further reading `` The Swoon of the Swoosh '' by Timothy Egan at The New York Times Magazine , September 13 , 1998 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nike , Inc ... Official web site 2018 FIFA World Cup : Nike says Iran World Cup saga is ' misleading ' Business data for Nike , Inc. : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Company summary , from the New York Stock Exchange website Nike , Inc . Corporate directors Jill Ker Conway Tim Cook Phil Knight Travis Knight Mark Parker Orin C. Smith John Thompson Phyllis Wise Subsidiaries Converse Hurley Former : Cole Haan Bauer Hockey Umbro Assets and products Air Jordan Air Melo Line Air Max Nike Considered Nike CTR360 Maestri Nike Flywire Nike Free Nike Mercurial Vapor Nike Shox Nike+ Nike Blazers Nike SB Swoosh Air Force Nike Tiempo Nike Total 90 Nike Air Yeezy Nike Ordem Miscellaneous List of Nike sponsorships Nike Academy Nike Sport Research Lab Nike Oregon Project Nike ONE Running shoe brands Adidas Altra Running ASICS Brooks Sports Etnies Fila Hoka One One K - Swiss Lescon Li - Ning Merrell Mizuno New Balance Nike Puma Reebok Saucony Spira Footwear Under Armour Wilson Competitive swimwear Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin Kneeskin Racerback Male suits Bodyskin Kneeskin Legskin Square leg suits Swim briefs Jammers Materials High - technology swimwear fabric ( Nylon Polyurethane Spandex ) Accessories Earplugs Goggles Noseclip Swim cap Training gear Fistgloves Inflatable armbands Hand paddle Pool noodle Pull buoy Swimfin Swimming float Swimming machine Manufacturers 361 _̊ Adidas Agon Arena ASICS Descente DOLFIN ellesse HEAD MIZUNO MP NIKE ORCA Speedo TYR WAY FUNKY Zoggs ZOKE Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average 3M American Express Apple Boeing Caterpillar Chevron Cisco Systems Coca - Cola Disney DowDuPont ExxonMobil Goldman Sachs The Home Depot Intel IBM Johnson & Johnson JPMorgan Chase McDonald 's Merck & Co . Microsoft Nike Pfizer Procter & Gamble Travelers UnitedHealth Group United Technologies Verizon Communications Visa Walgreens Boots Alliance Walmart Oregon - based companies NYSE listed Greenbrier Companies Lithia Motors Nike NW Natural Portland General Electric NASDAQ listed Columbia Sportswear Electro Scientific Industries FLIR Lattice Radisys Schnitzer Steel Umpqua Holdings Private companies A-dec Consumer Cellular Erickson Inc . ESCO FEI Franz Bakery Hoffman Construction InFocus KinderCare Education Laika Leupold & Stevens Les Schwab The Old Spaghetti Factory Parr Lumber Plaid Pantry Rentrak Reser 's Fine Foods Roseburg Forest Products Shari 's Cafe & Pies Vigor Industrial Other Bi-Mart Tillamook Creamery Western Family Foods List of companies based in Oregon Coordinates : 45 ° 30 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 49 ′ 48 '' W  /  45.5093 ° N 122.8299 ° W  / 45.5093 ; - 122.8299 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nike,_Inc.&oldid=853667259 '' Categories : Nike , Inc . Nike brands 1964 establishments in Oregon 1970s fashion 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Athletic shoe brands Clothing companies of the United States Companies based in Beaverton , Oregon Companies established in 1964 Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Shoe companies of the United States Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States Watch manufacturing companies of the United States Sportswear brands Swimwear manufacturers Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from November 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 06 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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where did blue ribbon sports open its first two retail stores
[ "In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000. By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California next to a beauty salon, so its employees no longer needed to sell inventory from the back of their cars. In 1967, due to rapidly increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.[12]\n", "In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000. By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California next to a beauty salon, so its employees no longer needed to sell inventory from the back of their cars. In 1967, due to rapidly increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.[12]\n" ]
[ "Santa Monica, California", "Wellesley, Massachusetts" ]
3211815812164095439
Harry Osborn
Harry Osborn - wikipedia Harry Osborn Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harry Osborn Harry Osborn Art by John Romita Sr . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance As Harry Osborn : The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) As Green Goblin : The Amazing Spider - Man # 136 ( September 1974 ) As American Son : The Amazing Spider - Man # 597 ( August 2009 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In - story information Full name Harold `` Harry '' Theopolis Osborn Species Human Team affiliations Oscorp Parker Industries Partnerships Spider - Man Supporting character of Spider - Man Notable aliases Green Goblin New Goblin American Son Harry Lyman Abilities Goblin serum grants : Superhuman physical attributes Enhanced intelligence Use of goblin - themed weapons and paraphernalia Harry Osborn is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics Universe . The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) , and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko . He is Peter Parker 's best friend , the son of Norman Osborn , and second incarnation of Green Goblin . The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider - Man outside of the comic books , including various cartoons and video games . He is portrayed in Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man film trilogy by James Franco , and 2014 's The Amazing Spider - Man 2 by Dane DeHaan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Green Goblin 2.2 Death 2.3 Post-mortem 2.4 Return from the grave 2.5 Dark Reign 2.6 Venom 2.7 Heroic Age 2.8 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 MC2 4.2 Ultimate Marvel 4.3 Marvel Zombies 4.4 Spider - Man : Clone Saga 4.5 Spider - Gwen 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Films 5.2. 1 Spider - Man trilogy 5.2. 2 The Amazing Spider - Man series 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) , and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko . In The Amazing Spider - Man # 122 ( July 1973 ) , Harry 's father , Norman , is killed off , and a subplot leading to Harry Osborn inheriting his father 's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced . This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider - Man # 136 ( September 1974 ) . Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider - Man # 96 ( May 1971 ) . Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself , and that `` with psychedelic drugs , hallucinogens , if they 've been misused , there 's a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition . I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that , in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father , and losing touch with reality , as a result . Besides , I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever , so it all came together . '' Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider - Man # 200 ( May 1993 ) . Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character , and felt it was appropriate that writer J.M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages . Several years later , the Spider - Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn , who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire `` Clone Saga '' , but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition . However , Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider - Man # 545 ( December 2007 ) . He received an entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update ' 89 # 5 . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Harry Osborn is the son of Norman Osborn and Emily Lyman . The circumstances of Harry 's birth weakens Emily , and she dies after a long illness . Heartbroken , Norman becomes a cold and unloving father ; Norman either contemptuously dismisses Harry or lashes out at him in fury . As a result , Harry spends much of his life trying desperately to earn his father 's approval . Upon graduating from high school , he enrolls in Empire State University . Among the wealthiest students in the school , Harry soon becomes one of the most popular as well , despite his aloof manner . He has a clique of rich , popular students around him ; one of these is the lovely Gwen Stacy . Gwen is intrigued by a new student : bookish , studious and painfully - shy Peter Parker . Harry takes a dislike to Parker ; he resents the attention Gwen pays to Peter , and he assumes that Peter 's standoffishness is snobbery . After confronting Parker , Harry realizes that Peter is merely shy and is also worried about his ailing aunt May Parker . Despite this rocky start , Harry and Peter became friends , eventually sharing an apartment . Harry does not realize that his best friend is the superhero Spider - Man , nor that his father became the supervillain Green Goblin in an accident while attempting to create a super-serum . Moreover , before he became friends with Harry , Spider - Man was unmasked and captured by Green Goblin . During the subsequent battle , an electric shock removed all memory of being Green Goblin from Norman 's mind . Spider - Man then hid all evidence of Norman 's double identity , to keep Harry from being hurt by the revelation . However , Norman 's Green Goblin persona resurfaces from time to time . These are difficult times for Harry , as his father 's periodic episodes are unexplainable . He had experimented with drugs in his teens ; but he escalates his usage , as well as trying ever - harder substances . This affects his mental stability and his relationships with his friends . Spider - Man uses this to his advantage during one battle with Green Goblin ; he is able to stop the fight by showing Norman his son 's emaciated condition , brought on by an accidental cocaine overdose . The sight shocks Norman so much that it brings him back to sanity . Green Goblin ( edit ) Harry Osborn as the new Green Goblin , battling Spider - Man on the cover of The Amazing Spider - Man # 136 by John Romita , Sr . Harry Osborn is dumped by Mary Jane Watson due to being fed up with his self - destructive lifestyle . Disconsolate , Harry turns to drugs and suffers an amphetamine overdose . He survives , but this tragedy , compounded by imminent bankruptcy , drives his father over the edge . He kidnaps Gwen as bait for Spider - Man , and then throws her off the George Washington Bridge ( or Brooklyn Bridge ) . In a vicious battle with Spider - Man , the Green Goblin accidentally impales himself on his own goblin glider . Harry Osborn secretly witnesses this . Wanting to protect his father 's identity , he strips Norman Osborn 's body of the Green Goblin costume to hide . Blaming Spider - Man for his father 's `` murder '' , Harry , angry and mentally unbalanced , swears vengeance . Having inherited his father 's company , Harry manages to get the business back in shape . One day , to his shock , he finds a Spider - Man costume in Peter Parker 's apartment and realizes that his best friend is the man he blames for his father 's death . Using his father 's old equipment , Harry confronts Peter as the second Green Goblin . Not wanting to hurt Harry , Peter avoids fighting his old friend . After Spider - Man is able to thwart Harry 's initial attempt on his life , Harry is knocked unconscious and taken into police custody . There , he raves that he is the true Green Goblin and Peter Parker is Spider - Man , but is dismissed as a lunatic . He is put in the care of criminal psychologist Dr. Bart Hamilton to extract the Green Goblin secrets from Harry through hypnosis , and buries the knowledge deep within Harry 's mind . Hamilton then raids one of Harry 's hideouts and becomes the third Green Goblin . Meanwhile , Harry is released and considered cured . He sustains a concussion that makes him forget his knowledge of Spider - Man 's identity and he and Peter rekindle their friendship . For a while , Harry 's life seems back on track ; his company begins turning profits once more , and he develops a romance with Liz Allan after they meet at the wedding of Betty Brant and Ned Leeds . Not long after the two are married , and eventually they have their son Normie Osborn named in memory of the boy 's grandfather . Harry also gives his blessing to the marriage of Peter and Mary Jane Watson . However , Harry starts regaining his memories when he is blackmailed by the original Hobgoblin ( Roderick Kingsley ) with a package which contains evidence that his father was the original Green Goblin . When Hobgoblin learns he had raided all of Norman 's hideouts , he leaves Harry alone , knowing he had nothing more to offer him . Later , Harry is forced to act as Green Goblin a few times , once to defeat the second Hobgoblin ( Jason Macendale ) . This Hobgoblin is seeking the Goblin Formula that gave the Green Goblin superhuman strength ; Harry is able to defeat him by doubling back during an aerial chase and emptying his entire supply of pumpkin bombs onto Hobgoblin . Harry even wonders if he could use the Green Goblin persona for a career as a superhero but Peter convinces him that Green Goblin had too much baggage for such a role . Harry buries the Green Goblin menace within his mind once more and focuses on his business and family . Death ( edit ) The death of Harry Osborn . This tranquility is shattered when the aftereffects of the `` Inferno '' crisis sunder the barrier between Harry Osborn 's conscious and subconscious minds . Once again , he remembers being Green Goblin -- and his hatred of Spider - Man . Harry has now convinced himself that Peter Parker resents the Osborns ' `` stable family life '' due to never having been wanted by his own parents or guardians , when in fact it was the complete opposite . He uses Peter 's trust in him to capture him , and subjects him to hallucinogenic gases to psychologically torment him . He finds himself unsatisfied with this revenge , however , and decides to kill Spider - Man . However , given the opportunity he proves unwilling to kill his best friend . Harry investigates his father 's old hideouts and notes , and finally uncovers and ingests the formula for the original Green Goblin 's superhuman strength . He then kidnaps his wife , son , and brother - in - law Mark Raxton , terrorizing them in an old family mansion . Raxton manages to signal their location to Spider - Man who defeats the Green Goblin and turns him in to the police . Spider - Man pushes for Harry to get psychiatric treatment from Dr. Ashley Kafka , but he is ultimately transferred to the Vault . However , the state is unable to put together a sufficient case against Harry , and after just a few weeks in prison he is released . Harry discovers that his father developed an advanced version of the Green Goblin strength formula , but was unable to test it before his final battle with Spider - Man . After testing it , he ingests the new formula . When he spies Spider - Man investigating his townhouse , Harry loses his temper and attacks him as the Green Goblin . He injects Peter with a drug that leaves him immobile and , in a fit of depression , activates timed explosives that he had planted throughout the townhouse , planning to kill both himself and Peter . However , when he realizes that Mary Jane and his son Normie are also in the townhouse , he is shocked back to his normal self . Harry rescues Mary Jane , Normie , and Peter before he collapses . He belatedly realizes that he did not test the new formula diligently enough , and that it is in fact lethal . Post-mortem ( edit ) Some time before his death , Harry Osborn created a computer system with copies of his and Norman Osborn 's minds programmed into it ; after Harry 's death , the computer system activates and abducts Normie Osborn with the intent of subjecting him to the Green Goblin Serum ( the same one that had caused Harry 's death ) to make into the newest Green Goblin . This computer facsimile of Harry and its robotic drones ( which resemble female versions of Green Goblin ) were all destroyed by Spider - Man and the Molten Man who manage to save Normie from it . However , Harry had one last trick up his sleeve . Some time before his final confrontation with Spider - Man , Harry had employed the Chameleon to construct Life Model Decoys of Peter 's parents to play with his emotions . The plot ends with both constructs revealed as fakes when both `` die '' , shattering Peter 's mind . After nearly killing the Chameleon , Peter found a tape Harry had left before he died revealing his role in the plot and mocking Peter , demonstrating that Harry was as manipulative and cruel as his father when gripped by insanity . Peter goes temporarily insane from the shock , even briefly rejecting his identity until the return of his clone Ben Reilly snaps him back to reality . Return from the grave ( edit ) It is subsequently revealed that Harry Osborn 's supposed death is faked by Mysterio and his father who spirits his son away to Europe where he is held prisoner in several `` rehab '' clinics and believes that his son had relapsed into drug addiction , and this in turn led to his brief return to wearing the Green Goblin costume . At some point , Harry is released from rehab and reunites with his friends . However , because of the machinations of his father and Mephisto 's warping of reality , erasing the entire world 's knowledge of Spider - Man 's secret ( save for Mary Jane and whoever Peter choose to reveal it to ) , Harry no longer remembers that Peter Parker is Spider - Man . His marriage to Liz Allan also disintegrates and the two divorce . Harry engages in a string of relationships , several of which result in Harry marrying and divorcing in rapid fashion . He is in a relationship with Lily Hollister . Harry tries to help Lily 's father in the latter 's bid for Mayor of New York by funding her father 's campaign with his dwindling finances . Harry is also one of the leading suspects for the secret identity of the New Goblin . In the `` New Ways to Die '' story arc , Menace battles Norman Osborn and is infuriated when Norman states that all he cares about is killing Spider - Man . Norman dons the Green Goblin costume and mentions that Harry has been in the Green Goblin 's lair . Norman calls Harry who realizes from Norman 's distorted voice that Norman is wearing the Green Goblin suit . This horrifies and disgusts Harry who vows to stop his father . Harry angrily confronts his father who wants Harry to follow his legacy and become a greater man . The confused Harry is saved by Spider - Man . Spider - Man , who wants to beat Norman senseless , stops when he sees an area for Human Testing . Harry is claimed to be the one responsible for the atrocious acts although he attempts to plead innocence . Harry later states that he wants to talk to Peter , who moments earlier was kissed by Lily , and is seen leaving with a mysterious canister labelled `` Prometheus X-90 '' . Prometheus X-90 , it is revealed later , was developed as a successful cure for Mark Raxton 's condition as Molten Man . The only human test subject was Charlie Weiderman , the short - lived second Molten Man , and the only person on whom the serum could be tested . After the cure is administered , Liz finally forgives Harry and gives him back the wedding ring , which she originally claimed she lost . Renting out all of Liberty Island , Harry takes Lily there and , at the top of the Statue of Liberty , he gets down on one knee and proposes to her . Lily rejects his proposal because she is not sure where their relationship will lead , which surprises Harry . He later goes to her place to check up on her , and as he enters the room he is surprised to discover Lily wearing the Menace costume . She found a hidden door in his closet and one of his old journals . She begins giving him a hard time about whining so much about his father . Harry thinks her behavior is because she 's sick . She continues to tell him she uncovered one of Norman 's secret rooms described in the journal . This explains why she kissed Peter after the Thunderbolts attacked ; he almost found the secret trigger to open the room . When she first entered the room she found the Green Goblin 's equipment and some experiments . Knocking over some chemicals , she absorbed them and is now able to transform at will . She explains that she discovered Menace 's attacks against her father gives him more public support . She also tells him that she accepts his marriage proposal . After their talk , Harry enters one of his father 's weapons caches , takes a glider ( filled with bombs and winged bombs ) , a pair of Goblin gloves , a sword , and a dart gun containing an unknown chemical . In the midst of a battle between Menace and Spider - Man , Harry confronts and shoots her with that chemical , which is a type of antidote that reverts her back to her human form . He saves Spider - Man from the crowd and leaves . Lily is incarcerated but later escapes , leaving Harry her ring and a note . Dark reign ( edit ) Harry Osborn is approached by Norman Osborn with the offer of a job within his father 's personal Avengers . Harry initially declines , but after a visit from Lily Hollister revealing that she is pregnant , he accepts . Norman welcomes him into Avengers Tower and wants to make Harry into the American Son . Harry is shown to have an ulterior motive , however , based on his need to protect Lily and his child . Disabling the camera in his room , Harry sneaks off . He finds a cure for Lilly 's Green Goblin condition that will be safe for her and the baby but she pushes him away . Lily reveals that it is all a ruse to coerce Harry into becoming American Son , whom Norman would eventually have die in a tragedy to increase sympathy for Norman and his Avengers . She also reveals that the baby is not Harry 's but in fact Norman 's , meaning the child his brother . In retaliation for this news , Harry dons his American Son armor and fights against his father using the Iron Patriot armor . During the battle , Norman declares that Harry is no longer his son and that he has bred a better child to replace the failure of Harry . After further taunts from Norman , Harry lashes out and defeats his father , declaring `` I was never your son ! '' . When Harry has the option of killing Norman , Spider - Man tells him to decapitate Norman , since Norman 's healing factor may repair a blow to the head . Spider - Man states that killing Norman will cause Harry to `` become the son Norman always wanted '' . Harry backs down , and walks away from Norman forever . Harry is next seen in a psychiatrist 's office , claiming to be getting over the effects of a medical treatment he received . The doctor offers to prescribe him oxycodone but it is not revealed if Harry takes the prescription . Afterwards , Harry is cut off financially and is forced out of his penthouse apartment . He moves into Peter 's old room at May Parker 's . He also begins secretly dating Amy Reilly ( Peter 's cousin ) . After May returns and is corrupted by Mister Negative , she kicks Harry out of the house , forcing him to move in with Mary Jane Watson . Venom ( edit ) In Ultimate Spiderman , Harry Osborn ( Venom ) Took the symbiote also known as Klyntar and which where Peter Parker ( Spider - Man ) first wore the symbiote and then got passed down onto Eddie Brock ( Venom ) Full name Edward Brock Jr . The symbiote was founded on the moon by the Astronaut `` John ' Jonah ' Jameson '' 3rd also known as J. Jonah Jameson 's Son . Heroic age ( edit ) After Norman Osborn 's fall , the American Son armor is stolen and the police begin questioning Harry as only someone of the Osborn bloodline can use the American Son armor . Harry is then shot in the chest by Gabriel Stacy , claiming that Norman gave Harry a better life . However , Harry is saved by American Son and taken to a hospital . After Harry recovers from his wounds , he is escorted home by police . Fearing the damage that could be done with the American Son armor and perplexed by his encounter with Gabriel , Harry decides to figure things out on his own . After enlisting the help of a talented reporter named Norah from Frontline , Harry decides to visit Norman as only he would know about Gabriel . Harry and Norah eventually visit the Raft where they find Norman in his cell consumed by madness . Harry demands to know about Gabriel but Norman is unresponsive . Frustrated , Harry and Norah begin to leave , but before they exit Norman briefly returns to his senses and tells Harry that Gabriel is indeed Norman 's son . Trying to make sense of everything , Harry visits May Parker 's work where he plans to volunteer . On his way , he realizes that he is being followed by the FBI . It is then revealed through FBI security footage that Gabriel is the one who stole the American Son armor and has been using the armor all along . Meanwhile , Gabriel confronts the American Son armor and is revealed to have developed a split personality similar to Norman 's after his exposure to the Green Goblin Serum . This split personality explains to Gabriel that it represents all that is good in his soul and will use the American Son armor to undo each of Gabriel 's crimes . After an intense psychological battle , Gabriel appears to gain the upper hand and proceeds with his plan . Still attempting to understand Gabriel 's plans , Harry determines that in order for Gabriel to truly hurt him he will attempt to abduct an innocent person and lay a trap . Harry then rushes to find Norah . Meanwhile , the police arrive at Gabriel 's hideout but are unable to rescue Norah because of the American Son 's interference . Harry manages to sneak in through one of his father 's secret tunnels and confronts his half - brother . As the police prepare to make another attempt to save Norah , Harry frees her and gets the young reporter to safety . With Norah out of harms way Gabriel and Harry engage in an epic battle . During the fight , Harry attempts to convince Gabriel that Norman is evil and that attempting to follow in his footsteps is madness . Gabriel refuses to listen and continues his attempts to kill Harry . Saddened by his brother 's choice , Harry hacks the American Son armor and knocks Gabriel unconscious . The battle causes the warehouse to go up in flames , trapping Gabriel and Harry inside , but Spider - Man arrives and saves them . Afterward , Norah visits Harry in his coffee shop , and notices a bottle of oxycodone in Harry 's things . Troubled by what she finds , Norah concludes that Harry has a drug problem and resolves to help him through it . After many near encounters , Carlie Cooper and Peter Parker meet at the coffee shop . Harry and MJ are there and the four are talking when Lily bursts through the wall , followed by an attacking team of supervillains . MJ asks Harry to help Lily Hollister who 's gone into labor , but they are held captive by Doctor Octopus . Spider - Man manages to save them and rescue Lily 's newborn baby from supervillains . Harry and MJ take Lily to get medical care , but Carlie was too angry with Lily to accompany them . When Spider - Man secures the baby from Doctor Octopus he runs an analysis on a sample of the baby 's DNA and finds it matches Harry . Spider - Man encourages Harry to raise his son on his own and start a new life . Soon thereafter , Harry prepares to leave New York with the baby named Stanley . At his going - away party , Harry encounters former NYPD officer Vin Gonzales reveals he has a Green Goblin tattoo . After Gonzales relays a message from Norman , Harry shocks the man with a taser and beats him . Months later , Harry is shown in Seattle , Washington living with his son . He is shown to have completely changed his appearance , having shaved his head and grown a beard . All - New , all - Different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel branding , Harry Osborn and his son / baby brother Stanley finally came out of hiding , following his father 's , the Goblin King , defeat . Going back to his usual look , Harry started using his mother 's maiden name of Lyman and has started working at Parker Industries where he is in charge of Parker Industries ' New York office when revealed to the Human Torch by Spider - Man . His sons Normie and Stanley likes Regent , until the time when all super humans are disappearing without a traces caused by a super human known as The Regent , while Harry is meeting with Mary Jane and Betty Brant , Harry stumbles upon seeing a same logo as The Regent on Augustus Roman 's Empire Unlimited company , and soon realize , along with Mary Jane that when he saw a logo beneath Augustus ' ripped shirt during the time of Zodiac 's attacks on the opening of Horizon University that Augustus is in fact Regent , thus sending Betty to meet Augustus to prove if he 's Regent or not . As Harry realize that Augustus kidnaps Betty , Harry must do it himself to save Betty and the other captured super humans , knowing that he may be captured soon enough , but manage to contact Spider - Man with Parker Industries ' webware created by Clayton / Clash before Regent captures him immediately . With a portion of Clayton 's Clash soundwave tech on Parker Industries ' webware , Harry manage to break free and contact Spider - Man again before the Empire Unlimited 's guards captures , until Spider - Man arrived , and soon released other super-humans and Betty , surrounding Regent for good . Powers and abilities ( edit ) For most of his life , Harry Osborn had no superhuman abilities . After exposing himself to his father 's formula , he takes the reins of the second Green Goblin , causing him to become much stronger , cunning and agile . However , he seemingly lost his powers after he returns . The glider he carries has swords , along with usual Goblin technology . He also had temporary access to the American Son armor . Other versions ( edit ) MC2 ( edit ) In the MC2 universe , Harry 's death in Spectacular Spider - Man Issue 200 remains valid and he does not return from the dead . His widow Liz continues her relationship with Franklyn Nelson and raises her and Normie ( Harry 's son ) , but she later succumbs to a fatal illness , her death sends Normie over the edge and , like his father before him , takes up the Green Goblin mantle and vows revenge on Peter Parker . After several emotionally charged encounters with Spider - Girl , Normie eventually reclaims his sanity and the blood feud between the Parkers and the Osborns is finally brought to an end . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Harry Osborn is the rich son of Norman Osborn and Martha Osborn as well as a friend of Peter Parker at Midtown High . After Norman eventually subjects himself to the Oz Formula , the Green Goblin kills Martha and attempts to kill Harry . Harry is placed into a relative 's custody but he eventually returned to his father and is brainwashed by Miles Warren to forget the previous events . During another battle with Spider - Man , the Sinister Six and the Ultimates in front of the White House , Harry stops his father and he is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . He is later used as Nick Fury 's bargaining piece to negotiate with Norman . Harry begins to blame everyone around him for the situation , and his second personality Shaw introduced by his father after many years of hypnotic therapy begins to take control . Harry eventually becomes the Hobgoblin . Harry tries to stop himself during a battle with Spider - Man but Shaw takes over and is wounded by S.H.I.E.L.D. soldiers . He is once again used by S.H.I.E.L.D. to attract his father , but the two end up doing battle which leaves Harry dead . Peter later makes a speech that honors his friend . When Green Goblin reveals that OZ formula gives him and Spider - Man an immortality , it is possible that Harry still alive somewhere . Marvel Zombies ( edit ) In Marvel Zombies : Return # 1 , Zombie Spider - Man is taken to an alternate reality where it 's the past and Peter is still in college , Harry and Gwen are alive , etc . Harry is shown hanging out ( with a mustache ) with Peter , MJ and Gwen . However , he is later shown being eaten by a zombiefied Sinister Six , along with his friends . Spider - Man : Clone Saga ( edit ) In the simplified re-telling of the Clone Saga , Harry secretly survived his final battle with Spider - Man and has Kaine under his employment . He appears to still be mad from the goblin serum and clones his deceased father , who apparently was indeed killed by his goblin glider in this reality . Harry soon heads out to attack Ben Reilly in the guise of the Green Goblin . His plans are thwarted when Kaine switches sides . The Norman clone , who is not insane due to not being exposed to the Goblin serum , tries to convince Harry to stop before sacrificing himself by jumping in front of the moving Goblin Glider ( akin to Ben Reilly 's death in the main universe ) . The series concludes with an irate Harry swearing vengeance . Spider - Gwen ( edit ) In this version , Harry Osborn was a social outcast at high school . Peter Parker said that rumor has it that he tried to burn his old prep school down . Flash Thompson bullies him and nicknames him the `` Green Goblin '' based on his wealth and when people saw him carrying role - playing dice . Gwen Stacy and Peter befriend him out of pity , and Harry asks Gwen out to the prom , angering Peter . He witnesses Peter transform into the Lizard , fight Spider - Woman and die . At Peter 's funeral , he feels guilty that he did n't do anything to prevent Peter 's death , and disappears from school for two years . He returned one night to Gwen at the cabin of Mary Jane Watson 's aunt to reveal to her that he joined the army and S.H.I.E.L.D. after Peter 's death and plans to avenge him by taking down Spider - Woman . He also learned to pilot a glider similar to the one the Green Goblin uses in the main universe . During his fight with Spider - Woman , he takes the Lizard serum to overpower the heroine , but runs away after discovering Spider - Woman is Gwen . He is then on the run from S.H.I.E.L.D. and is pursued by the Hand ninjas , Wolverine , and Shadowcat before fully transforming into the Lizard . Figuring out that there 's a connection with their powers and a mysterious substance given to her by Matt Murdock , Gwen manages to get the Lizard serum out of Harry 's blood and combines it with the substance , which forms the Venom symbiote . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Harry Osborn is first mentioned in the 1981 Spider - Man cartoon . Harry Osborn appeared in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by Gary Imhoff . In the series , Harry became attracted to Mary Jane Watson due to Peter Parker neglecting MJ . Mary Jane subsequently left Peter for Harry . They became engaged , although she eventually called off their engagement realising she was in love with Peter . When Norman Osborn was apparently killed in an explosion at Oscorp , the Green Goblin began kidnapping Oscorp 's board members . Harry was initially suspect to be the Goblin , but it later turned out that his father had survived the explosion and was the villain himself . Harry is later contacted by the Goblin trapped in limbo . The Goblin 's visions had him take the Goblin serum and exact revenge on Spider - Man , with the promise to see his presumed deceased father . But Spider - Man defeated the second Green Goblin and he was enrolled at Ravencroft to receive treatment . When Peter and Mary Jane were getting married , Harry discovered this and his insanity broke out once again . The second Goblin interrupted the wedding and threatened to destroy the church , trying to force Mary Jane to marry him instead of Peter . In the end , Liz Allan appeared to the second Goblin , convincing him not to blow up the church nor marry Mary Jane . Told by Liz that he was loved , Harry walked away peacefully and let the wedding resumed . Harry Osborn appeared in Spider - Man : The New Animated Series , voiced by Ian Ziering . This version , pictured as a blonde , constantly blames Spider - Man for his father 's death but shows signs of beginning to put the grudge aside in later episodes . Harry Osborn appears in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by James Arnold Taylor . This version is Peter Parker 's high school classmate / friend and Norman Osborn 's disappointment of a son . He spends much of his life trying desperately to earn his father 's approval . Harry takes the ' Globulin Green ' serum to boost his physical abilities but apparently causes the development of a second personality which symbolizes his notion of `` the man his father wanted him to be '' . Following several battles , Spider - Man comes to believe Harry is the series ' iteration of Green Goblin but allows Norman to look after his son . After being on a European tour to help break his addiction to the serum , Harry returns from his trip . After Flash Thompson exposed Harry 's addiction to league administrators and loses the trophy their team won as a result , Harry destroys the remaining ' Globulin Green ' vials he kept hidden . Soon after , Harry attempts to have a relationship with Gwen Stacy though he expressed some anger after overhearing Gwen talking about breaking up with him to Peter . During the series finale , Harry learns the truth of Norman being the Goblin all along as he witnesses Norman fight Spider - Man up to his father 's supposed death . At his father 's `` funeral '' , Harry blames Spider - Man for his father 's `` murder '' and has Gwen stay in their relationship out of guilt . Angry and possibly mentally unbalanced , Harry swears vengeance on Spider - Man . This storyline , however , was never resolved as copyright issues led to the show 's premature cancellation . Harry Osborn appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Matt Lanter . This version is one of Peter Parker 's best friends , Norman Osborn 's estranged son , the series ' first incarnation of Venom , a student at Midtown High School , and a friend / acquaintance to both Mary Jane Watson and Flash Thompson . In season one , he gets badly injured by Klaw while trying to protect Mary Jane from the Frightful Four 's assault on Midtown High ( in `` Great Power '' ) . In `` Venom '' , Harry is then jealous of Peter 's ' new friends ' so he throws a huge party that gets crashed by the Venom symbiote . Harry was also among Taskmaster 's suspects with Flash of who could be Spider - Man ( in `` Why I Hate The Gym '' ) and tries to cool to Mary Jane 's video interview ( in `` Exclusive '' ) . In `` Back in Black '' , Harry bonds with the organism to be the Black Suit Spidey in an attempt to one - up Spider - Man to impress Norman but the symbiote 's personality takes over Harry and transforms into Venom until Spider - Man electrocutes and disintegrates the organism off Harry . However , in `` Venomous '' , the organism managed to return and with Harry having no memory of Venom 's recent actions . Both Spider - Man and Norman try to help him without exposing his status as Venom 's host to the web - slinger 's teammates . Eventually , Spider - Man 's cure supposedly works on Harry with Norman 's resources taking of his son . In the season finale , Harry is taken to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier during the Green Goblin 's rampage . The chaos and confusion from the fighting caused the Venom symbiote to reveal itself and comes into form after the Goblin 's provoking . Although he eventually manages to shake off the parasitic suit with electricity , Harry swears vengeance on Spider - Man for his father 's fate . In season two , Harry has several encounters with Spider - Man . In `` Carnage '' , he watches the Goblin kidnap Peter to be forcibly transformed into Carnage . Although Harry stops Carnage and saves Peter by rebonding with the symbiote , Venom feeds on Harry 's dark desires , attacking the Goblin until Peter manages to convince Harry to get rid of the symbiote , to which S.H.I.E.L.D. manages to capture to ensure no more harm . In `` Stan By Me '' , he and Mary Jane help a showdown Spider - Man and Stan the Janitor has with the Lizard . Harry tries to deal with Spider - Man about his father 's well being ( in `` Venom Bomb '' and `` Second Chance Heroes '' ) . He has a minor role in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors . Harry is the Vulture 's accidental target despite Spider - Man 's attempts ( in `` The Vulture '' ) , and is relieved that his father is now cured from being the Goblin when he and Peter visit ( in `` The Spider - Verse '' ( Pt 4 ) ) . Harry Osborn has a supporting role in Ultimate Spider - Man vs The Sinister Six as the Patrioteer in an American Son-esque armor as well the host of Anti-Venom . In `` Hydra Attacks '' , Harry finds out that Doctor Octopus was the one who created the Goblin serum and infected his father into a Goblin . During the Sinister Six 's invasion in cooperation with an international terrorist organization , Harry was close on becoming a candidate into a new Green Goblin by Doc Ock after his reformed father develop an anti-Goblin serum until Spider - Man and Scarlet Spider managed to rescue the Osborns from Doc Ock 's Goblin army , and helps the two web - slingers with anti-Goblin serums against the Goblin army . In `` Iron Vulture '' , Harry wears his Patrioteer armor to help Spider - Man , Iron Patriot and Kid Arachnid fight Doc Ock and Vulture . In `` Anti-Venom '' , Patrioteer help Spider - Man and Agent Venom against Doc Ock . During a fight , he becomes Anti-Venom's host , nearly killing Agent Venom only to be stopped by an ion inhibitor by Spider - Man and Iron Patriot which leaves Anti-Venom unconscious . Harry is left in a coma with Curt Connors not knowing if Harry will recover , though Harry has strong life signs . Harry returns in `` The Symbiote Saga '' three - part episode . He is initially shown at Oscorp still in a coma with Mary Jane at his side . When the Carnage - infected civilians break in , the attack ends up awakening Anti-Venom to neutralize the Carnage symbiotes on the civilians . At the Carnage outbreak 's core , Anti-Venom almost gets consumed by Carnage 's ' heart ' until Spider - Man reveals being Peter to get through to Harry . Harry then sacrifices the Anti-Venom's abilities to stop the Carnage outbreak . Afterwards , Harry learns that Flash is Agent Venom . After Carnage envelops Midtown High , he returns in his Patrioteer armor to help Spider - Man and Agent Venom to stop Michael Morbius and the Carnage Queen . When Patrioteer , Spider - Man and Agent Venom reveal their respective identities to break Mary Jane 's connection with the Carnage symbiote . In the end , Patrioteer is with Spider - Man and New Warriors in the Triskelion . In the series finale , Patrioteer is seen at Spider - Man 's graduation and as a new student as well . Harry Osborn appears in the 2017 cartoon series Marvel 's Spider - Man , voiced by Max Mittleman . In this series , he is shown with black hair , rather than brunette , and was a student at Horizon High . He first appears in the `` Origins '' animated shorts , attending the field trip to Oscorp , alongside Peter Parker . He is framed by Spencer Smythe into sabotaging a project and suspended from Horizon , with Peter assigned to take over his lab for him . He views Spider - Man as a menace during their various encounters . Despite being declared innocent of the crime , he decides to enroll in his father 's new Osborn Academy . Films ( edit ) Spider - Man trilogy ( edit ) James Franco as Harry Osborn / New Goblin in Spider - Man 3 . Harry Osborn appears in Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man trilogy , played by James Franco : In the 2002 film , Harry is Peter Parker 's Best friend . He is embarrassed by his wealth and privilege , and has flunked out of multiple private schools . Yearning to impress his father Norman Osborn , he grows jealous of Peter 's close relationship with him . He dates Mary Jane Watson during the film 's first half , though she eventually falls for Peter and he manages to mend his relationship with his father . After his father 's death as the Green Goblin , Harry believes that he was murdered by Spider - Man and wants to seek revenge , unaware that Norman accidentally killed himself in a failed attempt to kill Spider - Man . In Spider - Man 2 , Harry takes over Oscorp and forms an alliance with Doctor Octopus to get his revenge , providing the villain with a rare element he needs to complete his fusion reactor in exchange for Doctor Octopus 's capture of Spider - Man . Afterwards , he learns that Peter is Spider - Man after unmasking the hero in preparation to kill him . Harry later has a hallucination of his father , demanding that his son avenge him . He refuses and smashes the mirror , only to find a hidden room with Green Goblin equipment and serum ; he then realizes that his father was the infamous supervillain . In Spider - Man 3 , the character is now the New Goblin . New Goblin attempts to take revenge , but briefly sustains amnesia after Peter knocks him unconscious during their first battle . While in this state , Harry reverts to his old self , however , he sees a vision of his father . Remembering his pledge to kill Peter , New Goblin attempts to destroy Peter by sabotaging his relationship with Mary Jane and then claiming that she left Peter for him , only for Peter -- falling increasingly under the Symbiote 's influence -- to attack New Goblin in his penthouse , throwing one of his own pumpkin bombs back at him and scarring the right side of his face . After learning the truth of his father 's death from his butler , Harry helps Spider - Man save Mary Jane from Venom and Sandman , and ultimately sacrifices himself to save Peter by being impaled on his own glider by Venom . Spider - Man then uses one of New Goblin 's pumpkin bombs to destroy Venom . Harry dies with Peter and Mary Jane at his side . The Amazing Spider - Man series ( edit ) Dane DeHaan portrays Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 in the film . This version is Peter Parker 's childhood friend until being sent to boarding school in Europe . Learning that he 's dying of Norman Osborn 's terminal hereditary illness , Harry attempts to ask Spider - Man for a blood sample , correctly deducing that Spider - Man 's powers come from Oscorp 's genetically - engineered spiders that have since been destroyed . But Spider - Man ( both as Peter and Spider - Man ) refuses , fearing that the transfusion could mutate Harry . Spider - Man insists for more time for research though Harry refuses to wait . When Harry is forced out of his own company as a scapegoat for Oscorp 's role in Electro 's creation , he breaks into Ravencroft to release Electro and asks for aid . Electro causes a distraction while Harry uses VP Donald Menken to break into Oscorp 's special projects division to recover the remaining venom samples and uses one which hideously mutates his physiology , steals Oscorp 's battle suit and glider . Now the Green Goblin , he sets out to kill Spider - Man and he sees Gwen Stacy alongside . With knowledge that Gwen and Peter have been dating , the Goblin realizes that Peter and Spider - Man are the same person . As retaliation for refusing to help , the Goblin grabs Gwen and fights Spider - Man in a clock - tower , the fight culminating in the Goblin being knocked unconscious and Gwen 's death . Five months later with Spider - Man 's apparent retirement , Harry was sent to Ravencroft for his crimes and regains his normal appearance , though he claims the hideousness `` comes and goes . '' He and the mysterious Gustav Fiers make plans to use the rest of the equipment in special projects for their own ends , planning to create a small team . Dane DeHaan was set to reprise his role in The Sinister Six and The Amazing Spider - Man 3 . However , due to Marvel Studios and Sony reaching a deal to produce a second reboot of the Spider - Man film franchise , The Amazing Spider - Man 3 was cancelled and The Sinister Six was put on hold to be adapted later in the new film universe : the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Video games ( edit ) Harry Osborn appears in the Spider - Man video game , voiced by Josh Keaton . Though he does n't play a major part in the main plot , the game features a bonus story mode where Harry takes on the Green Goblin role and investigates a plan to take over Oscorp . Harry Osborn appears in the Spider - Man 2 video game , again voiced by Josh Keaton . Like in the movie , he 's obsessed with killing Spider - Man for his father 's murder and goes as far as asking Doctor Octopus to capture Spider - Man . New Goblin appears in the Spider - Man 3 video game , voiced by James Franco . He tries to take out Peter Parker as a boss and later assists in dealing with Sandman and Venom as a playable character . He is also a downloadable character on the game 's Xbox 360 version . In the game 's limited PlayStation 3 edition , he is unlockable and is downloadable for the normal version as well . New Goblin appears in Spider - Man : Friend or Foe , with Josh Keaton reprising his role . Harry Osborn / Green Goblin appears in 2014 's The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , voiced by Kevin Dorman . Like his film counterpart , he also takes on the role of the Green Goblin . However , Harry is still the CEO of Oscorp , and very cautious after finding out that Donald Menken and Kingpin are attempting to do a hostile take over for a criminal empire behind Harry 's back . When Spider - Man tells Harry about research and test the cure compatibility between his and Harry 's blood samples might take too long a bit , Harry turns down Spider - Man 's suggestion and instead , doing his own to find an existing cure within Oscorp . Before finding the cure without alerting Menken 's signals , Harry hires some of his colleagues who joined Kingpin 's Task Force only for a money , and in turn , they will assist Harry to kill Kingpin , Menken and Spider - Man . As the researcher from Oscorp finds a prototype spider - venom serum from the late - Richard Parker , Harry is advised by the researcher a same thing what Spider - Man suggested Harry to , but Harry ignores the researcher 's advice , and will take any chance to use immediately , even if the serum hurts him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . This monumental issue saw the first appearances of Peter 's upcoming love interest Gwen Stacy , prospective best friend , Harry Osborn , and even the future super villain known as the Jackal . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Williams , Scott E. ( October 2010 ) . `` Gerry Conway : Everything but the Gwen Stacy Sink '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Aushenker , Michael ( October 2010 ) . `` Not Amazing , but Spectacular '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 60 . Jump up ^ Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 -- 77 . Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man Annual # 14 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 39 ( August 1966 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 40 ( September 1966 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 98 ( July 1971 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 121 - 122 ( June -- July 1973 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 136 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 180 - 181 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 182 - 183 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 189 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 190 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 199 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 200 Jump up ^ Spider - Man : Legacy Of Evil Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 581 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 582 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 583 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 586 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 588 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 595 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 596 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 598 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 599 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 604 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 605 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 618 - 619 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Presents : American Son # 1 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Presents : American Son # 2 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Presents : American Son # 3 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Presents : American Son # 4 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 642 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 643 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 646 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 647 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 697 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 4 # 3 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 4 # 1 , # 13 - # 15 Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 1 Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 22 - 25 Jump up ^ Ultimate Six # 6 Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 74 Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 115 Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 117 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 6 Jump up ^ Spider - Man : Clone Saga # 4 - 6 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen vol 2 # 1 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen vol 2 Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2015/film/news/details-spider-man-appear-in-sony-and-marvel-movies-1201429039/ External links ( edit ) Harry Osborn at Marvel.com Spider - Man 3 : The Spider & The Goblin : Peter Parker and Harry Osborn - A retrospective at Marvel.com Harry 's Profile at Spiderfan.org Marvel Comics characters ( O ) Heroes Old Lace Aleta Ogord Villains Omega Red Onslaught Owl Supporting characters Odin Harry Osborn Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Scarlet Spider Spider - Woman Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Liz Allan Black Cat Betty Brant Billy Connors Martha Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Max Modell Harry Osborn Ben Parker May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Prowler Puma Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Rocket Racer Silver Sable Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Will o ' the Wisp Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Jason Macendale Phil Urich Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Sinister Six Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Cyclone Demogoblin Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Grizzly Hammerhead Human Fly Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Kangaroo Lady Octopus Living Brain Man - Wolf Menace Mendel Stromm Mister Negative Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Ringer Speed Demon Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Spider - Slayer list Silvermane Spot Stegron Swarm Tinkerer Tombstone Walrus Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Girl Spider - Gwen Spider - Ham Spider - Man Noir Ultimate Spider - Man Miles Morales Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Goblin Slingers Symbiotes Category Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Osborn&oldid=802243940 '' Categories : Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Comics characters introduced in 1965 Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders Fictional cocaine users Fictional drug addicts Fictional goblins Fictional victims of child abuse Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength Marvel Comics superheroes Marvel Comics supervillains Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 22 : 15 . 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who played green goblin's son in spiderman
[ "\nHarry Osborn appears in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, played by James Franco:\n\nIn the 2002 film, Harry is Peter Parker's Best friend. He is embarrassed by his wealth and privilege, and has flunked out of multiple private schools. Yearning to impress his father Norman Osborn, he grows jealous of Peter's close relationship with him. He dates Mary Jane Watson during the film's first half, though she eventually falls for Peter and he manages to mend his relationship with his father. After his father's death as the Green Goblin, Harry believes that he was murdered by Spider-Man and wants to seek revenge, unaware that Norman accidentally killed himself in a failed attempt to kill Spider-Man.\nIn Spider-Man 2, Harry takes over Oscorp and forms an alliance with Doctor Octopus to get his revenge, providing the villain with a rare element he needs to complete his fusion reactor in exchange for Doctor Octopus's capture of Spider-Man. Afterwards, he learns that Peter is Spider-Man after unmasking the hero in preparation to kill him. Harry later has a hallucination of his father, demanding that his son avenge him. He refuses and smashes the mirror, only to find a hidden room with Green Goblin equipment and serum; he then realizes that his father was the infamous supervillain.\nIn Spider-Man 3, the character is now the New Goblin. New Goblin attempts to take revenge, but briefly sustains amnesia after Peter knocks him unconscious during their first battle. While in this state, Harry reverts to his old self, however, he sees a vision of his father. Remembering his pledge to kill Peter, New Goblin attempts to destroy Peter by sabotaging his relationship with Mary Jane and then claiming that she left Peter for him, only for Peter — falling increasingly under the Symbiote's influence — to attack New Goblin in his penthouse, throwing one of his own pumpkin bombs back at him and scarring the right side of his face. After learning the truth of his father's death from his butler, Harry helps Spider-Man save Mary Jane from Venom and Sandman, and ultimately sacrifices himself to save Peter by being impaled on his own glider by Venom. Spider-Man then uses one of New Goblin's pumpkin bombs to destroy Venom. Harry dies with Peter and Mary Jane at his side.\n\n\n" ]
[ "James Franco" ]
4008547243343026386
Andrew Scarborough
Andrew Scarborough - wikipedia Andrew Scarborough Jump to : navigation , search Andrew Scarborough Harrogate , North Yorkshire , England Nationality British Occupation Actor Years active 1993 - present Notable work Downton Abbey , Hearts and Bones Television Spooks , Rome , Suburban Shootout , Downton Abbey Awards Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2014 ) Andrew Scarborough is an English actor , most widely known for his recent role on screen as Tim Drewe in the multi BAFTA and Emmy award - winning Downton Abbey and since 2017 as Graham Foster in the television drama series Emmerdale . He is also known for his other roles on screen in Hearts and Bones , The Bible , Jamaica Inn , Hidden and Bad Girls . He is also a theatre actor , performing in many of London 's major theatres , including the West End theatre , and many provincial theatres in the UK , including mainland Europe with the Actors Touring Company -- at the Renaissance - Theater Berlin in Mark Ravenhill 's Handbag . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Theatre 5 References 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) Scarborough was born in Harrogate , North Yorkshire and attended Harrogate Grammar School . Career ( edit ) Scarborough trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art and made his professional debut on stage at the Harrogate Theatre in three plays , beginning with The Government Inspector as Dobchinsky , then A Midsummer Night 's Dream as Oberon , and lastly as the Genie of the Lamp in the British ' panto ' version of Aladdin . He then went on to play Heathcliff in Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights and from there played Renaldo in the 1995 London Almeida theatre production of Hamlet starring Ralph Fiennes . Andrew made his television debut on the BBC 's popular medical drama Casualty . He then went on to play roles in many TV dramas , including The Bill ( ITV ) , Streets of Gold ( S4C ) , Heartbeat ( ITV ) , Touching Evil ( ITV ) and Silent Witness ( BBC1 ) . He also made a guest appearance in one of Britain 's most highly regarded and favourite soaps Coronation Street as `` love rat '' Harvey Reuben . His film debut was in a Hallmark production of Jason and the Argonauts . He then went on to starring roles as Kevin Spiers in ITV 's Bad Girls , Stewart Diamond in Channel 5 's Suburban Shootout , Mark in The Innocent , a film for ITV , Michael Owen in the BBC comedy drama Hearts and Bones which earned him rave reviews , Joshua in The Bible ( History Channel ) , Magistrate Bassat in Jamaica Inn ( BBC1 ) and Tim Drewe in Downton Abbey ( ITV ) which earned him more rave reviews . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 - 2000 Casualty BBC PC / Daniel / Gavin Turner ... Different roles in different episodes and series 1994 - 1999 The Bill ITV Wilf Harris : Stanton 's Story / Roy Packham / Barry Shackford / ... Different roles in different episodes and series 1996 - 1997 Y Palman Aur S4C Marcus A Welsh language title , which translates into English as `` Streets of Gold '' Trial and Retribution ITV Tom 1998 Silent Witness BBC Marco Rossi 1999 Dangerfield BBC PC Dewhurst 1999 Touching Evil ITV DC Martin Simmons Regular 2000 Heartbeat ITV Martin Weller 2000 Jason and the Argonauts HALLMARK Aeson 's soldier TV Movie The Innocent ITV Mark Latimer Starring cast member 2000 - 2001 Coronation Street ITV Harvey Reuben Regular Guest / 12 episodes 2000 - 2001 Hearts and Bones BBC Michael Owen A regular starring cast member Eyes Down BBC Philip Sit com 2005 Rome HBO Milo 2005 Bad Girls ITV Kevin Spiers Regular cast member 2006 - 2007 Suburban Shootout CHANNEL 5 Stewart Diamond A regular starring cast member 2007 Roman Mysteries BBC Josephus 2007 - 2016 Holby City BBC Tim Campbell / Danny Berg / Most recently Marcus Dunn 2008 - 2010 Doctors BBC Martin Venning / DS Vince Blackwell Different roles in different episodes 2008 The Royal Today ITV Dr Jonathan Ormerod A regular starring cast member 2009 Spooks BBC Stephen Hillier 2011 Hidden BBC Ben Lander Guest star 2011 EastEnders BBC Carter 2012 Silk BBC DS Adam Lambert 2013 Our Girl BBC Sergeant Peters TV Movie 2013 The Bible History channel Joshua A main starring cast member / TV movie 2013 - 2015 Downton Abbey ITV Tim Drewe A regular starring cast member 2014 Jamaica Inn BBC Magistrate Bassat A main starring cast member 2017 - Emmerdale ITV Graham Foster Regular cast member Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 Henry V Henry V Tabard Theatre 1993 The Government inspector Dobchinsky Harrogate Theatre 1993 Midsummer Night 's Dream Oberon Harrogate Theatre 1993 Aladdin Genie of the Lamp Harrogate Theatre Wuthering Heights Heathcliff Northampton Theatre and York Royal Theatre 1995 Hamlet Renaldo Hackney Empire Loot Dennis Theatre Clwyd and Tour 1998 Wuthering Heights Hindley Good Theatre Company UK Tour 1998 Handbag David / Moncreiff A new play for the ATC Theatre at Lyric Hammersmith studio and UK and European tour 2002 Wild Orchids The Prince Chichester Festival Theatre 2003 The Master Builder Ragnor Albery Theatre / West End Electricity Michael A new Play for the West Yorkshire Playhouse 2005 Relative Values Nigel Salisbury Playhouse 2015 Uppercut Barry A new play for the Southwark Playhouse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/arts/television/downton-abbey-season-6-episode-2-of-pearls-and-swine.html?ref=television&_r=0 Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-entertaining-bag-of-tricky-questions-1198454.html Jump up ^ http://www.theatreguidelondon.co.uk/reviews/masterbuilder2003.htm Jump up ^ Actors Touring Company - Production : Handbag Jump up ^ http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/mark-ravenhills-neues-stueck--handbag--war-als-vor-welturauffuehrung-zu-sehen-das-prinzip-baby-16589680 Jump up ^ https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76672961.html Jump up ^ https://variety.com/1995/legit/reviews/hamlet-6-1200441159/ Jump up ^ https://variety.com/1995/legit/reviews/hamlet-6-1200441159 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0769084/ Jump up ^ http://www.itnsource.com/fr/shotlist//ITVProgs/2001/06/13/106945055/?s= * Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/See+Jessie+Wallace%3F+That+girl's+as+Scots+as+jellied+eels%3B+CORONATION...-a065261362 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0217579/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast Jump up ^ http://badgirls.shed-insider.net/kevin-spiers/ Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?adv=1&q=hearts+and+bones&media=all&yf=2000&yt=2001&mf=4&mt=8&tf=00%3A00&tt=00%3A00#search Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/arts/television/downton-abbey-season-6-episode-2-of-pearls-and-swine.html?ref=television&_r=0 External links ( edit ) Andrew Scarborough on IMDb Official website http://www.yaketyyak.co.uk/artists/andrew-scarborough http://www.cam.co.uk/cv/client_andrew-scarborough_id_100325.htm Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Scarborough&oldid=842956379 '' Categories : Living people Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors Male actors from Yorkshire Male actors from London English male Shakespearean actors People from Harrogate People from Yorkshire People from North Yorkshire Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 20 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the actor who plays graham in emmerdale
[ "Andrew Scarborough is an English actor, most widely known for his recent role on screen as Tim Drewe in the multi BAFTA and Emmy award-winning Downton Abbey and since 2017 as Graham Foster in the television drama series Emmerdale.[1] He is also known for his other roles on screen in Hearts and Bones, The Bible, Jamaica Inn, Hidden and Bad Girls. He is also a theatre actor, performing in many of London's major theatres,[2] including the West End theatre,[3] and many provincial theatres in the UK, including mainland Europe with the Actors Touring Company—at the Renaissance-Theater Berlin in Mark Ravenhill's Handbag.[4][5]" ]
[ "Andrew Scarborough" ]
-9204641459594324492
Old North Church
Old North Church - wikipedia Old North Church This article is about the Christ Church in the City of Boston . For other places , see Old North . Old North Church U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Image of the North End , Boston neighborhood . The Old North Church is at center , a Big Dig vent building is near the bottom , and the green Tobin Bridge over the Mystic River is at the top . Location Boston Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W  /  42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W  / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W  /  42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W  / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Built 1723 Architect Price , William Architectural style Georgian NRHP reference # 66000776 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL January 20 , 1961 Interior of the Old North Church Old North Church ( officially , Christ Church in the City of Boston ) , at 193 Salem Street , in the North End , Boston , is the location from which the famous `` One if by land , two if by sea '' signal is said to have been sent . This phrase is related to Paul Revere 's midnight ride , of April 18 , 1775 , which preceded the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution . The church is a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts . It is the oldest standing church building in Boston and is a National Historic Landmark . Inside the church is a bust of George Washington , which Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , reportedly remarked was the best likeness of the first president he had ever seen . Contents 1 History 2 U.S. bicentennial celebration 3 The bells 4 Steeple damage 5 The other `` Old North '' 6 Crypt 7 Today 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The Old North Church was built in December 1723 , inspired by the works of Christopher Wren , the British architect who was responsible for rebuilding London after the Great Fire . Timothy Cutler was the founding rector after serving as third rector of Yale College from 1719 to 1722 . In April 1775 , Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple . These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling -- the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple -- as well as Thomas Bernard , who stood watch for British troops outside the church . The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army . Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves , but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back - up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British ; these back - up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way . The lanterns were hung for just under a minute to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston , but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown . The militia waiting across the river had been told to look for the signal lanterns , and were prepared to act as soon as they saw them . The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren . `` One if by land , and two if by sea '' is from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over Boston Neck and the Great Bridge , and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles River to land near Phips farm ( the British Army would take the `` sea '' route ; thus , two lanterns were hung ) . After receiving the signal , the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington , but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history , having possibly been captured by a British patrol . But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns , first by Revere and Dawes on horses , and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells , beat drums , and shot off warning guns . The current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear ; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector , another was broken during a tour , and yet another is on display at the Concord Museum . Us Bicentennial celebration ( edit ) This statue of Paul Revere outside the Old North Church commemorates his memorable ride . President Gerald Ford visited Old North Church on April 18 , 1975 . In his nationally televised speech , the President said , in part : Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say : We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom . May it be said above all : We kept the faith , freedom flourished , liberty lived . These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future . Following President Ford 's remarks , two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet , descendants of Robert Newman , who , as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775 , lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops . The President then lit a third lantern , which hangs in a window of the church today . On July 11 , 1976 , Queen Elizabeth II visited Boston as part of celebrations honoring the United States Bicentennial , and made reference to the aforementioned celebration events in April 1975 that followed President Ford 's speech . She said : `` At the Old North Church last year , your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America 's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals . May its light never be dimmed . '' The Queen and Prince Philip attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church , sitting in a pew at the right front . The Rev. Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented the Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by Paul Revere . The Queen was shown the iconic statue of Paul Revere by Cyrus E. Dallin near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the Old State House . The bells ( edit ) Steeple of the Old North Church Eight change ringing bells ( tenor : 13 long cwt 3 qr 5 lb ( 1,545 lb or 701 kg ) in F ) at Old North Church were cast by Abel Rudhall ( Rudhall of Gloucester ) in Gloucester , England in 1744 and hung in 1745 . One bell has the inscription : `` We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America , A.R. 1744 . '' The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975 . They are maintained and rung regularly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Guild of Bellringers . Steeple damage ( edit ) Sketch of the Old North Church c. 1882 , showing the 1807 steeple that was destroyed in 1954 . The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the 1804 Snow hurricane . A replacement steeple , designed by Charles Bulfinch , was toppled by Hurricane Carol on August 25 , 1954 . The current steeple uses design elements from the original and the Bulfinch version . The church is now 174 feet ( 53 m ) tall . At its tip is the original weather vane . The other `` Old North '' ( edit ) Main article : Second Church , Boston Before the construction of the `` Old North Church '' ( Christ Church , Boston ) , there was another church in Boston called the `` Old North '' ( Meetinghouse ) . This Congregationalist meeting house was founded in North Square , across the street from what is now called `` Paul Revere 's house '' . This church was once pastored by the Rev. Cotton Mather , the minister now known largely for his involvement in the Salem witch trials . Crypt ( edit ) In 2009 , an archeologist began examining the estimated 1,100 bodies buried in 37 tombs in the basement . The crypt was in use between 1732 and 1860 , and each tomb is sealed with a wooden or slate door , with many doors covered over by plaster as ordered by the city of Boston in the 1850s . Founding rector , the Rev. Timothy Cutler and his wife were buried under the altar together . Other notable figures buried under the church include British Marine Major John Pitcairn , who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill and was entombed along with many other soldiers killed in this battle . So is Captain Samuel Nicholson of the USS Constitution . A behind the scenes tour run by the church takes tourists down into the crypt , as well as up to the bell - ringing chamber . Today ( edit ) Old North Church is today one of four church sites among the 16 stops on the Freedom Trail . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) , where there is a replica of the church List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Dove 's Guide for Church Bell Ringers Jump up ^ Skyscraperpage.com Jump up ^ Secrets : Church of the Dead Further reading ( edit ) Asa Eaton . Historical account of Christ church , Boston : A discourse in said church , on Sunday , December 28 , 1823 . Boston : Printed by J.W. Ingraham , 1824 . Google books Henry Burroughs . A historical account of Christ Church , Boston : an address , delivered on the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the church , December 29 , 1873 . Boston : A. Williams & Co. , 1874 . Google books Christ Church , Salem Street , Boston , 1723 . Boston : 1912 . Google books Percival Merritt . The parochial library of the eighteenth century in Christ Church , Boston . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1917 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old North Church . Old North Church Mayo family history Boston National Historical Park Official Website Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey Old North Church ( Christ Church ) at Find a Grave C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 1 C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 2 Preceded by Old State House , Boston Tallest Building in Boston 1745 -- 1810 53 m Succeeded by Park Street Church Preceded by Paul Revere House Locations along Boston 's Freedom Trail Old North Church Succeeded by Copp 's Hill City of Boston Topics Accent Annual events Architecture Arts Bibliography Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Irish Famine Memorial Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. 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who put the lanterns at old north church
[ "In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.\n", "In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.\n", "In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.\n" ]
[ "Robert Newman", "John Pulling", "Thomas Bernard" ]
9073341052632442664
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jump to : navigation , search Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Promotional image for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season two and Agent Carter season one . Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 ( across 8 series ) No. of episodes 185 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Running time 30 minutes ( NW ) 41 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios ( ABC & Netflix series ) ABC Signature Studios ( Hulu & Freeform series ) Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Netflix Hulu Release Original network ABC Netflix Hulu Freeform Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( ABC series ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) ( Netflix series ) IMAX ( Inh. ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) television series are American superhero television shows based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The shows have been in production since 2013 , and in that time Marvel Television and ABC Studios , along with its production division ABC Signature Studios , have premiered six series , with seven more in various stages of development , across broadcast , streaming , and cable television on ABC , Netflix and Hulu , and Freeform , respectively . The ABC series have averaged around 4 -- 8 million viewers a season , with many of the MCU series receiving strong critical responses . The first series in the universe , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , began airing on ABC during the 2013 -- 14 television season , and was joined by Marvel 's Agent Carter in the 2014 -- 15 television season . Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel 's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before aired on ABC during the 2017 -- 18 television season ; a put pilot for another ABC series , Marvel 's Damage Control , has also been ordered . Netflix 's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel 's Daredevil and Marvel 's Jessica Jones , followed by Marvel 's Luke Cage in 2016 . Marvel 's Iron Fist and the crossover miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders released in 2017 , with Marvel 's The Punisher also scheduled to be released in 2017 . Additionally , the MCU will expand to Hulu with Marvel 's Runaways in 2017 , and to Freeform with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger in 2018 . Marvel 's New Warriors is also scheduled to air in 2018 , despite not having a broadcaster . Starring in the series are Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson , in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter , in Agent Carter , both reprising their roles from MCU films , while Anson Mount headlines Inhumans as Black Bolt . Daredevil introduces Charlie Cox in the title role of Matt Murdock / Daredevil as well as Jon Bernthal as the Punisher in its second season , who reprises his role as the star of The Punisher . Jessica Jones introduces Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter as Luke Cage , with the latter also headlining Luke Cage . Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in Iron Fist , and joins Cox , Ritter , and Colter for The Defenders . The Runaways cast consists of the titular group , including Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , and their parents , including Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder . Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in Cloak & Dagger as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively , while Milana Vayntrub and Derek Theler lead New Warriors as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 ABC series 1.1 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) 1.2 Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) 2 Netflix series 2.1 Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) 2.2 Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) 2.4 Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) 2.5 Marvel 's The Defenders ( 2017 ) 2.6 Marvel 's The Punisher 3 Hulu series 3.1 Marvel 's Runaways 4 Freeform series 4.1 Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 5 Other series 5.1 Marvel 's New Warriors 6 Recurring cast and characters 6.1 ABC series 6.2 Netflix series 7 Reception 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Critical response 8 Potential projects 8.1 Marvel 's Damage Control 8.2 Other 9 Marvel 's Most Wanted 10 References ABC series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell Released 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) TBA Filming Marvel 's Agent Carter 8 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas , and Chris Dingess Released 10 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Marvel 's Inhumans 8 September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Scott Buck Airing Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1 , 2017 , and ran for two weeks , before their television premiere on ABC on September 29 . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( L to R ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell serve as the showrunners for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) agents to handle strange new cases . After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader , `` The Clairvoyant '' , were affiliated with Hydra , a terrorist organization , Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra 's infiltration of , and the destruction of , S.H.I.E.L.D. , while also looking to restore trust from the government and public . In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's wars with Hydra and the Inhumans , a race of superhumans , Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats . After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed , S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again , with Coulson returning to being a field agent , and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people -- including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider -- while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys . Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space , where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home . In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D. , to be written by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and directed by Joss Whedon . On April 6 , 2013 , ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and it was officially ordered to series on May 10 , 2013 . Jed Whedon , Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series ' showrunners , while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson . The series was renewed for a second season on May 8 , 2014 , a third on May 7 , 2015 , a fourth on March 3 , 2016 , and a fifth on May 11 , 2017 . The first season , which premiered on September 24 , 2013 , aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor : The Dark World and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The revelation in Captain America : The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series . Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film , Loeb said , `` It 's an extremely unique experience that does n't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business . '' The second season , which premiered on September 23 , 2014 , introduces Inhumans to the MCU , ahead of their own television series . Additionally , a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race , who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy . The third season , which premiered on September 29 , 2015 , introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors , with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name , as well as Life Model Decoys . The fourth season , which premiered on September 20 , 2016 , sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU , and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange . The fifth season is scheduled to premiere on December 1 , 2017 . In the first season , Samuel L. Jackson , Cobie Smulders , Maximiliano Hernández , Titus Welliver and Jaimie Alexander all reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Maria Hill , Jasper Sitwell , Felix Blake , and Sif , respectively , from previous MCU films and One - Shots . In the second season , Alexander and Smulders return , while Hayley Atwell , Neal McDonough , Kenneth Choi , and Henry Goodman also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter , Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan , Jim Morita , and List , respectively , from previous MCU films . In the third season , William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films , and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character , Gideon Malick . Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Agent Carter ( TV series ) In 1946 , Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark , who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States . Carter is assisted by Stark 's butler , Edwin Jarvis , to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons . Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II , gaining new friends , a new home and potential new love . By September 2013 , Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One - Shot , featuring Peggy Carter , and in January 2014 , the series was confirmed to be in development , with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC officially ordered Marvel 's Agent Carter to series . Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series , while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter . The series was renewed for a second season on May 7 , 2015 , and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on January 6 , 2015 , introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs , which both appear in several MCU films . The second season , which premiered on January 19 , 2016 , features the Darkforce , which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange . In the first season , Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America : The First Avenger . James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis , Stark 's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark 's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko , the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark . Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger . McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola , respectively . In the second season , Cooper returns to reprise his role . Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Inhumans ( TV series ) Scott Buck serves as showrunner for both Inhumans on ABC and the first season of Iron Fist on Netflix . After a military coup , the Inhuman Royal Family , led by Black Bolt , escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world . In November 2016 , Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel 's Inhumans , to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios . The series ' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras , and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1 , 2017 , for two weeks . ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29 , 2017 , with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content , outside of the versions screened on IMAX . Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX . The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios , nor a spin - off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ben Sherwood , president of Disney -- ABC Television Group , added that `` We 've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios -- and this is a critical point -- to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing '' the MCU ; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films . In December 2016 , Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series . In February 2017 , Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt . Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii , and concluded in June . Netflix series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes Originally released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Daredevil 13 April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Steven S. DeKnight Released 13 March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Erik Oleson Pre-production Marvel 's Jessica Jones 13 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Melissa Rosenberg Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Preparing for release Marvel 's Luke Cage 13 September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) Cheo Hodari Coker Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Filming Marvel 's Iron Fist 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Scott Buck Released TBA TBA Raven Metzner In development Marvel 's The Defenders 8 August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Marco Ramirez Released Marvel 's The Punisher 13 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Steve Lightfoot Preparing for release By October 2013 , Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon , and WGN America expressing interest . That November , it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live - action series based on Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( TV series ) Lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell 's Kitchen as Daredevil , juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk . Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher , a vigilante with far deadlier methods , and sees the return of his old girlfriend , Elektra Natchios . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , and would write and direct the first episode , though at the end of May 2014 , it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series , being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes , remained with the show as an executive producer . It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil . A few days later , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil . A second season was ordered on April 21 , 2015 , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight , who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment . A third season was ordered in July 2016 , with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on April 10 , 2015 , features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York , as well as mentioning Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season . The second season , which premiered on March 18 , 2016 , features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell , who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones . The third season is slated to be released in 2018 . In the second season , Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher , before headlining his own series , while Michelle Hurd and Carrie - Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones . Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Melissa Rosenberg is Jessica Jones ' creator and showrunner . Former superhero Jessica Jones , who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder , opens her own detective agency to help people . In November 2013 , Melissa Rosenberg was announced to write and executive produce the series , and the following March , Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil . In December 2014 , Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series , officially titled Marvel 's Jessica Jones . A second season was ordered on January 17 , 2016 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on November 20 , 2015 , features references to the events and characters of The Avengers . The second season is scheduled to debut in 2018 . In the first season , Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage , a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series . Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple , as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney . Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Luke Cage ( TV series ) When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin , Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem , and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city . Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series , titled Marvel 's Luke Cage . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist , being the fourth of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series , beginning production after Jessica Jones . The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . Also in March , Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series . A second season was ordered on December 3 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on September 30 , 2016 , features references to The Avengers , the second season of Daredevil , the first season of Jessica Jones , and a flier for Colleen Wing 's martial arts class , and mentions Justin Hammer , Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle . Dawson , Rob Morgan , Rachel Taylor , Stephen Rider , Parisa Fitz - Henley , and Danny Johnson reprise their roles as Claire Temple , Turk Barrett , Trish Walker , Blake Tower , Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series , respectively . The second season is scheduled to premiere in 2018 . Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season . Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Fist ( TV series ) Danny Rand returns to New York City , after being missing for fifteen years , to reclaim his family company . However , when a threat emerges , Rand must choose between his family 's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist . In March 2014 , Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series , entering production following Luke Cage . The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . In April 2015 , the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel 's Iron Fist . In December 2015 , Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series . In February 2016 , Finn Jones was cast as Rand . A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017 , with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season , replacing Buck . The first season , which premiered on March 17 , 2017 , makes references to the events of The Avengers , the Hulk , Stark Industries , Jessica Jones , Daredevil , Luke Cage , and Seagate Prison , and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang , New York Bulletin editor - in - chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page , Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle . Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout . Moss , Dawson , Wai Ching Ho , Marquis Rodriguez , Tijuana Ricks , and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth , Claire Temple , Gao , Darryl , Thembi Wallace , and Shirley Benson , respectively , in the series . The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight . Marvel 's the Defenders ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Defenders ( miniseries ) The superheroes Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist team - up in New York City . The Defenders sees Cox , Ritter , Colter , and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Danny Rand / Iron Fist , respectively , from the previous television series . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the miniseries , officially titled Marvel 's The Defenders , would begin filming after Iron Fist . In April 2016 , Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders . However , by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016 , Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner . Filming concluded in March 2017 . The eight - episode event premiered on August 18 , 2017 . The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles , including , Deborah Ann Woll , Elden Henson , Scott Glenn , Élodie Yung , Eka Darville , Moss , Taylor , Simone Missick , Jessica Henwick , Dawson , Ho , Ramón Rodríguez , Peter McRobbie , Morgan , Amy Rutberg , Susan Varon , and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page , Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson , Stick , Elektra Natchios , Malcolm Ducasse , Jeri Hogarth , Trish Walker , Misty Knight , Colleen Wing , Claire Temple , Gao , Bakuto , Lantom , Turk Barrett , Marci Stahl , Josie and Nicole , respectively . Midland Circle , which was referenced in previous Netflix series , is revealed to be an operation of the Hand , who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property . The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers . Marvel 's the Punisher ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '' , who aims to fight crime by any means necessary . By January 2016 , ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to The Defenders . Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher , along with confirming Bernthal 's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner . Filming began in Brooklyn , New York in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . The series is set to be released on November 17 , 2017 . Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett , respectively . Hulu series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Runaways 10 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) TBA Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage Preparing for release Marvel 's Runaways ( edit ) Main article : Runaways ( TV series ) When six teenagers discover their parents are villains , they reluctantly unite to go against them . In August 2016 , Marvel announced Marvel 's Runaways had received a pilot order , along with additional scripts , from the streaming service Hulu , based on the team of the same name . The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series . In February 2017 , Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , they announced the cast of the Pride , the parents of the Runaways , with Randy Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Hulu ordered the series in May 2017 . Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to premiere on November 21 , 2017 . Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . Freeform series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Joe Pokaski Filming Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ( edit ) Main article : Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson , two teenagers from different backgrounds , acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship . They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together , `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging . '' In April 2016 , the ABC - owned network Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , based on the characters of the same name , calling it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , and describing the show as a `` superhero love story '' . In January 2017 , Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively . Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series . Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 . Roxxon Oil is seen in the series . Other series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's New Warriors 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Kevin Biegel Pre-production Marvel 's New Warriors ( edit ) Main article : New Warriors ( TV series ) Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl , Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher , Robbie Baldwin / Speedball , Zach Smith / Microbe , and Deborah Fields / Debrii , are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers , who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes . By the end of August 2016 , Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half - hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl , with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets . In April 2017 , Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's New Warriors , with Kevin Biegel serving as the series ' showrunner and writing the first script . In July 2017 , the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal . In November 2017 , it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks , with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 , with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors ABC series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . Series seasons , within the network season , are ordered based on their premiere date . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season , or that the character 's presence in the season has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had a recurring role for the season . A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the season . Character 2013 -- 14 season 2014 -- 15 season 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season 2017 -- 18 season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 Agent Carter season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 Agent Carter season 2 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell Luke Mitchell Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Lance Hunter Nick Blood Nick Blood Nick Blood Edwin Jarvis James D'Arcy James D'Arcy Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Palicki Holden Radcliffe John Hannah John Hannah Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Daniel Sousa Enver Gjokaj Enver Gjokaj Jack Thompson Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray Grant Ward Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Netflix series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series , or that the character 's presence in the series has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had a recurring role in the series . A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the series . Character Daredevil Jessica Jones Luke Cage Iron Fist The Defenders The Punisher Bakuto Ramón Rodríguez Luke Cage Mike Colter Mike Colter Frank Castle Punisher Jon Bernthal Jon Bernthal Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Eka Darville Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Krysten Ritter Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Simone Missick Simone Missick Simone Missick Matt Murdock Daredevil Charlie Cox Charlie Cox Elektra Natchios Élodie Yung Élodie Yung Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson Elden Henson Elden Henson Karen Page Deborah Ann Woll Deborah Ann Woll Danny Rand Iron Fist Finn Jones Finn Jones Stick Scott Glenn Scott Glenn Claire Temple Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Blake Tower Stephen Rider Stephen Rider Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Colleen Wing Jessica Henwick Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each series , see the `` Reception '' section on each series ' article . Ratings ( edit ) Series Season Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Last aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Average total viewers ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) Rank 18 -- 49 rating ( rank ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 12.12 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 5.45 8.31 43 3.0 ( 20 ) September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 5.98 May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.88 7.46 24 2.8 ( 11 ) September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 4.90 May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3.03 5.52 85 2.0 ( 47 ) September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 4.22 110 1.5 / 6 ( 70 ) Agent Carter January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 6.91 February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4.02 7.61 29 2.4 ( 29 ) January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3.18 March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.35 4.37 109 1.4 ( 88 ) Critical response ( edit ) Series Season Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 87 % ( 47 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) 94 % ( 18 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A Agent Carter 95 % ( 41 reviews ) 72 ( 27 reviews ) 81 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A Daredevil 98 % ( 51 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) Jessica Jones 92 % ( 61 reviews ) 81 ( 32 reviews ) Luke Cage 96 % ( 54 reviews ) 79 ( 30 reviews ) Iron Fist 17 % ( 54 reviews ) 37 ( 21 reviews ) The Defenders 74 % ( 77 reviews ) 63 ( 30 reviews ) Inhumans 8 % ( 37 reviews ) 29 ( 13 reviews ) Runaways 92 % ( 12 reviews ) 71 ( 5 reviews ) With the release of the second season of Daredevil , Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series `` have already leapfrogged ABC 's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal , in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and does n't need to be spoon - fed plot points . In the process , they have demonstrated that it 's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics '' . After the release of the first season of Luke Cage , The Atlantic 's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel 's Netflix series , a common complaint to that point , stating , `` After two seasons of Daredevil , one of Jessica Jones , and now one of Luke Cage , the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed , encouraging the kind of molasses - slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew . The problem is n't that these shows are bad , necessarily ... But they all take far too long to get going , by which point many viewers will have already tuned out . '' He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week , but rather subscribers who , if they lose interest , `` can take as long as they want to catch up ... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month . '' The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail , with Sims noting `` A lot of this detail ( is ) good , but it could have been considerably compressed -- none of the Marvel Netflix series , so far , would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes , or even 8 . If Netflix shaved the 60 - minute running time down quite a bit , it would likely inspire more economical -- and better -- storytelling from its shows . '' Sims concluded by saying , `` What 's most frustrating of all is that Netflix is n't getting rid of this approach anytime soon . Daredevil season three , Jessica Jones season two , Iron Fist , and The Punisher are all on their way , and each will follow the same 13 - episode structure ... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders , a planned crossover series ... over the course of just eight episodes . Who knows ? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain 's motivations within the first hour . Until then , fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series , while others are deterred from watching at all . '' In her review for the first season of Iron Fist , Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel 's Netflix series , stating , `` By focusing so intently on making these series ... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show ( like DC 's candy - colored ( Arrowverse ) on The CW ) , the problem is that they miss out on the key element : this should be fantastical entertainment . '' With The Defenders , Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received . He said , `` The Defenders is far from perfect . But it 's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward . Shorter seasons . More team - ups . Fewer shows . Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist . If Danny Rand must persist , add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him . '' Potential projects ( edit ) Marvel 's Damage Control ( edit ) Further information : Damage Control ( comics ) § Live action The show follows the overworked , underpaid , clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts , rescheduling events because of the conflicts , and retrieving lost items . In October 2015 , ABC ordered a put pilot for a half - hour live - action comedy series Marvel 's Damage Control , based on the comics construction company of the same name . The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television , with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer . In January 2016 , ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was `` going to be coming out this season , '' seemingly implying it would air in the 2016 -- 17 television season . Other ( edit ) Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series , `` reinventing '' an existing Marvel character or property . In January 2016 , Ridley confirmed that the project was `` still in development '' . He stated that he was looking to `` bring some of the socially conscious nature '' of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show , while also creating something that is `` straight entertainment '' . A year later , Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley 's project was still progressing , with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script . Ridley added that the rewrite was not because `` anything did n't work the first time around '' , but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series , hoping it would occupy `` a space that is not currently being filled '' by Marvel . He also stated that he hoped to create the series `` in the near term . '' By August 2017 , Dungey was `` not sure '' if Ridley was still working on the project . In January 2016 , Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC , while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that `` all the characters in the universe could also spin out '' into their own series at some point . That May , Dungey said that there were `` a handful of projects in development '' , after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter , and that Marvel and ABC were looking `` at series that would be beneficial to both brands . '' Marvel 's Most Wanted ( edit ) Main article : Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series , which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski , would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . By May 7 , 2015 , when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations , and new series pickups , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on . In August 2015 , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series , titled Marvel 's Most Wanted , with a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series , while also serving as co-writers of the pilot , executive producers , and showrunners , with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In May 2016 , the series was passed on by ABC once again . 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Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Finds Its Cast '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Marsters ( @ JamesMarstersOf ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the sitch . I 'm filming Marvel 's ' Runaways ' ! Set photos are strictly forbidden , but I snuck this pic of the carpet in my trailer ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kincaid , Rhiannon ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Working Titles For Black Panther , Runaways , and Cloak & Dagger Revealed '' . MCUExchange . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` '' Doctor Strange '' Prequel Comic Hints At Movie Secrets , Introduces Another Marvel Villain `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel And Hulu Announce Runaways TV Series '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Colchester schoolgirl lands role in latest Marvel blockbuster '' . Clacton Gazette . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` MIP Drama pre-LA Screenings showcase : Marvel , Marc Cherry , Candy Crush and more '' . MIPTrends . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform 's Fraught Year : Inside the Rebranded Network 's Chase for Millennials ( and a Hit Show ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Greenlights Marvel Romance Superhero Series ' Cloak and Dagger ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform Continues to Grow Its Programming Slate with New Series , Pilots , Returning Series and More '' . The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Olivia Holt & Aubrey Joseph Land Title Roles In Series For Freeform '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Economic Development ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Selects Louisiana For New Television Series '' ( Press release ) . Louisiana Economic Development . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Rob ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak And Dagger Offers A Glimpse Of A Wider Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesly ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors , ' With Squirrel Girl , Ordered Straight - to - Series at Freeform ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive sneak peek : Squirrel Girl leads the team of Freeform 's ' New Warriors ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Squirrel Girl on TV ? Marvel Developing New Warriors Comedy Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Announces Characters For ' Marvel 's New Warriors ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Sets Its Cast -- Including Squirrel Girl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Wo n't Air on Freeform , Series Will Be Shopped Elsewhere ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter : James D'Arcy , Enver Gjokaj returning for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star In Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) `` Failed Experiments '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents Of SHIELD '' Reveals Ghost Rider Details , Talk Up The New Director & More `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Casts 2 Key Roles '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses preview glamorous and gritty season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who the heck is Iron Fist 's Bakuto ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' Adds to the Cast '' . Marvel.com . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elodie Yung Cast as Elektra in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elden Henson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Star to Romance ' Daredevil ' for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Glenn Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosario Dawson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Daredevil ' Casts Stephen Rider As New Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist casts The Force Awakens actress in lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 1 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agent Carter : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Brian ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' Marvel 's Daredevil , ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Biggest Problem With Netflix 's Comic - Book Shows '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Review : Come for the Fights , Stay ... for the Corporate Litigation ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Defenders proves the power of team - ups , shorter seasons : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Prepping Marvel Comedy ' Damage Control ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Second Marvel Comedy In Development At ABC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` John Ridley 's Marvel Series is `` Still Very Much Alive '' `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Ridley Promises Marvel TV Project Is A ' Unique ' Take On Superhero Genre '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC President `` Not Sure '' If John Ridley Marvel Project Is Still Happening `` . The Tracking Board . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Entertainment Chief Talks ' Castle 's ' Demise , Shonda Rhimes ' Future and More Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Portal Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Upcoming The Punisher ( 2017 ) Runaways ( 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_television_series&oldid=808605754 '' Categories : Marvel Cinematic Universe television programs Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the new marvel show on netflix
[ "\n\nSeries\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\nShowrunner(s)\nStatus\n\n\nMarvel's Daredevil\n\n1\n13\nApril 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)\nSteven S. DeKnight[76]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13\nMarch 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)\nDoug Petrie and Marco Ramirez[77]\n\n\n\n3[78]\nTBA\n2018 (2018)[79]\nErik Oleson[79]\nPre-production\n\n\nMarvel's Jessica Jones\n\n1\n13\nNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)\nMelissa Rosenberg[80]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13[81]\n2018 (2018)[82]\nPreparing for release\n\n\nMarvel's Luke Cage\n\n1\n13\nSeptember 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)\nCheo Hodari Coker[83]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13[84]\n2018 (2018)[85]\nFilming\n\n\nMarvel's Iron Fist\n\n1\n13\nMarch 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)\nScott Buck[86]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2[87]\nTBA\nTBA\nRaven Metzner[88]\nIn development\n\n\nMarvel's The Defenders\n\n1\n8\nAugust 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)\nMarco Ramirez[89]\nReleased\n\n\nMarvel's The Punisher\n\n1\n13[90]\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)[91]\nSteve Lightfoot[92]\nPreparing for release\n\n" ]
[ "The Punisher" ]
-6624754575322485259
Hungry Eyes
Hungry Eyes - wikipedia Hungry Eyes Jump to : navigation , search For the song of the same name by Merle Haggard , see Hungry Eyes ( Merle Haggard song ) . `` Hungry Eyes '' Single by Eric Carmen from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Where Are You Tonight '' Released November 7 , 1987 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single , CD single , cassette Recorded 1987 , Beachwood Studios , Beachwood , Ohio Genre Rock Length 4 : 06 3 : 49 ( single version ) Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola , Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Eric Carmen Eric Carmen singles chronology `` The Rock Stops Here '' ( 1986 ) `` Hungry Eyes '' ( 1987 ) `` Make Me Lose Control '' ( 1988 ) `` The Rock Stops Here '' ( 1986 ) `` Hungry Eyes '' ( 1987 ) `` Make Me Lose Control '' ( 1988 ) `` Hungry Eyes '' is a song performed by American artist Eric Carmen , a former member of the band Raspberries , and was featured in the film Dirty Dancing . The song was recorded at Beachwood Studios in Beachwood , Ohio in 1987 . `` Hungry Eyes '' peaked at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 3 on the Cash Box Top 100 in 1988 . The power ballad was not released commercially in the UK , but it managed to peak at # 82 in January 1988 , having charted purely on import sales . Songwriters Franke Previte and John DeNicola wrote the song , as well as another hit from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . The music video featured Carmen with model Sally Steele , who later founded Vegas Rocks ! Magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Releases 2.1 Track listing 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Uses in popular culture 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Eric Carmen , the performer of `` Hungry Eyes '' , had been the vocalist of the Raspberries . Carmen released his first solo album Eric Carmen , which contained the worldwide hit with `` All By Myself '' . `` Hungry Eyes '' was his biggest hit and was written for the film Dirty Dancing , in 1987 . Jimmy Ienner , the producer of Carmen 's band from his early career , The Raspberries , asked him to sing this song for the Dirty Dancing album because he was familiar with Carmen 's musical style . Carmen was hesitant to produce a song for another film sound track because he believed that soundtrack music had `` horrible deaths '' , but Carmen recorded a very popular song that can still be heard on radio stations and TV commercials . Releases ( edit ) The song was released commercially on 7 '' vinyl in many countries ; plus , a 3 - track 12 '' maxi single and 2 - track cassette were produced . CD singles were a relatively new format ; however , a 2 - track Japanese mini CD single was commercially released in 1988 . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single - UK / US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' Mark Scola 3 : 59 12 '' vinyl single - UK No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' Mark Scola 3 : 59 3 . `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ( Full Length Film Version ) '' Donald Markowitz , Franke Previte , John DeNicola 6 : 49 Cassette single - US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' ( Song on side A1 and B1 ) Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' ( Song on side A2 and B2 ) Mark Scola 3 : 59 CD single - Japan No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' Mark Scola 3 : 59 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 82 US Billboard Hot 100 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 52 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australia 39 Canada 58 US Billboard Hot 100 25 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) The song appears in a 2017 TV commercial for Applebee 's . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hunt ( December 24 , 1987 ) . `` Carmen Re-Sees Success With ' Hungry Eyes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Naish , Stephen Lee ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Deconstructing Dirty Dancing '' . John Hunt Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Hungry Eyes '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved February 3 , 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to EricCarmen.com . '' Welcome to EricCarmen.com . N.p. , n.d. Web . 3 Feb. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Carmen -- Hungry Eyes '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eric Carmen Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Carmen search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Carmen -- Hungry Eyes '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eric Carmen -- Hungry Eyes '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Eric Carmen . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen '' . wweb.uta.edu . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Eric Carmen . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hope . `` Barry 's Hits of All Decades Pop rock n roll Music Chart Hits '' . hitsofalldecades.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1988 / Top 100 Songs of 1988 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's 2 for $20 TV Commercial , ' Hungry Eyes ' Song by Eric Carmen '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eric Carmen Studio albums Eric Carmen Boats Against the Current Change of Heart Tonight You 're Mine Eric Carmen 1984 I Was Born to Love You Compilation albums The Definitive Collection Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` She Did It '' `` Change Of Heart '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` It Hurts Too Much '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Make Me Lose Control '' Songwriting `` Go All the Way '' `` I Wanna be With You '' `` Let 's Pretend '' `` Overnight Sensation ( Hit Record ) '' `` That 's Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey Deanie '' `` I Need You ( 3T song ) '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Maybe My Baby * Related topics Raspberries Jimmy Ienner Book : Eric Carmen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungry_Eyes&oldid=805785096 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1988 singles Eric Carmen songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Rock ballads Song recordings produced by Bob Gaudio Songs written by Franke Previte Torch songs 1987 songs Songs written by John DeNicola RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart used with UKchartstats that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings hungry eyes from dirty dancing movie
[ "\"Hungry Eyes\" is a song performed by American artist Eric Carmen, a former member of the band Raspberries, and was featured in the film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song was recorded at Beachwood Studios in Beachwood, Ohio in 1987. \"Hungry Eyes\" peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #3 on the Cash Box Top 100 in 1988. The power ballad[2] was not released commercially in the UK, but it managed to peak at #82 in January 1988, having charted purely on import sales." ]
[ "American artist Eric Carmen" ]
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List of The Lion King characters
List of the Lion King characters - wikipedia List of the Lion King characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main characters in the first film . From left to right : Shenzi , Scar , Ed , Banzai , Rafiki , Mufasa , Simba , Sarabi , Zazu , Timon , and Pumbaa . Bottom right : Nala and Sarafina . Disney 's The Lion King films and its later franchise features an extensive cast of fictional characters created by Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . The lead character of the series is Simba . During the course of the franchise , he grows up to take his father 's place as the King of the Pride Lands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 The Lion King 2.1 Simba 2.2 Nala 2.3 Timon and Pumbaa 2.4 Scar 2.5 Mufasa 2.6 Sarabi 2.7 Zazu 2.8 Rafiki 2.9 Shenzi , Banzai and Ed 2.10 Gopher 3 The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa 3.1 Quint 3.2 Speedy the Snail 3.3 Fred 3.4 Boss Beaver 3.5 Irwin 3.6 Toucan Dan 3.7 Rabbit 3.8 Vulture Police 3.9 Cheetata and Cheetato 3.10 The Three Natives 3.11 Smolder the Bear 3.12 Tatiana 3.13 Sharla 3.14 Ned the Elephant 3.15 Little Jimmy 3.16 Pimon and Tumbaa 4 The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride 4.1 Kiara 4.2 Kovu 4.3 Zira 4.4 Nuka 4.5 Vitani 5 The Lion King 11⁄2 5.1 Ma 5.2 Uncle Max 6 The Lion Guard 6.1 Kion 6.2 Bunga 6.3 Fuli 6.4 Beshte 6.5 Ono 6.6 Zuri 6.7 Tiifu 6.8 Janja 's clan 6.9 Mzingo 6.10 Jasiri 6.11 Pua 6.12 Makuu 6.13 Reirei 's family 6.14 Ushari 6.15 Basi 6.16 Leopards 6.17 Aardwolves 7 Six New Adventures & other books based by The Lion King characters 7.1 Kopa 7.2 Ahadi 7.3 Uru 7.4 Mohatu 7.5 Ni 7.6 Kula 7.7 Chumvi 7.8 Joka 7.9 Jelani 7.10 Kwaheri 7.11 Boma 7.12 Zuzu 8 References Development ( edit ) A total of thirteen supervising animators from Walt Disney Feature Animation and Disney - MGM Studios were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the first film 's main characters . The animation team studied real - life animals for reference , as was done for the earlier film Bambi . The animation of the characters counted with supervision by wildlife experts such as Jim Fowler , who visited the studio on several occasions with lions and other animals to help the animators reproduce authentic behavior . Screenwriter Irene Mecchi joined the directing team to help in the character development process and define each character 's personality . Story head Brenda Chapman spoke of the challenges of character development . The Lion King ( edit ) Simba ( edit ) Main article : Simba Simba ( voiced by Matthew Broderick in the films , Cam Clarke in Timon & Pumbaa , and Rob Lowe in The Lion Guard ) is the son of Mufasa and Sarabi . His name meaning `` lion '' in Swahili and `` strength '' in Shona . Simba grows up to take Mufasa 's place as King of Pride Rock and becomes the father of Kiara and Kion . Nala ( edit ) Main article : Nala ( Disney ) Nala ( voiced by Moira Kelly ) is a childhood friend of Simba and the daughter of Sarafina . Although she is a prominent character in The Lion King , she makes minor appearances in The Lion King ll : Simba 's Pride , The Lion King 11⁄2 , and The Lion Guard . In the first film , she is portrayed as Simba 's childhood friend . After helping Simba enter the elephant graveyard , she has to be rescued by Mufasa when the hyenas attack them . Several years later , Nala encounters Simba as a young adult and develops a romance with Simba after encountering him in the jungle . After returning to Pride Rock , she helps Simba defeat Scar and take Mufasa 's place as King of Pride Rock . In Simba 's Pride , Nala is depicted as slightly older , calmer and less overprotective than her mate . Timon and Pumbaa ( edit ) Main article : Timon and Pumbaa Timon and Pumbaa ( voiced by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella in the films and TV series , respectively ) are a meerkat and warthog duo . Although they are supporting characters in the first two films , they are featured as the main characters in The Lion King 11⁄2 as well as in the Timon & Pumbaa TV series . In the first film they become friends with Simba and teach him the basics of life in the jungle . After helping Simba stop Scar 's tyrannical reign , the two become Simba 's royal advisors and adoptive uncles of the honey badger , Bunga . Scar ( edit ) Main article : Scar ( Disney ) Scar ( voiced by Jeremy Irons in The Lion King and Jim Cummings in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ) is the main antagonist of The Lion King franchise and Mufasa 's younger brother . In The Lion King , after he commits a coup d'état by murdering his brother and exiling his nephew Simba , he becomes `` King of the Pride Lands '' . However , Simba returns to Pride Rock and overthrows Scar to become King of the Pride Lands . The Lion Guard reveals that Scar was once the leader of the titular group and , like his great - nephew Kion , once possessed the Roar of the Elders . Scar lost the Roar of the Elders after using it to destroy the other members of the guard . Mufasa ( edit ) Mufasa ( voiced by James Earl Jones in the films and Gary Anthony Williams in The Lion Guard ) is Scar 's older brother , Sarabi 's husband and Simba 's father who is introduced as the King of the Pride Lands . The name `` Mufasa '' means `` King '' in the Manazoto language . In The Lion King , he teaches Simba on what a king is supposed to be . However , Mufasa is killed during a wildebeest stampede initiated by Scar . He returns as a ghostly apparition in the clouds to help Simba return to the Pride Lands and remember who he is as King . According to Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , they knew that Jones 's voice was powerful similar to the lion roar . Jones is scheduled to reprise his role in the upcoming live - action adaptation of the film directed by Jon Favreau . Sarabi ( edit ) `` Sarabi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sarabi ( disambiguation ) . Sarabi ( voiced by Madge Sinclair ) is Mufasa 's wife and Simba 's mother . Her name means `` mirage '' in Swahili . In The Lion King , she serves as the Queen of Pride Rock . Years after Scar usurps the throne , Sarabi helps Simba fight against Scar and his hyenas . When Simba defeats Scar , Nala becomes queen in Sarabi 's place . Zazu ( edit ) Zazu ( voiced by Rowan Atkinson in The Lion King , Edward Hibbert in Timon & Pumbaa , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and The Lion King 11⁄2 , and Jeff Bennett in The Lion Guard ) is a red - billed hornbill and majordomo to Mufasa and later Simba . After Mufasa 's death , Zazu becomes a prisoner of Scar before Pumbaa releases him when Simba returns to the Pride Lands . He eventually acts as a scout and advises Simba on royal protocol . In the musical , Zazu is a puppet controlled by an actor dressed in blue striped clothes and a bowler hat , much like a stereotypical butler . Zazu 's blue feathers have been replaced with white and the puppet is partially constructed from parachute silk with a slinky contained in the neck for ease in movement . Rafiki ( edit ) Rafiki ( voiced by Robert Guillaume in the films and Timon & Pumbaa and Khary Payton in The Lion Guard ) , whose name means `` friend '' in Swahili , is a mandrill with an unnaturally long tail . He lives in a baobab tree in the Pride Lands and performs shamanistic services for the lions of Pride Rock . In The Lion King , Rafiki is introduced in the opening scene when he travels to Pride Rock to perform newborn Simba 's presentation ceremony . During the film , Rafiki sings a nonsense chant : `` Asante sana , squash banana , wewe nugu , mimi hapana . '' This is a Swahili playground rhyme which translates to `` Thank you very much ( squash banana ) , you 're a baboon and I 'm not ! '' Like `` hakuna matata '' ( no worries ) , the chant was heard by the filmmakers on their research trip to Kenya . Rafiki travels to the jungle where Simba lives with Timon and Pumbaa , and teaches him lessons about learning from the past . During the battle for Pride Rock , Rafiki saves Simba from a hyena . At the end of the film , Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . In the sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , Rafiki is more closely involved with the affairs and politics of the prides and is often seen with the lions . Mufasa 's spirit persuades him to bring Simba 's daughter Kiara and Zira 's son Kovu together as a way of uniting the prides . Rafiki tries to make them fall in love by singing to them about a place called `` Upendi '' , which means `` love '' in Swahili . In the end , he blesses the union of Kovu and Kiara and Kovu is welcomed into the pride . Rafiki appears briefly in The Lion King 11⁄2 , teaching Timon the philosophy of `` Hakuna Matata '' , talking to Timon 's mother about her son , and later convincing Timon to follow Simba to Pride Rock to confront Scar . In the musical , the character of Rafiki was significantly modified . Because director Julie Taymor felt that the story lacked a strong female character , Rafiki was changed into a female mandrill and sangoma . She acts as narrator throughout the story , at one point speaking to the audience in a click language for comic effect . She sings the opening song `` Circle of Life '' , a keening song called `` Rafiki Mourns '' following Mufasa 's death , and a brief part in Nala 's song `` Shadowland '' , when she blesses Nala for her journey to find help . Instead of detecting Simba 's scent on dust , Rafiki hears Simba 's song `` Endless Night '' on the wind . Rafiki finds Simba and shows him that his father lives on in him through the song `` He Lives in You '' . She is present during the battle , fighting a hyena , and adorns Simba with the king 's mantle after his victory . And the play ends with her at the presentation of Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . Rafiki makes occasional appearances in the Timon and Pumbaa TV series and has his own segments called `` Rafiki Fables '' in the same show . He appears briefly in the Pride Lands world of Kingdom Hearts II . Shenzi , Banzai and Ed ( edit ) Shenzi ( voiced by Whoopi Goldberg in the films and Tress MacNeille in Timon & Pumbaa and Kingdom Hearts II ) , Banzai ( voiced by Cheech Marin in the films and Rob Paulsen in Timon & Pumbaa ) and Ed ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are the three spotted hyenas who make up Scar 's henchmen . After Scar promises them that they will have food , the hyenas trigger the wildebeest stampede and chase Simba out of Pride Rock . When Simba returns to Pride Rock , Shenzi and Banzai are defeated by Pumbaa . The three turn on Scar when the latter tries to blame them for Mufasa 's death and the ruin of the Pride Lands , and eat him alive . Shenzi was originally going to be a male and be voiced by Tommy Chong to reunite him with Marin , who was playing Banzai , but the two had a falling out , so Shenzi was reconceived as a female and Goldberg was hired for the role . Gopher ( edit ) Gopher ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a gopher , who works for Zazu as an informant . In the film he is seen warning Zazu that the hyenas have invaded the Pride Lands . His scene is expanded in the 2003 special edition . He appears during the song The Morning Report and is spotted by Simba who tries to pounce him , but Gopher pops back inside the dirt . Gopher reappears , trying to get Mufasa 's attention , but Simba notices him again , to which the gopher hides back in the dirt . For the third time , Gopher reappears near a small rock , and Simba notices him again to try to pounce him , Gopher disappears to which Simba hits his head on the rock . The character is expanded in the television series . He acts as Zazu 's primary lieutenant , even sharing Zazu 's home within a large tree . He is seen reporting to Zazu on the movements of elephants . In one episode Gopher is ( temporarily ) given Zazu 's job after Zazu makes an error while counting the animal population . Cummings reprises his role for these episodes . The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa ( edit ) Quint ( edit ) Quint ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is Timon and Pumbaa 's archenemy , a sneaky , muscular man with black hair , a pink nose , and a shaven face , and he has varying roles . His wears different clothes in each episode because of the different jobs he has , but he is often seen wearing a hat . He also has different first names that show what his jobs are ( in which they all happen to start with C ) . Quint is a con artist who tricks Timon into stealing a gold nugget Pumbaa found in the episode `` Yukon Con '' , a criminal who stole a suitcase that has $1,290,000 in the episode `` How to Beat the High Costa Rica '' , an evil clock inspector who wants to get revenge on a timekeeper in the episode `` Swiss Missed '' , a French chef who wants to make Speedy the Snail an escargot in the episode `` French Fried '' , etc . In the episode `` The Pain in Spain '' , two Quints are seen together , which may prove that there is more than one of him . In some episodes , Quint appears to be a respectable man with an honest job , but he still seems to annoy Timon and Pumbaa . Notably in Season 2 , Quint 's face appears to be clean - shaven , except in the episode `` Klondike Con '' when he becomes a gold thief . Also , in the episode `` Escape From Newark '' , his nose is the same color as his body for the first time . Speedy the snail ( edit ) Speedy ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is a talking grayish / bluish snail with a shiny red shell and a yellow fedora . Timon and Pumbaa plan to eat him at first , but his ability to speak and sing and his bon viveur , good - humored attitude gets him to become friends with them . Timon gives him the name `` Speedy '' , because he thinks that it would be a brilliant incongruity . Speedy always finds himself in danger , such as becoming a French gourmet snail and an earring out of his shell , and it 's always up for Timon and Pumbaa to save him . In the episode `` The Man from J.U.N.G.L.E. '' , Speedy is revealed to be a superhero called Super Duper Hero X after Timon and Pumbaa were captured by his nemesis Chromosome Quint . Every episode featuring Speedy end with Timon and Pumbaa saying bye to Speedy when they return him home , a seagull capturing Speedy , and then Timon and Pumbaa trying to save him once again . Speedy 's voice was based on that of Bing Crosby . Speedy also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce '' . Fred ( edit ) Fred ( voiced by S. Scott Bullock ) is a meerkat who was Timon 's best friend back at the meerkat colony . He is a practical joker , employing such gags as the hand buzzer , the squirting flower , and the whoopee cushion . He also loved Timon 's hyena jokes . When Fred visits Timon and Pumbaa , he pulls more practical jokes on the duo , such as impersonating Timon 's mother or impersonating a Billy Goat guard . Timon and Pumbaa , however , do n't find Fred 's jokes very funny and they often overpower him . Aside from pulling practical jokes , Fred enjoys doing all sorts of activities , such as playing Turtle Tennis and Fishing for Flamingos . He also mentions that he and Timon have always gone Bowling for Buzzards . At the meerkat colony , Fred 's duty was to guard the Duke Meerkat 's castle , although on the day the Duke left the colony , he snuck away to get a snack and convinced Timon that it was now his chance to go on a date with Princess Tatiana . When the Duke banished Timon from the colony after a cobra kidnapped the princess , Fred 's new duty was to guard the back gate , which indicates that he has been demoted for failing to protect the castle . Fred appears in a total of four episodes : `` Tanzania Zany '' , `` Mombasa - In - Law '' , `` Once Upon a Timon '' , and `` Mind Over Matterhorn '' . Boss Beaver ( edit ) Boss Beaver ( voiced by Brad Garrett ) is an ill - tempered and cantankerous beaver with a white hard hat . His lifestyle is the exact opposite of Timon and Pumbaa 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle : Boss Beaver likes to work while Timon and Pumbaa like to relax . He owns a lumber mill and an amusement park called `` Boss Beaver 's Log Land '' . Boss Beaver also has three mottos : `` Makuta Hamaka '' , which means `` work real hard '' , `` safety first '' and `` you break it , you buy it . '' Boss Beaver 's favorite quote is `` I am Boss Beaver and the reason they call me Boss Beaver is that I am your boss and I am a beaver . Therefore , I am Boss Beaver . '' In the episode `` Amusement Bark '' , it is revealed that he has a mischievous son named Boy Beaver , who keeps breaking things at his amusement park and getting Timon blamed for it . Boss Beaver appears in a total of three episodes . He also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce . '' Irwin ( edit ) Irwin ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a clumsy , accident - prone penguin with a green scarf and a brown hat . Timon and Pumbaa befriend him at a boat stop in Antarctica when they see that he has two extra tickets for the duo to get on the ship . When Irwin leaves his home with the duo , it is shown that he has obviously injured all of his penguin `` friends '' , as they are all seen wearing bandages . Timon dislikes Irwin 's clumsiness , and tries to get rid of him by tricking him into playing a game of Hide - and - Seek . Irwin accidentally causes the boat to sink and Timon and Pumbaa run into him on an island . Timon confronts the penguin and he tricks him into playing another game and Irwin accidentally causes the island to sink . Irwin meets Timon and Pumbaa again at a Hakuna Matata Megamall . Due to his clumsiness , Timon and Pumbaa try to avoid him by hiding in various stores . Irwin appears in two episodes of the series : `` Frantic Atlantic '' and `` Shopping Mauled . '' Toucan Dan ( edit ) Toucan Dan ( Jeff Bennett ) is a dangerously clever criminal mastermind lying toucan who wears a red fez . He is a convincing liar and impersonator and would also do anything to get someone in trouble . In his debut episode `` I Do n't Bolivia '' , he keeps tricking Timon into freeing him from his cage . Later in the episode , while Timon impersonates Toucan Dan in order to not be in trouble with the police , Toucan Dan impersonates Timon and this makes Pumbaa have to decide which one is the real Timon . Toucan Dan makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' . In that episode , he frames Timon and Pumbaa for stealing a train car full of beak polish and the police throw them in jail . Angry at Toucan Dan , Timon and Pumbaa escape to catch the toucan and make him tell the truth . Rabbit ( edit ) Rabbit ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a large and tall pink hare who appears to be very annoying , rude , obnoxious , argumentative , and tiring . He made his debut in the episode `` Mojave Desserted '' . In that episode , Timon and Pumbaa save his life when he was drowning in quicksand and he decides to repay the duo hand and foot . Annoyed by Rabbit , Timon and Pumbaa hatch a plan to put themselves in danger and have Rabbit save them and then leave them alone . Rabbit makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Africa - Dabra ! , '' this time appearing as an unsympathetic and ruthless magician . After Timon pulls him out of a hat , he teams up with the meerkat to become part of his magic act , telling him that he has been looking for a partner for years . When he gets annoyed by Pumbaa ruining the magic acts , he breaks up Timon and Pumbaa 's friendship . When Pumbaa finds out that Timon would never truly said anything mean about him , he gets revenge on Rabbit by trapping him in a cage Vulture police ( edit ) The Vulture Police ( voiced by Townsend Coleman and Brian Cummings ) are recurring characters in the Timon & Pumbaa series . They appear in a total of six episodes . They make their first appearance in the episode `` The Law of the Jungle , '' where they arrest Timon for using the Forbidden Stick to scratch his back and take him to a rhino judge who gives a number of test to see whether he 's innocent or guilty . In the episode `` Yosemite Remedy , '' Timon and Pumbaa go to the police after a criminal raccoon steals their suitcase full of valuables . When they handcuff the thief , he tells them that he did n't steal Timon and Pumbaa 's suitcase , he found it . The police let him go but later arrest him again when they find out that he really stole the duo 's suitcase . In the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' , the Vulture Police throw Timon and Pumbaa in jail after they were convinced by Toucan Dan that they stole the train car full of beak polish . After Timon and Pumbaa confront Toucan Dan , the police show up and realize that it was really Toucan Dan who stole the train car , so they arrest the toucan . However , they also throw Timon and Pumbaa back in jail since they escaped when they told them not to . The Vulture Police make a brief appearance in the episode `` Wide Awake in Wonderland , '' in the meerkat and warthog version of Goldilocks and the Three Bears . Cheetata and Cheetato ( edit ) Cheetata ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) and Cheetato ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are a pair of sophisticated twin cheetahs , reminiscent of Warner Bros ' Goofy Gophers , speaking in British accents and using similar phrases ( `` Indubitably , '' `` How very kind of you '' ) . In order to tell them apart , not only do they have different voices , they also have different personalities : Cheetata appears to be more eager and aggressive while Cheetato seems more likely to think things through . The cheetahs first appear in the episode `` Cooked Goose '' , where they are annoyed by Shenzi , Banzai , and Ed getting in the way of their wildebeest hunt , so they try sending them on various wild goose chases . They also appear in `` Gabon with the Wind , '' where they are convinced by Timon that he is going to catch Pumbaa for them , when he is actually going to find his friend so that they can both run away to safety . In the episode `` Boary Glory Days '' , Timon and Pumbaa use Cheetata and Cheetato to play a game of Predator Tag . While the cheetahs are chasing Timon and Pumbaa , the duo outsmarts the brothers by having them jump over a mud pool and fall into it . The three natives ( edit ) The Three Natives ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) are a trio of tribes who are really university students . They have a leader ( also voiced by Jeff Bennett ) who is also a university student and who usually precedes what he says with `` Bungala , bungala . '' The natives first appear in `` Boara Boara '' . This episode shows that they used to have a warthog king of the island , which is unknown what might 've happened to him . Therefore , the natives might have not seen their king in a really long time . When Timon and Pumbaa visit the island , the natives mistake Pumbaa for their long - lost king and they make Timon his servant . Everything goes well until they make Pumbaa relight the fire and realize that he 's an impostor when they see that he is unable to do so . The natives also appear in the episode `` New Guinea Pig , '' where Pumbaa decides to trade his tusks to them , and `` Beast of Eden '' , where they steal a golden magic tooth that belongs to a beast and Timon and Pumbaa have to retrieve it from them . They also make a brief appearance in the episode `` Mozam - Beaked '' when Timon and Pumbaa go to Bora Bora to throw a woodpecker into the volcano . Smolder the bear ( edit ) Smolder ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a grumpy , short - tempered , but nice grizzly bear , although he gets easily angered , such as when he is awoken from his nap or when someone gets his food order wrong . He also has a romantic interest in a beautiful supermodel named Leslie Lambeau ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) . He appears in seven episodes , from `` Slalom Problem '' to `` It Runs Good '' . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Smolder becomes cell mates with Little Jimmy , who gets even with Timon and Pumbaa by taking advantage of him by convincing him that the duo hurt him so that he could beat them up . Smolder starts to show compassion for Timon and Pumbaa in the episodes `` Ready , Aim , Fire '' and `` Stay Away from my Honey ! '' Tatiana ( edit ) Tatiana ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is the daughter of the Duke Meerkat and the princess of the meerkat colony . She only appears in one episode but she 's vital for Timon 's past . After Timon leaves his sentry duty post to prepare for his date with Tatiana , a king cobra enters the colony and kidnaps the princess , which makes everyone believe she 's dead and which causes Timon to get banished . After Timon and Pumbaa meet for the first time , they see that Tatiana is still alive and rescue her from a cobra . When Tatiana returns to the colony with Timon and Pumbaa , Timon is offered her hand in marriage . When the Duke makes him choose between Tatiana or Pumbaa , he chooses to be Bestest Best friends with Pumbaa . Although `` Once Upon a Timon '' was meant to be Tatiana 's only appearance , there is a female meerkat who bears a striking resemblance to her in the episode `` Timon in Love '' . The only difference is that Tatiana has blond hair while the other meerkat has red hair and she 's not wearing a tiara . Sharla ( edit ) Sharla ( voiced by Lisa Ortiz ) is a female warthog who is the leader of Pumbaa 's former sounder as well as Pumbaa 's former girlfriend . While she only appears in one episode , she is vital for Pumbaa 's past . She and three other male warthogs of the sounder banished Pumbaa from the group due to his awful scent , which was appalling even by warthog standards . Years later , Sharla and the three warthogs carry around a big bag of bugs for the rainy season , but come across a flock of Guinea fowl , who are their natural enemies and nightmares . Due to the birds ' abilities to remove their furs in just a few seconds , the warthogs refuge in a hut and make a distress call , which Pumbaa answers . When Pumbaa reunites with his sounder , he has Timon come up with ideas on how they can get rid of the Guinea fowl . However , none of Timon 's ideas work , so Pumbaa suggests that he and Timon use the jeep so that they carry a fake bag of bugs ( which have firecrackers inside ) to distract the Guinea fowl while Sharla and the other warthogs leave the hut with the real bag of bugs . Although Sharla banished Pumbaa from the group , they still have romantic feelings for each other . When Pumbaa ( and Timon ) show up to the hut , they tell each other that they have never forgotten one another . Sharla tells Pumbaa that he should stay with the group , but Pumbaa decides to continue living his Hakuna Matata lifestyle with Timon , which the female warthog understands . Ned the elephant ( edit ) Ned ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is a high and mighty elephant who thinks he 's wonderful at everything . He seems to enjoy teasing Timon and Pumbaa when they try to prove their worth to him . In the episode `` Uganda be an Elephant '' , Timon states that Ned is the most popular guy in the jungle and Pumbaa decides to turn himself into an elephant in order to be popular as well . Although Ned is selfish and sarcastic , he gets a change of heart after Pumbaa rescues him and his hippo henchmen from falling off a cliff . In the episode `` Unlucky in Lesotho '' , it is revealed that Ned has a Good Luck Club , which lost most of its members due to Ned bringing an unlucky jar . Because he gets eaten by piranhas ( or tigerfish ) , Ned is never seen or heard from again after this episode . Little Jimmy ( edit ) Little Jimmy ( voiced by Joe Alaskey ) is a cute , yet dangerous bluebird . He is similar to Toucan Dan , with the fact that he is also a criminal mastermind and he can also be dishonest . He also has two voices : his fake cute , innocent voice and his criminal voice . Little Jimmy first appears in the episode `` Nest Best Thing , '' where he tricks Pumbaa into building a birdhouse for him , which is actually a hideout . The pigeon police show up and arrest Little Jimmy . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Little Jimmy is cell mates with Smolder the Bear . In order to get revenge on Timon and Pumbaa for turning him in , he tricks Smolder into thinking that Timon and Pumbaa hurt him so that he could hurt them back . Pimon and Tumbaa ( edit ) Pimon ( voiced by Billy West ) and Tumbaa ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) are a buff meerkat and warthog duo who are evil counterparts of Timon and Pumbaa . They are shown to be bullies of the jungle , as they enjoy pushing Timon and Pumbaa around , giving them atomic wedgies , as well as being shown picking on a squirrel . They also have their own philosophy : Kahuna Potato , which means that they will never leave Timon and Pumbaa ( or anyone ) alone . Pimon and Tumbaa make their first and only appearance in the episode `` Kahuna Potato '' . After Timon and Pumbaa successfully catch some bugs , the bullies steal their bag of bugs , give the two wedgies , and walk off with the bugs . Fed up of being picked on by the bullies , Timon decides that it is time for himself and Pumbaa to learn how to fight . Timon and Pumbaa go to Rafiki to have him teach them self - defense , which Rafiki suggests that they should snatch some bugs off his palm and he will teach them the secret to Kung - Fu . After Timon and Pumbaa learn Kung - Fu from Rafiki , they go confront Pimon and Tumbaa , who show them that they also know Kung - Fu . While the two groups fight each other , the bullies give Timon and Pumbaa more atomic wedgies , causing the two to give up until Rafiki appears and tells the two to use Hakuna Matata to fight . Listening to Rafiki 's advice , Timon and Pumbaa continue fighting Pimon and Tumbaa and they end up defeating the bullies . Later that night , Pimon and Tumbaa get their hairs shaved off and feed Timon and Pumbaa the bugs they stole from them . The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( edit ) Kiara ( edit ) For the American singer , see Kiiara . Kiara ( voiced by Neve Campbell as a young adult and Michelle Horn as a cub in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and by Eden Riegel in The Lion Guard ) is the only daughter of Simba and Nala and Kion 's older sister . She has a cameo appearance in The Lion King and is a major character in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and The Lion Guard . Kiara is also a descendant of Mufasa and Sarabi , who are Simba 's parents . Kiara is portrayed as a feisty , playful , and adventurous princess whom Simba easily fears for her safety . As a cub , Kiara befriends Kovu and rescues him from a group of nile crocodiles . As a young adult , Kiara is rescued by Kovu as part of Zira 's plan to avenge Scar 's death and the two lions eventually fall in love . When Kovu is exiled from the Pride Lands following Zira 's ambush on Simba , Kiara helps him return to the Pride Lands to reunite the Pridelanders and Outsiders . Afterwards , she becomes Kovu 's wife . Kovu ( edit ) Kovu ( voiced by Jason Marsden as an young adult and Ryan O'Donohue as a cub ) is the youngest child of Zira and Scar 's chosen heir . Kovu means `` scar '' in Swahili , a reference to his character conception as Scar 's son , which was changed due to the implications of him and Kiara being first cousins once removed and falling in love . During his childhood , Zira trains Kovu to assassinate Simba and take his place as King of Pride Rock . As a young adult , Kovu rescues Kiara during a planned ambush and Simba reluctantly allows him to stay in the Pride Lands . While spending time with Kiara , Rafiki gets the two young lions to fall in love , and Kovu realizes he can not hurt Simba . However , after Simba is ambushed by the Outsiders and Nuka is killed , Kovu angrily disowns Scar and leaves the Outlands but is quickly exiled from the Pride Lands as a traitor . Kovu returns to Pride Rock and stops the fighting between the Outsiders and Pridelanders with the help of Kiara . Simba later reconciles with Kovu and allows him to become his eventual successor . Zira ( edit ) Zira ( voiced by Suzanne Pleshette in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and Nika Futterman in The Lion Guard ) , meaning `` hate '' in Swahili , is the mother of Nuka , Kovu and Vitani . She plots to avenge Scar 's death by forming the Outsiders . However , after taking advantage of Kovu 's friendship with Simba 's daughter Kiara , she devises a plan to assassinate Simba . Eventually , the Pridelanders and the Outsiders fight each other , but with Kiara and Kovu 's help , Vitani and the other Outsiders abandon Zira . Attempting to attack Simba , Zira is intercepted by Kiara and falls to her death despite the latter 's attempt to rescue her . Zira made an appearance in The Lion Guard alongside Kovu , Nuka , Vitani and the rest of her pride in the episode `` Lions of the Outlands '' . She tries to convince Kion that using the Roar of the Elders against her and the other Outsiders would cause him to lose it just as Scar did , and to side with his fellow lions . However , Kion is eventually able to see through her deceptions and drives her and the others off with the Roar . Nuka ( edit ) Nuka ( voiced by Andy Dick ) is the eldest child of Zira . His name means `` stink '' in Swahili . Jealous of Zira 's greater relationship with Kovu , Nuka often attempts to gain his mother 's approval . During the Outsiders ' ambush , Nuka attempts to kill Simba to prove himself to his mother , but is crushed to death . Vitani ( edit ) Vitani ( voiced by Jennifer Lien as a young adult and Lacey Chabert as a cub ) , a Swahili portmanteau of the words `` Vita '' ( `` War '' ) , `` Ni '' ( `` I Am '' ) , and `` Shetani '' , is the middle child and only daughter of Zira . Although she has a prominent appearance in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , she makes a cameo appearance in The Lion Guard . As a young adult , Vitani is Zira 's strongest lieutenant , supporting and acting on her mother 's violent plans . With Kovu and Kiara 's help , Vitani and the Outsiders turn on Zira and join the Pridelanders to stop the fighting between the two prides . She was originally named `` Shetani '' ( `` She - Demon '' in Swahili ) in early drafts of The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , but this was softened to `` Vitani '' , which is a portmanteau that can be roughly translated to `` I Am War '' or , more commonly , `` Demon of War '' . The Lion King 11⁄2 ( edit ) Ma ( edit ) Ma ( voiced by Julie Kavner ) is Timon 's mother . Generally encouraging and optimistic , she believes in Timon convinces Uncle Max to give him a job as a sentry or look - out . After Timon fails in his duty , she remains convinced that he can still find a place in the colony , but when he insists that he has to go , Ma supports him . Later , she gets worried about Timon after speaking to Rafiki and searches for him . They finally reunite at Pride Rock and Ma helps in the battle against the hyenas by digging a long tunnel to trap them . After Simba becomes king , the death of Scar and avenging Mufasa , Timon takes them and the entire meerkat colony to the jungle paradise he and Pumbaa discovered . She is mentioned by Timon in The Lion Guard episode `` Beware the Zimwi '' , where it is said that her cousin 's friend knew an ox that was eaten by the Zimwi . It 's unknown if she 's still alive or not . Uncle Max ( edit ) Uncle Max ( voiced by Jerry Stiller ) is a prominent member of the meerkat colony and relative of Timon and Ma . He has grey head - fur and a very large nose . Max is a pessimist by nature and very paranoid , believing that a meerkat 's fate is to be `` food for other animals ! Feared by nothing and eaten by all ! '' Max reluctantly agrees to let Timon be a sentry for the colony and attempts to train him for the job , but is nearly eaten by the hyenas when they attack . He is glad to see Timon go but ends up going with Ma to find him . Max appears again towards the end of the film , where he and Ma encounter Timon and Pumbaa at Pride Rock , and helps Timon get rid of the hyenas by digging a tunnel . Max finally believes in Timon , and after Timon takes the meerkats to his jungle paradise , Max teaches the meerkats tai chi instead of how not to be eaten . Some of Max 's role was originally going to be filled by Timon 's father , who was considered for inclusion in the film but ultimately dropped . The Lion Guard ( edit ) Kion ( edit ) Kion ( voiced by Max Charles ) is the son of Simba and Nala , Kiara 's younger brother , Mufasa , Sarabi , Sarafina and Nala 's father 's grandson and Scar 's great - nephew . His name is derived from the Swahili word `` Kiongozi '' ( `` leader '' ) and he has a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used causes the lion spirits of the Pride Lands past to roar with him . In The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar , Simba has Kion organize the titular guard along with Bunga , Beshte , Fuli , and Ono ; he serves as the group 's leader due to his strong sense of responsibility . When Kiara is cornered by Janja and his clan , Kion and the Lion Guard rescues her and force the hyenas to leave . In The Lion Guard , he also demonstrates a strong yet open sense of discernment , which warms him to scavengers like Jasiri the hyena and her clan . However , more cunning neighbors such as Zira of the Outsiders and Reirei the jackal have used his trusting spirit to exert their will , only to be soundly subdued when Kion 's instincts come into play . Bunga ( edit ) Bunga ( voiced by Joshua Rush ) is a young honey badger , Kion 's best friend and the bravest member of the Lion Guard . He is also the adoptive nephew of Timon and Pumbaa . Bunga is shown to be very adventurous and he rarely acts serious or even sits still , as he is always on the move , working off boundless energy and enthusiasm , and makes even the most dire of situations into a fantastic time . Though this makes him a great friend and playmate , it lands him into trouble more often than not . Not only is he willing to put himself in bodily harm , such as his stunt in leaping off Pride Rock , but he will face down predators such as the hyenas in order to save his friends . According to Kiara , Bunga is `` brave , bordering on stupid , '' but a valued member of the Lion Guard nonetheless . His catchphrase is `` Zuka Zama , '' which means `` pop up , dive in '' in Swahili . His name means ' fool ' in the same tongue . Fuli ( edit ) Fuli ( voiced by Diamond White ) is a cheetah , one of Kion 's friends and the fastest member of the Lion Guard , as well as its only female member . She is quite prideful in her running abilities and shows extreme delight for being able to outpace a pursuer of any species . Despite being friends with Kion , she is somewhat resentful of the Lions for lording over the Pride Lands and was skeptical about Kion 's Roar of the Elders . Despite these negative traits , she was willing to join the Lion Guard with her friends to defend the Circle of Life when Janja and his clan invaded the Pride Lands . Her catchphrase is `` Huwezi , '' which means `` you ca n't ( catch me ) '' in Swahili . Her name means ' very fast ' in the same tongue . Beshte ( edit ) Beshte ( voiced by Dusan Brown ) is a hippo , one of Kion 's friends and the strongest member of the Lion Guard . Being one of the most popular animals of the Pridelands , Beshte is shown to be kind - hearted . His friendliness extends to everyone , as he acts like a big brother to the younger members of his herd , a friend to animals of all different species , and a protector of the Pride Lands at large . Beshte can also , however , be sensitive , being especially tactful when his friend Kion is unable to use the Roar of the Elders . For an animal so large and full of life , Beshte has an appropriately large heart and never fails to treat his friends with kindness . His primary catchphrase is `` Twende Kiboko ! '' , which means `` let 's go , hippo ! '' in Swahili - a secondary one is likely his question phrase , `` What 's the kerbubble ? '' , when sensing a disagreement of almost any sort . His name means ' friend ' in the same tongue . Ono ( edit ) Ono ( voiced by Atticus Shaffer ) is a cattle egret , one of Kion 's friends and the keenest of sight of the Lion Guard , as well as its only non-mammal member . He is one of the more easygoing members of the group , being friendly and group - oriented . He is used to spending time around other animals and is content to be part of The Lion Guard . Ono is also shown to be blunt , as he is able to lay out his feelings without sugar - coating . He is by far the most realistic member of the group , as he always thinks things through before jumping in . When it comes to his role on the Lion Guard , Ono is brave and has a knack for following the rules . He obeys Kion 's orders without question and proves himself to be plucky and thrifty , considerably useful when it comes to scouting out a situation . His principles are clear in his willingness to fight with his full heart for the Circle of Life , and he is a valued member of the Lion Guard for his intelligence and ability to see things from afar . Ono 's catchphrase is `` Hapana ! '' , which means `` oh no ! '' in Swahili . His name means `` passion '' in the same tongue . It also means `` good '' in Hawaiian . Zuri ( edit ) Zuri , voiced by Madison Pettis , meaning `` beautiful '' in Swahili , is a lioness cub and one of Kiara 's friends . She appears to be vain about her appearance , as she constantly sharpens her claws on trees in order to keep them shiny . Unlike her friends , Zuri is delicate and timid . She shows considerable anxiety and fear in the face of simple circumstances and harbors deep disgust for grubs . Tiifu ( edit ) Tiifu , voiced by Sarah Hyland , is a lioness cub , and a friend of Kiara 's . She is shown to be kind and patient , as seen when she comforts an overreacting Zuri . She is a great rule - follower and trusts the judgment of her friends , showing faith when she leaves Kiara to fetch help as Janja invades the Pride Lands . Janja 's clan ( edit ) Janja 's clan are a spotted hyena clan that live in the Outlands . Janja , voiced by Andrew Kishino , is the cunning leader of the hyenas in the Outlands and one of the main antagonists . Cheezi , voiced by Vargus Mason , is an excitable hyena who is usually seen sticking his tongue out . He looks similar to Ed . Chungu , voiced by Kevin Schon , is a hyena of the Outlands clan with Janja and Cheezi , that has a slightly heavier build than Janja . Mzingo ( edit ) Mzingo , voiced by Greg Ellis , is a white - backed vulture who is one of Janja 's majordomo of the Outlands . He is the leader of a flock of vultures that is allied with Janja 's clan . Jasiri ( edit ) Jasiri , voiced by Maia Mitchell , is a friendly female spotted hyena who makes her first appearance in the episode `` Never Judge a Hyena By Its Spots . '' She is open to making friends with lions . Bold and spunky , Jasiri is able to look past differences and focus on where different species have common ground . Unlike Janja and his clan , she dislikes selfishness and gluttony , and she respects the Circle of Life . She has blue eyes and mauve fur , unlike the other hyenas . Pua ( edit ) Pua , voiced by Gerald C. Rivers , is a Nile crocodile who originally led the crocodile float , until he is defeated by Makuu in a `` mashindano '' battle for the position of alpha male . Makuu ( edit ) Makuu , voiced by Blair Underwood , is a young , sleek , and well - built Nile crocodile who leads the crocodile fleet that lives in The Pride Lands after defeating the previous leader Pua in battle . He is shown to be boastful and loves to bask in the attention of others . Unlike his predecessor , Makuu has no respect for tradition or the Circle of Life , and certainly not for authority ( except his own ) , seeing both Pua and Kion as weak and cowardly . He appears to only respond to strength and power , as he was awestruck by the Roar of the Elders and gave into Kion 's second demand to leave Big Springs while trying to save face . In Season 2 , Makuu has decided to become a better leader for his float , reforming from his trouble - making ways . Reirei 's family ( edit ) Reirei 's family is a family of black - backed jackals who first appeared in the episode `` The Kupatana Celebration '' . They trick the Lion Guard into letting them into the Pride Lands so that they can devour all the animals . At Kupatana , the jackals attack the Pridelanders until they are defeated by the Lion Guard . Simba himself approaches the jackal family and roars , sending them scurrying back into the Outlands . Reirei and Goigoi reappear in the episode `` Too Many Termites '' , where they attempt to eat a pack of aardwolves , but are stopped by the Lion Guard . They are the first canine villains to appear in the Lion Guard . Reirei , voiced by Ana Gasteyer , is a clever , scheming , and manipulative jackal who wreaks havoc in the Pride Lands . Goigoi , voiced by Phil LaMarr , is a jackal who only thinks with his stomach and has the tendency to fall asleep . Dogo , voiced by Jacob Guenther , is one of Reirei and Goigoi 's sons who uses his innocent looks to his advantage to win the trust of others in order to take advantage of them . Ushari ( edit ) Ushari , voiced by Christian Slater , is an Egyptian cobra who is shown to strongly dislike Bunga . He is rather quiet , only speaking when provoked . However , when disturbed , he becomes aggressive and irate . Basi ( edit ) Basi , voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson , is Beshte 's father and leader of his and his son 's pod . He is amicable and open , willing to engage in conversation and negotiate according to the customs of the Pride Lands . Even in the face of adversity , such as Makuu 's violent takeover of Big Springs , Basi maintains his temper and graciously offers the crocodile a chance to return once the fish have returned in plenty . Being so learned in the ways of the animals , Basi is knowledgeable and wise . Despite being an animal with a very different way of life , he understands the customs of the crocodiles and how this affects his pod 's everyday life . Unlike the inexperienced young Makuu , Basi grasps an understanding of the Circle of Life and how every animal must give and take in order to keep it in balance . Leopards ( edit ) Several African leopards appear in the series ; two are antagonists , while one is an ally of the Lion Guard : Makucha ( voiced by Steven Blum ) : an aggressive , powerful leopard who comes to the Pridelands in pursuit of the okapi Ajabu , and who proves to be quite an adversary to the Lion Guard due to his speed and strength . Badili ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) : a friendly leopard who was initially too timid to stand up to Mapigano , who tried to take over his territory . Mapigano ( voiced by Jorge Diaz ) : a mean leopard who attempts to take over Badili 's territory until Badili gains confidence through training with the Lion Guard and drives him out . Aardwolves ( edit ) Mjomba ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a grumpy and impatient aardwolf . He has a hunched back , bushy black eyebrows , gray fur , and darker gray markings . His inner ears are pink , and his nose is black . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites . Ogopa ( voiced by Marieve Herington ) is a bright and cheerful aardwolf . She has blue - gray fur and black markings , as well as a narrow muzzle and a black nose . Her yellow eyes are large and framed by a few eyelashes , and her inner ears are pink with a couple of hairs sprouting from each . Like the rest of the pack , she adores termites . She is easily frightened and has a tendency to jump to conclusions . She also tends to add afterthoughts after she states her opinion on a subject . Haya ( voiced by Ogie Banks ) is a nervous and shy aardwolf . He has dark gray fur with longer fur on his cheeks and black markings , and his inner ears are pink with a few hairs sprouting from them . His upper teeth protrude from his dark muzzle . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites . Like Ogopa , he tends to add afterthoughts after stating his opinion . Six New Adventures & other books based by the Lion King characters ( edit ) Kopa ( edit ) Kopa is the son of Simba and Nala , appearing in the book series The Lion King : Six New Adventures , and is shown to look a lot like his father as a cub , except with a tuft of hair on top of his head . The book series was released before Simba 's Pride , therefore Kopa does not appear in the film . Ahadi ( edit ) Ahadi is the husband of Uru , the father of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandfather of Simba , the great - grandfather of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the king of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . He is shown to look a lot like Mufasa except with darker fur . Uru ( edit ) Uru is the wife of Ahadi , the mother of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandmother of Simba , the great - grandmother of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the queen of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . She is absent from the book but is mentioned to have left to search for water to save the kingdom . Mohatu ( edit ) Mohatu is the father of Ahadi or Uru , the grandfather of Mufasa and Scar , the great - grandfather of Simba , and King of the Pride Lands during the events of the story The Brightest Star . He went to find water for the animals of the land during a drought and helped the animals get on with each other . When he died , he became a star which was brighter than the others . He is shown to look a lot like a darker furred version of Mufasa , having facial features like Simba 's and was said to have been one of the greatest kings of the Pride Lands . Ni ( edit ) Ni is a character who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is a young lion who has left his pride to start his own and travels through the Pride Lands during Scar 's reign and saves Nala from hyenas before leaving after meeting the rest of the Pridelanders . Kula ( edit ) Kula is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . She is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders who lived during Scar 's reign . Chumvi ( edit ) Chumvi is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders . Joka ( edit ) Joka is a giant python in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Snake in the Grass . He is extremely intelligent and is able to formulate complicated plans in a short amount of time . He has the power to twist his words into whatever he rightly wants and uses hypnotism to lure unsuspecting victims into believing his empty words . The name Joka translates as ' dragon ' in the Swahili tongue Jelani ( edit ) Jelani is Rafiki 's lazy cousin in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Follow the Leader . Despite being considered leader of his troop , he is unconcerned about the suffering of his subjects , as he is often too concerned about his own welfare to lead them to a new home . Kwaheri ( edit ) Kwaheri is Kopa 's monkey friend in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories Nala 's Dare and How True , Zazu ? He is social , talkative , and critical to his friends . He often flaunts his talents around Kopa to either spark a reaction or just be a show - off . Boma ( edit ) Boma is a cape buffalo who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories A Tale of Two Brothers and How True , Zazu ? . His grandparents were killed during an attack by army ants . He is the leader of the cape buffalo and he is aggressive , controlling , selfish , strong , and short - tempered . He is also somewhat seclusive and gruff , as he does n't seem to understand that there is a balance between species and refuses to share the last remaining water - hole during a draught , which can affect the whole of the Pride Lands . It is due to him that Taka got his scar after which he renamed himself to Scar . If challenged or insulted he becomes very angry . However he is mildly co-operative if not insulted or challenged . Taka tries to get Mufasa in trouble by telling him to talk with Boma to share the water - hole . Mufasa tries to reason with him to share the water - hole however he refuses . Scar then roars and tells him that he must obey or challenge Mufasa . He then chases after Mufasa who is rescued by Rafiki . Rafiki starts to grow tired while running but is picked up by Mufasa who then jumps across a ravine . Boma is unable to make the jumps and falls into it . Mufasa tells him that he does n't have to fight but he keeps hurling thret while saying that the other buffaloes can still harm Taka . Taka is then attacked by three buffaloes during which he receives his scar . Ahadi stops this attack with a large herd of animals and has an elephant push Boma out of the ravine . Zuzu ( edit ) Zuzu is Ahadi 's majordomo . She only appeared in A Tale of Two Brothers , though she was mentioned in How True , Zazu ? . She turned out to be Zazu 's mother . Flirtatious and gossipy , Zuzu is a very maternal bird who never passes up the chance for some juicy gossip , much like her son , Zazu . Her talkative nature and nosy habits often make her a bit of an annoyance to the other animals , though Ahadi puts her personality to good use in order to get a better grip on the doings of his kingdom . Zuzu is also known for being loyal and brave , as she was willing to help Rafiki even though she did not fully understand the danger Mufasa was in . It said that she retired , and gave Zazu her place as the king 's majordomo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bambi Notes '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lion King Production Notes '' . Lionking.org . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife Wednesdays : Zazu 's ' Cousin ' - Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Chick - a New Addition at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge '' . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's behind those wild ' Lion King ' masks ? '' . www.adn.com . Anchorage Daily News . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ AsianWeek.com ^ Jump up to : `` Lion King spinoff voice cast includes Rob Lowe , Gabrielle Union , James Earl Jones , and more - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . ( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Lion_King_characters&oldid=801089783 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of fictional animals by work Lists of fictional animals in animation Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Simple English Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the monkey name in lion king
[ "Rafiki (voiced by Robert Guillaume in the films and Timon & Pumbaa and Khary Payton in The Lion Guard), whose name means \"friend\" in Swahili, is a mandrill with an unnaturally long tail. He lives in a baobab tree in the Pride Lands and performs shamanistic services for the lions of Pride Rock." ]
[ "Rafiki" ]
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Who Do You Love (Marianas Trench song)
Who Do You Love ( Marianas Trench song ) - wikipedia Who Do You Love ( Marianas Trench song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Marianas Trench song . For other uses , see Who Do You Love ( disambiguation ) . `` Who Do You Love '' Single by Marianas Trench from the album Astoria Released September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) Format Digital download Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 52 Label 604 Songwriter ( s ) Josh Ramsay Producer ( s ) Josh Ramsay Marianas Trench singles chronology `` This Means War '' ( 2016 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( 2016 ) `` Rhythm of Your Heart '' ( 2017 ) `` This Means War '' ( 2016 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( 2016 ) `` Rhythm of Your Heart '' ( 2017 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( stylized as `` Who Do You Love ? '' ) is a song recorded by Canadian pop rock group Marianas Trench for their fourth studio album , Astoria ( 2015 ) . The song was written and produced by lead singer Josh Ramsay . `` Who Do You Love '' was released through 604 Records on September 8 , 2016 as the record 's third and final official single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Promotion 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Charts 6 Certifications and sales 7 References Content ( edit ) `` Who Do You Love '' is about the desire to become a better person for the one you love . Promotion ( edit ) The band released a lyric video for `` Who Do You Love '' on September 7 , 2016 when the song was announced as a single . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Who Do You Love '' debuted at number 99 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart dated December 3 , 2016 . It has since reached a peak position of 56 , on the chart dated February 11 , 2017 . The song also peaked at number 50 on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs component chart . `` Who Do You Love '' has become the group 's most successful single at adult contemporary radio , reaching peak positions of 15 and 9 on the Canada AC and Canada Hot AC airplay charts , respectively . These positions represent the group 's highest peak on either chart since Billboard implemented them in late 2012 . The song also reached a peak position of 31 on the Canada CHR / Top 40 chart . Music video ( edit ) The official music video for `` Who Do You Love '' premiered on October 10 , 2016 . In lieu of a conventional video shoot , the group opted to direct the clip 's $50,000 budget towards charitable endeavours , in keeping with the `` vibe '' of the song . A camera crew followed the four members around Vancouver , British Columbia as they performed random acts of kindness , contributed towards a school 's music program , and spent time with their families . According to drummer Ian Casselman , they were `` trying to inspire people to do good things , '' with this video and thus ended it with the song 's title displayed across the screen with the word `` you '' italicized for emphasis . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 31 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 9 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Marianas Trench -- Who Do You Love ( Single ) `` . 604 Records . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MarianasTrenchVEVO ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench - Who Do You Love ( Lyric Video ) '' ( video ) . YouTube . Google . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : The Week Of December 3 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : The Week Of February 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marianas Trench -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs for Marianas Trench . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MarianasTrenchVEVO ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench - Who Do You Love '' ( video ) . YouTube . Google . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Saxberg , Lynn ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench spent video budget on good deeds '' . Ottawa Citizen . Postmedia Network . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Marianas Trench -- Who Do You Love '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ( hide ) Marianas Trench Josh Ramsay Matt Webb Mike Ayley Ian Casselman Steve Marshall Morgan Hempsted Studio albums Fix Me Masterpiece Theatre Ever After Astoria EPs Marianas Trench Face the Music Something Old / Something New Notable singles `` Have n't Had Enough '' `` Fallout '' `` Pop 101 '' `` One Love '' `` This Means War '' `` Who Do You Love '' Videography Say Anything Related Discography Kate Voegele Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Love_(Marianas_Trench_song)&oldid=820301392 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles 604 Records singles Pop ballads Songs written by Josh Ramsay Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 02 : 54 . 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who do you love marianas trench song meaning
[ "\"Who Do You Love\" is about the desire to become a better person for the one you love." ]
[ "is about the desire to become a better person for the one you love" ]
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Croatia at the FIFA World Cup
Croatia at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Croatia - Iceland match at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions ( in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 and 2018 ) since gaining independence in 1991 . Before that , from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia . Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final , where they lost 4 - 2 to France . Contents 1 Overview 2 Croatia in France 1998 2.1 Squad 2.2 Round of 16 2.3 Quarter - finals 2.4 Semi-finals 2.5 Third - place match 2.6 Legacy 3 Croatia in Korea / Japan 2002 3.1 Squad 4 Croatia in Germany 2006 4.1 Squad 5 Croatia in Brazil 2014 5.1 Squad 6 Croatia in Russia 2018 6.1 Squad 6.2 Round of 16 6.3 Quarter - finals 6.4 Semi-finals 6.5 Final 7 List of matches 8 Players with most appearances 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 11 Squads 12 See also 13 References Overview ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 to 1938 as part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1950 to 1990 as part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Did not enter 1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5 2002 Group stage 23rd 0 2006 Group stage 22nd 0 Did not qualify 2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6 2018 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 9 2022 To be determined 2026 Total 23 11 8 35 26 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show Croatia 's World Cup record First Match Croatia 3 -- 1 Jamaica ( 14 June 1998 ; Lens , France ) Biggest Win Croatia 4 -- 0 Cameroon ( 18 June 2014 ; Manaus , Brazil ) Biggest Defeat Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 12 June 2014 ; São Paulo , Brazil ) Mexico 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 23 June 2014 ; Recife , Brazil ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia ( 15 July 2018 ; Moscow , Russia ) Best Result Runners - up in 2018 Worst Result Group Stage in 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Croatia in France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup In the draw for the final tournament , held on 4 December 1997 at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , Croatia was drawn to play in Group H , along with two other teams which qualified for the World Cup for the first time , Jamaica and Japan , and two - time World Cup winners Argentina . In their first match Croatia beat Jamaica 3 -- 1 , in a game memorable for Croatia 's first ever World Cup goal , an opener scored by Mario Stanić in the 27th minute . Croatia went on to beat Japan 1 -- 0 before losing their third group stage match against Argentina 0 -- 1 , in a game which was of little importance as both teams had already qualified for round of 16 . In round of 16 , Croatia faced Group G winners Romania ( who had finished top of their group in front of England ) and won the game through a penalty converted by Davor Šuker in stoppage time of the first half after a foul on Aljoša Asanović by Gabriel Popescu . After that Croatia faced Germany in the quarter - finals , in a game which was at the time touted by the Croatian media as a great opportunity to get back at Germany as it was them who had knocked out Croatia in the UEFA Euro 1996 quarter - finals two years earlier . In the 40th minute Christian Wörns received a direct red card and was sent off for fouling Davor Šuker , and Robert Jarni opened the scoring eight minutes later in stoppage time of the first half . Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker added a second and third and the game ended in a 3 -- 0 win , which is still regarded by fans and the media as one of the most memorable matches Croatia ever played . Croatia went on to face hosts France in the semi-finals , but lost the game 1 -- 2 when an opener scored by Šuker in the 46th minute was immediately equalised by Lilian Thuram the following minute . Thuram also scored France 's second goal in the 69th minute . These were the only two goals Thuram ever scored for France in an international career spanning from 1994 to 2008 which saw him earn a total of 147 caps . After Croatia 's exit manager Blažević was heavily criticized by Croatian press for not sending in Robert Prosinečki soon enough after France took the lead ( Prosinečki came on as a substitute for Mario Stanić just minutes before the final whistle ) . Croatia captain Zvonimir Boban tried to take the blame for the defeat saying that he felt he needed to be substituted but wanted to stay on the pitch just a little while longer ( it was his defending mistake which led to Thuram 's equaliser ) . After being knocked out in the semi-finals , Croatia looked for consolation against Netherlands in the third place match played just three days later at Parc des Princes . Croatia went on to win 2 -- 1 through goals by Šuker and Prosinečki , but after the final whistle Dražen Ladić was labelled player of the match , for a career - best performance which saw him save numerous shots from Patrick Kluivert , Clarence Seedorf and Marc Overmars . Squad ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup squads Manager Miroslav Blažević included the following 22 players in the finals tournament squad . The 16 players who were capped at least once in one of the seven matches Croatia played in France are highlighted in bold . The remaining six players were unused at the tournament ( defenders Goran Jurić and Anthony Šerić , defensive midfielder Mamić , striker Ardian Kozniku , and second and third - choice goalkeepers Marijan Mrmić and Vladimir Vasilj ) . On the other hand , six players appeared in all seven matches : goalkeeper Dražen Ladić , defender Slaven Bilić , midfielders Aljoša Asanović , Mario Stanić , Robert Jarni , and striker Davor Šuker . Out of 11 goals scored by Croatia at the tournament , six were scored by Davor Šuker , who was awarded the Golden Shoe Award for the top goalscorer of the tournament , as well as the Silver Ball Award as the second most outstanding player of the tournament ( behind Ronaldo of Brazil ) . Robert Prosinečki ( who was retroactivelly given the 1990 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award , where he had appeared for Yugoslavia ) , also scored two goals in matches against Jamaica and the Netherlands , which made him the only player in World Cup history to score goals at finals tournaments for two different countries . For three players ( Jarni , Prosinečki and Šuker ) this was their second appearance at the World Cup , having been members of Yugoslavia squad at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Alen Bokšić would have been fourth , having been a key player in Croatia 's qualifying campaign , but he was dropped from the tournament squad after sustaining an injury just months before the tournament in France . Aljoša Asanović Slaven Bilić Zvonimir Boban ( c ) Robert Jarni Krunoslav Jurčić Goran Jurić Ardian Kozniku Petar Krpan Dražen Ladić Zoran Mamić Silvio Marić Marijan Mrmić Robert Prosinečki Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Igor Štimac Davor Šuker Igor Tudor Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Head coach : Miroslav Blažević Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 0 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Croatia 0 + 2 6 Jamaica 0 9 − 6 Japan 0 0 − 3 0 Source : FIFA 14 June 1998 21 : 00 Jamaica 1 -- 3 Croatia Earle 45 ' Report Stanić 27 ' Prosinečki 53 ' Šuker 69 ' Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Attendance : 38,100 Referee : Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) 20 June 1998 14 : 30 Japan 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 77 ' Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Ramesh Ramdhan ( Trinidad and Tobago ) 26 June 1998 16 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 0 Croatia Pineda 36 ' Report Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance : 31,800 Referee : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 30 June 1998 16 : 30 Romania 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 45 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance : 31,800 Referee : Javier Castrilli ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) 4 July 1998 21 : 00 Germany 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Jarni 45 + 3 ' Vlaović 80 ' Šuker 85 ' Stade de Gerland , Lyon Attendance : 39,100 Referee : Rune Pedersen ( Norway ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 8 July 1998 21 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Croatia Thuram 47 ' , 70 ' Report Šuker 46 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 76,000 Referee : José María García - Aranda ( Spain ) Third - place match ( edit ) 11 July 1998 21 : 00 Netherlands 1 -- 2 Croatia Zenden 22 ' Report Prosinečki 14 ' Šuker 36 ' Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 45,500 Referee : Epifanio González ( Paraguay ) Legacy ( edit ) Ladić Štimac Šimić Bilić Soldo Stanić Jarni Boban ( c ) Asanović Vlaović Šuker Croatia 's 3 - 5 - 2 lineup in the 1998 World Cup By beating Netherlands , Croatia finished third in their World Cup debut , a feat matched only by Eusébio 's Portugal in the 1966 World Cup 32 years earlier . Consequently , Croatia reached their highest ever FIFA ranking when they were third in the world for three months between January and March 1999 and were given the Best Mover of the Year Award in 1998 , the only team so far which won the award twice ( having been Best Movers in 1994 ) . Upon returning to Croatia , the whole squad was decorated by President Franjo Tuđman , and were nicknamed `` Brončani '' ( `` The Bronze Ones '' ) and `` Vatreni ' '' ( `` The Fiery Ones '' ) in the media . The latter stuck as a permanent nickname for the national team . Most players continued playing for the team throughout the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers , but after Croatia failed to qualify manager Miroslav Blažević resigned and soon after that some of the players retired from the national team . The next manager Mirko Jozić kept some of the remaining members of the Bronze Generation and even took them to 2002 FIFA World Cup ( such as Šuker , Prosinečki , Jarni , Stanić , Soldo , Vlaović , Šimić ) , but they failed to make an impact at the tournament and almost all of them retired soon afterwards , but a number of them later became prominent figures in Croatian football . Zvonimir Boban went into sports publishing and took over as CEO of Croatia 's sports daily Sportske novosti in 2005 and worked as a commentator for Italian television stations . Šuker launched his line of sports apparel and established a football academy carrying his name . Zvonimir Soldo , Robert Jarni , Slaven Bilić , Igor Štimac and Dražen Ladić all took up managing jobs ( Soldo coached Dinamo Zagreb to a Double in 2008 , while Jarni , Bilić and Štimac all had managerial spells at Hajduk Split ) . Štimac later became chairman of the association of Prva HNL clubs , the body regulating top flight football in Croatia , and Bilić took over as Croatia manager in 2006 , hiring Aljoša Asanović , Robert Prosinečki and Marijan Mrmić as his assistants . Dražen Ladić took up managing the Croatia under - 21 team in 2006 , and Krunoslav Jurčić is the current manager at Dinamo Zagreb , having been appointed in 2009 . Miroslav Blažević later managed a number of clubs in Croatia , Slovenia and Switzerland before taking over as Bosnia and Herzegovina manager in 2008 and sensationally leading them to the verge of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup . Croatia in Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Tomas Šimunić Soldo Šarić Jarni ( c ) Kovač Rapaić Bokšić Olić Croatia 's 3 -- 4 -- 1 - 2 lineup at the 2002 World Cup Boško Balaban Alen Bokšić Tomislav Butina Robert Jarni ( c ) Niko Kovač Robert Kovač Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Robert Prosinečki Milan Rapaić Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Daniel Šarić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Davor Šuker Stjepan Tomas Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Jurica Vranješ Davor Vugrinec Boris Živković Head coach : Mirko Jozić Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Italy + 1 Croatia 0 − 1 Ecuador 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 3 June 2002 15 : 30 Croatia 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Blanco 60 ' ( pen . ) Niigata Big Swan Stadium , Niigata Attendance : 32,239 Referee : Lu Jun ( China PR ) 8 June 2002 18 : 00 Italy 1 -- 2 Croatia Vieri 55 ' Report Olić 73 ' Rapaić 76 ' Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki Attendance : 36,472 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) 13 June 2002 20 : 30 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Croatia Méndez 48 ' Report International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Attendance : 65,862 Referee : William Mattus ( Costa Rica ) Croatia in Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Šimić Šimunić Tudor Kovač ( c ) Srna Babić Kranjčar Klasnić Pršo Croatia 's 3 -- 4 -- 1 -- 2 lineup at the 2006 World Cup Marko Babić Boško Balaban Ivan Bošnjak Tomislav Butina Joey Didulica Ivan Klasnić Niko Kovač ( c ) Robert Kovač Niko Kranjčar Ivan Leko Jerko Leko Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Dado Pršo Darijo Srna Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Mario Tokić Stjepan Tomas Igor Tudor Jurica Vranješ Head coach : Zlatko Kranjčar Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Australia 5 5 0 Croatia 0 − 1 Japan 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2006 21 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 0 Croatia Kaká 44 ' Report Olympiastadion , Berlin Attendance : 72,000 Referee : Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) 18 June 2006 15 : 00 Japan 0 -- 0 Croatia Report FIFA WM Stadion Nürnberg , Nuremberg Attendance : 41,000 Referee : Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 22 June 2006 21 : 00 Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 ' Report Moore 38 ' ( pen . ) Kewell 79 ' Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Attendance : 52,000 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) Croatia in Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Ćorluka Lovren Srna ( c ) Vrsaljko Rakitić Modrić Perišić Olić Kovačić Mandžukić Croatia 's 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 lineup at the 2014 World Cup Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Vedran Ćorluka Eduardo da Silva Nikica Jelavić Mateo Kovačić Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Ivan Perišić Stipe Pletikosa Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Sammir Gordon Schildenfeld Darijo Srna ( c ) Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Ognjen Vukojević Oliver Zelenika Head coach : Niko Kovač Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil ( H ) 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 + 3 7 Croatia 0 6 6 0 Cameroon 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group A 12 June 2014 17 : 00 UTC − 3 Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia Neymar 29 ' , 71 ' ( pen . ) Oscar 90 + 1 ' Report Marcelo 11 ' ( o.g. ) Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Attendance : 62,103 Referee : Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 18 June 2014 18 : 00 UTC − 4 Cameroon 0 -- 4 Croatia Report Olić 11 ' Perišić 48 ' Mandžukić 61 ' , 73 ' Arena da Amazônia , Manaus Attendance : 39,982 Referee : Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) 23 June 2014 17 : 00 UTC − 3 Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico Perišić 87 ' Report Márquez 72 ' Guardado 75 ' Hernández 82 ' Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife Attendance : 41,212 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Croatia in Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Subašić Lovren Vida Vrsaljko Strinić Brozović Rakitić Modrić Rebić Perišić Mandžukić Croatia 's 4 -- 3 - 3 lineup at the 2018 World Cup Milan Badelj Filip Bradarić Marcelo Brozović Duje Ćaleta - Car Vedran Ćorluka Tin Jedvaj Lovre Kalinić Nikola Kalinić Mateo Kovačić Andrej Kramarić Dominik Livaković Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić ( c ) Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Marko Pjaca Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Ivan Strinić Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Head coach : Zlatko Dalić Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Final ( edit ) 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) List of matches ( edit ) World Cup Round Opponent Score Result Venue Scorers 1998 Group stage Jamaica 3 -- 1 Lens Stanić , Prosinečki , Šuker Japan 1 -- 0 Nantes Šuker Argentina 0 -- 1 Bordeaux & -- Round of 16 Romania 1 -- 0 Bordeaux Šuker Quarter - final Germany 3 -- 0 Lyon Jarni , Vlaović , Šuker Semi-final France 1 -- 2 Saint - Denis Šuker Third place match Netherlands 2 -- 1 Paris Prosinečki , Šuker 2002 Group stage Mexico 0 -- 1 Niigata & -- Italy 2 -- 1 Ibaraki Olić , Rapaić Ecuador 0 -- 1 Yokohama & -- 2006 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 1 Berlin & -- Japan 0 -- 0 Nuremberg & -- Australia 2 -- 2 Stuttgart Srna , N. Kovač 2014 Group stage Brazil 1 -- 3 São Paulo Marcelo ( o.g. ) Cameroon 4 -- 0 Manaus Olić , Perišić , Mandžukić ( 2 ) Mexico 1 -- 3 Recife Perišić 2018 Group stage Nigeria 2 -- 0 Kaliningrad Etebo ( o.g. ) , Modrić Argentina 3 -- 0 Nizhny Novgorod Rebić , Modrić , Rakitić Iceland 2 -- 1 Rostov - on - Don Badelj , Perišić Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Nizhny Novgorod Mandžukić Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Sochi Kramarić , Vida Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Final France 2 -- 4 Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Players with most appearances ( edit ) Luka Modrić became Croatia 's record World Cup player when he captained his team in the final of the 2018 tournament . In 1998 , Davor Šuker became the oldest Golden Boot winner ever at age 30 and went on to become the president of the Croatian Football Federation in 2012 . The Croatia national football team in Russia 2018 Luka Modrić is the only Croatian player to ever win the Golden Ball award . He was team captain in 2018 , when Croatia reached the World Cup final . No . Name Matches World Cups Luka Modrić 12 2006 , 2014 and 2018 Dario Šimić 11 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Robert Jarni * 10 1998 and 2002 Dejan Lovren 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Perišić 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Rakitić 10 2014 and 2018 7 Mario Stanić 9 1998 and 2002 Stipe Pletikosa 9 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Ante Rebić 9 2014 and 2018 10 Zvonimir Soldo 8 1998 and 2002 Davor Šuker 8 1998 and 2002 Ivica Olić 8 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Šime Vrsaljko 8 2014 and 2018 Mateo Kovačić 8 2014 and 2018 Mario Mandžukić 8 2014 and 2018 * Robert Jarni also played one match at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Goalscorers ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Davor Šuker 6 1998 Ivan Perišić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Mario Mandžukić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Robert Prosinečki * 1998 Ivica Olić 2002 and 2014 Luka Modrić 2018 * Robert Prosinečki also scored one goal at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Awards ( edit ) Team Awards Third Place 1998 Second Place 2018 Individual Awards Golden Boot 1998 : Davor Šuker ( Oldest Golden Boot winner with 30 years ) Silver Ball 1998 : Davor Šuker All - Star Team 1998 : Davor Šuker Golden Ball 2018 : Luka Modrić All - Star Team 2018 : Luka Modrić Squads ( edit ) Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić See also ( edit ) List of Croatia international footballers Croatia at the UEFA European Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Croatia v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Russia v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation World Cup record European Championship record Statistics Hat - tricks Results 1940 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- 19 Players 20 + caps Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Croatia at the FIFA World Cup France 1998 Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856363525 '' Categories : Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 17 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did croatia last qualify for world cup
[ "Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions (in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018) since gaining independence in 1991. Before that, from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final, where they lost 4-2 to France.\n" ]
[ "2018" ]
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Welfare state in the United Kingdom
Welfare state in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Welfare state in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Welfare state of the United Kingdom . For the general concept , see Welfare state . Pie chart of UK central government expenditure , 2009 -- 10 . Social Protection is shown in orange , health in red , education in grey , and personal services in light blue . The welfare state represents around two - thirds of total government spending . The welfare state of the United Kingdom comprises expenditures by the government of the United Kingdom intended to improve health , education , employment and social security . The UK system has been classified as a liberal welfare state system . The UK has the one of the largest populations in the world , being third in the EU after Germany and France , and sharing 5th place in the world with Malaysia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Liberal reforms 1.2 Beveridge Report and Labour 2 Impact 3 Expenditure 4 Criticisms 5 Historical statistics on welfare trends 5.1 Benefit rates as a percentage of industrial earnings 5.2 Changes in National Assistance / Supplementary Benefit 5.3 Increases in National Insurance benefits 5.4 Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings 5.5 Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1963 -- 69 5.6 Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income 5.7 Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit 5.8 Changes in real terms in social security benefits 5.9 Percentage change in social security benefits , prices and earnings 5.10 Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income 5.11 The real value of social security benefits , 1948 -- 75 ( £ s , 1981 prices ) 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1984 historian Derek Fraser told the British story in a nutshell . The welfare state , he said : Germinated in the social thought of late Victorian liberalism , reached its infancy in the collectivism of the pre-and post-Great War statism , matured in the universalism of the 1940s and flowered in full bloom in the consensus and affluence of the 1950s and 1960s . By the 1970s it was in decline , like the faded rose of autumn . Both UK and US governments are pursuing in the 1980s monetarist policies inimical to welfare . The welfare state in the modern sense was anticipated by the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832 which found that the old poor law ( a part of the English Poor laws ) was subject to widespread abuse and promoted squalor , idleness and criminality in its recipients , compared to those who received private charity . Accordingly , the qualifications for receiving aid were tightened up , forcing many recipients to either turn to private charity or accept employment . Opinions began to be changed late in the century by reports drawn up by men such as Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth into the levels of poverty in Britain . These reports indicated that in the massive industrial cities , between one - quarter and one - third of the population were living below the poverty line . Liberal reforms ( edit ) The Liberal Party launched the welfare state in Britain with a series of major Liberal welfare reforms in 1906 -- 1914 . The reforms were greatly extended over the next forty years . The minimum wage was introduced in Great Britain in 1909 for certain low - wage industries and expanded to numerous industries , including farm labour , by 1920 . However , by the 1920s , a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasise the usefulness of family allowance targeted at low - income families was the alternative to relieving poverty without distorting the labour market . The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view . In 1945 , family allowances were introduced ; minimum wages faded from view . The experience of almost total state control during the Second World War had encouraged the belief that the state might be able to solve problems in wide areas of national life . The Liberal government of 1906 -- 1914 implemented welfare policies concerning three main groups in society : the old , the young and working people . Young Old Working In 1906 local authorities were allowed to provide free school meals . The Children and Young Persons Act 1908 introduced a set of regulations that became known as the Children 's Charter . This imposed severe punishments for neglecting or treating children cruelly . It was made illegal to sell cigarettes to children or send them out begging. Separate juvenile courts were set up , which sent children convicted of a crime to borstals ( a forerunner to modern youth detention centres ) , instead of prison . In 1908 pensions were introduced for the over 70s . In 1909 Labour Exchanges were set up to help unemployed people find work . The National Insurance Act 1911 was passed , ensuring free medical treatment , and sick pay of 10 shillings a week for 26 weeks . An estimated 13 million workers came to be compulsorily covered under this scheme . Beveridge Report and Labour ( edit ) The aftermath of the First World War boosted demands for social reform , and led to a permanent increase in the role of the state in British society . The end of the war also brought a slump , particularly in northern industrial towns , that deepened into the Great Depression by the 1930s . During the war , the government became much more involved in people 's lives via governmental organisation of the rationing of foodstuffs , clothing and fuel and extra milk and meals being given to expectant mothers and children . The wartime coalition government also committed itself to full employment through Keynesian policies , free universal secondary education , and the introduction of family allowances . Many people welcomed this government intervention and wanted it to go further . The Beveridge Report of 1942 , ( which identified five `` Giant Evils '' in society : squalor , ignorance , want , idleness and disease ) essentially recommended a national , compulsory , flat rate insurance scheme which would combine health care , unemployment and retirement benefits . Beveridge himself was careful to emphasise that unemployment benefits should be held to a subsistence level , and after six months would be conditional on work or training , so as not to encourage abuse of the system . That was however predicated on the concept of the `` maintenance of employment '' which meant ' it should be possible to make unemployment of any individual for more than 26 weeks continuously a rare thing in normal times ' and recognised that the imposition of a training condition would be impractical if the unemployed were numbered by the million . After its victory in the 1945 general election , the Labour Party pledged to eradicate the Giant Evils , and undertook policy measures to provide for the people of the United Kingdom `` from the cradle to the grave . '' Included among the laws passed were the National Assistance Act 1948 , National Insurance Act 1946 , and National Insurance ( Industrial Injuries ) Act 1946 . Impact ( edit ) This policy resulted in increased expenditure and a widening of what was considered to be the state 's responsibility . In addition to the central services of education , health , unemployment and sickness allowances , the welfare state also included the idea of increasing redistributive taxation , increasing regulation of industry , food , and housing ( better safety regulations , weights and measures controls , etc . ) The foundation of the National Health Service ( NHS ) did not involve building new hospitals , but nationalisation of existing municipal provision and charitable foundations . The aim was not to substantially increase provision but to standardise care across the country ; indeed William Beveridge believed that the overall cost of medical care would decrease , as people became healthier and so needed less treatment . However , instead of falling , the cost of the NHS has risen by 4 % annually on average due to an ageing population , leading to a reduction in provision . Charges for dentures , and spectacles were introduced in 1951 by the same Labour government that had founded the NHS three years earlier , and prescription charges by the successive Conservative Government were introduced in 1952 . In 1988 , free eye tests for all were abolished , although they are now free for the over-60s . Policies differ in different countries of the United Kingdom , but the provision of a welfare state is still a basic principle of government policy in the United Kingdom today . The principle of health care `` free at the point of use '' became a central idea of the welfare state , which later Conservative governments , although critical of some aspects of the welfare state , did not reverse . Expenditure ( edit ) In the financial year 2014 / 15 , state pensions were overwhelmingly the largest governmental welfare expense , costing £ 86,500,000,000 followed by housing benefit , which accounted for over £ 20,000,000,000 Expenditure in 2015 -- 16 on benefits included : £ 2,300,000,000 paid to unemployed people and £ 27,100,000,000 to people on low incomes , and £ 27,600,000,000 for personal tax credits . UK Government welfare expenditure 2011 -- 12 ( percent ) State pension ( 46 % ) Housing Benefit ( 11 % ) Disability Living Allowance ( 8 % ) Pension Credit ( 5 % ) Income Support ( 4 % ) Rent rebates ( 3 % ) Attendance allowance ( 3 % ) Jobseeker 's Allowance ( 3 % ) Incapacity Benefit ( 3 % ) Council Tax Benefit ( 3 % ) Other ( 11 % ) UK Government welfare expenditure 2014 -- 15 Benefit Expenditure ( £ bn ) State pension 86.5 Tax credits ( Working tax credits and Child tax credits ) 29.7 Housing Benefit 23.5 Disability Living Allowance 15.4 Incapacity benefits 14.1 Child benefit 11.6 Pension Credit 6.6 Attendance Allowance 5.4 Jobseeker 's allowance 3.1 Income Support 2.6 Maternity and paternity pay 2.4 Carer 's allowance 2.3 Winter fuel payments War pensions 0.8 Universal credit 0.1 Other 5.9 TOTAL pounds 213.9 Criticisms ( edit ) Critics of the welfare state claim that , in addition to the vast expense , by relieving citizens of personal responsibility for their own welfare the government has inadvertently promoted irresponsible and immature attitudes , with the result that squalor , ignorance , and idleness are common . In 1980 , T. E. Utley , wrote that the welfare state was `` an arrangement under which we all largely cease to be responsible for our own behaviour and in return become responsible for everyone else 's . The temptations which this way of doing things offers to synthetic anger , fraudulent penitence , all other forms of hypocrisy and the sheer evasion of duty are infinitely too strong for fallen man '' . In 2010 , the Conservative - Lib Dem coalition government led by David Cameron has argued for a reduction of welfare spending in the United Kingdom as part of their programme of austerity . Government ministers have argued that a growing culture of welfare dependency is perpetuating welfare spending , and claim that a cultural change is required to reduce the welfare bill . Public opinion in the UK appears to support a reduction in welfare spending , however commentators have suggested that negative public perceptions are founded on exaggerated assumptions about the proportion of spending on unemployment benefit and the level of benefit fraud . Figures from the Department for Work and Pensions show that benefit fraud is thought to have cost taxpayers £ 1.2 billion during 2012 -- 13 , up 9 % on the year before . This is lower than the £ 1.5 billion of benefit underpayment due to error . In some cases , relatives who bring up a child when the parents can not bring up the child face sanctions and financial penalties , they can be left poor and homeless . There are also widespread complaints from church groups and others that the UK welfare state does insufficient work to prevent poverty , deprivation even hunger . Historical statistics on welfare trends ( edit ) Benefit rates as a percentage of Industrial earnings ( edit ) Benefit rates as a per cent of industrial earnings of male manual workers aged 21 and over ( 1948 -- 71 ) Year ( month ) Single pension Supplementary Benefit for single person Family Allowance for four children 1948 ( October ) 18.9 17.5 10.9 1961 ( April ) 19.1 17.8 9.3 1962 ( April ) 18.4 17.1 8.9 1963 ( May ) 20.8 19.5 8.6 1964 ( April ) 19.2 18.1 8.0 1964 ( October ) 18.7 17.6 7.7 1965 ( April ) 21.2 20.1 7.4 1965 ( October ) 20.4 19.4 7.1 1966 ( April ) 19.8 18.8 6.9 1966 ( October ) 19.7 20.0 6.9 1967 ( April ) 19.4 19.7 6.8 1967 ( October ) 21.0 20.1 7.7 1968 ( April ) 20.2 19.3 11.9 1968 ( October ) 19.6 19.8 12.6 1969 ( April ) 18.8 19.3 12.1 1969 ( November ) 20.0 19.2 11.7 1970 ( April ) 19.0 18.3 11.3 1970 ( November ) 17.6 18.3 10.2 1971 ( March ) ( est . ) 17.3 18.0 10.0 Note on source , as quoted in the text : `` based on statistics of weekly earnings , Employment and Productivity Gazette . '' Changes in National Assistance / supplementary benefit ( edit ) Changes in National Assistance / Supplementary Benefit scale ( 1963 -- 1969 ) ( a ) Date of change Real value single pensioner Real value married man with three children ( b ) Real take home pay for average worker May 1963 100 100 100 March 1965 111 112 106 November 1966 117 110 106 October 1967 122 115 108 November 1969 122 115 110 Notes ( a ) As quoted in the text : `` the scale is calculated using the average discretionary addition ( adjusted to spread winter fuel costs throughout the year ) for retirement pensioners . It does not include any allowance for rent . The price index used for the single pensioner is that in the Employment and Productivity Gazette . '' ( b ) As quoted in the text : `` it is assumed that the children are aged four , six , and eleven . '' Increases in National insurance benefits ( edit ) Increases in National Insurance benefits ( 1963 -- 69 ) : Date of increase Real take home pay for average worker ( a ) Real value of single pension ( b ) Real value of unemployment benefit ( man with wife and three children ) ( c ) March / May 1963 100 100 100 January / March 1965 106 111 110 October 1967 108 114 113 November 1969 110 114 116 Notes ( a ) As quoted by text : `` Based on average earnings for adult male manual workers in manufacturing , allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions . ( b ) As quoted by text : `` Calculated on the special price index for single pensioner households published by the Employment and Productivity Gazette adjusted for housing expenditure using the housing component of the retail price index . Since a disproportionate number of pensioners have controlled tenancies , this may overstate the increase in prices . '' ( c ) This column is deflated by use of the Retail Price Index Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings ( edit ) Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings for last increases of various governments , 1951 -- 79 Government Sickness / unemployment benefit a a plus earnings related supplement Retirement pensions c Supplementary allowance / benefits d Family allowance / child benefit e Labour ( 1951 ) 25.7 25.7 30.4 30.4 8.0 Conservative ( 1963 ) 33.8 33.8 33.0 31.6 5.3 Labour ( 1969 ) 32.4 52.3 32.4 31.4 3.8 Conservative ( 1973 ) 29.1 46.2 30.5 28.5 3.0 Labour ( 1978 ) 30.5 44.4 37.4 30.2 3.7 a , b Man plus dependent wife . c Man plus dependent wife on his insurance . d Married couple . e For one child . Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1963 -- 69 ( edit ) Social policy benefits and earnings under Labour 1963 -- 69 : Year Unemployment , sickness , and retirement benefits ( single ) Retirement pension ( married ) National assistance / supplementary benefit ( married couple ) Adult male manual workers ( weekly earnings ) Adult male administrative , technical , and clerical employees ( weekly earnings ) 1963 100 100 100 100 100 1969 148 149 150 154 148 Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income ( edit ) Supplementary benefit rates as a proportion of gross and net income at average earnings , married couple : Year End of year ( a ) As % of gross average earnings Ordinary rate Long term rate 1973 28.5 31.4 28.1 33.6 29.8 36.2 1976 30.8 37.1 1977 32.3 38.9 1978 30.6 37.8 As % of net income ( b ) at average earnings Ordinary rate Long term rate 1973 37.9 41.8 38.8 46.5 42.4 51.5 1976 43.9 52.9 1977 44.1 53.1 1978 41.6 51.4 Supplementary benefit : long term scale rate as proportion of ordinary rate ( % ) Date of introduction Single Married couple 1973 14.0 10.3 23.8 19.8 1975 ( April ) 25.0 20.4 1975 ( November ) 25.7 21.4 1976 23.6 20.3 1977 23.4 20.4 1978 28.0 23.5 Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit ( edit ) Numbers in households dependent on supplementary benefit or with estimated incomes below SB level , 1974 and 1976 ( thousands ) Year Pensioners Under pensionable age family head or single parent ( as % of total ) Unemployed Normally in full - time work Sick or disabled Others 2,680 ( 52 % ) 450 360 480 1,170 1976 2,800 ( 44 % ) 1,080 890 280 1,300 Changes in real terms in social security benefits ( edit ) Changes in real terms in social security benefits , 1964 -- 79 ( in 1981 prices , 1951 = 100 ) : Year Supplementary benefits ( a ) Sickness / unemployment benefit ( b ) Retirement pensions ( c ) Family allowance / child benefit ( d ) 1964 146 176 149 85 1965 166 199 168 85 1966 165 199 168 82 1967 173 318 173 80 1968 173 318 173 77 1969 172 329 172 72 1970 173 329 172 69 1971 178 354 177 80 1972 187 356 183 75 1973 186 342 191 68 191 345 216 78 187 327 215 69 1976 189 323 219 72 1977 190 326 221 69 1978 189 321 228 82 1979 190 308 232 102 Notes ( a ) Refers to married couple . ( b ) Refers to man plus dependent wife . ( c ) Refers to man plus wife on his insurance . After 1971 refers to recipients under 80 years old . ( d ) Includes family allowance and tax allowance combined for second child up to 1977 , when these were unified into the child benefit . Percentage change in social security benefits , prices and earnings ( edit ) Percentage change in social security benefits , prices , and earnings since previous updating ( 1974 -- 1978 ) : Date Unemployment and sickness benefit ( a ) Retirement pension ( b ) Prices ( c ) Average earnings ( d ) July 1974 17.0 29.0 13.5 12.9 April 1975 14.0 16.0 17.7 17.4 November 1975 13.3 14.7 11.7 10.7 November 1976 16.2 15.0 15.0 12.8 November 1977 14.0 14.4 13.0 9.6 November 1978 7.1 11.4 8.1 14.6 Total increase October 1973 -- 1978 114.3 151.6 109.6 107.9 ( a ) Single person . ( b ) Single pensioner under age 80 . ( c ) General index of retail prices . ( d ) Average gross weekly earnings of full - time adult male manual workers . For November 1978 , October 1977 to October 1978 increase used . Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income ( edit ) Unemployment or sickness benefits as percentage of net income ( a ) at average earnings ( b ) : Year Single person Married couple Married couple with two children Excl . ERS Inc . ERS ( c ) Excl . ERS Inc . ERS ( c ) Excl . ERS Inc . ERS ( c ) 1965 27.0 27.0 41.2 41.2 49.3 49.3 1970 25.0 53.3 38.4 65.2 48.3 72.7 1973 24.8 48.4 38.7 61.5 49.5 70.6 25.6 48.6 39.5 61.6 50.2 70.3 24.5 45.9 38.0 58.4 48.3 67.0 1976 24.9 46.7 38.3 59.1 48.4 67.3 1977 25.8 47.9 39.1 59.9 49.7 68.8 1978 25.4 45.1 38.8 57.4 49.6 66.9 ( a ) After allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions . ( b ) Average earnings of adult male manual workers . ( c ) Earnings Related Supplement calculated using average earnings in October of the relevant tax year . The real value of social security benefits , 1948 -- 75 ( £ s , 1981 prices ) ( edit ) Unemployment benefit July 1948 : 19.64 April 1961 : 26.88 September 1971 : 34.96 November 1975 : 36.47 Retirement pension July 1948 : 19.64 April 1961 : 26.88 September 1971 : 34.96 November 1975 : 42.96 Supplementary benefit July 1948 : 17.93 April 1961 : 25.31 September 1971 : 33.39 November 1975 : 35.10 Child support : one child July 1948 : 4.87 April 1961 : 4.36 September 1971 : 4.27 November 1975 : 3.67 Child support : three children July 1948 : 17.60 April 1961 : 16.62 September 1971 : 15.36 November 1975 : 13.81 See also ( edit ) politics portal Social welfare Welfare reform Housing : Public housing Housing estate Council house References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gøsta Esping - Andersen ( 1998 ) . The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press ; Polity Press . ISBN 9780745607962 . https://books.google.com/books/about/?id=zW2ungEACAAJ Jump up ^ Ferragina , Emanuele , and Martin Seeleib - Kaiser . `` Thematic Review : Welfare regime debate : past , present , futures ? . '' Policy & Politics 39.4 ( 2011 ) : 583 -- 611 . http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010 Jump up ^ Derek Fraser , The evolution of the British welfare state : a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution ( 2nd ed. 1984 ) p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britain 1905 -- 1975 : The Liberal reforms 1906 -- 1914 '' . GCSE Bitesize . BBC . Jump up ^ Jane Lewis , `` The English Movement for Family Allowances , 1917 -- 1945 . '' Histoire sociale / Social History 11.22 ( 1978 ) pp. 441 -- 59 . Jump up ^ John Macnicol , Movement for Family Allowances , 1918 -- 45 : A Study in Social Policy Development ( 1980 ) . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schifferes ( 26 July 2005 ) . `` Britain 's long road to the welfare state '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Why were school dinners brought in ? '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ `` 1908 Children 's Act was created to protect the poorest children in society from abuse '' . Intriguing History . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Gazeley , Ian ( 17 July 2003 ) . Poverty in Britain 1900 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0333716199 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Working People '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ David Taylor ( 1988 ) . Mastering Economic and Social History . Macmillan Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 36804 - 6 . Jump up ^ Spicker , Paul . `` Social policy in the UK '' . spicker.uk . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) http://www.spicker.uk/social-policy/uk.htm ^ Jump up to : `` The Beveridge Report and the postwar reforms '' ( PDF ) . Policy Studies Institute . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A history of NHS spending in the UK '' . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of health and care funding reform in England '' . Socialist Health Association . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHS Charges , Third Report of Session 2005 -- 06 '' ( PDF ) . publications.parliament.uk . House of Commons Health Committee . 18 July 2006 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welfare spending p. 132 '' ( PDF ) . 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Benefits for unemployed people '' ( PDF ) . A Survey of the UK Benefit System . Institute for Fiscal Studies . November 2012 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Benefits for people on low incomes '' ( PDF ) . A Survey of the UK Benefit System . Institute for Fiscal Studies . November 2012 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , James ( 2013 ) . The Welfare State We 're In ( 3 ed . ) . Biteback . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1849544504 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Theodore ( 2007 ) . Our Culture , What 's Left of It : The Mandarins and the Masses . Ivan R. Dee . p. 360 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 721 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peter Oborne ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Britain would be a better place if families looked after their own '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron : ' Do n't complain about welfare cuts , go and find work ' '' . 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conservative conference : Welfare needs ' cultural shift ' '' . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Grice , Andrew ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` Voters ' brainwashed by Tory welfare myths ' , shows new poll '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Support for benefit cuts dependent on ignorance , TUC - commissioned poll finds '' . TUC . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Hayley ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` Majority of benefit cheats not prosecuted , official figures show '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fraud and Error in the Benefit System : 2012 / 13 Estimates ( Great Britain ) '' ( PDF ) . gov.uk . Department for Work and Pensions . January 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinship carers at risk of poverty and debt due to welfare cuts , says charity The Guardian Jump up ^ Church of England bishops demand action over hunger ^ Jump up to : Labour and inequality : sixteen fabian essays edited by Peter Townsend and Nicholas Bosanquet ^ Jump up to : The Labour Party in Crisis by Paul Whiteley Jump up ^ Taxation , Wage Bargaining and Unemployment by Isabela Mares ^ Jump up to : Labour and Equality : A Fabian Study of Labour in Power , 1974 -- 79 edited by Nick Bosanquet and Peter Townsend ^ Jump up to : The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 by Rodney Lowe Bibliography ( edit ) Béland , Daniel , and Alex Waddan . `` Conservatives , partisan dynamics and the politics of universality : reforming universal social programmes in the UK and Canada . '' Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 22 # 2 ( 2014 ) : 83 -- 97 . Calder , Gideon , and Jeremy Gass . Changing Directions of the British Welfare State ( University of Wales Press , 2012 ) . Esping - Andersen , Gosta ; The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism , Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press ( 1990 ) . Ferragina , Emanuele and Seeleib - Kaiser , Martin . `` Welfare Regime Debate : Past , Present , Futures ? '' Policy & Politics 39 # 4 pp. 583 -- 611 ( 2011 ). http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010. * * Fraser , Derek . The evolution of the British welfare state : a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution ( 2nd ed. 1984 ) . Gilbert , Bentley B . The Evolution Of National Insurance In Great Britain : The Origins of the Welfare State ( 1966 ) . Harris , Bernard . The origins of the British welfare state : social welfare in England and Wales , 1800 -- 1945 ( Palgrave , 2004 ) . Häusermann , Silja , Georg Picot , and Dominik Geering . `` Review article : Rethinking party politics and the welfare state -- recent advances in the literature . '' British Journal of Political Science 43.01 ( 2013 ) : 221 -- 40 . online Hay , Roy . `` Employers and social policy in Britain : The evolution of welfare legislation , 1905 -- 14 . '' Social History 2.4 ( 1977 ) : 435 -- 55 . Hay , James Roy . Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms , 1906 -- 14 ( 1975 ) 78pp full text online Levine - Clark , Marjorie . Unemployment , Welfare , and Masculine Citizenship : So Much Honest Poverty in Britain , 1870 -- 1930 ( Springer , 2015 ) . Mommsen , Wolfgang J. , and Wolfgang Mock , eds . The emergence of the welfare state in Britain and Germany , 1850 -- 1950 ( Taylor & Francis , 1981 ) . Slater , Tom . `` The myth of `` Broken Britain '' : welfare reform and the production of ignorance . '' Antipode 46.4 ( 2014 ) : 948 -- 69 . online Weiler , Peter . The New Liberalism : Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain , 1889 -- 1914 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Welshman John . Underclass : A History of the Excluded , 1880 -- 2000 ( 2006 ) excerpt External links ( edit ) Text of the Beveridge Report The Welfare State -- Never Ending Reform Brief history of the Welfare State by Frank Field ( BBC website ) The UK Economy at the Crossroads , research paper from the Center for Economic and Policy Research ( hide ) Welfare in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=838020841 '' Categories : Welfare state in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Kurdî 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 13 : 03 . 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when was the welfare state introduced to britain
[ "The Liberal Party launched the welfare state in Britain with a series of major Liberal welfare reforms in 1906–1914.[4] The reforms were greatly extended over the next forty years.[4]" ]
[ "1906" ]
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P. F. Chang's China Bistro
P.F. Chang 's China Bistro - wikipedia P.F. Chang 's China Bistro P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Type Private Industry Restaurant Genre Casual dining Founded 1993 ( 1993 ) Scottsdale , Arizona , U.S. Founder Paul Fleming Philip Chiang Headquarters 7676 E. Pinnacle Peak Road Scottsdale , Arizona , U.S. 85255 Number of locations 305 ( Worldwide , 2018 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Michael Osanloo CEO of P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc . Products Asian American cuisine Owner Centerbridge Partners Website pfchangs.com Footnotes / references P.F. Chang 's China Bistro is an Asian - themed US casual dining restaurant chain founded in 1993 by Paul Fleming and Philip Chiang , owned and operated by Centerbridge Partners , and headquartered in Scottsdale , Arizona . The chain specializes in American Chinese cuisine , plus other Asian dishes . Employees describe the menu as `` Asian flavors . '' As of October 2017 , P.F. Chang 's operated 208 restaurants in the United States and more than 100 in international markets under licensee agreements . Countries include Canada , Mexico , Argentina , Chile , Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Panama , Turkey , Lebanon , Philippines , South Korea , Dominican Republic , Egypt , Jordan , Kuwait , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and the United Kingdom . `` P.F. Chang 's '' is the namesake of Paul Fleming ( P.F. ) and Philip Chiang ( whose surname was simplified to Chang ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 2004 restatement 2 Menu 3 Data Breaches 3.1 2013 - 14 Credit Card Breach 3.2 2018 Security Vulnerability 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) A P.F. Chang 's China Bistro at Stamford Town Center , Connecticut ( now closed ) The chain was founded in 1993 by Paul Fleming and Philip Chiang - son of Cecilia Chiang . The first restaurant was opened at the Scottsdale Fashion Square in Scottsdale , Arizona . In 1993 , P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc. was formed from the acquisition of the original four bistro restaurants . On July 2 , 2012 Centerbridge Partners completed the purchase of P.F. Changs China Bistro and the company is no longer publicly held . In 2010 , `` P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Home Menu '' was introduced . The brand represents a group of frozen appetizers and meals that were sold under license by Unilever . ConAgra Foods , Inc. acquired the P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Home Menu license from Unilever in August 2012 . In December 2017 , the company announced that they would open a location in Shanghai during the first part of 2018 , P.F. Chang 's first location in China . 2004 restatement ( edit ) On March 15 , 2004 , the company reported that it had modified its partnership accounting , which resulted in a restatement of its financial results for prior years . On March 17 , 2005 , the company adjusted its accounting for leases in order to conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles . Accordingly , management and the audit committee determined that the company 's previously issued consolidated financial statements , including those in the company 's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended Dec. 28 , 2003 , and those in the company 's Quarterly Reports on Form 10 - Q for the first three fiscal quarters of 2004 , should no longer be relied upon . Menu ( edit ) A P.F. Chang 's China Bistro location in Columbia , Maryland . The chain specializes in American Chinese cuisine . Wine , specialty drinks , Asian beers , sake , cappuccino and espresso are available outside standard beverage offerings . Data breaches ( edit ) 2013 - 14 credit card Breach ( edit ) In mid-2014 , information regarding credit card breaches at P.F. Chang 's restaurant was brought to light by various sources , and later confirmed by P.F. Chang 's . 2018 security vulnerability ( edit ) On April 9th 2018 , an independent security researcher , Akshay ' Ax ' Sharma demonstrated a security flaw in P.F. Chang 's Rewards program which enabled leakage of members ' information , due to a poorly implemented API. . See also ( edit ) Arizona portal Companies portal Food portal Pei Wei Asian Diner List of Chinese restaurants References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc . ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` FY 2011 10 - K '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chef 's Corner , Recipes and Tutorials '' . P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Wants to be The American Bistro of Shanghai '' . Ad Age . 2018 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Dubai Chinese Cuisine '' . Mall of the Emirates . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs '' . P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Products '' . Unilever . 2012 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Iconic Asian restaurant chain P.F. Chang 's is opening its first location in China as an ' American bistro ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Modifies Its Partnership Accounting '' . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Announces Lease Accounting Changes '' . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Confirms Credit Card Breach '' . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Security Flaw revealed , following Panera Bread 's leak '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._F._Chang%27s_China_Bistro&oldid=864322523 '' Categories : Restaurant chains in the United States Fast casual restaurants Companies based in Scottsdale , Arizona 2012 mergers and acquisitions Private equity portfolio companies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 13 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
what does p.f. chang's stand for
[ "\"P. F. Chang's\" is the namesake of Paul Fleming (P. F.) and Philip Chiang (whose surname was simplified to Chang).[5]\n", "\"P. F. Chang's\" is the namesake of Paul Fleming (P. F.) and Philip Chiang (whose surname was simplified to Chang).[5]\n" ]
[ "Paul Fleming (P. F.)", "Philip Chiang" ]
-3349107824275039276
List of Southwest Airlines destinations
List of Southwest Airlines destinations - wikipedia List of Southwest Airlines destinations As of August 2018 , Southwest Airlines has scheduled flights to 99 destinations in 40 states , Puerto Rico , Mexico , Central America and the Caribbean , the newest being Providenciales , Turks and Caicos Islands on November 5 , 2017 . The airline has 15 focus cities and operates over 4,000 flights each day . Contents 1 Destinations 1.1 AirTran cities acquired by Southwest 1.2 International service 1.3 Hawaii service 1.4 Chart 2 References 3 External links Destinations ( edit ) Southwest does not use the `` hub and spoke '' system of other major airlines , preferring the `` point - to - point '' system . It has large operations in certain airports . An average of 80 percent of Southwest passengers are local passengers -- only 20 percent of all passengers are connecting passengers . This is higher than most airlines , where many passengers connect in hub cities . However , at Southwest 's focus cities , the percentage of connecting passengers can reach 30 percent . Recent numbers indicate that the number of connecting passengers is steadily rising . As part of its effort to control costs , Southwest sometimes uses secondary airports in cities with high costs . Secondary airports have lower costs and may be more convenient to travelers than major airports . Some examples include : Chicago , Illinois : Southwest uses Midway International Airport instead of O'Hare International Airport . Dallas , Texas : Southwest uses Dallas Love Field instead of Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport . Houston , Texas : Southwest uses William P. Hobby Airport instead of George Bush Intercontinental Airport . Miami / Fort Lauderdale , Florida : Southwest uses Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport instead of Miami International Airport . New York City , New York : Southwest uses Newark Liberty International Airport , LaGuardia Airport and Long Island MacArthur Airport airports instead of John F. Kennedy International Airport . AirTran cities acquired by Southwest ( edit ) Through Southwest 's acquisition of AirTran Airways , Southwest opened a focus city in Atlanta and acquired additional slots at Washington -- National and New York -- LaGuardia . In addition , Southwest added service to the following destinations . Aruba Atlanta , Georgia Cancún , Mexico Charlotte , North Carolina Des Moines , Iowa Grand Rapids , Michigan Memphis , Tennessee Mexico City , Mexico Montego Bay , Jamaica Nassau , Bahamas Pensacola , Florida Portland , Maine Punta Cana , Dominican Republic Richmond , Virginia Rochester , New York San José del Cabo , Mexico San Juan , Puerto Rico Wichita , Kansas International service ( edit ) Southwest began planning international service when it acquired AirTran , which already served international destinations . Southwest 's first approach to international service came on April 19 , 2012 when it signed a contract with the Amadeus IT Group to launch an international reservation system . This agreement gave the airline the capability to begin flying to destinations outside of the United States . Southwest debuted the international reservation system on January 27 , 2014 when its first international flights went on sale . This was followed by the first international flights which began on July 1 , 2014 to Aruba ( AUA ) , Montego Bay , Jamaica ( MBJ ) and Nassau , Bahamas ( NAS ) . Southwest built a 5 gate international terminal at William P. Hobby Airport that opened in 2015 . Southwest also built a 5 gate international terminal in Fort Lauderdale that opened in 2017 . Hawaii service ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , Southwest announced they would add service to Hawaii beginning in 2018 , pending government approval . The airline announced that the flights to Hawaii will be operated from four California cities : Oakland , San Diego , San Jose , and Sacramento , utilizing their Boeing 737 - 800 and 737 MAX 8 aircraft . As announced Southwest Airlines will begin service to the following destinations : Honolulu ( Daniel K. Inouye International Airport ) , Kahului ( Kahului Airport ) , Kailua - Kona ( Kona International Airport ) , Lihue ( Lihue Airport ) . Chart ( edit ) As of June 2018 , this is a list of destinations that Southwest Airlines serves . Operating Base Focus city Future destination Terminated destination Country ( State / Province ) City Airport City Count Begin End Refs Aruba Oranjestad Queen Beatrix International Airport 85 2014 Present Bahamas Nassau Lynden Pindling International Airport 86 2014 Present Belize Belize City Philip S.W. Goldson International Airport 93 2015 Present Cayman Islands George Town Owen Roberts International Airport 97 2017 Present Costa Rica Liberia Daniel Oduber Quirós International Airport 94 2015 Present Costa Rica San José Juan Santamaría International Airport 91 2015 Present Cuba Havana José Martí International Airport 96 2016 Present Cuba Santa Clara Abel Santamaría Airport -- 2016 2017 Cuba Varadero Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport -- 2016 2017 Dominican Republic Punta Cana Punta Cana International Airport 89 2014 Present Jamaica Montego Bay Sangster International Airport 84 2014 Present Mexico ( Baja California Sur ) San José del Cabo Los Cabos International Airport 88 2014 Present Mexico ( Federal District ) Mexico City Mexico City International Airport 90 2014 Present Mexico ( Jalisco ) Puerto Vallarta Lic . Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport 92 2015 Present Mexico ( Quintana Roo ) Cancún Cancún International Airport 87 2014 Present Turks and Caicos Islands Providenciales Providenciales International Airport 99 2017 Present United States ( Alabama ) Birmingham Birmingham - Shuttlesworth International Airport 25 Present United States ( Arizona ) Phoenix Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport 16 1982 Present United States ( Arizona ) Tucson Tucson International Airport 43 1994 Present United States ( Arkansas ) Little Rock Little Rock National Airport 20 1984 Present United States ( California ) Burbank Hollywood Burbank Airport 29 1990 Present United States ( California ) Long Beach Long Beach Airport 95 2016 Present United States ( California ) Los Angeles Los Angeles International Airport 19 1982 Present United States ( California ) Oakland Oakland International Airport 28 1989 Present United States ( California ) Ontario Ontario International Airport 23 1985 Present United States ( California ) Orange County John Wayne Airport 37 1994 Present United States ( California ) Sacramento Sacramento International Airport 31 1991 Present United States ( California ) San Diego San Diego International Airport 17 1982 Present United States ( California ) San Francisco San Francisco International Airport 63 1982 , 2007 2001 , Present United States ( California ) San José San Jose International Airport 35 1993 Present United States ( Colorado ) Denver Denver International Airport 61 2006 Present United States ( Colorado ) Denver Stapleton International Airport -- 1986 United States ( Connecticut ) Hartford Bradley International Airport 53 1999 Present United States ( Florida ) Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport 45 Present United States ( Florida ) Fort Myers Southwest Florida International Airport 60 2005 Present United States ( Florida ) Jacksonville Jacksonville International Airport 49 1997 Present United States ( Florida ) Key West Key West International Airport -- 2012 2014 United States ( Florida ) Orlando Orlando International Airport 47 Present United States ( Florida ) Palm Beach Palm Beach International Airport 56 2001 Present United States ( Florida ) Panama City Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport 68 Present United States ( Florida ) Pensacola Pensacola International Airport 82 2013 Present United States ( Florida ) Tampa Tampa International Airport 46 Present United States ( Georgia ) Atlanta Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport 72 2012 Present United States ( Hawaii ) Honolulu Daniel K. Inouye International Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Hawaii ) Kahului Kahului Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Hawaii ) Kailua - Kona Kona International Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Hawaii ) Lihue Lihue Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Idaho ) Boise Boise Airport 41 1994 Present United States ( Illinois ) Chicago Chicago Midway International Airport 21 1985 Present United States ( Indiana ) Indianapolis Indianapolis International Airport 27 1989 Present United States ( Iowa ) Des Moines Des Moines International Airport 74 2012 Present United States ( Kansas ) Wichita Wichita Eisenhower National Airport 79 2013 Present United States ( Kentucky ) Covington / Cincinnati Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky International Airport 98 2017 Present United States ( Kentucky ) Louisville Louisville International Airport 34 1993 Present United States ( Louisiana ) New Orleans Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport 11 1979 Present United States ( Maine ) Portland Portland International Jetport 78 2013 Present United States ( Maryland ) Baltimore / Washington , D.C. Baltimore - Washington International Airport 36 1993 Present United States ( Massachusetts ) Boston Logan International Airport 66 2009 Present United States ( Michigan ) Detroit Coleman A. Young International Airport -- 1993 United States ( Michigan ) Detroit Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport 26 Present United States ( Michigan ) Flint Bishop International Airport -- 2013 2018 United States ( Michigan ) Grand Rapids Gerald R. Ford International Airport 80 2013 Present United States ( Minnesota ) Minneapolis / St. Paul Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport 64 2009 Present United States ( Mississippi ) Jackson Jackson International Airport -- 1997 2014 United States ( Missouri ) Branson Branson Airport -- 2013 2014 United States ( Missouri ) Kansas City Kansas City International Airport 18 1982 Present United States ( Missouri ) St. Louis Lambert - Saint Louis International Airport 22 1985 Present United States ( Nebraska ) Omaha Eppley Airfield 44 1995 Present United States ( Nevada ) Las Vegas McCarran International Airport 15 1982 Present United States ( Nevada ) Reno / Tahoe Reno - Tahoe International Airport 30 1990 Present United States ( New Hampshire ) Manchester Manchester - Boston Regional Airport 50 1998 Present United States ( New Jersey ) Newark Newark Liberty International Airport 71 2011 Present United States ( New Mexico ) Albuquerque Albuquerque International Sunport 14 1980 Present United States ( New York ) Albany Albany International Airport 54 2000 Present United States ( New York ) Buffalo Buffalo Niagara International Airport 55 2000 Present United States ( New York ) Long Island / Islip Long Island MacArthur Airport 51 1999 Present United States ( New York ) New York City LaGuardia Airport 65 2009 Present United States ( New York ) Rochester Greater Rochester International Airport 77 2013 Present United States ( North Carolina ) Charlotte Charlotte / Douglas International Airport 75 2013 Present United States ( North Carolina ) Raleigh - Durham Raleigh - Durham International Airport 52 1999 Present United States ( Ohio ) Akron / Canton Akron - Canton Regional Airport -- 2012 2017 United States ( Ohio ) Cleveland Cleveland Hopkins International Airport 32 1992 Present United States ( Ohio ) Columbus John Glenn Columbus International Airport 33 1992 Present United States ( Ohio ) Dayton Dayton International Airport -- 2012 2017 United States ( Oklahoma ) Oklahoma City Will Rogers World Airport 12 1980 Present United States ( Oklahoma ) Tulsa Tulsa International Airport 13 1980 Present United States ( Oregon ) Portland Portland International Airport 38 1994 Present United States ( Pennsylvania ) Philadelphia Philadelphia International Airport 58 Present United States ( Pennsylvania ) Pittsburgh Pittsburgh International Airport 59 2005 Present United States ( Puerto Rico ) San Juan Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport 76 2013 Present United States ( Rhode Island ) Providence T.F. Green Airport 48 Present United States ( South Carolina ) Charleston Charleston International Airport 70 2011 Present United States ( South Carolina ) Greenville / Spartanburg Greenville - Spartanburg International Airport 69 2011 Present United States ( Tennessee ) Memphis Memphis International Airport 81 2013 Present United States ( Tennessee ) Nashville Nashville International Airport 24 1986 Present United States ( Texas ) Amarillo Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport 10 1978 Present United States ( Texas ) Austin Austin - Bergstrom International Airport 9 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Beaumont / Port Arthur Jack Brooks Regional Airport -- 1979 1980 United States ( Texas ) Corpus Christi Corpus Christi International Airport 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Dallas Dallas Love Field 1971 Present United States ( Texas ) El Paso El Paso International Airport 8 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Harlingen / South Padre Island Valley International Airport Present United States ( Texas ) Houston William P. Hobby Airport 1971 Present United States ( Texas ) Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport -- 1971 , 1980 1972 , 2005 United States ( Texas ) Lubbock Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport 6 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Midland / Odessa Midland International Airport 7 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) San Antonio San Antonio International Airport 1971 Present United States ( Utah ) Salt Lake City Salt Lake City International Airport 42 1994 Present United States ( Virginia ) Norfolk Norfolk International Airport 57 2001 Present United States ( Virginia ) Richmond Richmond International Airport 83 2013 Present United States ( Virginia ) Washington , D.C. / Arlington Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport 73 2012 Present United States ( Virginia ) Dulles Washington Dulles International Airport 62 2006 Present United States ( Washington ) Everett Paine Field -- 2018 Future United States ( Washington ) Seattle / Tacoma Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport 39 1994 Present United States ( Washington ) Spokane Spokane International Airport 40 1994 Present United States ( Wisconsin ) Milwaukee General Mitchell International Airport 67 2009 Present United States ( Wyoming ) Jackson Hole Jackson Hole Airport -- 1985 1986 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.southwest.com/flight/routemap_dyn.html Jump up ^ `` Southwest Corporate Fact Sheet - Corporate Fact Sheet - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . swamedia.com . Jump up ^ Jeremy Sickler . `` Chapter 7 : Flight Arrival Flow : Southwest vs. Legacy Carriers '' . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2004 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maxon , Terry . `` Factoids from Southwest Airlines ' annual report '' . Dallas News . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Southwest Airlines ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Southwest Airlines and AirTran Airways Confirm Plans to Maintain AirTran Airways Operations at 22 Domestic and International Airports - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . Southwest Airlines . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines Newsroom : Releases '' . Swamedia.com. April 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Lauderdale Hollywood International Airport overhauls terminal to add international travel '' . Sun Sentinel . Jump up ^ http://wnep.com/2017/10/14/southwest-airlines-to-start-flying-to-hawaii/ Jump up ^ https://www.southwestaircommunity.com/t5/Southwest-Stories/Summer-is-Here-Summer-2017-Schedule-is-now-Published/ba-p/50394 ^ Jump up to : http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article158696934.html Jump up ^ https://www.swamedia.com/pages/when-did-we-arrive ^ Jump up to : `` Openings / Closings - By Category - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . swamedia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Southwest Airlines To Cease Operations In Three Cities - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . swamedia.com . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jason Williams ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Long - time coming : Southwest lands in Cincinnati '' . cincinnati.com . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines pulls plug on flights from Flint '' . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://myeverettnews.com/2018/01/25/southwest-airlines-announces-plans-to-fly-from-paine-field-everett-this-fall/ External links ( edit ) Southwest Airlines Route Map Southwest Airlines Gary C. Kelly , Chairman and CEO - Tom Nealon , President Subsidiaries AirTran Airways ATA Airlines Morris Air TranStar Airlines People Herb Kelleher Rollin King J. George Mikelsons Gary C. Kelly Colleen Barrett Incidents Flight 1455 Flight 1763 Flight 1248 Flight 2294 Flight 812 Flight 345 Flight 3472 Flight 1380 Television shows Airline On the Fly Related History Access Now , Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co . Southwest Airlines destinations Southwest Effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Southwest_Airlines_destinations&oldid=854125320 '' Categories : Southwest Airlines Lists of airline destinations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 03 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does southwest fly to in south carolina
[ "\n\n\nCountry (State/Province)\n\nCity\n\nAirport\n\nCity Count\n\nBegin\n\nEnd\n\nRefs\n\n\nAruba\nOranjestad\nQueen Beatrix International Airport\n85\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBahamas\nNassau\nLynden Pindling International Airport\n86\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBelize\nBelize City\nPhilip S. W. Goldson International Airport\n93\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCayman Islands\nGeorge Town\nOwen Roberts International Airport\n97\n2017\nPresent\n[9]\n\n\nCosta Rica\nLiberia\nDaniel Oduber Quirós International Airport\n94\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCosta Rica\nSan José\nJuan Santamaría International Airport\n91\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nHavana\nJosé Martí International Airport\n96\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nSanta Clara\nAbel Santamaría Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nCuba\nVaradero\nJuan Gualberto Gómez Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nDominican Republic\nPunta Cana\nPunta Cana International Airport\n89\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nJamaica\nMontego Bay\nSangster International Airport\n84\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Baja California Sur)\nSan José del Cabo\nLos Cabos International Airport\n88\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Federal District)\nMexico City\nMexico City International Airport\n90\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Jalisco)\nPuerto Vallarta\nLic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport\n92\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Quintana Roo)\nCancún\nCancún International Airport\n87\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nTurks and Caicos Islands\nProvidenciales\nProvidenciales International Airport\n99\n2017\nPresent\n[11]\n\n\nUnited States (Alabama)\nBirmingham\nBirmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport\n25\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nPhoenix\nPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport\n16\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nTucson\nTucson International Airport\n43\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arkansas)\nLittle Rock\nLittle Rock National Airport\n20\n1984\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nBurbank\nHollywood Burbank Airport\n29\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLong Beach\nLong Beach Airport\n95\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLos Angeles\nLos Angeles International Airport\n19\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOakland\nOakland International Airport\n28\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOntario\nOntario International Airport\n23\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOrange County\nJohn Wayne Airport\n37\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSacramento\nSacramento International Airport\n31\n1991\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Diego\nSan Diego International Airport\n17\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Francisco\nSan Francisco International Airport\n63\n1982, 2007\n2001, Present\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan José\nSan Jose International Airport\n35\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nDenver International Airport\n61\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nStapleton International Airport\n—\n1983\n1986\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Connecticut)\nHartford\nBradley International Airport\n53\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Lauderdale\nFort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport\n45\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Myers\nSouthwest Florida International Airport\n60\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nJacksonville\nJacksonville International Airport\n49\n1997\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nKey West\nKey West International Airport\n—\n2012\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nOrlando\nOrlando International Airport\n47\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPalm Beach\nPalm Beach International Airport\n56\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPanama City\nNorthwest Florida Beaches International Airport\n68\n2010\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPensacola\nPensacola International Airport\n82\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nTampa\nTampa International Airport\n46\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Georgia)\nAtlanta\nHartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\n72\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nHonolulu\nDaniel K. Inouye International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[14]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKahului\nKahului Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[15]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKailua-Kona\nKona International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[16]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nLihue\nLihue Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[17]\n\n\nUnited States (Idaho)\nBoise\nBoise Airport\n41\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Illinois)\nChicago\nChicago Midway International Airport\n21\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Indiana)\nIndianapolis\nIndianapolis International Airport\n27\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Iowa)\nDes Moines\nDes Moines International Airport\n74\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kansas)\nWichita\nWichita Eisenhower National Airport\n79\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nCovington/Cincinnati\nCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport\n98\n2017\nPresent\n[18]\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nLouisville\nLouisville International Airport\n34\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Louisiana)\nNew Orleans\nLouis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport\n11\n1979\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maine)\nPortland\nPortland International Jetport\n78\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maryland)\nBaltimore/Washington, D.C.\nBaltimore-Washington International Airport\n36\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Massachusetts)\nBoston\nLogan International Airport\n66\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nColeman A. Young International Airport\n—\n1988\n1993\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nDetroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport\n26\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nFlint\nBishop International Airport\n—\n2013\n2018\n[19]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nGrand Rapids\nGerald R. Ford International Airport\n80\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Minnesota)\nMinneapolis/St. Paul\nMinneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport\n64\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Mississippi)\nJackson\nJackson International Airport\n—\n1997\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nBranson\nBranson Airport\n—\n2013\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nKansas City\nKansas City International Airport\n18\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nSt. Louis\nLambert-Saint Louis International Airport\n22\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nebraska)\nOmaha\nEppley Airfield\n44\n1995\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nLas Vegas\nMcCarran International Airport\n15\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nReno/Tahoe\nReno-Tahoe International Airport\n30\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Hampshire)\nManchester\nManchester-Boston Regional Airport\n50\n1998\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Jersey)\nNewark\nNewark Liberty International Airport\n71\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Mexico)\nAlbuquerque\nAlbuquerque International Sunport\n14\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nAlbany\nAlbany International Airport\n54\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nBuffalo\nBuffalo Niagara International Airport\n55\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nLong Island/Islip\nLong Island MacArthur Airport\n51\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nNew York City\nLaGuardia Airport\n65\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nRochester\nGreater Rochester International Airport\n77\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nCharlotte\nCharlotte/Douglas International Airport\n75\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nRaleigh-Durham\nRaleigh-Durham International Airport\n52\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nAkron/Canton\nAkron-Canton Regional Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nCleveland\nCleveland Hopkins International Airport\n32\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nColumbus\nJohn Glenn Columbus International Airport\n33\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nDayton\nDayton International Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nOklahoma City\nWill Rogers World Airport\n12\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nTulsa\nTulsa International Airport\n13\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oregon)\nPortland\nPortland International Airport\n38\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPhiladelphia\nPhiladelphia International Airport\n58\n2004\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPittsburgh\nPittsburgh International Airport\n59\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Puerto Rico)\nSan Juan\nLuis Muñoz Marín International Airport\n76\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Rhode Island)\nProvidence\nT. F. Green Airport\n48\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nCharleston\nCharleston International Airport\n70\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nGreenville/Spartanburg\nGreenville-Spartanburg International Airport\n69\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nMemphis\nMemphis International Airport\n81\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nNashville\nNashville International Airport\n24\n1986\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAmarillo\nRick Husband Amarillo International Airport\n10\n1978\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAustin\nAustin-Bergstrom International Airport\n9\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nBeaumont/Port Arthur\nJack Brooks Regional Airport\n—\n1979\n1980\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nCorpus Christi\nCorpus Christi International Airport\n5\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nDallas\nDallas Love Field\n1\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nEl Paso\nEl Paso International Airport\n8\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHarlingen/South Padre Island\nValley International Airport\n4\n1975\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nWilliam P. Hobby Airport\n3\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport\n—\n1971, 1980\n1972, 2005\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nLubbock\nLubbock Preston Smith International Airport\n6\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nMidland/Odessa\nMidland International Airport\n7\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nSan Antonio\nSan Antonio International Airport\n2\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Utah)\nSalt Lake City\nSalt Lake City International Airport\n42\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nNorfolk\nNorfolk International Airport\n57\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nRichmond\nRichmond International Airport\n83\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nWashington, D.C./Arlington\nRonald Reagan Washington National Airport\n73\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nDulles\nWashington Dulles International Airport\n62\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nEverett\nPaine Field\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[20]\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSeattle/Tacoma\nSeattle–Tacoma International Airport\n39\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSpokane\nSpokane International Airport\n40\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wisconsin)\nMilwaukee\nGeneral Mitchell International Airport\n67\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wyoming)\nJackson Hole\nJackson Hole Airport\n—\n1985\n1986\n\n", "\n\n\nCountry (State/Province)\n\nCity\n\nAirport\n\nCity Count\n\nBegin\n\nEnd\n\nRefs\n\n\nAruba\nOranjestad\nQueen Beatrix International Airport\n85\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBahamas\nNassau\nLynden Pindling International Airport\n86\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBelize\nBelize City\nPhilip S. W. Goldson International Airport\n93\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCayman Islands\nGeorge Town\nOwen Roberts International Airport\n97\n2017\nPresent\n[9]\n\n\nCosta Rica\nLiberia\nDaniel Oduber Quirós International Airport\n94\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCosta Rica\nSan José\nJuan Santamaría International Airport\n91\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nHavana\nJosé Martí International Airport\n96\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nSanta Clara\nAbel Santamaría Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nCuba\nVaradero\nJuan Gualberto Gómez Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nDominican Republic\nPunta Cana\nPunta Cana International Airport\n89\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nJamaica\nMontego Bay\nSangster International Airport\n84\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Baja California Sur)\nSan José del Cabo\nLos Cabos International Airport\n88\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Federal District)\nMexico City\nMexico City International Airport\n90\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Jalisco)\nPuerto Vallarta\nLic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport\n92\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Quintana Roo)\nCancún\nCancún International Airport\n87\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nTurks and Caicos Islands\nProvidenciales\nProvidenciales International Airport\n99\n2017\nPresent\n[11]\n\n\nUnited States (Alabama)\nBirmingham\nBirmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport\n25\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nPhoenix\nPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport\n16\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nTucson\nTucson International Airport\n43\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arkansas)\nLittle Rock\nLittle Rock National Airport\n20\n1984\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nBurbank\nHollywood Burbank Airport\n29\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLong Beach\nLong Beach Airport\n95\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLos Angeles\nLos Angeles International Airport\n19\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOakland\nOakland International Airport\n28\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOntario\nOntario International Airport\n23\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOrange County\nJohn Wayne Airport\n37\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSacramento\nSacramento International Airport\n31\n1991\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Diego\nSan Diego International Airport\n17\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Francisco\nSan Francisco International Airport\n63\n1982, 2007\n2001, Present\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan José\nSan Jose International Airport\n35\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nDenver International Airport\n61\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nStapleton International Airport\n—\n1983\n1986\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Connecticut)\nHartford\nBradley International Airport\n53\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Lauderdale\nFort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport\n45\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Myers\nSouthwest Florida International Airport\n60\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nJacksonville\nJacksonville International Airport\n49\n1997\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nKey West\nKey West International Airport\n—\n2012\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nOrlando\nOrlando International Airport\n47\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPalm Beach\nPalm Beach International Airport\n56\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPanama City\nNorthwest Florida Beaches International Airport\n68\n2010\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPensacola\nPensacola International Airport\n82\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nTampa\nTampa International Airport\n46\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Georgia)\nAtlanta\nHartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\n72\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nHonolulu\nDaniel K. Inouye International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[14]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKahului\nKahului Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[15]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKailua-Kona\nKona International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[16]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nLihue\nLihue Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[17]\n\n\nUnited States (Idaho)\nBoise\nBoise Airport\n41\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Illinois)\nChicago\nChicago Midway International Airport\n21\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Indiana)\nIndianapolis\nIndianapolis International Airport\n27\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Iowa)\nDes Moines\nDes Moines International Airport\n74\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kansas)\nWichita\nWichita Eisenhower National Airport\n79\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nCovington/Cincinnati\nCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport\n98\n2017\nPresent\n[18]\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nLouisville\nLouisville International Airport\n34\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Louisiana)\nNew Orleans\nLouis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport\n11\n1979\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maine)\nPortland\nPortland International Jetport\n78\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maryland)\nBaltimore/Washington, D.C.\nBaltimore-Washington International Airport\n36\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Massachusetts)\nBoston\nLogan International Airport\n66\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nColeman A. Young International Airport\n—\n1988\n1993\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nDetroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport\n26\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nFlint\nBishop International Airport\n—\n2013\n2018\n[19]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nGrand Rapids\nGerald R. Ford International Airport\n80\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Minnesota)\nMinneapolis/St. Paul\nMinneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport\n64\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Mississippi)\nJackson\nJackson International Airport\n—\n1997\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nBranson\nBranson Airport\n—\n2013\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nKansas City\nKansas City International Airport\n18\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nSt. Louis\nLambert-Saint Louis International Airport\n22\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nebraska)\nOmaha\nEppley Airfield\n44\n1995\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nLas Vegas\nMcCarran International Airport\n15\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nReno/Tahoe\nReno-Tahoe International Airport\n30\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Hampshire)\nManchester\nManchester-Boston Regional Airport\n50\n1998\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Jersey)\nNewark\nNewark Liberty International Airport\n71\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Mexico)\nAlbuquerque\nAlbuquerque International Sunport\n14\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nAlbany\nAlbany International Airport\n54\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nBuffalo\nBuffalo Niagara International Airport\n55\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nLong Island/Islip\nLong Island MacArthur Airport\n51\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nNew York City\nLaGuardia Airport\n65\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nRochester\nGreater Rochester International Airport\n77\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nCharlotte\nCharlotte/Douglas International Airport\n75\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nRaleigh-Durham\nRaleigh-Durham International Airport\n52\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nAkron/Canton\nAkron-Canton Regional Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nCleveland\nCleveland Hopkins International Airport\n32\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nColumbus\nJohn Glenn Columbus International Airport\n33\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nDayton\nDayton International Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nOklahoma City\nWill Rogers World Airport\n12\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nTulsa\nTulsa International Airport\n13\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oregon)\nPortland\nPortland International Airport\n38\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPhiladelphia\nPhiladelphia International Airport\n58\n2004\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPittsburgh\nPittsburgh International Airport\n59\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Puerto Rico)\nSan Juan\nLuis Muñoz Marín International Airport\n76\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Rhode Island)\nProvidence\nT. F. Green Airport\n48\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nCharleston\nCharleston International Airport\n70\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nGreenville/Spartanburg\nGreenville-Spartanburg International Airport\n69\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nMemphis\nMemphis International Airport\n81\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nNashville\nNashville International Airport\n24\n1986\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAmarillo\nRick Husband Amarillo International Airport\n10\n1978\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAustin\nAustin-Bergstrom International Airport\n9\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nBeaumont/Port Arthur\nJack Brooks Regional Airport\n—\n1979\n1980\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nCorpus Christi\nCorpus Christi International Airport\n5\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nDallas\nDallas Love Field\n1\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nEl Paso\nEl Paso International Airport\n8\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHarlingen/South Padre Island\nValley International Airport\n4\n1975\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nWilliam P. Hobby Airport\n3\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport\n—\n1971, 1980\n1972, 2005\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nLubbock\nLubbock Preston Smith International Airport\n6\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nMidland/Odessa\nMidland International Airport\n7\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nSan Antonio\nSan Antonio International Airport\n2\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Utah)\nSalt Lake City\nSalt Lake City International Airport\n42\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nNorfolk\nNorfolk International Airport\n57\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nRichmond\nRichmond International Airport\n83\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nWashington, D.C./Arlington\nRonald Reagan Washington National Airport\n73\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nDulles\nWashington Dulles International Airport\n62\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nEverett\nPaine Field\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[20]\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSeattle/Tacoma\nSeattle–Tacoma International Airport\n39\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSpokane\nSpokane International Airport\n40\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wisconsin)\nMilwaukee\nGeneral Mitchell International Airport\n67\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wyoming)\nJackson Hole\nJackson Hole Airport\n—\n1985\n1986\n\n" ]
[ "Greenville/Spartanburg", "Charleston" ]
1761143608984220497
Crater Lake National Park
Crater Lake National park - wikipedia Crater Lake National park Crater Lake National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Panoramic view of Crater Lake Location of Crater Lake in the United States Location in Oregon Show map of the US Show map of Oregon Show all Location Klamath County , Oregon , United States Nearest city Klamath Falls Coordinates 42 ° 54 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W  /  42.91183 ° N 122.14807 ° W  / 42.91183 ; - 122.14807 Coordinates : 42 ° 54 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W  /  42.91183 ° N 122.14807 ° W  / 42.91183 ; - 122.14807 Area 183,224 acres ( 741.48 km ) Established May 22 , 1902 ( 1902 - 05 - 22 ) Visitors 711,749 ( in 2017 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Official website Crater Lake National Park is an American national park located in southern Oregon . Established in 1902 , Crater Lake is the fifth - oldest national park in the United States and the only national park in Oregon . The park encompasses the caldera of Crater Lake , a remnant of a destroyed volcano , Mount Mazama , and the surrounding hills and forests . The lake is 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) deep at its deepest point , which makes it the deepest lake in the United States , the second - deepest in North America and the ninth - deepest in the world . Crater Lake is often referred to as the seventh - deepest lake in the world , but this former listing excludes the approximately 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) depth of subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica , which resides under nearly 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) of ice , and the recent report of a 2,740 - foot ( 840 m ) maximum depth for Lake O'Higgins / San Martin , located on the border of Chile and Argentina . However , when comparing its average depth of 1,148 feet ( 350 m ) to the average depth of other deep lakes , Crater Lake becomes the deepest in the Western Hemisphere and the third - deepest in the world . The impressive average depth of this volcanic lake is due to the nearly symmetrical 4,000 - foot - deep ( 1,200 m ) caldera formed 7,700 years ago during the violent climactic eruptions and subsequent collapse of Mount Mazama and the relatively moist climate that is typical of the crest of the Cascade Range . The caldera rim ranges in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet ( 2,100 to 2,400 m ) . The United States Geological Survey benchmarked elevation of the lake surface is 6,178 feet ( 1,883 m ) . The national park encompasses 183,224 acres ( 286.29 sq mi ; 741.48 km ) . Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it . All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or subsurface seepage . The lake 's water commonly has a striking blue hue , and the lake is refilled entirely from direct precipitation in the form of snow and rain . Contents 1 Geology 2 Climate 3 Fauna 4 Park features 5 History 6 Activities 7 Trails 7.1 Cleetwood Cove 7.2 The Watchman 7.3 Lightning Spring 7.4 Castle Crest Wildflower Garden 7.5 Plaikni Falls 7.6 Garfield Peak 8 See also 9 References 10 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) Further information : Mount Mazama Satellite view of Crater Lake Relief map of the Crater Lake area Volcanic activity in this area is fed by subduction off the coast of Oregon as the Juan de Fuca Plate slips below the North American Plate ( see plate tectonics ) . Heat and compression generated by this movement has created a mountain chain topped by a series of volcanoes , which together are called the Cascade Range . The large volcanoes in the range are called the High Cascades . However , there are many other volcanoes in the range as well , most of which are much smaller . About 400,000 years ago , Mount Mazama began its existence in much the same way as the other mountains of the High Cascades , as overlapping shield volcanoes . Over time , alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic flows built Mazama 's overlapping cones until it reached about 11,000 feet ( 3,400 m ) in height . As the young stratovolcano grew , many smaller volcanoes and volcanic vents were built in the area of the park and just outside what are now the park 's borders . Chief among these were cinder cones . Although the early examples are gone -- cinder cones erode easily -- there are at least 13 much younger cinder cones in the park , and at least another 11 or so outside its borders , that still retain their distinctive cinder cone appearance . There continues to be debate as to whether these minor volcanoes and vents were parasitic to Mazama 's magma chamber and system or if they were related to background Oregon Cascade volcanism . After a period of dormancy , Mazama became active again . Then , around 5700 BC , Mazama collapsed into itself during a tremendous volcanic eruption , losing 2,500 to 3,500 feet ( 760 to 1,070 m ) in height . The eruption formed a large caldera that , depending on the prevailing climate , was filled in about 740 years , forming a beautiful lake with a deep blue hue , known today as Crater Lake . The eruptive period that decapitated Mazama also laid waste to much of the greater Crater Lake area and deposited ash as far east as the northwest corner of what is now Yellowstone National Park , as far south as central Nevada , and as far north as southern British Columbia . It produced more than 150 times as much ash as the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . This ash has since developed a soil type called andisol . Soils in Crater Lake National Park are brown , dark brown or dark grayish - brown sandy loams or loamy sands which have plentiful cobbles , gravel and stones . They are slightly to moderately acidic and their drainage is somewhat excessive . Climate ( edit ) November panoroma from Rim Village . During the winter , the road up to Rim Village is normally plowed but Rim Drive is closed . Snow is relatively rare at low elevations in western Oregon , but it is common at higher elevations , especially at Crater Lake . Measurements at park headquarters , 6,475 feet ( 1,974 m ) above sea level , show that snow falls more often here than at any other long - term weather station in Oregon . Winter , which typically begins at the park in September and runs through June , includes an average of 98 days with measurable snowfall . Up to 37 inches ( 94 cm ) of snow have fallen on the park in a single day ( in 1937 , 1951 , and 1971 ) , 313 inches ( 800 cm ) in a month ( January 1950 ) , and 903 inches ( 2,290 cm ) in a year ( 1950 ) . Snow typically accumulates in the park to depths of 10 to 15 feet ( 3.0 to 4.6 m ) by early spring . Most of the park 's roads remain closed through late spring , and snow lingers into the summer . In July and August , snowfall is uncommon , and `` one magnificent day typically follows another '' . January is the coldest month , when highs average about 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) and lows average about 18 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) . August is the warmest month , with an average high of roughly 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) and an average low of about 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) . Between 1962 and 1990 , the highest recorded temperature was 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , and the lowest was − 21 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) . Annual precipitation averages about 66 inches ( 1,700 mm ) a year . December is the wettest , averaging about 11 inches ( 280 mm ) . Although snow covers Crater Lake National Park for eight months of the year ( average annual snowfall is 533 inches ( 1,350 cm ) ) , the lake rarely freezes over due in part to a relatively mild onshore flow from the Pacific Ocean . The last recorded year in which the lake froze over was in 1949 , a very long , cold winter . A 95 % surface freeze occurred in 1985 . The immense depth of Crater Lake acts as a heat reservoir that absorbs and traps sunlight , maintaining the lake temperature at an average of 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) on the surface and 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) at the bottom throughout the year . The surface temperature fluctuates a bit , but the bottom temperature remains quite constant . hide Climate data for Crater Lake ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 35.1 ( 1.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 41.7 ( 5.4 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 38.2 ( 3.4 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 48.5 ( 9.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 18.5 ( − 7.5 ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 23.0 ( − 5 ) 28.3 ( − 2.1 ) 33.3 ( 0.7 ) 40.5 ( 4.7 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 36.2 ( 2.3 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) 22.6 ( − 5.2 ) 18.8 ( − 7.3 ) 27.6 ( − 2.5 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 9.32 ( 236.7 ) 7.75 ( 196.9 ) 7.48 ( 190 ) 5.37 ( 136.4 ) 3.55 ( 90.2 ) 2.22 ( 56.4 ) 1.02 ( 25.9 ) 1.00 ( 25.4 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 4.44 ( 112.8 ) 10.29 ( 261.4 ) 11.41 ( 289.8 ) 65.7 ( 1,668.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 85.5 ( 217.2 ) 73.8 ( 187.5 ) 73.4 ( 186.4 ) 48.8 ( 124 ) 17.4 ( 44.2 ) 4.1 ( 10.4 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 3.1 ( 7.9 ) 17.3 ( 43.9 ) 71.1 ( 180.6 ) 92.7 ( 235.5 ) 487.4 ( 1,238.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 17.9 15.9 18.1 15.5 11.2 8.1 3.9 4.0 5.8 9.8 17.5 18.0 145.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 15.9 14.3 16.1 12.6 6.0 2.0 0.2 0.1 1.0 4.7 13.2 16.4 102.5 Source : NOAA Fauna ( edit ) Mammals that are residents of this national park are Canadian lynxes , bobcats , beavers , chipmunks , pikas , foxes , cougars , squirrels , porcupines , black bears , coyotes , timber wolves , badgers , deer , elk , muskrats , and martens . Birds that commonly fly through this park including raptors are American dippers , Peregrine falcons , ravens , Clark 's nutcrackers , gray jays , bald eagles , hummingbirds and spotted owls while Canada geese float on its lake . Park features ( edit ) Comfort Station Number 4 The Pinnacles Some notable park features created by this huge eruption are : The Pumice Desert : A very thick layer of pumice and ash leading away from Mazama in a northerly direction . Even after thousands of years , this area is largely devoid of plants due to excessive porosity ( meaning water drains through quickly ) and poor soil composed primarily of regolith . The Pinnacles : When the very hot ash and pumice came to rest near the volcano , it formed 200 - to - 300 - foot - thick ( 60 to 90 m ) gas - charged deposits . For perhaps years afterward , hot gas moved to the surface and slowly cemented ash and pumice together in channels and escaped through fumaroles . Erosion later removed most of the surrounding loose ash and pumice , leaving tall pinnacles and spires . Other park features Mount Scott is a steep andesitic cone whose lava came from magma from Mazama 's magma chamber ; geologists call such volcano a parasitic or satellite cone . Volcanic eruptions apparently ceased on Scott sometime before the end of the Pleistocene ; one remaining large cirque on Scott 's northwest side was left unmodified by post-ice - age volcanism . In the southwest corner of the park stands Union Peak , an extinct volcano whose primary remains consist of a large volcanic plug , which is lava that solidified in the volcano 's neck . Crater Peak is a shield volcano primarily made of andesite and basalt lava flows topped by andesitic and dacite tephra . Timber Crater is a shield volcano located in the northeast corner of the park . Like Crater Peak , it is made of basaltic and andesitic lava flows but , unlike Crater , it is topped by two cinder cones . Rim Drive is the most popular road in the park ; it follows a scenic route around the caldera rim . Llao Rock on the north side rises 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) above the lake , with a 1.3 - mile ( 2.1 km ) trail from Rim Drive leading to the summit . The Pacific Crest Trail , a 2,650 - mile ( 4,260 km ) long - distance hiking and equestrian trail that stretches from the Mexican to Canadian borders , passes through the park . Old - growth forests covering 50,000 acres ( 20,000 ha ) . 180 - degree panoramic photograph of Crater Lake from the top of nearby Mount Scott , looking west . Two snow - covered peaks can be seen in the distance : to the right of the lake is Mount Thielsen , and in the far left of the photo is Mount McLoughlin . History ( edit ) Aerial view of Crater Lake Local Native Americans witnessed the collapse of Mount Mazama and kept the event alive in their legends . One ancient legend of the Klamath people closely parallels the geologic story which emerges from today 's scientific research . The legend tells of two Chiefs , Llao of the Below World and Skell of the Above World , pitted in a battle which ended up in the destruction of Llao 's home , Mt . Mazama . The battle was witnessed in the eruption of Mt . Mazama and the creation of Crater Lake . A trio of gold prospectors : John Wesley Hillman , Henry Klippel , and Isaac Skeeters were the first white people to visit the lake . On June 12 , 1853 , they stumbled upon the long , sloping mountain while hunting for provisions . Stunned by vibrant blue color of the lake , they named the indigo body of water `` Deep Blue Lake '' and the place on the southwest side of the rim where he first saw the lake later became known as Discovery Point . But gold was more on the minds of settlers at the time and the discovery was soon forgotten . The suggested name later fell out of favor by locals , who preferred the name Crater Lake . William Gladstone Steel devoted his life and fortune to the establishment and management of a national park at Crater Lake . His preoccupation with the lake began in 1870 . In his efforts to bring recognition to the park , he participated in lake surveys that provided scientific support . He named many of the lake 's landmarks , including Wizard Island , Llao Rock , and Skell Head . With the help of geologist Clarence Dutton , Steel organized a USGS expedition to study the lake in 1886 . The party carried the Cleetwood , a half - ton survey boat , up the steep slopes of the mountain then lowered it to the lake . From the stern of the Cleetwood , a piece of pipe on the end of a spool of piano wire sounded the depth of the lake at 168 different points . Their deepest sounding , 1,996 feet ( 608 m ) , was very close to the modern official depth of 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) made in 2000 by sonar . At the same time , a topographer surveyed the area and created the first professional map of the Crater Lake area . Crater Lake Lodge Partly based on data from the expedition and lobbying from Steel and others , Crater Lake National Park was established May 22 , 1902 by President Theodore Roosevelt . And because of Steel 's involvement , Crater Lake Lodge was opened in 1915 and the Rim Drive was completed in 1918 . Highways were later built to the park to help facilitate tourism . The 1929 edition of O Ranger ! described access and facilities available by then : Crater Lake National Park is reached by train on the Southern Pacific Railroad lines into Medford and Klamath Falls , at which stops motor stages make the short trip to the park . A hotel on the rim of the lake offers accommodations . For the motorist , the visit to the park is a short side trip from the Pacific and Dalles - California highways . He will find , in addition to the hotel , campsites , stores , filling stations . The park is open to travel from late June or July 1 for as long as snow does not block the roads , generally until October . The lake is described in the poetry of Joaquin Miller . Activities ( edit ) Daily Trips ( 1931 ) There are many hiking trails and several campgrounds inside the park . Unlicensed fishing is allowed without any limitation of size , species , or number . The lake is believed to have no indigenous fish , but several species of fish were introduced beginning in 1888 until all fish stocking ended in 1941 . Kokanee salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) now thrive and reproduce here naturally . Swimming is allowed in the lake , and the boat tours , which stop at Wizard Island , a cinder cone inside the lake , operate daily during the summer . All lake access for people is from Cleetwood Trail , a steep walking trail , and there are no roads for cars , trucks , or wagons that lead to the waterfront . All of the boats in the lake were delivered by helicopter . Numerous observation points along the caldera rim for the lake are readily accessible by automobile via the `` Rim Drive '' , which is 33 miles ( 53 km ) long and has an elevation gain of 3,800 feet ( 1,200 m ) . The highest point in Crater Lake National Park is Mount Scott at 8,929 feet ( 2,722 m ) . Getting there requires a fairly steep 2.5 - mile ( 4.0 km ) hike from the Rim Drive trailhead . On a clear day , visibility from the summit exceeds 100 miles ( 160 km ) , and one can , in a single view , take in the entire caldera . Also visible from this point are the white - peaked Cascade Range volcanoes to the north , the Columbia River Plateau to the east , and the Western Cascades and the more - distant Klamath Mountains to the west . The scenery of Crater Lake is fully accessible during the summer months . Heavy snowfalls in this park during the fall , winter , and spring months force many road and trail closures , including the popular `` Rim Drive '' , which is generally completely open from July to October and partially open in some other months , such as May , June , and November . Trails ( edit ) View up to Watchman Trail and peak Garfield Peak trail , view east towards Crater Lake Cleetwood Cove ( edit ) The Cleetwood Cove trail originates on the north side of the lake about 4.5 mi ( 7.2 km ) east of North Junction along East Rim Drive . The trail is the only one that accesses the shoreline of the lake , descending 656 feet ( 200 m ) from the Cleetwood Cove parking lot . First opened during the summer of 1960 , the trail is 1.1 mi ( 1.8 km ) long with an 11 % grade that rates it as a strenuous route on the return trip . Due to its steep grade , the trail is not accessible for mobility - impaired visitors . A dock with concessionaire boats facilitates tours around the lake with a stop at Wizard Island for dropping off and picking up passengers . Swimming and fishing are permitted . Snow may cover the trail from October to July with some variance depending on yearly snowfall conditions . The Watchman ( edit ) The Watchman Peak trail begins from the Watchman Overlook parking lot , about 3.8 mi ( 6.1 km ) northwest of Rim Village . The trail is 0.8 mi ( 1.3 km ) long with a 420 - foot ( 130 m ) elevation change . It is a steady uphill trail on an isolated mountain on the west rim of the crater , with several switchbacks , providing wide views of Crater Lake and Wizard Island . Several nearby landmarks are visible from the summit , including Mount McLoughlin , Mount Thielsen , Union Peak , Mount Scott and the Klamath Basin . The trail ends next to a historic fire lookout tower built in 1932 . Lightning spring ( edit ) The Lightning Spring trail starts from the Lightning Spring picnic area . It is a ⁄ - mile ( 1.2 km ) hike with an elevation gain of 250 feet ( 76 m ) . The trail circles around several meadows up to the Lightning Spring creek . The trail is known for the frequent sights of grazing deer . Castle Crest wildflower garden ( edit ) This is considered to be the easiest trail , looping around the Castle Crest Wildflower Garden . It starts from the East Rim Road , near the park 's headquarters . It received its name because of a large stretch of meadows around which the trail circles and which is bursting with wildflowers in the springtime . The trail is about ⁄ mile ( 800 m ) before it reaches the wildflower meadow garden , from which other improvised routes depart . Plaikni Falls ( edit ) The Plaikni Falls trail is the newest trail on the Crater Lake park . It stretches 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) from the trailhead located 1.2 miles ( 1.9 km ) south from the Phantom Ship Overlook on Pinnacles Road , which spins off Rim Drive . The trail leads to Plaikni Falls . Most of the trail is wheelchair - accessible . The final stretch is fairly uphill , which may prove moderately challenging . Garfield Peak ( edit ) Phantom Ship The Garfield Peak trail is a moderately challenging 1.7 - mile ( 2.7 km ) hike to Garfield Peak . The trailhead is located east of the Crater Lake Lodge and gains approximately 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of elevation . Several spots along the trail provide viewpoints overlooking the Phantom Ship island and Dutton Cliff . A few viewpoints offer unique views of Wizard island . The trail is popular in the late afternoon on account of unique shifting colors over the lake and its surroundings . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Oregon portal List of national parks of the United States High Cascades Complex Fires National Park Service Rustic about the architecture of the park structures National Register of Historic Places listings in Crater Lake National Park Protected areas of the United States Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crater Lake '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Charles R. ; James V. Gardner ; Larry A. Mayer ; Mark W. Buktenica ; Peter Darnell ; David W. Ramsey ; Joel E. Robinson ( June 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : MVAMWI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . Jump up ^ Manuel Nathenson ; Charles R. Bacon ; David W. Ramsey ( 2007 ) . `` Subaqueous geology and a filling model for Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Hydrobiologia. 574 : 13 -- 27 . doi : 10.1007 / s10750 - 006 - 0343 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taylor and Hannan , pp. 39 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Plan Your Visit '' . National Park Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Hannan , p. 24 Jump up ^ Taylor and Hannan , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Hannan , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Richard , Terry ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Llao Rock offers unsurpassed first - time viewing opportunity of Crater Lake '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bolsinger , Charles L. ; Waddell , Karen L. ( 1993 ) . `` Area of old - growth forests in California , Oregon , and Washington '' ( PDF ) . United States Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Research Station . Resource Bulletin PNW - RB - 197 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Park History '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Albright , Horace M. ; Taylor , Frank J. ( September 6 , 2004 ) ( 1928 ) . `` Glimpses of the National Parks and Monuments '' . Oh , Ranger ! . illustrated by Ruth Taylor White ( Centennial ed . ) . Riverside , Connecticut : The Chatham Press , Inc . Retrieved August 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rines , George Edwin , ed. ( 1920 ) . `` Crater Lake National Park '' . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ `` Crater Lake National Park : Fish '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Jeff ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` New tour boats give Crater Lake a lift '' . Corvallis Gazette Times . Corvallis , OR . Jump up ^ `` Cleetwood Cove Trail '' . Crater Lake Institute . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watchman Peak Trail '' . Crater Lake Institute . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watchman Trail , Crater Lake National Park '' . The American Southwest . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) Taylor , George H. ; Hannan , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Climate of Oregon : From Rain Forest to Desert . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87071 - 468 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Bacon , Charles R. ; James V. Gardner ; Larry A. Mayer ; Mark W. Buktenica ; Peter Darnell ; David W. Ramsey ; Joel E. Robinson ( June 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : MVAMWI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . Bacon , Charles R. ( 2008 ) . `` Geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera , Oregon '' ( online version of paper map with associated booklet and database ) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Harmon , Rick ( 2002 ) . Crater Lake National Park : A History . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87071 - 537 - 2 . Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes . Missoula : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 220 - X . Harris , Ann G. ; Esther Tuttle ; Sherwood D. Tuttle ( 1997 ) . Geology of National Parks ( Fifth ed . ) . Iowa : Kendall / Hunt Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 5353 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCrater Lake National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage `` Crater Lake National Park '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . `` Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Earth Observatory . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . `` Crater Lake National Park Trust '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . `` Crater Lake Digital Research Collection '' . Oregon Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Crater Lake Natural places Mount Mazama Phantom Ship Mount Scott Old Man of the Lake Union Peak Wizard Island Structures Comfort Stations No. 68 No. 72 Crater Lake Lodge Crater Lake Superintendent 's Residence Sinnott Memorial Observation Station Watchman Lookout Station People Clarence Dutton John Wesley Hillman Franklin B. Sprague William Gladstone Steel Designated areas Crater Lake National Park Historic Districts Munson Valley Rim Village Rim Drive Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Gateway Arch Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of Oregon Federal NPS National Parks Crater Lake National Historic Parks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Lewis and Clark NHP Nez Perce NHP National Monuments John Day Fossil Beds Newberry National Volcanic Monument ( USFS ) Oregon Caves USFS National Forests Deschutes Fremont -- Winema Malheur Mount Hood Ochoco Rogue River -- Siskiyou Siuslaw Umatilla Umpqua Wallowa -- Whitman Willamette National Grasslands Crooked River National Recreation Areas Hells Canyon Mount Hood Oregon Dunes Row River National Recreation Trail Scenic Areas Cape Perpetua Scenic Area Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area National Wildlife Refuge System Ankeny Bandon Marsh Baskett Slough Bear Valley Cape Meares Cold Springs Deer Flat Hart Mountain Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White - Tailed Deer Klamath Marsh Lewis and Clark Lower Klamath Malheur McKay Creek Nestucca Bay Oregon Islands Siletz Bay Three Arch Rocks Tualatin River Umatilla Upper Klamath Wapato Lake William L. Finley Wildernesses Badger Creek Black Canyon Boulder Creek Bridge Creek Bull of the Woods Clackamas Copper Salmon Cummins Creek Diamond Peak Drift Creek Eagle Cap Gearhart Mountain Grassy Knob Hells Canyon Kalmiopsis Lower White River Mark O. Hatfield Menagerie Middle Santiam Mill Creek Monument Rock Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Mount Thielsen Mount Washington Mountain Lakes North Fork John Day North Fork Umatilla Opal Creek Oregon Badlands Oregon Islands Red Buttes Roaring River Rock Creek Rogue -- Umpqua Divide Salmon -- Huckleberry Sky Lakes Soda Mountain Spring Basin Steens Mountain Strawberry Mountain Table Rock Three Arch Rocks Three Sisters Waldo Lake Wenaha -- Tucannon Wild Rogue National Conservation Lands Cascade -- Siskiyou National Monument Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of Oregon 's National Wild and Scenic Rivers Other Protected Areas Cascade Head Preserve Christmas Valley Sand Dunes Fossil Lake Area of Critical Environmental Concern Lost Forest Research Natural Area South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Upper and Lower Table Rock Wildwood Recreation Site State Parks List of Oregon 's State Parks Forests Clatsop Elliott Gilchrist Santiam Sun Pass Tillamook Wildlife Areas Bridge Creek Dean Creek Denman E.E. Wilson Elkhorn Fern Ridge Irrigon Jewell Meadows Klamath Ladd Marsh Lower Deschutes Phillip W. Schneider Prineville Riverside Sauvie Island Snake River Islands Summer Lake Wenaha White River Willow Creek Local Metro Blue Lake Cooper Mountain Glendoveer Graham Oaks Howell Oregon Zoo Oxbow Smith and Bybee Mount Talbert Portland Audubon Society of Portland Butterfly Park Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden Forest Park Hoyt Arboretum Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge Powell Butte Nature Park Tideman Johnson Natural Area Washington Park Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District Tualatin Hills Nature Park Heritage registers National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks World Network of Biosphere Reserves GND : 4563969 - 3 LCCN : sh91004651 NARA : 10046230 SUDOC : 167776819 VIAF : 244285631 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crater_Lake_National_Park&oldid=849970058 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Crater Lake National Park National parks in Oregon Civilian Conservation Corps in Oregon Crater Lake Parks in Klamath County , Oregon Parks in Douglas County , Oregon Parks in Jackson County , Oregon Protected areas established in 1902 1902 establishments in Oregon Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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when did crater lake become a national park
[ "Crater Lake National Park is an American national park located in southern Oregon. Established in 1902, Crater Lake is the fifth-oldest national park in the United States and the only national park in Oregon.[3] The park encompasses the caldera of Crater Lake, a remnant of a destroyed volcano, Mount Mazama, and the surrounding hills and forests.\n" ]
[ "1902" ]
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List of La Liga hat-tricks
List of La Liga hat - tricks - wikipedia List of La Liga hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search Cristiano Ronaldo is the player with most La Liga hat - tricks in history . Below is the list of players that have scored a hat - trick in a La Liga match since the league 's creation , in 1929 . Since its creation , more than 100 players have scored at least a hat - trick . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 32 La Liga hat - tricks , making him the player with the most hat - tricks in La Liga history . He is followed by Lionel Messi , with 28 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hat - tricks 2 Multiple hat - tricks 3 References 4 External links Hat - tricks ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Key Player scored four goals Player scored five goals Player scored six goals Player scored seven goals Player scored hat - trick as a substitute The home team Note : The results column shows the home team score first Lionel Messi scored his first La Liga hat - trick on 10 March 2007 . Bata scored 7 goals in a match in 1931 with Athletic Bilbao . László Kubala scored 7 goals in a match in 1952 with Barcelona . Telmo Zarra scored 22 hat - tricks with Athletic Bilbao . Alfredo di Stéfano scored 22 hat - tricks with Real Madrid . Luis Suárez became the first player to score four times in two consecutive games in the history of La Liga . By scoring four goals against Rayo Vallecano on 11 April 2015 , Santi Mina become the youngest player ever to do so in La Liga and the first from Celta since 1979 . Player Nationality For Against Result Date Ref Lazcano , Jaime Jaime Lazcano Spain Real Madrid Europa 5 -- 0 000000001929 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 1929 Cros , Manuel Manuel Cros Spain Europa Arenas Getxo 5 -- 2 000000001929 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1929 Carmelo , Carmelo Spain Athletic Bilbao Espanyol 9 -- 0 000000001929 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1929 Lafuente Spain Athletic Bilbao Espanyol 9 -- 0 000000001929 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1929 Lafuente Spain Athletic Bilbao Racing Santander 0 -- 4 000000001929 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 1929 Sastre , Josep Josep Sastre Spain Barcelona Europa 5 -- 2 000000001929 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 1929 Arocha , Ángel Ángel Arocha Spain Barcelona Racing Santander 5 -- 1 000000001929 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1929 Bestit , Carles Carles Bestit Spain Europa Real Madrid 5 -- 2 000000001929 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1929 Gallart , Ricardo Ricardo Gallart Spain Espanyol Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 1 000000001929 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 1929 Urtizberea , Santiago Santiago Urtizberea Spain Real Unión Arenas Getxo 7 -- 1 000000001929 - 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02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 1930 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Sociedad 1 -- 7 000000001930 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1930 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Sociedad 1 -- 7 000000001930 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1930 Rubio , Gaspar Gaspar Rubio Spain Real Madrid Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 000000001930 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1930 Alfaro , Manuel Manuel Alfaro Spain Real Unión Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 000000001930 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1930 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Espanyol 6 -- 0 000000001930 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1930 Regueiro , Luis Luis Regueiro Spain Real Unión Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 000000001930 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1930 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao Arenas Getxo 5 -- 2 000000001930 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1930 Rivero , Javier Javier Rivero Spain Arenas Getxo Real Madrid 5 -- 1 000000001930 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 1930 Bestit II Spain Europa Real Unión 3 -- 4 000000001930 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 1930 Lazcano , Jaime Jaime Lazcano Spain Real Madrid Barcelona 5 -- 1 000000001930 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 1930 Diego , Fernando Fernando Diego Spain Barcelona Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 3 000000001930 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 1930 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Alavés Arenas Getxo 3 -- 2 000000001930 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1930 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Alavés Espanyol 4 -- 1 000000001930 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1930 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Alavés 7 -- 1 000000001930 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1930 Edelmiro , Edelmiro Spain Espanyol Arenas Getxo 5 -- 0 000000001930 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1930 Urtizberea , Santiago Santiago Urtizberea Spain Real Unión Espanyol 6 -- 1 000000001931 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 1931 Arocha , Ángel Ángel Arocha Spain Barcelona Espanyol 6 -- 2 000000001931 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1931 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Barcelona 12 -- 1 000000001931 - 02 - 08 - 0000 8 February 1931 Telete , Telete Spain Racing Santander Espanyol 4 -- 0 000000001931 - 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03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1932 Samitier , Josep Josep Samitier Spain Barcelona Alavés 1 -- 3 000000001932 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1932 Ángel , Ángel Spain Arenas Getxo Valencia 4 -- 1 000000001932 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 1932 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Betis 9 -- 1 000000001932 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1932 Urretavizcaya , Cándido Cándido Urretavizcaya Spain Alavés Racing Santander 8 -- 2 000000001932 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1932 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Real Madrid Real Sociedad 6 -- 2 000000001932 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1932 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Real Madrid Real Betis 4 -- 1 000000001932 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1932 Redó , Ubaldo Ubaldo Redó Spain Espanyol Alavés 3 -- 1 000000001933 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1933 Óscar , Óscar Spain Racing Santander Real Sociedad 7 -- 1 000000001933 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1933 Costa , Joan Joan Costa Spain Valencia Alavés 5 -- 2 000000001933 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 1933 Telete , Telete Spain Racing Santander Alavés 9 -- 0 000000001933 - 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03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 1936 Kellemen , Vilmos Vilmos Kellemen Hungary Real Madrid Racing Santander 4 -- 3 000000001936 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1936 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo Espanyol 1 -- 5 000000001936 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 1936 Enrique Fernández , Enrique Fernández Uruguay Barcelona Osasuna 5 -- 0 000000001936 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 1936 Regueiro , Luis Luis Regueiro Spain Real Madrid Osasuna 1 -- 4 000000001936 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 1936 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo Valencia 4 -- 3 000000001936 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1936 Enrique , Enrique Spain Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 3 000000001939 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 1939 Campanal I , Campanal I Spain Sevilla Racing Santander 8 -- 2 000000001939 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1939 Vilanova , José José Vilanova Spain Hércules Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 000000001939 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1939 Gárate , Francisco Francisco Gárate Spain Athletic Bilbao Barcelona 7 -- 5 000000001940 - 01 - 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11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2013 Jonas , Jonas Brazil Valencia Osasuna 3 -- 0 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 Javi Guerra , Javi Guerra Spain Valladolid Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 000000002013 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2013 Pedro , Pedro Spain Barcelona Getafe 2 -- 5 000000002013 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2013 Alexis Sánchez , Alexis Sánchez Chile Barcelona Elche 4 -- 0 000000002014 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2014 Uche , Ikechukwu Ikechukwu Uche Nigeria Villarreal Rayo Vallecano 2 -- 5 000000002014 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2014 Aduriz , Aritz Aritz Aduriz Spain Athletic Bilbao Granada 4 -- 0 000000002014 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Osasuna 7 -- 0 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 4 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Elche 5 -- 1 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 Neymar , Neymar Brazil Barcelona Granada 6 -- 0 000000002014 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Sevilla 5 -- 1 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 Vela , Carlos Carlos Vela Mexico Real Sociedad Elche 3 -- 0 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Espanyol 5 -- 1 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 Griezmann , Antoine Antoine Griezmann France Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 4 000000002014 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 Barral , David David Barral Spain Levante Málaga 4 -- 1 000000002015 - 02 - 07 - 0000 7 February 2015 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Levante 5 -- 0 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 Bueno , Alberto Alberto Bueno Spain Rayo Vallecano Levante 4 -- 2 000000002015 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 2015 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 Barral , David David Barral Spain Levante Almería 1 -- 4 000000002015 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Granada 9 -- 1 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 Santi Mina , Santi Mina Spain Celta Vigo Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2015 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Córdoba 0 -- 8 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Sevilla 2 -- 3 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Espanyol 1 -- 4 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Getafe 7 -- 3 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Espanyol 0 -- 6 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 Agirretxe , Imanol Imanol Agirretxe Spain Real Sociedad Granada 0 -- 3 000000002015 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 2015 Charles , Charles Brazil Málaga Real Sociedad 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2015 Neymar , Neymar Brazil Barcelona Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 2 000000002015 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2015 Gameiro , Kévin Kévin Gameiro France Sevilla Getafe 5 -- 0 000000002015 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 2015 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Eibar 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2015 Aduriz , Aritz Aritz Aduriz Spain Athletic Bilbao Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 3 000000002015 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2015 Sanabria , Antonio Antonio Sanabria Paraguay Sporting Gijón Las Palmas 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 2015 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Wales Real Madrid Rayo Vallecano 10 -- 2 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Real Madrid Rayo Vallecano 10 -- 2 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Granada 4 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Wales ( ( Real Madrid c.f. < S99df7 ) ) Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 2016 Sanabria , Antonio Antonio Sanabria Paraguay Sporting Gijón Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 000000002016 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Espanyol 6 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 000000002016 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2016 Aduriz , Aritz Aritz Aduriz Spain Athletic Bilbao Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 1 000000002016 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2016 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 1 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 8 000000002016 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2016 Alcácer , Paco Paco Alcácer Spain Valencia Eibar 4 -- 0 000000002016 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2016 El - Arabi , Youssef Youssef El - Arabi Morocco Granada Levante 5 -- 1 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Sporting Gijón 6 -- 0 000000002016 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Granada 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Real Betis 6 -- 2 000000002016 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 August 2016 Carrasco , Yannick Yannick Carrasco Belgium Atlético Madrid Granada 7 -- 1 000000002016 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Alavés 1 -- 4 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 Iborra , Vicente Vicente Iborra † Spain Sevilla Celta Vigo 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 2016 Ben Yedder , Wissam Wissam Ben Yedder France Sevilla Real Sociedad 0 -- 4 000000002017 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 2017 Gameiro , Kévin Kévin Gameiro † France Atlético Madrid Sparting Gijón 1 -- 4 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2017 Rossi , Giuseppe Giuseppe Rossi Italy Celta Vigo Las Palmas 3 -- 1 000000002017 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2017 Morata , Álvaro Álvaro Morata Spain Real Madrid Leganés 2 -- 4 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2017 Neymar , Neymar Brazil Barcelona Las Palmas 1 -- 4 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2017 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Espanyol 5 -- 0 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 Zaza , Simone Simone Zaza Italy Valencia Málaga 5 -- 0 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Eibar 6 -- 1 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 Bakambu , Cédric Cédric Bakambu DR Congo Villarreal Eibar 3 -- 0 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2017 Iago Aspas , Iago Aspas Spain Celta Vigo Las Palmas 2 -- 5 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 2017 Ibai , Ibai Spain Alavés Girona 2 -- 3 000000002017 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2017 Multiple hat - tricks ( edit ) Players with at least 10 hat - tricks are shown in this table . Rank Player Hat - tricks Last hat - trick Cristiano Ronaldo 32 19 November 2016 Lionel Messi 28 19 September 2017 Telmo Zarra 22 15 March 1953 Alfredo di Stéfano 22 15 March 1964 5 Mundo 19 10 October 1948 6 César Rodríguez 15 19 October 1952 7 Isidro Lángara 13 15 December 1946 8 Ferenc Puskás 12 15 December 1963 9 László Kubala 11 19 March 1961 Pahiño 11 11 September 1955 Manuel Badenes 11 29 March 1958 12 Quini 10 7 October 1981 Source : BDFútbol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CE Europa 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CE Europa vs. Arenas 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. RCD Espanyol 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. RCD Espanyol 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Athletic Club 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CE Europa 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Racing Santander 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CE Europa vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Athletic Club 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Arenas 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. CE Europa 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. CE Europa 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Racing Santander 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Unión 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Real Unión 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Real Unión 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Arenas 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. CE Europa 3 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. Arenas 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Deportivo Alavés 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Arenas 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 12 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Racing Santander 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. CE Europa 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Unión 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Deportivo Alavés 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Athletic Bilbao 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Unión 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Valencia CF 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Deportivo Alavés 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Arenas 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Arenas 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. FC Barcelona 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Valencia CF 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Real Unión 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. FC Barcelona 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Betis 9 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. Racing Santander 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Betis 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Deportivo Alavés 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Sociedad 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo Alavés 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Deportivo Alavés 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 9 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 9 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 9 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Valencia CF 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Madrid 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Valencia CF 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Arenas Getxo 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Valencia CF 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. FC Barcelona 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Betis 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Racing Santander 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Arenas Getxo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Racing Santander 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Arenas 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Arenas 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Oviedo 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Valencia CF 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas Getxo vs. RCD Espanyol 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. FC Barcelona 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Arenas Getxo 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Sociedad 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Oviedo 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. RCD Espanyol 8 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Arenas Getxo 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Real Sociedad 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Atlético Madrid 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Arenas Getxo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Betis 0 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Sevilla FC 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. CA Osasuna 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Betis 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Valencia CF 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Real Betis 2 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Oviedo 2 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Hércules CF 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CA Osasuna 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Betis 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA Osasuna vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Madrid 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Oviedo 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CA Osasuna 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA Osasuna vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla CF vs. Racing Santander 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hércules CF vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 7 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 7 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Betis 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Hércules CF 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Valencia CF 2 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Club 3 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Betis 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla CF vs. Valencia CF 10 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla CF vs. Valencia CF 10 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Atlético Madrid 0 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CD Castellón 9 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. Hércules CF 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Celta Vigo 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Valencia CF 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Celta Vigo 10 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Sevilla FC 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Aviación 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. CD Castellón 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Celta Vigo 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CD Castellón 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Oviedo 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Aviación 4 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Celta Vigo 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. FC Barcelona 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. CD Alcoyano 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. CE Sabadell 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 10 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 10 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 10 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Real Murcia 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. CD Alcoyano 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. UE Lleida 10 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UE Lleida vs. Atlético Madrid 3 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Madrid 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Alcoyano vs. UE Lleida 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Murcia 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Zaragoza 10 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sporting Gijón 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. UD Las Palmas 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Racing Santander 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. UD Las Palmas 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Deportivo La Coruña 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. CD Málaga 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Valladolid 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Racing Santander 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Sevilla FC 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Deportivo Alavés 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Hércules CF 6 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Madrid 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Madrid 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Madrid 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 8 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. UD Las Palmas 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Elche CF 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. Real Betis 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Elche CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. RCD Mallorca 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Elche CF 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Elche CF 2 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Granada CF 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Elche CF -- '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Granada CF 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Real Valladolid 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Betis 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Betis 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Real Oviedo 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. RCD Mallorca 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Córdoba CF 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Valencia CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Murcia 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. Elche CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pontevedra CF vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. RCD Mallorca 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Mallorca vs. Granada CF 4 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Elche CF 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. UD Las Palmas 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CE Sabadell vs. Pontevedra CF 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. UD Las Palmas 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elche CF vs. Sporting Gijón 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elche CF vs. Atlético Madrid 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijón vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. CE Sabadell 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. CE Sabadell 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. UD Las Palmas 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. Sporting Gijón 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Granada CF 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Betis 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Córdoba CF 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. CD Castellón 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burgos CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. Real Oviedo 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Oviedo 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijón vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Sporting Gijón 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. CD Málaga 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijón vs. FC Barcelona 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Sevilla FC 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Granada CF 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Hércules CF 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Rayo Vallecano 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Betis 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Hércules CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Rayo Vallecano 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Hércules CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. RCD Espanyol 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sporting Gijón 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Burgos CF 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. FC Barcelona 1 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. RCD Espanyol 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Sevilla FC 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. Valencia CF 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. UD Las Palmas 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Murcia vs. CD Málaga 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Elche CF 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cádiz CF vs. Racing Santander 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Real Madrid 2 - 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Sporting Gijón 4 - 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Sporting Gijón 7 - 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Cádiz CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Betis 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Madrid 1 - 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Logroñés vs. Real Madrid 1 - 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CD Castellón 7 - 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cádiz CF vs. Sevilla FC 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. Sevilla FC 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CD Castellón 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CA Osasuna 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. FC Barcelona 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. Athletic Club 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. FC Barcelona 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo La Coruña 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Logroñés vs. Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CA Osasuna 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Albacete 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Madrid 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. CD Logroñés 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Albacete Balompié 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Valencia CF 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. CD Tenerife 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. CD Tenerife 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. CD Tenerife 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Albacete 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Real Valladolid 3 -- 8 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Real Valladolid 3 -- 8 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. CD Logroñés 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. FC Barcelona 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Sporting Gijón 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Zaragoza 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Atlético Madrid 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. Real Betis 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 2 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Madrid 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Atlético Madrid 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. CD Tenerife 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Salamanca vs. Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Salamanca vs. Atlético Madrid 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Salamanca vs. Atlético Madrid 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. SD Compostela 2 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo Alavés 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. UD Salamanca 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Deportivo Alavés 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 2 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. Real Sociedad 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. UD Las Palmas 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Numancia vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. FC Barcelona 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Athletic Club 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Real Sociedad 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Villarreal CF 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal CF vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Villarreal CF 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga CF vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Valladolid 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Real Sociedad 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. UD Las Palmas 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Málaga CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. Celta Vigo 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA Osasuna vs. Deportivo La Coruña 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. RCD Mallorca 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recreativo Huelva vs. Málaga CF 2 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. Racing Santander 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Deportivo Alavés 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. RCD Mallorca 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Mallorca vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Betis 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Deportivo Alavés 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Recreativo Huelva 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 7 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 13 September 2003 . Retrieved 13 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca vs. Valencia 0 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 2 November 2003 . Retrieved 2 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga vs. Barcelona 5 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 3 December 2003 . Retrieved 3 December 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celta de Vigo vs. Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 3 January 2004 . Retrieved 3 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Murcia 3 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 25 January 2004 . Retrieved 25 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga vs. Valencia 1 -- 6 '' . Soccerway. 31 January 2004 . Retrieved 31 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Real Murcia vs. Sevilla 1 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 14 February 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Mista magic dazzles Mallorca '' . UEFA.com. 21 March 2004 . Retrieved 21 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla vs. Racing Stantader 5 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 18 April 2004 . Retrieved 18 April 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Sevilla 4 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 25 April 2004 . Retrieved 25 April 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Madrid 3 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 23 May 2004 . Retrieved 23 May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe vs. Athletic Club 3 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 3 October 2005 . Retrieved 3 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal vs. Valencia 3 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 23 January 2005 . Retrieved 23 January 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Betis 4 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 12 February 2005 . Retrieved 12 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Mallorca 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 3 April 2005 . Retrieved 3 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Racing Santander 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 24 April 2005 . Retrieved 24 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Villarreal 3 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 22 May 2005 . Retrieved 22 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. Getafe 3 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 18 September 2005 . Retrieved 18 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Sevila 4 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 15 January 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Real Betis 4 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 5 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Espanyol vs. Sevila 5 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Valencia 0 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 23 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Levante vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 10 September 2006 . Retrieved 10 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Osasuna vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 12 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` There 's Something about Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer : Real Madrid rallies against Espanyol and rises to top of Spanish League '' . The New York Times . 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Osasuna vs. Villarreal 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Athletic Club 4 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Levante vs. Osasuna 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 20 May 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Levante 1 -- 4 Barcelona '' . ESPN Soccernet. 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Stefano Cantalupi ( 5 November 2007 ) . `` Il Barça riprende a correre Riganò , splendida tripletta '' ( in Italian ) . Gazzetta.it . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. Recreativo Huelva 3 -- 1 '' . 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Pete ( 25 February 2008 ) . `` Eto'o hat - trick keeps Barcelona in hot pursuit '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barça lose ground with Villarreal loss '' . UEFA.com. 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña 3 -- 1 Murcia '' . ESPN Soccernet. 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid motor further clear at Racing '' . UEFA.com. 20 April 2008 . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Levante vs. Valencia 1 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real Murcia vs. Barcelona 3 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC 4 -- 3 Sporting Gijon '' . ESPN Soccernet. 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 -- 1 Sporting Gijon '' . Real Madrid . 24 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Almería 5 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 25 October 2008 . Retrieved 25 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia 2 -- 4 Racing Santander '' . ESPN Soccernet. 1 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Higuain , Eto'o both notch four goals '' . Sportsnet.ca. 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Valencia 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe 5 -- 1 Sporting Gijon '' . ESPN Soccernet. 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla vs. Real Valladolid '' . Soccerway. 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla vs. Real Madrid 2 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 23 May 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Espanyol 3 -- 0 Málaga '' . ESPN Soccernet. 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander 1 - 4 Getafe '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Real Zaragoza 6 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe 5 - 1 Xerez '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tenerife 0 - 5 Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 - 0 Valencia '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Valladolid 1 - 4 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Barcelona 2 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 21 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca 1 - 4 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Racing Santander '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Almería 0 -- 8 Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 5 -- 1 Athletic Bilbao '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 2 Villarreal '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 4 -- 1 Levante '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 -- 0 Atlético Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 -- 0 Málaga '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe 2 -- 4 Valencia '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Osasuna 2 -- 3 Atlético Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia 3 -- 6 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 6 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 7 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 0 Getafe '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 8 -- 1 Almería '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca 3 -- 4 Atlético Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soldado hat - trick earns Valencia the points '' . UEFA.com. 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Luke Matthews ( 28 August 2011 ) . `` Zaragoza 0 - 6 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo fires hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's side record thumping win '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 8 -- 0 Osasuna -- Messi nets three as Barca bounce back '' . ESPN FC. 17 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Rayo Vallecano '' . Soccerway. 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Aladdin Tobal0 ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 5 - 0 Atletico Madrid : Marvellous Messi fires hat - trick as Pep Guardiola 's side produce thrilling victory '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Espanyol vs. Real Madrid 0 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Stefan Coerts ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Gonzalo Higuain delighted with hat - trick against Real Betis '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` Malaga 0 - 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo hits first - half hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's side brush aside hosts '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jordi Clos ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` FC Barcelona - Reial Mallorca ( 5 - 0 ) : Insatiable Barça '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Luke Matthews ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` Real Madrid 7 - 1 Osasuna : Ronaldo fires hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's men destroy visitors and extend lead at La Liga summit '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 17 December 2011 ) . `` Sevilla 2 - 6 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's men move three points clear of Barcelona '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 21 January 2012 ) . `` Real Sociedad 0 - 4 Atletico Madrid : Falcao hat - trick and Adrian strike ensure Diego Simeone 's impressive start continues '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Malaga 1 - 4 Barcelona : Messi scores exquisite hat - trick and Alexis adds another as champions close gap on league leaders Real Madrid '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Llorente hits hat - trick in Athletic win '' . ESPN FC. 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 12 February 2012 ) . `` Real Madrid 4 - 2 Levante : Ronaldo nets superb hat - trick to send Jose Mourinho 's side 10 points clear at summit of La Liga '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Bogunyà ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` FC Barcelona - Valencia : Brilliant Messi leads fight back ( 5 - 1 ) '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uche y Coutinho ponen la magia en Cornellá '' ( Uche and Coutinho bring the magic to Cornellá ) ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Soldado treble sinks Athletic ; ESPN Soccernet , 18 March 2012 Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 5 - 3 Granada : History - making Messi breaks club goalscoring record as gap at top of La Liga is reduced to five points '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sid Lowe ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick gives Real Madrid victory at Atlético '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Vasil Kotsev ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 4 - 1 Malaga : Imperious Messi nets hat - trick to reach 68 goals for the season and surpass Gerd Muller 's European record '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordi Clos ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` FC Barcelona - Espanyol : Fantastic send off ( 4 - 0 ) '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falcao stars in Atletico romp '' . ESPN FC. 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits hat - trick in rout '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona edge nine - goal thriller '' . ESPN FC. 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Five - star show from Falcao '' . ESPN . 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Casillas benched again but Madrid win '' . ESPN FC. 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits hat - trick in rout '' . ESPN FC. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irrepressible Messi routs Osasuna '' . ESPN FC. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real close gap to Atletico '' . ESPN FC. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Negredo notches three in thumping win '' . ESPN FC. 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fabregas fires Barca to victory '' . ESPN FC. 6 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Negredo buries Valencia UCL hopes '' . ESPN FC. 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick in Barcelona win '' . ESPN . 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga CF vs. Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 4 Barcelona : Pedro hat - trick seals Blaugrana win '' . Goal.com. 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scored his 22nd hat - trick for Real Madrid against Sevilla but still Lionel Messi and Pele lead the way with trebles '' . Sport.net. 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Youssef El - Arabi inspires Granada to win over Malaga '' . Sports Mole. 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Hat Trick Against Real Sociedad ( GIF ) '' . Complex. 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Abnos , Alexander ( 23 November 2013 ) . `` Mexico 's Carlos Vela nets four goals in Real Sociedad comeback victory Planet Futbol '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Espanyol golea al Rayo con un triplete de Sergio García '' ( Espanyol thrash Rayo with a hat - trick from Sergio García ) ( in Spanish ) . La Vanguardia. 24 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Gareth Bale nets hat - trick against Real Valladolid '' . The Observer . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas treble sinks Osasuna '' . ESPN . 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valladolid tops Celta Vigo behind Guerra 's hat trick '' . Fox News . 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Líder sin defensa '' ( Leader with no defense ) ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barca 4 - 0 Elche : Sanchez hat trick '' . Goal.com. 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ 7 January 2014 Time : 07 : 35 am ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Ikechukwu Uche scores hattrick for Villarreal '' . Kick Off . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ SOCCER ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Aduriz hat trick leads fourth - place Bilbao by Granada '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Becomes Barcelona 's All - Time Top Goalscorer '' . Huffington Post . 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ AP 6 : 55 p.m. EDT March 23 , 2014 ( 23 March 2014 ) . `` Messi 's hat trick gives Barcelona win at Madrid '' . USA Today . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña 2 - 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 5 Elche 1 : Cristiano Ronaldo scores four and Gareth Bale hits one in rout '' . The Telegraph . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 6 - 0 Granada '' . BBC . 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bags another hat - trick v Bilbao : All the incredible stats '' . 101 Great Goals. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi makes history with hat trick for Barcelona vs. Sevilla '' . ESPN FC. 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad 3 - 0 Elche '' . BBC Sport. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 6 December 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 - 0 Celta Vigo : Hat - trick hero Cristiano Ronaldo nets 200th La Liga goal to extend record winning run to 18 games '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Patterson ( 7 December 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Scores Hat - Trick in Catalan Derby for Barcelona vs. Espanyol '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ath Bilbao 1 - 4 Atl Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi hits hat trick to close the scoring gap on Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN FC. 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Barral devuelve la alegría al Levante ( Barral makes Levante smile again ) ; Marca , 7 February 2015 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Dermot Ledwith ( 15 February 2015 ) . `` Magical Lionel Messi shines in Barcelona 's five - star show vs. Levante '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Rayo tiene un halcón del área '' ( Rayo has a hawk of the box ) ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 8 March 2015 ) . `` Barcelona 6 - 1 Rayo Vallecano : Lionel Messi 12 - minute hat - trick ( his fastest ever ) and Luis Suarez double fuel win to move Barca top of La Liga ... as both teams have a man sent off in hectic game '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Joe Fish ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` Result : David Barral hat - trick earns Levante crucial win at Almeria '' . Sports Mole . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ El Celta halla una Mina ( Celta finds a Mine ( `` Mina '' in English ) ) ; Marca , 11 April 2015 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Córdoba 0 - 8 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores hat trick but Real Madrid come up short for title '' . ESPN FC. 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pete Jonson ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` Real Madrid 7 - 3 Getafe : Cristiano Ronaldo bags hat - trick to reach 61 goals for the campaign as Real see out poor season in style ... and Portuguese star gives his backing to Carlo Ancelotti '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes feels the pressure lifted as Imanol Agirretxe hat - trick seals Real Sociedad 's first win of the season '' . Daily Mail . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Málaga se libera con los tres goles de Charles '' ( Málaga finds liberation with the three goals from Charles ) ( in Spanish ) . Diario AS . 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 4 - 0 Real Sociedad '' . BBC . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Result : Kevin Gameiro hat - trick sinks Getafe as Sevilla record comfortable win '' . Sports Mole. 24 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` Barcelona 3 - 1 Eibar : Luis Suarez hat - trick secures win as La Liga champions come from behind at the Nou Camp with Javier Mascherano sent off late in the victory '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan McIntosh ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Result : Aritz Aduriz hat - trick gives Athletic Bilbao victory over Rayo Vallecano '' . Sports Mole . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanabria hat - trick makes history '' . Football Espana. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 10 -- 2 Rayo Vallecano '' . BBC . 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Granada 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 9 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid and Gareth Bale give Zinedine Zidane the perfect start '' . The Guardian . 9 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Joe Wright ( 17 January 2016 ) . `` Barcelona 6 - 0 Athletic Bilbao : Suarez scores three in Camp Nou rout '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijon thrash Real Sociedad thanks to Antonio Sanabria hat trick '' . ESPN FC. 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat trick helps Real Madrid hammer Espanyol '' . ESPN FC. 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed Malyon ( 14 February 2016 ) . `` Barcelona 6 - 1 Celta Vigo : Luis Suarez scores hat - trick as Catalans run riot - 5 things we learned '' . Mirror . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aritz Aduriz hits 30 - goal mark with hat - trick against Deportivo '' . ESPN FC. 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 9 January 2016 ) . `` Rayo Vallecano 1 - 5 Barcelona : Lionel Messi hat - trick sees off nine - man hosts and stretch lead at top of La Liga to eight points '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña 0 - 8 Barcelona '' . BBC . 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alcácer pone fin con tres goles a tres meses de sequía de cara a puerta '' ( Alcácer ends a three - month goal drought with three goals ) ( in Spanish ) . Eurosport. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga : Granada thrash Levante to move out of drop zone , as Getafe win too '' . Sky Sport. 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez scored his second consecutive four - goal haul as Barcelona returned to the top of La Liga with victory over Sporting Gijon '' . BBC . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona pipped bitter rivals Real Madrid to the La Liga title thanks to a Luis Suarez hat - trick at Granada '' . BBC . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez scored a hat - trick on the opening day of La Liga as champions Barcelona thrashed Real Betis '' . BBC . 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yannick Carrasco scored a hat - trick as Atletico Madrid came from behind to overwhelm bottom club Granada and reclaim top spot in La Liga '' . BBC . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo should be named the world 's best player ahead of Lionel Messi despite his faltering form for Real Madrid , says Zinedine Zidane '' . BBC . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's 39th career hat - trick gave Real Madrid a derby win over city rivals Atletico which increased their lead at the top of La Liga '' . BBC . 19 November 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vicente Iborra comes off the bench to score hat - trick and claim history as Sevilla beat Celta Vigo '' . Mirror. 11 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wissam Ben Yedder hat trick lifts Sevilla into second place '' . ESPN FC. 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gameiro 's five - minute hat trick sees Atletico past Sporting Gijon '' . ESPN FC. 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rossi 's hat trick gives Celta 3 - 1 win over Las Palmas '' . The Brandon Sun . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Leganés vs Real Madrid '' . LaLiga . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs FC Barcelona '' . LaLiga . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs RCD Espanyol '' . LaLiga. 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs Málaga CF '' . LaLiga. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs SD Eibar '' . LaLiga. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal CF vs SD Eibar '' . LaLiga. 1 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs RC Celta '' . LaLiga. 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Girona FC vs D. Alavés '' . LaLiga. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( in English ) Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional ( in Spanish ) Royal Spanish Football Federation La Liga 2017 -- 18 clubs Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Betis Celta Vigo Deportivo La Coruña Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Former clubs Albacete Alcoyano AD Almería UD Almería Arenas Getxo Atlético Tetuán Burgos Cádiz Castellón Compostela Condal Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Elche Europa Extremadura Gimnàstic Granada Hércules Jaén Lleida CD Logroñés CD Málaga Mallorca CP Mérida Rayo Vallecano Murcia Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Pontevedra Racing Santander Real Burgos Real Unión Recreativo Huelva Sabadell Salamanca Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Xerez Zaragoza Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Relegation play - offs Players foreign Managers Winners Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table LFP Awards Top Scorer ( LFP ) Top Scorer ( Pichichi ) Spanish Top Scorer ( Zarra ) Best Goalkeeper ( Zamora ) Best Manager ( Miguel Muñoz ) Best referee ( Guruceta ) Don Balón Award Player of the Month Manager of the Month Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Associated competitions Supercopa de España Copa del Rey UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League laliga.es facebook.com/LaLiga twitter.com/LaLiga youtube.com/laliga Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_La_Liga_hat-tricks&oldid=815944531 '' Categories : La Liga Association football - related lists Lists of association football team hat - tricks Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Incomplete lists from August 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 06 : 27 . 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who has the most hat tricks in la liga history
[ "\nBelow is the list of players that have scored a hat-trick in a La Liga match since the league's creation, in 1929. Since its creation, more than 100 players have scored at least a hat-trick. Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 32 La Liga hat-tricks, making him the player with the most hat-tricks in La Liga history. He is followed by Lionel Messi, with 28.\n" ]
[ "Cristiano Ronaldo" ]
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Filtration
Filtration - wikipedia Filtration Jump to : navigation , search This article is about operation of solid - fluid separation . For the mathematical concept , see filtration ( mathematics ) . For the equipment used , see Filter ( disambiguation ) . For filtration used in winemaking , see Filtration ( wine ) . Diagram of simple filtration : oversize particles in the feed can not pass through the lattice structure of the filter , while fluid and small particles pass through , becoming filtrate . Filtration is any of various mechanical , physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids ( liquids or gases ) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass . The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate . In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and removed . However , the separation is not complete ; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles ( depending on the pore size , filter thickness and biological activity ) . Filtration occurs both in nature and in engineered systems ; there are biological , geological , and industrial forms . For example , in animals ( including humans ) , renal filtration removes wastes from the blood , and in water treatment and sewage treatment , undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in the filter medium , as in slow sand filtration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Methods 3 Filter media 3.1 Achieving flow through the filter 3.2 Filter aid 4 Alternatives 5 Examples 6 See also 7 References Applications ( edit ) Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension , where the fluid can be a liquid , a gas or a supercritical fluid . Depending on the application , either one or both of the components may be isolated . Filtration , as a physical operation is very important in chemistry for the separation of materials of different chemical composition . A solvent is chosen which dissolves one component , while not dissolving the other . By dissolving the mixture in the chosen solvent , one component will go into the solution and pass through the filter , while the other will be retained . This is one of the most important techniques used by chemists to purify compounds . Filtration is also important and widely used as one of the unit operations of chemical engineering . It may be simultaneously combined with other unit operations to process the feed stream , as in the biofilter , which is a combined filter and biological digestion device . Filtration differs from sieving , where separation occurs at a single perforated layer ( a sieve ) . In sieving , particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained ( see particle size distribution ) . In filtration , a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow the tortuous channels of the filter . Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter and may also block the filter lattice , preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter ( blinding ) . Commercially , the term filter is applied to membranes where the separation lattice is so thin that the surface becomes the main zone of particle separation , even though these products might be described as sieves . Filtration differs from adsorption , where it is not the physical size of particles that causes separation but the effects of surface charge . Some adsorption devices containing activated charcoal and ion exchange resin are commercially called filters , although filtration is not their principal function . Filtration differs from removal of magnetic contaminants from fluids with magnets ( typically lubrication oil , coolants and fuel oils ) , because there is no filter medium . Commercial devices called ' magnetic filters ' are sold , but the name reflects their use , not their mode of operation . Methods ( edit ) There are many different methods of filtration ; all aim to attain the separation of substances . Separation is achieved by some form of interaction between the substance or objects to be removed and the filter . The substance that is to pass through the filter must be a fluid , i.e. a liquid or gas . Methods of filtration vary depending on the location of the targeted material , i.e. whether it is dissolved in the fluid phase or suspended as a solid . Hot Filtration , solution contained in the Erlenmeyer flask is heated on a hot plate in order to prevent re-crystallization of solids in the flask itself There are several filtration techniques depending on the desired outcome namely , hot , cold and vacuum filtration . Some of the major purposes of getting the desired outcome are , for the removal of impurities from a mixture or , for the isolation of solids from a mixture . Hot Filtration for the separation of solids from a hot solution Hot filtration method is mainly used to separate solids from a hot solution . This is done in order to prevent crystal formation in the filter funnel and other apparatuses that comes in contact with the solution . As a result , the apparatus and the solution used are heated in order to prevent the rapid decrease in temperature which in turn , would lead to the crystallization of the solids in the funnel and hinder the filtration process . One of the most important measures to prevent the formation of crystals in the funnel and to undergo effective hot filtration is the use stemless filter funnel . Due to the absence of stem in the filter funnel , there is a decrease in the surface area of contact between the solution and the stem of the filter funnel , hence preventing re-crystallization of solid in the funnel , adversely affecting filtration process . Cold Filtration , the ice bath is used to cool down the temperature of the solution before undergoing the filtration process Cold Filtration method is the use of ice bath in order to rapidly cool down the solution to be crystallized rather than leaving it out to cool it down slowly in the room temperature . This technique results to the formation of very small crystals as opposed to getting large crystals by cooling the solution down at room temperature . Vacuum Filtration technique is most preferred for small batch of solution in order to quickly dry out small crystals . This method requires a Büchner funnel , filter paper of smaller diameter than the funnel , Büchner flask , and rubber tubing to connect to vacuum source . Filter media ( edit ) Two main types of filter media are employed in laboratories : a surface filter , a solid sieve which traps the solid particles , with or without the aid of filter paper ( e.g. Büchner funnel , Belt filter , Rotary vacuum - drum filter , Cross-flow filters , Screen filter ) ; and a depth filter , a bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it passes ( e.g. sand filter ) . The first type allows the solid particles , i.e. the residue , to be collected intact ; the second type does not permit this . However , the second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped . Also , when the solid particles are very fine , it is often cheaper and easier to discard the contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve . Filter media can be cleaned by rinsing with solvents or detergents . Alternatively , in engineering applications , such as swimming pool water treatment plants , they may be cleaned by backwashing . Self - cleaning screen filters utilize point - of - suction backwashing to clean the screen without interrupting system flow . Achieving flow through the filter ( edit ) Fluids flow through a filter due to a difference in pressure -- fluid flows from the high - pressure side to the low - pressure side of the filter , leaving some material behind . The simplest method to achieve this is by gravity and can be seen in the coffeemaker example . In the laboratory , pressure in the form of compressed air on the feed side ( or vacuum on the filtrate side ) may be applied to make the filtration process faster , though this may lead to clogging or the passage of fine particles . Alternatively , the liquid may flow through the filter by the force exerted by a pump , a method commonly used in industry when a reduced filtration time is important . In this case , the filter need not be mounted vertically . Filter aid ( edit ) Certain filter aids may be used to aid filtration . These are often incompressible diatomaceous earth , or kieselguhr , which is composed primarily of silica . Also used are wood cellulose and other inert porous solids such as the cheaper and safer perlite . These filter aids can be used in two different ways . They can be used as a precoat before the slurry is filtered . This will prevent gelatinous - type solids from plugging the filter medium and also give a clearer filtrate . They can also be added to the slurry before filtration . This increases the porosity of the cake and reduces resistance of the cake during filtration . In a rotary filter , the filter aid may be applied as a precoat ; subsequently , thin slices of this layer are sliced off with the cake . The use of filter aids is usually limited to cases where the cake is discarded or where the precipitate can be chemically separated from the filter . Alternatives ( edit ) Filtration is a more efficient method for the separation of mixtures than decantation , but is much more time consuming . If very small amounts of solution are involved , most of the solution may be soaked up by the filter medium . An alternative to filtration is centrifugation -- instead of filtering the mixture of solid and liquid particles , the mixture is centrifuged to force the ( usually ) denser solid to the bottom , where it often forms a firm cake . The liquid above can then be decanted . This method is especially useful for separating solids which do not filter well , such as gelatinous or fine particles . These solids can clog or pass through the filter , respectively . Examples ( edit ) Filter flask ( suction flask , with sintered glass filter containing sample ) . Note the almost colourless filtrate in the receiver flask . Examples of filtration include The coffee filter to keep the coffee separate from the grounds . HEPA filters in air conditioning to remove particles from air . Belt filters to extract precious metals in mining . Horizontal plate filter , also known as Sparkler filter . Furnaces use filtration to prevent the furnace elements from fouling with particulates . Pneumatic conveying systems often employ filtration to stop or slow the flow of material that is transported , through the use of a baghouse . In the laboratory , a Büchner funnel is often used , with a filter paper serving as the porous barrier . An experiment to prove the existence of microscopic organisms involves the comparison of water passed through unglazed porcelain and unfiltered water . When left in sealed containers the filtered water takes longer to go foul , demonstrating that very small items ( such as bacteria ) can be removed from fluids by filtration . In the kidney , renal filtration is the filtration of blood in the glomerulus , followed by selective reabsorbtion of many substances essential for the body to maintain homeostasis . See also ( edit ) Separation process Category : Filters Separation of mixtures Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Reverse osmosis Filter Crossflow filtration Sieve Sieve analysis References ( edit ) Look up filtration in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ Article on `` Water treatment solution : Filtration '' , retrieved on 15 October 2013 from http://www.lenntech.com/chemistry/filtration.htm Jump up ^ Lecture notes , Postgraduate course on Filtration and Size separation at the Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Lougborough , England Jump up ^ `` Filtration Methods '' ( PDF ) . University of Calgary . University of Calgary . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Separation processes Processes Absorption Acid - base extraction Adsorption Chromatography Cross-flow filtration Crystallization Cyclonic separation Dialysis ( biochemistry ) Dissolved air flotation Distillation Drying Electrochromatography Electrofiltration Filtration Flocculation Froth flotation Gravity separation Leaching Liquid -- liquid extraction Electroextraction Microfiltration Osmosis Precipitation ( chemistry ) Recrystallization Reverse osmosis Sedimentation Solid phase extraction Sublimation Ultrafiltration Devices API oil - water separator Belt filter Centrifuge Depth filter Electrostatic precipitator Evaporator Filter press Fractionating column Leachate Mixer - settler Protein skimmer Rapid sand filter Rotary vacuum - drum filter Scrubber Spinning cone Still Sublimation apparatus Vacuum ceramic filter Multiphase systems Aqueous two - phase system Azeotrope Eutectic Concepts Unit operation Wastewater Sources Acid mine drainage Ballast water Bathroom Blackwater ( coal ) Blackwater ( waste ) Boiler blowdown Brine Combined sewer Cooling tower Cooling water Fecal sludge Greywater Infiltration / Inflow Industrial effluent Ion exchange Leachate Manure Papermaking Produced water Return flow Reverse osmosis Sanitary sewer Septage Sewage Sewage sludge Toilet Urban runoff Quality indicators Adsorbable organic halides Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Coliform index Dissolved oxygen Heavy metals pH Salinity Temperature Total dissolved solids Total suspended solids Turbidity Treatment options Activated sludge Aerated lagoon Agricultural wastewater treatment API oil - water separator Carbon filtration Chlorination Clarifier Constructed wetland Decentralized wastewater system Extended aeration Facultative lagoon Fecal sludge management Filtration Imhoff tank Industrial wastewater treatment Ion exchange Membrane bioreactor Reverse osmosis Rotating biological contactor Secondary treatment Sedimentation Septic tank Settling basin Sewage sludge treatment Sewage treatment Sewer mining Stabilization pond Trickling filter Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation UASB Vermifilter Wastewater treatment plant Disposal options Combined sewer Evaporation pond Groundwater recharge Infiltration basin Injection well Irrigation Marine dumping Marine outfall Reclaimed water Sanitary sewer Septic drain field Sewage farm Storm drain Surface runoff Vacuum sewer NDL : 00569637 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filtration&oldid=831830518 '' Categories : Analytical chemistry Laboratory techniques Alchemical processes Filtration Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 11 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
property of earth to allow water to pass through it is known as
[ "Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate.[1] In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and removed. However, the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size, filter thickness and biological activity). Filtration occurs both in nature and in engineered systems; there are biological, geological, and industrial forms. For example, in animals (including humans), renal filtration removes wastes from the blood, and in water treatment and sewage treatment, undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in the filter medium, as in slow sand filtration." ]
[ "Filtration" ]
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Monument to the Great Fire of London
Monument to the Great fire of London - wikipedia Monument to the Great fire of London Jump to : navigation , search Modern day view of the Monument , designed by Sir Christopher Wren . Viewing platform at the top of the Monument . The Monument to the Great Fire of London , more commonly known simply as the Monument , is a Doric column in the City of London , near the northern end of London Bridge , that commemorates the Great Fire of London . It stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill , 202 ft ( 62 m ) tall and 202 ft ( 62 m ) from the spot in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666 . Another monument , the Golden Boy of Pye Corner , marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped . Constructed between 1671 and 1677 , it was built on the site of St. Margaret 's , Fish Street , the first church to be burnt down by the Great Fire . The Monument comprises a fluted Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gilded urn of fire . It was designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke . Its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farriner ( or Farynor ) , the king 's baker , where the Great Fire began . The top of the Monument is reached by a narrow winding staircase of 311 steps . A mesh cage was added in the mid-19th century at the top to prevent people jumping off , after six people had committed suicide from the structure between 1788 and 1842 . Three sides of the base carry inscriptions in Latin . The one on the south side describes actions taken by King Charles II following the fire . The one on the east describes how the Monument was started and brought to perfection , and under which mayors . Inscriptions on the north side describe how the fire started , how much damage it caused , and how it was eventually extinguished . The Latin words `` Sed Furor Papisticus Qui Tamdiu Patravit Nondum Restingvitur '' ( but Popish frenzy , which wrought such horrors , is not yet quenched ) were added to the end of the inscription on the orders of the Court of Aldermen in 1681 during the foment of the Popish Plot . Text on the east side originally falsely blamed Roman Catholics for the fire ( `` burning of this protestant city , begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the popish faction '' ) , which prompted Alexander Pope ( himself a Catholic ) to say of the area : Where London 's column , pointing at the skies , Like a tall bully , lifts the head , and lies . -- Moral Essays , Epistle iii . line 339 ( 1733 -- 1734 ) . The words blaming Catholics were chiselled out with Catholic Emancipation in 1830 . The west side of the base displays a sculpture , by Caius Gabriel Cibber , in alto and bas relief , of the destruction of the City ; with Charles II and his brother , James , the Duke of York ( later James II ) , surrounded by liberty , architecture , and science , giving directions for its restoration . The nearest London Underground station is Monument . It is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 As a scientific instrument 3 Panoramic camera system 4 In fiction 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The Monument depicted in a picture by Sutton Nicholls , c. 1753 . The first Rebuilding Act , passed in 1669 , stipulated that `` the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation '' , a column of either brass or stone should be set up on Fish Street Hill , on or near the site of Farynor 's bakery , where the fire began . Christopher Wren , as surveyor - general of the King 's Works , was asked to submit a design . Wren worked with Robert Hooke on the design of the monument . It is impossible to disentangle the collaboration between Hooke and Wren , but Hooke 's drawings of possible designs for the column still exist , with Wren 's signature on them indicating his approval of the drawings rather than their authorship . It was not until 1671 that the City Council approved the design , and it was another six years before the 202 ft column was complete . It was two more years before the inscription ( which had been left to Wren -- or to Wren 's choice -- to decide upon ) was set in place . `` Commemorating -- with a brazen disregard for the truth -- the fact that ' London rises again ... three short years complete that which was considered the work of ages . ' '' Views published in The Graphic , 1891 . Dragons sculpture on the side of the Monument Hooke 's surviving drawings show that several versions of the monument were submitted for consideration : a plain obelisk , a column garnished with tongues of fire , and the fluted Doric column that was eventually chosen . The real contention came with the problem of what type of ornament to have at the top . Initially , Wren favoured a statue of a phoenix with outstretched wings rising from the ashes , but as the column neared completion he decided instead on a 15 ft statue either of Charles II , or a sword - wielding female to represent a triumphant London ; the cost of either being estimated at £ 1,050 . Charles himself disliked the idea of his statue atop the monument and instead preferred a simple copper - gilded ball `` with flames sprouting from the top '' , costing a little over £ 325 , but ultimately it was the design of a flaming gilt - bronze urn suggested by Robert Hooke that was chosen . The total cost of the monument was £ 13,450 11s 9d. , of which £ 11,300 was paid to the mason - contractor Joshua Marshall . ( Joshua Marshall was Master of The Worshipful Company of Masons of The City of London in 1670 ) The Edinburgh - born writer James Boswell visited the Monument in 1763 to climb the 311 steps to what was then the highest viewpoint in London . Halfway up , he suffered a panic attack , but persevered and made it to the top , where he found it `` horrid to be so monstrous a way up in the air , so far above London and all its spires '' . The area around the base of the column , Monument Street , was pedestrianised in 2006 in a £ 790,000 street improvement scheme . The Monument closed in July 2007 for an 18 - month , £ 4.5 million refurbishment project and re-opened in February 2009 . Between 1 and 2 October 2011 , a Live Music Sculpture created especially for the Monument by British composer Samuel Bordoli was performed 18 times during the weekend . This was the first occasion that music had ever been heard inside the structure and effectively transformed Wren 's design into a gigantic reverberating musical instrument . As a scientific instrument ( edit ) Wren and Hooke built the monument to double - up as a scientific instrument . It has a central shaft meant for use as a zenith telescope and for use in gravity and pendulum experiments that connects to an underground laboratory for observers to work ( accessible through a hatch in the floor of the present - day ticket booth ) . Vibrations from heavy traffic on Fish Street Hill rendered the experimental conditions unsuitable . At the top of the monument , a hinged lid in the urn covers the opening to the shaft . The steps in the shaft of the tower are all six inches high , allowing them to be used for barometric pressure studies . Panoramic camera System ( edit ) During the 2007 -- 2009 refurbishment , a 360 - degree panoramic camera was installed on top of the Monument . Updated every minute and running 24 hours a day , it provides a record of weather , building and ground activity in the City . Panorama of London taken from the top of the Monument In fiction ( edit ) View down the interior staircase . View up . William Godwin , in his novel Deloraine ( 1833 ) , suggests that , like `` the man we are told of , who climbed over the rails at the top of the Monument of London , and clung to them for a while on the outside , there was not room for repentance '' , meaning that there was no way for the hero , who has just killed his rival , to go back ( 147 ) . Charles Dickens , in his novel Martin Chuzzlewit , published in 1844 , describes the Monument thus : if the day were bright , you observed upon the house -- tops , stretching far away , a long dark path ; the shadow of the Monument ; and turning round , the tall original was close beside you , with every hair erect upon his golden head , as if the doings of the city frightened him . The Monument is a prominent setting in The System of the World , the third book in Neal Stephenson 's Baroque Cycle . George , the hero of Charlie Fletcher 's children 's book about unLondon Stoneheart , has a fight at the top of the Monument with a raven and a gargoyle . Robert Hooke , who designed the Monument with Christopher Wren , investigates the sinister murder of a blood drained boy discovered on the banks of the River Fleet . Harry Hunt , Robert Hooke 's assistant , is chased up to the top of the monument after witnessing a murder . The monuments viewing platform features in the 1970 film The Man Who Haunted Himself where Roger Moore 's character Harold Pelham meets a company rival for a secret meeting prior to a company takeover . See also ( edit ) History of London References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : City of London , The Monument Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 571 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Details from listed building database ( 1193901 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Inwood , Stephen ( 28 February 2011 ) . The Man Who Knew Too Much ( Kindle Locations 2863 - 2865 ) . Macmillan Publishers UK . Kindle Edition . ^ Jump up to : Tinniswood , Adrian , His Invention so Fertile : A Life of Christopher Wren ( Oxford Press , 2001 ) p. 232 Jump up ^ City of London -- Street Scene Challenge -- The Monument Jump up ^ City of London -- Proposals and Priorities , p166 Jump up ^ `` The Project '' . www.themonument.info . City of London . 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ City of London 's Monument hosts live music performance Jump up ^ Higgitt , Rebekah ; Heggie , Vanessa ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` The H Word Higgitt and Heggie blog : Last night 's radio : Seven Ages of Science '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jardine , Lisa ( 6 September 2004 ) . The Curious Life of Robert Hooke : The Man Who Measured London . Harper Perennial . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0007151752 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170810-the-medieval-lab-hidden-inside-a-famous-monument ^ Jump up to : John Christopher ( 15 February 2012 ) . Wren 's City of London Churches . Amberley Publishing Limited . pp. 87 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 1109 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens Godwin , William . Deloraine in Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin vol. 8 . ed . Maurice Hindle . London : William Pickering , 1992 . Further reading ( edit ) On a Grander Scale : The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren ( ISBN 0 - 00 - 710775 - 7 hardback , ISBN 0 - 00 - 710776 - 5 paperback ) External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Monument to the Great Fire of London '' dated 2012 - 09 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Monument to the Great Fire of London . Official Monument website City of London Monument page http://www.themonument.org.uk Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 10 '' W  /  51.51013 ° N 0.086001 ° W  / 51.51013 ; - 0.086001 History of The Monument with some account of the great fire of London , which it commemorates ( 1921 ) , by Charles Welch 3D photoscan of the base or the Monument showing Latin inscription History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 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Devonshire Disraeli Frere Freud Gagarin Gandhi Greathead Haig Havelock Herbert Irving Jenner Kitchener Lawson Lincoln Lloyd George Mandela Moore Montgomery Mountbatten Myddelton Napier Newman Newton Nightingale Orwell Outram Palmerston Peel Raikes Reynolds Roberts San Martín Shakespeare Slim Smuts Trajan Wallenberg Washington Wellington City Hyde Park Corner Wesley St Paul 's Shoreditch Westminster White Winehouse Wolseley Fictional Peter Pan Sherlock Holmes See also Talking Statues Statues in London on Wikimedia Commons Memorials 7 July bombings Albert Alexandra Anti-Air War Bali bombings Bazalgette Bolan Bromhead Burdett - Coutts Cavell Cheylesmore Christie Donne Eleanor ( Charing Cross ) Faraday Firefighters George VI and Queen Elizabeth Grace Great Exhibition Great Fire of London Golden Boy of Pye Corner The Monument Heminges and Condell Heroic self - sacrifice Hogg Journalists Kennedy Lister Nelson 's Column Pankhurst Police Queen Elizabeth Gate Stratford Martyrs Suffragettes 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monument to the great fire of london height
[ "It stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill, 202 ft (62 m) tall and 202 ft (62 m) from the spot in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it was built on the site of St. Margaret's, Fish Street, the first church to be burnt down by the Great Fire." ]
[ "202 ft (62 m)" ]
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R. Lee Ermey
R. Lee Ermey - wikipedia R. Lee Ermey Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) R. Lee Ermey Ermey aboard USS Belleau Wood in 2005 Ronald Lee Ermey ( 1944 - 03 - 24 ) March 24 , 1944 Emporia , Kansas , U.S. April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) ( aged 74 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice artist , drill instructor , United States Marine Years active 1978 -- 2018 Political party Independent Spouse ( s ) Nila Ermey ( m . 1975 ) Children Military career Nickname ( s ) `` Gunny '' Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Marine Corps Years of service 1961 -- 1972 Rank Staff sergeant Gunnery sergeant ( honorary ) Unit India Company , 3rd Recruit Training Battalion Marine Wing Support Group 17 Battles / wars Vietnam War Awards Meritorious Unit Commendation Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Ronald Lee Ermey ( March 24 , 1944 -- April 15 , 2018 ) was an American actor , voice artist , and former military drill instructor . He achieved fame when he played Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket , which earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Ermey was also a United States Marine Corps staff sergeant and an honorary gunnery sergeant . During his tenure in the United States Marine Corps , he also served as a drill instructor . Ermey was often typecast in authority figure roles , such as Mayor Tilman in the film Mississippi Burning , Bill Bowerman in Prefontaine , Sheriff Hoyt in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake , Jimmy Lee Farnsworth in Fletch Lives , a police captain in Se7en , plastic army men leader Sarge in the Toy Story films , Lt. `` Tice '' Ryan in Rocket Power , a prison warden in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , and John House in House . Ermey hosted two programs on the History Channel : Mail Call , in which he answered viewers ' questions about various military issues both modern and historic ; and Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey , which concerned the development of different types of weapons . He also hosted GunnyTime on the Outdoor Channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Military career 2.1 U.S. Marine Corps 3 Acting career 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 Commercials 5 Business venture 6 Political views 6.1 Toys for Tots speech 7 Military appearances 8 Personal life 9 Death 10 Awards and decorations 11 Filmography 12 Other media 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ermey was born in Emporia , Kansas , on March 24 , 1944 to John Edward and Betty ( neé Pantle ) Ermey . He grew up with five brothers on a farm outside of Kansas City , Kansas . In 1958 , when Ermey was 14 , he and his family left Kansas and moved to Zillah , Washington . As a teenager , Ermey often got in trouble with the local authorities , and was arrested twice for criminal mischief by age 17 . After his second arrest , a judge gave him a choice between joining the military or being sent to jail ; Ermey chose the military . Military career ( edit ) Us Marine Corps ( edit ) In 1961 , at age 17 , Ermey enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and went through recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego in San Diego , California . For his first few years , he served in the aviation support field before becoming a drill instructor in India Company , 3rd Recruit Training Battalion , at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego , where he was assigned from 1965 to 1967 . Ermey then served in Marine Wing Support Group 17 at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in Okinawa , Japan . In 1968 , he was ordered to Vietnam with MWSG - 17 , and spent 14 months in country . The remainder of his service was on Okinawa where he was advanced to staff sergeant ( E-6 ) . He was medically discharged in 1972 because of several injuries incurred during his service . On May 17 , 2002 , he received an honorary promotion to gunnery sergeant ( E-7 ) by the Commandant of the Marine Corps , General James L. Jones . Acting career ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Ermey was cast in his first film while attending the University of Manila in the Philippines , using his G.I. Bill benefits . He played a First Air Cavalry chopper pilot in Apocalypse Now , doubling as a technical advisor to director Francis Ford Coppola . Ermey then was cast as a Marine drill instructor in Sidney J. Furie 's The Boys in Company C . For the next few years , Ermey played a series of minor film roles until 1987 , when he was cast as drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket . Initially , he was intended to be only the technical advisor . Kubrick changed his mind after Ermey put together an instructional tape , in which he went on an extended tirade towards several extras , convincing Kubrick he was the right man for the role . Seeking authenticity for the film , Kubrick allowed Ermey to write or edit his own dialogue and improvise on the set , a notable rarity in a Kubrick film . Kubrick later indicated that Ermey was an excellent performer , often needing just two or three takes per scene , also unusual for a Kubrick film . Ermey 's performance won critical raves and he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award as Best Supporting Actor . Ermey later played a drill instructor in the pilot episode of Space : Above and Beyond and the ghost of a drill instructor in the film The Frighteners , both similar to his character in Full Metal Jacket . Ermey subsequently appeared in about 60 films , including Purple Hearts , Mississippi Burning , The Siege of Firebase Gloria , Dead Man Walking , Se7en , Fletch Lives , Leaving Las Vegas , Prefontaine , Saving Silverman , On Deadly Ground , Sommersby , Life , Man of the House , Toy Soldiers , and The Salton Sea , as well as the remake of Willard , and as an evil sadist in two The Texas Chainsaw Massacre films . Ermey also lent his voice to The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy , Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and Toy Story 3 , as well as Roughnecks and X-Men 3 . He usually appeared in a commanding military role , for shows such as Kim Possible , The Simpsons , Family Guy , SpongeBob SquarePants , Miami Vice , House , Scrubs , My Life as a Teenage Robot , and Invader Zim . In addition he hosted the documentary series Mail Call and Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey . Ermey loading ammunition for the Bofors 40 mm gun aboard a Lockheed AC - 130H `` Spectre '' Gunship in 2006 Television ( edit ) On December 14 , 1994 , Ermey played a sheriff in Tales from the Crypt , season six , episode nine , `` Staired in Horror '' . He also played the role of Reverend Patrick Findley , a minister , on The X-Files season 3 , episode 11 , `` Revelations '' . On Mail Call , Ermey discussed weaponry , tactical matters , and military history . Mail Call 's subject matter was dictated by viewer emails ; one episode focused on an M1 Abrams tank , while others involved World War II secrets , and others focused on elements of medieval warfare . The set consisted of a military tent , other military gear and weapons , and a World War II jeep . Ermey traveled to Kuwait in June 2003 during the first phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom to film mail distribution by the Defense Department to service personnel for an episode of Mail Call . According to a 2005 episode of Mail Call filmed at Whiteman Air Force Base , he was the 341st person to fly in the B - 2 stealth bomber . He also guest - starred in the episode `` Second Chance '' of Human Target . Ermey also made guest appearances on the television drama House , playing the role of Dr. Gregory House 's father , who was a decorated naval aviator while serving in the Marine Corps ( `` Birthmarks '' , `` Daddy 's Boy '' ) , and the sitcom Scrubs , playing the Janitor 's father . He also voiced Wildcat in several episodes of Batman : The Brave and the Bold . In two episodes of The Simpsons entitled `` Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming '' and `` Waiting for Duffman '' , Ermey voiced Colonel Leslie `` Hap '' Hapablap . In the episode of SpongeBob SquarePants `` Inmates of Summer '' , he voiced an irate warden of a maximum - security island prison who demoralized the inmates whenever he could . In the episode of The Angry Beavers `` Fancy Prance '' , he voiced the Lipizzaner stallions ' instructor , Drill Sergeant Goonther . In 2009 , Ermey hosted a second History Channel show entitled Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey , which discussed the history of various weapons used by militaries of today . In late 2010 , Ermey starred in a GEICO commercial as a drill - instructor - turned - therapist who insults a client , in a parody of some of his iconic characters . Ermey was also featured each week on ESPN 's College GameDay . His role was to insult the experts ' incorrect picks from the previous week . In that same year , Ermey appeared in the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episode `` Trophy '' as a paroled sex offender . In 2011 , Ermey starred as a drill instructor on the X-Play special on Bulletstorm . In the Family Guy episode `` Grumpy Old Man '' , Ermey guest - starred , again as a drill instructor . Ermey served as host of GunnyTime , a program that debuted on Outdoor Channel in 2015 . Video games ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1993 , Ermey played Lyle The Handyman in the full motion video game Mega-CD / Sega CD game Double Switch . Ermey lent his voice to several video games , including Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel ( as General Barnaky ) and Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex ( as Wa - Wa ) . He also made a cameo in Real War : Air , Land , Sea , a real - time strategy video game based on the official Joint Chiefs of Staff training game . In 2014 , he did voice - over work for Call of Duty : Ghosts . His voice is also featured in the voice pack `` Drill Instructor '' for the Terran Republic in PlanetSide 2 . Several characters have made references to Ermey and the character of Hartman . In the game Fallout 3 , a recruitable companion is named Sergeant RL - 3 , a modified military robot with a personality very similar to Ermey ( the companion 's name is a reference to Ermey 's initials wherein the 3 is leetspeak for the letter E ) . In the World of Warcraft : Cataclysm expansion is a character named `` Lieutenant Emry '' that speaks some of Ermey 's signature lines from Full Metal Jacket . In Half - Life : Opposing Force , the drill sergeant from the initial boot camp stage had dialogue and mannerisms very similar to Ermey 's character in Full Metal Jacket . Commercials ( edit ) Ermey was an official spokesman for Black Book ( National Auto Research ) , Glock firearms , TRU - SPEC apparel , Tupperware , Victory Motorcycles , Hoover , SOG Specialty Knives , WD - 40 , Young Marines , and appeared in commercials for Coors Light , Dick 's Sporting Goods , GEICO , and pistachio nuts . He provided the introduction for the Professional Bull Riders . He can be seen giving a service announcement for Alamo Drafthouse Cinemas , demanding that viewers be quiet during the film . He was a board member for the National Rifle Association . Business venture ( edit ) Ermey was a co-founder of Bravery Brewing in Lancaster , California . Political views ( edit ) Ermey described himself as an independent . In 2008 , he voted for Barack Obama , but later mocked his policies . Ermey said in an interview earlier in 2015 that he supported Texas Senator Ted Cruz for President . He said , `` You know what , I just watched Ted Cruz -- I mean , what a tough act to follow . I 'm not going to tell you who I 'm going to vote for , but I 'm going to let you guess ( ... ) and the first two guesses do n't count ! '' Toys for Tots speech ( edit ) On December 10 , 2010 , Ermey denounced the Obama administration 's economic policies while speaking at a Marine Corps Reserve 's Toys for Tots rally , stating that it was difficult to raise money for the charity , because `` the economy sucks '' . He went on to say : We should all rise up , and we should stop this administration from what they 're doing because they 're destroying this country . They 're driving us into bankruptcy so that they can impose socialism on us , and that 's exactly what they 're doing , and I 'm sick and damn tired of it and I know you are too . In January 2011 , Ermey posted an apology on his Web site , saying : I regret that I delivered a monologue that was inappropriately critical of the President . My comments were misguided and emotionally biased , and for that I am truly sorry . In spite of his apology , Ermey later told TMZ that he was fired by GEICO , for whom he made the above - mentioned 2010 `` Drill Sergeant '' commercial , because of his political beliefs . The insurance giant also removed Ermey 's commercial from their official YouTube channel . Ermey subsequently stated that his anti-Obama views had caused him to be blacklisted by Hollywood , resulting in a lack of new film roles for him . Ermey knew Donald Trump Jr. , and stated that he was confident that should Donald Trump become president , `` our Second Amendment rights are solid as a rock '' . Military appearances ( edit ) On May 17 , 2002 , Ermey received an honorary post-service promotion to gunnery sergeant ( E-7 ) from the Commandant of the Marine Corps General James L. Jones in recognition of his continuing support to Americans in military service . He conducted morale tours , visiting United States troops in locations such as Al Kut , Iraq , and Bagram Airfield , Afghanistan , in which he filmed parts for his television show Mail Call . While at Bagram Airfield , he held a USO - type show in which he portrayed GySgt Hartman and conducted a comedy routine . He also did the same at Doha , Qatar and Camp Doha , Kuwait City , Kuwait , in 2003 . Personal Life ( edit ) Ermey married his wife , Nila , in 1975 . They had four children together . Death ( edit ) Ermey died at a hospital in Santa Monica , California from complications related to pneumonia on the morning of April 15 , 2018 . He was 74 years old . His funeral was held in Arlington National Cemetery . Awards and decorations ( edit ) R. Lee Ermey during the United States Marine Corps birthday ball Ermey was retroactively awarded the Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon after he retired from the military due to his prior service as a Marine Corps recruit training instructor . Ermey 's military awards included : 1st row Meritorious Unit Commendation Good Conduct Medal w / two ​ ⁄ '' bronze stars National Defense Service Medal 2nd row Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal w / one ​ ⁄ '' silver star South Vietnamese Presidential Unit Citation 3rd row Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon South Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm South Vietnamese Campaign Medal with 1960 - Device Badges Rifle Marksman Badge Pistol Sharpshooter Badge Filmography ( edit ) Ermey appeared in the following films : Year Title Role Notes 1978 The Boys in Company C Staff Sergeant Loyce ( Drill Instructor , Platoon 163 ) 1979 Apocalypse Now Eagle Thrust Seven helicopter pilot Uncredited Up from the Depths Lee 1984 Purple Hearts Gunny Full Metal Jacket Gunnery Sergeant Hartman One of the rare performances Stanley Kubrick ever allowed to be improvised Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Credited as `` Lee Ermey '' Miami Vice Detective Sergeant Ernest Haskell Guest star Episode : `` Rising Sun of Death '' Mississippi Burning Mayor Tilman The Siege of Firebase Gloria Sergeant Major Bill Hafner / Narrator Uncredited screenwriter Fletch Lives Jimmy Lee Farnsworth Demonstone Colonel Joe Haines The Rift Captain Phillips Also known as Endless Descent The Take Weller Television film I 'm Dangerous Tonight Lieutenant Ackman Television film Kid Luke 83 Hours ' Til Dawn Glen Fairling Television film 1991 The Terror Within II Von Demming Toy Soldiers General Kramer True Identity Houston 's Boss Uncredited Hexed Detective Ferguson Sommersby Dick Mead Body Snatchers General Platt The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . Marshal Brisco County Senior Double Switch Lyle ( the handyman ) Video Game Credited as R. Lee Emrey in the Mega-CD / Sega CD version French Silk Chief Crowder Television film Chain of Command Benjamin Brewster On Deadly Ground Stone Rise and Walk : The Dennis Byrd Story Mr. Byrd Uncredited Television film Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult Mess Hall Guard Uncredited Love Is a Gun Frank Deacon 1995 Murder in the First Judge Clawson Savate Benedict Short Uncredited Best of the Best 3 : No Turning Back Preacher Brian Uncredited Seven Police Captain Leaving Las Vegas Conventioneer Space : Above and Beyond Sergeant Major Bougus Television film Under the Hula Moon Lt. Col. J.P. McIntire Toy Story Sarge Voice The X-Files Reverend Findley Episode : `` Revelations '' Dead Man Walking Clyde Percy Kidnapped Frank Television film The Simpsons Colonel Leslie `` Hap '' Hapablap Voice Episode : `` Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming '' Soul of the Game Wilkie Television film The Frighteners The late Master Sergeant Hiles Prefontaine Bill Bowerman Dead Men Ca n't Dance Sen. Pullman T. Fowler Weapons of Mass Distraction Billy Paxton Television film Switchback Sheriff Buck Olmstead The Angry Beavers Sergeant Goonther Voice Episode : `` Fancy Prance / H2Whoa ! '' Starship Troopers News Announcer Voice Uncredited Rough Riders Secretary of State John Hay TV mini-series 1997 - 1999 Cracker Lieutenant Fry TV series 1998 The Sender Colonel Rosewater Gunshy Jerry 1999 You Know My Name Nix Television film Life Older Sheriff Pike Avalanche Gary Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot General Thorton TV series The Apartment Complex Frank Stanton Television film Toy Story 2 Sarge Voice 1999 - 2000 Roughnecks : STC Sky Marshall Sanchez 2000 The Chaos Factor Col. Ben Wilder Skipped Parts Caspar Callahan Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins Sarge Voice Direct - to - video film Jericho Marshall Saving Silverman Coach Norton Recess : School 's Out Colonel O'Malley Voice Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel General Barnaky Voice Video game Real War : Rogue States Voice Video game Real War : Air , Land , Sea Megiddo : The Omega Code 2 President Richard Benson Scenes of the Crime Mr. Parker Family Guy Coach Voice Episode : `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' Taking Sides General Wallace On the Borderline Captain Elias Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex Wa - Wa the Water Elemental Voice Video game , credited as R. Lee Ermy 2002 Run Ronnie Run ! Lead Kidnapper The Salton Sea Verne Plummer Scrubs Janitor 's father Guest star Episode : `` My Old Man '' Frank McKlusky , C.I. Jockey Master Uncredited Direct - to - video Invader Zim Sergeant Hobo 678 Voice Episode : `` HOBO 13 / Walk for Your Lives '' History Channel 's Mail Call Gunny , Himself TV series A.K.A. Birdseye Sheriff Gathers 2003 Willard Frank Martin Fillmore ! Colonel Thrift Voice , Guest star Episode : `` South of Friendship , North of Honor '' The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Sheriff Hoyt Nominated -- Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actor Kim Possible General Sims Voice Y.M.I. The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Drill Sergeant Voice Episode : `` Bully Boogie / Here Thar Be Dwarves '' Father of the Pride Sergeant Bunny Voice Episode : `` One Man 's Meat Is Another Man 's Girlfriend '' 2005 House John House Episode : `` Daddy 's Boy '' Man of the House Captain Nichols 2006 X-Men : The Last Stand Sergeant Voice Shark Bait Jack Voice The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Charlie Hewitt / Sheriff Hoyt 2007 SpongeBob SquarePants Prison Warden Voice Episode : `` The Inmates of Summer '' 2008 Solstice Leonard House John House Uncredited Episode : `` Birthmarks '' Eleventh Hour Bob Henson , Farmer Episode : `` Agro '' 2009 History Channel 's Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey Himself TV series 2009 - 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Wildcat Voice TV series Toy Story 3 Sarge Voice Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Walter Burlock Episode : `` Trophy '' 2011 Family Guy Drill Sergeant with Alzheimer 's Disease Voice Episode : `` Grumpy Old Man '' 2012 The Watch Manfred 2012 - 2015 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness General Tsin ( The Most Dangerous Po ) Voice TV series 2015 GunnyTime Gunny , Himself TV series The Simpsons Colonel Leslie `` Hap '' Hapablap Voice Episode : `` Waiting for Duffman '' 2016 Military Makeover Gunny , Himself TV series Other media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ermey recorded voice lines for a `` talking '' 12 - inch tall `` motivational action figure '' depicting him in USMC drill instructor uniform , which replays his signature put - downs with the press of an electronic button on the back . Sideshow Collectibles manufactured the figure in two versions , one with ( somewhat ) family - friendly language and one with `` extra-salty '' remarks that include profanity ; the latter is packaged with an R rating as a warning to consumers . One of these figures appears occasionally on Mail Call , wherein it is often referred to as ' Mini-Lee ' by the host , and is sometimes seen berating a G.I. Joe . In the early 1990s , he appeared as a Martian pilot in a training video for Virtual World Entertainment 's game Red Planet . In the Green Lantern series of comics published by DC , it is revealed that Green Lantern Kilowog , who trains all new Green Lantern recruits , was in turn trained by a Green Lantern named Ermey . He had a notable appearance on The Howard Stern Show in October 2002 , appearing on the show as Sgt . Hartman . He provided the voice of the DLC drill instructor in Call of Duty : Ghosts . He starred in an instructional training video for Lockheed Martin dealing with the problems caused by Foreign Object Damage in manufacturing military equipment . See also ( edit ) Biography portal United States Marine Corps portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Savitsky , Sasha ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' GunnyTime ' host R. Lee Ermey ' blackballed ' from Hollywood for conservative views '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Edward Ermey '' . The Vidette . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PANTLE - ERMEY '' . The Emporia Gazette . March 14 , 1942 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Steve ( September 2010 ) . `` Gunny R. Lee Ermey Unplugged '' . The First Shot . Civilian Marksmanship Program . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hartl , John ( July 9 , 1987 ) . `` ' Full Metal Jacket ' was an old drill for this ex-Marine '' . The Seattle Times . p . F3 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mail Call ' star Gunnery Sgt . R. Lee Ermey dies ; actor had Kansas roots '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey 's Bio '' . rleeermey.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marine , Actor R. Lee Ermey Dies at 74 '' . USNI News . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Death of ' Full Metal Jacket ' star R. Lee Ermey , who delivered one of the filthiest monologues in film history '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Doug ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` ' Gunny ' has a terrifying bark , but he wo n't bite '' . The Spokesman - Review . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The legend of R Lee Ermey , ' Full Metal Jacket ' drill sergeant '' . SBS . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Kubrick Site : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Space : Above and Beyond '' . Variety . September 25 , 1995 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey , ' Full Metal Jacket ' Actor , Dead at 74 '' . Rolling Stone . April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Actor R. Lee Ermey of ' Full Metal Jacket ' dies at 74 '' . ABC7 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Season 10 , Episode 9 Grumpy Old Man '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GunnyTime with R. Lee Ermey '' . Outdoor Channel . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3GDvuGRKDA Jump up ^ `` Ermy , Allan Join PBR TV Broadcasts '' ( Press release ) . Professional Bull Riders . January 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drafthouse PSAs Archived November 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Echols , Tucker ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` NRA aims to ' Trigger the Vote ' with voter registration drive '' . Washington Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Bravery Brewing '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R. Lee Ermey on Ted Cruz ( TV clip ) . Sportsman. April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket R Lee Ermey Rips into Obama Administration '' . Breitbart.tv . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Military Daily News '' . Military.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Drill Instructor Says GEICO Fired Him for Criticizing Obama Admin '' . TheBlaze . August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Marine Sgt . R. Lee Ermey of ' Gunny Time ' Reveals the One Firearm He 'd Choose if He Could Have Only One '' . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Southern , Nathan . `` R. Lee Ermey Biography '' . Fandango.com . Rovi . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Matt ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` R. Lee Ermey , Harsh Drill Instructor in ' Full Metal Jacket , ' Dies at 74 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey , Golden Globe Nominee for ' Full Metal Jacket , ' Dies at 74 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey 's Bio '' . rleeermey.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey '' . BFI . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Military Makeover '' . Lifetime . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to R. Lee Ermey . Official website R. Lee Ermey on IMDb R. Lee Ermey at the TCM Movie Database R. Lee Ermey at AllMovie R. Lee Ermey at Find a Grave ( hide ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1980 - 2000 Jason Robards ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Ian Holm ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper / Ray Liotta ( 1986 ) R. Lee Ermey ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1997 ) William H. Macy / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Fred Willard ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Alan Arkin ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller ( 2012 ) James Gandolfini ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) BNF : cb14175424n ( data ) GND : 1061554597 ISNI : 0000 0000 7841 2479 LCCN : n87914322 SUDOC : 066831652 VIAF : 85643971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Lee_Ermey&oldid=843244675 '' Categories : 1944 births 2018 deaths Male actors from Kansas American expatriates in the Philippines American male film actors American Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War American male television actors American male voice actors Deaths from pneumonia People from Emporia , Kansas Military personnel from Kansas United States Marines 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors University of Manila alumni People from Yakima County , Washington Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did r lee ermey play in spongebob
[ "\n\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n\n1978\nThe Boys in Company C\nStaff Sergeant Loyce (Drill Instructor, Platoon 163)\n\n\n\n1979\nApocalypse Now\nEagle Thrust Seven helicopter pilot\nUncredited\n\n\nUp from the Depths\nLee\n\n\n\n1984\nPurple Hearts\nGunny\n\n\n\n1987\nFull Metal Jacket\nGunnery Sergeant Hartman\nOne of the rare performances Stanley Kubrick ever allowed to be improvised\nBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor\nNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nCredited as \"Lee Ermey\"\n\n\nMiami Vice\nDetective Sergeant Ernest Haskell\nGuest star\nEpisode: \"Rising Sun of Death\"\n\n\n1988\nMississippi Burning\nMayor Tilman\n\n\n\n1989\nThe Siege of Firebase Gloria\nSergeant Major Bill Hafner / Narrator\nUncredited screenwriter\n\n\nFletch Lives\nJimmy Lee Farnsworth\n\n\n\n1990\nDemonstone\nColonel Joe Haines\n\n\n\nThe Rift\nCaptain Phillips\nAlso known as Endless Descent\n\n\nThe Take\nWeller\nTelevision film\n\n\nI'm Dangerous Tonight\nLieutenant Ackman\nTelevision film\n\n\nKid\nLuke\n\n\n\n83 Hours 'Til Dawn\nGlen Fairling\nTelevision film\n\n\n1991\nThe Terror Within II\nVon Demming\n\n\n\nToy Soldiers\nGeneral Kramer\n\n\n\nTrue Identity\nHouston's Boss\nUncredited\n\n\n1993\nHexed\nDetective Ferguson\n\n\n\nSommersby\nDick Mead\n\n\n\nBody Snatchers\nGeneral Platt\n\n\n\nThe Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.\nMarshal Brisco County Senior\n\n\n\nDouble Switch\nLyle (the handyman)\nVideo Game\nCredited as R. Lee Emrey in the Mega-CD / Sega CD version\n\n\n1994\nFrench Silk\nChief Crowder\nTelevision film\n\n\nChain of Command\nBenjamin Brewster\n\n\n\nOn Deadly Ground\nStone\n\n\n\nRise and Walk: The Dennis Byrd Story\nMr. Byrd\nUncredited\nTelevision film\n\n\nNaked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult\nMess Hall Guard\nUncredited\n\n\nLove Is a Gun\nFrank Deacon\n\n\n\n1995\nMurder in the First\nJudge Clawson\n\n\n\nSavate\nBenedict\nShort\nUncredited\n\n\nBest of the Best 3: No Turning Back\nPreacher Brian\nUncredited\n\n\nSeven\nPolice Captain\n\n\n\nLeaving Las Vegas\nConventioneer\n\n\n\nSpace: Above and Beyond\nSergeant Major Bougus\nTelevision film\n\n\nUnder the Hula Moon\nLt. Col. J. P. McIntire\n\n\n\nToy Story\nSarge\nVoice\n\n\nThe X-Files\nReverend Findley\nEpisode: \"Revelations\"\n\n\nDead Man Walking\nClyde Percy\n\n\n\nKidnapped\nFrank\nTelevision film\n\n\nThe Simpsons\nColonel Leslie \"Hap\" Hapablap\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming\"\n\n\n1996\nSoul of the Game\nWilkie\nTelevision film\n\n\nThe Frighteners\nThe late Master Sergeant Hiles\n\n\n\n1997\nPrefontaine\nBill Bowerman\n\n\n\nDead Men Can't Dance\nSen. Pullman T. Fowler\n\n\n\nWeapons of Mass Distraction\nBilly Paxton\nTelevision film\n\n\nSwitchback\nSheriff Buck Olmstead\n\n\n\nThe Angry Beavers\nSergeant Goonther\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Fancy Prance/H2Whoa!\"\n\n\nStarship Troopers\nNews Announcer\nVoice\nUncredited\n\n\nRough Riders\nSecretary of State John Hay\nTV mini-series\n\n\n1997-1999\nCracker\nLieutenant Fry\nTV series\n\n\n1998\nThe Sender\nColonel Rosewater\n\n\n\nGunshy\nJerry\n\n\n\n1999\nYou Know My Name\nNix\nTelevision film\n\n\nLife\nOlder Sheriff Pike\n\n\n\nAvalanche\nGary\n\n\n\nBig Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot\nGeneral Thorton\nTV series\n\n\nThe Apartment Complex\nFrank Stanton\nTelevision film\n\n\nToy Story 2\nSarge\nVoice\n\n\n1999-2000\nRoughnecks: STC\nSky Marshall Sanchez\n\n\n\n2000\nThe Chaos Factor\nCol. Ben Wilder\n\n\n\nSkipped Parts\nCaspar Callahan\n\n\n\nBuzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins\nSarge\nVoice\nDirect-to-video film\n\n\nJericho\nMarshall\n\n\n\n2001\nSaving Silverman\nCoach Norton\n\n\n\nRecess: School's Out\nColonel O'Malley\nVoice\n\n\nFallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel\nGeneral Barnaky\nVoice\nVideo game\n\n\nReal War: Rogue States\n\nVoice\nVideo game\n\n\nReal War: Air, Land, Sea\n\n\n\nMegiddo: The Omega Code 2\nPresident Richard Benson\n\n\n\nScenes of the Crime\nMr. Parker\n\n\n\nFamily Guy\nCoach\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Mr. Saturday Knight\"\n\n\nTaking Sides\nGeneral Wallace\n\n\n\nOn the Borderline\nCaptain Elias\n\n\n\nCrash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex\nWa-Wa the Water Elemental\nVoice\nVideo game, credited as R. Lee Ermy\n\n\n2002\nRun Ronnie Run!\nLead Kidnapper\n\n\n\nThe Salton Sea\nVerne Plummer\n\n\n\nScrubs\nJanitor's father\nGuest star\nEpisode: \"My Old Man\"\n\n\nFrank McKlusky, C.I.\nJockey Master\nUncredited\nDirect-to-video\n\n\nInvader Zim\nSergeant Hobo 678\nVoice\nEpisode: \"HOBO 13/Walk for Your Lives\"\n\n\nHistory Channel's Mail Call\nGunny, Himself\nTV series\n\n\nA.K.A. Birdseye\nSheriff Gathers\n\n\n\n2003\nWillard\nFrank Martin\n\n\n\nFillmore!\nColonel Thrift\nVoice, Guest star\nEpisode: \"South of Friendship, North of Honor\"\n\n\nThe Texas Chainsaw Massacre\nSheriff Hoyt\nNominated – Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actor\n\n\nKim Possible\nGeneral Sims\nVoice\n\n\n2004\nY.M.I.\nJohn\n\n\n\nThe Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy\nDrill Sergeant\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Bully Boogie/Here Thar Be Dwarves\"\n\n\nFather of the Pride\nSergeant Bunny\nVoice\nEpisode: \"One Man's Meat Is Another Man's Girlfriend\"\n\n\n2005\nHouse\nJohn House\nEpisode: \"Daddy's Boy\"\n\n\nMan of the House\nCaptain Nichols\n\n\n\n2006\nX-Men: The Last Stand\nSergeant\nVoice\n\n\nShark Bait\nJack\nVoice\n\n\nThe Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning\nCharlie Hewitt / Sheriff Hoyt\n\n\n\n2007\nSpongeBob SquarePants\nPrison Warden\nVoice\nEpisode: \"The Inmates of Summer\"\n\n\n2008\nSolstice\nLeonard\n\n\n\nHouse\nJohn House\nUncredited\nEpisode: \"Birthmarks\"\n\n\nEleventh Hour\nBob Henson, Farmer\nEpisode: \"Agro\"\n\n\n2009\nHistory Channel's Lock n' Load with R. Lee Ermey\nHimself\nTV series\n\n\n2009-2011\nBatman: The Brave and the Bold\nWildcat\nVoice\nTV series\n\n\n2010\nToy Story 3\nSarge\nVoice\n\n\nLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit\nWalter Burlock\nEpisode: \"Trophy\"\n\n\n2011\nFamily Guy\nDrill Sergeant with Alzheimer's Disease\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Grumpy Old Man\"\n\n\n2012\nThe Watch\nManfred\n\n\n\n2012-2015\nKung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness\nGeneral Tsin (The Most Dangerous Po)\nVoice\nTV series\n\n\n2015\nGunnyTime\nGunny, Himself\nTV series\n\n\nThe Simpsons\nColonel Leslie \"Hap\" Hapablap\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Waiting for Duffman\"\n\n\n2016\nMilitary Makeover\nGunny, Himself\nTV series[33]\n\n" ]
[ "Prison Warden" ]
4050021719440814376
Asad
Asad - wikipedia Asad Jump to : navigation , search `` Assad '' redirects here . For the presidents of Syria , see Hafez al - Assad and Bashar al - Assad . Asadullah Ghouri An Asiatic Lion Pronunciation Arabic : ( ʔasad ) Gender Male Language ( s ) Arabic Origin Meaning Lion Region of origin Middle East Other names Alternative spelling Assad Asad ( Arabic : أسد ‎ ‎ ) , sometimes written as Assad , is one of many Arabic male given names meaning `` lion '' , each denoting some aspect of the animal . It is used in nicknames such as Asad Allāh one of the nicknames for Ali ibn Abi Talib . `` Assad '' is the standard spelling in English , to keep the hissing ' s ' sound ; `` Asad '' is the more accurate transliteration , corresponding to the Arabic spelling , and is used by scholars . People ( edit ) Among prominent people named Asad or `` Assad '' are : Audrey Assad , an American singer - songwriter and Contemporary Christian music artist Asadullah ( disambiguation ) , meaning Lion of God , may refer to several people Asad ibn Hashim , maternal grandfather of Ali ibn Abi Talib Asad ibn Saman , an early Samanid Asad ibn Abd - al - Uzza , early Islamic historical figure Khuwaylid ibn Asad , his son , father - in - law of Muhammad Asad ibn al - Furat ( 759 - 828 ) a jurist and theologian Muhammad Asad , born Leopold Weiss , influential 20th - century writer and political theorist Talal Asad , anthropologist , son of Muhammad Asad Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan , a famous Urdu and Persian poet of India Clarice Assad , a classical and jazz composer , arranger , pianist , and vocalist Asad ( tribe ) , an Arabic Adnanite tribe cousins of Muhammad Warqa Ibn Naufal Ibn Asad , a Muslim ancestor from the same time period as the kuffar Asaduddin Owaisi , a politician from Hyderabad Asad Umar , a Pakistani lawmaker and former politician Asad Shafiq , a Pakistan Test cricketer Mohammed Asad Ullah Sayeed , former IAS officer from Hyderabad María de Lourdes Dieck - Assad , Lebanese - Mexican Economist Al - Assad family ( edit ) Main article : Al - Assad family The Al - Assad family is an Alawite family from the Latakia region ( specifically Qardaha ) , which has held political power in Syria since 1970 . The family has produced two presidents : Hafez al - Assad , President of Syria 1970 -- 2000 Bashar al - Assad , current President of Syria and belligerent in the Syrian Civil War Other family members include : Basil al - Assad Rifaat al - Assad Jamil al - Assad Maher al - Assad Bushra al - Assad See also ( edit ) Asad ( film ) Aslan ( disambiguation ) Lake Assad Al Asad Airbase Haydar Lions in Islam Shir , a Farsi term for ' Lion ' This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asad&oldid=792129801 '' Categories : Given names Arabic - language surnames Arabic masculine given names Bosniak masculine given names Lions in popular culture Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the meaning of asad in arabic
[ "Asad (Arabic: أسد‎‎), sometimes written as Assad, is one of many Arabic male given names meaning \"lion\", each denoting some aspect of the animal. It is used in nicknames such as Asad Allāh one of the nicknames for Ali ibn Abi Talib." ]
[ "lion" ]
-7224685730225939359
Battle of Jericho
Battle of Jericho - wikipedia Battle of Jericho Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Jericho ( biblical ) Depiction by Julius Schnoor von Carolsfeld ( 1794 - 1872 ) Location Jericho Result Decisive Hebrew victory Belligerents Israelites Canaanites Commanders and leaders Joshua King of Jericho † Strength 40,000 Unknown Casualties and losses Nil Herem According to the Book of Joshua , the Battle of Jericho was the first battle of the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan . According to Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 , the walls of Jericho fell after Joshua 's Israelite army marched around the city blowing their trumpets . Excavations at Tell es - Sultan , the biblical Jericho , have failed to produce data to substantiate the biblical story , and scholars are virtually unanimous that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value . Contents ( hide ) 1 Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 2 Origins and historicity 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 ( edit ) The story of Jericho is told in Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 . The first five books of the Hebrew Bible tell how Noah cursed Canaan to become a slave , and how God gave the land of the Canaanites to Abraham and his descendants . The children of Israel ( descendants of Abraham ) themselves became slaves in Egypt , but through Moses God brought them out of Egypt and to the borders of the promised land of Canaan . There Moses instructed them to seize the land by conquest , and placed them under the command of Joshua . Joshua sent spies to Jericho , the first city of Canaan to be taken , and discovered that the land was in fear of Israel and their God . The Israelites marched around the walls once every day for seven days with the priests and the Ark of the Covenant . On the seventh day they marched seven times around the walls , then the priests blew their ram 's horns , the Israelites raised a great shout , and the walls of the city fell . Following God 's law of herem the Israelites took no slaves or plunder but slaughtered every man , woman and child in Jericho , sparing only Rahab , a Canaanite prostitute who had sheltered the spies , and her family . Origins and historicity ( edit ) In 1868 , Charles Warren identified Tell es - Sultan as the site of Jericho . In 1930 -- 36 , John Garstang conducted excavations there and discovered the remains of a network of collapsed walls which he dated to about 1400 BCE . Kathleen Kenyon re-excavated the site over 1952 -- 1958 and demonstrated that the destruction occurred c. 1500 BCE during a well - attested Egyptian campaign of that period , and that Jericho had been deserted throughout the mid-late 13th century . Kenyon 's work was corroborated in 1995 by radiocarbon tests which dated the destruction level to the late 17th or 16th centuries . A small unwalled settlement was rebuilt in the 15th century , but the tell was unoccupied from the late 15th century until the 10th / 9th centuries . Most scholars agree that the book of Joshua holds little of historical value . The book 's origin is usually dated to a time far removed from the times it depicts , and its intention linked with a theological scheme in which Israel and her leaders are judged by their obedience to the teachings and laws ( the covenant ) set down in the book of Deuteronomy , rather than as history in the modern sense . The story of Jericho , and the conquest generally , probably represents the nationalist propaganda of the kings of Judah and their claims to the territory of the Kingdom of Israel after 722 BCE ; these chapters were later incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of King Josiah ( reigned 640 -- 609 BCE ) , and the book was revised and completed after the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586 , and possibly after the return from the Babylonian exile in 538 . The combination of archaeological evidence and analysis of the composition history and theological purposes of the Book of Joshua led archaeologist William G. Dever to deem the biblical story of the fall of Jericho as `` ( not ) founded on genuine historical sources '' and `` invented out of whole cloth . '' See also ( edit ) Ai ( Bible ) Biblical archaeology Bryant Wood , US biblical archaeologist and young earth creationist who supports the historicity of Joshua 's biblical conquest of Jericho Early Israelite campaigns `` Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho '' , African - American spiritual about the battle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joshua 4 : 13 ^ Jump up to : Jacobs 2000 , p. 691 . ^ Jump up to : Killebrew 2005 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Dever 2006 , pp. 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ Bruins & Van Der Plicht 1995 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Creach 2003 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Laffey 2007 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Coote 2000 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Creach 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Dever 2006 , p. 47 . Bibliography ( edit ) Coote , Robert B. ( 2000 ) . `` Conquest : Biblical narrative '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Creach , Jerome F.D ( 2003 ) . Joshua . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237387 . Dever , William G. ( 2006 ) . Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From ? . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802844163 . Jacobs , Paul F. ( 2000 ) . `` Jericho '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Killebrew , Ann E. ( 2005 ) . Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity : An Archaeological Study of Egyptians , Canaanites , and Early Israel , 1300 -- 1100 B.C.E . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 9781589830974 . Laffey , Alice L. ( 2007 ) . `` Deuteronomistic history '' . In Espín , Orlando O. ; Nickoloff , James B. An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658567 . Moore , Megan Bishop ; Kelle , Brad E. ( 2011 ) . Biblical History and Israel 's Past . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802862600 . Bruins , Hendrik J. ; Van Der Plicht , Johannes ( 1995 ) . `` Tell Es - Sultan ( Jericho ) : Radiocarbon Results ... '' ( PDF ) . Radiocarbon . Proceedings of the 15th International 14C Conference . 37 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 220 . External links ( edit ) Media related to The Battle of Jericho at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jericho&oldid=797474906 '' Categories : Battles involving the Canaanites Hebrew Bible battles Book of Joshua Massacres in the Bible Hidden categories : West Bank articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 08 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
in what campaign was the town of jericho captured
[ "According to the Book of Joshua, the Battle of Jericho was the first battle of the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan. According to Joshua 6:1-27, the walls of Jericho fell after Joshua's Israelite army marched around the city blowing their trumpets. Excavations at Tell es-Sultan, the biblical Jericho, have failed to produce data to substantiate the biblical story,[2] and scholars are virtually unanimous that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value.[3]" ]
[ "Battle of Jericho" ]
-4117799344739644269
Top Chef (season 15)
Top chef ( season 15 ) - wikipedia Top chef ( season 15 ) Jump to : navigation , search Top Chef ( season 15 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 14 Release Original network Bravo Original release December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) -- March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Additional information Host ( s ) Padma Lakshmi Judges Tom Colicchio Gail Simmons Graham Elliot No. of contestants 19 Location ( s ) Colorado Winner Joseph Flamm Season chronology ← Previous Season 14 List of Top Chef episodes Top Chef : Colorado is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series Top Chef . Initial details about the season and its cast were revealed on October 12 , 2017 . The show was filmed in various cities across Colorado , including Denver , Boulder , Telluride , and Aspen . The season premiered on December 7 , 2017 , and concluded on March 8 , 2018 . Last Chance Kitchen premiered on November 30 , 2017 . In the season finale , Joseph Flamm was declared the Top Chef , defeating Adrienne Cheatham . Fatima Ali was voted Fan Favorite . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 New contestants 1.2 Returning contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Episodes 4 Last Chance Kitchen 4.1 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Top Chef : Colorado features a cast of 15 new contestants . In addition , four returning competitors from previous seasons competed in the Last Chance Kitchen for the opportunity to enter the main competition : Top Chef : San Francisco contestant Lee Anne Wong , Top Chef : Los Angeles runner - up and All - Stars contestant Marcel Vigneron , Top Chef : California contestant Kwame Onwuachi , and Top Chef : Las Vegas finalist and All - Stars contestant Jennifer Carroll . Following the sixth episode of Last Chance Kitchen , Wong was selected to join the main cast . New contestants ( edit ) Name Current Residence Fatima Ali New York , New York Tyler Anderson Simsbury , Connecticut Carrie Baird Denver , Colorado Adrienne Cheatham New York , New York Laura Cole Denali National Park , Alaska Joseph Flamm Chicago , Illinois Rogelio Garcia San Francisco , California Tanya Holland Oakland , California Bruce Kalman Los Angeles , California Brother Luck Colorado Springs , Colorado Melissa Perfit San Francisco , California Tu David Phu Oakland , California Joe Sasto III Los Angeles , California Christopher `` Chris '' Scott Brooklyn , New York Claudette Zepeda - Wilkins San Diego , California Returning contestants ( edit ) Name Current Residence Season ( s ) Jennifer Carroll Washington , D.C. Season 6 , 8 Kwame Onwuachi Washington , D.C. Season 13 Marcel Vigneron Los Angeles , California Season 2 , 8 Lee Anne Wong Honolulu , Hawaii Season 1 Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode # 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Quickfire Challenge Winner ( s ) Tu Joseph Brother Adrienne N / A Chris Carrie N / A Carrie Chris Carrie Joe Joseph N / A Contestant Elimination Challenge Results Joseph IN IN IN LOW IN IN HIGH WIN OUT HIGH IN WIN WINNER Adrienne LOW LOW LOW IN IN LOW IN HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH WIN LOW RUNNER - UP Joe IN IN WIN HIGH IN LOW WIN LOW LOW WIN WIN IN OUT Carrie LOW WIN IN IN HIGH IN IN HIGH WIN HIGH LOW OUT 5 Chris HIGH HIGH LOW WIN LOW IN LOW LOW WIN LOW OUT 6 Bruce IN IN LOW LOW WIN HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW OUT 7 Fatima HIGH HIGH HIGH IN IN IN IN LOW OUT 8 Claudette IN OUT IN HIGH LOW OUT 9 Tanya IN HIGH IN HIGH LOW WIN OUT 10 Brother IN IN LOW IN IN OUT 11 Lee Anne HIGH WD 12 Tu IN IN LOW IN OUT 13 Tyler WIN LOW HIGH OUT 14 Rogelio IN LOW OUT 15 Laura IN HIGH OUT 16 Melissa OUT ^ Note 1 : The chef ( s ) did not receive immunity for winning the Quickfire Challenge . ^ Note 2 : Laura lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated . ^ Note 3 : Following Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen , Claudette rejoined the competition and Lee Anne was introduced as a regular competitor . ^ Note 4 : Due to severe altitude sickness , Lee Anne voluntarily withdrew from the competition . ^ Note 5 : Joseph lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated . ^ Note 6 : Joseph won Last Chance Kitchen and returned to the competition . ( WINNER ) The chef won the season and was crowned `` Top Chef '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The chef was the runner - up for the season . ( WIN ) The chef won the Elimination Challenge . ( HIGH ) The chef was selected as one of the top entries in the Elimination Challenge , but did not win . ( IN ) The chef was not selected as one of the top or bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge and was safe . ( LOW ) The chef was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The chef lost the Elimination Challenge and was out of the competition . ( WD ) The chef voluntarily withdrew from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Top Chef episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 218 `` It 'll Take More than Pot Luck '' December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Quickfire Challenge : To introduce themselves to the judges and their fellow competitors , the chefs had to create a dish for a potluck . The contestants then voted for their most and least favorite dishes . The winner received immunity from elimination . WINNER : Tu ( Corn Salpicon ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were tasked with putting a modern spin on a meat and potatoes dish . The dishes were served to 200 Denver locals at a block party located in Larimer Square . WINNER : Tyler ( Sweet Potato Purée with Crispy Potatoes & Smoked Pork Gravy ) ELIMINATED : Melissa ( Yukon Potato Purée with Braised Pork Shoulder & Fennel Salad ) 219 `` Smile and Say Mise '' December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) Quickfire Challenge : Divided into two teams , the chefs competed in the series ' traditional mise en place relay race . The race consisted of three tasks : peel and brunoise shallots ; peel , destem , and slice mushrooms ; and butcher twenty pieces of beef tenderloin . The members of the winning team then competed against each other , cooking dishes using the three prepped ingredients . The winner received immunity from elimination , US $5,000 , and a year 's supply of Blue Apron dinners . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Troy Guard . WINNER : Joseph ( Shallot , Mushroom & Ginger - Marinated Tenderloin with Peppers ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs , remaining in the same teams from the Quickfire Challenge , were required to prepare a four - course meal which incorporated four different cheeses . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Alex Seidel . WINNER : Carrie ( Potato & Ricotta Dumpling with Butter Sauce & Hazelnut Relish ) ELIMINATED : Claudette ( Smoked Trout with Cacio Pecora , Trout Skin Chips & Zucchini ) 220 `` Keep on Truckin '' December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge : The chefs deconstructed the Denver omelette . The winner received immunity from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson . WINNER : Brother ( Smoked Duck Egg with Red Pepper Gastrique , Cheddar & Ham Tempura & Pepper Salad ) Sudden Death Cook - Off : Laura , Rogelio , and Tanya , who made the judges ' least favorite dishes , competed against each other in a sudden death cook - off , where they had to make the perfect French omelette . The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition . ELIMINATED : Laura ( Mascarpone & Tarragon Omelette ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs , separated into teams of three , had to create a food truck concept with a cohesive three - item menu , which would be served to 150 college students . Each diner was provided a ticket to exchange at one food truck ; the team who received the most tickets was safe from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : New York winner Hosea Rosenberg . WINNER : Joe ( `` Sticky Licky '' Chicken Wings with Sake & Kale ) ELIMINATED : Rogelio ( `` Nibble On Your Ear '' Elote Salad with Queso Fresco & Pepitas ) 221 `` Little Tools , Big Challenge '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs elevated items from a traditional kids ' menu ; they were also limited to using kids - sized kitchen equipment . The winner received immunity from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Curtis Stone . WINNER : Adrienne ( Cauliflower Crust Pizza with Ricotta Spread , Tomato Compote & Fried Quail Egg ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs created dishes inspired by their heritage and backgrounds . The guest judge for the challenge was Food & Wine contributor Nilou Motamed . WINNER : Chris ( Lemonade - Fried Chicken with Collard Greens , Buttermilk Biscuits & Hot Sauce ) ELIMINATED : Tyler ( Spiced Tri-Tip with Swedish Potato Pancake , Swedish Meatballs & Pico de Gallo ) 222 5 `` This Is Not Glamping '' January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) Elimination Challenge : While camping outside near the mountains of Estes Park , the chefs had to create a meal using only camping equipment and ingredients native to Colorado . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Naomi Pomeroy . Prior to the challenge , Claudette and Lee Anne were selected by head judge Colicchio to join the main competition , following their wins in Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen . WINNER : Bruce ( Egg Yolk Cavatelli , Wild Boar Sugo , Roasted Ramps , Carrots & Fresh Ricotta ) ELIMINATED : Tu ( Rabbit Three Ways : Soy - Poached Hind Leg with Carrot Duxelles , Loin Medallions , Fried Foreleg with Szechuan Gastrique ) 223 6 `` Now That 's a Lot of Schnitzel '' January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs had to cook one of the most complicated dishes from their restaurants ' menus in only 30 minutes . The winner received immunity from elimination and had their recipe featured in a BuzzFeed Tasty video . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : All - Stars winner Richard Blais . WINNER : Chris ( Pepper Pot Shrimp with Jerk Spice , Peppers & Onions ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were responsible for elevating traditional German cuisine . In addition , each contestant had to create their own original radler to pair with their dish . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Keegan Gerhard . WINNER : Tanya ( Peach & Ginger Radler with Pork Apple Croquettes in Cheddar Mustard Sauce ) ELIMINATED : Brother ( Chai Tea Radler with Summer Sausage Egg Roll , Bok Choy , Apple & Potato ) WITHDREW : Lee Anne 224 7 `` Olympic Dreams '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs made breakfast dishes featuring Nutella . The winner received immunity from elimination and US $5,000 . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : Charleston winner Brooke Williamson . WINNER : Carrie ( Eggs Benedict with Nutella , Strawberry Habanero Jam & Hollandaise ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs participated in a team challenge inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In teams of three , the contestants competed head - to - head in three rounds showcasing speed , precision , and creativity . The dishes were served in the Top Chef kitchen , which was converted into an arena setting , to 70 diners , including Olympians Meryl Davis , Gus Kenworthy , and John Daly . In the speed round , the chefs had to feed 30 diners in 45 minutes . In the precision round , the chefs had to cook a protein to the perfect temperature and compose their dish using three knife cut techniques : chiffonade , bâtonnet , and brunoise . In the creativity round , the chefs had to produce the most creative dish possible using a mystery protein . The team with the lowest combined score after all three rounds faced elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was originally chef John Besh . However , following numerous sexual harassment allegations against him in late 2017 , Bravo made the decision to edit Besh out of the episode . WINNER : Joe ( Beef Short Rib Casoncelli with Carrots & Ramps ) ELIMINATED : Tanya ( North African Leg of Lamb with Chiffonade Collard Greens , Couscous , Shallot Brunoise , Glazed Carrot & Zucchini Bâtonnet ) 225 8 `` Restaurant Wars '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs competed in Top Chef 's traditional Restaurant Wars challenge . The contestants , split into two teams , were responsible for transforming an empty space into a fully functioning pop - up restaurant within 24 hours . As usual , the teams were required to cook three - course meals ; however , instead of two options , they had to create three options per course , resulting in nine total dishes . To help with the increased workload , each team was allowed to select one sous chef from the pool of previously eliminated chefs . The winning team received US $40,000 . The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Bruce Bromberg and Eric Bromberg . Conifer : Adrienne , Bruce , Carrie , Joseph First Course : Hiramasa Crudo , Diced Cucumber , Pickled Green Almond & Neonata Oil ( Joseph ) Local Kale Salad with Beets Three Ways : Raisined , Roasted & Pickled ( Carrie ) Braised Pork Meatball with Polenta , Amatriciana Sauce , Parmigiano Reggiano & House Giardiniera ( Bruce ) Second Course : Roasted Duck Breast , Corn Purée , Roasted Apricots & Duck Jus ( Joseph ) Red Pepper Orecchiette with Lamb Sausage , Fava Beans , Pea & Fava Shoots ( Bruce ) Colorado Sea Bass , Wheat Berries , Port Reduction , Chive Oil & Pickled Cauliflower ( Adrienne ) Third Course : Apple Upside - Down Cake , Apricot , Apple Butter Bourbon Glaze ( Bruce ) Lemon Curd , Sugar Cookie , Mint Gelée ( Carrie ) Caramelized White Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Crème Fraîche Ice Cream ( Adrienne ) Common Place : Chris , Claudette , Fatima , Joe First Course : Top Round Tartare , Three Pepper Aoili & Sweet Potato Chips ( Fatima ) Shigoku Oysters with Spring Pea Foam & Kombucha Pickled Rhubarb ( Joe ) Chicken Purse with Charred Spring Onion in Chicken Broth ( Joe ) Second Course : Bone Marrow with Blue Prawns , Avocado Purée , Tomatillos , Chili Peppers & Peanuts ( Claudette ) Ricotta Dumplings with Mushrooms , Charred Broccoli & Broccoli Flowers ( Joe ) Braised Pork Shoulder & Cheek with Amaranth , Quinoa , Millet Grain Cake & Horseradish Cream ( Chris ) Third Course : Beet Donut , Chocolate Cream Ganache , Beet Fennel Chutney ( Chris ) Sundae , Financier , Berry Sauce , Smoked & Toasted Almonds ( Claudette ) Skyr with Miso Chickpeas , White Chocolate Caramelized Crumble & Pickled Cherries ( Claudette ) WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Claudette 226 9 `` Bronco Brouhaha '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge : The chefs incorporated edible flowers into their dishes . Beginning with this challenge , immunity from elimination was no longer awarded to the winner . The guest judge for the challenge was chef David Kinch . WINNER : Carrie ( `` Fancy Toast '' : Lavender , Fig & Goat Cheese Toast with Candied Pecans ) Sudden Death Cook - Off : Chris , Joe , and Joseph , who made the judges ' least favorite dishes , competed against each other in a sudden death cook - off . Their dishes were required to substitute one ingredient with cauliflower . The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition . ELIMINATED : Joseph ( Purple Cauliflower Risotto with Caramelized Cauliflower Purée & Pickled Romanesco Broccoli ) Elimination Challenge : Working in teams of two , the chefs had to create one plate of food for a tailgate Super Bowl party at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . The winners each received a trip for two to Super Bowl LII . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Adam Perry Lang . WINNERS : Carrie and Chris ( Pork Green Chili Poutine with Stadium Fries ) ELIMINATED : Fatima ( `` Blue & Orange '' Nachos with Achiote Rubbed Chicken , Black Lentils , Cheese Sauce & Peach Habanero Salsa ) 227 10 `` Red Rum and Then Some '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs traveled to The Stanley Hotel , where they crafted desserts visualizing their worst nightmares . WINNER : Chris ( `` Pushed From 12,000 Feet '' : Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Sour Cream , Black Salt & Marzipan ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were tasked with creating dishes that embodied their culinary journeys on Top Chef . The dishes were served at the Colorado Governor 's Mansion to a table of guests , including Governor of Colorado John Hickenlooper . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Frank Bonanno . WINNER : Joe ( Lamb Agnolotti with Beets , Hazelnuts & Cacio Pecora Cheese ) ELIMINATED : Bruce ( Roasted Duck with Toasted Barley & Corn , Topped with Salsify ) 228 11 `` Cooking High '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs served gastropub - inspired dishes featuring sarsaparilla . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Wylie Dufresne . WINNER : Carrie ( `` Top of the French Onion Soup '' with Sarsaparilla - Deglazed Onions & Beef Stock ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs had to create high concept dishes under high - altitude cooking conditions . The dishes were served at Alpino Vino , the highest elevation restaurant in North America , which sits at approximately 12,000 feet ( 3.7 km ) above sea level . Each chef was also required to include a baking element to their dish . The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Wylie Dufresne and Paul Liebrandt . WINNER : Joe ( Roasted Duck with Spring Peas , Cherry Jam & Kombucha Cherry Puffs ) ELIMINATED : Chris ( Crispy Black Pepper Quail with Corn Pudding , Butternut Squash , Maple & Bacon Cornbread ) 229 12 `` Nut Allergy '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) Quick Fire Challenge : The chefs had to create a dish with Rocky Mountain oysters prepared two ways . The guest judges for the challenge were Top Chef : Las Vegas winner Michael Voltaggio and his brother Bryan Voltaggio . The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge . WINNER : Joe ( Cornflake - Breaded Rocky Mountain Oysters , White Bean Purée & Brown Butter Braised Rocky Mountain Oysters ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were greeted by their family members at a surprise reunion . After enjoying a meal served by the contestants ' family , the chefs were instructed to take the dish cooked by their relative and elevate it to the next level . As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge , Joe received an extra 30 minutes of prep time . WINNER : Adrienne ( `` Mom 's Gumbo '' Butter - Poached King Crab Leg & Shrimp with Trinity , Fried Andouille Chips & Rice ) ELIMINATED : Carrie ( Beef Stroganoff Raviolo with Buffalo Sausage , Mushroom Duxelle , Herbed Crème Fraîche & Caramelized Onions ) 230 13 `` A Little Place Called Aspen '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Quick Fire Challenge : The chefs had to go fly fishing , catch a trout , and cook a dish within the allotted time frame . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef Masters Season 4 winner Chris Cosentino . The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge . WINNER : Joseph ( Pan-Seared Trout , Black Garlic Beurre Blanc with Fennel , Mushrooms , Asparagus & Bread Crumbs ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs served vegetarian dishes to various chefs and food connoisseurs attending the Food & Wine Classic in Aspen , including Brooke Williamson , Danny Meyer , Bryan Voltaggio , Michael Voltaggio , Ludo Lefebvre , Scott Conant , and Tim Love . To help with the challenge , each contestant received the assistance of one of the three most recently eliminated competitors : Carrie , Chris , and Bruce . As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge , Joseph was able to select his own sous chef and assign his opponents ' . He selected Carrie for himself , Bruce for Adrienne , and Chris for Joe . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Daniel Boulud . WINNER : Joseph ( Grilled Baby Zucchini Topped with Hazelnut Zucchini Pesto , Mushroom Vinaigrette , Goat Cheese & Raw Asparagus Salad ) ELIMINATED : Joe ( Beet Carpaccio with Beet Yogurt , Green Bean Tomato Vinaigrette & Sourdough Bread ) 231 14 `` Finale '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Elimination Challenge : The finalists had to create the best four - course progressive meal of their lives . Each finalist received help from two sous chefs , consisting of previously eliminated contestants . Adrienne was assisted by Chris and Carrie , while Joseph was assisted by Joe and Fatima . The guest judges for the challenge were Jonathan Waxman , Nancy Silverton , and Curtis Duffy . Adrienne : First Course : Spoon Bread , Sea Urchin , Buttermilk Dashi , Ham , Caviar & Wheat Tuile Second Course : Blackened Octopus with Squid Ink Grits & Fennel Chow - Chow Third Course : Cheerwine - Braised Short Rib , Black Eyed Peas with Ham Hock & Cheerwine Bone Marrow Bordelaise Fourth Course : Banana Pudding with Yuzu , Banana Spears & Vanilla Wafers Joseph : First Course : `` Tonno Vitellato '' - Raw Tuna with Veal Demi Aioli , Smoked Wagyu Powder & Capers Second Course : `` Tortellini En Brodo '' - Grano Arso Tortellini , Pig Head , Apple , Black Truffle & Braising Liquid Broth Third Course : `` Manzo Di Colorado '' - Roasted Beef Ribeye with Roasted Asparagus & Smoked Bone Marrow Sauce Fourth Course : `` Torta Della Nonna '' - Brown Sugar Cake , Whipped Ricotta , Blueberry Thyme Sauce & Chocolate Shards WINNER : Joseph RUNNER - UP : Adrienne Last Chance Kitchen ( edit ) Main article : Top Chef § Last Chance Kitchen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Catch Me Up ... Quick ! '' November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) Challenge : The four returning Top Chef contestants had to create a dish that represented their current ventures as a chef . In addition , the contestants had to agree upon five ingredients which they would all have to incorporate into their dishes ; they chose cauliflower , lamb , serrano peppers , fennel , and olives . Only three contestants would move on to compete against the first eliminated chef from the main cast . Jennifer : Lamb Croquettes , Crème Fraîche with Gochujang & Lemon Zest Kwame : Moroccan Lamb Stew , Castelvetrano Olives , Cashews , Fennel Lee Anne : Cauliflower Soup , Ground Lamb & Flatbread Marcel : Vadouvan Lamb Rack , Olive , Pine Nuts , Fennel Fronds , Fennel Pollen & Roasted Cauliflower WINNER : Lee Anne ELIMINATED : Jennifer `` All of a Spudden '' December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Challenge : The chefs had to create a dish featuring potatoes . Kwame : Potato Écrasé , Potato Crumble , Lemon , Smoked Paprika , Crispy Pancetta Lee Anne : Herb , Kale & Potato Purée , Crispy Potato Batonnet , Potato Ring , Seared Scallop & Andouille Sausage Marcel : French Fry Potato with Aji Amarillo Sauce Melissa : Pan-Seared Salmon , Confit Fingerling Potatoes , Yukon Gold Potato Chips , Chive Oil with Lemon WINNER : Marcel ELIMINATED : Melissa `` Miss Muffet 's Favorite '' December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) Challenge : Inspired by the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme , the chefs had to create a dish using cheese curds , whey , and dried zebra tarantulas . Claudette : Ha Sikil Pak , Fried Sweet Potato Skins & Tarantula Kwame : Grilled Flatbread with Whey Sauce & Cheese Curds , Crispy Tarantula Lee Anne : Crispy Tarantula over `` Grime Time '' of Fried Curds & Piquillo Pepper Compote , Whey Honey Vinaigrette Marcel : Fresh Mozzarella , Heirloom Tomato , Whey Emulsion , Prosciutto , Tarantula Gremolata WINNER : Claudette ELIMINATED : Marcel `` Two Wrongs '' December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Challenge : The chefs were shown seven baskets filled with unusual pairings of ingredients : vanilla beans and pickles , strawberries and garlic , liquorice and peanut butter , sour candy and gochujang , bonito flakes and chocolate , bananas and capers , and coffee and anchovy paste . Each contestant had to select one basket and create a cohesive dish using their ingredients , attempting to turn `` two wrongs into a right '' . Following the judging , two chefs were eliminated . Claudette ( Bonito Flakes & Chocolate ) : Seared Venison with Raspberry Mole Kwame ( Bananas & Capers ) : Nigerian Red Pepper Chicken Stew , Plantain Chips , Pickled Pepper & Crispy Capers Laura ( Strawberries & Garlic ) : Black Garlic Roasted Halibut with Strawberry , Heirloom Tomato & Garlic Salsa Lee Anne ( Vanilla & Pickles ) : Veracruz Chicken with Dried Chiles , Vanilla , Orange & Grapefruit Juice , Cucumber Salsa Rogelio ( Sour Candy & Gochujang ) : Sour Candy - Marinated Tuna , Fennel , Apple , Pepper & Red Onion Escabeche WINNER : Claudette ELIMINATED : Laura and Rogelio 5 `` All in Your Head '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Challenge ( Part 1 ) : In the first round of a two - part challenge , the chefs had to create dishes using animal heads . Claudette : Taco de Lengua - Pork Tongue Taco with Mushrooms , Cabbage Slaw , Salsa Verde Kwame : Traditional Thai Curry with Salmon , Garlic Chips & Flat Bread Lee Anne : Braised & Fried Halibut Cheek , Sautéed Vegetables , Lamb & Black Bean Sauce Tyler : Pork Cheek Braised in Brown Butter Currant Sauce , Sweet Potato Purée , Spaghetti Squash WINNER : Kwame ELIMINATED : Tyler 6 `` Cook with Your Guts '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Challenge ( Part 2 ) : In the second round of a two - part challenge , the chefs had to create dishes using the innards of various animals . The winners of the challenge earned spots in the main competition . Claudette : Picadillo Tetela with Chicken Livers & Cherries , Chintextle ( Oaxacan Mother Sauce ) Kwame : Chicken Heart Sofrito with Crispy Shallots , Confit Potatoes , Potato Tostones & Chicken Gremolata Lee Anne : Beef Liver Dumplings with Garlic , Shallots , Shoyu , Ginger & Chili Oil WINNERS : Claudette and Lee Anne ELIMINATED : Kwame 7 `` Make Like a Tree and Leaf '' January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Challenge : The chefs made dishes highlighting the flavors and textures of the unconventionally eaten parts of the tree , such as spruce tips , pine tips , curry leaves , and kaffir lime leaves . Brother : Pork Chop with Avocado Leaf Ash & Guajillo Chilis , Lime & Jalapeño Syrup , Charred Pineapple & Mango Tu : Chicken Curry , Curry Leaves , Bay Leaves & Kaffir Lime Leaves WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Tu 8 `` Speed Round '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) Challenge : The chefs were allowed to cook any dish , but were only given ten minutes to do so . Brother : Seared Trout , Chorizo Vinaigrette & Cauliflower Purée Tanya : Blackened Salmon with Romesco Sauce WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Tanya 9 `` Last Last Chance '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Challenge : The chefs had to create dishes using produce that has gone bad ; they were also restricted from using any proteins . Brother : Grilled Artichoke , Charred Eggplant Purée , Miso , Nutmeg , Morels , Confit of Tomatoes & Chive Claudette : Plantain Molotes , Heirloom Tomato Caldillo , Cabbage Avocado Slaw with Crema WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Claudette 10 `` Ultimate Top Chef Taco Bar '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Challenge : The chefs put their own spin on tacos . Instead of creating the entire dish themselves , the chefs had to lay out the components for their tacos and allow Colicchio , as well as the other eliminated contestants , to build their own . In addition , at least one component had to incorporate Hidden Valley ranch seasoning . Brother : Borracho Beans , Roasted Tomato Salsa , Grilled Carne Asada , Cotija Corn , Pickled Poblanos , Ranch Chipotle Crema Fatima : Chana Masala , Poached Quail Eggs , Seven Spice New York Strip , Tamarind Chile Sauce , Ranch & Preserved Lemon Crème Fraîche , Avocado Coconut Crema Joseph : Ranch Tostadas , Ponzu & Cilantro Cod , Mirin Pickled Onions , Corn & Napa Kimchi , Ranch Yuzu Crema , Furikake Radishes , Gochujang Salsa WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Fatima 11 `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Challenge : Inspired by the fairy tale `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' , the chefs had to create a porridge dish . Brother : White Quinoa Porridge , Seared Seabass , Cranberry Apple Chutney Bruce : Farro & Barley Porridge , Seared Sea Scallop , Poached Egg , Pickled Mustard Green & Wild Mushroom Joseph : Seared Steak , Barley Porridge Milanese , Tomato Conserva , Parmigiano Reggiano WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Bruce 12 `` Finale '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Challenge : The finalists were allowed to cook any dish . The dishes were served to Colicchio , guest judge Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson , and the gallery of previously eliminated chefs , who then voted for their favorite dish . The chef who received the most votes was declared the winner of Last Chance Kitchen and rejoined the main competition . Brother : Stuffed Chicken Breast with Pecorino & Jalapeno , Roasted Chili Apple , Butternut Squash & Brussels Sprouts Hash , Lime Crema with Nitro Raspberries Joseph : Lamb Shoulder , Fava Bean Pesto , Charred Fava Pecorino , Shallot & Balsamic Glaze WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Brother References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Calderone , Ana ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the First Trailer for Top Chef Colorado and Meet All the New Cheftestants '' . People . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Laura ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Top Chef Returns This December : Get Your First Look at the Epic New Season '' . Bravo . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Which Chicago native won ' Top Chef ' ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Komonibo , Ineye ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Votes Are In ! Find Out Which Cheftestant Is Your Top Chef Fan Favorite '' . Bravo . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Laura ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` What ? ! A Top Chef Alum Could Return to the Competition in Season 15 '' . Bravo . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' `` Evaluating '' John Besh Appearance After Sexual Harassment Allegations `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' cuts John Besh from episode after sexual harassment allegations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Top Chef Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Winners Harold Dieterle Ilan Hall Hung Huynh Stephanie Izard Hosea Rosenberg Michael Voltaggio Kevin Sbraga Richard Blais Paul Qui Kristen Kish Nicholas Elmi Mei Lin Jeremy Ford Brooke Williamson Joseph Flamm Judges Current Tom Colicchio ( head judge ) Padma Lakshmi ( host ) Gail Simmons Emeril Lagasse Hugh Acheson Richard Blais Graham Elliot Former Katie Lee Joel ( host ) Ted Allen Toby Young Eric Ripert Anthony Bourdain Wolfgang Puck Spin - offs Top Chef Junior Top Chef Masters 5 Top Chef : Just Desserts Life After Top Chef Top Chef Duels International versions Top Chef Suomi Top Chef Canada 5 Top Chef Middle East Related articles Contestants Episodes Bravo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_Chef_(season_15)&oldid=830207820 '' Categories : Top Chef 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 12 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won last chance kitchen joe or brother
[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nOriginal air date\n\n\n1\n\"Catch Me Up...Quick!\"\nNovember 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The four returning Top Chef contestants had to create a dish that represented their current ventures as a chef. In addition, the contestants had to agree upon five ingredients which they would all have to incorporate into their dishes; they chose cauliflower, lamb, serrano peppers, fennel, and olives. Only three contestants would move on to compete against the first eliminated chef from the main cast.\n\nJennifer: Lamb Croquettes, Crème Fraîche with Gochujang & Lemon Zest\nKwame: Moroccan Lamb Stew, Castelvetrano Olives, Cashews, Fennel\nLee Anne: Cauliflower Soup, Ground Lamb & Flatbread\nMarcel: Vadouvan Lamb Rack, Olive, Pine Nuts, Fennel Fronds, Fennel Pollen & Roasted Cauliflower\n\nWINNER: Lee Anne\nELIMINATED: Jennifer\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\"All of a Spudden\"\nDecember 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs had to create a dish featuring potatoes.\n\nKwame: Potato Écrasé, Potato Crumble, Lemon, Smoked Paprika, Crispy Pancetta\nLee Anne: Herb, Kale & Potato Purée, Crispy Potato Batonnet, Potato Ring, Seared Scallop & Andouille Sausage\nMarcel: French Fry Potato with Aji Amarillo Sauce\nMelissa: Pan-Seared Salmon, Confit Fingerling Potatoes, Yukon Gold Potato Chips, Chive Oil with Lemon\n\nWINNER: Marcel\nELIMINATED: Melissa\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\"Miss Muffet's Favorite\"\nDecember 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)\n\n\n\nChallenge: Inspired by the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme, the chefs had to create a dish using cheese curds, whey, and dried zebra tarantulas.\n\nClaudette: Ha Sikil Pak, Fried Sweet Potato Skins & Tarantula\nKwame: Grilled Flatbread with Whey Sauce & Cheese Curds, Crispy Tarantula\nLee Anne: Crispy Tarantula over \"Grime Time\" of Fried Curds & Piquillo Pepper Compote, Whey Honey Vinaigrette\nMarcel: Fresh Mozzarella, Heirloom Tomato, Whey Emulsion, Prosciutto, Tarantula Gremolata\n\nWINNER: Claudette\nELIMINATED: Marcel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\"Two Wrongs\"\nDecember 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs were shown seven baskets filled with unusual pairings of ingredients: vanilla beans and pickles, strawberries and garlic, liquorice and peanut butter, sour candy and gochujang, bonito flakes and chocolate, bananas and capers, and coffee and anchovy paste. Each contestant had to select one basket and create a cohesive dish using their ingredients, attempting to turn \"two wrongs into a right\". Following the judging, two chefs were eliminated.\n\nClaudette (Bonito Flakes & Chocolate): Seared Venison with Raspberry Mole\nKwame (Bananas & Capers): Nigerian Red Pepper Chicken Stew, Plantain Chips, Pickled Pepper & Crispy Capers\nLaura (Strawberries & Garlic): Black Garlic Roasted Halibut with Strawberry, Heirloom Tomato & Garlic Salsa\nLee Anne (Vanilla & Pickles): Veracruz Chicken with Dried Chiles, Vanilla, Orange & Grapefruit Juice, Cucumber Salsa\nRogelio (Sour Candy & Gochujang): Sour Candy-Marinated Tuna, Fennel, Apple, Pepper & Red Onion Escabeche\n\nWINNER: Claudette\nELIMINATED: Laura and Rogelio\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\"All in Your Head\"\nDecember 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)\n\n\n\nChallenge (Part 1): In the first round of a two-part challenge, the chefs had to create dishes using animal heads.\n\nClaudette: Taco de Lengua - Pork Tongue Taco with Mushrooms, Cabbage Slaw, Salsa Verde\nKwame: Traditional Thai Curry with Salmon, Garlic Chips & Flat Bread\nLee Anne: Braised & Fried Halibut Cheek, Sautéed Vegetables, Lamb & Black Bean Sauce\nTyler: Pork Cheek Braised in Brown Butter Currant Sauce, Sweet Potato Purée, Spaghetti Squash\n\nWINNER: Kwame\nELIMINATED: Tyler\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\"Cook with Your Guts\"\nDecember 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)\n\n\n\nChallenge (Part 2): In the second round of a two-part challenge, the chefs had to create dishes using the innards of various animals. The winners of the challenge earned spots in the main competition.\n\nClaudette: Picadillo Tetela with Chicken Livers & Cherries, Chintextle (Oaxacan Mother Sauce)\nKwame: Chicken Heart Sofrito with Crispy Shallots, Confit Potatoes, Potato Tostones & Chicken Gremolata\nLee Anne: Beef Liver Dumplings with Garlic, Shallots, Shoyu, Ginger & Chili Oil\n\nWINNERS: Claudette and Lee Anne\nELIMINATED: Kwame\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\"Make Like a Tree and Leaf\"\nJanuary 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs made dishes highlighting the flavors and textures of the unconventionally eaten parts of the tree, such as spruce tips, pine tips, curry leaves, and kaffir lime leaves.\n\nBrother: Pork Chop with Avocado Leaf Ash & Guajillo Chilis, Lime & Jalapeño Syrup, Charred Pineapple & Mango\nTu: Chicken Curry, Curry Leaves, Bay Leaves & Kaffir Lime Leaves\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Tu\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\"Speed Round\"\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs were allowed to cook any dish, but were only given ten minutes to do so.\n\nBrother: Seared Trout, Chorizo Vinaigrette & Cauliflower Purée\nTanya: Blackened Salmon with Romesco Sauce\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Tanya\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\"Last Last Chance\"\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs had to create dishes using produce that has gone bad; they were also restricted from using any proteins.\n\nBrother: Grilled Artichoke, Charred Eggplant Purée, Miso, Nutmeg, Morels, Confit of Tomatoes & Chive\nClaudette: Plantain Molotes, Heirloom Tomato Caldillo, Cabbage Avocado Slaw with Crema\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Claudette\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\"Ultimate Top Chef Taco Bar\"\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs put their own spin on tacos. Instead of creating the entire dish themselves, the chefs had to lay out the components for their tacos and allow Colicchio, as well as the other eliminated contestants, to build their own. In addition, at least one component had to incorporate Hidden Valley ranch seasoning.\n\nBrother: Borracho Beans, Roasted Tomato Salsa, Grilled Carne Asada, Cotija Corn, Pickled Poblanos, Ranch Chipotle Crema\nFatima: Chana Masala, Poached Quail Eggs, Seven Spice New York Strip, Tamarind Chile Sauce, Ranch & Preserved Lemon Crème Fraîche, Avocado Coconut Crema\nJoseph: Ranch Tostadas, Ponzu & Cilantro Cod, Mirin Pickled Onions, Corn & Napa Kimchi, Ranch Yuzu Crema, Furikake Radishes, Gochujang Salsa\n\nWINNER: Joseph\nELIMINATED: Fatima\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\"\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n\n\n\nChallenge: Inspired by the fairy tale \"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\", the chefs had to create a porridge dish.\n\nBrother: White Quinoa Porridge, Seared Seabass, Cranberry Apple Chutney\nBruce: Farro & Barley Porridge, Seared Sea Scallop, Poached Egg, Pickled Mustard Green & Wild Mushroom\nJoseph: Seared Steak, Barley Porridge Milanese, Tomato Conserva, Parmigiano Reggiano\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Bruce\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\"Finale\"\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The finalists were allowed to cook any dish. The dishes were served to Colicchio, guest judge Lachlan Mackinnon-Patterson, and the gallery of previously eliminated chefs, who then voted for their favorite dish. The chef who received the most votes was declared the winner of Last Chance Kitchen and rejoined the main competition.\n\nBrother: Stuffed Chicken Breast with Pecorino & Jalapeno, Roasted Chili Apple, Butternut Squash & Brussels Sprouts Hash, Lime Crema with Nitro Raspberries\nJoseph: Lamb Shoulder, Fava Bean Pesto, Charred Fava Pecorino, Shallot & Balsamic Glaze\n\nWINNER: Joseph\nELIMINATED: Brother\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Joseph" ]
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Alex Karras
Alex Karras - wikipedia Alex Karras This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alex Karras Susan Clark and Karras in Babe ( 1975 ) . No. 71 Position : Defensive tackle Born : ( 1935 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1935 Gary , Indiana Died : October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) ( aged 77 ) Los Angeles , California Height : 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Weight : 248 lb ( 112 kg ) Career information High school : Gary ( IN ) Emerson College : Iowa NFL Draft : 1958 / Round : 1 / Pick : 10 Career history Detroit Lions ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Career highlights and awards 4 × Pro Bowl ( 1960 -- 1962 , 1965 ) 4 × First - team All - Pro ( 1960 -- 1962 , 1965 ) 5 × Second - team All - Pro ( 1964 , 1966 -- 1969 ) NFL 1960s All - Decade team Outland Trophy ( 1957 ) 2 × First - team All - American ( 1956 , 1957 ) Career NFL statistics Games played : 161 Interceptions : 4 Player stats at NFL.com College Football Hall of Fame Alexander George Karras ( July 15 , 1935 -- October 10 , 2012 ) was an American football player , professional wrestler , sportscaster , and actor . He was a four - time Pro Bowl player with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League ( NFL ) , where he played from 1958 to 1970 . As an actor , Karras is noted for his role as Mongo in the 1974 comedy film Blazing Saddles . He was also known for starring as Webster Long 's ( Emmanuel Lewis ) adoptive father , George Papadopolis , in the ABC sitcom Webster ( 1983 -- 1989 ) alongside his wife Susan Clark . He was also featured prominently in Victor / Victoria , starring Julie Andrews and James Garner . He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 College career 2 Professional football 3 Film and television 4 Writing 5 Honors 6 Later activities 7 Personal life 8 Illness and death 9 Filmography 10 References 11 External links College career ( edit ) Karras from 1958 Hawkeye Born and raised in Gary , Indiana , Karras was the son of Dr. George Karras , a Greek immigrant ( from Chios ) who graduated from the University of Chicago and got his medical degree in Canada . There , George Karras met and married a Canadian woman , Alex 's mother , Emmeline ( née Wilson ) , a registered nurse . George Karras opened a medical practice in Gary , but he died when Alex was thirteen years old . By that time , Alex Karras had learned to play football in a parking lot near his home , and he blossomed into a four - time Indiana all - state selection at Gary 's Emerson High School . His older brothers , Lou ( a future member of the Redskins ) and Ted ( who later played with the Bears and Lions ) , had played at Purdue but later Ted transferred to Indiana . Because of this , Alex said , `` Indiana had the inside track '' on recruiting him . Shortly after he graduated from high school , three coaches from the Iowa Hawkeyes met Karras at his brother Louie 's house with an airplane and flew him to Spencer , Iowa , where he remained incommunicado through the summer . Writing in the Detroit Free Press in 1971 ( as reprinted in the Iowa City Press - Citizen ) , Karras said that `` nobody knew where I was , not even my mom , although Louie told her not to worry ... Obviously , Iowa came up with something , I have no intention of stirring up any mess . I 'll only say that , as Louie explained it , some accommodations were made by the people at Iowa that would make things easier for the family , and so away I went . It was the beginning of some awful years . '' Karras struggled in the beginning at Iowa , with classwork , homesickness and with his coach , Forest Evashevski . He was a pledge at Sigma Nu fraternity during his first year in school . Karras probably would have left Iowa had he not befriended a Greek theater owner , Ernie Pannos , as well as fellow players Cal Jones and Bob Commings . Karras ' sophomore year with Iowa in 1955 got off to a rocky start when he showed up for practice twenty pounds ( 9 kg ) overweight . Karras was also hampered that season by a cracked ankle bone . After being disappointed at not getting to play in the season finale , Karras threw a shoe at Evashevski and quit the team . Karras did not earn a football letter for the 1955 season . Karras went to summer classes and later rejoined the football team , but a strained relationship resurfaced . Evashevski promised to start Alex Karras in the 1956 season opener against Indiana , when Alex would square off against his brother , Ted . But Evy played Karras off the bench instead , and Karras quit the team again . This time , Karras agreed to rejoin the team only after making Evashevski promise he would not talk to him other than in a purely coaching capacity . ( Evashevski always denied any special agreement with Karras . ) Iowa took the lead in the 1956 Big Ten title race with a 7 -- 0 victory over Minnesota . The Hawkeyes then clinched the Big Ten title and Iowa 's first ever Rose Bowl berth by defeating Ohio State , 6 -- 0 . Karras sealed the game with a quarterback sack on the game 's final play . Iowa 's final regular season game in 1956 was 48 -- 8 win at home over a struggling Notre Dame team . Karras called it his biggest college win , saying , `` The Karrases have always had a rivalry with Notre Dame . The school was just sixty miles ( 97 km ) down the road from our home and we wanted to beat ' em at anything . '' However , after the game , Karras got into a physical battle with Evashevski . Karras did not enjoy his trip to the Rose Bowl , either . `` Pasadena was the most boring town I 've ever been in , '' said Karras . Karras helped the Hawkeyes win the Rose Bowl over Oregon State , 35 -- 19 . He was a first team All - American in 1956 Karras spent the summer of 1957 with an American track team of Greek descent . He participated in the shot put , throwing a respectable 52 feet ( 16 m ) . In his senior season in 1957 , Karras was the most dominant lineman in the nation , won the Outland Trophy , and was the runner - up in the voting for the Heisman Trophy . Karras and Ohio State tackle John Hicks ( in 1973 ) are two of only three linemen ever finishing so high in the Heisman Trophy voting . ( Leon Hart , a Notre Dame end , was the only lineman ever to win the Heisman Trophy in 1949 . ) In addition , Karras was a consensus first team All - American in 1957 . Hawkeye teammate Randy Duncan said , Karras hated Evashevski , and he still does . I think Karras hated Evy for a lot of reasons . Evy was on everybody 's back , and he was on Karras ' back big time . Karras was a great football player , but he did n't really like offense and , in those days , you had to go both ways . So he did n't block anybody . What he wanted to do was chase down quarterbacks and play defense . Professional Football ( edit ) Before his NFL career got under way , Karras signed a contract as a professional wrestler on December 13 , 1957 , earning $ 25,000 during the six - month off - season . Karras was the tenth selection of the 1958 NFL draft , taken by the Detroit Lions ( in December 1957 ) . He signed with the Lions , spurning an offer from the Canadian Football League 's Winnipeg Blue Bombers . He quickly became one of the dominant defensive tackles in the NFL , playing for 12 seasons ( 1958 -- 1962 , 1964 -- 1970 ) with the same team . On January 7 , 1963 , Karras 's ownership in Detroit 's Lindell AC Bar became a source of controversy when league officials urged him to sell his financial interests in the place because of reports of gambling and organized crime influence . After first threatening to retire rather than give it up , Karras admitted placing bets on NFL games and was suspended by the league , along with Green Bay Packers ' running back Paul Hornung , for one season ( 1963 ) . During his exile , Karras returned to pro wrestling , taking on such memorable characters as Dick the Bruiser . He was reinstated , along with Hornung , on March 16 , 1964 by NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle . Upon returning to action in 1964 , Karras once refused when an official asked him to call the pregame coin toss . `` I 'm sorry , sir , '' Karras replied . `` I 'm not permitted to gamble . '' During his first year back , player discontent with head coach George Wilson resulted in Karras asking to be traded . However , the Lions settled the issue when they fired Wilson after the 1964 NFL season . From 1960 to 1966 , except for the year of his suspension in 1963 , he played next to Roger Brown , a formidable pair of defensive tackles , until the latter was traded to the Los Angeles Rams . After another season of controversy under new head coach Harry Gilmer , Karras was rumored to be ready to play out his option and sign with the expansion Miami Dolphins of the American Football League under his former coach Wilson . Instead , Karras signed a seven - year contract with the Lions on May 20 , 1966 , with Wilson stating that Karras had used the threat of signing with Miami to garner the large deal with Detroit . Despite the new contract , controversy remained , as Karras and Gilmer sparred in midseason , with the coach reportedly ready to release the veteran defensive tackle . As before , it would be the coach who would depart , with Karras 's former teammate Joe Schmidt taking over . On June 4 , 1967 , Karras once again hinted he would retire to work at a new business venture ; once training camp began , though , Karras was back with the Lions . During that preseason , he jokingly commented that he would walk back from Denver if the AFL Broncos defeated the Lions . When that actually happened , Karras backtracked and flew home on the team plane . He was still an All - Pro selection in 1967 to 1969 . Despite not allowing a touchdown in the divisional round of the 1970 NFL playoffs , the Lions lost to the Dallas Cowboys 5 -- 0 , his first playoff game and his final game . After the 1971 preseason , while rehabing a knee injury suffered the previous year , Karras was released , ending his playing career at age 35 . From 1958 to 1970 , the Lions were over . 500 six of the 13 years , making the playoffs only once , 1970 , with a 10 -- 4 record in Karras ' final year . Aside from 1970 , their best years were 1962 ( 11 -- 3 ) and 1969 ( 9 -- 4 -- 1 ) . In 1962 , the Lion defense allowed 177 points ( 12.6 points / game ) , 188 ( 13.4 ppg ) in 1969 , and 202 ( 14.4 ppg ) in 1970 ; for all three years they were second - least in the NFL , thanks in large part to a tough and rugged defensive line led by Karras . He was called an `` iron man '' , and missed only one game due to injury in his 12 NFL seasons and his 161 games played are the fifteenth most in Lions history . He made the Pro Bowl four times , and the Hall of Fame named him a member of the 1960s All - Decade team . The Professional Football Researchers Association named Karras to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2006 Film and television ( edit ) In 1968 , he made his film debut playing himself in the film adaptation of George Plimpton 's nonfiction sports book Paper Lion . As in Plimpton 's book , Karras delights his teammates with impromptu monologues about a fanciful past , including his marriage to Hitler . Following his release by the Lions in 1971 , he made several appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and also played a bit part in The Mary Tyler Moore Show , appearing in the farewell party scene where Rhoda moves back to New York ( 1972 ) . Karras soon began acting on a full - time basis , playing a Tennessee boy turned Olympic weightlifter named Hugh Ray Feather in 1973 's The 500 Pound Jerk . He played a hulking villain who menaced Clint Walker in the ABC TV film Hardcase . A minor but memorable role came one year later in the western parody Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) : the very strong and slow - witted thug Mongo , who rode into town on a huge brahman ( marked with `` yes '' and `` no '' passing signals ) , knocked out a horse with one punch , and famously responded to a question from Sheriff Bart with , `` Do n't know ... '' ( looking straight into the camera ) `` ... Mongo only pawn in game of life . '' That same year , he was quickly brought in by ABC in September to replace Fred Williamson as a commentator for the network 's Monday Night Football . He served three years in that role until leaving after the 1976 season , with his most memorable comment coming in his first game , when he joked that bald Oakland Raiders ' lineman Otis Sistrunk , who never attended college , was from `` the University of Mars '' . In 1972 , Karras hosted a local weekly football program for Windsor , Ontario CBC affiliate CKLW - TV , The Alex Karras Football Show ; his program generally preceded the CBC 's Wednesday night CFL telecasts. . In 1973 , Alex made several cameo appearances on the January 8th broadcast of Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In ' . Karras returned to acting with roles that included playing Sheriff Wallace in Porky 's ( in which his wife , Susan Clark , also starred ) , and as western settler Hans Brumbaugh in Centennial . He played James Garner 's closeted gay bodyguard in the 1982 Blake Edwards ' film Victor Victoria . Karras played a darker role as Hank Sully , the right - hand - man of villain Jake Wise ( played by James Woods ) in the 1984 film , Against All Odds . Karras ' most memorable role was in the 1975 made - for - TV movie Babe , where he played the hulking ex-wrestler George Zaharias , loyally caring for his cancer - stricken wife , the legendary athlete Babe Didrikson Zaharias . In 1975 , Karras appeared on MNF colleauge Howard Cosell 's ill - fated variety show Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell wearing a wig ( a la Mongo ) and performing `` Already Gone '' on the beach with The Eagles who were dubbed the `` Alex Karras Blues Band '' due to tee - shirts the band members wore bearing that moniker . Karras ' television appearances included guest roles on Daniel Boone in the episode `` The Cache '' , M * A * S * H in the episode `` Springtime '' , The Odd Couple and a brief run on Match Game ' 75 . He also signed on to play the character `` Super Jock '' in commercials for a line of sports action toys named Super Jock , produced by Schaper ( 1975 ) . In 1977 , he was cast in the lead of the TV movie Mad Bull . In 1979 , he had the role of Hans `` Potato '' Brumbaugh , a potato farmer , on the TV miniseries Centennial . He was known for his humorous endorsement of La - Z - Boy recliners , in an ad campaign which also featured NFL greats such as Miami Dolphins Coach Don Shula , and New York Jets legend Joe Namath . In the 1980s , Karras had memorable success in the TV sitcom Webster , playing George Papadapolis , the title character 's adoptive father , in a role that showcased his softer side . His real - life wife , Susan Clark , played his fictional wife in the series ; Karras and Clark produced the series through their Georgian Bay Entertainment production company . The two met in 1975 while filming the made - for - television biopic Babe for CBS . Writing ( edit ) Besides being one of the subjects of George Plimpton 's nonfiction book Paper Lion ( published in 1966 ) , he was one of the two principal subjects of Plimpton 's follow - up book , Mad Ducks and Bears ( 1973 ) ( fellow Detroit Lion John Gordy was the `` bear '' to Karras ' `` mad duck . '' ) Karras named one of his sons after Plimpton . During his last years as a Detroit Lion , Karras wrote a journal of his experiences that was published in the Detroit Free Press . He subsequently wrote a memoir , Even Big Guys Cry ( 1978 ) , and a novel , Tuesday Night Football ( 1991 ) . Honors ( edit ) In conjunction with the 100 Years of Hawkeye Football celebration in 1989 , Iowa Hawkeye fans selected an all - time team . The squad featured 11 players on offense and defense , two kickers , and 15 special - mention players who received strong fan support . Alex Karras was voted to the team as a defensive lineman . Karras was elected to the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1977 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1991 . On December 12 , 2014 the Big Ten Network included Karras on `` The Mount Rushmore of Iowa Football '' , as chosen by online fan voting . Karras was joined in the honor by Nile Kinnick , Chuck Long and Tim Dwight . Later activities ( edit ) Karras also worked briefly as a football coach in 2007 and 2008 . He worked for the SIL as an assistant coach to Bob Lombardi . He owned an ice cream parlor in Surfside Beach , South Carolina called The Cow . Personal life ( edit ) Karras was married twice . He married Joan Jurgensen in 1958 , with whom he had five children . The marriage ended in divorce in 1975 . He married actress Susan Clark on March 21 , 1980 , and they had a daughter together . Illness and death ( edit ) In his later years , Karras suffered several serious health problems , including dementia , heart disease , and cancer . Karras was among 3,500 former NFL players to have filed lawsuits against the NFL in early 2012 , over the long - term damage caused by concussions and repeated hits to the head . On October 8 , 2012 , it was revealed by friend Tom McInerney that Karras had been diagnosed with kidney failure . He was treated at the Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California , before being released into hospice care . After returning to his Los Angeles home with family , Karras died in the morning hours of October 10 . Filmography ( edit ) Paper Lion ( 1968 ) -- Himself Hardcase ( 1972 ) -- Booker Llewellyn The 500 Pound Jerk ( 1973 ) -- Hughie Rae Feather Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) -- Mongo The Great Lester Boggs ( 1974 ) -- Sheriff Billy Bob Win , Place or Steal ( 1974 ) -- Frank `` Babe '' ( 1975 ) -- George Zaharias FM ( 1978 ) -- Doc Holiday Jacob Two - Two Meets the Hooded Fang ( 1978 ) -- The Hooded Fang Centennial ( 1978 ) -- Hans Brumbaugh When Time Ran Out ( 1980 ) -- Tiny Baker Nobody 's Perfekt ( 1981 ) - Swaboda Porky 's ( 1981 ) -- Sheriff Wallace Victor Victoria ( 1982 ) -- ' Squash ' Bernstein Against All Odds ( 1984 ) -- Hank Sully Street Corner Kids ( 1994 ) -- Floyd Powell Buffalo ' 66 ( 1998 ) -- TV Sportscaster References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maher , Charles ( November 13 , 1974 ) . `` Smart Alex joins Humble Howard , Faultless Frank '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . ( Los Angeles Times ) . p. 1B . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Alex Karras , former NFL lineman , father on Webster TV show , dies at 77 '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karras Biography ( 1935 - ) '' . www.filmreference.com . Jump up ^ Karras , Alex ( November 17 , 1971 ) . `` Alex Karras Tells How and Why He Arrived at Iowa '' . Iowa City Press - Citizen . Jump up ^ Mason City Globe - Gazette . November 19 , 1956 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Karras ' Register Hall of Fame biodata '' . Des Moines Register . October 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maly , Ron ( 2003 ) . Tales from the Iowa Sidelines . p. 125 . ISBN 1582615748 . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` Top 10 suspensions of all - time '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longtime Lion , actor Karras dies at 77 '' . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Very Good Class of 2006 '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Alex Karras , N.F.L. Lineman and Actor , Dies at 77 '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders - Otis Sistrunk '' . Oakland Raiders . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Per the July 29 , August 4 , 1972 TV Guide ad at Vintage Toledo TV : CKLW & CBET - TV 9 Print ads Jump up ^ `` Super Jock Toys '' . Plaidstallions.blogspot.com . May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Bull ( TV Movie 1977 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . La-z-boy.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blazing Saddles Tribute Mongo '' . blazingsaddlestribute.com . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karras ' Daughter Katie Karras '' . Showbizdaily . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Birkett , Dave ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Lions great Alex Karras near death '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Birkett , Dave ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ex-Lions great Alex Karras suffering from kidney failure '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Karras has kidney failure '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-NFL star , actor Alex Karras dies '' . CNN . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Tales From The Iowa Sidelines , by Ron Maly ( ISBN 1 - 58261 - 574 - 8 ) Greatest Moments In Iowa Hawkeyes Football History , by Mark Dukes & Gus Schrader ( ISBN 1 - 57243 - 261 - 6 ) Evy and the Hawkeyes , by Brian Chapman and Mike Chapman ( ISBN 0 - 88011 - 186 - 0 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alex Karras . Biography portal Detroit portal National Football League portal Television portal Alex Karras at the College Football Hall of Fame Alex Karras on IMDb Outland Trophy winners 1946 : Connor 1947 : Steffy 1948 : Fischer 1949 : Bagdon 1950 : Gain 1951 : Weatherall 1952 : Modzelewski 1953 : J. Roberts 1954 : Brooks 1955 : C. Jones 1956 : Parker 1957 : Karras 1958 : Z. Smith 1959 : McGee 1960 : T. Brown 1961 : Olsen 1962 : Bell 1963 : Appleton 1964 : DeLong 1965 : Nobis 1966 : Phillips 1967 : Yary 1968 : Stanfill 1969 : Reid 1970 : Stillwagon 1971 : Jacobson 1972 : Glover 1973 : Hicks 1974 : White 1975 : Selmon 1976 : Browner 1977 : Shearer 1978 : G. Roberts 1979 : Ritcher 1980 : May 1981 : Rimington 1982 : Rimington 1983 : Steinkuhler 1984 : B. Smith 1985 : Ruth 1986 : Buck 1987 : Hennings 1988 : Rocker 1989 : Elewonibi 1990 : Maryland 1991 : Emtman 1992 : Shields 1993 : Waldrop 1994 : Wiegert 1995 : Ogden 1996 : Pace 1997 : Taylor 1998 : Farris 1999 : Samuels 2000 : Henderson 2001 : McKinnie 2002 : Long 2003 : Gallery 2004 : J. Brown 2005 : Eslinger 2006 : Thomas 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : A. Smith 2009 : Suh 2010 : Carimi 2011 : B. Jones 2012 : Joeckel 2013 : Donald 2014 : Scherff 2015 : Garnett 2016 : Robinson 2017 : Oliver UPI College Lineman of the Year winners 1950 : Richter 1951 : McColl 1952 : Catlin 1953 : J. Roberts 1954 : Ellena 1955 : Pellegrini 1956 : Tubbs 1957 : Karras 1958 : Harrison 1959 : R. Davis 1960 : T. Brown 1961 : Romig 1962 : Bell 1963 : Appleton 1964 : Butkus 1965 : Twilley 1966 : B. Smith 1967 : Liggins 1968 : Hendricks 1969 : McCoy 1970 : Stillwagon 1971 : Patulski 1972 : Glover 1973 : Hicks 1974 : White 1975 : Selmon 1976 : Browner 1977 : Browner 1978 : G. Roberts 1979 : Budde 1980 : H. Green 1981 : Sims 1982 : Rimington 1983 : Steinkuhler 1984 : Fralic 1985 : Casillas 1986 : J. Brown 1987 : Hennings 1988 : Mandarich 1989 : Zorich 1990 : Maryland 1991 : Emtman 1992 : Curry 1993 : Waldrop 1994 : Wiegert 1995 : Ogden 1996 : Pace 1957 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Backfield HB Bob Anderson HB John David Crow HB Walt Kowalczyk HB Clendon Thomas Line E Jim Phillips E Dick Wallen T Alex Karras T Lou Michaels G Al Ecuyer G Bill Krisher C Dan Currie 1958 NFL draft first - round selections King Hill John David Crow Dan Currie Lou Michaels Jim Phillips Walt Kowalczyk Chuck Howley Jim Pace Charlie Krueger Alex Karras Lenny Lyles Phil King Jim Shofner Detroit Lions first - round draft picks Wagner Cardwell Wojciechowicz Pingel Nave Thomason Westfall Sinkwich Graham Szymanski Dellastatious G. Davis Tittle Rauch Hart Watson Sewell Chapman Middleton Cassady Glass Karras Pietrosante Robinson Hadl D. Sanders Beathard Nowatzke Farr Landry McCullouch Owens Bell Orvis Price O'Neil Boden Hunter Gaines Bradley Dorney B. Sims Nichols J. Williams J. Jones Lewis L. Brown Long R. Rogers Blades B. Sanders Ware Moore Porcher Morton Elliss R. Brown Hartings Westbrook Fair Claiborne Gibson McDougle Backus Harrington C. Rogers R. Williams K. Jones M. Williams E. Sims Johnson Cherilus Stafford Pettigrew Suh Best Fairley Reiff Ansah Ebron Tomlinson Decker J. Davis Ragnow NFL 's 1960s All - Decade Team Sonny Jurgensen Bart Starr Johnny Unitas John David Crow Paul Hornung Leroy Kelly Gale Sayers Jim Brown Jim Taylor John Mackey Del Shofner Charley Taylor Gary Collins Boyd Dowler Bob Brown Forrest Gregg Ralph Neely Gene Hickerson Jerry Kramer Howard Mudd Jim Ringo Doug Atkins Willie Davis Deacon Jones Alex Karras Bob Lilly Merlin Olsen Dick Butkus Larry Morris Ray Nitschke Tommy Nobis Dave Robinson Herb Adderley Lem Barney Bobby Boyd Ed Meador Larry Wilson Willie Wood Jim Bakken Don Chandler BNE : XX1549490 BNF : cb138958634 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 5938 8979 LCCN : n50044625 SNAC : w6h262h0 VIAF : 64192221 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Karras&oldid=848172222 '' Categories : 1935 births 2012 deaths Players of American football from Indiana All - American college football players National Football League announcers American male television actors American male film actors American actor - athletes American football defensive tackles American male professional wrestlers American people of Greek descent American people of Canadian descent Deaths from renal failure Iowa Hawkeyes football players Detroit Lions players Western Conference Pro Bowl players College Football Hall of Fame inductees Sportspeople involved in betting scandals World Football League announcers Sportspeople from Gary , Indiana Writers from Gary , Indiana Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area Professional wrestlers from Indiana Male actors from Indiana People from Gary , Indiana Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 06 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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who played the character mongo in the movie blazing saddles
[ "Alexander George Karras (July 15, 1935 – October 10, 2012) was an American football player, professional wrestler, sportscaster, and actor.[1] He was a four-time Pro Bowl player with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL), where he played from 1958 to 1970. As an actor, Karras is noted for his role as Mongo in the 1974 comedy film Blazing Saddles. He was also known for starring as Webster Long's (Emmanuel Lewis) adoptive father, George Papadopolis, in the ABC sitcom Webster (1983–1989) alongside his wife Susan Clark. He was also featured prominently in Victor/Victoria, starring Julie Andrews and James Garner. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame.\n" ]
[ "Alexander George Karras" ]
4947805521697619773
This Guy's in Love with You
This Guy 's in Love with You - wikipedia This Guy 's in Love with You Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' Single by Herb Alpert from the album The Beat of the Brass B - side `` A Quiet Tear '' ( from The Lonely Bull ) Released April 1968 Format 7 '' Genre Pop Length 3 : 55 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David , and recorded by Herb Alpert . Although known primarily for his trumpet playing as the leader of the Tijuana Brass , Alpert sang lead vocals on this solo recording , arranged by Bacharach . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Female renditions 3 Other cover versions 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links History ( edit ) As documented in a Biography cable episode featuring Bacharach , the recording originated when Alpert asked Bacharach , `` Say , Burt , do you happen to have any old compositions lying around that you and Hal never recorded ; maybe one I might use ? '' Alpert said he made it his practice to ask songwriters that particular question ; often a lost `` pearl '' was revealed . As it happened , Bacharach recalled one , found the lyrics and score sheet , and offered it to Alpert : `` Here , Herb ... you might like this one . '' Alpert saw the possibilities in it for himself . The composition had a recognizable Bacharach - David feel , a spot for a signature horn solo in the bridge and in the fadeout , and it was an easy song to sing within Alpert 's vocal range . He originally sang `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' on a 1968 television special , The Beat of the Brass . In response to numerous viewer telephone calls following the broadcast , Alpert decided that the song should be released as a single recording , and it reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in June of that year , remaining in the top position for four weeks . It was not only Alpert 's first No. 1 single , but it was also the first No. 1 single for his A&M record label . The song also spent ten weeks at No. 1 on the Easy Listening chart . For the single 's B - side , Alpert chose `` A Quiet Tear '' from his first album in 1962 , The Lonely Bull . Eleven years later Alpert became the first ( and only ) artist to have reached the prized No. 1 position of the Billboard Hot 100 with both a vocal performance and an instrumental performance when his instrumental , `` Rise '' , reached the top of the hit chart . `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' was succeeded at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 by `` Grazing In The Grass '' , an instrumental by Hugh Masekela . On the Billboard Easy Listening chart , Alpert 's song was both preceded and succeeded at No. 1 by instrumental hits from Hugo Montenegro ( `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' ) and Mason Williams ( `` Classical Gas '' ) , respectively . Besides this hit in English , he recorded the song in Spanish and Italian . Female renditions ( edit ) `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' Single by Dionne Warwick B - side `` Dream Sweet Dreamer '' Released January 1969 ( 1969 ) Label Scepter Records Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Hal David Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` Promises , Promises '' ( 1968 ) `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' ( 1969 ) `` The April Fools '' ( 1969 ) `` Promises , Promises '' ( 1968 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 1969 ) `` The April Fools '' ( 1969 ) Several female vocalists have rendered the song as `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' , beginning with Dionne Warwick . Her version was released as a single in 1969 , reaching No. 7 that same year . It ranked as the 64th biggest US hit of 1969 . As a demo , her version was actually the original as it preceded Alpert 's . Eydie Gormé had a Top 20 Easy Listening hit with the song . Aretha Franklin cut the song to serve as title cut for her This Girl 's in Love with You album released in 1970 . Dusty Springfield recorded the song for her 1968 album Dusty ... Definitely . Allison Durbin released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man ( titled `` This Girl 's In Love '' ) . The song has also been recorded by Barbara Acklin , Petula Clark , Ella Fitzgerald , Anita Harris , Brenda Lee , Liza Minnelli , Marva Whitney , and Hildegard Knef . More recent versions have included those by She & Him and Frances Madden in 2014 . Other cover versions ( edit ) In Italy , the song has been sung by Fred Bongusto in English and by Herb Alpert himself , as well as Tony Renis in Italian with the title `` Un ragazzo che ti ama '' ( `` A guy who loves you '' ) . The Lettermen covered this song on their 1968 album , Put Your Head on My Shoulder . Sammy Davis Jr. covered this song on the TV show Dee Time in 1968 . Johnny Mathis covered the song for his album Those Were the Days in 1968 , a year after he returned to Columbia Records , his current label . Des O'Connor covered this song for his album I Pretend in July 1968 , shortly after the original version . Al Wilson ( singer ) covered this song on his album ' Searching for the Dolphins ' in 1968 . Pierre Lalonde released a French cover of the song in 1968 Une Poupée . Percy Faith recorded the song sung by his chorus on his 1968 album Angel Of The Morning . Swedish jazz singer Svante Thuresson recorded the Swedish - language cover `` Du ser en man '' in 1968 . Diana Ross and The Supremes with The Temptations on the 1968 album Join The Temptations . Burt Bacharach himself recorded the song as an instrumental , with some backing vocals , for his 1969 album , Make It Easy On Yourself . B.J. Thomas released a version of the song on his 1969 album Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head . Andy Kim released a version of the song on his 1969 album Baby I Love You . Spiral Starecase released a version of the song on their 1969 debut album , More Today Than Yesterday . Ray Conniff & The Singers covered the song on their 1970 album Bridge Over Troubled Water . Jimmy Ruffin covered it on his album Forever ( Motown , 1970 ) . Sacha Distel covered the song in 1970 . Donny Osmond recorded it for his 1972 album Portrait Of Donny Filipino crooner Jose Mari Chan also covered his version of the song in 1973 . Harry James released a version in 1981 on his album For Listening And Dancing ( Reader 's Digest RD4A 213 ) Australian group The Reels released a version as a single and on the album Beautiful in 1982 . It reached No. 7 in the Australian charts . Denny McLain , MLB baseball pitcher , on his album Denny McLain At The Organ . David T. Walker recorded a cover version as part of the medley on `` Going Up '' . Freedy Johnston , on tour and as radio promos in 1994 . Grenadine covered the song on their 1994 album Nopalitos , with Jenny Toomey singing lead . Harry Connick , Jr. recorded it for the soundtrack of the film One Fine Day ( 1996 ) . Noel Gallagher of Oasis sang the song live in 1996 at a Burt Bacharach concert at the London Festival Hall , while Bacharach accompanied him on piano and conducted the orchestra . Although not actually a cover , Oasis song Half the World Away borrows heavily from the song . Guy Klucevsek performed a dirge - like solo accordion version of the song , coupled with the Bacharach - David song `` Who Gets the Guy ? '' , on the 1997 Tzadik Records compilation Great Jewish Music : Burt Bacharach . Fastball recorded the song and released it on the 1997 compilation Lounge - A-Palooza , as well as on the soundtrack of the film Failure to Launch ( 2006 ) . Eva Braun covered the song in 2002 , but the recording had not been officially released until 2008 on the compilation album Off The Record . Richard Clayderman recorded it for his 2005 compilation album The Anniversary Collection . Barry Manilow recorded a version of this song , which appears on his 2006 album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . Julio Iglesias covered the song on his 2006 album Romantic Classics Till Brönner recorded a version of this song which appears on his album Oceana -- 2007 ( US version ) . Dave Koz , smooth jazz saxophonist , has covered the song on his 2010 album Hello Tomorrow . Herb Alpert himself was featured on trumpet . Regis Philbin , as a duet with wife Joy Philbin , 2010 . UK group These New Puritans featured an avant - garde cover of the song as the opening track on their 2013 album Field of Reeds . Canadian singer - songwriter Mac DeMarco recorded a cover version of the song in 2014 . Australian singer Sarah Maclaine recorded a cover version of the song in 2014 for her album The Heart of Me . The Bad Plus perform this song on their 2007 release Prog ( album ) . Faith No More has performed the song live in 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , and 2015 . A live version was released as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of Album of the Year , released in 2016 . She & Him perform this song on their 2014 release Classics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Top 100 Hits of 1969 Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Mac DeMarco Covers `` This Guy 's In Love With You '' for Video Introducing New Guitarist `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition , 1996 External links ( edit ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' at SongFacts.com Burt Bacharach & Herb Alpert interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Preceded by `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' by Hugo Montenegro Billboard Easy Listening number - one single ( Herb Alpert version ) June 8 , 1968 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Classical Gas '' by Mason Williams Preceded by `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon and Garfunkel Billboard Hot 100 number one single June 22 -- July 19 , 1968 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Grazing in the Grass '' by Hugh Masekela Dionne Warwick Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) The Magic of Believing ( 1968 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1972 ) Just Being Myself ( 1973 ) Then Came You ( 1975 ) Track of the Cat ( 1975 ) Love at First Sight ( 1977 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Dionne Sings Cole Porter ( 1990 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) Aquarela do Brazil ( 1994 ) Dionne Sings Dionne ( 1998 ) Dionne Sings Dionne , Vol. 2 ( 2000 ) My Favorite Time of the Year ( 2004 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Why We Sing ( 2008 ) Only Trust Your Heart ( 2011 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' ( with Spinners ) `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix / I Say a Little Prayer '' ( with Isaac Hayes ) `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' ( with Barry Manilow ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( with Elton John , Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder ) `` Love Power '' ( with Jeffrey Osborne ) `` It 's All Over '' ( with Dieter Bohlen as Blue System ) `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' ( with TheHipHopNationUnited ) Record labels Arista Concord Rhino River North Scepter Warner Bros . Related articles Discography Solid Gold ( TV series ) Book : Dionne Warwick Andy Kim Studio albums Baby I Love You Andy Kim Singles `` Baby , I Love You '' `` Be My Baby '' `` Rock Me Gently '' `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' Songwriting Credits `` Jingle Jangle '' `` Sugar , Sugar '' Cover Songs `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) Viens m'embrasser ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( 1st wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Guy%27s_in_Love_with_You&oldid=796961082 '' Categories : 1968 singles 1969 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Songs with lyrics by Hal David Andy Kim songs Herb Alpert songs Faith No More songs Dionne Warwick songs Petula Clark songs The Reels songs A&M Records singles 1968 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang this guy's in love with you lyrics
[ "\"This Guy's in Love with You\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, and recorded by Herb Alpert. Although known primarily for his trumpet playing as the leader of the Tijuana Brass, Alpert sang lead vocals on this solo recording, arranged by Bacharach." ]
[ "Herb Alpert" ]
-450701826475937370
National Institutes of Health
National Institutes of Health - wikipedia National Institutes of Health `` NIH '' redirects here . For other uses , see NIH ( disambiguation ) . National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) National Institutes of Health logo Aerial photo of the NIH Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center , Bethesda , Maryland Agency overview Formed 1887 ( 1887 ) Preceding agency Hygienic Laboratory Headquarters Bethesda , Maryland , U.S. Employees 20,262 Annual budget US $ 37 billion ( as of 2018 ) Agency executive Francis S. Collins , Director Parent agency Department of Health & Human Services Child agencies National Cancer Institute National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute National Library of Medicine Website www.nih.gov The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) ( / ɛnaɪˈeɪtʃ / ) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research , founded in the late 1870s . It is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services with facilities mainly located in Bethesda , Maryland . It conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program ( IRP ) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program . As of 2013 , the IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000 postdoctoral fellows in basic , translational , and clinical research , being the largest biomedical research institution in the world , while , as of 2003 , the extramural arm provided 28 % of biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S. , or about US $26.4 billion . The NIH comprises 27 separate institutes and centers of different biomedical disciplines and is responsible for many scientific accomplishments , including the discovery of fluoride to prevent tooth decay , the use of lithium to manage bipolar disorder , and the creation of vaccines against hepatitis , Haemophilus influenzae ( HIB ) , and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . Contents 1 History 2 Directors 3 Locations and campuses 4 Research 4.1 Intramural research 4.2 Public Access Policy 4.3 NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee 4.4 Economic return 4.5 Notable discoveries and developments 4.5. 1 NIH Toolbox 5 Funding 5.1 Budget and politics 5.1. 1 Historical funding 5.2 Extramural research 5.3 Funding criteria 5.3. 1 Gender and sex bias 5.4 Government shutdown 5.5 Stakeholders 5.5. 1 General public 5.5. 2 Extramural researchers and scientists 6 Commercial partnerships 7 Institutes and centers 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887 Ida A. Bengtson , a bacteriologist who in 1916 was the first woman hired to work in the Hygienic Laboratory . Dedication of first six NIH buildings by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 NIH campus in Bethesda , Maryland , in 1945 NIH 's roots extend back to a Marine Hospital Service in the late 1790s that provided medical relief to sick and disabled men in the U.S. Navy . By 1870 , a network of marine hospitals had developed and was placed under the charge of a medical officer within the Bureau of the Treasury Department . In the late 1870s , Congress allocated funds to investigate the causes of epidemics like cholera and yellow fever , and it created the National Board of Health , making medical research an official government initiative . In 1887 , a laboratory for the study of bacteria , the Hygienic Laboratory , was established at the Marine Hospital in New York . In the early 1900s , Congress began appropriating funds for the Marine Hospital Service . By 1922 , this organization changed its name to Public Health Services and established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School . This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities . In 1930 , the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act , and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings . Over the next few decades , Congress would increase funding tremendously to the NIH , and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs . In 1944 , the Public Health Service Act was approved , and the National Cancer Institute became a division of NIH . In 1948 , the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health . In the 1960s , virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital . When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent , the experiment gained considerable media attention . The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam 's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation . Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions , the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects . From then on , the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards . In 1967 , the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease , cancer , and strokes . That same year , the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people . An advisory committee was formed to oversee further development of the NIH and its research programs . By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act , initiating a National Cancer Program , President 's Cancer Panel , National Cancer Advisory Board , and 15 new research , training , and demonstration centers . Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress , serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time . In 1992 , the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government 's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research , and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities . While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s , research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s , but has remained relatively stagnant since then . By the 1990s , the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research , and launched the Human Genome Project . Directors ( edit ) Joseph J. Kinyoun , served August 1887 - April 30 , 1899 Milton J. Rosenau , served May 1 , 1899 -- September 30 , 1909 John F. Anderson , served October 1 , 1909 -- November 19 , 1915 George W. McCoy , served November 20 , 1915 -- January 31 , 1937 Lewis R. Thompson , served February 1 , 1937 -- January 31 , 1942 Rolla Dyer , served February 1 , 1942 -- September 30 , 1950 William H. Sebrell , Jr , served October 1 , 1950 -- July 31 , 1955 James Augustine Shannon , served August 1 , 1955 -- August 31 , 1968 Robert Q. Marston , served September 1 , 1968 -- January 21 , 1973 Robert Stone , served May 29 , 1973 -- January 31 , 1975 Donald S. Fredrickson , served July 1 , 1975 -- June 30 , 1981 James B. Wyngaarden , served April 29 , 1982 -- July 31 , 1989 Bernadine Healy , served April 9 , 1991 -- June 30 , 1993 Harold E. Varmus , served November 23 , 1993 -- December 31 , 1999 Elias A. Zerhouni , served May 2 , 2002 -- October 31 , 2008 Francis S. Collins , served August 17 , 2009 -- Present Locations and campuses ( edit ) Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda , Maryland and Rockville , Maryland , and the surrounding communities . The Bayview Campus in Baltimore , Maryland houses the research programs of the National Institute on Aging , National Institute on Drug Abuse , and National Human Genome Research Institute with nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff . The Frederick National Laboratory in Frederick , MD and the nearby Riverside Research Park , houses many components of the National Cancer Institute , including the Center for Cancer Research , Office of Scientific Operations , Management Operations Support Branch , the division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis . The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina . Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to operations at the main campus . The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton , Montana , with an emphasis on BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work . NIDKK operates the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch in Phoenix , AZ . Research ( edit ) Clinical Center -- Building 10 As of 2017 , 153 scientists receiving financial support from the NIH have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 195 have been awarded a Lasker Award . Intramural research ( edit ) NIH devotes 10 % of its funding to research within its own facilities ( intramural research ) . The institution gives 80 % of its funding in research grants to extramural ( outside ) researchers . Of this extramural funding , a certain percentage ( 2.8 % in 2014 ) must be granted to small businesses under the SBIR / STTR program . The extramural funding consists of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions . In FY 2010 , NIH spent US $10.7 bn ( not including temporary funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) on clinical research , US $7.4 bn on genetics - related research , US $6.0 bn on prevention research , US $5.8 bn on cancer , and US $5.7 bn on biotechnology . Public Access policy ( edit ) Main article : NIH Public Access Policy In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the National Library of Medicine 's research repository , PubMed Central ( PMC ) , no later than 12 months after the official date of publication . The NIH Public Access Policy was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency . NIH interagency pain research coordinating committee ( edit ) On February 13 , 2012 , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain . This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to `` coordinate pain research activities across the federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration ... and providing an important avenue for public involvement '' ( `` Members of new , '' 2012 ) . With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available . With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for arthritis sufferers . Economic return ( edit ) In 2000 , the Joint Economic Committee of Congress reported NIH research , which was funded at $16 billion a year in 2000 , that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US . It found that of the 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992 , public funding was `` instrumental '' for 15 . As of 2011 NIH - supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA - approved drugs , vaccines , and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior . One study found NIH funding aided either directly or indirectly in developing the drugs or drug targets for all of the 210 FDA - approved drugs from 2010 to 2016 . In 2015 , Pierre Azoulay et al. estimated $10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents . Notable discoveries and developments ( edit ) Since its inception , the NIH intramural research program has been a source of many pivotal scientific and medical discoveries . Some of these include : 1908 -- George W. McCoy 's discovery that rodents were a reservoir of bubonic plague . 1911 -- George W. McCoy , Charles W. Chapin , William B. Wherry , and B.H. Lamb described the previously - unknown tularemia . 1924 -- Roscoe R. Spencer and Ralph R. Parker developed a vaccine against Rocky Mountain spotted fever . 1930 -- Sanford M. Rosenthal developed a treatment for mercury poisoning used widely before the development of dimercaptoethanol . 1943 -- Wilton R. Earle pioneered the cell culture process and published a paper describing the production of malignancy in vitro , Katherine K. Sanford developed the first clone from an isolated cancer cell , and Virginia J. Evans devised a medium that supported growth of cells in vitro . 1940 's - 50 's -- Bernard Horecker and colleagues described the pentose phosphate pathway . 1950 's -- Julius Axelrod discovered a new class of enzymes , cytochrome P450 monooxygenases , a fundamental of drug metabolism . 1950 -- Earl Stadtman discovered phosphotransacetylose , elucidating the role of acetyl CoA in fatty acid metabolism . 1960s -- Discovered the first human slow virus disease , kuru , which is a degenerative , fatal infection of the central nervous system . This discovery of a new mechanism for infectious diseases revolutionized thinking in microbiology and neurology . 1960s -- Defined the mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline , one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain . 1960s -- Developed the first licensed rubella vaccine and the first test for rubella antibodies for large scale testing . 1960s -- Developed an effective combination drug regimen for Hodgkin 's lymphoma . 1960s -- Discovery that tooth decay is caused by bacteria . 1970s -- Developed the assay for human chorionic gonadotropin that evolved into the home pregnancy tests . 1970s -- Described the hormonal cycle involved in menstruation . 1980s -- Determined the complete structure of the IgE receptor that is involved in allergic reactions . 1990s -- First trial of gene therapy in humans . NIH Toolbox ( edit ) In September 2006 , the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state - of - the - art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies . Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed . In September 2012 , the NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community . NIH Toolbox assessments are based , where possible , on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer . Funding ( edit ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Budget and politics ( edit ) Historical NIH budget Year Budget ( millions ) 1935 1940 0.7 1945 2.8 1950 52.7 1955 81.2 1960 399.4 1965 959.2 1970 1,061.0 2,092.9 1980 3,428.9 1985 5,149.5 7,567.4 1995 11,299.5 2000 17,840.5 2005 28,594.4 31,238.0 2015 30,311.4 2016 32,311.4 To allocate funds , the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress . This process begins with institute and center ( IC ) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields . IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects , new research proposals , and new initiatives from the Director . NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget . Many adjustments and appeals occur between NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH 's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President 's final budget . The President then sends NIH 's budget request to Congress in February for the next fiscal year 's allocations . The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall , Congress usually appropriates funding . This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds . Historical funding ( edit ) Over the last century , the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes . In the 1970s , Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research , and in the 1980s there was a significant amount allocated for AIDS / HIV research . Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress , serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time . During the 1980s , President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research , only to see Congress partly restore funding . The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation 's response to the AIDS epidemic ; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles from 1981 , no funding was provided for research on the disease . In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that `` variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV - III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) , '' a new epidemic that gripped the nation . In 1992 , the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government 's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research , and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities . From 1993 to 2001 the NIH budget doubled . Since then , funding essentially remained flat , and during the decade following the financial crisis , the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation . In 1999 Congress increased the NIH 's budget by $2.3 billion to $17.2 billion in 2000 . In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $31 billion in 2010 . In March 2017 , President Trump proposed to cut the 2018 budget by 18.3 % , or about $5.8 billion to $25.9 billion . Extramural research ( edit ) Main article : NIH grant Researchers at universities or other institutions outside of NIH can apply for research project grants ( RPGs ) from the NIH . There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types ( e.g. , basic research , clinical research etc . ) and career stages ( e.g. , early career , postdoc fellowships etc . ) . The NIH regularly issues `` requests for applications '' ( RFAs ) , e.g. , on timely medical problems ( such as Zika virus research in early 2016 ) . In addition , researchers can apply for `` investigator - initiated grants '' whose subject is determined by the scientist . The total number of applicants has increased substantially , from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015 . Due to this , the `` cumulative investigator rate , '' that is , the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5 - year window , has declined from 43 % to 31 % . R01 grants are the most common funding mechanism and include investigator - initiated projects . The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17 - 19 % during 2012 though 2014 . Similarly , the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13 - 14 % during the same period . In FY 2016 , the total number of grant applications received by the NIH was 54,220 , with approximately 19 % being awarded funding . Institutes have varying funding rates . The National Cancer Institute awarded funding to 12 % of applicants , while the National Institute for General Medical Science awarded funding to 30 % of applicants . Funding criteria ( edit ) NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy . First , ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process . Second , seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease . Third , maintain a diverse research portfolio in order to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology , genetics , physics , engineering , and computer science . Fourth , address public health needs according to the disease burden ( e.g. , prevalence and mortality ) . And fifth , construct and support the scientific infrastructure ( e.g. , well - equipped laboratories and safe research facilities ) necessary to conduct research . Advisory committee members advise the Institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding . Gender and sex bias ( edit ) In 2014 , it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals , or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures , and that the NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants . The announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex - specific diseases ( for example , ovarian or testicular cancer ) . Government shutdown ( edit ) When a government shutdown occurs , the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials , but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial , except for the most critically ill , as determined by the NIH Director . Stakeholders ( edit ) General public ( edit ) One of the goals of the NIH is to `` expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research . '' Taxpayer dollars funding NIH are from the taxpayers , making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research . Thus , the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy . However , some in the general public do not feel their interests are being represented , and individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests . Extramural researchers and scientists ( edit ) Other important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy are researchers and scientists . Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by the NIH but may apply for funding . Throughout the history of the NIH , the amount of funding received has increased , but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant . The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted . Policy changes on who receives funding significantly affects researchers . For example , the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first - time NIH R01 applicants , or the research grant applications of young scientists . To encourage the participation of young scientists , the application process has been shortened and made easier . In addition , first - time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past . Commercial partnerships ( edit ) In 2011 and 2012 , the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published a series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000 -- 2010 , institutes under the aegis of the NIH did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes , in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners , committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress . Institutes and centers ( edit ) Main article : List of NIH ICs The NIH is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers ( ICs ) that conduct and coordinate research across different disciplines of biomedical science . These are : National Cancer Institute National Eye Institute National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute National Human Genome Research Institute National Institute on Aging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institute of Mental Health National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institute of Nursing Research National Library of Medicine Center for Information Technology Center for Scientific Review Fogarty International Center National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health NIH Clinical Center In addition , the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13 , 1962 to December 23 , 2011 . See also ( edit ) List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health United States Public Health Service National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Heads of International Research Organizations NIH Toolbox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baye , Rachel ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` NIH plans to move 3,000 employees to Bethesda campus '' . Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Congress approve largest U.S. research spending increase in a decade '' . Science AAAS . March 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations ( Section 2 ) '' . The NIH Almanac ( Report ) . National Institutes of Health . February 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organization and Leadership NIH Intramural Research Program '' . Irp.nih.gov . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2013 . 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Referenceforbusiness.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NIH Almanac 2011 , History : Chronology of Events : 1900 -- ^ Jump up to : Skloot , Rebecca ( 2010 ) . The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks . New York : Broadway Paperbacks . Jump up ^ `` History of the National Cancer Institute '' . National Cancer Institute -- National Institutes of Health . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laurie J. Price ( 1992 ) . `` A Medical Anthropologist 's Ruminations on NIH Funding '' . Medical Anthropology Quarterly , New Series . 6 ( 2 ) : 128 -- 146 . JSTOR 649307 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Trends in Federal R&D '' . AAAS - The World 's Largest General Scientific Society . June 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The NIH Directors '' . National Institutes of Health . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bayview Campus '' . nih.gov . May 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCI at Frederick : About the NCI at Frederick '' . ncifrederick.cancer.gov . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division of Intramural Research Overview '' . National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases . September 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lasker Awards '' . National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . February 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garland , Eva ( 2014 ) . Winning SBIR / STTR Grants : A Ten Week Plan for Preparing Your NIH Phase I Application . ISBN 1494784440 . Jump up ^ `` NIH Budget '' . National Institutes of Health . National Institutes of Health . May 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Estimates of Funding for Various Research , Condition , and Disease Categories ( RCDC ) '' . Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools . National Institutes of Health . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ National Institutes of Health . `` NIH Public Access Policy Details '' . National Institutes of Health . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suber , Peter ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` An open access mandate for the National Institutes of Health '' . Open Medicine . 2 ( 2 ) : e14 -- 16 . PMC 3090178 . PMID 21602938 . More than one of pages = and page = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Benefits of Medical Research and the Role of the NIH '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Joint Economic Committee . May 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stevens , A.J. ; Jensen , J.J. ; Wyller , K. ; Kilgore , P.C. ; Chatterjee , S. ; Rohrbaugh , M.L. ( 2011 ) . `` The Role of Public - Sector Research in the Discovery of Drugs and Vaccines '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 364 ( 6 ) : 535 -- 541 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsa1008268 . Jump up ^ `` NIH funding contributed to 210 approved drugs in recent years , study says '' . statnews.com . February 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Azoulay , Pierre ; Graff Zivin , Joshua S. ; Li , Danielle ; Sampat , Bhaven N. ( January 2015 ) . `` Public R&D Investments and Private - sector Patenting : Evidence from NIH Funding Rules '' . NBER Working Paper No. 20889 . doi : 10.3386 / w20889 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations ( Section 2 ) '' . National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . March 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Funding '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funding '' . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : NIH Almanac 2011 , History : Legislative Chronology : Funding Jump up ^ NIH Almanac 2011 , History : Chronology of Events : 1980 -- Jump up ^ NIH Appropriations ( Section 1 ) Archived May 7 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . and NIH Appropriations ( Section 2 ) Archived January 5 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . 7 April 2016 , retrieved 4 May 2016 , U.S. Department of Health and Human Service ^ Jump up to : `` Funding '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Budget America First . A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again . Archived May 4 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2018 . Government Publishing Office , March 16 , 2017.65 pp ^ Jump up to : Lauer , Mike ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` How Many Researchers ? '' . Open Mike . NIH . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rockey , Sally ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Looking at Recent Data on R21 and R01 - equivalent Grants '' . Rock Talk . NIH . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools ( RePORT ) '' . report.nih.gov . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Funding Allocation for Disease Research by Harold Varmus , M.D. , Director , National Institutes of Health '' . Assistant Secretary for Legislation , Department of Health and Human Services . May 6 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` National Advisory Neurological Disorders and Stroke Council ( NANDSC ) '' . Ninds.nih.gov . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rabin , Roni Caryn ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Labs Are Told to Start Including a Neglected Variable : Females '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sabrina Tavernese ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Clinical Trials Continue , but Only at a Crawl '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neergaard , Lauran ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` NIH admits a dozen critically ill , making exceptions to no - new - patient policy during shutdown '' . Huffington Post . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government slimdown blocks some seeking NIH research treatment '' . Fox News Channel . The Associated Press . October 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Health and Human Services Fiscal Year 2014 Contingency Staffing Plan for Operations in the Absence of Enacted Annual Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stakeholders '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stakeholders '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stakeholders '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karp PD , Sherlock G , Gerlt JA , Sim I , Paulsen I , Babbitt PC , Laderoute K , Hunter L , Sternberg P , Wooley J , Bourne PE ( 2008 ) . `` Changes to NIH grant system may backfire '' . Science . 322 ( 5905 ) : 1187 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 322.5905. 1187c . PMID 19023064 . Jump up ^ Costello LC ( May 2010 ) . `` Perspective : is NIH funding the `` best science by the best scientists '' ? A critique of the NIH R01 research grant review policies `` . Acad Med. 85 ( 5 ) : 775 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / ACM. 0b013e3181d74256 . PMID 20520024 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01 - AI - 15416 With the University of California at San Francisco Audit ( A-03 - 10 - 03120 ) '' ( PDF ) . June 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01 - AI - 3 - 0052 With Avecia Biologics Limited '' ( PDF ) . September 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266 - 2006 - 00015C With NexBio , Inc '' ( PDF ) . September 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN272 - 2008 - 00013C with the EMMES Corporation ( A-03 - 10 - 03115 ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Contract HHSN275 - 03 - 3345 With Westat , Inc . Audit ( A-03 - 10 - 03106 ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute on Drug Abuse Contract HHSN271 - 2007 - 00009C with Charles River Laboratories , Inc . ( A-03 - 10 - 03104 ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266 - 2005 - 00022C With PPD Development , LP ( Audit A-03 - 10 - 03118 ) '' ( PDF ) . September 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01 - AI - 30068 With PPD Development , LP ( Audit A-03 - 10 - 03116 ) '' ( PDF ) . September 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Institutes of Health . 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where is the national institute of health located
[ "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) (/ɛnaɪˈeɪtʃ/) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s. It is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services with facilities mainly located in Bethesda, Maryland. It conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program.\n" ]
[ "Bethesda, Maryland" ]
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List of H2O: Just Add Water episodes
List of H2O : just Add water episodes - Wikipedia List of H O : just Add water episodes The following is an episode list for the Australian television show H O : Just Add Water , which first aired on Network Ten in Australia and has since been broadcast in more than 120 countries worldwide . Series one premiered in Australia on 7 July 2006 and series two began there on 28 September 2007 . The third series premiered in the United Kingdom on 26 October 2009 while its Australian premiere occurred on 22 May 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Series one ( 2006 ) 2.2 Series two ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.3 Series three ( 2009 -- 10 ) 3 Compilation TV films 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 26 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 29 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 29 ) 26 28 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) 26 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) ( UK ) 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) Episode list ( edit ) Series one ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Emma Gilbert ( Claire Holt ) , Cleo Sertori ( Phoebe Tonkin ) and Rikki Chadwick ( Cariba Heine ) are three teenage girls who become stranded on the mysterious Mako Island . When they enter an underground pool of water that leads to the ocean they find themselves bathed in the glow of moonlight from overhead . After being rescued the girls return to their normal lives but soon discover they have changed : seconds after contact with water they transform into mermaids . After further experimentation , they discover they also have unique supernatural powers over water . Emma can freeze water , Cleo can control the shape and volume of water , and Rikki can boil water . The girls enlist Cleo 's long - time friend Lewis McCartney ( Angus McLaren ) to try to determine why this has happened to them and help them keep their new identity a secret . The series focuses on the girls dealing with everyday teen problems while trying to cope with their newfound abilities . The first series features a single primary storyline with three main elements . The girls meet Louise Chatham ( Christine Amor ) , an older woman who reveals that she too was once a mermaid . She helps the girls understand their own situation and warns them of the dangers involved . After a confrontation with Ms. Chatham , Zane Bennett ( Burgess Abernethy ) gets trapped on her sinking houseboat which forces Emma to rush to his aid . During the rescue , Zane catches a glimpse of her tail and becomes obsessed with finding this `` sea monster '' . Doctor Denman ( Lara Cox ) , a marine biologist , also becomes focused on the mermaids when Lewis accidentally leaves behind a genetic sample of the girls he was working on in her lab . Zane later helps her to capture the girls , unaware of their true identities . When he realises what he has done , Zane works with Lewis to free the girls who trick the scientists into believing they have given up their powers during a lunar eclipse . In reality , they were only temporarily removed of their powers . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 01 `` Metamorphosis '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 101 Three fifteen - year - old girls -- Emma Gilbert , Rikki Chadwick , and Cleo Sertori -- find themselves stranded out at sea in a dinghy , and drift onto the beaches of Mako Island . Once there , they discover a hidden , underground cavern , and inside it , a deep pool of water , sitting within the cone of a volcano . Realising that the pool , which has an underwater tunnel connected to the ocean , is their only way out , the girls step into the water and find themselves bathed in the light of the full moon as it passes over the top of the volcano . Little do they know , as they swim out of the tunnel and are rescued by the water police , that they have undergone a magical transformation , and their lives will never be the same again . Ten seconds after they touch water , they turn into mermaids . Cleo and Emma discover that they have powers to control water . 02 `` Pool Party '' Colin Budds Deb Cox 14 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 14 ) 102 While Rikki enjoys her new life as a mermaid , Emma and Cleo are less enthusiastic about their mermaid powers . Emma 's swimming career is in jeopardy , and Cleo feels isolated when she realises that she ca n't go to fashionable Miriam 's pool party . Rikki soon gets fed up with their moaning , and storms off ... and accidentally discovers a power of her own . Meanwhile , Cleo wants to tell her friend , Lewis , about her powers , but Emma and Rikki forbid it . However , Cleo might need his help after all when she takes a risk and attends Miriam 's pool party ... and gets thrown in the pool by prankster Zane Bennett and his pal Nate , just as Lewis arrives . Lewis discovers that the girls are mermaids but promises to keep their secret . 03 `` Catch of the Day '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 21 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 21 ) 103 Emma and Rikki use their new - found abilities to free hatchling sea turtles caught in fishing nets . But when they shred one of the nets with a knife , they spark stories of sharks patrolling the waters . Meanwhile , Emma and Rikki have bad news for Cleo ; the fishing boat that caught the turtle in its net was her father 's . Refusing to believe that her father is illegally catching turtles , Cleo swims after his boat to investigate and at last accepts what she is . But the fishermen on board the boat mistake Cleo for a shark and catch her in their net . Emma and Rikki rescue her and Cleo is no longer afraid to swim in the water . 04 `` Party Girls '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 28 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 28 ) 104 A worried Emma cancels her annual sleepover party when she realises the risk of growing a tail in front of all her guests . She and Lewis travel back to Mako Island to try to find out how the girls were transformed into mermaids , and Emma finds a mysterious locket at the bottom of the Moon Pool , and thinks that it may be important . Meanwhile , Cleo gets a job at the marine park 's dolphin tank , and Emma is furious with her for taking such risks around water . But Cleo 's determination to lead a normal life without being scared of every drop of water she sees convinces Emma , who reschedules her sleepover . But there is trouble in store when Miriam , upset that she was n't invited to Emma 's party , gate crashes with Zane . At the party , Cleo gets water on herself , and has to hide in a closet , but when the other girls at the party open the door , she has already managed to zip herself up inside a sleeping bag . The girls , however , almost feel Cleo 's tail , and she has to use her power to blow up the drinks as a distraction . Jealous Miriam then tries to steal Emma 's locket , but Rikki stops her , and gives it back to Emma . Emma then gives it to Cleo , saying that a mermaid who can hide her tail in the middle of a party is more than capable of taking care of so important a locket . Also , Cleo is confused when she is approached at the marine park by a strange old woman who seems to know her secret . 05 `` Something Fishy '' Colin Budds Joanne Watson 4 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 04 ) 105 Cleo 's secret diary falls into the hands of her younger sister , Kim . Kim grows suspicious when she reads in the diary that Cleo and her friends are mermaids , and shares her ideas with Emma 's brother , Elliot . At first , Elliot does n't believe her ; but when Emma accidentally freezes his shower , Elliot becomes convinced that his sister is part of an evil mermaid cult . To put the kids off the scent , the girls decide to make them think that the diary is about someone else , and choose Miriam as their decoy , using their powers to make it look as though Miriam has powers of her own . Meanwhile , an oblivious Miriam enters the Miss Sea Queen pageant , and taunts Cleo , who decides to enter the pageant herself -- unaware that Kim and Elliot are planning to shower the stage with water to expose Miriam and Cleo as mermaids . Lewis goes to Mako Island to investigate the moon pool in order to find out how the girls became mermaids . 06 `` Young Love '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 11 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) 106 When Rikki saves Emma 's brother Elliot from drowning , he develops a crush on her , and wo n't leave her alone . With Rikki getting annoyed , Emma and Cleo try to persuade her to let Elliot down gently ; but with Rikki 's fiery nature , that does n't work too well , and an upset Elliot runs away . Rikki finds him at Lewis ' brother 's nursery plant school and apologises . However , they end up locked in and Rikki discovers that the sprinklers will wash the plants . The others must get them out before Rikki is transformed . 07 `` Moon Spell '' Colin Budds Max Dann 18 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 18 ) 107 The strange old woman makes a reappearance at the marine park , and gives Cleo a mysterious warning not to look at the full moon . The other girls , however , are convinced the old woman is crazy , and ignore the warning , going ahead with Emma 's planned surprise party for her father . At the party , however , Emma sees the reflection of the full moon in a bowl of punch , and then starts acting very strange , losing her inhibitions and being rude to the guests . Cleo , Rikki and Lewis try to keep her under control , but Emma ends up diving into the water , and turning into a mermaid . Worse still , when the others dry her off , her tail wo n't go away . How can they hide a mermaid in the middle of a party ? 08 `` The Denman Affair '' Colin Budds Chris Anastassiades 25 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) 108 Lewis gets a job as a lab assistant for Dr. Linda Denman , a beautiful marine biologist , and secretly plans to use her equipment to try to find out more about the girls ' mermaid transformation . But he instead ends up putting their secret in danger , when he leaves a DNA sample from Cleo behind in the lab , and Dr. Denman discovers it . The girls realise that they are really in trouble when Cleo sneaks into Dr. Denman 's lab , and discovers a scientific article on Dr. Denman 's laptop about her unusual cell sample . With Lewis refusing to believe that Dr. Denman stole the cell sample from him ( partly because he has a crush on her ) , Emma , Rikki and Cleo 's secret could be about to be exposed to the world . 09 `` Dangerous Waters '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 1 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 01 ) 109 When one of Cleo 's beloved fish dies , Rikki ca n't understand why she is so upset , and ends up offending her . To make up for it , Rikki uses her mermaid abilities to dive where no fish collector can dive , and picks Cleo a replacement fish . Back on dry land , however , she meets a man claiming to be a Marine Park breeder of rare fish , who offers to pay her good money for more rare fish specimens . Rikki takes the job , but when she sees one of the fish she caught in a pet tank in the JuiceNet cafe , she realises that the man who hired her does not really work for the Marine Park , and is actually selling the fish illegally for high profit . Rikki takes it upon herself to find the man , and deliver him to the police . 10 `` The Camera Never Lies '' Colin Budds Deb Cox 8 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 08 ) 110 Lewis and the girls enter a short film contest held at the JuiceNet cafe , but Lewis , last year 's champion , is fresh out of ideas . Rikki and Cleo are roped into doing a film about Emma 's mother , but Rikki , thinking that the film is boring , sneaks off to shoot her own film , featuring some impressive underwater footage of sharks . Meanwhile , Zane , ineligible to compete himself , as his father is on the judging panel , recruits Lewis to shoot a film of him windsurfing around Mako Island , recreating ( and hopefully beating ) , his father 's windsurfing record of several years before . But things do n't go to plan , when Zane falls off his windsurfer , right in the middle of Mako Island 's shark breeding ground . 11 `` Sink or Swim '' Colin Budds Max Dann 15 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) 111 Emma is flattered when local surfing hero , Byron , asks her to train him up for a swimming competition , but has to turn him down for obvious reasons . However , she changes her mind after learning that Zane is boasting to everyone that he will beat Byron by a mile , and begins training Byron without getting in the pool herself . But Byron is disappointed when Emma turns into a ' heavy training dragon ' , and the pair nearly fall out . Emma takes advice from her friends not to be so hard on Byron , but by being nice to him , she gives him the wrong idea , and they end up kissing . Meanwhile , Lewis continues his research on the girls , but Rikki does not like him treating her as a specimen , and tries to annoy him by disrupting his experiments . 12 `` The Siren Effect '' Colin Budds Susan MacGillicuddy 22 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) 112 As another full moon approaches , Rikki pushes Cleo into a karaoke contest at the JuiceNet cafe , not realising that Cleo can not sing . After embarrassing herself in front of everybody listening , Cleo heads back home with Emma , Rikki and Lewis to prepare for the full moon . But despite all their preparations , Cleo glimpses the moon in the reflection of some water in the bathroom sink , but when she touches the water , she does n't turn into a mermaid . Cleo then stands before everyone in the house , and , to Rikki and Emma 's surprise , sings with the most beautiful voice imaginable . Lewis realises that the full moon has turned Cleo into a siren -- a mythological mermaid that used its mesmerising voice to lure sailors to their deaths . Cleo 's voice , however , seems to be luring hundreds of teenage boys to her house , and under the spell of her voice , Lewis kisses her , and is thrown out by her father . It is then up to Emma and Rikki to keep Cleo out of trouble until the moon sinks ; but , while they both sleep , Cleo phones up the local radio station , and gets her voice on the radio . 13 `` Shipwrecked '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 28 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) 113 At the local boat yard , Emma finally meets the mysterious old woman who has been following Cleo around ; Miss Chatham . And she finds her at just the right time , as Miss Chatham has an argument with Zane about an accident involving her houseboat ( `` Lorelei '' ) and his jet ski , and then collapses from a heart attack . As she is taken away in an ambulance , Zane hears her muttering to Emma that she needs to protect her ' treasure ' . Later , Emma invites the fragile Miss Chatham to stay with her , and she , Cleo and Rikki get to know her better . But upon hearing that she has been evicted from the boat yard , Miss Chatham sets off in the Lorelei before it can be taken away from her but she accidentally damages Zane 's Jet Ski . Zane chases after her in his Zodiac pontoon boat , catches up with the Lorelei near Mako Island , and boards the Lorelei . He demands compensation for his damaged jet ski , but Miss Chatham passes out with another heart attack . Emma and Lewis arrive just in time to help Miss Chatham and take her to seek medical care on Lewis ' boat . Zane stays aboard the Lorelei , searching for the treasure . Kerosene from a lamp ignites on the Lorelei 's engine , and the boat begins to sink , trapping Zane . Emma is forced to dive down to the sinking boat in order to save Zane , and risks him discovering that she is a mermaid , but he just glimpses her tail before he passes out . Emma returns Miss Chatham 's `` treasure '' to her , and it turns out to be a locket ( identical to Cleo 's ) , containing a picture of three teenage girls ; herself and her friends Julia and Gracie , who were all mermaids back in the 1950s ( Cleo 's locket belonged to Miss Chatham 's friend Gracie ) . 14 `` Surprise ! '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 6 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) 114 Cleo counts down the days to her sixteenth birthday , not with excitement , but with dread . Emma and Rikki ca n't understand Cleo 's mood , until Lewis tells them about Cleo 's father 's embarrassing birthday parties . Meanwhile , Zane is determined to find the `` sea monster '' that saved him from drowning , and recruits Lewis to help him . But Lewis has promised the girls that he will keep Zane as far away from Mako Island and them as possible . 15 `` The Big Chill '' Jeffrey Walker John Armstrong 13 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 13 ) 115 Emma is excelling at her new job at the JuiceNet café , and is delighted when Wilfred puts her in charge for a whole weekend . However , her skills and patience are put to the test when Cleo persuades her to hire slacker Rikki , who needs the money for concert tickets . But with Emma being a megalomaniac manager , and Rikki a lazy employee , things do n't work out , and Rikki quits after Emma gives her a hard time for being rude to demanding customer Miriam . While the girls argue , the scheming Miriam sneaks into the JuiceNet 's Cool Room , and turns up the temperature , in an attempt to get Rikki and Emma fired . Emma soon discovers that things in the Cool Room are thawing out , and uses her power to re-freeze them -- but accidentally freezes Miriam at the same time . 16 `` Lovesick '' Jeffrey Walker Caroline O'Meara 20 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 20 ) 116 Zane is relentlessly carrying on with his search for the mystery sea monster that saved his life , and tricks Cleo into giving him access to the marine park 's library , so that he can learn more about sea creatures . Meanwhile , Cleo 's friends and family become convinced that she has a secret boyfriend when she starts making odd phone calls and sneaking out of the house ... unaware that she is only going to the marine park to care for a sick dolphin that seems to have a ' crush ' on her . 17 `` Under the Weather '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 27 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) 117 The girls are left housebound on the day of a big biology exam by a sudden rain storm . To keep Emma 's mother from getting suspicious , the girls use their powers to fake illness ( Rikki gives them high temperatures and red blotches on their skin , before Emma gives them low temperatures ) , but their plan backfires when Emma 's mother calls a doctor , who is convinced that the girls have a rare tropical disease , and wants to send them to a hospital . Knowing that they would not last five minutes in the hospital without someone discovering their secret , the girls must try to think a way out of their elaborate lie ... without getting into trouble with their families . 18 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 3 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 03 ) 118 Haunted by his experience with the `` sea monster '' , Zane presses on with his investigations , and is soon led to Mako Island . Meanwhile , on the night of another full moon , it is Rikki 's turn to be moonstruck , when she glimpses the moon 's reflection in a glass of water , and undergoes a catastrophic change ; she loses control of her ability to heat water , and begins boiling everything around her . Distraught , Rikki runs away to Mako Island , and bumps into Zane . Feeling alone and frightened , she kisses him , but ends up hurting him with her power . Emma , Cleo and Lewis seek Miss Chatham 's help . 19 `` Hurricane Angela '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 10 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) 119 When Cleo 's young cousin Angela comes to stay , Cleo 's father gives Cleo the responsibility of taking care of her , hoping it will distract Cleo from arguing with her sister Kim . But taking care of Angela brings on challenges of its own , as it appears she is a spoiled brat , who is determined to get what she wants , and , worst of all , has a fondness for water . Rather than taking Angela to the beach to go body boarding , Cleo instead takes her to the safety of the marine park to look at the pelicans Kim is so fond of . But things soon turn bad , when Angela goes missing , and Cleo and the others find a pelican in her house , which Cleo accuses Kim of stealing from the marine park . The real thief turns out to be Angela , who used the pelican as a distraction so that she could go body boarding as punishment Cleo makes Angela clean up after the pelicans at the marine park . 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinker '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 17 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) 120 Keen angler Lewis enters the annual fishing derby with a secret weapon ; a specially designed lure , that is actually hopeless at catching fish . With Nate and the rest of the contestants laughing at him , Cleo feels sorry for Lewis , and tries to help him by deliberately putting a huge fish on the end of his line . But her plan backfires when it is revealed that the fish she chose was a deep - sea tuna , a fish impossible to catch with an ordinary fishing rod from the shore . Lewis is accused of cheating , and is kicked out of the competition , leaving Cleo feeling guilty . Meanwhile , Rikki visits an art exhibition , and has an awkward meeting with Zane . But the pair are forced to talk to each other when they get trapped on a balcony . 21 `` Red Herring '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 24 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 24 ) 121 When Byron makes an innocent comment about Emma being dependable , she misunderstands , and thinks he is saying she is boring . Deciding she needs a change , Emma asks Cleo to dye her hair , but is horrified when Cleo accidentally dyes it a bright red . However , the girls discover that , as Emma was a mermaid when she dyed her hair ( as dyeing hair involves water ) , her hair only becomes red when she has her tail . Meanwhile , Zane 's investigations into his sea monster mystery lead him to Miss Chatham , and he becomes convinced that she knows something . At first , the girls are unconcerned , as Zane has no evidence that Miss Chatham knows anything ; but when they discover that Zane is planning to dive down to Miss Chatham 's wrecked houseboat , Miss Chatham tells them of some old photographs of her and her mermaid friends , locked in a metal chest on board . Emma chooses to swim out to the wreck to salvage the photographs , before Zane finds them . But as she swims out of the wreck , Zane sees her ( but luckily does n't recognise her because of her red hair ) . When the girls find out that Zane now knows about mermaids , Rikki tracks Zane down and says she will be his girlfriend , provided he stops his mermaid hunt . She also warns him not to tell Emma or Cleo about them . 22 `` Fish Out of Water '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 122 Emma and Cleo are suspicious of Rikki when they see her apparently out on a date with Zane . After her friends pester her about it , Rikki finally confesses that she and Zane are going out , and Emma and Cleo , fearing that Rikki will tell Zane their secret , tell her to dump him . Rikki refuses , and she and the others fall out ; but when Zane 's father unveils plans to turn Mako Island into a holiday resort , and Zane fails to stand up to him , Rikki begins to wonder whether she made the wrong choice . 23 `` In Too Deep '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 8 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) 123 Rikki is amazed when she sees a locket in a jeweller 's shop identical to Cleo 's and Miss Chatham 's . Miss Chatham reveals that the locket belonged to her friend Julia , the third original mermaid , and Rikki and the others begin searching for the money to buy it for her . But Zane makes a mistake when he lets slip to ex-girlfriend Miriam that Rikki was looking at the locket , and Miriam buys it just to spite her . But another problem comes to the girls ' attention when Miss Chatham tells the story of how Julia -- a girl with a fiery nature identical to Rikki 's -- trusted her wealthy boyfriend with her mermaid secret , only to have him betray her . She and the girls are worried that Rikki will make the same mistake of having too much trust in Zane , but when Zane retrieves the locket for Rikki after Miriam throws it in the water , they are relieved to see that she carefully dries the locket before touching it , meaning that she is not willing to share her secret with Zane . The girls give Julia 's locket to Miss Chatham , but she gives it to Rikki , and then gives her own locket to Emma , saying that it is right that they are all together . 24 `` Love Potion # 9 '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 15 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) 124 With the school 's end of year dance approaching , Emma takes up the stressful job of heading up the dance committee . But , while the tough task of organising the dance is bad enough on her nerves , she is also flattened by the news that Byron , who she was hoping would ask her to the dance , is already going with Ice Queen Miriam . Cleo is also disappointed that Lewis is too caught up in his experiments to ask her to the dance , and , rather than go alone , she is forced to ask Nate . The only upside is that Lewis , after days of research and testing , has come up with a formula to make the girls ' skin waterproof , and they no longer have to worry about getting wet . But , as the wise Miss Chatham declares , science and magic can not mix , and Lewis ' formula gives the girls an allergic reaction where their skin turns red , and they are forced to flee the dance . Things turn out well in the end , however , as Cleo finally admits to Lewis how she feels about him , and they become a couple . 25 `` Dr. Danger '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 22 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) 125 Emma is forced to drop out of her family 's annual holiday to a water park resort , which upsets her parents and annoys her little brother . But she and the other girls have much more to worry about , when Lewis and Cleo spot their old enemy Dr. Denman 's boat anchored near Mako Island . Returning to follow up her discovery of cells that mutate on contact with water ( a DNA sample from Cleo that Lewis accidentally left behind in her lab ) , Dr. Denman and her team of divers investigate Mako Island , and soon discover the Moon Pool -- and what is worse , they also find a scale from one of the mermaids ' tails . After performing some tests on the scale , Dr. Denman sees that it is identical to the cell sample she stole from Lewis , and realises that he is strongly connected to the whole thing . But she gets even closer to the girls ' secret when she meets Zane , and hears his story of the mermaid he saw . At first , Dr. Denman does n't believe a word Zane says ; but when her underwater cameras set up around the entrance to the Moon Pool capture images of Emma , Rikki and Cleo , she and Zane 's wealthy father team up to capture the mermaids ( although they decide not to tell Zane that one of the mermaids is actually Rikki ) . 26 `` A Twist in the Tail '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 29 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 29 ) 126 Now that the mermaids have been identified , Dr. Denman continues her pursuit of them by holding Lewis hostage on her boat and using his mobile phone to lure the girls to the Moon Pool , where she traps them . After discovering that the three mermaids are in fact Rikki and her friends , Zane is left torn about where his loyalties lie ; with his father , or with Rikki . Eventually , his conscience leads him to set Lewis and the girls free ( much to his father and Dr. Denman 's annoyance ) , but the mermaids are not out of trouble yet . Knowing that Dr. Denman and the scientists will still come after them , the girls must make a tough decision . Miss Chatham tells them of the forthcoming lunar eclipse , and says that , if they enter the Moon Pool when the eclipse passes over it , it will draw their powers away from them . As normal girls , the three of them would be of no interest to the scientists , and would be out of danger . The girls make the choice to enter the pool , and while their powers seem to vanish completely , the next morning they find they 've become mermaids again : the eclipse only affected them for 12 hours . Series two ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) A full moon , in conjunction with a rare planetary alignment , calls the girls to the moon pool at Mako Island where their powers are greatly augmented and strengthened . The second series revolves around the arrival of a new girl , Charlotte Watsford ( Brittany Byrnes ) , who moves into the area and develops an instant attraction to Lewis . After Charlotte sees a film of her grandmother Gracie as a mermaid she meets Max Hamilton ( Martin Vaughan ) who was once romantically involved with Gracie . Happy to have met his lover 's granddaughter , he tells her about the previous mermaids -- Louise , Julia , and Gracie -- and of Mako Island . Charlotte travels to the moon pool during a full moon and becomes the fourth mermaid in possession of all the girls ' powers . Believing herself superior , she and the girls become sworn enemies . This conflict results in a confrontation during an especially powerful full moon , which ends with Charlotte being permanently stripped of her mermaid form and abilities . Series two also focuses on the romantic entanglements of the girls . Cleo breaks up with Lewis for being too clingy and protective after which he dates Charlotte . Rikki and Zane start dating again after breaking up during the series one finale . Emma meets Ash ( Craig Horner ) and flirts with him but he is frustrated by the secrets she constantly holds back . She eventually relents and tells him that she is a mermaid . Torn because of the conflict between his friends and Charlotte , Lewis comes to the conclusion that his loyalties lie with the girls and with Cleo in particular . He breaks up with Charlotte and begins dating Cleo again . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 27 `` Stormy Weather '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 28 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 201 With Cleo 's parents now divorced , Cleo is ordered by her father to take more care of Kim , starting with taking her to a concert . But on the night , Cleo , Rikki and Emma all accidentally see the full moon , and take off to Mako Island , with Lewis in hot pursuit . Once there , the girls undergo another magical transformation in the Moon Pool , as a rare planetary alignment intensifies the power of the full moon -- Emma 's power is enhanced so that she can produce snow and frost , Rikki can conjure lightning , and Cleo can now control wind as well as water . After the moonstruck girls nearly harm Lewis , they realise that they must work to control their new powers , before anyone else gets hurt . 28 `` Control '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 5 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 05 ) 202 A new girl , Charlotte Watsford , moves to the Gold Coast , and it is evident that she is developing a crush on Cleo 's boyfriend , Lewis . But Charlotte may soon have her chance , as Cleo is getting fed up with Lewis ' constant , smothering concern for her , and is considering breaking up with him . Meanwhile , the girls are still trying to learn how to control their powers , and Emma in particular is put to the test when she sees Elliot being bullied by a member of his soccer team . Furious when she sees the boy ( Nate 's little brother ) , shove Elliot in the middle of a game , Emma then executes total control of her newfound powers ... by making the boy slip on a sheet of ice . But elsewhere , Cleo makes the tough decision to break up with Lewis . 29 `` The One That Got Away '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 12 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) 203 Rikki is bothered by Zane 's reappearance on the Gold Coast , as she realises she still likes him . With Zane thinking that Rikki gave up her mermaid powers at the lunar eclipse during the war with Dr. Denman , can she manage to keep her secret from him for a second time ? Meanwhile , Cleo grows jealous when she sees that Lewis and Charlotte are becoming close friends , and , in a mad rage , she steals Charlotte 's diary ... and discovers that she apparently already has a boyfriend named RJ . The episode ends with Zane rediscovering that Rikki is a mermaid , when Nate blasts her with water , but he promises not to tell anyone , and they rekindle their relationship . Cleo ends up embarrassing herself when she confronts Charlotte about her secret other boyfriend , and learns that the dates in the diary are meetings for Charlotte 's theatre group ( RJ stands for Romeo and Juliet ) . 30 `` Fire and Ice '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 19 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) 204 When Emma 's parents head off to a crystal - wear convention , she is left in charge of the house , and invites Cleo to stay ... but instead ends up with the messy and rebellious Rikki . However , when Rikki criticises Emma for being a control - freak , Emma sets out to prove that she can have fun too , and throws a wild party at her house . But she starts to regret her decision when the party gets out of hand . Meanwhile , Nate convinces Lewis that Cleo broke up with him because he was n't manly enough , and offers to teach him judo . But the lessons are actually a ploy to keep Lewis away from Cleo , so that Nate can flirt with her . 31 `` Hocus Pocus '' Jeffrey Walker Kirsty Fisher 26 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 26 ) 205 Emma convinces Wilfred to shoot a TV commercial for the steadily failing JuiceNet cafe , but is taken aback when he asks her to star in it . Meanwhile , Lewis digs up an old book on mermaid magic , and with it , an alleged wish - granting potion . He and the girls brew up the potion in a storage room at the JuiceNet , but when it apparently does n't work , a smug Rikki overheats the potion , causing it to grow into a foul fungus that begins to engulf the cafe . However , when Cleo takes home an untouched sample of the potion in order to make her father wish her mother return , she discovers that it does indeed work , but only when it is used by a mermaid . 32 `` Pressure Cooker '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 2 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) 206 Cleo and Kim are concerned when it seems that their father has found a new girlfriend . With no desire for a step - mother , the girls are horrified when their father invites the woman over for dinner ; but Cleo is even more horrified to discover that she is Charlotte 's mother ! Feeling that desperate times call for desperate measures , Cleo invites Rikki and Emma round , and persuades them to use their powers to ruin her father 's dinner . Only afterwards do the girls realise their mistake ; Charlotte 's mother was a business associate of Cleo 's father , interested in buying some of his catch . 33 `` In Hot Water '' Jeffrey Walker Joss King 9 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) 207 Cleo is fired from her job at the marine park for feeding Ronnie the dolphin the wrong food , but Emma and Rikki tell her not to worry , and that her boss will soon call her back . Unfortunately , Lewis , needing the money for a new computer , unknowingly takes Cleo 's job , and she vows never to speak to him again . In an attempt to get Cleo her job back , Emma and Rikki use their powers to make Lewis ' job ten times harder , but he soon finds them out , and sends them off . But , on their way out , the girls leave the marine park 's underwater gate open , and Ronnie the dolphin escapes . When Lewis gets the blame , and his boss threatens to have him arrested , Emma and Rikki are forced to confess to Cleo , and the three of them search the ocean for Ronnie . 34 `` Wrong Side of the Tracks '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 16 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) 208 While dirt biking through a caravan park , Zane and Nate spot a rundown Harley - Davidson motorcycle , and Nate steals the badge . A guilty Zane , however , tries to return the badge , but is caught by the owner , who thinks he is the thief . Zane has an argument with the man , and insults him ... not realising that he is girlfriend Rikki 's father , and that the caravan park is where Rikki lives ; but she has been too embarrassed to admit it . When Zane finds out , he tells Rikki that he does n't care where she comes from or how much money she has , but her father does n't approve of Zane , and keeps them apart . Meanwhile , Cleo begins to suspect that Charlotte and Lewis are secretly going out . 35 `` Riding for a Fall '' Jeffrey Walker Susan MacGillicuddy 23 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 23 ) 209 When Emma 's mother makes her take her brother Elliot for riding lessons , she ends up getting into a competitive conflict with the riding instructor , Ash ( who Rikki and Cleo are convinced she has a crush on ) . However , Emma 's stubbornness towards Ash lands her in trouble , when she ignores a warning from him , and accidentally lets his horse , Rebel , eat some poisonous weeds . Meanwhile , Lewis wins an award for young inventors , and asks Cleo to accompany him to the awards ceremony , but she declines , saying that they are just friends now . Lewis instead decides to take Charlotte as his date , but then Cleo changes her mind , and accepts Lewis ' invitation , not realising that Charlotte is going in her place . 36 `` Missed the Boat '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 210 Cleo is devastated when she fails a biology exam , and realises that it was all because she did not have Lewis to tutor her . Cleo 's father then schedules Cleo a re-sit for the exam , and also finds her a new tutor ... Charlotte . Determined to keep Cleo and Lewis apart , Charlotte sets Cleo a whole weekend of studying , and then takes Lewis to paint with her ... on Mako Island . The girls try to stop Lewis from taking her there , but he refuses , thinking they are being paranoid . Cleo sneaks off from studying to go with Emma and Rikki to Mako , and try to keep Charlotte from discovering too much . But she ends up with her heart broken when she falls into a stream , and looks up to see Lewis kissing Charlotte ( not realising that he only did it to stop Charlotte from seeing her as a mermaid ) . 37 `` In Over Our Heads '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 7 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 07 ) 211 Zane comes to Rikki with an offer to find a priceless Tibetan statue lost at the bottom of the ocean . The owners of the statue are offering a large reward for its return , but Rikki refuses , thinking that Zane is being greedy . But then she discovers that her father is in serious financial trouble , and when he tells her that they might have to leave the Gold Coast , Rikki agrees to find the statue with Zane , and persuades the others to help ( without telling them that there is a reward involved ) . But when Emma and Cleo discover that the recovery of the statue was all about making money , they take off , leaving Rikki and Zane to find the statue on their own . Rikki overworks herself , and ends up being struck on the head by the statue crate , and is knocked unconscious . Emma and Cleo rush back to help , but Lewis is held back by Charlotte , who switches his phone off to ensure that no one interrupts their time together . 38 `` Fish Fever '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 14 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) 212 While out swimming , Emma collects a beautiful piece of coral for Cleo 's new fish tank , but accidentally cuts herself on it . Soon after the coral is placed in the tank , however , Cleo 's goldfish , Hector , starts behaving very strangely , and his scales begin to turn white . Stranger still , Emma seems to be suffering from the same illness , as she begins ravenously devouring fish , and her mermaid scales also turn white . Cleo and the others soon make the connection between Emma and Hector and the piece of coral ( which turns out to be toxic ) , and Lewis takes Hector to the marine park to get an antidote ( blowing off a date with Charlotte , who is convinced that Cleo wants to ruin her and Lewis ' date ) . But things get complicated when an eerily changed Emma disappears into the pools of the marine park . Even worse , Emma sneaks to her house and eats the lobster while her parents are celebrating their wedding anniversary . However , her parents hear her inside , forcing the girls and Lewis to try to find a cure before Emma 's parents discover the situation . 39 `` Moonwalker '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Roache 21 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) 213 When Cleo 's father revives the tradition of the Sertori family camping trip , two problems arise . Firstly , the trip is on Mako Island ; secondly , it is a full moon . Emma , Rikki and Lewis tag along to help Cleo , and Charlotte annoyingly follows Lewis . Once on the island , the girls try to scare the campers off of it by telling Kim and Charlotte stories of monsters , and using their powers to freak them out . But when a nervous Kim climbs into the moonlight - proof tent Lewis has constructed for the girls , Cleo glimpses the full moon 's reflection outside , and wanders off . When Emma and Rikki discover that Cleo is missing , they decide to face the power of the moon , and go out looking for her . Meanwhile , a moonstruck Cleo bumps into Charlotte out walking , who torments her , thinking that she is jealous of her new relationship with Lewis . But when Emma and Rikki ( now also under the full moon 's spell ) , see this , they frighten Charlotte away with their powers . Unfortunately , Charlotte runs straight into the cave where the moon pool is ... just as the full moon passes over it . She sees the full moon 's strange effect on the pool and is intrigued , but luckily Emma is able to stop her from touching the water by freezing the moon pool 's surface , preventing Charlotte from becoming a mermaid . 40 `` Get Off My Tail '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 28 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 28 ) 214 Cleo begins to realise that she misses spending time with Lewis , and asks her friends for advice . Rikki tells Cleo to re-establish her friendship with him , and use her unique mermaid abilities to her advantage -- after all , Charlotte is just an ordinary girl , but Cleo is not . But Charlotte soon realises what Cleo is doing , and uses her bond with Lewis to make her rival jealous . Meanwhile , Wilfred leaves the Gold Coast , and Emma thinks that he has left the JuiceNet cafe to her , until the new manager shows up ... and it is Ash , the cute riding instructor . Ash makes several quick changes to the cafe , which annoys Emma . But just as Emma is starting to accept Ash , some food gets stored in the wrong place and spoiled , and Ash , believing that it must have been Emma because she was the only one protesting about the changes , fires her . But he later finds out that it was another member of staff who simply got confused because of the quick changes , and gives Emma her job back . He also asks her out on a date which she accepts . 41 `` Irresistible '' Colin Budds Chris Anastassiades 4 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 04 ) 215 Zane reads a myth about mermaids being attracted to ambergris ( a substance found in whale droppings ) , and purchases a bottle of it from the internet . Lewis is not too keen on the idea ( even though he realise it could be a chance to get back with Cleo ) , but he offers to look at the ambergris with Zane . The two are disgusted by the liquid 's foul smell , and abandon the bottle on a table outside the JuiceNet cafe ... where it is unfortunately found by the odious Nate , who apparently likes the smell , and sprays some on himself . But while everyone else retreats from Nate 's smell , Emma , Rikki and Cleo seem drawn to him , and it does n't take Lewis and Zane long to realise that Nate 's popularity with the girls is due to the ambergris . Under its influence , the girls travel down to the beach with Nate , putting their secret in danger . 42 `` Double Trouble '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 11 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) 216 Lewis is being troubled by recurring nightmares of Cleo being exposed as a mermaid , and it is clear that he still has feelings for her . Meanwhile , Elliot surprises everyone by asking Kim out on a date , and Lewis and Cleo act as chaperones when they go to the marine park . However , Lewis ' nightmare comes true when Cleo falls into the water , and someone spots her . Elsewhere , Emma grows suspicious when she discovers that Rikki has been having secret meetings with Ash ... but it turns out the two of them were only planning to give her an award . 43 `` Moonstruck '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 18 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) 217 Unable to convince Emma to tell Ash the truth about herself , Rikki and Cleo encourage Ash to make a bold , romantic gesture to her . But he musters his courage at exactly the wrong time , when he cooks Emma a surprise dinner at her home on the night of a full moon . By leaving the front door open , he does n't realise the chaos he is about to cause , when Cleo accidentally looks up at the moon . The mischievous , moonstruck Cleo then forces Rikki to see the full moon , and the two of them plot to get Emma wet , so that Ash can see her in mermaid form . 44 `` The Heat is On '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 25 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 25 ) 218 With the arrival of the girls ' one year anniversary as mermaids , Cleo organises a party at Mako Island to celebrate . But when Zane accidentally spills some drinks on Emma at the cafe , he is forced to have an argument with Ash to stop him from seeing her as a mermaid . Overhearing Zane calling her a ' clumsy waitress ' , Emma does n't realise he is only trying to help her , and gives him the cold shoulder . This leads to Emma and Zane 's girlfriend Rikki becoming enemies , and it looks like there will be no party at Mako Island , which upsets Cleo . Meanwhile , Lewis feels guilty when he realises he has n't been spending much time with Charlotte . 45 `` The Gracie Code , Part One '' Colin Budds Max Dann 1 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) 219 While doing some research on Mako Island , Lewis uncovers the work of Max Hamilton , who , fifty years before , was also investigating the place . Realising that his findings could be the key to finding out more about the Moon Pool and the girls ' transformation , Lewis tries to befriend the old man , but finds him unwilling to talk ... until , that is , he sees Cleo talking to Lewis , and recognises the locket around her neck . Max follows Lewis and Cleo to Mako Island , splashes some water on Cleo , and discovers that she is a mermaid as well . He is not shocked , however , because Max was a friend of Miss Chatham 's when she was a mermaid along with Gracie and Julia Dove in the 1950s , and was romantically involved with Gracie . Max promises to keep Cleo 's secret , and hands his research on Mako Island to Lewis . Absent : Claire Holt as Emma Gilbert 46 `` The Gracie Code , Part Two '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 8 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) 220 Sifting through Max 's research on Mako Island , the girls discover an old reel of film , and a photograph of his beloved Gracie . But elsewhere , Charlotte wants answers as to why Lewis is spending so much of his time with Cleo , Emma and Rikki , and storms over to Cleo 's house . Whilst there , she sees the photo of Gracie in amongst Max 's papers , and the girls are all stunned when Charlotte reveals that she is Gracie 's granddaughter . Lewis is then given the task of finding out just how much Charlotte knows about her grandmother , but his questions only make her more suspicious , and , thinking that Lewis and the girls are hiding something from her , she goes back to Cleo 's house , and steals the old reel of film in amongst the research . After getting the film transferred on to a DVD , Charlotte watches it , and finds that it is a home movie of her grandmother , Gracie , as a mermaid . Meanwhile , Ash makes a well - intentioned attempt to help Emma overcome her apparent fear of water , which leads to him almost discovering her secret . 47 `` And Then There Were Four '' Colin Budds Susan MacGillicuddy 15 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 15 ) 221 Charlotte is determined to find out whether or not her grandmother was truly a mermaid , and follows Lewis to Max when he goes to give the research back . Max is delighted to meet the granddaughter of his beloved Gracie , and , not realising that Charlotte is a threat to Emma , Rikki and Cleo , tells her everything . With the girls unaware that Charlotte now knows about them , and also preoccupied with the arrival of the full moon , they are unable to stop her from travelling back to Mako Island and diving into the moon pool just as the full moon passes . The next day , she tells Lewis that she has become a mermaid . 48 `` Bubble , Bubble , Toil and Trouble '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 22 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 22 ) 222 Lewis tells the girls that Charlotte is a mermaid . Although they are unhappy that Charlotte has become the fourth mermaid of Mako Island , they decide to welcome her into their group and befriend her . The perfect opportunity comes when the four of them are placed on the school 's beach volleyball team to stop them from failing gym class ( as they have been avoiding swimming lessons ) . But , although the girls do form a bond , Emma , Rikki and Cleo still have reservations about Charlotte , when it is revealed that she possesses all three of their mermaid powers , and declares herself a `` super mermaid '' . 49 `` Reckless '' Colin Budds Max Dann 29 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ) 223 When the girls offer to help Charlotte learn how to control her new - found powers , she rejects them , thinking that they are trying to cut her off from her full potential . Charlotte 's powers soon go to her head , as she declares herself the only `` real '' mermaid , and recklessly uses her powers in public . After almost killing Ronnie the dolphin in a fit of panic , she then tries to get revenge on Nate when he attacks Lewis , and it takes all the girls ' effort to stop her . Will Charlotte 's lack of control mean the exposure of the mermaids ' secret ? 50 `` Three 's Company '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 7 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 07 ) 224 Charlotte takes control of the planning for Lewis ' birthday party , and refuses to let any of the other girls help . Rikki , fed up with Charlotte 's intrusion into what was once their close - knit group , decides to exclude herself , and leaves to spend more time with Zane . Meanwhile , at the boring birthday party that Charlotte has organised for Lewis , Charlotte jealously locks Cleo and Emma in a flooded storage room , where they are left trapped as mermaids . Their secret is threatened when Ash hears them in the storage room and tries to unlock the door , only for Zane and Rikki to arrive in time to help . Zane leads Ash away whilst Rikki uses her powers to dry the girls . Realising what Charlotte has done , the girls then organise a party boat to come and take Lewis from Charlotte 's terrible party , and then tell Charlotte that she is not one of them any more . 51 `` Sea Change '' Colin Budds Robert Armin 14 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) 225 Charlotte 's short - lived friendship with Emma , Rikki and Cleo is over , and she forbids Lewis to talk to them . When Cleo shows concern for him , Charlotte lies to her , saying that Lewis willingly gives Cleo the cold shoulder because he does n't care about her any more . A fight leads to Charlotte taking Cleo 's locket , and when Lewis does nothing ( believing that Cleo gave the locket to Charlotte , because it was her grandmother 's ) , an upset Cleo is convinced that Lewis is on Charlotte 's side , and leaves a phone message for him ( which he does n't hear , as Charlotte has stolen his phone ) , about how he has abandoned her and wants nothing to do with her , before running away from home . When Lewis eventually hears Cleo 's message , he breaks up with the venomous Charlotte , and races after Cleo . Meanwhile , Cleo is being hunted by a pack of sharks , who can sense that she is weak . Lewis arrives just in time to save her , and the two of them get back together . 52 `` Unfathomable '' Colin Budds Chris Roache 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) 226 A rare full moon with the power to strip away the girls ' powers permanently is approaching . The girls attempt to forewarn Charlotte , but Charlotte instead uses her powers against them out of spite . She releases her hold on them once Ash comes out ; Emma attempts to make Ash forget what he saw , but not giving up , he visits her that night to try to get an explanation . Charlotte , still bitter , controls the water in Emma 's house from the outside , and the girls can not fight back unless they end up revealing their secret to Ash . When Cleo follows Lewis and Charlotte to Mako Island , Rikki and Emma join her as well . Cleo , Rikki and Emma have a power battle with Charlotte , in which Charlotte loses both the battle and her powers . The following morning , Lewis retrieves the locket from Charlotte , Emma tells her secret to Ash , and the season closes with the girls running into the ocean while their boyfriends look on . Note : Final appearance of Claire Holt , Brittany Byrnes , and Craig Horner Series three ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) The third series begins with Cleo and Rikki dealing with the loss of Emma who is travelling the world with her family . New characters are introduced including Bella Hartley ( Indiana Evans ) , a singer and mermaid since the age of nine with the power to turn water into gelatine ; and Will Benjamin ( Luke Mitchell ) , a skilled diver who is trying to figure out the secrets of Mako Island and who accidentally seems to unleash a powerful force which turns water against the mermaids . The girls must also deal with Zane , who attempts to exploit the moon pool after Rikki breaks up with him . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 53 `` The Awakening '' Jeffrey Walker Joss King 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) ( UK ) 301 Rikki and Cleo are about to face their final year of high school without Emma , who has gone travelling with her family . The JuiceNet cafe has now closed down and is just a vacant building on the coastline until Zane buys it and persuades Rikki to reopen it with him , renaming the cafe Rikki 's in honour of her . At the cafe 's opening night , Cleo and Rikki meets Bella Hartley , a new girl in town who does Rikki a favour by singing for her in Nate 's band . That same night , free - diver Will discovers the Moon Pool and witnesses the full moon 's effect on it . A strange creature made entirely of water forms and attacks Will . It then races to the cafe and kidnaps Rikki , dragging her back to Mako Island . To Cleo 's horror , this all happens in front of Bella , but she has no choice but to dive in and rescue Rikki . However , Bella dives in after her , revealing that she is also a mermaid . Together , Cleo and Bella rescue Rikki from the water tentacle . Bella befriends Rikki and Cleo and the new trio is determined to find out what caused water to turn against them . Note : Claire Holt left the series to film Messengers 2 : The Scarecrow . Indiana Evans and Luke Mitchell join the main cast . 54 `` Jungle Hunt '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 27 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) ( UK ) 302 First day back at school , and the girls are surprised to discover that Will is attending too . Will is thrilled to see them , and asks for help relocating the Moon Pool , so that he can investigate what happened to him during the full moon . Bella ( obviously smitten with Will ) , offers to help him , but promises the others that she will keep him away from the Moon Pool ; but a suspicious Rikki follows her . Meanwhile , Lewis and Cleo are convinced that something has happened to change the Moon Pool , but ca n't figure out what . 55 `` Keep Your Enemies Close '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) ( UK ) 303 Bella is pleased and Rikki wary when Cleo applies for a new job as an assistant dolphin trainer at the marine park . But she is soon in over her head , when Will visits the park , and takes a swim with Ronnie , and his influence has the dolphin performing tricks that he has never done before . However , head dolphin trainer Laurie mistakenly thinks that it is Cleo making Ronnie perform the tricks , and offers her a spot in the marine park 's dolphin show . Meanwhile , Rikki fires the live band from the cafe after hearing Nate 's terrible new song , but Bella gets the wrong end of the stick , and thinks that Rikki fired the band because she has an issue with her . 56 `` Valentine 's Day '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 29 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) ( UK ) 304 Valentine 's Day comes to the Gold Coast , and the girls all seem to be having trouble with love . Rikki finds that the stress of running the cafe is destroying her relationship with Zane , Bella 's crush on Will deepens , but she finds it hard to tell him of her feelings , and Cleo is less than impressed with Lewis ' idea of a Valentine 's date ; fishing . Even Kim is having serious ' boy trouble ' . The only person who does seem to be having any luck in love is Cleo 's father , Don , who falls for a pretty marine licensing inspector named Samantha . But it seems that he has blown his chance when she gets knocked overboard . 57 `` Big Ideas '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 30 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) ( UK ) 305 Zane 's management style is steering the cafe into debt , and Rikki is not impressed with his new idea to hold a dirt bike race at the cafe to bring in more money . Zane has promised to give the winner of the race a prize of $1000 , but , knowing full well that he is the best biker in town , enters the competition himself , so that he wo n't have to hand out the money . But he starts to doubt himself when experienced dirt biker Will enters the race after encouragement from Bella , and so enlists Nate to help him cheat . Meanwhile , Lewis and Cleo continue with their investigations on the Moon Pool , and make an amazing discovery when they mix water from the new waterfall with water from the pool . 58 `` Secrets & Lies '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 2 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) ( UK ) 306 As Bella grows more and more fond of Will , she tries to set up a study date so that they can spend some time together , but is hurt to find herself stood up . Furious , she goes to Will 's boatshed to confront him , and is devastated to find him there with another girl . Meanwhile , Lewis ' science teacher , Ms. Taylor , is impressed by Lewis ' science project -- not realising that it is actually his apparatus for studying the floating water from the Moon Pool . Lewis is then forced to show his experiment in class , putting the secret of the Moon Pool and the mermaids in danger . Ignoring Rikki 's advice , Bella follows Will and the mystery girl on a diving trip , and they nearly see her , but Bella is relieved when she discovers that the girl is Will 's sister , Sophie . Cleo uses her power to help Lewis replicate the effect of the floating Moon Pool water , and he submits an alternative science project , keeping the mermaids ' secret safe . 59 `` Happy Families '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 3 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) ( UK ) 307 Cleo and Kim 's father Don takes them to the beach to get to know his new girlfriend , Sam . But while Cleo is willing to accept her for her father 's sake , Kim hates her from the start , but uses the situation to get expensive gifts out of her father as bribes for her approval , much to Cleo 's disgust . But Sam and Don get the wrong idea when Cleo refuses to go swimming with Sam , and think that Cleo is the one who has a problem with her . Meanwhile , Bella applies for a job at the cafe , and Rikki is keen to give it to her ... except Zane wants to give the job to Will 's ambitious sister , Sophie . Absent : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney 60 `` Kidnapped '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Roache 4 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) ( UK ) 308 The girls prepare to sleep over at Cleo 's for the full moon , to try to protect themselves from any water attack . Lewis makes preparations of his own by installing cameras in the Moon Pool cavern , in an attempt to capture the mysterious water tentacle on film , and learn more about how it is created . Will , meanwhile , decides to revisit the Moon Pool to continue with his investigations there , and drops by Cleo 's to ask Bella to come with him . But Bella is n't there -- she has been kidnapped by the water tentacle ! Rikki and Cleo race to Mako Island to save her , while Lewis tries to keep Will away . At Mako , Rikki and Cleo discover that the tentacle seems to be turning Bella into water . But when they manage to pry her away from the tentacle , Bella says that she felt safe when she was with it . 61 `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 5 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) ( UK ) 309 When Lewis tells Cleo not to experiment with the floating water they collected from Mako , she can not resist , and sends Lewis off for a day of golfing with her father , so that he wo n't discover her . But when Rikki accidentally gets the water in Cleo 's fish tank , her goldfish , Hector , becomes imprisoned in a bubble of floating water ! The girls ' attempts to free Hector result in him going down the drain , and they must use their mermaid abilities to retrieve him from the canal . Also , the girls try to keep Will , who is in the house while looking for Bella with whom he has to do a project for school , from seeing Hector . Meanwhile , somewhere on the golf course , Lewis is pretending to lose to Cleo 's father at golf , so that he can get into his good books . 62 `` Revealed '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 6 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) ( UK ) 310 When Rikki and Cleo realise that Will has made a connection between Bella , Mako , and the full moon , they warn Bella to stay away from him , but she ca n't . Will is also growing incredibly interested in her , and wants to spend time with her ; but when he realises that Bella wo n't swim , he deliberately spills some water on her , thinking her secret might be something to do with water . In a panic , Bella dives into the water , but Will follows her ... and discovers that she is a mermaid . Afterwards , Bella tells Will how she became a mermaid . Can he keep her secret ? 63 `` Just a Girl at Heart '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 18 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) ( UK ) 311 Will 's ruthless sister , Sophie , is training him to be a professional free - diver , only he 'd rather spend time swimming with Bella . Irritated , Sophie tells Bella to stay away from Will , as she sees her as a distraction for him , but Bella does n't listen . While watching Will train in a public pool , Bella dives in to help him with his swimming technique ... just as Sophie turns up . Although Will manages to hide her , Bella is still worried , not about Sophie , but about Will . She thinks he only likes the mermaid side of her . Meanwhile , Rikki comes up with a brilliant idea to hold corporate events at the cafe , but after Zane makes a mistake with the booking , the cafe is overrun by a wild children 's party . Absent : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney 64 `` Crime & Punishment '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 19 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) ( UK ) 312 On Rikki 's birthday , Cleo and Bella travel to the Moon Pool , and make her a present using their powers ; an elegant mermaid statue that Cleo moulds from water , and Bella hardens with her gelatine power . But when Will discovers the unusual present on Rikki 's desk , he suspects that Cleo and Rikki know Bella 's mermaid secret . Meanwhile , Sophie takes it upon herself to organise the cafe 's first food delivery order , and sends Will to make the delivery , but he comes back with a payment of fake dollar bills . Realising that something is amiss , Rikki returns the fake bills to the address -- a houseboat in the middle of nowhere -- and discovers that the people on board are printing counterfeit money . When the criminals take her hostage on board the boat , Rikki manages to get a desperate message to Cleo and Bella , before her captors take her phone , and Bella and Cleo get Will to tell them where Rikki has gone -- but not before he makes them admit that all three of them are mermaids . Realising that they must now all trust each other , Cleo , Bella and Will set off together to save Rikki . 65 `` To Have & to Hold Back '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 21 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) ( UK ) 313 The day of Don and Sam 's wedding arrives , and selfish Kim tries to ruin everything . Meanwhile , Lewis gets the chance to spend three years working at a scientific research centre in America , but frets about telling Cleo ... until Kim tells her for him . Cleo is distraught , thinking that Lewis planned to leave without telling her , and refuses to talk to him . Don and Sam 's big day is then completely ruined when Kim turns on the sprinklers ( nearly making Cleo , Rikki and Bella grow tails in front of everyone ) . In the end , Lewis tells Cleo that he is not going to America because he loves her , and Cleo forgives him . But she decides to let him go after all , and they part promising to see each other again . The girls organise another wedding ceremony for Don and Sam on Mako Island , and Kim at last warms to Sam . Note : Angus McLaren 's final episode as a regular 66 `` Mermaid Magic '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 22 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) ( UK ) 314 Cleo finds an unusual crystal in a rock from the Moon Pool , identical to the one in Bella 's necklace , which she collected from the Moon Pool in which she was transformed . Could this be the source of Moon Pool magic ? Meanwhile , after discovering that Zane cheated in a free - diving competition , Will challenges him , and dives to a depth of 60 metres . But Will pushes himself too hard , and ends up passing out , forcing Rikki to dive down and save him . 67 `` Power Play '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 23 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) ( UK ) 315 After seeing the work done at the marine park by the charity Dolphin Rescue , Bella comes up with an idea to hold a fundraising event for them at the cafe , but is deflated when Sophie overhears , and steals her idea , presenting it to Rikki and Zane as her own . What is more , as Sophie is organising the event , she spitefully refuses to let Bella and the band perform . But she gets into trouble with Rikki and Zane , when all of the bands she has booked instead of Bella 's pull out , after hearing that Sophie has tried to make Dolphin Rescue pay a fee for the concert . Sophie is fired from the cafe , and Bella and the band perform to save the night . 68 `` The Dark Side '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 24 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 24 ) ( UK ) 316 Frustrated by the water tentacle 's constant attacks on them , Rikki travels to Mako Island at the full moon in order to confront it . With Bella and Cleo delayed , Will hurries after Rikki , but instead of finding the tentacle attacking her , he finds her somehow controlling it . Rikki appears to form some sort of connection with the tentacle , but when the full moon passes , she makes Will swear not to tell Bella or Cleo what happened . 69 `` A Magnetic Attraction '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 25 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) ( UK ) 317 Cleo is introduced to Ryan , a geophysicist working for Sam . Thinking that he might be able to help , Cleo shows him the magnetic crystal rock she found at Mako , which infuriates Rikki , who thinks that Cleo is putting their secret at risk . Cracks are beginning to form in the girls ' relationship , and Cleo and Bella become worried when Rikki starts spending all of her time in the Moon Pool . This prompts Will to confess to them what happened on the night of the full moon when Rikki confronted the tentacle . Back at the Moon Pool , Rikki discovers that bonding with the tentacle has strengthened her powers . 70 `` Into the Light '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 12 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) ( UK ) 318 Kim lets slip to geophysicist Ryan that Cleo and the others spend a lot of time on Mako Island , and Ryan goes there in search of more magnetic rocks like the one Cleo showed him . Rikki discovers this , and tries to warn the others that Ryan is on to them , but Bella and Cleo do n't believe her , as they are beginning to lose trust in Rikki . Rikki goes to Mako Island herself ( with Will tailing her ) , and uses her powers to destroy Ryan 's equipment , but when she starts going too far , Will springs out , and stops her . The two of them are then forced to run and hide in the Moon Pool cavern when Ryan hears them and chases after them , but this leads to Ryan accidentally discovering the Moon Pool . Rikki forces Ryan out with her powers , but Will tells her that she has only made things worse . Realising that he is right , Rikki apologises , and , when she arrives home , reconciles with the others , and tells them of her experience with the tentacle , and how it has affected her . Rikki says she does n't think the tentacle is trying to harm them , which opens up a new mystery . The girls must also figure out how they are going to put Ryan off the scent . 71 `` Breakaway '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 13 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) ( UK ) 319 Will is getting sick of Sophie 's pressuring him into competitive free - diving , but agrees to compete in a competition to set a new depth record . Sophie is delighted with Will 's record breaking dive of 80 metres , but after the competition , Will gives up competitive free - diving to shrug off Sophie 's influence . As Will sets his record , however , Rikki witnesses Sophie and Zane kissing , and her relationship with Zane is ended for good . 72 `` Queen for a Day '' Colin Budds Samantha Strauss 13 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) ( UK ) 320 After breaking up with Zane , Rikki leaves the cafe in order to get away from him , and Zane re-hires Sophie as the new manager . Thrilled with her new position , Sophie immediately starts making changes to the cafe , and hires Cleo 's sister Kim as a waitress . Meanwhile , Will 's new after shave gives Bella a sneezing allergy , which also inadvertently triggers her powers . Unable to perform without sneezing ( and unleashing her mermaid powers on everyone ) , Bella is close to being fired from the cafe by the brutal Sophie . 73 `` The Jewel Thief '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) ( UK ) 321 Since saving his life when he passed out during a dive , Rikki has formed a close friendship with Will , and is touched when he makes her a necklace , similar to Bella 's , using the magnetic crystal found on Mako Island . Rikki and Bella experiment with their crystals , and are fascinated by how they react when near each other ; the crystals produce a blue glow that mesmerises the girls , similar to the effect of a full moon , and , when actually touched together , they release a powerful energy burst , that causes an electrical blackout ! The girls decide to keep the crystals apart until they learn more about them , and Rikki leaves hers with Will . But a jealous Zane , mistakenly thinking that Rikki and Will are going out , breaks into Will 's boatshed , and steals the necklace . A furious Rikki gets it back from him , and tells him once again that their relationship is over . Will makes another necklace for Cleo , and the girls wear them as a symbol of their friendship . 74 `` Mako Masters '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) ( UK ) 322 A stressed out Cleo is trying to plan study sessions for the girls ' final exams , but Bella and Rikki are more preoccupied with finding out about the tentacle . The girls are forced to make a quick exit when , during their science exam , the full moon rises early , and the tentacle tries to reach them through a water cooler in the classroom . They travel to Mako Island , and confront the tentacle , this time without fear , and realise that it is not trying to harm them , but get a message to them . The girls all place their crystal necklaces in a hole in the cave wall , triggering a projection to appear in the air . The girls watch it , and see a comet travelling towards the Earth , but before they can watch the whole message , Zane and Will interrupt them , and the projection stops . The girls are confused as to whether the Moon Pool was showing them the past ( the creation of the Moon Pool itself ) , or the future . 75 `` Beach Party '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 15 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 15 ) ( UK ) 323 The Gold Coast is playing host to a massive beach party , and Bella wants to ask Will if he will go with her . But she is upset when she misunderstands a conversation she hears between Rikki and Will , and thinks that they are going together . Bella then has no alternative but to ask Nate , which confuses Will ( as he was about to ask her ) . Things are straightened out at the party , however , when Zane tells Will to stay away from Rikki , and Will exclaims that he likes Bella . Bella and Will become a couple . Meanwhile , Sophie is trying to persuade Zane to change the name of the cafe . 76 `` Too Close for Comfort '' Colin Budds Max Dann 15 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 15 ) ( UK ) 324 When Kim demands an expensive holiday , Cleo 's father gets a second job doing a pirate show at the marine park , so that he can afford it . At first , Cleo is worried that her father will humiliate himself ; but when the dolphin shows start emptying out , Cleo realises that her father is more popular than she thought , and his shows threaten to end Cleo 's job . Meanwhile , there is trouble between Bella and Will , when they struggle to find things in common . 77 `` A Date with Destiny '' Colin Budds Chris Roache 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) 325 The girls find a way to simulate a full moon , so that they can finish watching the message the Moon Pool was trying to show them . They discover that the comet they saw is being drawn towards the Earth by the Moon Pool 's magnetic pull , and is going to hit Mako Island . The girls must try to harness the power of Mako Island 's magnetic crystals to force the comet away , and save the Earth . Meanwhile , the cafe is in danger of going bankrupt , and Sophie is searching for ways to earn more money . She gets her chance when Ryan ( who is annoyed that Sam has ended his research on Mako Island ) , spots the crystal in Bella 's necklace , and tells her that it might be valuable . After finding out where Will got the crystal from , Sophie leads Ryan to Mako Island ( with a reluctant Zane close behind ) , and they discover the magnetic crystals in the walls of the Moon Pool cave . 78 `` Graduation '' Colin Budds Joss King 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) 326 By harvesting the magnetic crystals , Zane , Sophie and Ryan have severely damaged the Moon Pool , and the girls find that it no longer has enough power to push the incoming comet away from the Earth . All seems lost , but Bella , Cleo and Rikki band together , and use their own magic to create a tower of water and light , that knocks the comet off course , making it miss the Earth . With the Earth saved , the girls then graduate from school , and celebrate in the cafe , but there is one more surprise in store for them ... Lewis has returned home . Guest starring : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney Compilation TV films ( edit ) Title Original air date H O : Just Add Water -- The Movie 8 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 08 ) This TV movie summarised the events of the beginning of series one using clips from the episodes `` Metamorphosis '' , `` Pool Party '' , `` Catch of the Day '' , `` Party Girls '' , `` Lovesick '' , `` The Denman Affair '' and `` The Siren Effect '' . H O : Metamorphosis 14 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) In the United States `` Metamorphosis '' and `` Pool Party '' premiered as a one - hour movie . H O : Exposed 20 June 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 20 ) In the United States `` Dr. Danger '' and `` A Twist in the Tail '' premiered as a one - hour movie called `` Exposed '' . H O : Just Add Water -- And Then There Were Four 7 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) In some countries , such as Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , the episodes `` The Gracie Code ( Part 1 ) '' , `` The Gracie Code ( Part 2 ) '' and `` And Then There Were Four '' are combined into a 70 minute television movie . This version aired only in central and eastern Europe on Jetix . H O : Just Add Water -- The Finale 7 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) In some countries , such as Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , the episodes `` Three 's Company '' , `` Sea Change '' and `` Unfathomable '' are combined into a 70 minute television movie . This version aired only in central and eastern Europe on Jetix . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Media Kit ( Series 1 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ZDF Enterprises . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Production Info -- H 0 : Just Add Water -- Series 3 '' . PFTC.com.au . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ ZDF Enterprises ( 2008 ) . `` H O Mermaids Dive Into Third Season '' ( PDF ) . NewsFocus . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Kit ( Series 3 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ZDF Enterprises . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . General references Zuk , T. `` H2O -- Just Add Water '' . Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Episode guide at the Internet Movie Database Episode guide at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_H2O:_Just_Add_Water_episodes&oldid=819711403 '' Categories : H2O : Just Add Water Lists of Australian children 's television series episodes Lists of Australian drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes 2006 Australian television seasons 2007 Australian television seasons 2008 Australian television seasons 2009 Australian television seasons 2010 Australian television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Australian English from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 21 : 45 . 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who does will end up with in h2o
[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle[4]\nDirected by[4]\nWritten by[4]\nOriginal air date\nProduction code\n\n\n53\n\"The Awakening\"\nJeffrey Walker\nJoss King\n26 October 2009 (2009-10-26) (UK)\n301\n\n\n\nRikki and Cleo are about to face their final year of high school without Emma, who has gone travelling with her family. The JuiceNet cafe has now closed down and is just a vacant building on the coastline until Zane buys it and persuades Rikki to reopen it with him, renaming the cafe Rikki's in honour of her. At the cafe's opening night, Cleo and Rikki meets Bella Hartley, a new girl in town who does Rikki a favour by singing for her in Nate's band. That same night, free-diver Will discovers the Moon Pool and witnesses the full moon's effect on it. A strange creature made entirely of water forms and attacks Will. It then races to the cafe and kidnaps Rikki, dragging her back to Mako Island. To Cleo's horror, this all happens in front of Bella, but she has no choice but to dive in and rescue Rikki. However, Bella dives in after her, revealing that she is also a mermaid. Together, Cleo and Bella rescue Rikki from the water tentacle. Bella befriends Rikki and Cleo and the new trio is determined to find out what caused water to turn against them.\nNote: Claire Holt left the series to film Messengers 2: The Scarecrow. Indiana Evans and Luke Mitchell join the main cast.\n\n\n54\n\"Jungle Hunt\"\nJeffrey Walker\nAnthony Morris\n27 October 2009 (2009-10-27) (UK)\n302\n\n\nFirst day back at school, and the girls are surprised to discover that Will is attending too. Will is thrilled to see them, and asks for help relocating the Moon Pool, so that he can investigate what happened to him during the full moon. Bella (obviously smitten with Will), offers to help him, but promises the others that she will keep him away from the Moon Pool; but a suspicious Rikki follows her. Meanwhile, Lewis and Cleo are convinced that something has happened to change the Moon Pool, but can't figure out what.\n\n\n55\n\"Keep Your Enemies Close\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSam Carroll\n28 October 2009 (2009-10-28) (UK)\n303\n\n\nBella is pleased and Rikki wary when Cleo applies for a new job as an assistant dolphin trainer at the marine park. But she is soon in over her head, when Will visits the park, and takes a swim with Ronnie, and his influence has the dolphin performing tricks that he has never done before. However, head dolphin trainer Laurie mistakenly thinks that it is Cleo making Ronnie perform the tricks, and offers her a spot in the marine park's dolphin show. Meanwhile, Rikki fires the live band from the cafe after hearing Nate's terrible new song, but Bella gets the wrong end of the stick, and thinks that Rikki fired the band because she has an issue with her.\n\n\n56\n\"Valentine's Day\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSimon Butters\n29 October 2009 (2009-10-29) (UK)\n304\n\n\nValentine's Day comes to the Gold Coast, and the girls all seem to be having trouble with love. Rikki finds that the stress of running the cafe is destroying her relationship with Zane, Bella's crush on Will deepens, but she finds it hard to tell him of her feelings, and Cleo is less than impressed with Lewis' idea of a Valentine's date; fishing. Even Kim is having serious ‘boy trouble'. The only person who does seem to be having any luck in love is Cleo's father, Don, who falls for a pretty marine licensing inspector named Samantha. But it seems that he has blown his chance when she gets knocked overboard.\n\n\n57\n\"Big Ideas\"\nJeffrey Walker\nPhilip Dalkin\n30 October 2009 (2009-10-30) (UK)\n305\n\n\nZane's management style is steering the cafe into debt, and Rikki is not impressed with his new idea to hold a dirt bike race at the cafe to bring in more money. Zane has promised to give the winner of the race a prize of $1000, but, knowing full well that he is the best biker in town, enters the competition himself, so that he won't have to hand out the money. But he starts to doubt himself when experienced dirt biker Will enters the race after encouragement from Bella, and so enlists Nate to help him cheat. Meanwhile, Lewis and Cleo continue with their investigations on the Moon Pool, and make an amazing discovery when they mix water from the new waterfall with water from the pool.\n\n\n58\n\"Secrets & Lies\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSimon Butters\n2 November 2009 (2009-11-02) (UK)\n306\n\n\nAs Bella grows more and more fond of Will, she tries to set up a study date so that they can spend some time together, but is hurt to find herself stood up. Furious, she goes to Will's boatshed to confront him, and is devastated to find him there with another girl. Meanwhile, Lewis' science teacher, Ms. Taylor, is impressed by Lewis' science project – not realising that it is actually his apparatus for studying the floating water from the Moon Pool. Lewis is then forced to show his experiment in class, putting the secret of the Moon Pool and the mermaids in danger. Ignoring Rikki's advice, Bella follows Will and the mystery girl on a diving trip, and they nearly see her, but Bella is relieved when she discovers that the girl is Will's sister, Sophie. Cleo uses her power to help Lewis replicate the effect of the floating Moon Pool water, and he submits an alternative science project, keeping the mermaids' secret safe.\n\n\n59\n\"Happy Families\"\nJeffrey Walker\nMax Dann\n3 November 2009 (2009-11-03) (UK)\n307\n\n\n\nCleo and Kim's father Don takes them to the beach to get to know his new girlfriend, Sam. But while Cleo is willing to accept her for her father's sake, Kim hates her from the start, but uses the situation to get expensive gifts out of her father as bribes for her approval, much to Cleo's disgust. But Sam and Don get the wrong idea when Cleo refuses to go swimming with Sam, and think that Cleo is the one who has a problem with her. Meanwhile, Bella applies for a job at the cafe, and Rikki is keen to give it to her... except Zane wants to give the job to Will's ambitious sister, Sophie.\nAbsent: Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney\n\n\n60\n\"Kidnapped\"\nJeffrey Walker\nChris Roache\n4 November 2009 (2009-11-04) (UK)\n308\n\n\nThe girls prepare to sleep over at Cleo's for the full moon, to try to protect themselves from any water attack. Lewis makes preparations of his own by installing cameras in the Moon Pool cavern, in an attempt to capture the mysterious water tentacle on film, and learn more about how it is created. Will, meanwhile, decides to revisit the Moon Pool to continue with his investigations there, and drops by Cleo's to ask Bella to come with him. But Bella isn't there – she has been kidnapped by the water tentacle! Rikki and Cleo race to Mako Island to save her, while Lewis tries to keep Will away. At Mako, Rikki and Cleo discover that the tentacle seems to be turning Bella into water. But when they manage to pry her away from the tentacle, Bella says that she felt safe when she was with it.\n\n\n61\n\"The Sorcerer's Apprentice\"\nJeffrey Walker\nPhilip Dalkin\n5 November 2009 (2009-11-05) (UK)\n309\n\n\nWhen Lewis tells Cleo not to experiment with the floating water they collected from Mako, she cannot resist, and sends Lewis off for a day of golfing with her father, so that he won't discover her. But when Rikki accidentally gets the water in Cleo's fish tank, her goldfish, Hector, becomes imprisoned in a bubble of floating water! The girls' attempts to free Hector result in him going down the drain, and they must use their mermaid abilities to retrieve him from the canal. Also, the girls try to keep Will, who is in the house while looking for Bella with whom he has to do a project for school, from seeing Hector. Meanwhile, somewhere on the golf course, Lewis is pretending to lose to Cleo's father at golf, so that he can get into his good books.\n\n\n62\n\"Revealed\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSam Carroll\n6 November 2009 (2009-11-06) (UK)\n310\n\n\nWhen Rikki and Cleo realise that Will has made a connection between Bella, Mako, and the full moon, they warn Bella to stay away from him, but she can't. Will is also growing incredibly interested in her, and wants to spend time with her; but when he realises that Bella won't swim, he deliberately spills some water on her, thinking her secret might be something to do with water. In a panic, Bella dives into the water, but Will follows her... and discovers that she is a mermaid. Afterwards, Bella tells Will how she became a mermaid. Can he keep her secret?\n\n\n63\n\"Just a Girl at Heart\"\nJeffrey Walker\nAnthony Morris\n18 January 2010 (2010-01-18) (UK)\n311\n\n\n\nWill's ruthless sister, Sophie, is training him to be a professional free-diver, only he'd rather spend time swimming with Bella. Irritated, Sophie tells Bella to stay away from Will, as she sees her as a distraction for him, but Bella doesn't listen. While watching Will train in a public pool, Bella dives in to help him with his swimming technique... just as Sophie turns up. Although Will manages to hide her, Bella is still worried, not about Sophie, but about Will. She thinks he only likes the mermaid side of her. Meanwhile, Rikki comes up with a brilliant idea to hold corporate events at the cafe, but after Zane makes a mistake with the booking, the cafe is overrun by a wild children's party.\nAbsent: Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney\n\n\n64\n\"Crime & Punishment\"\nJeffrey Walker\nMax Dann\n19 January 2010 (2010-01-19) (UK)\n312\n\n\nOn Rikki's birthday, Cleo and Bella travel to the Moon Pool, and make her a present using their powers; an elegant mermaid statue that Cleo moulds from water, and Bella hardens with her gelatine power. But when Will discovers the unusual present on Rikki's desk, he suspects that Cleo and Rikki know Bella's mermaid secret. Meanwhile, Sophie takes it upon herself to organise the cafe's first food delivery order, and sends Will to make the delivery, but he comes back with a payment of fake dollar bills. Realising that something is amiss, Rikki returns the fake bills to the address – a houseboat in the middle of nowhere – and discovers that the people on board are printing counterfeit money. When the criminals take her hostage on board the boat, Rikki manages to get a desperate message to Cleo and Bella, before her captors take her phone, and Bella and Cleo get Will to tell them where Rikki has gone – but not before he makes them admit that all three of them are mermaids. Realising that they must now all trust each other, Cleo, Bella and Will set off together to save Rikki.\n\n\n65\n\"To Have & to Hold Back\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSimon Butters\n21 January 2010 (2010-01-21) (UK)\n313\n\n\n\nThe day of Don and Sam's wedding arrives, and selfish Kim tries to ruin everything. Meanwhile, Lewis gets the chance to spend three years working at a scientific research centre in America, but frets about telling Cleo... until Kim tells her for him. Cleo is distraught, thinking that Lewis planned to leave without telling her, and refuses to talk to him. Don and Sam's big day is then completely ruined when Kim turns on the sprinklers (nearly making Cleo, Rikki and Bella grow tails in front of everyone). In the end, Lewis tells Cleo that he is not going to America because he loves her, and Cleo forgives him. But she decides to let him go after all, and they part promising to see each other again. The girls organise another wedding ceremony for Don and Sam on Mako Island, and Kim at last warms to Sam.\nNote: Angus McLaren's final episode as a regular\n\n\n66\n\"Mermaid Magic\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n22 February 2010 (2010-02-22) (UK)\n314\n\n\nCleo finds an unusual crystal in a rock from the Moon Pool, identical to the one in Bella's necklace, which she collected from the Moon Pool in which she was transformed. Could this be the source of Moon Pool magic? Meanwhile, after discovering that Zane cheated in a free-diving competition, Will challenges him, and dives to a depth of 60 metres. But Will pushes himself too hard, and ends up passing out, forcing Rikki to dive down and save him.\n\n\n67\n\"Power Play\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n23 February 2010 (2010-02-23) (UK)\n315\n\n\nAfter seeing the work done at the marine park by the charity Dolphin Rescue, Bella comes up with an idea to hold a fundraising event for them at the cafe, but is deflated when Sophie overhears, and steals her idea, presenting it to Rikki and Zane as her own. What is more, as Sophie is organising the event, she spitefully refuses to let Bella and the band perform. But she gets into trouble with Rikki and Zane, when all of the bands she has booked instead of Bella's pull out, after hearing that Sophie has tried to make Dolphin Rescue pay a fee for the concert. Sophie is fired from the cafe, and Bella and the band perform to save the night.\n\n\n68\n\"The Dark Side\"\nColin Budds\nSam Carroll\n24 February 2010 (2010-02-24) (UK)\n316\n\n\nFrustrated by the water tentacle's constant attacks on them, Rikki travels to Mako Island at the full moon in order to confront it. With Bella and Cleo delayed, Will hurries after Rikki, but instead of finding the tentacle attacking her, he finds her somehow controlling it. Rikki appears to form some sort of connection with the tentacle, but when the full moon passes, she makes Will swear not to tell Bella or Cleo what happened.\n\n\n69\n\"A Magnetic Attraction\"\nColin Budds\nSam Carroll\n25 February 2010 (2010-02-25) (UK)\n317\n\n\nCleo is introduced to Ryan, a geophysicist working for Sam. Thinking that he might be able to help, Cleo shows him the magnetic crystal rock she found at Mako, which infuriates Rikki, who thinks that Cleo is putting their secret at risk. Cracks are beginning to form in the girls' relationship, and Cleo and Bella become worried when Rikki starts spending all of her time in the Moon Pool. This prompts Will to confess to them what happened on the night of the full moon when Rikki confronted the tentacle. Back at the Moon Pool, Rikki discovers that bonding with the tentacle has strengthened her powers.\n\n\n70\n\"Into the Light\"\nColin Budds\nSam Carroll\n12 April 2010 (2010-04-12) (UK)\n318\n\n\nKim lets slip to geophysicist Ryan that Cleo and the others spend a lot of time on Mako Island, and Ryan goes there in search of more magnetic rocks like the one Cleo showed him. Rikki discovers this, and tries to warn the others that Ryan is on to them, but Bella and Cleo don't believe her, as they are beginning to lose trust in Rikki. Rikki goes to Mako Island herself (with Will tailing her), and uses her powers to destroy Ryan's equipment, but when she starts going too far, Will springs out, and stops her. The two of them are then forced to run and hide in the Moon Pool cavern when Ryan hears them and chases after them, but this leads to Ryan accidentally discovering the Moon Pool. Rikki forces Ryan out with her powers, but Will tells her that she has only made things worse. Realising that he is right, Rikki apologises, and, when she arrives home, reconciles with the others, and tells them of her experience with the tentacle, and how it has affected her. Rikki says she doesn't think the tentacle is trying to harm them, which opens up a new mystery. The girls must also figure out how they are going to put Ryan off the scent.\n\n\n71\n\"Breakaway\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n13 April 2010 (2010-04-13) (UK)\n319\n\n\nWill is getting sick of Sophie's pressuring him into competitive free-diving, but agrees to compete in a competition to set a new depth record. Sophie is delighted with Will's record breaking dive of 80 metres, but after the competition, Will gives up competitive free-diving to shrug off Sophie's influence. As Will sets his record, however, Rikki witnesses Sophie and Zane kissing, and her relationship with Zane is ended for good.\n\n\n72\n\"Queen for a Day\"\nColin Budds\nSamantha Strauss\n13 April 2010 (2010-04-13) (UK)\n320\n\n\nAfter breaking up with Zane, Rikki leaves the cafe in order to get away from him, and Zane re-hires Sophie as the new manager. Thrilled with her new position, Sophie immediately starts making changes to the cafe, and hires Cleo's sister Kim as a waitress. Meanwhile, Will's new after shave gives Bella a sneezing allergy, which also inadvertently triggers her powers. Unable to perform without sneezing (and unleashing her mermaid powers on everyone), Bella is close to being fired from the cafe by the brutal Sophie.\n\n\n73\n\"The Jewel Thief\"\nColin Budds\nSimon Butters\n14 April 2010 (2010-04-14) (UK)\n321\n\n\nSince saving his life when he passed out during a dive, Rikki has formed a close friendship with Will, and is touched when he makes her a necklace, similar to Bella's, using the magnetic crystal found on Mako Island. Rikki and Bella experiment with their crystals, and are fascinated by how they react when near each other; the crystals produce a blue glow that mesmerises the girls, similar to the effect of a full moon, and, when actually touched together, they release a powerful energy burst, that causes an electrical blackout! The girls decide to keep the crystals apart until they learn more about them, and Rikki leaves hers with Will. But a jealous Zane, mistakenly thinking that Rikki and Will are going out, breaks into Will's boatshed, and steals the necklace. A furious Rikki gets it back from him, and tells him once again that their relationship is over. Will makes another necklace for Cleo, and the girls wear them as a symbol of their friendship.\n\n\n74\n\"Mako Masters\"\nColin Budds\nPhilip Dalkin\n14 April 2010 (2010-04-14) (UK)\n322\n\n\nA stressed out Cleo is trying to plan study sessions for the girls' final exams, but Bella and Rikki are more preoccupied with finding out about the tentacle. The girls are forced to make a quick exit when, during their science exam, the full moon rises early, and the tentacle tries to reach them through a water cooler in the classroom. They travel to Mako Island, and confront the tentacle, this time without fear, and realise that it is not trying to harm them, but get a message to them. The girls all place their crystal necklaces in a hole in the cave wall, triggering a projection to appear in the air. The girls watch it, and see a comet travelling towards the Earth, but before they can watch the whole message, Zane and Will interrupt them, and the projection stops. The girls are confused as to whether the Moon Pool was showing them the past (the creation of the Moon Pool itself), or the future.\n\n\n75\n\"Beach Party\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n15 April 2010 (2010-04-15) (UK)\n323\n\n\nThe Gold Coast is playing host to a massive beach party, and Bella wants to ask Will if he will go with her. But she is upset when she misunderstands a conversation she hears between Rikki and Will, and thinks that they are going together. Bella then has no alternative but to ask Nate, which confuses Will (as he was about to ask her). Things are straightened out at the party, however, when Zane tells Will to stay away from Rikki, and Will exclaims that he likes Bella. Bella and Will become a couple. Meanwhile, Sophie is trying to persuade Zane to change the name of the cafe.\n\n\n76\n\"Too Close for Comfort\"\nColin Budds\nMax Dann\n15 April 2010 (2010-04-15) (UK)\n324\n\n\nWhen Kim demands an expensive holiday, Cleo's father gets a second job doing a pirate show at the marine park, so that he can afford it. At first, Cleo is worried that her father will humiliate himself; but when the dolphin shows start emptying out, Cleo realises that her father is more popular than she thought, and his shows threaten to end Cleo's job. Meanwhile, there is trouble between Bella and Will, when they struggle to find things in common.\n\n\n77\n\"A Date with Destiny\"\nColin Budds\nChris Roache\n16 April 2010 (2010-04-16) (UK)\n325\n\n\nThe girls find a way to simulate a full moon, so that they can finish watching the message the Moon Pool was trying to show them. They discover that the comet they saw is being drawn towards the Earth by the Moon Pool's magnetic pull, and is going to hit Mako Island. The girls must try to harness the power of Mako Island's magnetic crystals to force the comet away, and save the Earth. Meanwhile, the cafe is in danger of going bankrupt, and Sophie is searching for ways to earn more money. She gets her chance when Ryan (who is annoyed that Sam has ended his research on Mako Island), spots the crystal in Bella's necklace, and tells her that it might be valuable. After finding out where Will got the crystal from, Sophie leads Ryan to Mako Island (with a reluctant Zane close behind), and they discover the magnetic crystals in the walls of the Moon Pool cave.\n\n\n78\n\"Graduation\"\nColin Budds\nJoss King\n16 April 2010 (2010-04-16) (UK)\n326\n\n\n\nBy harvesting the magnetic crystals, Zane, Sophie and Ryan have severely damaged the Moon Pool, and the girls find that it no longer has enough power to push the incoming comet away from the Earth. All seems lost, but Bella, Cleo and Rikki band together, and use their own magic to create a tower of water and light, that knocks the comet off course, making it miss the Earth. With the Earth saved, the girls then graduate from school, and celebrate in the cafe, but there is one more surprise in store for them... Lewis has returned home.\nGuest starring: Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney\n\n" ]
[ "Bella" ]
-7480109000610407161
Happy (Pharrell Williams song)
Happy ( Pharrell Williams song ) - wikipedia Happy ( Pharrell Williams song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Happy '' Single by Pharrell Williams from the album Girl Released November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD digital download Recorded 2013 Studio Circle House Studios , Miami , Florida Genre Soul neo soul Length 3 : 53 Label Back Lot Music i Am Other Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Pharrell Williams Producer ( s ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams singles chronology `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' ( 2013 ) `` Happy '' ( 2013 ) `` Move That Dope '' ( 2014 ) `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' ( 2013 ) `` Happy '' ( 2013 ) `` Move That Dope '' ( 2014 ) Alternative cover Despicable Me 2 cover `` Happy '' is a song written , produced , and performed by American singer Pharrell Williams , from the Despicable Me 2 soundtrack album . It also served as the lead single from Williams ' second studio album , Girl ( 2014 ) . It was first released on November 21 , 2013 , alongside a long - form music video . The song was reissued on December 16 , 2013 , by Back Lot Music under exclusive license to Columbia Records , a division of Sony Music . `` Happy '' is a midtempo soul and neo soul song on which Williams 's falsetto voice has been compared to Curtis Mayfield by critics . The song has been highly successful , peaking at No. 1 in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , and 19 other countries . It was the best - selling song of 2014 in the United States with 6.45 million copies sold for the year , as well as in the United Kingdom with 1.5 million copies sold for the year . It reached No. 1 in the UK on a record - setting three separate occasions and became the most downloaded song of all time in the UK in September 2014 ; it is the ninth highest - selling single of all time in the country . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . A live rendition of the song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards . The music video for `` Happy '' was nominated for Best Male Video and Video of the Year at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . It also won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards . The song was Billboard 's number - one single for 2014 . `` Happy '' was the most successful song of 2014 , with 13.9 million units ( sales plus equivalent streams ) worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Chart performance 4.1 Netherlands 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 New Zealand 4.4 United States 4.5 Other charts 5 Music video 5.1 `` Happy '' tribute videos 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Williams provided vocals for French duo Daft Punk 's 2013 album Random Access Memories , on the songs `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' and `` Get Lucky '' . After returning from the recording sessions in Paris , he attended a meeting with record label managers who said that the results were `` spectacular '' and that `` Get Lucky '' would be Daft Punk 's next single . They also made Williams an offer to record his own album , to which he agreed quickly , `` overwhelmed that someone wanted to know what 's in my heart . '' On December 17 , 2013 , it was announced that Williams had signed to Columbia Records and would release his second studio album in 2014 . In a December 2013 press release , Rob Stringer , Chairman of Columbia Records , said `` When we excitedly partnered with Pharrell in January of this year , we felt it was his time again . Since then , ' Blurred Lines ' and ' Get Lucky ' have defined pop music in 2013 , and now we are preparing to launch Pharrell as a global solo superstar in 2014 . ' Happy ' is just the beginning . '' Williams originally wrote the song for CeeLo Green and felt Green 's recording of the song was better , but Elektra Records , Green 's record label , decided against it since he was on the verge of releasing his Christmas album , Cee Lo 's Magic Moment . Composition ( edit ) `` Happy '' ( 2013 ) A 23 - second sample of `` Happy '' , a soul song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Happy '' was written and produced by Williams , with backing vocals by Rhea Dummett , Trevon Henderson , Ashley L. Lee , Shamika Hightower , Jasmine Murray and Terrence Rolle . The track was digitally edited and arranged by Andrew Coleman and Mike Larson , who also recorded it with assistance from Matthew Desrameaux at Circle House Studios in Miami , Florida . The song was later mixed by Leslie Brathwaite at Music Box Studios in Atlanta , Georgia . `` Happy '' plays for 3 minutes and 53 seconds in common time and at a tempo of 156 beats per minute . Williams sings the upper notes in falsetto ; his vocal range spans from F to C. His singing on the track has been compared to that of Curtis Mayfield . `` Happy '' is a mid-tempo soul and neo soul song . According to music journalist Paul Tingen , `` Happy '' is `` a mid-tempo ... song in a faux - Motown style , with an arrangement that is , by modern standards , very sparse : programmed drums , one bass and one keyboard part , and handclaps both programmed and played , all topped off by Williams 's lead vocals and a whole posse of backing vocals '' . Jody Rosen viewed the song as a `` standout '' with a `` sprightly neosoul funk groove '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Contactmusic.com Renowned for Sound Rolling Stone Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave it 3.5 stars and deemed it `` an instant contender for 2013 's Song of the Summer '' . In a 4 / 5 review , Renowned for Sound 's Huw Woodward said , `` Happy is a rather ... well ... happy affair with a cheerful beat and exuberant vocal that would indicate that the former N.E.R.D singer is finding a lot of lighthearted fun to be had in both music and life . ' Because I 'm happy , clap along if you feel like happiness is the truth ' sings Williams as the jaunty rhythm gets your head nodding . '' Holly Williams of Contactmusic.com gave it four stars , praising it for being `` unbelievably catchy '' and `` the kind of song that makes you want to dance and sing along '' . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 86th Academy Awards on March 2 , 2014 , but lost to `` Let It Go '' from Frozen . When GQ magazine asked Williams `` how badly '' he wanted the Oscar , he responded : `` When they read the results , my face was ... frozen . But then I thought about it , and I just decided just to ... let it go . '' In January 2015 , `` Happy '' was ranked at No. 13 on The Village Voice 's annual year - end Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . `` I like that song ' Happy ' ... '' remarked Phil Collins . `` It 's a great groove and he 's a very smart guy . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Netherlands ( edit ) In October 2013 , a month prior to its release , `` Happy '' catapulted to No. 1 on the Dutch Top 40 chart in the Netherlands , partially as a result of radio station 3FM airplay and subsequent online downloads , as well as featuring in a Transavia commercial . It was released worldwide on November 21 , 2013 . As of April 10 , 2014 , after 35 weeks in charts and still in the top 15 , `` Happy '' is the most successful song in the Dutch Top 40 of all time . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` Happy '' debuted at No. 71 on the UK Singles Chart on December 1 , 2013 . It then spent four weeks climbing before finally reaching No. 1 on December 29 . It became Williams ' third No. 1 song in Britain , counting `` Get Lucky '' and `` Blurred Lines '' , where he appeared as a featured artist . It has since spent four non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 , reaching the peak on three separate occasions . In doing so , Williams became only the third artist ever to achieve this , and the first since Guy Mitchell in 1957 with `` Singing the Blues '' . Following the single 's third week at No. 1 , it spent five weeks in the top three before returning to the summit , boosted by his performance at the 2014 Brit Awards . In the same week that `` Happy '' returned to No. 1 for the third time , it sold its millionth copy in the UK , Williams ' third in under a year , having previously done so with Daft Punk 's `` Get Lucky '' in June 2013 , and Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' in July 2013 . This made Williams only the second artist in UK chart history ( the first being The Beatles ) to have three singles sell 1 million copies in under a year , as well as only the third artist ever to have three million - sellers , along with The Beatles ( who have six ) and Rihanna ( who has four ) . `` Happy '' was the best - selling single of UK in 2014 with 1.5 million copies sold for the year , and became the most downloaded song of all time in the UK by September 2014 , with over 1.62 million sold . It had also been streamed over 25 million times and was the first song released in the 2010s to go 3 × Platinum . With the inclusion of streaming , `` Happy '' has achieved combined sales of over 2 million . Additionally , `` Happy '' and Idina Menzel 's `` Let It Go '' became the first singles ever to spend an entire calendar year on the official UK top 75 chart . On June 12 , it was announced that `` Happy '' had overtaken `` Evergreen '' by Will Young as the UK 's best - selling single of the 21st century with sales of 1.81 million . `` Happy '' spent 92 weeks in the UK top 100 . On April 22 , 2016 , `` Happy '' went 4 × Platinum . As of September 2017 , the song has sold 1,922,000 copies , which gives a total of 2,630 combined units when 70 million streams are included . New Zealand ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On the New Zealand Singles Chart , `` Happy '' debuted at No. 11 on December 23 , 2013 . The next week it moved to No. 2 . Then on January 6 , 2014 , `` Happy '' began a 12 - week consecutive reign in the No. 1 position , right up until March 24 , 2014 . It then dropped to No. 2 for one week , then spent a further three weeks at No. 1 , bringing the total number of weeks at No. 1 to fifteen , breaking the 36 - year - long record for most weeks spent at No. 1 , previously held by Boney M. 's `` Rivers of Babylon '' . As of February 22 , 2015 , `` Happy '' had spent 62 straight weeks in the New Zealand Top 40 since its debut , before finally dropping out of the chart the following week . The song has been certified 6 × Platinum in New Zealand . United States ( edit ) `` Happy '' reached the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 8 , 2014 , giving Williams his fourth No. 1 single on the chart , but his first as lead artist . It took twelve years and a week ( as the issue date is March 8 , 2014 ) to achieve his first Hot 100 No. 1 hit as a lead artist . The song remained at No. 1 the following week , and also topped the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also holds the record for the second - highest audience peak for a week on the Hot 100 Airplay , with 225.9 million impressions while Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' , a song in which Pharrell was featured as well as produced and co-wrote , holds the all - time record . The song remained at the No. 1 position longer than any other song in the calendar year . The single passed its 4 million sales mark in April 2014 , the first song of 2014 to do so . On the week of May 17 , 2014 , after spending ten weeks at the summit , `` Happy '' was finally knocked off of number one by John Legend 's `` All of Me '' down to the No. 2 spot . `` Happy '' became the 28th song in the history of the chart to reach this milestone . It spent a total of 22 weeks in the top 10 , entering on the week - ending February 15 , 2014 and departing on July 19 , 2014 . The song sold 5,633,000 copies in the US in the first six months of 2014 , the most ever of any song in the first six months of any calendar year . It was also the best - selling song of 2014 in the US with 6.45 million copies sold for the year , and has sold over 6.9 million total copies in the US as of April 2015 . Other Charts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song also topped the charts of 22 other countries , including Australia , Austria , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Poland and Spain . It has spent twelve weeks ( including seven consecutive ) at No. 1 in Ireland , making it the third song in less than a year to spend more than seven weeks at No. 1 , after Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' and Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up ! '' . In France , `` Happy '' spent 22 weeks at No. 1 , the longest reign at the top of the Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique , beating Lou Bega 's `` Mambo No. 5 '' , which spent 20 weeks at No. 1 in 1999 . Music video ( edit ) To coincide with the single release , the website 24hoursofhappy.com was launched , featuring a visual presentation of `` Happy '' , which was advertised as being `` the world 's first 24 - hour music video . '' The video was shot by steadicam operator Jon Beattie , its creative director was Yoann Lemoine and its director the French directing team We Are from LA . It consists of the four - minute song repeated multiple times , with various people dancing around Los Angeles and miming along . The website allows users to navigate to various points in the 24 - hour timeframe , including all 360 four - minute segments . Williams himself appears 24 times in the day - long video , once at the start of each hour . There are a number of celebrity cameos in the video , including Whit Hertford , Kelly Osbourne , Rob Zabrecky , Magic Johnson , Urijah Faber , Sérgio Mendes , Jimmy Kimmel , Odd Future , Steve Carell ( who plays Gru in Despicable Me 2 ) , Jamie Foxx , Ana Ortiz , Miranda Cosgrove ( who plays Margo in Despicable Me 2 ) , Gavin DeGraw and JoJo . The minions from Despicable Me 2 make several appearances throughout the film , including one scene at 3 : 00 am , in which Pharrell Williams and the minions dance in a movie theatre that is playing the scene from Despicable Me 2 in which `` Happy '' appears . A lone , one - eyed minion also appears dancing to song in its entirety at 4 : 40 pm . An official four - minute edit of the video was also released onto YouTube on November 21 , 2013 , and as of February 2018 has had over 998 million views . It was nominated for Best Male Video and Video of the Year at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . The 24 - hour music video for `` Happy '' was also projected at the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema in April 2014 . `` Happy '' tribute videos ( edit ) The original video spawned many cover videos on YouTube in which people from different cities throughout the world dance to the song . Those videos are usually called `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy -- We Are from ( name of the city ) '' . As of May 2014 , more than 1,500 videos have been created . Inspired by this global phenomenon , a French couple launched a website wearehappyfrom.com to showcase the remakes . In April 2014 , the Embassy of the United States , Yerevan , Armenia released a video titled `` Happy Yerevan '' , directed by Artyom Abovyan featuring US ambassador John A. Heffern and several Armenian celebrities , such as singers André , Emmy and Aram Mp3 . The same month artsmedia Albania produced a music video for the track featuring inhabitants of Tirana . The video soon became viral in Albania and caused controversy over the usage of images of Albanian First Secretary Enver Hoxha . In May 2014 , a group of Iranian fans who created a tribute to `` Happy '' were arrested . According to a police chief , the song represented vulgarity and also hurt public chastity . Williams responded to the arrest in a tweet stating `` It 's beyond sad these kids were arrested for trying to spread happiness . '' Soon after Iran 's President Hassan Rouhani criticized the arrest when he tweeted `` # Happiness is our people 's right . We should n't be too hard on behaviours caused by joy . '' The dancers , along with the director , were later released . It was reported on September 19 , 2014 that seven of the individuals in the Iranian video had been handed suspended punishments of 91 lashes each along with jail sentences by Iranian courts . The result of the suspended sentence is that if another crime is committed in the next three years , then the punishments will be carried out . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Circle House Studios , Miami , Florida Mixed at Music Box Studios , Atlanta , Georgia Personnel Pharrell Williams -- lead vocals , keyboards , drums , bass guitar , writing , production Rhea Dummett -- backing vocals Trevon Henderson -- backing vocals Ashley L. Lee -- backing vocals Shamika Hightower -- backing vocals Jasmine Murray -- backing vocals Terrence Rolle -- backing vocals Mike Larson -- recording , digital editing , arrangement Matthew Desrameaux -- recording assistant Ali Khazaee -- cover art Andrew Coleman -- digital editing , arrangement Leslie Brathwaite -- mixer Reuben Cohen -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 17 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Dominican Republic ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( Gaon ) 5 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 45 Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 92 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 85 Chart ( 2014 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 Airplay ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 12 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Chart ( 2015 ) Rank Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 41 Chart ( 2016 ) Rank Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 55 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) US Billboard Hot 100 76 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 11 × Platinum 770,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 640,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 335,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Diamond 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 3 × Platinum 180,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 6 × Platinum 90,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 1,922,000 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 6,900,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 10,400,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 16,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Worldwide May 22 , 2013 Streaming Australia November 21 , 2013 Digital download Back Lot Music Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Japan Latin America Netherlands New Zealand Norway Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States United States January 13 , 2014 Adult contemporary Columbia Records United States January 21 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2014 List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( century ) in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2014 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2013 List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2014 List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( Canada ) List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one On - Demand Songs of 2014 List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Finland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( South Africa ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Spain ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2014 ( Australia ) List of top 10 singles in 2013 ( France ) List of top 100 singles of 2014 ( France ) List of Top 25 singles for 2014 in Australia List of UK Independent Singles Chart number ones of 2013 List of UK top 10 singles in 2013 List of UK top 10 singles in 2014 List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2014 List of songs which have spent the most weeks on the UK Singles Chart New Zealand top 50 singles of 2014 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes US . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Despicable Me 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( Media notes ) . Back Lot Music , Columbia Records . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Pharrell Has 2014 's Best - Selling Song '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell 's Happy now the UK 's most downloaded track of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Male Video 2014 MTV Video Awards '' . MTV . Viacom . August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video Of The Year 2014 MTV Video Music Awards '' . MTV . Viacom . August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 14 April 2015 . p. 12 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Batey , Angus ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` We Heard Pharrell 's New Album & This Is What It Sounds Like '' . NME . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pharrell Williams Signs To Columbia Records '' . Vibe . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Showbiz , Bang ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams -- Pharrell Williams : Happy was for Cee Lo Green '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy -- The World 's First 24 Hour Music Video '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Happy '' By Pharrell Williams -- Digital Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . EMI Music Publishing . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Jody ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell -- Happy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams , a ' Happy ' and busy guy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tingen , Paul ( May 2014 ) . `` Inside Track : Happy '' . Sound on Sound . Cambridge . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryland , Ali ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wireless Festival 2014 : From OutKast to Pharrell , the top ten acts to watch '' . Metro . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Holly . `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy Single Review '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Woodward , Huw ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Single review : Pharrell Williams -- ' Happy ' '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nominations '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 ... International Press Academy . Jump up ^ Baron , Zach ( March 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams on Advanced Style Moves and That Oscar Snub : My Song Will `` Be Here For 10 Years '' `` . GQ . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Terri ( December 2014 ) . `` Cash for questions '' . Q. p. 32 . Jump up ^ Oitmann , Pierre ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell Williams scoort eerste solo - nummer 1 - hit '' . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . Sanoma . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) `` Happy van Pharrell Williams grootste Top 40 - hit ooit '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 ... Dutch Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 2500 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 : 01 December 2013 -- 07 December 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` X Factor winner Sam Bailey 's reign lasts just one week as she is knocked off No. 1 spot by Pharrell '' . Metro . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Unstoppable Pharrell scores chart record hat - trick as Happy smashes a million '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell 's Happy achieves rare triple platinum sales '' . Newsbeat . BBC Online . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Taylor Swift tops albums with 90,336 sales of 1989 '' . Music Week . Mediaor.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Chart News '' . April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Manning , Brendan ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell 's happy chart - buster '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams ' ' Happy ' Hits No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell 's ' Happy ' Holds at No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams ' ' Happy ' Holds Atop Hot 100 ; DJ Snake & Lil Jon Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : `` Happy '' tops 4M `` . Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` John Legend 's ' All Of Me ' Tops Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Debuts At No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100 For 10th Week , Iggy Azalea Vaults Into Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : 12 Facts About 2014 's First Six Months in Music '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 ... Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rise of Uptown Funk : Could It Become the All - Time # 1 Seller ? '' . Hits. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams holds on to Irish No. 1 with ' Happy ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wöber , Sebastian ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` How did Jon Beattie shoot Pharrell 's `` 24 Hours of Happy '' ? `` . cinema5D . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Luke ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell Williams ' Happy ' by We Are From LA '' . Promonews.tv . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 ... Grammy.com . The Recording Academy . Jump up ^ Awazie , Ikechi ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Be An Inspiration : 24 Hours Of Happy Music '' . Be A Light To The World . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nagle , Robert ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Robert 's Ultimate Guide to all 24 hours of Pharrell Williams ' Happy Video '' . Imaginary Planet . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams - Happy ( Official Music Video ) '' . i Am Other . YouTube . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BAFICI '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Government of Buenos Aires . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Search for happy pharrell williams we are from -- Overview '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # BBCtrending : Pharrell 's hit video inspires 1,000 re-makes '' . BBC News Online . April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Yerevan '' . U.S. Embassy in Armenia. April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Yerevan ( Aram MP 3 , US Ambassador , Andre & Others ) '' . Tert.am. April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Are Happy From Tirana -- Pharrell Williams # HAPPYFROMTIRANA '' . artsmedia Albania. April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Hayden ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Iranians arrested after posting their own video of Pharrell Williams 's song Happy on YouTube '' . ABC Online . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ensor , Josie ; Vahdat , Ahmad ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Young Iranians arrested for ' vulgar ' Pharrell Williams ' Happy dance '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hafiz , Yasmine ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Young Iranians arrested for ' vulgar ' Pharrell Williams ' Happy dance '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian Pharrell fans arrested for Happy tribute video '' . BBC News Online . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams '' . Twitter . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hassan Rouhani '' . Twitter . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved Feb 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Robert ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Director of ' Happy in Tehran ' Video Is Reportedly Freed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dehghan , Saeed Kamil ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Iranian Pharrell Williams fans behind Happy video sentenced '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - 3 de junho de 2014 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . June 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10.03. 14 - 16.03. 14 '' Airplay Top 5 . Bulgarian Association of Music Producers . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201409 into search . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201418 into search . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Top 20 General '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 ... Monitor Latino . RadioNotas . Jump up ^ `` January 11 , 2014 -- Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams : Happy ( From Despicable Me 2 ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 03 / 2014 '' ( in German ) . German Charts . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` April 19 , 2014 -- Greece Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 1 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` January 18 , 2014 -- Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` March 29 , 2014 -- Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Pharrell Williams - Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` November 30 , 2013 -- Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts '' . Media Forest . March 10 -- 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 01 - 28 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 년 02 주차 Download Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Download Chart . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201411 into search . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201428 into search . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tedenska lestvica : 14 Teden 31.03. 2014 -- 06.04. 2014 '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Record Report -- Pop Rock General '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 ... Record Report . R.R. Digital C.A. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Jaaroverzicht van 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2014 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2014 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot Pop '' . Billboard Brasil . Vol. 2 . December 2014 . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 2014 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) `` Jahrescharts -- 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 ... Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' מסתובב '' הוא השיר הכי מושמע בישראל ב - 2014 `` . Mako.co.il . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts 2014 '' . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 ... Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Utwory , których słuchaliśmy w radiu -- Airplay 2014 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tedenska lestvica : 2014 Leto '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2014 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Resumen Anual 2014 '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 ... Record Report . R.R. Digital C.A. Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 -- Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Aller Tijden -- Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top de Tous les Temps -- Singles '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Pharrell Williams in the field Interpret . Enter Happy in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus en France du millénaire , épisode 2 ( 90 - 81 ) '' ( in French ) . Charts in France . Pure Charts . July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pharrell Williams ; ' Happy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Single Certification List - July 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Pharrell Williams '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Pharrell Williams ; ' Happy ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Happy in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Pharrell Williams - Happy '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 30 : Del 21.07. 2014 Al 27.07. 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bella , Sarah ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell Williams Streams ' Happy ' From ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Australia . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single von Pharrell Williams '' ( in German ) . iTunes Austria . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Single by Pharrell Williams '' . iTunes Belgium . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Single by Pharrell Williams '' . iTunes Canada . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Denmark . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Finland . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single par Pharrell Williams '' ( in French ) . iTunes France . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single von Pharrell Williams '' ( in German ) . iTunes Germany . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Greece . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single di Pharrell Williams '' ( in Italian ) . iTunes Italy . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ファレル ・ ウィリアムス Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams ( in Japanese ) . iTunes Japan . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Latin America . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single ' van Pharrell Williams '' ( in Dutch ) . iTunes Netherlands . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes New Zealand . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Norway . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single de Pharrell Williams '' ( in Spanish ) . iTunes Spain . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single av Pharrell Williams '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Sweden . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes United Kingdom . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Mod / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) 24 Hours of Happy music video website Official music video on YouTube Pharrell Williams singles Discography The Neptunes Present ... Clones `` Frontin ' '' In My Mind `` Can I Have It Like That '' `` Angel '' `` Number One '' Girl `` Happy '' `` Marilyn Monroe '' `` Come Get It Bae '' `` Gust of Wind '' `` It Girl '' Featured singles `` I Just Wanna Love U ( Give It 2 Me ) '' `` Shake Ya Ass '' `` Southern Hospitality '' `` Formal Invite '' `` Nothin ' '' `` Boys ( The Co-Ed Remix ) '' `` When the Last Time '' `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Beautiful '' `` Excuse Me Miss '' `` Belly Dancer '' `` Change Clothes '' `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' `` Let 's Get Blown '' `` Wanna Love U Girl '' `` Mr. Me Too '' `` Money Maker '' `` Sex ' n ' Money '' `` Give It Up '' `` Blue Magic '' `` I Know '' `` Zock On ! '' `` Give It 2 Me '' `` Universal Mind Control '' `` Announcement '' `` Work That ! '' `` Blanco '' `` I 'm Good '' `` One ( Your Name ) '' `` ADD SUV '' `` Here Ye , Hear Ye '' `` Celebrate '' `` Blurred Lines '' `` Get Lucky '' `` Feds Watching '' `` Get Like Me '' `` ATM Jam '' `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' `` Move That Dope '' `` Aerosol Can '' `` Hugs '' `` WTF ( Where They From ) '' `` Safari '' `` Surfin ' '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Feels '' Other singles `` Yummy '' `` My Drive Thru '' `` Tacky '' `` Shine '' `` Freedom '' `` Yellow Light '' Despicable Me Films Main series Despicable Me Despicable Me 2 Despicable Me 3 Spin - offs Minions Minions 2 Music Despicable Me : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Happy '' Related articles Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Minions Minions Paradise Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) The X Factor ( Australia ) Discography Seasons 5 6 7 8 Winners Random Altiyan Childs Reece Mastin Samantha Jade Dami Im Marlisa Punzalan Cyrus Villanueva Isaiah Firebrace Finalists Season 1 5 6 7 8 Singles Winners singles `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Somewhere in the World '' `` Good Night '' `` What You 've Done to Me '' `` Alive '' `` Stand by You '' `` Stone '' `` It 's Gotta Be You '' Charity singles `` Call Me Maybe '' `` Happy '' Related articles X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_(Pharrell_Williams_song)&oldid=825885066 '' Categories : 2013 singles 2013 songs American soul songs APRA Award winners Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Columbia Records singles Despicable Me ( franchise ) Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Yoann Lemoine Neo soul songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Switzerland Pharrell Williams songs Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Song recordings produced by Pharrell Williams Songs about happiness Songs written for films Songs written by Pharrell Williams South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - 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who sings the song because i'm happy
[ "\n\n\"Happy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Pharrell Williams\n\n\nfrom the album Girl\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)[1]\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\n7\"\n12\"\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nCircle House Studios, Miami, Florida[2]\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nSoul\nneo soul\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:53\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nBack Lot Music\ni Am Other\nColumbia\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nPharrell Williams\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPharrell Williams\n\n\nPharrell Williams singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Lose Yourself to Dance\"\n(2013)\n\"Happy\"\n(2013)\n\"Move That Dope\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Lose Yourself to Dance\"\n(2013)\n\"Happy\"\n(2013)\n\"Move That Dope\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternative cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDespicable Me 2 cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Pharrell Williams" ]
-8708995097671669375
World War II
World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Battle of Britain May . 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun. 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , and the Balkan Campaign , as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece , gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 , on their way to fight the Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig after the invasion , September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties , War crimes during World War II , War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II , German war crimes , War crimes of the Wehrmacht , Italian war crimes , Japanese war crimes , Allied war crimes during World War II , and Soviet war crimes World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs . Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Lebensraum , Untermensch , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were used . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Nazis in fiction Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Documentaries See also : List of World War II documentary films The World Wars ( miniseries ) The World Wars is a three - part , six - hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday , 26 May 2014 , ( Memorial Day ) airing for three consecutive nights . An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on 22 June 2014 Apocalypse : The Second World War ( 2009 ) , a six - part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II Battlefield , a documentary television series initially issued in 1994 -- 5 , that explores many important World War II battles BBC History of World War II , a television series , initially issued from 1989 to 2005 . The World at War ( 1974 ) , a 26 - part Thames Television series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view . It includes interviews with many key figures including Karl Dönitz , Albert Speer , and Anthony Eden . Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . ISBN 9781412981767 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Neil C. ; Rothstein , Hy . `` Deception for Defense of Information Systems : Analogies from Conventional Warfare '' . Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . Air University . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . References Adamthwaite , Anthony P. ( 1992 ) . The Making of the Second World War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90716 - 0 . Anderson , Irvine H. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan : A Bureaucratic Reflex '' . The Pacific Historical Review . 44 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 3638003 . Applebaum , Anne ( 2003 ) . Gulag : A History of the Soviet Camps . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9322 - 6 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944 -- 56 . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9868 - 9 . Bacon , Edwin ( 1992 ) . `` Glasnost ' and the Gulag : New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II '' . Soviet Studies . 44 ( 6 ) : 1069 -- 1086 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139208412066 . JSTOR 152330 . Badsey , Stephen ( 1990 ) . Normandy 1944 : Allied Landings and Breakout . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 921 - 0 . Balabkins , Nicholas ( 1964 ) . Germany Under Direct Controls : Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945 -- 1948 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 0449 - 0 . Barber , John ; Harrison , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` Patriotic War , 1941 -- 1945 '' . In Ronald Grigor Suny , ed. , ' The Cambridge History of Russia , Volume III : The Twentieth Century ( pp. 217 -- 242 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81144 - 6 . Barker , A.J. ( 1971 ) . The Rape of Ethiopia 1936 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 02462 - 6 . Barrett , David P. ; Shyu , Lawrence N. ( 2001 ) . China in the Anti-Japanese War , 1937 -- 1945 : Politics , Culture and Society . New York , NY : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4556 - 4 . Beevor , Antony ( 1998 ) . Stalingrad . New York , NY : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 87095 - 0 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . The Second World War . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84497 - 6 . Belco , Victoria ( 2010 ) . War , Massacre , and Recovery in Central Italy : 1943 -- 1948 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9314 - 1 . Bellamy , Chris T. ( 2007 ) . Absolute War : Soviet Russia in the Second World War . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41086 - 4 . Ben - Horin , Eliahu ( 1943 ) . The Middle East : Crossroads of History . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . Berend , Ivan T. ( 1996 ) . Central and Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1993 : Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55066 - 6 . Bernstein , Gail Lee ( 1991 ) . Recreating Japanese Women , 1600 -- 1945 . Berkeley & Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . 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Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . JSTOR 20444365 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . JSTOR 2008855 . 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when did war war 2 start and end
[ "\n\nWorld War II\n\n\n\n(clockwise from top left)\n\n\nChinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing\nAustralian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein\nGerman Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943\nAmerican naval force in the Lingayen Gulf\nWilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender\nSoviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 (1939-09-01 – 1945-09-02) (7003219300000000000♠6 years and 1 day)[a]\n\n\nLocation\nEurope, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa and Horn of Africa, briefly North and South America\n\n\nResult\n\nAllied victory\n\nCollapse of Nazi Germany\nFall of Japanese and Italian Empires\nDissolution of the League of Nations\nCreation of the United Nations\nEmergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers\nBeginning of the Cold War (more...)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParticipants\n\n\nAllied Powers\nAxis Powers\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nMain Allied leaders\n\n\n Joseph Stalin\n Franklin D. Roosevelt\n Winston Churchill\n Chiang Kai-shek\n\n\n\nMain Axis leaders\n\n\n Adolf Hitler\n Hirohito[b]\n Benito Mussolini\n\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n\n\nMilitary dead:\nOver 16,000,000\nCivilian dead:\nOver 45,000,000\nTotal dead:\nOver 61,000,000 (1937–45)\n\n\n...further details\n\n\n\nMilitary dead:\nOver 8,000,000\nCivilian dead:\nOver 4,000,000\nTotal dead:\nOver 12,000,000 (1937–45)\n\n\n...further details\n\n" ]
[ "1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945" ]
1573305791373998687
Eagles (album)
Eagles ( album ) - wikipedia Eagles ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search Eagles Studio album by the Eagles Released June 1 , 1972 Recorded February 1972 Studio Olympic Studios , London Genre Country rock folk rock Length 37 : 19 Label Asylum Producer Glyn Johns the Eagles chronology Eagles ( 1972 ) Desperado ( 1973 ) Desperado 1973 Singles from Eagles `` Take It Easy '' Released : May 1 , 1972 `` Witchy Woman '' Released : August 1 , 1972 `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' Released : December 1 , 1972 Eagles is the debut studio album by the rock band the Eagles . The album was recorded at London 's Olympic Studios with producer Glyn Johns and released in 1972 . The album was an immediate success for the young band reaching No. 22 on the charts and going platinum . Three singles were released from the album , each reaching the Top 40 : `` Take It Easy '' ( number 12 ) , `` Witchy Woman '' ( number 9 ) , and `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' ( number 22 ) . The band , starting with this album , played a major role in popularizing the country rock sound . The album was ranked number 368 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time published in 2012 . The single `` Take It Easy '' is part of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . This album was slated for Quadraphonic release and even given a Quadraphonic catalog number but it was never released in that format . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Artwork 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Singles 8.3 Certifications 9 References Background In 1971 , the band had just been formed and signed by David Geffen , who then sent them to Aspen , Colorado , to develop as a band . For their first album , Glyn Johns was chosen as the producer by Glenn Frey , as Johns had produced a number of rock albums they liked , by bands such as The Rolling Stones , The Who and Led Zeppelin . Johns was invited by Geffen to see the band perform at a club called Tulagi in Boulder , Colorado , in December 1971 . Johns , however , was not impressed by the band 's live performance , thinking that the band was confused and lacking in cohesion -- Frey wanted it to be a rock & roll band while Bernie Leadon wanted a country feel -- so Johns declined to produce the album . Johns was persuaded by Geffen to have a second listen in a rehearsal setting in Los Angeles , but Johns did not change his opinion of the band until all four started singing harmonies with acoustic guitar on a ballad written by Meisner , `` Take The Devil '' . Johns was impressed by their harmony singing , and later said : `` There it was , the sound . Extraordinary blend of voices , wonderful harmony sound , just stunning . '' Johns emphasized the vocal blend of the band and has been credited with shaping the band into `` the country - rock band with those high - flyin ' harmonies '' . Recording The band went to London where they spent two weeks recording the album at the Olympic Studios . The album cost $125,000 to produce . Johns tried to introduce a more acoustic sound in the recording , and concentrated on the vocal blend and arrangements . Frey later admitted : `` He was the key to our success in a lot of ways '' , but added : `` We just did n't want to make another limp - wristed L.A. country - rock record . '' As a result , there were frequent disagreements over the sound of the band between the producer and Frey and Don Henley during the making of the album . Frey and Henley wanted a rougher rock and roll sound , while Johns was interested in using Bernie Leadon 's banjo and Randy Meisner 's bass to create a more country sound . On `` Take It Easy '' , Johns got Leadon to play double - time banjo on the song , a little touch that Johns felt made the song different . Three of the songs recorded in London feature Frey on lead vocals , another three with Meisner and two with Leadon . The chirping sound at the start of the song by Leadon and Meisner , `` Earlybird '' , was taken from a sound - effect library . Originally , Henley only had one song on the album , namely `` Witchy Woman '' . Later , a further track , `` Nightingale '' , was recorded in Los Angeles after Geffen and manager Elliot Roberts listened to the tape of the album and decided that it needed another song with Henley on lead vocals . Johns had previously recorded a few takes of the song in London , but abandoned it as he felt it did not work . Geffen tried to get the song recorded with another production team , and Johns , angered by the attempt to record `` Nightingale '' behind his back , then re-recorded the song with the band at Wally Heider 's Studio 3 in Hollywood . Even though Johns judged this recording unsatisfactory , it was included in the album . Artwork Album cover artist Gary Burden with photography by Henry Diltz were responsible for the album artwork . The album was initially designed as a gatefold album that would further open up into a poster , however Geffen thought it would be confusing , and glued it together so that it would not open , and the gatefold image of the band members at Joshua Tree then became orientated the wrong side up . In the documentary History of the Eagles , Glenn Frey revealed that the band were all on peyote when the gatefold picture of the band members were shot in Joshua Tree National Park . Critical reception Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau Rolling Stone Robert Christgau felt that the band wrote good songs , but he was unsure about the authenticity of their country roots so what they produced was `` suave and synthetic -- brilliant , but false . '' Bud Scoppa of Rolling Stone on the other hand , reviewing in 1972 , felt that they had `` distinguished '' country - rock backgrounds , and wrote : `` The Eagles is right behind Jackson Browne 's record as the best first album this year . And I could be persuaded to remove the word `` first '' from that statement . '' Allmusic 's William Ruhlmann , in his retrospective review , sums up the album as balanced in terms of songwriting , however noting that the three hit singles were sung by Frey and Henley who would later go on to dominate the band . Rolling Stone listed it as number 368 on their `` 500 Greatest Albums '' with the comment that the album `` created a new template for laid - back L.A. country - rock style '' . It was included in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Commercial performance The album debuted on the US Billboard 200 chart at number 102 in its first week of release , rising at number 22 in its sixth week on the chart . The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on March 20 , 2001 for shipment of 1 million copies in the United States . Track listing Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Take It Easy '' Glenn Frey Jackson Browne Glenn Frey 3 : 34 2 . `` Witchy Woman '' Don Henley Bernie Leadon Don Henley 4 : 10 3 . `` Chug All Night '' Frey Frey 3 : 18 4 . `` Most of Us Are Sad '' Frey Randy Meisner 3 : 38 5 . `` Nightingale '' Browne Henley 4 : 08 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Train Leaves Here This Morning '' Leadon Gene Clark Leadon 4 : 13 2 . `` Take the Devil '' Meisner Meisner 4 : 04 3 . `` Earlybird '' Leadon Meisner Leadon 3 : 03 4 . `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' Jack Tempchin Frey 4 : 20 5 . `` Tryin ' '' Meisner Meisner 2 : 54 Personnel Eagles Glenn Frey -- vocals , guitars , slide guitar Don Henley -- vocals , drums Bernie Leadon -- vocals , guitars , banjo Randy Meisner -- vocals , bass guitar Production Gary Burden -- art direction , design Henry Diltz -- photography Glyn Johns -- producer , engineer Charts and certifications Weekly charts Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Albums Chart 13 US Billboard Pop Albums 22 Singles Year Single Peak chart positions US US AC CAN CAN AC NL 1972 `` Take It Easy '' 12 12 8 -- -- 1972 `` Witchy Woman '' 9 -- 8 -- 26 1973 `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' 22 20 35 22 -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart . Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References Jump up ^ Michael Ray , ed . ( December 1 , 2012 ) . Disco , Punk , New Wave , Heavy Metal , and More : Music in the 1970s and 1980s . Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 912 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Greatest Albums : The Eagles -- The Eagles Rolling Stone Music Lists '' . Rolling Stone . 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( June 1 , 2004 ) . Colorado Rocks ! : A Half - century of Music in Colorado . Pruett Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87108 - 930 - 4 . Jump up ^ Matt Sebastian ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey and the Eagles a storied part of Boulder 's music history '' . Daily Camera . ^ Jump up to : History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 34 : 50 -- 36 : 55 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81398 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glyn Johns -- Album by Album '' . Uncut.co.uk . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron Crowe ( September 25 , 1975 ) . `` Rolling Stone # 196 : The Eagles '' . The Uncool . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81398 - 6 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles ' Complete Discography : Don Henley Looks Back '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81398 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bill Halverson . `` Unreleased Eagles Music '' . Jump up ^ Johns , Glyn ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Eagles , 1971 '' . Sound Man : A Life Recording Hits with The Rolling Stones , The Who , Led Zeppelin , The Eagles , Eric Clapton , The Faces . Plume . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 61465 - 5 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 47 : 20 -- 48 : 00 . Jump up ^ The Eagles ' Greatest Hit Grantland , August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Eagles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert . `` The Eagles : Desperado '' . Robert Christgau.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian David ( 2004 ) . Eagles . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scoppa , Bud ( June 22 , 1972 ) . `` The Eagles -- The Eagles '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann ( 2011 ) . `` Eagles -- Eagles AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . by Frey and Henley . Jump up ^ `` 1001 Albums You Must Hear -- 2008 Edition '' . rocklistmusic.co.uk. 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Eagles Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . June 24 , 1972 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . August 5 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Eagles -- Eagles '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Eagles -- Eagles '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Eagles / Awards '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Album & Song Chart History -- Easy Listening '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` RPM100 '' . RPM . Jump up ^ `` RPM Pop Music Playlist '' . RPM . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl -- Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Eagles -- Eagles '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Eagles in the search field and then press Enter . ( hide ) Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagles_(album)&oldid=801780332 '' Categories : Eagles ( band ) albums 1972 debut albums Elektra Records albums Asylum Records albums Albums produced by Glyn Johns Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the eagles release their first album
[ "\nReleased\nJune 1, 1972\n" ]
[ "June 1, 1972" ]
-2518460484155967359
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - wikipedia Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical reality TV show . For the musical notes , see Swara . For the music company , see Saregama . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa logo Creative director ( s ) Zee TV , Neeraj Sharma Presented by Sonu Nigam ( 1995 - 2000 ) Amaan Ali Khan and Ayaan Ali Khan ( 2000 - 01 ) Shaan ( 2001 - 06 ) Aditya Narayan ( 2007 - 09 , 2014 - present ) Purab Kohli ( 2010 ) Manish Paul ( 2010 ) Javed Ali ( 2012 - 2013 ) Opening theme `` Sa Re Ga Ma '' by Sonu Nigam and Sadhana Sargam ( 1995 - 2000 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Shaan and Sadhana Sargam ( 2000 - 06 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Aditya Narayan and Shriram Iyer ( 2007 - 09 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Javed Ali ( 2010 - present ) Country of origin India No. of episodes 1000 + Production Running time approx. 52 minutes Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , Original release May 1 , 1995 External links Website www.ozee.com/shows/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2017/ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is an Indian musical reality TV show . It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as Sa Re Ga Ma . Series history ( edit ) The first episode aired on May 1 , 1995 and was hosted by Sonu Nigam . In the year 1999 , the show was hosted by the Bangash brothers , Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash , sons of legendary sarod - player Amjad Ali Khan . From 2002 , Shaan started hosting the show . Till 2005 , the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them . The format changed with the advent of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting . After Shaan quit hosting the show , the show was hosted by many others like Purab Kohli , Manish Paul , Karan Singh Rathore , Archana Jani , Vipul Roy , Jay Soni and even kids Dhairya Sorecha & Afsha Musani . The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were Javed Ali and the current host Aditya Narayan The show has seen multiple variations over the years : Sa Re Ga Ma : Contestants were scored only by the expert judges . There were 8 prelim rounds , each consisting of 2 male singers and 2 female singers . One male winner and one female winner from each show competed in the semifinal rounds ; there were a total of 4 semifinals . In the finals , there was one male winner and another female winner . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : 2 male singers , 2 female singers . The male and female winner would return the following episode and compete against a new challenger . At the start of this `` roll - over '' series , they had initially announced that anyone with over 10 wins would get an album ; however , that never materialized . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge : Teams were formed , each Gharana ( team ) had a judge who mentored them . Elimination was decided by public voting . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu : A duet singing competition which featured some new contestants as well as old contestants from earlier seasons . Weekly elimination decided by public voting . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs : A singing competition for young children , which judges the prodigious kids on the basis of their voice quality , singing talent and versatility in performance . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA : The first instalment of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge series in USA . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge : A special season in which eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participated . The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa . Notable Indian singers and musicians were roped in to judge each of the episodes . There have also been multiple regional versions in languages like Gujarati , Marathi , Bengali , Kannada , Punjabi , Tamil , and Telugu . # Season Year Winner Host Judges Sa Re Ga Ma 1995 Sanjeevani Bhelande Sonu Nigam Anu malik , udit narayan , kumar shanu Sa Re Ga Ma Nobina Mirjankar Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma Mohammed Vakil Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma 1998 Bela Shende Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma 1999 Archana Udupa Sonu Nigam 6 Sa Re Ga Ma 2000 Shreya Ghoshal Sonu Nigam 7 Sa Re Ga Ma Anita Pundit Amaan Ali Khan & Ayaan Ali Khan 8 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : Golden Voice Hunt 2003 Arpita Mukherjee ( singer ) & Rahul Saxena Shaan 9 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa World Series Hrishikesh Ranade & Ronkini Gupta Shaan 10 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Campus Special 2005 Twinkle Bajpai , Manish Bhatt Shaan 11 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 2005 Debojit Saha Shaan Himesh Reshammiya , Jatin - Lalit , Aadesh Shrivastava , Ismail Darbar 12 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu 2006 Aishwarya Nigam & Ujjaini Mukherjee Shaan , Ishita Arun Hariharan , Lesle Lewis 13 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2006 Sanchita Bhattacharya Shaan Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Alka Yagnik , Bappi Lahiri 14 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 2007 Aneek Dhar Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Ismail Darbar , Bappi Lahiri , Vishal - Shekhar 15 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International 2007 Anamika Choudhari Aditya Narayan Suresh Wadkar , Sonu Nigam 16 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 2008 Darshana Menon Aishwarya Nigam Suresh Wadkar , Aadesh Srivastav 17 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 2009 Vaishali Mhade Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Aadesh Srivastav , Shankar Mahadevan , Pritam 18 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 2009 Hemant Brijwasi Dhairya Sorecha , Afsha Musani Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Alka Yagnik 19 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge 2009 Team Maharashtra - Vaishali Mhade , Kaushik Deshpande and Rohit Raut Karan Singh Rathore and Archana Jani ( first episode ) Vipul Roy and Manish Paul Sonu Nigam , Pyarelal and Suresh Wadkar ( finale ) 20 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Kamal Khan Purab Kohli , Manish Paul Daler Mehndi , Vishal - Shekhar , Sajid - Wajid 21 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 2011 Azmat Hussain Jay Soni Adnan Sami , Kailash Kher , Javed Ali 22 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 2012 Jasraj Jayant Joshi Javed Ali Shankar Mahadevan , Rahul Ram , Sajid - Wajid 23 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 2014 Gagan Gopalkrishna Gaonkar Aditya Narayan Alka Yagnik ( Mahaguru ) , Shaan , Monali Thakur 24 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 Kushal Paul Aditya Narayan Pritam , Sajid - Wajid , Mika 25 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 2017 Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Javed Ali , Neha Kakkar External links ( edit ) ZEE TV References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reality shows take centre stage on TV - Livemint '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Nigam back as host on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Music is inspiration '' . The Hans India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Shaan '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Purab Kohli bids adieu to Zee TV 's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar '' . ZEE TV . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega challenge gets its hosts '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Vipul to do some more hosting '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Soni turns host - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dhairya Sonecha & Afsha Musani to Host ' Hero Honda Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ' '' . ZEE TV . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hero Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 ' finds new host in Javed Ali with top 15 contestants Best Media Info , News and Analysis on Indian Advertising , Marketing and Media Industry . '' . www.bestmediainfo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Narayan returns to host ' Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil ' Champs - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Regional shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap Opera Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi Bin Kuch Kahe Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Piyaa Albela Sethji Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Reality Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Weekends Show Fear Files Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Just Dance Nach Baliye Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Game 10 Ka Dum India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Kannadada Kotyadhipati Kaun Banega Crorepati Minute To Win It Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Music Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship Bol Baby Bol Asianet Super Voice Quiz Bournvita Quiz Contest Dadagiri Unlimited Disney Q Family Mastermind Jabab Kinte Chai Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain ? Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) Voice of India Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Roadies Sacch Ka Saamna Zee 20 Cricket League Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X Idea Star Singer India 's Magic Star Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa&oldid=795453497 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian game shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 1995 Indian television series debuts Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 09 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did sa re ga ma pa start
[ "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is an Indian musical reality TV show. It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as Sa Re Ga Ma.[1]" ]
[ "1995" ]
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Cobalt
Cobalt - wikipedia Cobalt Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For other uses , see Cobalt ( disambiguation ) . Cobalt , Co General properties Pronunciation / ˈkoʊbɒlt / ( listen ) Appearance hard lustrous bluish gray metal Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7001589331940000000 ♠ 58.933 194 ( 4 ) Cobalt in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson -- ↑ Co ↓ Rh iron ← cobalt → nickel Atomic number ( Z ) 27 Group group 9 Period period 4 Element category transition metal Block d - block Electron configuration ( Ar ) 3d 4s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 15 , 2 Physical properties Color metallic gray Phase at STP solid Melting point 1768 K ​ ( 1495 ° C , ​ 2723 ° F ) Boiling point 3200 K ​ ( 2927 ° C , ​ 5301 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 8.90 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 8.86 g / cm Heat of fusion 16.06 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 377 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 24.81 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198 Atomic properties Oxidation states − 3 , − 1 , + 1 , + 2 , + 3 , + 4 , + 5 ​ ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.88 Ionization energies 1st : 760.4 kJ / mol 2nd : 1648 kJ / mol 3rd : 3232 kJ / mol ( more ) Atomic radius empirical : 125 pm Covalent radius Low spin : 126 ± 3 pm High spin : 150 ± 7 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) Speed of sound thin rod 4720 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 13.0 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 100 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 62.4 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic Young 's modulus 209 GPa Shear modulus 75 GPa Bulk modulus 180 GPa Poisson ratio 0.31 Mohs hardness 5.0 Vickers hardness 1043 MPa Brinell hardness 470 -- 3000 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 48 - 4 History Discovery and first isolation Georg Brandt ( 1735 ) Main isotopes of cobalt Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Co syn 77.27 d ε Fe Co syn 271.79 d ε Fe Co syn 70.86 d ε Fe Co 100 % stable Co syn 5.2714 y β , γ Ni view talk references in Wikidata Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27 . Like nickel , cobalt is found in the Earth 's crust only in chemically combined form , save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron . The free element , produced by reductive smelting , is a hard , lustrous , silver - gray metal . Cobalt - based blue pigments ( cobalt blue ) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints , and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass , but the color was later thought by alchemists to be due to the known metal bismuth . Miners had long used the name kobold ore ( German for goblin ore ) for some of the blue - pigment producing minerals ; they were so named because they were poor in known metals , and gave poisonous arsenic - containing fumes when smelted . In 1735 , such ores were found to be reducible to a new metal ( the first discovered since ancient times ) , and this was ultimately named for the kobold . Today , some types of cobalt are produced specifically from one of a number of metallic - lustered ores , such as for example cobaltite ( Co As S ) . The element is however more usually produced as a by - product of copper and nickel mining . The copper belt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) , Central African Republic and Zambia yields most of the global cobalt production . The DRC alone accounted for more than 50 % of world production in 2016 ( 123,000 tonnes ) , according to Natural Resources Canada . Cobalt is primarily used in the manufacture of magnetic , wear - resistant and high - strength alloys . The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt ( II ) aluminate ( CoAl O , cobalt blue ) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass , ceramics , inks , paints and varnishes . Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope , cobalt - 59 . Cobalt - 60 is a commercially important radioisotope , used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high energy gamma rays . Cobalt is the active center of a type of coenzymes called cobalamins . vitamin B , the best - known example of the type , is an essential trace mineral for all animals . Cobalt in inorganic form is also a micronutrient for bacteria , algae , and fungi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Compounds 2.1 Oxygen and chalcogen compounds 2.2 Halides 2.3 Coordination compounds 2.4 Organometallic compounds 3 Isotopes 4 History 5 Occurrence 6 Production 7 Cobalt extraction 7.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7.2 Canada 8 Applications 8.1 Alloys 8.2 Batteries 8.3 Catalysts 8.4 Pigments and coloring 8.5 Radioisotopes 8.6 Other uses 9 Biological role 10 Precautions 11 References 12 External links Characteristics A block of electrolytically refined cobalt ( 99.9 % purity ) cut from a large plate Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with a specific gravity of 8.9 . The Curie temperature is 1,115 ° C ( 2,039 ° F ) and the magnetic moment is 1.6 -- 1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom . Cobalt has a relative permeability two - thirds that of iron . Metallic cobalt occurs as two crystallographic structures : hcp and fcc . The ideal transition temperature between the hcp and fcc structures is 450 ° C ( 842 ° F ) , but in practice the energy difference between them is so small that random intergrowth of the two is common . Cobalt is a weakly reducing metal that is protected from oxidation by a passivating oxide film . It is attacked by halogens and sulfur . Heating in oxygen produces Co O which loses oxygen at 900 ° C ( 1,650 ° F ) to give the monoxide CoO . The metal reacts with fluorine ( F ) at 520 K to give CoF ; with chlorine ( Cl ) , bromine ( Br ) and iodine ( I ) , producing equivalent binary halides . It does not react with hydrogen gas ( H ) or nitrogen gas ( N ) even when heated , but it does react with boron , carbon , phosphorus , arsenic and sulfur . At ordinary temperatures , it reacts slowly with mineral acids , and very slowly with moist , but not with dry , air . Compounds See also : Category : Cobalt compounds . Common oxidation states of cobalt include + 2 and + 3 , although compounds with oxidation states ranging from − 3 to + 5 are also known . A common oxidation state for simple compounds is + 2 ( cobalt ( II ) ) . These salts form the pink - colored metal aquo complex ( Co ( H O ) ) in water . Addition of chloride gives the intensely blue ( CoCl . In a borax bead flame test , cobalt shows deep blue in both oxidizing and reducing flames . Oxygen and chalcogen compounds Several oxides of cobalt are known . Green cobalt ( II ) oxide ( CoO ) has rocksalt structure . It is readily oxidized with water and oxygen to brown cobalt ( III ) hydroxide ( Co ( OH ) ) . At temperatures of 600 -- 700 ° C , CoO oxidizes to the blue cobalt ( II , III ) oxide ( Co O ) , which has a spinel structure . Black cobalt ( III ) oxide ( Co O ) is also known . Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature : CoO ( Néel temperature 291 K ) and Co O ( Néel temperature : 40 K ) , which is analogous to magnetite ( Fe O ) , with a mixture of + 2 and + 3 oxidation states . The principal chalcogenides of cobalt include the black cobalt ( II ) sulfides , CoS , which adopts a pyrite - like structure , and cobalt ( III ) sulfide ( Co S ) . Halides Cobalt ( II ) chloride hexahydrate Four dihalides of cobalt ( II ) are known : cobalt ( II ) fluoride ( CoF , pink ) , cobalt ( II ) chloride ( CoCl , blue ) , cobalt ( II ) bromide ( CoBr , green ) , cobalt ( II ) iodide ( CoI , blue - black ) . These halides exist in anhydrous and hydrated forms . Whereas the anhydrous dichloride is blue , the hydrate is red . The reduction potential for the reaction Co + e → Co is + 1.92 V , beyond that for chlorine to chloride , + 1.36 V. Consequently , cobalt ( III ) and chloride would result in the cobalt ( III ) being reduced to cobalt ( II ) . Because the reduction potential for fluorine to fluoride is so high , + 2.87 V , cobalt ( III ) fluoride is one of the few simple stable cobalt ( III ) compounds . Cobalt ( III ) fluoride , which is used in some fluorination reactions , reacts vigorously with water . Coordination compounds As for all metals , molecular compounds and polyatomic ions of cobalt are classified as coordination complexes , that is , molecules or ions that contain cobalt linked to several ligands . The principles of electronegativity and hardness -- softness of a series of ligands can be used to explain the usual oxidation state of cobalt . For example , Co complexes tend to have ammine ligands . Because phosphorus is softer than nitrogen , phosphine ligands tend to feature the softer Co and Co , an example being tris ( triphenylphosphine ) cobalt ( I ) chloride ( ( P ( C H ) ) CoCl ) . The more electronegative ( and harder ) oxide and fluoride can stabilize Co and Co derivatives , e.g. caesium hexafluorocobaltate ( Cs CoF ) and potassium percobaltate ( K CoO ) . Alfred Werner , a Nobel - prize winning pioneer in coordination chemistry , worked with compounds of empirical formula ( Co ( NH ) ) Cl . One of the isomers determined was cobalt ( III ) hexammine chloride . This coordination complex , a typical Werner - type complex , consists of a central cobalt atom coordinated by six ammine orthogonal ligands and three chloride counteranions . Using chelating ethylenediamine ligands in place of ammonia gives tris ( ethylenediamine ) cobalt ( III ) chloride ( ( Co ( en ) ) Cl ) , which was one of the first coordination complexes to be resolved into optical isomers . The complex exists in the right - and left - handed forms of a `` three - bladed propeller '' . This complex was first isolated by Werner as yellow - gold needle - like crystals . Organometallic compounds Main article : Organocobalt chemistry Cobaltocene is a structural analog to ferrocene with cobalt in place of iron . Cobaltocene is much more sensitive to oxidation than ferrocene . Cobalt carbonyl ( Co ( CO ) ) is a catalyst in carbonylation and hydrosilylation reactions . Vitamin B ( see below ) is an organometallic compound found in nature and is the only vitamin that contains a metal atom . An example of an alkylcobalt complex in the otherwise uncommon + 4 oxidation state of cobalt is the homoleptic complex tetrakis ( 1 - norbornyl ) cobalt ( IV ) ( Co ( 1 - norb ) ) , a transition metal - alkyl complex that is notable for its stability toward to β - hydrogen elimination . The cobalt ( III ) and cobalt ( V ) complexes ( Li ( THF ) ) ( Co ( 1 - norb ) ) and ( Co ( 1 - norb ) ) ( BF ) are also known . Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of cobalt Co is the only stable cobalt isotope and the only isotope that exists naturally on Earth . Twenty - two radioisotopes have been characterized ; the most stable , Co has a half - life of 5.2714 years , and Co has a half - life of 271.8 days , Co a half - life of 77.27 days , and Co a half - life of 70.86 days . All the other radioactive isotopes of cobalt have half - lives shorter than 18 hours , and in most cases shorter than 1 second . This element also has 4 meta states , all of which have half - lives shorter than 15 minutes . The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u ( Co ) to 73 u ( Co ) . The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope , Co , is electron capture and the primary mode of decay in isotopes with atomic mass greater than 59 atomic mass units is beta decay . The primary decay products below Co are element 26 ( iron ) isotopes ; above that the decay products are element 28 ( nickel ) isotopes . History Early Chinese blue and white porcelain , manufactured c. 1335 Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass , glazes , and ceramics . Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture , Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC , in the ruins of Pompeii , destroyed in 79 AD , and in China , dating from the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 AD ) and the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 AD ) . Cobalt has been used to color glass since the Bronze Age . The excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck yielded an ingot of blue glass , cast during the 14th century BC . Blue glass from Egypt was either colored with copper , iron , or cobalt . The oldest cobalt - colored glass is from the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt ( 1550 -- 1292 BC ) . The source for the cobalt the Egyptians used is not known . The word cobalt is derived from the German kobalt , from kobold meaning `` goblin '' , a superstitious term used for the ore of cobalt by miners . The first attempts to smelt those ores for copper or nickel failed , yielding simply powder ( cobalt ( II ) oxide ) instead . Because the primary ores of cobalt always contain arsenic , smelting the ore oxidized the arsenic into the highly toxic and volatile arsenic oxide , adding to the notoriety of the ore . Swedish chemist Georg Brandt ( 1694 -- 1768 ) is credited with discovering cobalt circa 1735 , showing it to be a previously unknown element , different from bismuth and other traditional metals . Brandt called it a new `` semi-metal . '' He showed that compounds of cobalt metal were the source of the blue color in glass , which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt . Cobalt became the first metal to be discovered since the pre-historical period , during which all the known metals ( iron , copper , silver , gold , zinc , mercury , tin , lead and bismuth ) had no recorded discoverers . During the 19th century , a significant part of the world 's production of cobalt blue ( a dye made with cobalt compounds and alumina ) and smalt ( cobalt glass powdered for use for pigment purposes in ceramics and painting ) was carried out at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket . The first mines for the production of smalt in the 16th century were located in Norway , Sweden , Saxony and Hungary . With the discovery of cobalt ore in New Caledonia in 1864 , the mining of cobalt in Europe declined . With the discovery of ore deposits in Ontario , Canada in 1904 and the discovery of even larger deposits in the Katanga Province in the Congo in 1914 , the mining operations shifted again . When the Shaba conflict started in 1978 , the copper mines of Katanga Province nearly stopped production . The impact on the world cobalt economy from this conflict was smaller than expected : cobalt is a rare metal , the pigment is highly toxic , and the industry had already established effective ways for recycling cobalt materials . In some cases , industry was able to change to cobalt - free alternatives . In 1938 , John Livingood and Glenn T. Seaborg discovered the radioisotope cobalt - 60 . This isotope was famously used at Columbia University in the 1950s to establish parity violation in radioactive beta decay . After World War II , the US wanted to guarantee the supply of cobalt ore for military uses ( as the Germans had been doing ) and prospected for cobalt within the U.S. border . An adequate supply of the ore was found in Idaho near Blackbird canyon in the side of a mountain . The firm Calera Mining Company started production at the site . Occurrence The stable form of cobalt is produced in supernovas through the r - process . It comprises 0.0029 % of the Earth 's crust . Free cobalt ( the native metal ) is not found on Earth because of the oxygen in the atmosphere and the chlorine in the ocean . Both are abundant enough in the upper layers of the Earth 's crust to prevent native metal cobalt from forming . Except as recently delivered in meteoric iron , pure cobalt in native metal form is unknown on Earth . The element has a medium abundance but natural compounds of cobalt are numerous and all amounts of cobalt compounds are found in most rocks , soil , plants , and animals . In nature , cobalt is frequently associated with nickel . Both are characteristic components of meteoric iron , though cobalt is much less abundant in iron meteorites than nickel . As with nickel , cobalt in meteoric iron alloys may have been well enough protected from oxygen and moisture to remain as the free ( but alloyed ) metal , though neither element is seen in that form in the ancient terrestrial crust . Cobalt in compound form occurs in copper and nickel minerals . It is the major metallic component that combines with sulfur and arsenic in the sulfidic cobaltite ( CoAsS ) , safflorite ( CoAs ) , glaucodot ( ( Co , Fe ) AsS ) , and skutterudite ( CoAs ) minerals . The mineral cattierite is similar to pyrite and occurs together with vaesite in the copper deposits of Katanga Province . When it reaches the atmosphere , weathering occurs ; the sulfide minerals oxidize and form pink erythrite ( `` cobalt glance '' : Co ( AsO ) 8H O ) and spherocobaltite ( CoCO ) . Cobalt is also a constituent of tobacco smoke . The tobacco plant readily absorbs and accumulates heavy metals like cobalt from the surrounding soil in its leaves . These are subsequently inhaled during tobacco smoking . Production Cobalt ore World production trend See also : Cobalt extraction techniques The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite , erythrite , glaucodot and skutterudite ( see above ) , but most cobalt is obtained by reducing the cobalt by - products of nickel and copper mining and smelting . Several methods exist to separate cobalt from copper and nickel , depending on the concentration of cobalt and the exact composition of the used ore . One method is froth flotation , in which surfactants bind to different ore components , leading to an enrichment of cobalt ores . Subsequent roasting converts the ores to cobalt sulfate , and the copper and the iron are oxidized to the oxide . Leaching with water extracts the sulfate together with the arsenates . The residues are further leached with sulfuric acid , yielding a solution of copper sulfate . Cobalt can also be leached from the slag of copper smelting . The products of the above - mentioned processes are transformed into the cobalt oxide ( Co O ) . This oxide is reduced to metal by the aluminothermic reaction or reduction with carbon in a blast furnace . Cobalt extraction The United States Geological Survey estimates world reserves of cobalt at 7,100,000 metric tons . The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently produces 63 % of the world 's cobalt . This market share may reach 73 % by 2025 if planned mine expansions by Congolese mining producers like Glencore Plc take place as schedule . By 2030 , global demand could be 47 times more than it was in 2017 , Bloomberg New Energy Finance has estimated . Democratic Republic of the Congo In 2005 , the top producer of cobalt was the copper deposits in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 's Katanga Province . Formerly Shaba province , the area had almost 40 % of global reserves , reported the British Geological Survey in 2009 . By 2015 , DRC supplied 60 % of world production , 32,000 tons at $20,000 to $26,000 per ton . Artisanal mining supplied 10 % to 25 % of the DRC production . Some 100,000 cobalt miners in Congo DRC use hand tools to dig hundreds of feet , with little planning and fewer safety measures , say workers and government and NGO officials , as well as Washington Post reporters ' observations on visits to isolated mines . The lack of safety precautions frequently causes injuries or death . Mining pollutes the vicinity and exposes local wildlife and indigenous communities to toxic metals thought to cause birth defects and breathing difficulties , according to health officials . Human rights activists have alleged , and investigative journalism reported confirmation , that child labor is used in part of the worldwide supply of cobalt sourced from African artisanal mines . This revelation prompted cell phone maker Apple Inc. , on March 3 , 2017 , to stop buying ore from suppliers such as Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt who source from artisanal mines in the DRC , and begin using only suppliers that are verified to meet its workplace standards . The political and ethnic dynamics of the region have in the past caused horrific outbreaks of violence and years of armed conflict and displaced populations . This instability affected the price of cobalt and also created perverse incentives for the combattants in the First and Second Congo Wars to prolong the fighting , since access to diamond mines and other valuable resources helped to finance their military goals -- which frequently amounteed to genocide -- and also enriched the fighters themselves . While DR Congo has in the 2010s not recently been invaded by neighboring military forces , some of the richest mineral deposits adjoin areas where Tutsis and Hutus still frequently clash , unrest continues although on a smaller scale and refugees still flee outbreaks of violence . Cobalt extracted from small Congolese artisanal mining endeavors in 2007 supplied a single Chinese company , Congo DongFang International Mining . A subsidiary of Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt , one of the world 's largest cobalt producers , Congo DongFang supplied cobalt to some of the world 's largest battery manufacturers , who produced batteries for ubiquitous products like the Apple iPhones . Corporate pieties about an ethical supply chain were thus met with some incredulity . A number of observers called for tech corporations and other manufacturers to avoid sourcing conflict metals in Central Africa at all rather than risk enabling the financial exploitation , human rights abuses like kidnappings for unfree labor , environmental devastation and the human toll of violence , poverty and toxic conditions . The Mukondo Mountain project , operated by the Central African Mining and Exploration Company ( CAMEC ) in Katanga , may be the richest cobalt reserve in the world . It produced an estimated one third of the total global coval production in 2008 . In July 2009 , CAMEC announced a long - term agreement to deliver its entire annual production of cobalt concentrate from Mukondo Mountain to Zhejiang Galico Cobalt & Nickel Materials of China . Canada In 2017 , some exploration companies were planning to survey old silver and cobalt mines in the area of Cobalt , Ontario where significant deposits are believed to lie . The mayor of Cobalt stated that the people of Cobalt welcomed new mining endeavours and pointed out that the local work force is peaceful and English - speaking , and good infrastructure would allow much easier sourcing of spare parts for the equipment or other supplies than were to be found in conflict - zones . Applications Cobalt has been used in production of high performance alloys . It can also be used to make rechargeable batteries , and the advent of electric vehicles and their success with consumers probably has a great deal to do with the DRC 's soaring production . Other important factors were the 2002 Mining Code , which encouraged investment by foreign and transnational corporations such as Glencore , and the end of the First and Second Congo Wars , although outbr Alloys Cobalt - based superalloys have historically consume most of the cobalt produced . The temperature stability of these alloys makes them suitable for turbine blades for gas turbines and jet aircraft engines , although nickel - based single crystal alloys surpass them in performance . Cobalt - based alloys are also corrosion and wear - resistant , making them , like titanium , useful for making orthopedic implants that do n't wear down over time . The development of wear - resistant cobalt alloys started in the first decade of the 20th century with the stellite alloys , containing chromium with varying quantities of tungsten and carbon . Alloys with chromium and tungsten carbides are very hard and wear - resistant . Special cobalt - chromium - molybdenum alloys like Vitallium are used for prosthetic parts ( hip and knee replacements ) . Cobalt alloys are also used for dental prosthetics as a useful substitute for nickel , which may be allergenic . Some high speed steels also contain cobalt for increased heat and wear - resistance . The special alloys of aluminium , nickel , cobalt and iron , known as Alnico , and of samarium and cobalt ( samarium - cobalt magnet ) are used in permanent magnets . It is also alloyed with 95 % platinum for jewelry , yielding an alloy suitable for fine casting which is also slightly magnetic . Batteries Lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) is widely used in lithium ion battery cathodes . The material is composed of cobalt oxide layers with the lithium intercalated . During discharge , the lithium is released as lithium ions . Nickel - cadmium ( NiCd ) and nickel metal hydride ( NiMH ) batteries also include cobalt to improve the oxidation of nickel in the battery . Transparency Market Research estimated the global lithium - ion battery market at $30 billion in 2015 , and predicted an increase to over US $75 billion by 2024 . Although in 2018 most cobalt in batteries was used in a mobile device , a more recent application for cobalt is rechargeable batteries for electric cars . This industry has increased five-fold in its demand for cobalt , which makes it urgent to find new raw materials in more stable areas of the world . Demand is expected to continue or increase as the prevalence of electric vehicles increases . Exploration in 2016 -- 2017 included the area around Cobalt , Ontario , an area where many silver mines ceased operation decades ago . Since child and slave labor have been repeatedly reported in coltan mining , primarily in the artisanal mines of DR Congo , tech companies seeking an ethical supply chain have faced shortages of this raw material and the price of cobalt metal reached a nine - year high in October 2017 , more than US $30 a pound , versus US $10 in late 2015 . Catalysts Several cobalt compounds are oxidation catalysts . Cobalt acetate is used to convert xylene to terephthalic acid , the precursor of the bulk polymer polyethylene terephthalate . Typical catalysts are the cobalt carboxylates ( known as cobalt soaps ) . They are also used in paints , varnishes , and inks as `` drying agents '' through the oxidation of drying oils . The same carboxylates are used to improve the adhesion between steel and rubber in steel - belted radial tires . Cobalt - based catalysts are used in reactions involving carbon monoxide . Steam reforming , useful in hydrogen production , uses cobalt oxide - based catalysts . Cobalt is also a catalyst in the Fischer -- Tropsch process for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide into liquid fuels . Hydroformylation of alkenes often uses cobalt octacarbonyl as a catalyst , although it is often replaced by more efficient iridium - and rhodium - based catalysts , e.g. the Cativa process . The hydrodesulfurization of petroleum uses a catalyst derived from cobalt and molybdenum . This process helps to clean petroleum of sulfur impurities that interfere with the refining of liquid fuels . Pigments and coloring Cobalt blue glass Cobalt - colored glass Before the 19th century , cobalt was predominantly used as a pigment . It has been used since the Middle Ages to make smalt , a blue - colored glass . Smalt is produced by melting a mixture of roasted mineral smaltite , quartz and potassium carbonate , which yields a dark blue silicate glass , which is finely ground after the production . Smalt was widely used to colorn of glass and as pigment for paintings . In 1780 , Sven Rinman discovered cobalt green , and in 1802 Louis Jacques Thénard discovered cobalt blue . Cobalt pigments such as cobalt blue ( cobalt aluminate ) , cerulean blue ( cobalt ( II ) stannate ) , various hues of cobalt green ( a mixture of cobalt ( II ) oxide and zinc oxide ) , and cobalt violet ( cobalt phosphate ) are used as artist 's pigments because of their superior chromatic stability . Aureolin ( cobalt yellow ) is now largely replaced by more lightfast yellow pigments . Radioisotopes Cobalt - 60 ( Co-60 or Co ) is useful as a gamma ray source because they can be produced in predictable quantity and high activity by bombarding cobalt with neutrons . It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV . Cobalt is used in external beam radiotherapy , sterilization of medical supplies and medical waste , radiation treatment of foods for sterilization ( cold pasteurization ) , industrial radiography ( e.g. weld integrity radiographs ) , density measurements ( e.g. concrete density measurements ) , and tank fill height switches . The metal has the unfortunate property of producing a fine dust , causing problems with radiation protection . Cobalt from radiotherapy machines has been a serious hazard when not discarded properly , and one of the worst radiation contamination accidents in North America occurred in 1984 , when a discarded radiotherapy unit containing cobalt - 60 was mistakenly disassembled in a junkyard in Juarez , Mexico . Cobalt - 60 has a radioactive half - life of 5.27 years . Loss of potency requires periodic replacement of the source in radiotherapy and is one reason why cobalt machines have been largely replaced by linear accelerators in modern radiation therapy . Cobalt - 57 ( Co-57 or Co ) is a cobalt radioisotope most often used in medical tests , as a radiolabel for vitamin B uptake , and for the Schilling test . Cobalt - 57 is used as a source in Mössbauer spectroscopy and is one of several possible sources in X-ray fluorescence devices . Nuclear weapon designs could intentionally incorporate Co , some of which would be activated in a nuclear explosion to produce Co . The Co , dispersed as nuclear fallout , is sometimes called a cobalt bomb . Other uses Cobalt is used in electroplating for its attractive appearance , hardness , and resistance to oxidation ; It is also used as a base primer coat for porcelain enamels . Biological Role Cobalamin Cobalt deficient sheep Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals . It is a key constituent of cobalamin , also known as vitamin B , the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element . Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B , a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or archaea . A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health of grazing animals , and an uptake of 0.20 mg / kg a day is recommended because they have no other source of vitamin B . In the early 20th century during the development of farming on the North Island Volcanic Plateau of New Zealand , cattle suffered from what was termed `` bush sickness '' . It was discovered that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the cattle food chain . The `` coast disease '' of sheep in the Ninety Mile Desert of the Southeast of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of trace elements cobalt and copper . The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of `` cobalt bullets '' , dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally for lodging in the animal 's rumen . Proteins based on cobalamin use corrin to hold the cobalt . Coenzyme B features a reactive C - Co bond that participates in the reactions . In humans , B has two types of alkyl ligand : methyl and adenosyl . MeB promotes methyl ( - CH ) group transfers . The adenosyl version of B catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent , X , which may be a carbon atom with substituents , an oxygen atom of an alcohol , or an amine . Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase ( MUT ) converts MMl - CoA to Su - CoA , an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats . Although far less common than other metalloproteins ( e.g. those of zinc and iron ) , cobaltoproteins are known aside from B. These proteins include methionine aminopeptidase 2 , an enzyme that occurs in humans and other mammals that does not use the corrin ring of B , but binds cobalt directly . Another non-corrin cobalt enzyme is nitrile hydratase , an enzyme in bacteria that metabolize nitriles . Precautions Main article : Cobalt poisoning Cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amounts . The LD value for soluble cobalt salts has been estimated to be between 150 and 500 mg / kg . In the US , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has designated a permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) in the workplace as a time - weighted average ( TWA ) of 0.1 mg / m . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 0.05 mg / m , time - weighted average . The IDLH ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) value is 20 mg / m . However , chronic cobalt ingestion has caused serious health problems at doses far less than the lethal dose . In 1966 , the addition of cobalt compounds to stabilize beer foam in Canada led to a peculiar form of toxin - induced cardiomyopathy , which came to be known as beer drinker 's cardiomyopathy . After nickel and chromium , cobalt is a major cause of contact dermatitis . Cobalt can be effectively absorbed by charred pigs ' bones ; however , this process is inhibited by copper and zinc , which have greater affinities to bone char . References Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd Edition 1989 . Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . 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Springer Science & Business Media . p. 40 . ISBN 9789401197694 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Robert E. ( 2006 ) . The history and use of our earth 's chemical elements : a reference guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 . Jump up ^ Petitto , Sarah C. ; Marsh , Erin M. ; Carson , Gregory A. ; Langell , Marjorie A. ( 2008 ) . `` Cobalt oxide surface chemistry : The interaction of CoO ( 100 ) , Co3O4 ( 110 ) and Co3O4 ( 111 ) with oxygen and water '' . Journal of Molecular Catalysis A : Chemical . 281 : 49 -- 58 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcata. 2007.08. 023 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 1119 -- 1120 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Werner , A. ( 1912 ) . `` Zur Kenntnis des asymmetrischen Kobaltatoms . V '' . Chemische Berichte. 45 : 121 -- 130 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 19120450116 . 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( 1986 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Tetrakis ( 1 - norbornyl ) cobalt , a low spin tetrahedral complex of a first row transition metal '' . Journal of the Chemical Society , Chemical Communications . 0 ( 19 ) : 1491 . doi : 10.1039 / C39860001491 . ISSN 0022 - 4936 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Erin K. ; Theopold , Klaus H. ( 1987 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Redox chemistry of tetrakis ( 1 - norbornyl ) cobalt . Synthesis and characterization of a cobalt ( V ) alkyl and self - exchange rate of a Co ( III ) / Co ( IV ) couple '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 109 ( 4 ) : 1282 -- 1283 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00238a066 . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . ^ Jump up to : Audi , G. ; Bersillon , O. ; Blachot , J. ; Wapstra , A.H. ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties '' . Nuclear Physics A. Atomic Mass Data Center . 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Jump up ^ Cobalt , Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 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Brandt ( 1735 ) `` Dissertatio de semimetallis '' ( Dissertation on semi-metals ) , Acta Literaria et Scientiarum Sveciae ( Journal of Swedish literature and sciences ) , vol. 4 , pages 1 -- 10 . See also : ( 1 ) G. Brandt ( 1746 ) `` Rön och anmärkningar angäende en synnerlig färg -- cobolt '' ( Observations and remarks concerning an extraordinary pigment -- cobalt ) , Kongliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar ( Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science ) , vol. 7 , pp. 119 -- 130 ; ( 2 ) G. Brandt ( 1748 ) `` Cobalti nova species examinata et descripta '' ( Cobalt , a new element examined and described ) , Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis ( Journal of the Royal Scientific Society of Uppsala ) , 1st series , vol. 3 , pp. 33 -- 41 ; ( 3 ) James L. Marshall and Virginia R. Marshall ( Spring 2003 ) `` Rediscovery of the Elements : Riddarhyttan , Sweden '' . The Hexagon ( official journal of the Alpha Chi Sigma fraternity of chemists ) , vol. 94 , no . 1 , pages 3 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Wang , Shijie ( 2006 ) . `` Cobalt -- Its recovery , recycling , and application '' . Journal of the Minerals , Metals and Materials Society . 58 ( 10 ) : 47 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2006JOM ... 58j ... 47W . doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 006 - 0201 - y . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements . III . Some eighteenth - century metals '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 : 22 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9 ... 22W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p22 . Jump up ^ Ramberg , Ivar B. ( 2008 ) . The making of a land : geology of Norway . Geological Society . pp. 98 -- . ISBN 978 - 82 - 92394 - 42 - 7 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cyclopaedia ( 1852 ) . C. Tomlinson. 9 divs , ed . Cyclopædia of useful arts & manufactures . pp. 400 -- . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Wellmer , Friedrich - Wilhelm ; Becker - Platen , Jens Dieter . `` Global Nonfuel Mineral Resources and Sustainability '' . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Westing , Arthur H ; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( 1986 ) . `` cobalt '' . Global resources and international conflict : environmental factors in strategic policy and action . pp. 75 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829104 - 6 . Jump up ^ Livingood , J. ; Seaborg , Glenn T. ( 1938 ) . `` Long - Lived Radio Cobalt Isotopes '' . Physical Review . 53 ( 10 ) : 847 -- 848 . Bibcode : 1938PhRv ... 53 ... 847L . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 53.847 . Jump up ^ Wu , C.S. ( 1957 ) . `` Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay '' . Physical Review . 105 ( 4 ) : 1413 -- 1415 . Bibcode : 1957PhRv ... 105.1413 W . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 105.1413 . Jump up ^ Wróblewski , A.K. ( 2008 ) . `` The Downfall of Parity -- the Revolution That Happened Fifty Years Ago '' ( PDF ) . Acta Physica Polonica B. 39 ( 2 ) : 251 . Bibcode : 2008AcPPB ... 39 ... 251W . Jump up ^ `` Richest Hole In The Mountain '' Popular Mechanics , May 1952 , pp. 65 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Ptitsyn , D.A. ; Chechetkin , V.M. ( 1980 ) . `` Creation of the Iron - Group Elements in a Supernova Explosion '' . Soviet Astronomy Letters. 6 : 61 -- 64 . Bibcode : 1980SvAL ... 6 ... 61P . Jump up ^ Nuccio , Pasquale Mario and Valenza , Mariano ( 1979 ) . `` Determination of metallic iron , nickel and cobalt in meteorites '' ( PDF ) . Rendiconti Societa Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrografia. 35 ( 1 ) : 355 -- 360 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kerr , Paul F. ( 1945 ) . `` Cattierite and Vaesite : New Co-Ni Minerals from the Belgian Kongo '' ( PDF ) . American Mineralogist. 30 : 483 -- 492 . Jump up ^ Buckley , A.N. ( 1987 ) . `` The Surface Oxidation of Cobaltite '' . Australian Journal of Chemistry . 40 ( 2 ) : 231 . doi : 10.1071 / CH9870231 . Jump up ^ Young , R. ( 1957 ) . `` The geochemistry of cobalt '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 13 : 28 -- 41 . Bibcode : 1957GeCoA ... 13 ... 28Y . doi : 10.1016 / 0016 - 7037 ( 57 ) 90056 - X . Jump up ^ Talhout , Reinskje ; Schulz , Thomas ; Florek , Ewa ; Van Benthem , Jan ; Wester , Piet ; Opperhuizen , Antoon ( 2011 ) . `` Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smok '' . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 8 ( 12 ) : 613 -- 628 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph8020613 . ISSN 1660 - 4601 . PMC 3084482 . PMID 21556207 . Jump up ^ Pourkhabbaz , A ; Pourkhabbaz , H ( 2012 ) . `` Investigation of Toxic Metals in the Tobacco of Different Iranian Cigarette Brands and Related Health Issues '' . Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences . 15 ( 1 ) : 636 -- 644 . PMC 3586865 . PMID 23493960 . ^ Jump up to : Shedd , Kim B. `` Mineral Yearbook 2006 : Cobalt '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Shedd , Kim B. `` Commodity Report 2008 : Cobalt '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph R. ( 2000 ) . ASM specialty handbook : nickel , cobalt , and their alloys . ASM International . p. 347 . ISBN 0 - 87170 - 685 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Cobalt '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries . January 2016 . pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wilson ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` We 'll All Be Relying on Congo to Power Our Electric Cars '' . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` African Mineral Production '' ( PDF ) . British Geological Survey . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Todd C. ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Cobalt mining for lithium ion batteries has a high human cost '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Todd C. Frankel ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` THE COBALT PIPELINE : Tracing the path from deadly hand - dug mines in Congo to consumers ' phones and laptops '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Crawford , Alex . Meet Dorsen , 8 , who mines cobalt to make your smartphone work . Sky News UK . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Are you holding a product of child labour right now ? ( Video ) . Sky News UK ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Child labour behind smart phone and electric car batteries . Amnesty International ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don . ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) Child Labor Revelation Prompts Apple to Make Supplier Policy Change . Fortune . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Todd C. ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) Apple cracks down further on cobalt supplier in Congo as child labor persists . The Washington Post . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wellmer , Friedrich - Wilhelm ; Becker - Platen , Jens Dieter . `` Global Nonfuel Mineral Resources and Sustainability '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CAMEC -- The Cobalt Champion '' ( PDF ) . International Mining . July 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Amy Witherden ( 6 July 2009 ) . `` Daily podcast -- July 6 , 2009 '' . Mining weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Ghost Town That Tesla Is Bringing Back to Life . Bloomberg ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Donachie , Matthew J. ( 2002 ) . Superalloys : A Technical Guide . ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 749 - 9 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Flake C ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys '' . Elements of metallurgy and engineering alloys . pp. 557 -- 558 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 867 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michel , R. ; Nolte , M. ; Reich M. ; Löer , F. ( 1991 ) . `` Systemic effects of implanted prostheses made of cobalt - chromium alloys '' . Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery . 110 ( 2 ) : 61 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00393876 . PMID 2015136 . Jump up ^ Disegi , John A. ( 1999 ) . Cobalt - base Aloys for Biomedical Applications . ASTM International . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 8031 - 2608 - 5 . Jump up ^ Luborsky , F.E. ; Mendelsohn , L.I. ; Paine , T.O. ( 1957 ) . `` Reproducing the Properties of Alnico Permanent Magnet Alloys with Elongated Single - Domain Cobalt - Iron Particles '' . Journal of Applied Physics. 28 ( 344 ) : 344 . Bibcode : 1957JAP ... 28 ... 344L . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1722744 . Jump up ^ Biggs , T. ; Taylor , S.S. ; Van Der Lingen , E. ( 2005 ) . `` The Hardening of Platinum Alloys for Potential Jewellery Application '' . Platinum Metals Review . 49 : 2 -- 15 . doi : 10.1595 / 147106705X24409 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkins , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Why we need cobalt '' . Applied Earth Science : Transactions of the Institution of Mining & Metallurgy , Section B. 110 ( 2 ) : 66 -- 71 . doi : 10.1179 / aes. 2001.110. 2.66 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , R.D. ; Briggs , G.W.D. ; Charles , E.A. ( 1988 ) . `` Some effects of the addition of cobalt to the nickel hydroxide electrode '' . Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 18 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 219 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01009266 . Jump up ^ Zhang , P. ; Yokoyama , Toshiro ; Itabashi , Osamu ; Wakui , Yoshito ; Suzuki , Toshishige M. ; Inoue , Katsutoshi ( 1999 ) . `` Recovery of metal values from spent nickel -- metal hydride rechargeable batteries '' . Journal of Power Sources . 77 ( 2 ) : 116 -- 122 . Bibcode : 1999JPS ... 77 ... 116Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 7753 ( 98 ) 00182 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carmakers ' electric dreams depend on supplies of rare minerals . The Guardian ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Castellano , Robert ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) How To Minimize Tesla 's Cobalt Supply Chain Risk . Seeking Alpha . ^ Jump up to : As Cobalt Supply Tightens , LiCo Energy Metals Announces Two New Cobalt Mines . CleanTechnica ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Shilling , Erik ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) We May Not Have Enough Minerals To Even Meet Electric Car Demand . jalopnik.com Jump up ^ Hermes , Jennifer . ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Tesla & GE Face Major Shortage Of Ethically Sourced Cobalt . Environmentalleader.com . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Electric cars yet to turn cobalt market into gold mine -- Nornickel . MINING.com ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Khodakov , Andrei Y. ; Chu , Wei & Fongarland , Pascal ( 2007 ) . `` Advances in the Development of Novel Cobalt Fischer - Tropsch Catalysts for Synthesis of Long - Chain Hydrocarbons and Clean Fuels '' . Chemical Reviews . 107 ( 5 ) : 1692 -- 1744 . doi : 10.1021 / cr050972v . PMID 17488058 . Jump up ^ Hebrard , Frédéric & Kalck , Philippe ( 2009 ) . `` Cobalt - Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Alkenes : Generation and Recycling of the Carbonyl Species , and Catalytic Cycle '' . Chemical Reviews . 109 ( 9 ) : 4272 -- 4282 . doi : 10.1021 / cr8002533 . PMID 19572688 . Jump up ^ Overman , Frederick ( 1852 ) . A treatise on metallurgy . D. Appleton & company . pp. 631 -- 637 . Jump up ^ Muhlethaler , Bruno ; Thissen , Jean ; Muhlethaler , Bruno ( 1969 ) . `` Smalt '' . Studies in Conservation. 14 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 1505347 . JSTOR 1505347 . Jump up ^ Gehlen , A.F. ( 1803 ) . `` Ueber die Bereitung einer blauen Farbe aus Kobalt , die eben so schön ist wie Ultramarin . Vom Bürger Thenard '' . Neues allgemeines Journal der Chemie , Band 2 . H. Frölich . ( German translation from L.J. Thénard ; Journal des Mines ; Brumaire 12 1802 ; p 128 -- 136 ) Jump up ^ Witteveen , H.J. ; Farnau , E.F. ( 1921 ) . `` Colors Developed by Cobalt Oxides '' . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry . 13 ( 11 ) : 1061 -- 1066 . doi : 10.1021 / ie50143a048 . Jump up ^ Venetskii , S. ( 1970 ) . `` The charge of the guns of peace '' . Metallurgist. 14 ( 5 ) : 334 -- 336 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00739447 . Jump up ^ Mandeville , C. ; Fulbright , H. ( 1943 ) . `` The Energies of the γ - Rays from Sb122 , Cd115 , Ir192 , Mn54 , Zn65 , and Co60 '' . Physical Review . 64 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 265 -- 267 . Bibcode : 1943PhRv ... 64 ... 265M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 64.265 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , V. M ; Gould , G ( 1998 ) . Food irradiation : a reference guide . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85573 - 359 - 6 . Jump up ^ Blakeslee , Sandra ( 1984 - 05 - 01 ) . `` The Juarez accident '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ciudad Juarez orphaned source dispersal , 1983 '' . Wm . Robert Johnston . 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement ; National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board ( January 2008 ) . Radiation source use and replacement : abbreviated version . National Academies Press . pp. 35 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 11014 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Theresa ( 2001 - 11 - 30 ) . Physical Therapist Examination Review . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55642 - 588 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kalnicky , D. ; Singhvi , R. ( 2001 ) . `` Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples '' . Journal of Hazardous Materials. 83 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 93 -- 122 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 3894 ( 00 ) 00330 - 7 . PMID 11267748 . Jump up ^ Payne , L.R. ( 1977 ) . `` The Hazards of Cobalt '' . Occupational Medicine . 27 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 25 . doi : 10.1093 / occmed / 27.1. 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph R ; Handbook Committee , ASM International ( 2000 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Cobalt '' . Nickel , cobalt , and their alloys . p. 354 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 685 - 0 . Jump up ^ Committee On Technological Alternatives For Cobalt Conservation , National Research Council ( U.S. ) ; National Materials Advisory Board , National Research Council ( U.S. ) ( 1983 ) . `` Ground -- Coat Frit '' . Cobalt conservation through technological alternatives . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Yamada , Kazuhiro ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9 . Cobalt : Its Role in Health and Disease '' . In Astrid Sigel ; Helmut Sigel ; Roland K.O. Sigel . Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 . Springer . pp. 295 -- 320 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_9 . Jump up ^ Cracan , Valentin ; Banerjee , Ruma ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 10 Cobalt and Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry '' . In Banci , Lucia . Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 12 . Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 10_10 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5560 - 4 . electronic - book ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1 ISSN 1559 - 0836 electronic - ISSN 1868 - 0402 Jump up ^ Schwarz , F.J. ; Kirchgessner , M. ; Stangl , G.I. ( 2000 ) . `` Cobalt requirement of beef cattle -- feed intake and growth at different levels of cobalt supply '' . Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 83 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 131 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0396.2000. 00258. x . Jump up ^ `` Soils '' . Waikato University . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : McDowell , Lee Russell ( 2008 ) . Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons . p. 525 . ISBN 9780470376683 . Jump up ^ Australian Academy of Science > Deceased Fellows > Hedley Ralph Marston 1900 -- 1965 Accessed 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Voet , Judith G. ; Voet , Donald ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . p. 675 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 58651 - X . OCLC 31819701 . Jump up ^ Smith , David M. ; Golding , Bernard T. ; Radom , Leo ( 1999 ) . `` Understanding the Mechanism of B12 - Dependent Methylmalonyl - CoA Mutase : Partial Proton Transfer in Action '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 121 ( 40 ) : 9388 -- 9399 . doi : 10.1021 / ja991649a . Jump up ^ Kobayashi , Michihiko ; Shimizu , Sakayu ( 1999 ) . `` Cobalt proteins '' . European Journal of Biochemistry . 261 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1432 - 1327.1999. 00186. x . PMID 10103026 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , John D. and Beyersmann , Detmar ( 2005 ) `` Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a07_281. pub2 Jump up ^ `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0146 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Morin Y ; Tětu A ; Mercier G ( 1969 ) . `` Quebec beer - drinkers ' cardiomyopathy : Clinical and hemodynamic aspects '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 156 ( 1 ) : 566 -- 576 . Bibcode : 1969NYASA. 156 ... 566M . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1969. tb16751. x . PMID 5291148 . Jump up ^ Barceloux , Donald G. & Barceloux , Donald ( 1999 ) . `` Cobalt '' . Clinical Toxicology. 37 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 216 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 100102420 . Jump up ^ Basketter , David A. ; Angelini , Gianni ; Ingber , Arieh ; Kern , Petra S. ; Menné , Torkil ( 2003 ) . `` Nickel , chromium and cobalt in consumer products : revisiting safe levels in the new millennium '' . Contact Dermatitis. 49 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0105 - 1873.2003. 00149. x . PMID 14641113 . Jump up ^ Xiangliang , Pan ; Jianlong , Wang ; Daoyong , Zhang ( January 2009 ) . `` Sorption of cobalt to bone char : Kinetics , competitive sorption and mechanism '' . Salination. 249 ( 2 ) : 609 -- 614 . doi : 10.1016 / j. desal. 2009.01. 027 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cobalt . Look up cobalt in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Cobalt at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Centers for Disease and Prevention -- Cobalt The Cobalt Institute ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Cobalt compounds CoBr Co ( CN ) CoCO CoC O CoCl CoCl Co ( ClO ) CoF CoF CoI Co ( NO ) Co ( NO ) CoO Co ( OH ) CoS CoSO CoSe Co O Co P Co O Co ( PO ) LCCN : sh85027513 GND : 4070047 - 1 BNF : cb119794179 ( data ) NDL : 00566072 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&oldid=828340074 '' Categories : Cobalt Chemical elements Transition metals Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Dietary minerals Ferromagnetic materials IARC Group 2B carcinogens Child labour Cobalt mining Informal economy in Africa Resource economics Mining communities in Africa Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Mbugu - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . 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what is the atomic mass of the element cobalt (co)
[ "\nCobalt, 27Co\n\n\n\n\nGeneral properties\n\n\nPronunciation\n/ˈkoʊbɒlt/ ( listen)[1]\n\n\nAppearance\nhard lustrous bluish gray metal\n\n\nStandard atomic weight (Ar, standard)\n7001589331940000000♠58.933194(4)[2]\n\n\nCobalt in the periodic table\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHydrogen\n\nHelium\n\n\nLithium\nBeryllium\n\nBoron\nCarbon\nNitrogen\nOxygen\nFluorine\nNeon\n\n\nSodium\nMagnesium\n\nAluminium\nSilicon\nPhosphorus\nSulfur\nChlorine\nArgon\n\n\nPotassium\nCalcium\nScandium\n\nTitanium\nVanadium\nChromium\nManganese\nIron\nCobalt\nNickel\nCopper\nZinc\nGallium\nGermanium\nArsenic\nSelenium\nBromine\nKrypton\n\n\nRubidium\nStrontium\nYttrium\n\n\nZirconium\nNiobium\nMolybdenum\nTechnetium\nRuthenium\nRhodium\nPalladium\nSilver\nCadmium\nIndium\nTin\nAntimony\nTellurium\nIodine\nXenon\n\n\nCaesium\nBarium\nLanthanum\nCerium\nPraseodymium\nNeodymium\nPromethium\nSamarium\nEuropium\nGadolinium\nTerbium\nDysprosium\nHolmium\nErbium\nThulium\nYtterbium\nLutetium\nHafnium\nTantalum\nTungsten\nRhenium\nOsmium\nIridium\nPlatinum\nGold\nMercury (element)\nThallium\nLead\nBismuth\nPolonium\nAstatine\nRadon\n\n\nFrancium\nRadium\nActinium\nThorium\nProtactinium\nUranium\nNeptunium\nPlutonium\nAmericium\nCurium\nBerkelium\nCalifornium\nEinsteinium\nFermium\nMendelevium\nNobelium\nLawrencium\nRutherfordium\nDubnium\nSeaborgium\nBohrium\nHassium\nMeitnerium\nDarmstadtium\nRoentgenium\nCopernicium\nNihonium\nFlerovium\nMoscovium\nLivermorium\nTennessine\nOganesson\n\n\n\n\n–\n↑\nCo\n↓\nRh\n\n\niron ← cobalt → nickel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAtomic number (Z)\n27\n\n\nGroup\ngroup 9\n\n\nPeriod\nperiod 4\n\n\nElement category\n transition metal\n\n\nBlock\nd-block\n\n\nElectron configuration\n[Ar] 3d7 4s2\n\n\n\nElectrons per shell\n\n2, 8, 15, 2\n\n\nPhysical properties\n\n\nColor\nmetallic gray\n\n\nPhase at STP\nsolid\n\n\nMelting point\n1768 K ​(1495 °C, ​2723 °F)\n\n\nBoiling point\n3200 K ​(2927 °C, ​5301 °F)\n\n\nDensity (near r.t.)\n8.90 g/cm3\n\n\nwhen liquid (at m.p.)\n8.86 g/cm3\n\n\nHeat of fusion\n16.06 kJ/mol\n\n\nHeat of vaporization\n377 kJ/mol\n\n\nMolar heat capacity\n24.81 J/(mol·K)\n\n\nVapor pressure\n\n\n\nP (Pa)\n1\n10\n100\n1 k\n10 k\n100 k\n\n\nat T (K)\n1790\n1960\n2165\n2423\n2755\n3198\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAtomic properties\n\n\nOxidation states\n−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[3] ​(an amphoteric oxide)\n\n\nElectronegativity\nPauling scale: 1.88\n\n\nIonization energies\n\n\n\n1st: 760.4 kJ/mol\n2nd: 1648 kJ/mol\n3rd: 3232 kJ/mol\n(more)\n\n\n\n\n\nAtomic radius\nempirical: 125 pm\n\n\nCovalent radius\nLow spin: 126±3 pm\nHigh spin: 150±7 pm\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpectral lines\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellanea\n\n\nCrystal structure\n​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)\n\n\n\n\nSpeed of sound thin rod\n4720 m/s (at 20 °C)\n\n\nThermal expansion\n13.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)\n\n\nThermal conductivity\n100 W/(m·K)\n\n\nElectrical resistivity\n62.4 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)\n\n\nMagnetic ordering\nferromagnetic\n\n\nYoung's modulus\n209 GPa\n\n\nShear modulus\n75 GPa\n\n\nBulk modulus\n180 GPa\n\n\nPoisson ratio\n0.31\n\n\nMohs hardness\n5.0\n\n\nVickers hardness\n1043 MPa\n\n\nBrinell hardness\n470–3000 MPa\n\n\nCAS Number\n7440-48-4\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nDiscovery and first isolation\nGeorg Brandt (1735)\n\n\nMain isotopes of cobalt\n\n\n\n\n\nIso­tope\nAbun­dance\nHalf-life (t1/2)\nDecay mode\nPro­duct\n\n\n56Co\nsyn\n77.27 d\nε\n56Fe\n\n\n57Co\nsyn\n271.79 d\nε\n57Fe\n\n\n58Co\nsyn\n70.86 d\nε\n58Fe\n\n\n59Co\n100%\nstable\n\n\n60Co\nsyn\n5.2714 y\nβ−, γ\n60Ni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nview\ntalk\nedit\n\n\n| references | in Wikidata\n\n" ]
[ "58.933194" ]
-9145808001592333793
List of Power episodes
List of Power episodes - wikipedia List of Power episodes Power is an American television drama broadcast on Starz created by Courtney A. Kemp . The series follows James St. Patrick ( played by Omari Hardwick ) , nicknamed `` Ghost '' , owner of a popular New York City nightclub , and a major player in one of the city 's biggest illegal drug networks . He struggles to balance these two lives , and the balance topples when he realizes he wants to leave the drug ring in order to support his legitimate business , and commit to his mistress . The series premiered on June 7 , 2014 . As of September 9 , 2018 , 49 episodes of Power have aired . The fifth season of Power premiered on July 1 , 2018 . Power has also been renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 June 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 07 ) August 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 02 ) 10 June 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) August 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 15 ) 10 July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 10 June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 5 10 July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Not Exactly How We Planned '' Anthony Hemingway Courtney A. Kemp June 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 07 ) 0.462 `` Whoever He Is '' Anthony Hemingway Courtney A. Kemp June 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 14 ) 0.614 `` This Is Real '' John David Coles Lauren Schmidt Hissrich June 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 21 ) 0.472 `` Who Are You ? '' John David Coles Sascha Penn June 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 28 ) 0.557 5 5 `` I Gotta Go '' George Tillman Jr . Randy Huggins July 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 12 ) 0.528 6 6 `` Who You With ? '' George Tillman Jr . Salvatore Stabile July 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) 0.745 7 7 `` Loyalty '' Kari Skogland Raphael Jackson Jr . & Damione Macedon July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) 0.754 8 8 `` Best Laid Plans '' Kari Skogland Courtney A. Kemp & Vladimir Cvetko August 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 02 ) 1.08 Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Consequences '' Simon Cellan Jones Courtney A. Kemp June 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) 1.43 10 `` No Friends on the Street '' Stefan Schwartz Gary Lennon June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) 1.12 11 `` Like We 're Any Other Couple '' David Knoller Randy Huggins June 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 20 ) 1.11 12 `` You 're the Only Person I Can Trust '' Bill Johnson Lauren Schmidt June 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 27 ) 1.30 13 5 `` Who You Are and Who You Want to Be '' David Knoller Raphael Jackson Jr . & Damione Macedon July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) 1.25 14 6 `` Why Her ? '' Sanford Bookstaver Gary Lennon July 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 18 ) 1.25 15 7 `` You 're Not the Man '' Dennie Gordon Vladimir Cvetko July 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 25 ) 1.26 16 8 `` Three Moves Ahead '' Rob Hardy Randy Huggins August 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 01 ) 1.04 17 9 `` Time 's Up '' Jim McKay Raphael Jackson Jr . & Damione Macedon August 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 08 ) 1.37 18 10 `` Ghost Is Dead '' Michael J. Bassett Courtney A. Kemp & Safia Dirie August 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 15 ) 1.54 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Call Me James '' George Tillman Jr . Courtney A. Kemp July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 2.26 20 `` It 's Never Over '' Sanford Bookstaver Gary Lennon July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 1.74 21 `` I Got This on Lock '' Lukas Ettlin Randy Huggins July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 1.88 22 `` Do n't Worry , Baby '' Larysa Kondracki Heather Zuhlke August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 1.72 23 5 `` Help Me '' Sanford Bookstaver Damione Macedon & Raphael Jackson Jr . August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 1.80 24 6 `` The Right Decision '' Michael J. Bassett Vladimir Cvetko August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 2.11 25 7 `` Do n't Go '' Rob Hardy Safia M. Dirie August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 1.84 26 8 `` Trust Me '' Jim McKay Gary Lennon September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 1.99 27 9 `` I Call the Shots '' Magnus Martens Damione Macedon & Raphael Jackson Jr . September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 2.04 28 10 `` In My Best Interest '' Michael J. Bassett Courtney A. Kemp & Jeff Dix September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 2.01 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 29 `` When I Get Out '' Stefan Schwartz Courtney A. Kemp June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 1.68 30 `` Things Are Going to Get Worse '' Sanford Bookstaver Heather Zuhlke July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 1.44 31 `` The Kind of Man You Are '' Larysa Kondracki Jeff Dix July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 1.72 32 `` We 're in This Together '' J. Michael Muro Warren Hsu Leonard July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.72 33 5 `` Do n't Thank Me '' Sanford Bookstaver Raphael Jackson , Jr . & Damione Macedon July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 1.79 34 6 `` New Man '' Dennie Gordon Gary Lennon July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 1.83 35 7 `` You Lied to My Face '' Sanford Bookstaver Vladimir Cvetko August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.69 36 8 `` It 's Done '' Hernán Otoño Raphael Jackson , Jr . & Damione Macedon August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 1.81 37 9 `` That Ai n't Me '' Victoria Mahoney Raphael Jackson , Jr . & Damione Macedon August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 1.90 38 10 `` You Ca n't Fix This '' Rob Hardy Courtney A. Kemp & Monica Mitchell September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 2.00 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 39 `` Everyone Is Implicated '' Stefan Schwartz Courtney A. Kemp July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 1.55 40 `` Damage Control '' Solvan Naim and Naturi Naughton Heather Zuhlke July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 0.70 41 `` Are We On the Same Team ? '' Tina Mabry Vladimir Cvetko July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 1.50 42 `` Second Chances '' Bart Wenrich Jeff Dix July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 1.36 43 5 `` Happy Birthday '' Sanford Bookstaver Safia M. Dirie July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 1.35 44 6 `` A Changed Man ? '' Ami Canaan Mann Monica Mitchell August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 1.33 45 7 `` The Devil Inside '' Rob Hardy Heather Zuhlke August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 1.41 46 8 `` A Friend of the Family '' Hernán Otoño Vladimir Cvetko & Safia M. Dirie August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 1.46 47 9 `` There 's a Snitch Among Us '' Gary Lennon Gary Lennon September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) 1.42 48 10 `` When This Is Over '' MJ Bassett Courtney A. Kemp & Gabriela Uribe September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) 1.53 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Starz Greenlights Drama ' Power ' From Executive Producer Curtis ' 50 Cent ' Jackson '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Power ' Renewed For Season 6 On Starz ; Gets Season 5 Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Starz Drama ' Power ' Attracts Younger , More Female Audience Than Recent Originals on Cabler '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : ESPN Tops Demos with World Cup Soccer - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Crisis '' Swan Song Tops Originals - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Dateline , '' NASCAR Top the Charts - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Dateline NBC '' Keeps Win Streak Alive - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' & ' Sanjay and Craig ' Win Day , ' Sex Sent Me to the ER ' , ' Power ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ' Leads Night + ' Attack on Titan ' , NASCAR Coverage & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Sharktopus Vs. Pteracuda ' Wins Night , ' Power ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Fairly Odd Summer ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : Boxing Wins Night , ' Power ' , Soccer , & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Tops Night + ' Kill La Kill ' , ' Power ' , ' Jeff Ross Roasts Criminals ' , ' Sword Art Online ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' A Deadly Adoption ' Wins Night , ' Kill la Kill ' , ' Power ' , Women 's World Cup & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Perfect High ' & ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Top Night + ' Power ' , FIFA Women 's World Cup & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : NASCAR & ' Power ' Win Night , ' Kill La Kill ' , ' Cops ' , Wimbledon & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Power ' , ' Kill La Kill ' & Golf Win Night , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Mythbusters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Tops Night + ' Kill la Kill ' , ' Power ' , ' Sword Art Online ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : UFC & ' Kill La Kill ' Win Night , ' Power ' , ' Sword Art Online ' , Boxing , ' Cops ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z ; Kai ' Tops Night + ' Akame ga Kill ' , ' Mitchiko & Hatchin ' , ' Power ' , ' Sword Art Online ' & Mroe ( sic ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Power ' , ' Akame ga Kill ' & Preseason Football Win Night , ' Sword Art Online ' , ' Cops ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power ' Season 3 premiere sets a record for Starz '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : NASCAR races to No. 1 , ' Power ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official series website List of Power episodes at the Internet Movie Database List of Power episodes at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Power_episodes&oldid=863398695 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when is season 5 episode 6 of power coming out
[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date U.S. viewers(millions)391\"Everyone Is Implicated\"Stefan SchwartzCourtney A. KempJuly 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)1.55[41]\n402\"Damage Control\"Solvan Naim and Naturi NaughtonHeather ZuhlkeJuly 8, 2018 (2018-07-08)0.70[42]\n413\"Are We On the Same Team?\"Tina MabryVladimir CvetkoJuly 15, 2018 (2018-07-15)1.50[43]\n424\"Second Chances\"Bart WenrichJeff DixJuly 22, 2018 (2018-07-22)1.36[44]\n435\"Happy Birthday\"Sanford BookstaverSafia M. DirieJuly 29, 2018 (2018-07-29)1.35[45]\n446\"A Changed Man?\"Ami Canaan MannMonica MitchellAugust 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)1.33[46]\n457\"The Devil Inside\"Rob HardyHeather ZuhlkeAugust 12, 2018 (2018-08-12)1.41[47]\n468\"A Friend of the Family\"Hernán OtoñoVladimir Cvetko & Safia M. DirieAugust 26, 2018 (2018-08-26)1.46[48]\n479\"There's a Snitch Among Us\"Gary LennonGary LennonSeptember 2, 2018 (2018-09-02)1.42[49]\n4810\"When This Is Over\"MJ BassettCourtney A. Kemp & Gabriela UribeSeptember 9, 2018 (2018-09-09)1.53[50]" ]
[ "August 5, 2018" ]
3719307523572816633
Ethos
Ethos - wikipedia Ethos Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ethos ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Ethnos . A sculpture representing Ethos outside the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly in Canberra , Australia Ethos ( / ˈiːθɒs / or US : / ˈiːθoʊs / ) is a Greek word meaning `` character '' that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community , nation , or ideology . The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions , behaviours , and even morals . Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way . The word 's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and origin 2 Current usage 3 Rhetoric 3.1 Modern interpretations 4 Character in Greek tragedy 5 Character , or ethos , in pictorial narrative 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology and origin ( edit ) Ethos ( ἦθος , ἔθος , plurals : ethe ( ἤθη ) , ethea ( ἤθεα ) ) is a Greek word originally meaning `` accustomed place '' ( as in ἤθεα ἵππων `` the habitats of horses '' , Iliad 6.511 , 15.268 ) , `` custom , habit '' , equivalent to Latin mores . Ethos forms the root of ethikos ( ἠθικός ) , meaning `` moral , showing moral character '' . As an adjective in the neuter plural form ta ethika ( τὰ ἠθικά ) , used for the study of morals , it is the origin of the modern English word ethics . Current usage ( edit ) In modern usage , ethos denotes the disposition , character , or fundamental values particular to a specific person , people , corporation , culture , or movement . For example , the poet and critic T.S. Eliot wrote in 1940 that `` the general ethos of the people they have to govern determines the behaviour of politicians . '' Similarly the historian Orlando Figes wrote in 1996 that in Soviet Russia of the 1920s `` the ethos of the Communist party dominated every aspect of public life . '' Ethos may change in response to new ideas or forces . For example , according to the Jewish historian Afrie Krampf , ideas of economic modernization which were imported into Palestine in the 1930s brought about `` the abandonment of the agrarian ethos and the reception of ... the ethos of rapid development '' . Rhetoric ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In rhetoric , ethos is one of the three artistic proofs ( pistis , πίστις ) or modes of persuasion ( other principles being logos and pathos ) discussed by Aristotle in ' Rhetoric ' as a component of argument . Speakers must establish ethos from the start . This can involve `` moral competence '' only ; Aristotle however broadens the concept to include expertise and knowledge . Ethos is limited , in his view , by what the speaker says . Others however contend that a speaker 's ethos extends to and is shaped by the overall moral character and history of the speaker -- that is , what people think of his or her character before the speech is even begun ( cf Isocrates ) . According to Aristotle , there are three categories of ethos . phronesis -- practical skills & wisdom arete -- virtue , goodness eunoia -- goodwill towards the audience In a sense , ethos does not belong to the speaker but to the audience . Thus , it is the audience that determines whether a speaker is a high - or a low - ethos speaker . Violations of ethos include : The speaker has a direct interest in the outcome of the debate ( e.g. a person pleading innocence of a crime ) ; The speaker has a vested interest or ulterior motive in the outcome of the debate ; The speaker has no expertise ( e.g. a lawyer giving a speech on space flight is less convincing than an astronaut giving the same speech ) . Completely dismissing an argument based on any of the above violations of ethos is an informal fallacy ( Appeal to motive ) . The argument may indeed be suspect ; but is not , in itself , invalid . Modern interpretations ( edit ) For Aristotle , a speaker 's ethos was a rhetorical strategy employed by an orator whose purpose was to `` inspire trust in his audience '' ( Rhetorica 1380 ) . Ethos was therefore achieved through the orator 's `` good sense , good moral character , and goodwill '' , and central to Aristotelian virtue ethics was the notion that this `` good moral character '' was increased in virtuous degree by habit ( Rhetorica 1380 ) . Aristotle links virtue , habituation , and ethos most succinctly in Book II of Nichomachean Ethics : `` Virtue , then , being of two kinds , intellectual and moral , intellectual virtue in the main owes both its birth and its growth to teaching ... while moral virtue comes about as a result of habit , whence also its name ethike is one that is formed by a slight variation from the word ethos ( habit ) '' ( 952 ) . Discussing women and rhetoric , scholar Karlyn Kohrs Campbell notes that entering the public sphere was considered an act of moral transgression for females of the nineteenth century : `` Women who formed moral reform and abolitionist societies , and who made speeches , held conventions , and published newspapers , entered the public sphere and thereby lost their claims to purity and piety '' ( 13 ) . Crafting an ethos within such restrictive moral codes , therefore , meant adhering to membership of what Nancy Fraser and Michael Warner have theorized as counterpublics . While Warner contends that members of counterpublics are afforded little opportunity to join the dominant public and therefore exert true agency , Nancy Fraser has problematized Habermas 's conception of the public sphere as a dominant `` social totality '' by theorizing `` subaltern counterpublics '' , which function as alternative publics that represent `` parallel discursive arenas where members of subordinated social groups invent and circulate counterdiscourses , which in turn permit them to formulate oppositional interpretations of their identities , interests , and needs '' ( 67 ) . Although feminist rhetorical theorists have begun to offer more nuanced ways to conceive of ethos , they remain cognizant of how these classical associations have shaped and still do shape women 's use of the rhetorical tool . Johanna Schmertz draws on Aristotelian ethos to reinterpret the term alongside feminist theories of subjectivity , writing that , `` Instead of following a tradition that , it seems to me , reads ethos somewhat in the manner of an Aristotelian quality proper to the speaker 's identity , a quality capable of being deployed as needed to fit a rhetorical situation , I will ask how ethos may be dislodged from identity and read in such a way as to multiply the positions from which women may speak '' ( 83 ) . Rhetorical scholar and professor Kate Ronald 's claim that `` ethos is the appeal residing in the tension between the speaker 's private and public self '' , ( 39 ) also presents a more postmodern view of ethos that links credibility and identity . Similarly , Nedra Reynolds and Susan Jarratt echo this view of ethos as a fluid and dynamic set of identifications , arguing that `` these split selves are guises , but they are not distortions or lies in the philosopher 's sense . Rather they are ' deceptions ' in the sophistic sense : recognitions of the ways one is positioned multiply differently '' ( 56 ) . Rhetorical scholar Michael Halloran has argued that the classical understanding of ethos `` emphasizes the conventional rather than the idiosyncratic , the public rather than the private '' ( 60 ) . Commenting further on the classical etymology and understanding of ethos , Halloran illuminates the interdependence between ethos and cultural context by arguing that `` To have ethos is to manifest the virtues most valued by the culture to and for which one speaks '' ( 60 ) . While scholars do not all agree on the dominant sphere in which ethos may be crafted , some agree that ethos is formed through the negotiation between private experience and the public , rhetorical act of self - expression . Karen Burke LeFevre 's argument in Invention as Social Act situates this negotiation between the private and the public , writing that ethos `` appears in that socially created space , in the ' between ' , the point of intersection between speaker or writer and listener or reader '' ( 45 - 46 ) . According to Nedra Reynolds , `` ethos , like postmodern subjectivity , shifts and changes over time , across texts , and around competing spaces '' ( 336 ) . However , Reynolds additionally discusses how one might clarify the meaning of ethos within rhetoric as expressing inherently communal roots . This stands in direct opposition to what she describes as the claim `` that ethos can be faked or ' manipulated ' '' because individuals would be formed by the values of their culture and not the other way around ( 336 ) . Rhetorical scholar John Oddo also suggests that ethos is negotiated across a community , and not simply a manifestation of the self ( 47 ) . In the era of mass - mediated communication , Oddo contends , one 's ethos is often created by journalists and dispersed over multiple news texts . With this in mind , Oddo coins the term intertextual ethos , the notion that a public figure 's `` ethos is constituted within and across a range of mass media voices '' ( 48 ) . In `` Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos '' , scholar Coretta Pittman notes that race has been generally absent from theories of ethos construction , and that this concept is troubling for black women . Pittman writes , `` Unfortunately , in the history of race relations in America , black Americans ' ethos ranks low among other racial and ethnic groups in the United States . More often than not , their moral characters have been associated with a criminalized and sexualized ethos in visual and print culture '' ( 43 ) . Character in Greek tragedy ( edit ) The ways in which characters in Greek tragedies were constructed is important when considering ethos , or character , in Greek tragedy . Augustus Taber Murray explains that the depiction of a character was limited by the circumstances under which Greek tragedies were presented . These include the single unchanging scene , necessary use of the chorus , small number of characters limiting interaction , large outdoor theatres , and the use of masks , which all influenced characters to be more formal and simple . Murray also declares that the inherent characteristics of Greek tragedies are important in the makeup of the characters . One of these is the fact that tragedy characters were nearly always mythical characters . This limited the character , as well as the plot , to the already well - known myth from which the material of the play was taken . The other characteristic is the relatively short length of most Greek plays . This limited the scope of the play and characterization , so that the characters were defined by one overriding motivation toward a certain objective from the beginning of the play . However , in regard to this trait , Murray clarifies that strict constancy is not always the rule in Greek tragedy characters . To support this , he points out the example of Antigone who , even though she strongly defies Creon in the beginning of the play , begins to doubt her cause and plead for mercy as she is led to her execution . Several other aspects of the character element in ancient Greek tragedy are worth noting . One of these , which C. Garet discusses , is the fact that either because of contradictory action or incomplete description , the character can not be viewed as an individual , or the reader is left confused about the character . One method of reconciling this would be to consider these characters to be flat , or type - caste , instead of round . This would mean that most of the information about the character centers around one main quality or viewpoint . Comparable to the flat character option , the reader could also view the character as a symbol . Examples of this might be the Eumenides as vengeance , or Clytemnestra as symbolizing ancestral curse . Yet another means of looking at character , according to Tycho von Wilamowitz and Howald , is the idea that characterisation is not important . This idea is maintained by the theory that the play is meant to affect the viewer or reader scene by scene , with attention being only focused on the section at hand . This point of view also holds that the different figures in a play are only characterised by the situation surrounding them , and only enough so that their actions can be understood . Garet makes three more observations about character in Greek tragedy . The first is an abundant variety of types of characters in Greek tragedy . His second observation is that the reader or viewer 's need for characters to display a unified identity that is similar to human nature is usually fulfilled . Thirdly , characters in tragedies include incongruities and idiosyncrasies . Another aspect stated by Garet is that tragedy plays are composed of language , character , and action , and the interactions of these three components ; these are fused together throughout the play . He explains that action normally determines the major means of characterisation . Another principle he states is the importance of these three components ' effect on each other ; the important repercussion of this being character 's impact on action . Augustus Taber Murray also examines the importance and degree of interaction between plot and character . He does this by discussing Aristotle 's statements about plot and character in his Poetics : that plot can exist without character , but character can not exist without plot , and so character is secondary to plot . Murray maintains that Aristotle did not mean that complicated plot should hold the highest place in a tragedy play . This is because the plot was , more often than not , simple and therefore not a major point of tragic interest . Murray conjectures that people today do not accept Aristotle 's statement about character and plot because to modern people , the most memorable things about tragedy plays are often the characters . Murray does , however , concede that Aristotle is correct in that `` There can be no portrayal of character ... without at least a skeleton outline of plot . '' Character , or ethos , in pictorial narrative ( edit ) Ethos , or character , also appears in the visual art of famous or mythological ancient Greek events in murals , on pottery , and sculpture , referred to generally as pictorial narrative . Aristotle even praised the ancient Greek painter Polygnotos because his paintings included characterization . The way in which the subject and his actions are portrayed in visual art can convey the subject 's ethical character and through this the work 's overall theme , just as effectively as poetry or drama can . This characterisation portrayed men as they ought to be , which is the same as Aristotle 's idea of what ethos or character should be in tragedy . ( Stansbury - O'Donnell , p. 178 ) Professor Mark D. Stansbury - O'Donnell states that pictorial narratives often had ethos as its focus , and was therefore concerned with showing the character 's moral choices . ( Stansbury - O'Donnell , p. 175 ) David Castriota , agreeing with Stansbury - O'Donnell's statement , says that the main way Aristotle considered poetry and visual arts to be on equal levels was in character representation and its effect on action . However , Castriota also maintains about Aristotle 's opinion that `` his interest has to do with the influence that such ethical representation may exert upon the public . '' Castriota also explains that according to Aristotle , `` The activity of these artists is to be judged worthy and useful above all because exposure of their work is beneficial to the polis . '' Accordingly , this was the reason for the representation of character , or ethos , in public paintings and sculptures . In order to portray the character 's choice , the pictorial narrative often shows an earlier scene than when the action was committed . Stansbury - O'Donnell gives an example of this in the form of a picture by the ancient Greek artist Exekia which shows the Greek hero Ajax planting his sword in the ground in preparation to commit suicide , instead of the actual suicide scene . ( Stansbury - O'Donnell , p. 177 . ) Additionally , Castriota explains that ancient Greek art expresses the idea that character was the major factor influencing the outcome of the Greeks ' conflicts against their enemies . Because of this , `` ethos was the essential variable in the equation or analogy between myth and actuality . '' See also ( edit ) Nicomachean Ethics Ethopoiein Rhetoric ( Aristotle ) Poetics ( Aristotle ) Logos Pathos References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiss , Piero and Taruskin , Richard , `` Music in the Western World : A History in Documents '' ( 1984 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Proscurcin Jr. , Der Begriff Ethos bei Homer. ( 2014 ) pp. 162 -- 63 Jump up ^ Aristotle , Nicomachean Ethics , Book 2 ( 1103a17 ) Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot , The idea of a Christian society ( 1940 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Orlando Figes , A people 's tragedy : the Russian Revolution , 1891 -- 1924 ( 1996 ) p. 682 Jump up ^ Afrie Krampf , `` Reception of the Developmental Approach in the Jewish Economic Discourse of Mandatory Palestine , 1934 -- 1938 , '' Israel Studies , Summer 2010 , Vol. 15 # 2 , pp. 80 -- 103 Jump up ^ Smith , Ethos Dwells Pervasively In : The Ethos of Rhetoric. ( 2004 ) pp. 2 -- 5 Jump up ^ Woerther , L'èthos aristotélicien. ( 2007 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Campbell , Karlyn Kohrs ( 1989 ) . Man Cannot Speak for Her : Volume I ; A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric . Praeger . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Warner , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` Publics and Counterpublics '' . Public Culture . Jump up ^ Fraser , Nancy ( 1990 ) . `` Rethinking the Public Sphere : A Contribution to the Critique of the Actually Existing Democracy '' . Social Text . Jump up ^ Schmertz , Johanna ( 1999 ) . `` Constructing Essences : Ethos and the Postmodern Subject of Feminism '' . Rhetoric Review . Jump up ^ Ronald , Kate ( 1990 ) . `` A Reexamination of Personal and Public Discourse in Classical Rhetoric '' . Rhetoric Review . Jump up ^ Susan , Jarratt ; Reynolds , Nedra ( 1994 ) . Ethos : New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory . Dallas : Southern Methodist University Press . pp. 37 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Halloran , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` Aristotle 's Concept of Ethos , or if not His , Someone Else 's '' . Rhetoric Review . Jump up ^ LeFevre , K.B. ( 1987 ) . Invention as a Social Act . Southern Illinois University Press . Jump up ^ Pittman , Corretta ( 2007 ) . `` Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos : Harriet Jacobs , Billie Holiday , and Sister Souljah '' . Rhetoric Society Quarterly . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Aristotle 's Poetics. ( 1998 ) pp. 138 -- 39 Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ancient Theater and Performance Culture In : The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theater . ( 2007 ) pp. 36 ff . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Aristoteles über das Wesen und die Wirkung der Tragödie ( Kap. 6 ) In : Aristoteles . Poetik. ( 2009 ) pp. 87 ff . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , pp. 247 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , pp. 248 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Castriota ( 1992 ) , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Castriota ( 1992 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Castriota ( 1992 ) , p. 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Aristotle . Nicomachean Ethics ( transl . W.D. Ross ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0199213615 Aristotle . On Rhetoric ( Transl . G.A. Kennedy ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 9780195305098 Barthes , Roland . L'ancienne rhétorique . Communications , Vol. 16 , Nr. 1 ( 1970 ) , Seuil : pp. 172 - 223 ( 1 ) Campbell , Karlyn Kohrs Man Cannot Speak for Her : A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric . Praeger , 1989 . Castriota , David . Myth , Ethos , and Actuality : Official Art in Fifth - Century B.C. Athens . London : University of Wisconsin Press , 1992 . Chiron , Pierre . Aristote : Rhétorique . Paris : Flammarion , 2007 . ISBN 2080711350 Fraser , Nancy . `` Rethinking the Public Sphere : A Contribution to the Critique of the Actually Existing Democracy . '' Social Text 25.26 ( 1990 ) : 56 - 80 . Gandler , Stefan `` The quadruple modern Ethos : Critical Theory in the Americas . '' APA Newsletter on Hispanic / Lantino Issues in Philosophy , Newark , DE : American Philosophical Association / University of Delaware , vol. 14 , núm. 1 , fall 2014 , pp. 2 - 4 . ISSN 2155 - 9708 . Garton , C. `` Characteristics in Greek Tragedy . '' The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 77 , Part 2 . ( 1957 ) , pp. 247 -- 254 . JSTOR. ( 2 ) Garver , Eugene . Aristotle 's Rhetoric : On Art of Character . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0226284255 Givone , Sergio . Eros / Ethos . Turin : Einaudi , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 8806155490 Grazia , Margreta . Hamlet without Hamlet . New York , NY : Cambridge , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0521690362 Habermas , Jurgen . The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere . Cambridge : The MIT Press , 1991 . Halliwell , Stephen . Aristotle 's Poetics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0226313948 Halloran , S. Michael . `` Aristotle 's Concept of Ethos , or if not His , Someone Else 's . '' Rhetoric Review , Vol. 1 , No. 1 . ( Sep. , 1982 ) , pp. 58 -- 63 . JSTOR. ( 3 ) . Jarratt , Susan and Nedra Reynolds . `` The Splitting Image : Contemporary Feminisms and the Ethics of ethos . '' Ethos : New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory . Eds . James S. Baumlin and Tita French Baumlin . Dallas : Southern Methodist University Press , 1994 . 37 - 63 . Kennedy , George A. Aristotle , On Rhetoric . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1991 . LeFevre , K.B. Invention as a Social Act . Southern Illinois University Press , 1987 . McDonald , Marianne ; Walton , J. Michael ( eds . ) . The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theater . Cambridge ( UK ) : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0521542340 Meyer , Michel . La rhétorique . Paris : Presses universitaires de France , coll . `` Que sais - je ? n ° 2133 '' , 2004 . ISBN 2 - 13 - 053368 - X Müller , Jörn . Physis und Ethos : Der Naturbegriff bei Aristoteles und seine Relevanz für die Ethik . Würzburg : Königshausen & Neumann , 2006 . Höffe , Otfried ( ed . ) . Aristoteles . Poetik . Berlin : Akademie Verlag , 2009 . Hyde , Michael J. ; Schrag , Calvin O. ( eds . ) . The Ethos of Rhetoric . Columbia ( SC ) : University of South Carolina , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1570035388 Miller , Arthur B. ( 1974 ) . `` Aristotle on Habit and Character : Implications for the Rhetoric '' . Communication Monographs. 41 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.1080 / 03637757409375855 . Murray , Augustus Taber ( 1916 ) . `` Plot and Character in Greek Tragedy '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association . 47 : 51 -- 64 . JSTOR 282827 . doi : 10.2307 / 282827 . Oddo , John . ( 2014 ) `` The Chief Prosecutor and the Iraqi Regime : Intertextual Ethos and Transitive Chains of Authority . '' In Intertextuality and the 24 - Hour News Cycle : A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell 's U.N. Address , pp. 45 -- 76 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Paris , Bernard . Character as a Subversive Force in Shakespeare : the history and Roman plays . London : Associated University Presses Inc , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0838634295 Pittman , Corretta . `` Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos : Harriet Jacobs , Billie Holiday , and Sister Souljah . '' Rhetoric Society Quarterly . 37 ( 2007 ) : 43 - 70 . Proscurcin Jr. , Pedro . Der Begriff Ethos bei Homer . Beitrag zu einer philosophischen Interpretation . Heidelberg : Universitätsverlag Winter , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8253 - 6339 - 0 Rapp , Christof . Aristoteles : Rhetorik . Berlin : De Gruyter , 2002 . Reynolds , Nedra ( 1993 ) . `` Ethos as Location : New Sites for Discursive Authority '' . Rhetoric Review . 11 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 338 . JSTOR 465805 . doi : 10.1080 / 07350199309389009 . Ronald , Kate . `` A Reexamination of Personal and Public Discourse in Classical Rhetoric . '' Rhetoric Review 9.1 ( 1990 ) : 36 - 48 . Rorty , Amélie Oksenberg ( ed . ) . Essays on Aristotle 's Rhetoric . Berkeley ( CA ) : University of California Press , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0520202283 Schmertz , Johanna . `` Constructing Essences : Ethos and the Postmodern Subject of Feminism . '' Rhetoric Review 18.1 ( 1999 ) : 82 - 91 . Vergnières , Solange . Éthique et Politique chez Aristote : Physis , Êthos , Nomos . Paris : PUF , 1995 . Warner , Michael . `` Publics and Counterpublics . '' Public Culture 14.1 : 49 - 90 . Woerther , Frédérique . L'èthos aristotélicien . Paris : Librairie Philosophique Vrin , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 2711619177 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of ethos at Wiktionary Media related to Ethos at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Ancient Greek philosophical concepts Adiaphora ( nonmoral ) Anamnesis ( recollection ) Apatheia ( equanimity ) Apeiron ( the unlimited ) Aponia ( pleasure ) Aporia ( impasse ) Arche ( first principle ) Arete ( excellence ) Ataraxia ( tranquility ) Becoming Being Cosmos ( order ) Demiurge ( creator ) Diairesis ( division ) Differentia / Genus Doxa ( common opinion ) Dunamis / Energeia ( potentiality / actuality ) Episteme ( knowledge ) Epoché ( suspension ) Ethos ( character ) Eudaimonia ( flourishing ) Henosis ( oneness ) Hexis ( active condition ) Hyle ( matter ) Hylomorphism ( matter and form ) Hylozoism ( matter and life ) Hypokeimenon ( substratum ) Hypostasis ( underpinning ) Idee ( Idea ) Katalepsis ( comprehension ) Kathēkon ( proper function ) Logos ( reasoned discourse ) Metempsychosis ( reincarnation ) Mimesis ( imitation ) Monad ( unit ) Nous ( intellect ) Oikeiôsis ( affinity ) Ousia ( substance ) Pathos ( emotional ) Phronesis ( practical wisdom ) Physis ( natural law ) Sophia ( wisdom ) Telos ( purpose ) Tetractys ( fourth triangular number ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethos&oldid=800256714 '' Categories : Ancient Greek theatre Literary concepts Narratology Plot ( narrative ) Poetics Rhetoric Virtue Social agreement Concepts in ancient Greek ethics Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text NPOV disputes from January 2016 All NPOV disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 11 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
ethics comes from the greek word 'ethos' which means
[ "Ethos (/ˈiːθɒs/ or US: /ˈiːθoʊs/) is a Greek word meaning \"character\" that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology. The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions, behaviours, and even morals.[1] Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way. The word's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs." ]
[ "\"character\"" ]
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The Punisher (TV series)
The Punisher ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Punisher ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Punisher Genre Action Conspiracy thriller Crime drama Created by Steve Lightfoot Based on Punisher by Gerry Conway John Romita , Sr . Starring Jon Bernthal Ben Barnes Ebon Moss - Bachrach Amber Rose Revah Deborah Ann Woll Daniel Webber Jason R. Moore Paul Schulze Jaime Ray Newman Michael Nathanson Composer ( s ) Tyler Bates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Steve Lightfoot Location ( s ) New York City Production company ( s ) Marvel Television ABC Studios Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Chronology Related shows Marvel 's Daredevil Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel 's The Punisher , or simply The Punisher , is an upcoming American web television series created for Netflix by Steve Lightfoot , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise , and is a spin - off of Marvel 's Daredevil . The series is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , with Lightfoot serving as showrunner . The series revolves around Frank Castle , who uses lethal methods to fight crime as the vigilante `` the Punisher '' , with Jon Bernthal reprising the role from Daredevil . Ben Barnes , Ebon Moss - Bachrach , Amber Rose Revah , Deborah Ann Woll , Daniel Webber , Jason R. Moore , Paul Schulze , Jaime Ray Newman , and Michael Nathanson also star . A television series centered on the Punisher received a put - pilot commitment at Fox in 2011 , but that project fell through . In June 2015 , Bernthal was cast as the character to appear in the second season of Daredevil . Development on a spin - off titled The Punisher began by January 2016 , before the second season of Daredevil was released . In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered the series , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and announced Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Filming began in New York City in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . The Punisher is scheduled to be released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 References 7 External links Premise Frank Castle , known throughout New York City as `` the Punisher '' after exacting revenge on those responsible for the death of his family , uncovers a larger conspiracy beyond what was done to him and his family . Cast and characters Main Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher : A vigilante who aims to fight the criminal underworld by any means necessary , no matter how lethal the results . Daredevil season one showrunner Steven S. DeKnight said this version of Punisher would be `` completely the Marvel version , '' as previous portrayals did not appear under the Marvel Studios / Marvel Television banner . However , Bernthal did study all the previous portrayals , saying , `` once you devour and eat up as much as you can , my way is to make it as personal as possible '' . Bernthal was particularly inspired by the 2012 short film Dirty Laundry starring Thomas Jane . On how Castle resonates with him , Bernthal said , `` He ai n't got a fucking cape . He ai n't got any superpowers . He 's a fucking tortured , angry father and husband who 's living in this unbelievable world of darkness and loss and torment . '' Bernthal added that there would be `` a military component '' in the series since Castle is `` a soldier ... ( The series ) will be somewhat centered on that '' . He also stated that `` the character that was portrayed on Daredevil season two was sort of the origin tale of how this guy became the Punisher , why he put on the vest . '' Bernthal noted he `` always want ( ed ) to preserve the essence of '' Castle , who Bernthal described as `` brutal '' , `` damaged '' and `` tortured '' , by exploring `` the pain and what 's behind the violence and the reason why he 's committing the violence '' that is `` utterly satisfying and addictive for him '' . Ben Barnes as Billy Russo : Castle 's best friend from when he served in the United States Special Forces . Russo runs Anvil , a private military corporation . Ebon Moss - Bachrach as David Lieberman / Micro : A former NSA analyst who assists Castle . Regarding Micro 's relationship with Castle , Moss - Bachrach said , `` We have found ourselves with common enemies and it 's a marriage of convenience . '' Moss - Bachrach also felt the comics version of the character was `` a one - trick pony '' , supplying equipment to Castle , but that the character gets `` interesting when their relationship gets bad '' and hoped to explore that in the series . Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani : An Iranian - American Department of Homeland Security agent stationed in Afghanistan , who returns to New York City for an investigation that leads her to cross paths with Castle . Revah noted that Madani `` sees herself as American -- that 's what her being is , that 's what she wants to protect , that 's why she does what she does . '' As Madani is not based on a character from the comics , Revah 's `` research was based more on Homeland and what it 's like for those people , and the logical processes the character would be going through . I think , for a lot of actors , if you 're playing someone from comics , you probably feel you have some sort of responsibility to represent this character in a light that reflects how they were represented in the comic books . Because I did n't have that , it probably let me be more open in my representation . '' Revah spoke with actual Homeland officers as well as Iranian people `` to make that ( part of the character ) authentic . '' A special shotgun was made for Revah to use , designed for her height and stature . Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page : A reporter at the New York Bulletin and Matt Murdock 's former assistant , who befriended Castle after working on his case . Woll reprises her role from previous Marvel Netflix series . Regarding Page 's continuing relationship with Castle , Woll said , `` Frank has a soft spot in Karen 's heart , and certainly with the dark history that Karen has , there are very few people she can share her authentic self with . Frank is someone who she could potentially fully open up to . '' She added , `` there 's something about Frank where ( Karen ) does n't have to be ashamed of her darkest , deepest side of herself . She gets to be more honest with him '' . Daniel Webber as Lewis Walcott : A young veteran struggling with his new life as a civilian . Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle : A friend of Castle , one of the few people who knows he is alive . Paul Schulze as Rawlins : A high - ranking member of the CIA who crosses paths with Castle due to their time in Afghanistan . Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman : Micro 's wife . Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein : A Department of Homeland Security agent , Madani 's partner . Recurring Shohreh Aghdashloo as Farah Madani : Dinah 's mother , who runs a successful psychiatric practice . Guest Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett : A low - level criminal who operates in Hell 's Kitchen and Harlem . Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix shows . Episodes No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` 3 AM '' TBA Steve Lightfoot 2017 ( 2017 ) `` Two Dead Men '' TBA Steve Lightfoot 2017 ( 2017 ) `` Kandahar '' Andy Goddard Steve Lightfoot 2017 ( 2017 ) `` Resupply '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 5 `` Gunner '' Dearbhla Walsh TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 6 `` The Judas Goat '' Andy Goddard TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 7 `` Crosshairs '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 8 `` Cold Steel '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 9 `` Front Toward Enemy '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 10 `` Virtue of the Vicious '' Kevin Hooks TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 11 `` Danger Close '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 12 `` Home '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 13 `` Memento Mori '' Stephen Surjik TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) Production Development In October 2011 , ABC Studios sold a script based on the Punisher to Fox , who gave the project a put - pilot commitment . The series would be an hour - long procedural following NYPD detective Frank Castle , `` whose alter ego is that of a vigilante seeking justice for those failed by the court system . '' Ed Bernero was attached as executive producer , but by May 2012 , the project had not moved forward . A year later , the character 's film rights reverted to Marvel from Lionsgate . In June 2015 , Jon Bernthal was announced as cast as Frank Castle in the second season of Marvel 's Daredevil on Netflix . The series was the first of several live action series provided to Netflix by Marvel Television and ABC Studios , with subsequent series featuring Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist all leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . By January 2016 , ahead of the Daredevil season two release , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to Marvel 's The Defenders . Head of Marvel Television and executive producer Jeph Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' Loeb stated a month later that the reports about the potential spin - off were `` something that people are speculating on , as opposed to something that 's actually happening . '' In April 2016 , Netflix officially ordered a full 13 episode season of The Punisher , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and named Steve Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Loeb , Cindy Holland , and Jim Chory also serve as executive producers . Writing Lightfoot noted that `` anti-heroes with dark pasts , that are morally grey , are always interesting to write . '' On deciding to work on The Punisher , Lightfoot stated , `` I was drawn to a guy who is dealing with grief - how does he do that ? ... We talked a lot as we developed the show that once you take hold of the hand of violence it 's impossible to let it go . That relationship to violence really interested me , not just the fact he has the ability to use it but also the cost of it . '' Bernthal stated the series would be `` loose with chronology '' for the character , depicting events before and after the events of Daredevil season two . Casting Bernthal promoting The Punisher at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Bernthal had been cast as Castle in June 2015 to appear in the second season of Daredevil , and was confirmed to be reprising the role for the spin - off in April 2016 . That September , Ben Barnes was cast in the series in an unspecified series regular role . The next month , set photos revealed that Deborah Ann Woll would reprise her Daredevil role as Karen Page , Barnes was announced as playing Billy Russo , while Ebon Moss - Bachrach and Amber Rose Revah also joined the series , as David Lieberman / Micro and Dinah Madani , respectively . At New York Comic Con , Bernthal confirmed Woll as a co-star . At the end of October , Marvel announced the additional casting of Daniel Webber as Lewis Walcott , Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle , Paul Schulze as Rawlins , Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman , and Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein . In August 2017 , Shohreh Aghdashloo was revealed to be portraying Farah Madani , Dinah 's mother , in a recurring role for the series . Rob Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix series as Turk Barrett . Filming Filming began on October 3 , 2016 in Brooklyn , New York , under the working title Crime . Additional filming took place in Astoria , Queens in December 2016 . Filming wrapped on April 9 , 2017 . Music In April 2017 , Tyler Bates was announced as the composer for The Punisher , after previously composing for Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . In order to `` get into the dark corners of the Punisher 's mind , '' Bates played `` more of a broken blues '' guitar , which was augmented with talkbox effects and other `` guitar noises '' , along with guitar - vol and melodica . On this style , Bates said , `` The rough edges and broken nature of ( music like this ) leaves a great deal of space for emotion and interesting color -- and a bit of an attitude . Otherwise it 's not going to be an authentic expression of the idea . There 's a darkness in there that I 'm happy to tap into . '' Release The Punisher is scheduled to be released in 2017 on the streaming service Netflix , worldwide . The 13 hour - long episodes will be released simultaneously , as opposed to a serialized format , to encourage binge - watching , a format which has been successful for other Netflix series . In July 2016 , Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that The Punisher would not debut until 2018 at the earliest , after The Defenders released on August 18 , 2017 , but that October , Marvel confirmed a 2017 release instead . In early September 2017 , Dominic Patten and Denise Petski of Deadline.com commented on the lack of specific release date for the series at the time , calling it `` an unusual '' , `` rare move for Marvel and Netflix , who usually give a lot of lead - up to the launch of the high profile and much anticipated series . '' The pair felt with the increased marketing of the series , it would release `` sooner rather than later '' . Allison Keene of Collider felt Marvel and Netflix holding back the release date was `` really weird and unnecessary ... If you 're excited for this show , you 'll watch it whenever it appears . For TV editors who have to plan reviews and other content , it 's just irritating . '' Polygon 's Susana Polo felt Marvel and Netflix were waiting for their panel at New York Comic Con 2017 during the first weekend of October to reveal the series ' release date , as the convention had been used in previous years to reveal `` breaking fall Marvel / Netflix news '' . Marketing Bernthal and Woll appeared at New York Comic Con in October 2016 to officially announce the start of production on the series and the latter 's involvement . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2017 , Bernthal presented exclusive footage . A teaser was revealed on Netflix in August 2017 , appearing after the credits of the final episode of The Defenders . Also in the month , the series ' Twitter account revealed the episode titles as Morse code messages . In September 2017 , the series ' Instagram account released viral videos made to look like security footage , while episodic photos and a poster for the series with a redacted release date were also released . On September 20 , the official trailer for the series was released . Andrew Liptak of The Verge noted the trailer `` sets up The Punisher with its own distinct tone that 's different from the other Marvel Netflix shows . It wades into government conspiracies and hacking , which is reminiscent of shows like CBS 's Person of Interest or USA 's Mr. Robot , but with more gunfire . '' Nerdist 's Kendall Ashley called the trailer `` intense , super bloody , and has ( me ) INCREDIBLY pumped for the show 's premiere . '' She added , `` The hype is huge for this show . If this trailer is any indication , The Punisher is definitely going to live up to fan expectations , and is going to be an intense and awesome addition to the Marvel Netflix universe . '' Ashley felt the inclusion of `` One '' by Metallica in the trailer `` helps paint Frank as a badass unlike any we 've seen on the Marvel Netflix shows so far . '' Cooper Hood , writing for Screen Rant felt that , even though the series was still without a release date , the trailer would `` undoubtedly only increase the fever for The Punisher . '' He continued that `` unlike some of the more cryptic and quiet ( marketing ) videos that have come before , '' the trailer `` especially fits the mold of Punisher . While it looked like at the beginning of the trailer that this one would again be a quieter piece of marketing , it turned out to be anything but . The trailer is stylish and well - cut to the beat of the song , with the choice of `` One '' only further amplifying the intensity . '' Bernthal and other members of the cast will appear at New York Comic Con 2017 to promote the series . References ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Petski , Denise ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Coming Soon & Suddenly , Teases Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Bernthal Cast as Frank Castle in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . June 9 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . External links Marvel 's The Punisher on Netflix Marvel 's The Punisher on IMDb The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway , Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice ! '' Characters Supporting G.W. Bridge Rachel Cole - Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Microchip Martin Soap Nick Fury Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper Thorn Comics Main 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin - offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Other Punisher P.O.V. Archie Meets the Punisher Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe The End In the Blood 5 Ronin In other media Films The Punisher ( 1989 ) score The Punisher ( 2004 ) score album Punisher : War Zone score soundtrack Dirty Laundry Do Not Fall In New York City Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Video games The Punisher ( console ) The Punisher ( computer ) The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! 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when does the netflix series the punisher come out
[ "The Punisher is scheduled to be released in 2017." ]
[ "2017" ]
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The Fighter (Keith Urban song)
The Fighter ( Keith Urban song ) - wikipedia The Fighter ( Keith Urban song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Fighter '' Single by Keith Urban featuring Carrie Underwood from the album Ripcord Released 6 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 04 Label Hit Red Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Keith Urban busbee Producer ( s ) Keith Urban busbee Keith Urban singles chronology `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' ( 2016 ) `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' ( 2016 ) `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) Carrie Underwood singles chronology `` Dirty Laundry '' ( 2016 ) Dirty Laundry 2016 `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) The Fighter2017 `` The Fighter '' is a duet between New Zealand - born Australian country music singer Keith Urban and American country music singer Carrie Underwood . It was released on 6 February 2017 as the fifth single from Urban 's ninth studio album , Ripcord , through Hit Red and Capitol Nashville . Urban co-wrote and co-produced the song with busbee . The song has entered the record charts of Australia , Canada , United States , Belgium and Scotland , where it became Urban 's first song to enter the Scottish Singles Chart and Belgium charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Before single release 2.2 After single release 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Personnel 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 7 Certifications 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 CMT Music Awards 8.2 Teen Choice Awards 9 References Content ( edit ) The song is in the key of B minor with a main chord pattern of G 7 -- A 4 -- F ♯ 7 -- Bm and an approximate tempo of 132 beats per minute . It is about a man promising that he will defend and support a woman . Urban said of the song 's evolution as `` I was working with busbee that day ; we were in London . I was actually driving to the studio to work on this other song we started , and I had most of it the chorus in my head , and it felt like I had most of the song in my head -- the verses just had to flesh out . I walked into the studio and played the chord progression , and he built this track really quickly , and then I could sing over the top of it '' . He continued and said `` it was just a very quick , quick song to write , because I literally thought about Nic and I and our relationship in the beginning , and some of the things we had said all went into that song . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Before single release ( edit ) Following the release of the album , `` The Fighter '' sold 25,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number 25 on the Hot Country Songs chart and also at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . In the next week , the song jumped to number 11 on the Hot Country Songs chart and also debuted at number 69 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , selling 50,000 copies . It debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 75 . In Australia , the song debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Charts , becoming Urban 's seventh top 50 entry and also his third highest - charting song on the chart . For the week of 10 July 2016 , the song climbed from number 27 to number 19 , becoming its new peak . The song has been certified Platinum , denoting sales of over 70,000 copies in Australia . It is Urban 's third top twenty hit and Underwood 's second entry on the ARIA Charts and also became her highest - charting song on that chart . After single release ( edit ) The song was released as the fifth official single from Ripcord on 6 February 2017 . It debuted at number 44 on the US Country Airplay chart and reached number 2 , becoming Urban 's 38th consecutive top ten hit which is the longest running streak in that chart 's history . It became Underwood 's 26th consecutive top ten hit , which is the second longest active streak of country airplay top tens . It re-entered the Hot Country Songs chart at number five , selling 45,000 copies in its week of release and peaked at number two . It also re-entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 53 and has reached number 38 , becoming Urban 's twentieth top 40 hit and Underwood 's twenty first , and her first since `` Something in the Water '' peaked at number 24 in October 2014 . On the Canada Country chart , the song has reached number 2 and peaked at number 65 on the Canadian Hot 100 . The song has been certified Gold in Canada for shipments of 40,000 copies . It entered the Scottish Singles Chart at number 52 , becoming Urban 's first and Underwood 's fifth entry on that chart following `` Blown Away '' , `` I Know You Wo n't '' , `` Something in the Water '' and `` Heartbeat '' . As of September 2017 , it has sold a total of 783,000 copies in the US . Music video ( edit ) Urban shared an exclusive 24 - hour first look video for the song through his Vevo account . The video features the two singing the song in a boxing ring . The video was later taken down from YouTube after the initial 24 hours . The video was again uploaded to YouTube on 16 February 2017 . On 2 April 2017 , another version of the video was uploaded to Urban 's YouTube account . Live performances ( edit ) Urban and Underwood performed the song live at the 59th Grammy Awards on February 12 , 2017 . The duo later performed the song at the 52nd Academy of Country Music Awards on April 2 , 2017 . On June 7 , 2017 , the singers once more paired up and performed the song at the 2017 CMT Music Awards . Personnel ( edit ) From Ripcord liner notes . busbee -- bass guitar , keyboards , electric guitar , programming , production , engineering , editing Dave Clauss -- engineering , editing Serban Ghenea -- mixing Carrie Underwood -- vocals Keith Urban -- acoustic guitar , electric guitar , mandolin , ganjo , vocals , production Brian David Willis -- editing Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 65 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 28 Canada Country ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 38 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 40 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 783,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Awards and nominations ( edit ) CMT Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 `` The Fighter '' Collaborative Video of the Year Won Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 `` The Fighter '' Choice Country Song Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Fighter ' sheet music '' . musicnotes.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gayle ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Story Behind the Song : Keith Urban ( Feat . Carrie Underwood ) , ' The Fighter ' '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : May 23 , 2016 '' . RoughStock . Jump up ^ http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart Jump up ^ http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/australian-artist-singles-chart Jump up ^ `` ARIA Singles : Drake ' One Dance ' Stays At No 1 - Noise11.com '' . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Georgia Line and Backstreet Boys Crown Country Airplay ; Sam Hunt Makes History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys Push Adele & Beyonce Back to Top 10 on Billboard 200 , Plus More Grammys Chart Impact '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Keith Urban -- The Fighter '' . Music Canada . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : September 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Keith Urban and Carrie Underwood Debut ' The Fighter ' Video '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Keith Urban & Carrie Underwood Strip Down , Speed Back Up ' The Fighter ' for 2017 CMT Music Awards '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Ripcord ( CD booklet ) . Keith Urban . Capitol Records Nashville / Hit Red Records . 2016 . B0023591 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Keith Urban feat . Carrie Underwood -- The Fighter '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Keith Urban feat . Carrie Underwood -- The Fighter '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Keith Urban . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Keith Urban . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Keith Urban . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Keith Urban . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Keith Urban . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Keith Urban . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Keith Urban . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Keith Urban . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Keith Urban -- The Fighter '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` CMT Music Awards 2017 : Complete Winners List ( Updating Live ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Keith Urban singles Keith Urban ( 1991 ) `` Only You '' `` I Never Work on a Sunday '' `` Arms of Mary '' `` The River '' Keith Urban ( 1999 ) `` It 's a Love Thing '' `` Your Everything '' `` But for the Grace of God '' `` Where the Blacktop Ends '' Golden Road `` Somebody Like You '' `` Raining on Sunday '' `` Who Would n't Wanna Be Me '' `` You 'll Think of Me '' Be Here `` Days Go By '' `` You 're My Better Half '' `` Making Memories of Us '' `` Better Life '' `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' Love , Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing `` Once in a Lifetime '' `` Stupid Boy '' `` I Told You So '' `` Everybody '' Greatest Hits : 19 Kids `` You Look Good in My Shirt '' Defying Gravity `` Sweet Thing '' `` Kiss a Girl '' `` Only You Can Love Me This Way '' `` ' Til Summer Comes Around '' `` I 'm In '' Get Closer `` Put You in a Song '' `` Without You '' `` Long Hot Summer '' `` You Gonna Fly '' Act of Valor : The Album `` For You '' Fuse `` Little Bit of Everything '' `` Shame '' `` We Were Us '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) `` Cop Car '' `` Somewhere in My Car '' `` Raise ' Em Up '' ( with Eric Church ) Ripcord `` John Cougar , John Deere , John 3 : 16 '' `` Break on Me '' `` Wasted Time '' `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' `` The Fighter '' ( with Carrie Underwood ) Guest singles `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Twelfth of Never '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Funky Tonight '' ( with The John Butler Trio ) `` In God 's Hands '' ( with Nelly Furtado ) `` Start a Band '' ( with Brad Paisley ) `` Blue Sky '' ( with Emily West ) `` Lean on Me '' ( with Sheryl Crow and Kid Rock ) Related articles `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( with Tim McGraw and Taylor Swift ) Carrie Underwood songs Discography Awards and nominations Songs Some Hearts `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' `` Some Hearts '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember Me '' `` Before He Cheats '' `` Wasted '' Carnival Ride `` So Small '' `` All - American Girl '' `` Last Name '' `` Just a Dream '' `` I Told You So '' Play On `` Cowboy Casanova '' `` Temporary Home '' `` Undo It '' `` Mama 's Song '' Blown Away `` Good Girl '' `` Blown Away '' `` Two Black Cadillacs '' `` See You Again '' Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 `` Something in the Water '' `` Little Toy Guns '' Storyteller `` Smoke Break '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Church Bells '' `` Dirty Laundry '' Featured singles `` Just Stand Up ! '' ( with Artists Stand Up To Cancer ) `` Remind Me '' ( with Brad Paisley ) `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' ( with Aerosmith ) `` Somethin ' Bad '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) `` The Fighter '' ( with Keith Urban ) Other singles `` Inside Your Heaven '' Promotional singles `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Home Sweet Home '' `` There 's a Place for Us '' `` Chaser '' Other songs `` Eighteen Inches '' `` Ever Ever After '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fighter_(Keith_Urban_song)&oldid=803623195 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2017 singles Keith Urban songs Carrie Underwood songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Vocal duets Songs written by Keith Urban Songs written by busbee Song recordings produced by busbee Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the song the fighter come out
[ "\"The Fighter\" is a duet between New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban and American country music singer Carrie Underwood. It was released on 6 February 2017 as the fifth single from Urban's ninth studio album, Ripcord, through Hit Red and Capitol Nashville. Urban co-wrote and co-produced the song with busbee." ]
[ "6 February 2017" ]
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Whoville
Whoville - wikipedia Whoville Jump to : navigation , search Whoville is a fictional town created by author Theodor Seuss Geisel , under the name Dr. Seuss . Whoville appeared in the books Horton Hears a Who ! and How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! However , there were significant differences between the two renditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Inhabitants 3 Adaptations 3.1 Books 3.2 Broadway 3.3 Theme parks 3.4 Movies and television 4 References Location ( edit ) The exact location of Whoville seems to vary depending on which book or media is being referenced . According to the book Horton Hears a Who ! , the city of Whoville is located within a floating speck of dust which is then placed onto a clover flower by Horton the Elephant . In the book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , the location of Whoville is never mentioned . Further , in the 1977 television special Halloween Is Grinch Night , additional geographic features are added to Whoville such as Punkers Pond . Again , however , its greater location is not mentioned , but in both works it can be assumed Whoville is still located within its speck on the clover . In the 1970s television special Horton Hears a Who ! as well as the 2008 CGI - animated film of the same name , Whoville retains its literary location being within a speck on a clover flower . The 1966 television special How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! also stays true to the literature . In the 2000 live - action film adaptation How the Grinch Stole Christmas , from Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment , Whoville is located inside a snowflake , south of Mt . Crumpit within the mountainous Highrange of Pontoos , described in the movie 's introduction . All of which is located inside the frozen crystal structure of a snowflake , rather than on a clover flower . Because the city of Whoville resides on a speck , it is possible Whoville is prone to unexpected movement , weather , and activity , and may from time to time change location altogether . In fact , this unexpected movement was used as a major plot device in the 2008 film . Inhabitants ( edit ) Many different characters , known as Whos , live within the speck of dust . The Whos are whimsical , animal - like creatures who live in pumpkin - shaped houses , known for their warm hearts and welcoming spirits . They are furry humanoids with canine snouts and twelve toes . In the live - action film , the fur was missing from the Whos . Just north of Whoville , atop a high mountain , Mount Crumpit , a bitter , cave - dwelling creature named the Grinch lives with his dog Max . Cindy Lou Who is a generous young girl who was introduced in the book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! In the 2000 live action film , `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! '' she is played by actress Taylor Momsen . The Grinch is a fictional , green colored man with a cat - like face and cynical personality . He lives in isolation upon Mt . Crumpet with his dog Max . The Grinch overlooks the city of Whoville with a lack of empathy for all Whos . He is known to be of a different species than the Whos , being stated as a What . The Grinch is played by actor Jim Carrey in the 2000 production of How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! In the book Horton Hears a Who ! , there is a mayor in Whoville . In the live - action film How the Grinch Stole Christmas , there is a mayor named Augustus Maywho , played by Jeffrey Tambor . Actor Steve Carell plays the Mayor of Whoville in the 2008 animated film Horton Hears a Who ! . In this version , he is named Ned McDodd , and he lives with his wife , 96 daughters and 1 son named Jo - Jo . There are differences between Maywho and McDodd that are instantly noticeable : Maywho is a pompous , arrogant man who views himself as the only person worth listening to , whereas McDodd is `` devoted , and fair , and a little bit odd '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Dr. Seuss created two children 's books introducing readers to the magical world of Whoville . His first story , Horton Hears a Who ! was published in 1954 . His second use of Whoville was in the story How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! published in 1957 . Both books went on to be among Dr. Seuss 's most popular works . Broadway ( edit ) Seussical , is a Broadway musical produced by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty in 2000 . The musical is a collection of Dr. Seuss 's most famous stories that were combined to represent a synthesis of his work . The majority of the musical centers around the life in Whoville , especially the Whos ' Christmas pageant and Horton the elephant . Both themes were based on the plots of How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! and Horton Hears a Who ! Theme parks ( edit ) Universal Orlando Resort endorses Dr. Seuss 's work by attributing a section of the amusement park to him . Within the Islands of Adventure , there is a component designated to the city of Whoville . In the town , visitors of Universal Orlando Resort are able to interact with the characters and explore the theme park . Movies and television ( edit ) The television program How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was a 26 - minute segment originally telecasted on CBS in 1966 . In 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was developed into a motion picture , which became the first Dr. Seuss story ever made into a featured film . Also , Horton Hears a Who ! was adapted into a 26 - minute television segment in 1970 . In 2008 `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' was made into a full - length movie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Dir . Ron Howard . 2000 . Universal Studios Jump up ^ `` Seussville Books . '' Random House , Inc. , 2011 . Web . 25 Apr. 2011 . Jump up ^ Horton Hears a Who ! Dir . Jimmy Hayward. 2008 . 20th Century Fox . DVD . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whoville&oldid=828172820 '' Categories : Dr. Seuss Fictional populated places Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is whoville in how the grinch stole christmas
[ "In the 2000 live-action film adaptation How the Grinch Stole Christmas, from Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment, Whoville is located inside a snowflake, south of Mt. Crumpit within the mountainous Highrange of Pontoos, described in the movie's introduction. All of which is located inside the frozen crystal structure of a snowflake, rather than on a clover flower." ]
[ "inside a snowflake, south of Mt. Crumpit within the mountainous Highrange of Pontoos" ]
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List of Special A episodes
List of Special a episodes - wikipedia List of Special a episodes The following is the list of episodes for the Japanese anime series Special A . The episodes are produced by AIC and GONZO , directed by Yoshikazu Miyao and composed by Jukki Hanada . Characters are adapted from the manga drawn by Maki Minami . It is currently airing in Japan on Chiba TV and various other stations . Broadcast on Chiba TV began on 6 April 2008 and continued for 24 episodes , ending on 14 September 2008 . The series has been given four different theme songs , two opening themes and two ending themes . All the theme songs were performed by the seven principal cast members : Yūko Gotō , Jun Fukuyama , Hitomi Nabatame , Hiro Shimono , Tsubasa Yonaga , Kazuma Horie , and Ayahi Takagaki . The anime is licensed by Mighty Media Co. , Ltd in China and Taiwan and Sentai Filmworks in America and Canada . Special A premiered in the Philippines on February 26 , 2009 and ended on March 31 , 2009 through TV5 . The show premiered 5 months after it ended in Japan making it the fastest acquired anime title on Philippine free TV history . It is the first country in Southeast Asia to air the series outside Japan . This anime was aired in South Korea via Animax , marking it as the first country in East Asia and second in Asia to air the series outside Japan . Episodes ( edit ) # Title Original air date 01 `` Hikari ~ Kei '' `` Hikari Kei '' ( 光 彗 ) 6 April 2008 At six years old , Hikari Hanazono was unbeaten at pro-wrestling until she was easily defeated by Kei Takishima . Since that day , she has vowed to defeat Kei , who proves to be remarkably talented at whatever he attempts , and has convinced her father to allow her to attend the same expensive elite schools as her rival ' Kei Takishima ! 02 `` Pride ~ Pro-Wrestling '' `` Puraido Puroresu '' ( プライド プロレス ) 13 April 2008 The S.A is challenged to a pro-wrestling competition by the Student Council President , Hajime Kakei . Hikari and Kei accept the challenge , but run into trouble when the President decides to use underhanded tactics to beat them and Kei begins to worry about Hikari 's safety without considering her feelings . 03 `` Rice Balls ~ Sincerity '' `` Onigiri ・ Magokoro '' ( おにぎり ・ まごころ ) 20 April 2008 Hikari , having lost a bet to Kei in the previous episode , agrees to make a bento for him . However , despite how hard she tries , all Hikari 's attempts to cook something wonderful for him to eat prove to be disastrous . 04 `` Brothers ~ Teacher '' `` Kyōdai ・ Sensei '' ( 兄弟 ・ 先生 ) 27 April 2008 Kei invites Hikari to his house because his father wants to talk about pro-wrestling with someone . She unexpectedly becomes a tutor to Kei 's younger brother , Sui , who has a rather strained relationship with Kei , and tries to bring the brothers closer together . 05 `` Festival ~ Contest '' `` Matsuri ・ Shōbu '' ( 祭り ・ 勝負 ) 4 May 2008 The Student Council and S.A challenge each other to see who will organize the upcoming school festival , but Hikari and Kei end up arguing ; Hikari joins the Student Council 's side and Akira soon follows . While Kei takes them all on single - handedly , Hikari learns that he has always done everything alone . 06 `` Invitation ~ Saiga 's Mansion '' `` Shōtaijō Saiga Yakushi '' ( 招待 状 ・ 雑賀 邸 ) 11 May 2008 Because of some intervention from Sui , Hikari ends up being Kei 's partner at a birthday party for Yahiro Saiga . While wondering how Yahiro fits into Kei 's past , Hikari is shocked to hear from Yahiro that Kei is in love with her . 07 `` Sensitive ~ Thickheaded '' `` Binkan Donkan '' ( 敏感 鈍感 ) 18 May 2008 Unable to believe that Kei is in love with her , Hikari behaves strangely around Kei after Yahiro 's party and refuses to tell him why . To determine where the S.A will go for their vacation , Kei suggests a contest where the winner decides - with the condition that if he wins , Hikari will tell him what Yahiro said to her at the party . 08 `` Journey ~ Dog '' `` Tabi Inu '' ( 旅 犬 ) 25 May 2008 The S.A head off to Hawaii for their summer vacation , but end up playing `` family '' to Chitose , the spoiled and demanding son of a client for Ryuu 's family . He is particularly harsh with Hikari , but she is determined to make sure he has a good time , even if it means being the dog in Chitose 's family . 09 `` Villa ~ Letter '' `` Bessō Tegami '' ( 別荘 手紙 ) 1 June 2008 Hikari joins Yahiro and Chitose at their villa in order to find out why Yahiro 's relationship with Kei and Akira is so strained , but ends up becoming his prisoner so that Yahiro can force Akira to see him again . At that moment Kei was worried of Hikari . At the end of the episode , Hikari kisses Kei on the cheek . 10 `` Anchor ~ Ryuu '' `` Shingari Ryū '' ( 殿 竜 ) 8 June 2008 The greenhouse is vandalized and it seems that Hikari has a hunch on who may have committed the act . When she comes face to face with the suspect , he challenges the S.A - however , it must be Ryuu who completes the challenge . Old memories and feelings resurface for Ryuu while Hikari learns more about her friends . 11 `` Girlfriend ~ Boyfriend '' `` Kanojo Kareshi '' ( 彼女 彼氏 ) 15 June 2008 When Tadashi lies to his mother about having a girlfriend to avoid attending a matchmaking session , he asks Hikari to pretend to be his girlfriend in hopes of fooling his mother , the director of Hakusenkan . 12 `` High Fever ~ Passion '' `` Kōnetsu Jōnetsu '' ( 高熱 情熱 ) 22 June 2008 After hearing about Hikari 's date with Tadashi , Kei arrives from Shanghai with the intention of having her spend the day with him , as stipulated in a challenge he proposed to her earlier . However , he winds up getting a fever and Hikari takes care of him ; as she does , Kei reflects on his feelings and relationship with her . 13 `` Magic ~ Friends '' `` Mahō Tomodachi '' ( 魔法 友達 ) 29 June 2008 The S.A must spend three days in separate classes at an ordinary high school as punishment for Tadashi 's attempt to deceive his mother . However , the experience becomes difficult for Akira when she encounters a girl who resembles a childhood friend whose friendship with Akira ended badly . 14 `` Protecting ~ Apologizing '' `` Mamoritai Gomen ne '' ( 守り たい ごめんね ) 6 July 2008 Akira 's determination to protect her new friend , Yui , from Yahiro ends up pushing Yui away instead . Meanwhile , Yahiro 's attempt to separate Akira from Yui comes with well - meaning intentions that Akira may never realize . 15 `` Moral Code ~ Excellent '' `` Jingi Jōtō '' ( 仁義 上 等 ) 13 July 2008 Hikari must go on a date with Kei on Sunday , as promised when he was recovering from a fever . However , their `` date '' is interrupted by Sakura Ushikubo , Kei 's future fiancée , who takes Hikari away and befriends her . When she agrees to help Sakura find out more about Kei , Hikari begins to feel some unexplainable feelings regarding Kei . 16 `` Love ~ Kiss '' `` Suki Kisu '' ( 好き キス ) 20 July 2008 The S.A is invited to a barbecue by Sakura , but they quickly discover that she planned the event so that she can spend some time with Jun , whom she has fallen in love with . While Sakura does everything she can to get a kiss from him , a less than enthusiastic Jun is forced to reveal a secret he has kept from most of his friends . 17 `` Restraint ~ Smile '' `` Enryo Egao '' ( 遠慮 笑顔 ) 27 July 2008 The S.A. is invited to attend and plan a festival at Kokusen Academy by Sakura and Yahiro . Yahiro tries to tell Akira he cares about her , but decides against it when he realizes that she has feelings for Tadashi . 18 `` Toudou ~ Karino '' `` Tōdō Karino '' ( 東堂 狩野 ) 3 August 2008 Upset that Tadashi does not seem to care about her , Akira goes to a matchmaking party with Sakura . When Tadashi apologizes to her , she becomes angry at herself for causing trouble . Yahiro helps Tadashi find a way to comfort her , and Tadashi decides to bring Akira to a viewpoint that they had been to when they were children . 19 `` Singing Voice ~ Bad Guy '' `` Utakoe Warumono '' ( 歌声 悪者 ) 10 August 2008 Megumi asks Yahiro out , claiming to have a crush on him , but he thinks there 's more to it and will only believe her if she can win a `` game '' where she must make him say he liked their date . After he helps her with her voice , Megumi realizes she feels more than just pity for him . Meanwhile , Hikari catches a cold and the rest of the SA go to see her . When Hikari 's parents leave her friends to take care of her , they find the feverish Hikari doing outrageous things . 20 `` Switch ~ At the Edge '' `` Suitchi Gakueppuchi '' ( スイッチ 崖っぷち ) 17 August 2008 Hikari , Kei , and Jun attend the opening of a new athletic park and run into Sakura . Jun avoids Sakura , who chases after him in hopes of discovering his true feelings for her , while Hikari and Kei must deal with the scores of girls that Jun 's alter ego keeps attracting . 21 `` To Match Up ~ To Come True '' `` Kanau Kanau '' ( 敵 う 叶う ) 24 August 2008 Hikari meets Aoi Ogata , a member of the Takishima Group who finds Kei important to him and is willing to do anything for Kei . When Aoi decides Kei is better off studying in London , Hikari must prove she 's worthy of being Kei 's rival . However , this meeting with Aoi causes Hikari to think about her true feelings for Kei . 22 `` Love ~ Strange '' `` Koi Hen '' ( 恋 変 ) 31 August 2008 Hikari struggles to figure out her feelings for Kei and finds it increasingly awkward to be around him . After spending the day together , she realizes she loves him - but stops short of a confession . Meanwhile , Aoi has approached the Director of Hakusenkan and leaves her with no choice but to lock up the S.A 's greenhouse for reasons unknown . 23 `` SA ~ FA '' `` SA FA '' 7 September 2008 Thanks to Aoi , the S.A class has been disbanded in order to force Kei to go to London . So that Kei and his friends can remain together , Kei proposes a challenge to Hikari that if she wins , he will bring back the S.A. However , Hikari learns too late what Kei has done in order to bring back the S.A - he has already left for London for her sake . 24 `` Hanazono Hikari ~ Takishima Kei '' `` Hanazono Hikari Takishima Kei '' ( 華園 光 滝島 彗 ) 14 September 2008 Hikari and S.A head to London to find Kei and bring him back to Japan while Kei resigns himself to not seeing Hikari and his friends again . Everyone , including Yahiro and Sakura , overcome the obstacles standing in the way of reaching their friend . When Hikari meets with Kei at last , they finish the challenge he issued her and Hikari lost . They express their true feelings for one another and eventually share a kiss in the air in front of the big clock . When they get back to Japan , Kei and the rest of the S.A members successfully return to school along with getting their greenhouse back . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Another RECORD - BREAKING Anime on TV5 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Special A - official site for the anime Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Special_A_episodes&oldid=817288204 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 11 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does kei confess to hikari in the anime
[ "\n\n\n#\nTitle\nOriginal air date\n\n\n\n\n01\n\"Hikari ~ Kei\"\"Hikari·Kei\" (光·彗) 6 April 2008\nAt six years old, Hikari Hanazono was unbeaten at pro-wrestling until she was easily defeated by Kei Takishima. Since that day, she has vowed to defeat Kei, who proves to be remarkably talented at whatever he attempts, and has convinced her father to allow her to attend the same expensive elite schools as her rival' Kei Takishima! \n02\n\"Pride ~ Pro-Wrestling\"\"Puraido·Puroresu\" (プライド·プロレス) 13 April 2008\nThe S.A is challenged to a pro-wrestling competition by the Student Council President, Hajime Kakei. Hikari and Kei accept the challenge, but run into trouble when the President decides to use underhanded tactics to beat them and Kei begins to worry about Hikari's safety without considering her feelings. \n03\n\"Rice Balls ~ Sincerity\"\"Onigiri・Magokoro\" (おにぎり・まごころ) 20 April 2008\nHikari, having lost a bet to Kei in the previous episode, agrees to make a bento for him. However, despite how hard she tries, all Hikari's attempts to cook something wonderful for him to eat prove to be disastrous. \n04\n\"Brothers ~ Teacher\"\"Kyōdai・Sensei\" (兄弟・先生) 27 April 2008\nKei invites Hikari to his house because his father wants to talk about pro-wrestling with someone. She unexpectedly becomes a tutor to Kei's younger brother, Sui, who has a rather strained relationship with Kei, and tries to bring the brothers closer together. \n05\n\"Festival ~ Contest\"\"Matsuri・Shōbu\" (祭り・勝負) 4 May 2008\nThe Student Council and S.A challenge each other to see who will organize the upcoming school festival, but Hikari and Kei end up arguing; Hikari joins the Student Council's side and Akira soon follows. While Kei takes them all on single-handedly, Hikari learns that he has always done everything alone. \n06\n\"Invitation ~ Saiga's Mansion\"\"Shōtaijō·Saiga Yakushi\" (招待状・雑賀邸) 11 May 2008\nBecause of some intervention from Sui, Hikari ends up being Kei's partner at a birthday party for Yahiro Saiga. While wondering how Yahiro fits into Kei's past, Hikari is shocked to hear from Yahiro that Kei is in love with her. \n07\n\"Sensitive ~ Thickheaded\"\"Binkan·Donkan\" (敏感·鈍感) 18 May 2008\nUnable to believe that Kei is in love with her, Hikari behaves strangely around Kei after Yahiro's party and refuses to tell him why. To determine where the S.A will go for their vacation, Kei suggests a contest where the winner decides - with the condition that if he wins, Hikari will tell him what Yahiro said to her at the party. \n08\n\"Journey ~ Dog\"\"Tabi·Inu\" (旅·犬) 25 May 2008\nThe S.A head off to Hawaii for their summer vacation, but end up playing \"family\" to Chitose, the spoiled and demanding son of a client for Ryuu's family. He is particularly harsh with Hikari, but she is determined to make sure he has a good time, even if it means being the dog in Chitose's family. \n09\n\"Villa ~ Letter\"\"Bessō·Tegami\" (別荘·手紙) 1 June 2008\nHikari joins Yahiro and Chitose at their villa in order to find out why Yahiro's relationship with Kei and Akira is so strained, but ends up becoming his prisoner so that Yahiro can force Akira to see him again. At that moment Kei was worried of Hikari. At the end of the episode, Hikari kisses Kei on the cheek. \n10\n\"Anchor ~ Ryuu\"\"Shingari·Ryū\" (殿·竜) 8 June 2008\nThe greenhouse is vandalized and it seems that Hikari has a hunch on who may have committed the act. When she comes face to face with the suspect, he challenges the S.A - however, it must be Ryuu who completes the challenge. Old memories and feelings resurface for Ryuu while Hikari learns more about her friends. \n11\n\"Girlfriend ~ Boyfriend\"\"Kanojo·Kareshi\" (彼女·彼氏) 15 June 2008\nWhen Tadashi lies to his mother about having a girlfriend to avoid attending a matchmaking session, he asks Hikari to pretend to be his girlfriend in hopes of fooling his mother, the director of Hakusenkan. \n12\n\"High Fever ~ Passion\"\"Kōnetsu·Jōnetsu\" (高熱·情熱) 22 June 2008\nAfter hearing about Hikari's date with Tadashi, Kei arrives from Shanghai with the intention of having her spend the day with him, as stipulated in a challenge he proposed to her earlier. However, he winds up getting a fever and Hikari takes care of him; as she does, Kei reflects on his feelings and relationship with her. \n13\n\"Magic ~ Friends\"\"Mahō·Tomodachi\" (魔法·友達) 29 June 2008\nThe S.A must spend three days in separate classes at an ordinary high school as punishment for Tadashi's attempt to deceive his mother. However, the experience becomes difficult for Akira when she encounters a girl who resembles a childhood friend whose friendship with Akira ended badly. \n14\n\"Protecting ~ Apologizing\"\"Mamoritai·Gomen ne\" (守りたい·ごめんね) 6 July 2008\nAkira's determination to protect her new friend, Yui, from Yahiro ends up pushing Yui away instead. Meanwhile, Yahiro's attempt to separate Akira from Yui comes with well-meaning intentions that Akira may never realize. \n15\n\"Moral Code ~ Excellent\"\"Jingi·Jōtō\" (仁義·上等) 13 July 2008\nHikari must go on a date with Kei on Sunday, as promised when he was recovering from a fever. However, their \"date\" is interrupted by Sakura Ushikubo, Kei's future fiancée, who takes Hikari away and befriends her. When she agrees to help Sakura find out more about Kei, Hikari begins to feel some unexplainable feelings regarding Kei. \n16\n\"Love ~ Kiss\"\"Suki·Kisu\" (好き·キス) 20 July 2008\nThe S.A is invited to a barbecue by Sakura, but they quickly discover that she planned the event so that she can spend some time with Jun, whom she has fallen in love with. While Sakura does everything she can to get a kiss from him, a less than enthusiastic Jun is forced to reveal a secret he has kept from most of his friends. \n17\n\"Restraint ~ Smile\"\"Enryo·Egao\" (遠慮·笑顔) 27 July 2008\nThe S.A. is invited to attend and plan a festival at Kokusen Academy by Sakura and Yahiro. Yahiro tries to tell Akira he cares about her, but decides against it when he realizes that she has feelings for Tadashi. \n18\n\"Toudou ~ Karino\"\"Tōdō·Karino\" (東堂·狩野) 3 August 2008\nUpset that Tadashi does not seem to care about her, Akira goes to a matchmaking party with Sakura. When Tadashi apologizes to her, she becomes angry at herself for causing trouble. Yahiro helps Tadashi find a way to comfort her, and Tadashi decides to bring Akira to a viewpoint that they had been to when they were children. \n19\n\"Singing Voice ~ Bad Guy\"\"Utakoe·Warumono\" (歌声·悪者) 10 August 2008\nMegumi asks Yahiro out, claiming to have a crush on him, but he thinks there's more to it and will only believe her if she can win a \"game\" where she must make him say he liked their date. After he helps her with her voice, Megumi realizes she feels more than just pity for him. Meanwhile, Hikari catches a cold and the rest of the SA go to see her. When Hikari's parents leave her friends to take care of her, they find the feverish Hikari doing outrageous things. \n20\n\"Switch ~ At the Edge\"\"Suitchi·Gakueppuchi\" (スイッチ·崖っぷち) 17 August 2008\nHikari, Kei, and Jun attend the opening of a new athletic park and run into Sakura. Jun avoids Sakura, who chases after him in hopes of discovering his true feelings for her, while Hikari and Kei must deal with the scores of girls that Jun's alter ego keeps attracting. \n21\n\"To Match Up ~ To Come True\"\"Kanau·Kanau\" (敵う·叶う) 24 August 2008\nHikari meets Aoi Ogata, a member of the Takishima Group who finds Kei important to him and is willing to do anything for Kei. When Aoi decides Kei is better off studying in London, Hikari must prove she's worthy of being Kei's rival. However, this meeting with Aoi causes Hikari to think about her true feelings for Kei. \n22\n\"Love ~ Strange\"\"Koi·Hen\" (恋·変) 31 August 2008\nHikari struggles to figure out her feelings for Kei and finds it increasingly awkward to be around him. After spending the day together, she realizes she loves him - but stops short of a confession. Meanwhile, Aoi has approached the Director of Hakusenkan and leaves her with no choice but to lock up the S.A's greenhouse for reasons unknown. \n23\n\"SA ~ FA\"\"SA·FA\" 7 September 2008\nThanks to Aoi, the S.A class has been disbanded in order to force Kei to go to London. So that Kei and his friends can remain together, Kei proposes a challenge to Hikari that if she wins, he will bring back the S.A. However, Hikari learns too late what Kei has done in order to bring back the S.A - he has already left for London for her sake. \n24\n\"Hanazono Hikari ~ Takishima Kei\"\"Hanazono Hikari·Takishima Kei\" (華園 光·滝島 彗) 14 September 2008\nHikari and S.A head to London to find Kei and bring him back to Japan while Kei resigns himself to not seeing Hikari and his friends again. Everyone, including Yahiro and Sakura, overcome the obstacles standing in the way of reaching their friend. When Hikari meets with Kei at last, they finish the challenge he issued her and Hikari lost. They express their true feelings for one another and eventually share a kiss in the air in front of the big clock. When they get back to Japan, Kei and the rest of the S.A members successfully return to school along with getting their greenhouse back. \n" ]
[ "\"Love ~ Strange\"" ]
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Don't Know Why
Do n't Know Why - wikipedia Do n't Know Why Jump to : navigation , search For the song by SoundGirl , see Do n't Know Why ( SoundGirl song ) . `` Do n't Know Why '' Single by Norah Jones from the album Come Away with Me Released July 2002 Format CD Recorded 2001 Sorcerer Sound ( New York City ) Allaire Studios ( Shokan , New York ) Genre Vocal Jazz Pop Length 3 : 09 Label Blue Note Songwriter ( s ) Jesse Harris Producer ( s ) Norah Jones Arif Mardin Jay Newland Norah Jones singles chronology `` Do n't Know Why '' ( 2002 ) `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' ( 2003 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' ( 2002 ) `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' ( 2003 ) `` Come Away with Me '' ( 2003 ) Come Away with Me 2003 `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' ( 2003 ) Do n't Know WhyI 'll Be Your Baby Tonight2003 `` Turn Me On '' ( 2004 ) Turn Me On 2004 Alternative cover Cover art for `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` Do n't Know Why '' Norah Jones 's `` Do n't Know Why '' from First Sessions and Come Away with Me Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Do n't Know Why '' is a song written by Jesse Harris which originally appeared on his 1999 album , Jesse Harris & the Ferdinandos . It was the second single by American singer Norah Jones from her debut studio album Come Away with Me ( 2002 ) . Jones 's version peaked at No. 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was a critical success , helping establish her as a respected new artist , and subsequently her album sold extremely well . The single went on to win three Grammy Awards in 2003 for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . It remains Jones 's biggest hit single in the United States to date , and her only one to reach the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was also a hit internationally and reached top 10 in several countries . The song charted at 459 in Blender magazine 's 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born . A music video directed by Anastasia Simone and Ian Spencer was released in 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Covers 2 Charts 2.1 `` Do n't Know Why '' 2.2 `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 2.3 Year - end charts 3 Other appearances 4 References 5 External links Covers ( edit ) Jazz guitarist Pat Metheny played `` Do n't Know Why '' on his 2003 solo album One Quiet Night . Smokey Robinson covered the song on his 2009 solo album Time Flies When You 're Having Fun . Aya Matsuura covered the song for her album Naked Songs . Ken Hirai : Japanese R&B singer performed the song on his album of covers entitled Ken 's Bar . The Japanese soul singer Juju included the cover on her single `` Donna ni tokutemo '' as a B - side . Vania Borges covered the song on the compilation album Rhythms del Mundo . Aliya Parcs covered the song on the compilation album Jam and Jive . It was featured on the video game Karaoke Revolution as a cover . The children 's television show Sesame Street parodied the song with Jones playing the song at a piano about the letter Y being missing and Elmo appears later with her , joining in singing the song . The sketch comedy show MADtv parodied the song in a commercial for the fictitious album Monotonous . The joke of the sketch is that the song sets the mood for wild parties despite its slow pace . Jazz fusion pianist David Benoit covered the song from his 2003 album Right Here , Right Now . Kenny G also covered his version together with American jazz pianist David Benoit on Kenny G 's 2004 album At Last ... The Duets Album . British soul singer Kenny Thomas covered the song on his 2006 album Crazy World . Saxophonist Jimmy Sommers covered the song on his 2007 release Time Stands Still . Asaro and Wolcott covered the song on their 2010 EP Goodbye Note . Martin Taylor included this song on his album The Valley , and in a number of concerts including his performance at The Stables on the day John Dankworth died . George Benson included this song on his 2011 album Guitar Man . Go West included this song during their joint tour with Tony Hadley in 2004 . Korean jazz duo Winterplay covered the song for their 2010 album Touche Mon Amour . Adrienne Hindmarsh covered the song for her 2012 album Jazz Moods . Korin Bukowski covered the instant save song selection on The Voice . In August 2015 , Maris Racal covered this song during the # HappyBirthdayWish1075 celebration which made her won the awards `` Wishers ' Choice for Wishclusive Performance of the Year '' and `` Wishers ' Choice for Young Artist of the Year '' in the 2016 Wish 107.5 Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) `` Do n't Know Why '' ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 56 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 28 Dutch Singles Chart 86 French Singles Chart 74 German Singles Chart 82 New Zealand Singles Chart 24 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Adult Pop Songs 8 US Billboard Pop Songs 32 `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 67 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 97 Other appearances ( edit ) WYEP Live and Direct : Volume 4 -- On Air Performances ( 2002 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Come Away with Me liner notes . Blue Note ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born : 51 - 100 Article on Blender : : The Ultimate Guide to Music and More '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 03 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` A Thousand Kisses Deep overview '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` David Benoit - Right Here , Right Now '' . JazzReview.com . Jump up ^ `` Time Stands Still overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` News : 05.26. 09 : : '' . JimmySommers.com . Jump up ^ `` FULL WINNERS LIST : WISH 107.5 MUSIC AWARDS 2016 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Do n't Know Why by Norah Jones - Music Charts '' . Acharts.us . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Norah Jones - Do n't Know Why '' . Lescharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Know Why / I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight by Norah Jones - Music Charts '' . Acharts.us . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Year End Charts '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Know Why '' reviewed by Ted Gioia ( Jazz.com ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Norah Jones Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Come Away with Me ( 2002 ) Feels Like Home ( 2004 ) Not Too Late ( 2007 ) The Fall ( 2009 ) Little Broken Hearts ( 2012 ) Day Breaks ( 2016 ) Compilation albums ... Featuring Norah Jones Extended plays First Sessions Other albums New York City The Little Willies El Madmo Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Rome For the Good Times Foreverly No Fools , No Fun Singles `` Do n't Know Why '' `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' `` Come Away with Me '' `` Turn Me On '' `` Here We Go Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` What Am I to You ? '' `` Thinking About You '' `` Not Too Late '' `` Sinkin ' Soon '' `` Until the End '' `` Chasing Pirates '' `` Young Blood '' `` It 's Gonna Be '' `` Happy Pills '' Concert tours Little Broken Hearts Tour Related articles The Little Willies Puss n Boots Ravi Shankar ( father ) Anoushka Shankar ( half - sister ) Lee Alexander `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Book Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 2000s ) `` Smooth '' * by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas engineered / mixed by David Thoener , produced by Matt Serletic ( 2000 ) `` Beautiful Day '' * by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) engineered / mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite ; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) engineered / mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite ; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' * by Norah Jones engineered / mixed by Jay Newland ; produced by Arif Mardin , Jay Newland & Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) engineered / mixed by Coldplay , Ken Nelson & Mark Phythian ; produced by Coldplay & Ken Nelson ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones engineered / mixed by Al Schmitt , Mark Fleming , & Terry Howard ; produced by John R. Burk ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) engineered / mixed by Chris Lord - Alge & Doug McKean , produced by Green Day & Rob Cavallo ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' * by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) engineered / mixed by Chris Testa , Jim Scott & Richard Dodd ; produced by Rick Rubin ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' * by Amy Winehouse engineered / mixed by Tom Elmhirst , Vaughan Merrick , Dom Morley , Mark Ronson & Gabriel Roth ; produced by Mark Ronson ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant engineered / mixed by Mike Piersante ; produced by T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 2000s ) 2000 Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas - `` Smooth '' 2001 Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson - `` Beautiful Day '' 2002 Alicia Keys - `` Fallin ' '' 2003 Jesse Harris - `` Do n't Know Why '' Richard Marx & Luther Vandross - `` Dance with My Father '' 2005 John Mayer - `` Daughters '' 2006 Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson - `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' 2007 Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson - `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' 2008 Amy Winehouse - `` Rehab '' 2009 Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin - `` Viva la Vida '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Know_Why&oldid=800252137 '' Categories : 1999 songs 2002 singles Smooth jazz songs Norah Jones songs Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Award for Record of the Year Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin Blue Note Records singles Songs written by Jesse Harris Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 10 : 44 . 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who wrote don't know why i didn't come
[ "\"Don't Know Why\" is a song written by Jesse Harris which originally appeared on his 1999 album, Jesse Harris & the Ferdinandos. It was the second single by American singer Norah Jones from her debut studio album Come Away with Me (2002). Jones's version peaked at No. 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was a critical success, helping establish her as a respected new artist, and subsequently her album sold extremely well. The single went on to win three Grammy Awards in 2003 for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. It remains Jones's biggest hit single in the United States to date, and her only one to reach the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. The single was also a hit internationally and reached top 10 in several countries. The song charted at 459 in Blender magazine's 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born.[2]" ]
[ "Jesse Harris" ]
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The Lord of the Rings (film series)
The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series released in 2001 to 2003 . For other films based on The Lord of the Rings , see Middle - earth in film . The Lord of the Rings The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Stephen Sinclair ( The Two Towers ) Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Brad Dourif Karl Urban John Noble Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis ( See below ) Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) Michael J. Horton Jabez Olssen ( The Two Towers ) Jamie Selkirk ( The Return of the King ) Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) 18 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) ( The Two Towers ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( The Return of the King ) Running time 558 minutes ( theatrical edition length ) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $281 million Box office $2.917 billion The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Post-production 5.1 Editing 5.2 Music 5.3 Sound 5.4 Special effects 6 Releases 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Public and critical response 7.3 Academy Awards 7.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 7.5 Legacy 8 Video games 9 The Hobbit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , instead of Sam , Merry , and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it , as occurs in the original novel . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series A helmet of the Rohirrim . Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . ( hide ) Character Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins Elijah Wood Aragorn Viggo Mortensen Boromir Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee Sean Astin Gandalf Ian McKellen Gimli John Rhys - Davies Legolas Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Billy Boyd The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes Old Noakes Bill Johnson Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a. Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel Cate Blanchett Haldir Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod Alistair Browning Denethor John Noble Éomer Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn Miranda Otto Faramir David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling Bruce Hopkins Grimbold Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas Ian Hughes King of the Dead Paul Norell Madril John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum Andy Serkis Gorbag Stephen Ure Gothmog Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol Thomas Robins ( hand only ) Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie Gil - galad Mark Ferguson Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films . Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing Schindler 's List , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The first two films were released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 19 December 2001 $315,544,750 $555,985,574 $871,530,324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93,000,000 The Two Towers 18 December 2002 $342,551,365 $583,495,746 $926,047,111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94,000,000 The Return of the King 17 December 2003 $377,845,905 $742,083,616 $1,119,929,521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94,000,000 Total $1,035,942,020 $1,881,564,936 $2,917,506,956 $281,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 95 % , and 93 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 87 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 227 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 95 % ( 8.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 250 reviews ) 87 ( 39 reviews ) The Return of the King 93 % ( 8.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 269 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Middle - earth : Shadow of War . The Hobbit ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . 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Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean . `` Tolkien Scholar Stings `` Rings '' Films . '' Review of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard , 4 February 2003 . May be accessed here `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . in full , last retrieved 15 September 2006 Jump up ^ Crowe , Joe ( 21 November 2005 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Review '' . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Timmons , Dan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Frodo on Film : Peter Jackson 's Problematic Portrayal '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Kayla McKinney ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Epic Hero and the Little Man '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Fleming ( 2004 ) . The Battle for Middle - Earth : Tolkien 's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 176 , note 39 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2497 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Anniversary of TTT release ( Archive ) - The Barrow - Downs Discussion Forum '' . Forum.barrowdowns.com. 18 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Croft , Jannet Brennan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Mithril Coats and Tin Ears : ' Anticipation ' and ' Flattening ' in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Trilogy '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Biography for Christopher Lee on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions with Peter Jackson . Last retrieved 16 September 2006 '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Movies -- Complete List of Film Changes -- Overview -- The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and Tolkien -- The One Ring -- The Home of Tolkien Online '' . Theonering.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopedia of Arda '' . Glyphweb.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bratman , David ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Summa Jacksonica : A Reply to Defenses of Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings films , after St. Thomas Aquinas '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . It 's Jackson 's vision , not Tolkien 's ... The perfect film would have been 40 hours long . Jump up ^ Kellner , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings as Allegory : A Multiperspectivist Reading '' . In Matthijs , Ernest ; Pomerance , Murray . From Hobbits to Hollywood : Essays on Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings . Amsterdam : Editions Rodopi . pp. 21 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1682 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2006 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's ' The Lord of the Rings ' ( review ) '' . Tolkien Studies . 3 : 222 -- 228 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2006.0035 . ^ Jump up to : Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Tolkien , l'anneau de la discorde '' . Le Monde . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Ils ont éviscéré le livre , en en faisant un film d'action pour les 15 -- 25 ans . Et il paraît que Le Hobbit sera du même acabit . ( ... ) Tolkien est devenu un monstre , dévoré par sa popularité et absorbé par l'absurdité de l'époque . Le fossé qui s'est creusé entre la beauté , le sérieux de l'œuvre , et ce qu'elle est devenue , tout cela me dépasse . Un tel degré de commercialisation réduit à rien la portée esthétique et philosophique de cette création . Il ne me reste qu'une seule solution : tourner la tête . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Lord of the Gold Ring '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Feud over ' Rings ' movie splits Tolkien family '' . The New Zealand Herald . 3 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's son denies rift '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' `` . Worldcrunch.com. 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZer of the year : Peter Jackson '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Tourism in New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand , Home of Middle - earth '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hopkins ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line '' . TheOneRing.net . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' : Peace in Middle - Earth ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit Worldwide Release Dates '' . thehobbit.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings ( movies ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Official site of the films The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=833031153 '' Categories : English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Films released in separate parts American fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 08 : 55 . 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what's the order of the lord of the rings
[ "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema.", "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema.", "The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema." ]
[ "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers", "The Return of the King" ]
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Sand
Sand - wikipedia Sand For other uses , see Sand ( disambiguation ) . Sand dunes in the Idehan Ubari , Libya . Close - up ( 1 × 1 cm ) of sand from the Gobi Desert , Mongolia . Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles . It is defined by size , being finer than gravel and coarser than silt . Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type ; i.e. , a soil containing more than 85 percent sand - sized particles by mass . The composition of sand varies , depending on the local rock sources and conditions , but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica ( silicon dioxide , or SiO ) , usually in the form of quartz . The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate , for example , aragonite , which has mostly been created , over the past half billion years , by various forms of life , like coral and shellfish . For example , it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean . Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales , and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Study 3 Uses 4 Resources and environmental concerns 5 Hazards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition Heavy minerals ( dark ) in a quartz beach sand ( Chennai , India ) . Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park , Utah . These are grains of quartz with a hematite coating providing the orange color . Sand from Pismo Beach , California . Components are primarily quartz , chert , igneous rock and shell fragments . The exact definition of sand varies . The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves , and defines sand as particles with a diameter of between 0.074 and 4.75 millimeters . By another definition , in terms of particle size as used by geologists , sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm ( or ​ ⁄ mm ) to 2 mm . An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain . Sand grains are between gravel ( with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm by the latter system , and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in the former ) and silt ( particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm ) . The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century , but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century . The grains of sand in Archimedes Sand Reckoner written around 240 BCE , were 0.02 mm in diameter . A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm . A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm . Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers . Silt , by comparison , feels like flour ) . ISO 14688 grades sands as fine , medium , and coarse with ranges 0.063 mm to 0.2 mm to 0.63 mm to 2.0 mm . In the United States , sand is commonly divided into five sub-categories based on size : very fine sand ( ​ ⁄ -- ​ ⁄ mm diameter ) , fine sand ( ​ ⁄ mm -- ​ ⁄ mm ) , medium sand ( ​ ⁄ mm -- ​ ⁄ mm ) , coarse sand ( ​ ⁄ mm -- 1 mm ) , and very coarse sand ( 1 mm -- 2 mm ) . These sizes are based on the Krumbein phi scale , where size in Φ = - log D ; D being the particle size in mm . On this scale , for sand the value of Φ varies from − 1 to + 4 , with the divisions between sub-categories at whole numbers . Close up of black volcanic sand from Perissa , Santorini , Greece The most common constituent of sand , in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings , is silica ( silicon dioxide , or SiO ) , usually in the form of quartz , which , because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness , is the most common mineral resistant to weathering . The composition of mineral sand is highly variable , depending on the local rock sources and conditions . The bright white sands found in tropical and subtropical coastal settings are eroded limestone and may contain coral and shell fragments in addition to other organic or organically derived fragmental material , suggesting sand formation depends on living organisms , too . The gypsum sand dunes of the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico are famous for their bright , white color . Arkose is a sand or sandstone with considerable feldspar content , derived from weathering and erosion of a ( usually nearby ) granitic rock outcrop . Some sands contain magnetite , chlorite , glauconite or gypsum . Sands rich in magnetite are dark to black in color , as are sands derived from volcanic basalts and obsidian . Chlorite - glauconite bearing sands are typically green in color , as are sands derived from basaltic lava with a high olivine content . Many sands , especially those found extensively in Southern Europe , have iron impurities within the quartz crystals of the sand , giving a deep yellow color . Sand deposits in some areas contain garnets and other resistant minerals , including some small gemstones . Study An electron micrograph showing grains of sand Pitted sand grains from the Western Desert , Egypt . Pitting is a consequence of wind transportation . The study of individual grains can reveal much historical information as to the origin and kind of transport of the grain . Quartz sand that is recently weathered from granite or gneiss quartz crystals will be angular . It is called grus in geology or sharp sand in the building trade where it is preferred for concrete , and in gardening where it is used as a soil amendment to loosen clay soils . Sand that is transported long distances by water or wind will be rounded , with characteristic abrasion patterns on the grain surface . Desert sand is typically rounded . People who collect sand as a hobby are known as arenophiles . Organisms that thrive in sandy environments are psammophiles . Uses This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sand sorting tower at a gravel pit . Agriculture : Sandy soils are ideal for crops such as watermelons , peaches and peanuts , and their excellent drainage characteristics make them suitable for intensive dairy farming . Aquaria : Sand makes a low cost aquarium base material which some believe is better than gravel for home use . It is also a necessity for saltwater reef tanks , which emulate environments composed largely of aragonite sand broken down from coral and shellfish . Artificial reefs : Geotextile bagged sand can serve as the foundation for new reefs . Artificial islands in the Persian Gulf . Beach nourishment : Governments move sand to beaches where tides , storms or deliberate changes to the shoreline erode the original sand . Brick : Manufacturing plants add sand to a mixture of clay and other materials for manufacturing bricks . Cob : Coarse sand makes up as much as 75 % of cob . Concrete : Sand is often a principal component of this critical construction material . Glass : Sand rich in silica is the principal component in common glasses . Hydraulic fracturing : A drilling technique for natural gas , which uses rounded silica sand as a `` proppant '' , a material to hold open cracks that are caused by the hydraulic fracturing process . Landscaping : Sand makes small hills and slopes ( golf courses would be an example ) . Mortar : Sand is mixed with masonry cement or Portland cement and lime to be used in masonry construction . Paint : Mixing sand with paint produces a textured finish for walls and ceilings or non-slip floor surfaces . Railroads : Engine drivers and rail transit operators use sand to improve the traction of wheels on the rails . Recreation . Playing with sand is a favorite beach time activity . One of the most beloved uses of sand is to make sometimes intricate , sometimes simple structures known as sand castles . Such structures are well known for their impermanence . Sand is also used in children 's play . Special play areas enclosing a significant area of sand , known as sandboxes , are common on many public playgrounds , and even at some single family homes . Sand dunes are also popular among climbers , motorcyclists and beach buggy drivers . Roads : Sand improves traction ( and thus traffic safety ) in icy or snowy conditions . Sand animation : Performance artists draw images in sand . Makers of animated films use the same term to describe their use of sand on frontlit or backlit glass . Sand casting : Casters moisten or oil molding sand , also known as foundry sand and then shape it into molds into which they pour molten material . This type of sand must be able to withstand high temperatures and pressure , allow gases to escape , have a uniform , small grain size and be non-reactive with metals . Sand castles : Shaping sand into castles or other miniature buildings is a popular beach activity . Sandbags : These protect against floods and gunfire . The inexpensive bags are easy to transport when empty , and unskilled volunteers can quickly fill them with local sand in emergencies . Sandblasting : Graded sand serves as an abrasive in cleaning , preparing , and polishing . Thermal weapon : While not in widespread use anymore , sand used to be heated and poured on invading troops in the classical and medieval time periods . Water filtration : Media filters use sand for filtering water . Wuḍūʾ : the Islamic procedure for washing parts of the body . Zoanthid `` skeletons '' : Animals in this order of marine benthic cnidarians related to corals and sea anemones , incorporate sand into their mesoglea for structural strength , which they need because they lack a true skeleton . Resources and environmental concerns Only some sands are suitable for the construction industry , for example for making concrete . Because of the growth of population and of cities and the consequent construction activity there is a huge demand for these special kinds of sand , and natural sources are running low . In 2012 French director Denis Delestrac made a documentary called `` Sand Wars '' about the impact of the lack of construction sand . It shows the ecological and economic effects of both legal and illegal trade in construction sand . Sand 's many uses require a significant dredging industry , raising environmental concerns over fish depletion , landslides , and flooding . Countries such as China , Indonesia , Malaysia and Cambodia ban sand exports , citing these issues as a major factor . It is estimated that the annual consumption of sand and gravel is 40 billion tons and sand is a US $70 billion global industry . Hazards While sand is generally non-toxic , sand - using activities such as sandblasting require precautions . Bags of silica sand used for sandblasting now carry labels warning the user to wear respiratory protection to avoid breathing the resulting fine silica dust . Safety data sheets for silica sand state that `` excessive inhalation of crystalline silica is a serious health concern '' . In areas of high pore water pressure , sand and salt water can form quicksand , which is a colloid hydrogel that behaves like a liquid . Quicksand produces a considerable barrier to escape for creatures caught within , who often die from exposure ( not from submersion ) as a result . See also Aggregate ( geology ) Beach Construction aggregate Desert sand ( color ) Dry quicksand Energetically modified cement ( EMC ) Heavy mineral sands ore deposits Oil sands Particle size Quicksand Revolving rivers Sand island Sand rat Sandstone Sandstorm Sand theft Singing sand White Sands National Monument References Jump up ^ Glossary of terms in soil science ( PDF ) . Ottawa : Agriculture Canada . 1976 . p. 35 . ISBN 0662015339 . Jump up ^ Constable , Harriet ( 3 September 2017 ) . `` How the demand for sand is killing rivers '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Unified Soil Classification System Jump up ^ Urquhart , Leonard Church , `` Civil Engineering Handbook '' McGraw - Hill Book Company ( 1959 ) p. 8 - 2 Jump up ^ Seaweed also plays a role in the formation of sand . Susanscott.net ( 1 March 2002 ) . Retrieved on 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Krinsley , D.H. , Smalley , I.J. 1972 . Sand . American Scientist 60 , 286 - 291 Jump up ^ `` Psammophile '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Importing Sand , Glass May Help Restore Beaches '' . NPR.org. 17 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Yong , Syed E. Hasan , Benedetto De Vivo , Bernhard Grasemann , Kurt Stüwe , Jan Lastovicka , Syed M. Hasan , Chen ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) . ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY - Volume III . EOLSS Publications . ISBN 9781848263574 . Jump up ^ See Sand Wars teaser here . Jump up ^ Simon Ings ( 26 April 2014 ) . `` The story of climate change gets star treatment '' . New Scientist : 28 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Strände in Gefahr ? Arte Future , last updated 23 April 2014 Jump up ^ Torres , Aurora ; et al. ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` The world is facing a global sand crisis '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The hourglass effect '' . The Economist. 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Beiser , Vince ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` The Deadly Global War for Sand '' . Wired . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Silica sand MSDS Archived 11 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Simplot ( 13 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 24 November 2011 . External links Look up sand in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sand Media related to Sand at Wikimedia Commons Beach Sand : What It Is , Where It Comes From and How It Gets Here - Beaufort County Library Beach , Chandler B. , ed. ( 1914 ) . `` Sand '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . Chicago : F.E. Compton and Co . Sand Mining Side Effects The World Is Running Out Of Sand - New York Times Sand Mining In India Rivers Causing Problems - New York Times How Demand For Sand Is Killing Rivers In Africa - BBC Dubai Imports Sand - BBC Geotechnical engineering Exploration Investigation Testing On - site Cone penetration test Standard penetration test Monitoring well piezometer Borehole Crosshole sonic logging Nuclear densometer test Static load testing Laboratory Atterberg limits California bearing ratio Direct shear test Hydrometer Proctor compaction test R - value Sieve analysis Triaxial shear test Hydraulic conductivity tests Water content tests Soil Materials Clay Silt Sand Gravel Peat Permafrost Loam Loess Properties Soil classification Hydraulic conductivity Water content Void ratio Bulk density Thixotropy Reynolds ' dilatancy Angle of repose Cohesion Porosity Permeability Specific storage Mechanics Effective stress Pore water pressure Shear strength Overburden pressure Consolidation Compaction Shear wave Lateral earth pressure Foundations Shallow Deep Bearing capacity Dynamic load testing Pile integrity test Wave equation analysis Statnamic load test Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing Mechanically stabilized earth Pressure grouting Slurry wall Soil nailing Tieback Stability Slope analysis mass wasting landslide Deformation monitoring automated Earthquakes Soil liquefaction Response spectrum Seismic hazard Ground -- structure interaction Geosynthetics Geotextile Geomembrane Geosynthetic clay liner Cellular confinement Numerical analysis SEEP2D STABL SVFlux SVSlope UTEXAS Coastal geography Landforms Anchialine pool Archipelago Atoll Avulsion Ayre Barrier island Bay Baymouth bar Bight Bodden Brackish marsh Cape Channel Cliff Coast Coastal plain Coastal waterfall Continental margin Continental shelf Coral reef Cove Dune cliff - top Estuary Firth Fjard Fjord Freshwater marsh Fundus Gat Geo Gulf Gut Headland Inlet Intertidal wetland Island Islet Isthmus Lagoon Machair Marine terrace Mega delta Mouth bar Mudflat Natural arch Peninsula Reef Regressive delta Ria River delta Salt marsh Shoal Shore Skerry Sound Spit Stack Strait Strand plain Submarine canyon Tidal island Tidal marsh Tide pool Tied island Tombolo Windwatt Beaches Beach cusps Beach evolution Coastal morphodynamics Beach ridge Beachrock Pocket beach Raised beach Recession Shell beach Shingle beach Storm beach Wash margin Processes Blowhole Cliffed coast Coastal biogeomorphology Coastal erosion Concordant coastline Current Cuspate foreland Discordant coastline Emergent coastline Feeder bluff Fetch Flat coast Graded shoreline Headlands and bays Ingression coast Large - scale coastal behaviour Longshore drift Marine regression Marine transgression Raised shoreline Rip current Rocky shore Sea cave Sea foam Shoal Steep coast Submergent coastline Surf break Surf zone Surge channel Swash Undertow Volcanic arc Wave - cut platform Wave shoaling Wind wave Wrack zone Management Accretion Coastal management Integrated coastal zone management Submersion Related Bulkhead line Grain size boulder clay cobble granule pebble sand shingle silt Intertidal zone Littoral zone Physical oceanography Region of freshwater influence Commons GND : 4051537 - 0 NDL : 00571682 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand&oldid=848511861 '' Categories : Sand Soil - based building materials Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 11 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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what type of rock is made of particles .05 cm
[ "The exact definition of sand varies. The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves,[3] and defines sand as particles with a diameter of between 0.074 and 4.75 millimeters. By another definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or ​1⁄16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm by the latter system, and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in the former) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. The grains of sand in Archimedes Sand Reckoner written around 240 BCE, were 0.02 mm in diameter. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm.[4] Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers. Silt, by comparison, feels like flour).\n" ]
[ "Sand" ]
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light . However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments . The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( ​ CH O ​ ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 . outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls . Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf , called the mesophyll , can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf . The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating . The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place . Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions , one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron . This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin , which passes the electron to a quinone molecule , starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH . In addition , this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane , which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP . The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product . The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis . The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present . For example , in green plants , the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light . In red algae , the action spectrum is blue - green light , which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants . The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g. , green plants , red algae , purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms . Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants , light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH . The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic . In the non-cyclic reaction , the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ) . The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation . The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center . That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule , pheophytin . As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ) , it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space . An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation , whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme . The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I . There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem . The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy . The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen . The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point , the path of that electron ends . The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic , but differs in that it generates only ATP , and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created . The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem , the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I , from where it was emitted , hence the name cyclic reaction . Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts , which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions . Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ) , which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron . The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin . However , since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme , an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules . The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water . Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center . That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron . The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction . Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water . The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis . Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions , but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration , including photosynthetic organisms . Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle , Carbon fixation , and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions , the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and , in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle , it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars , which are later combined to form sucrose and starch . The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product , which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products . The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds , such as the building material cellulose , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis , or as a fuel in cellular respiration . The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain . The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar , ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound , glycerate 3 - phosphate , also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate . Glycerate 3 - phosphate , in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages , is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or , more generically , as triose phosphate . Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue . The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates , which ultimately yield sucrose , starch and cellulose . The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids . Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions , plants close their stomata to prevent water loss . Under these conditions , CO will decrease and oxygen gas , produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis , will increase , causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation . Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions . Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase , creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid . Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located , and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids . The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and , thus , the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf . C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature . Many important crop plants are C plants , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , and millet . Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction , catalyzed by RuBisCO , produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle . Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation , compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however , the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution . Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes , such as cacti and most succulents , also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) . In contrast to C metabolism , which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle , CAM temporally separates these two processes . CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants , and fix the CO at night , when their stomata are open . CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate , which is then reduced to malate . Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves , thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO . Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM . In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes , which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis . An enzyme , carbonic anhydrase , located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ) . Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO , which is concentrated within the carboxysomes . HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein . They can not cross the membrane as they are charged , and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase . This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes . Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco . Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Probability distribution resulting from one - dimensional discrete time random walks . The quantum walk created using the Hadamard coin is plotted ( blue ) vs a classical walk ( red ) after 50 time steps . Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 % . Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat , with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths . A fact that allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers . Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted , light intensity , temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 % . By comparison , solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels , and above 40 % in laboratory devices . The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex . For example , the ATP and NADPH energy molecules , created by the light reaction , can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants . Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks . For this reason , it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions . Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction , and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction . It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system , or by using two separate systems together . Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO , and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s , parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars . By measuring CO assimilation , ΔH O , leaf temperature , barometric pressure , leaf area , and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR , it becomes possible to estimate , `` A '' or carbon assimilation , `` E '' or transpiration , `` gs '' or stomatal conductance , and Ci or intracellular CO . However , it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement , where appropriate , because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds , allowing the measurement of larger plant populations . Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels , above and below ambient , allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves , at different CO levels , to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response . Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms . While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci , or substomatal CO levels , the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci . The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast , or C , becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence , P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems , quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates . With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed . A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly . In the photosynthetic cell of an algae , bacterium , or plant , there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex . When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore , it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton , which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex , a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism . The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously , allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route , where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time . Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur , it is only possible over very short distances , due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play . These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop '' . The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks . Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems , such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria , are thought to have been anoxygenic , and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water . Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors . Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor . Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules . The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time . Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old . The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis , and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe . Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis , such as that in cyanobacteria , became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago . Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic . Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor , which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center . Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss , Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae . These are most common in corals , sponges and sea anemones . It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes . In addition , a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies . This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time . Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs , so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive . An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria , including a circular chromosome , prokaryotic - type ribosome , and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center . The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells . Therefore , chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells . Like mitochondria , chloroplasts possess their own DNA , separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria . DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers . The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation . Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once , in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria . The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history , at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ) , and , it is speculated , much earlier . Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis , it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen . Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma , but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered . A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma , revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae . Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ) , in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation . Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic , but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates , coccolithophorids , and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form . Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres , as agents of biological nitrogen fixation , and , in modified form , as the plastids of marine algae . Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood , the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century . Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew . After noticing that the soil mass changed very little , he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water , the only substance he added to the potted plant . His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water . However , this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis , not the soil itself . Joseph Priestley , a chemist and minister , discovered that , when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar , and burned a candle in it , the candle would burn out very quickly , much before it ran out of wax . He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air . He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant . In 1778 , Jan Ingenhousz , repeated Priestley 's experiments . He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours . In 1796 , Jean Senebier , a Swiss pastor , botanist , and naturalist , demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light . Soon afterward , Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water . Thus , the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined . Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis . By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction , in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide . Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light . With the red alone , the light reactions were suppressed . When blue and red were combined , the output was much more substantial . Thus , there were two photosystems , one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths , the other up to 700 nm . The former is known as PSII , the latter is PSI . PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '' , PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '' , among other pigment . These include phycobilins , which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively , and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms . The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI , assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system , which in turn powers the photochemistry . Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory . Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ) , another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms . These are linked by plastoquinone , which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant . Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water , were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939 . He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate , ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light . The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light , chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor . Therefore , in light , the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved . Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water . Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson , along with James Bassham , elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants . The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle , which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson . Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle , Benson - Calvin , and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle . Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain . Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO , activated by the respiration . Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light , oxidize cytochrome f , chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light , but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome , stating the two light reactions are in series . Development of the concept In 1893 , Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms , photosyntax and photosynthesis , for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid , in the presence of chlorophyll , under the influence of light . Over time , the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice . Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term . C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California , Berkeley , the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson , James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques . The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ) . For that original and ground - breaking work , a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin 1961 . In parallel , plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec. , with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight . These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity . Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University , field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight . This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean , indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants . At the University of Arizona , detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species . In tropical grasses , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus , leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec. , and the leaves have two types of green cells , i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells . This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane . Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration , very low CO2 compensation point , high optimum temperature , high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light . The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986 . These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate . Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower , as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid . At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air , both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec . indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants . Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants . There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors . The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature . Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere , and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life . The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable , with both time and space . In the early 20th century , Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant temperature , the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance , increasing as the irradiance increases , but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance . At low irradiance , increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant high irradiance , the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased . These two experiments illustrate several important points : First , it is known that , in general , photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature . However , these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation , so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation . These are , of course , the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage , and the light - independent , temperature - dependent stage . Second , Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors . Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light . Cyanobacteria , which reside several meters underwater , can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments . To combat this problem , a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center . This unit is called a phycobilisome . Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise , the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors . RuBisCO , the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions , has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen . When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high , RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide . However , if the carbon dioxide concentration is low , RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide . This process , called photorespiration , uses energy , but does not produce sugars . RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ) . Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle . A high oxygenase activity , therefore , drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle . Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis . Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway , and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate . The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ) , which is able to diffuse out of the plant , leading to a loss of nitrogen . A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration , since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ φῶς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA , Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated '' . Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96 . PMID 16997562 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001 . 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PMC 1459374 . PMID 16569695 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600999103 . Jump up ^ `` Cyanobacteria : Fossil Record '' . Ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alison ( 2010 ) . Plant biology . New York , NY : Garland Science . p. 5 . ISBN 0815340257 . Jump up ^ Herrero A , Flores E ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walker DA ( 2002 ) . `` ' And whose bright presence ' - an appreciation of Robert Hill and his reaction '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 51 -- 4 . PMID 16245102 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020479620680 . Jump up ^ Otto Warburg -- Biography . Nobelprize.org ( 1970 - 08 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gest , Howard ( 2002 ) . `` History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition . '' . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 7 -- 10 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020419417954 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Melvin ( July 1989 ) . `` Forty years of photosynthesis and related activities '' . Photosynthesis Research . 21 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1007 / BF00047170 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. 1953 . A table of photosynthesis rates under optimal , near natural conditions . Am. J. Bot. 40 : 675 - 679 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. , Whitwer , E.E. , and Cowell , B.C. 1959 . Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature , Science 130 : 268 - 269 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Musgrave , R.B. 1962 . Photosynthesis under field conditions . IV . Light studies with individual corn leaves . Crop Sci. 2 : 311 - 315 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Moss , D.N. 1963. Variation in the response of photosynthesis to light . Crop Sci. 3 : 107 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1965 . Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Crop Sci. 5 : 517 - 521 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1986. Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Curr . Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14 . Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf . Jump up ^ Haberlandt , G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie . Engelmann , Leipzig . Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy , M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species . Ph. D. Dissertation , The University of Arizona , Tucson , USA . Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ) . `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize '' . Proc. Kazan Agric . Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kortschak HP , Hart CE , Burr GO ( 1965 ) . `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves '' . Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209 . Jump up ^ Hatch MD , Slack CR ( 1966 ) . `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves . A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation '' . Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103 . Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ) . Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8 . Further reading Books Bidlack JE , Stern KR , Jansky S ( 2003 ) . Introductory plant biology . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2 . Blankenship RE ( 2014 ) . Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0 . Govindjee , Beatty JT , Gest H , Allen JF ( 2006 ) . Discoveries in Photosynthesis . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20 . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0 . Reece JB , et al. ( 2013 ) . Campbell Biology . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Papers Gupta RS , Mukhtar T , Singh B ( Jun 1999 ) . `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum , Chloroflexus aurantiacus , cyanobacteria , Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis '' . Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906 . PMID 10361294 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x . Rutherford AW , Faller P ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photosynthesis . A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth , advanced treatment of photosynthesis , also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism , Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation , a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut '' . Discovery News . 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Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . 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6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=804085587 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 16 : 58 . 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what is the site of photosynthesis in plant
[ "In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and an intermembrane space. Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma. Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids (grana), which are the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system." ]
[ "stacks of thylakoids (grana)" ]
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The Book of Eli
The Book of Eli - wikipedia The Book of Eli Jump to : navigation , search For the 12th - century English chronicle , see Book of Ely . The Book of Eli Theatrical release poster Directed by The Hughes brothers Produced by Joel Silver Susan Downey Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson Denzel Washington Written by Gary Whitta Starring Denzel Washington Gary Oldman Mila Kunis Ray Stevenson Jennifer Beals Music by Atticus Ross Leopold Ross Claudia Sarne Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Cindy Mollo Production company Alcon Entertainment Silver Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( USA ) Summit Entertainment ( International ) Release date January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $157,107,755 The Book of Eli is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film directed by the Hughes brothers , written by Gary Whitta , and starring Denzel Washington , Gary Oldman , Mila Kunis , Ray Stevenson , and Jennifer Beals . The story revolves around Eli , a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world , who is told by a voice to deliver his copy of a mysterious book to a safe location on the West Coast of the United States . The history of the post-war world is explained along the way , as is the importance of Eli 's task . Filming began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . The film has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48 % of 188 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10 . The film was released in theaters in January 2010 . Alcon Entertainment financed and co-produced the film with Silver Pictures , while it was distributed by Warner Bros. in the United States ; international sales were handled by Summit Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reviews 5 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse , Eli ( Denzel Washington ) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States . Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills , hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him . Searching for water , he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie ( Gary Oldman ) . Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book . His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it , but to no avail . In town Eli barters with a store owner , the Engineer ( Tom Waits ) , to recharge the battery of his portable music player . While waiting , he goes across the street to the town bar , where a gang of bikers attack , but he quickly kills all fifteen . Realizing Eli is a literate man like himself , Carnegie asks Eli to stay , making it clear that the offer is non-negotiable . After Carnegie 's blind mistress Claudia ( Jennifer Beals ) gives Eli some food and water , Carnegie orders Claudia 's daughter Solara ( Mila Kunis ) to seduce Eli , but he turns her down . While killing time , she finds his book . Unperturbed , Eli offers to share his food with her , and before they eat , he says grace . The following day , Solara repeats the prayer , but Carnegie overhears them and realizes Solara 's words relate to the book he has been seeking . He soon forces Solara to tell him if Eli was reading a book , and realizes Eli 's book is the one he wants -- a Bible . Eli sneaks out of his room and Carnegie has his henchmen shoot at Eli , but the bullets seemingly just graze him , as if he is being protected . Eli shoots most of Carnegie 's men and hits Carnegie in the leg with a shotgun blast . Solara , having left the town , leads Eli to a cave which is the town 's water supply , hoping she can accompany him on his travels . Eli traps her inside and continues on alone . Solara escapes and soon finds herself ambushed by two bandits who attempt to rape her , but Eli reappears and kills them . As they continue on , Eli explains his mission to Solara . According to Eli , his book is the last remaining copy of the Bible , as all other copies were intentionally destroyed following the nuclear war thirty years ago . He says he was led to the book by a voice in his head , which then directed him to travel westward to a place where it would be safe . The voice assured him that he would be protected and guided on his journey . Eventually , Eli and Solara investigate an isolated house . They fall into a trap , but manage to allay the suspicions of the residents , George ( Michael Gambon ) and Martha ( Frances de la Tour ) , who invite them in for tea . When Eli realizes that the couple are cannibals , they attempt to leave just as Carnegie and his henchmen arrive . In the ensuing shootout , George , Martha and many of Carnegie 's men are killed . While Eli and Solara are captured , Carnegie threatens to kill Solara unless Eli surrenders the Bible . With the Bible now in his possession , Carnegie shoots Eli , leaving him for dead . Solara escapes and drives back to help Eli . Rather than chase her , Carnegie returns to the town , since his sole remaining vehicle is running low on fuel . Solara finds Eli , and they drive until they reach the Golden Gate Bridge , and then row to Alcatraz Island , where they find a group intent on preserving what they can of literature and music . Eli tells the guards that he has a copy of the King James Version of the Bible . Once inside , Eli , revealed to be blind , begins to dictate the Bible from memory to Lombardi ( Malcolm McDowell ) , the leader of the group . Meanwhile , back in the town , the Engineer opens the locked Bible where Carnegie discovers , to his dismay , that it is in Braille , and orders Claudia to read it to him . She pretends that she can not remember how to read it , telling Carnegie his leg wound has become infected and his men have begun to run amok . At the sanctuary , Eli has died , but not before he finished reciting the entire book . The printing press at Alcatraz begins producing copies of the Bible , and Lombardi places one on a bookshelf between the Torah and Tanakh on one side and the Quran on the other . Solara , though offered sanctuary , chooses to return home , taking with her Eli 's sword and other possessions . Cast Denzel Washington as Eli Gary Oldman as Carnegie Mila Kunis as Solara Ray Stevenson as Redridge Jennifer Beals as Claudia Evan Jones as Martz Joe Pingue as Hoyt Frances de la Tour as Martha Michael Gambon as George Tom Waits as Engineer Chris Browning as Hijack Leader Malcolm McDowell as Lombardi ( uncredited ) Production In May 2007 , Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. signed the Hughes brothers to direct The Book of Eli , based on a script by Gary Whitta . ( The brothers had last directed the 2001 film From Hell . ) Subsequently , Anthony Peckham rewrote the script , and in September 2008 Denzel Washington won the lead role . The following October , Gary Oldman was cast to star alongside Washington . Principal photography began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . Alcon Entertainment financed the film and co-produced with Silver Pictures . Jeff Imada choreographed the complex fight scenes , which feature the Filipino martial art of Kali . Washington trained for months with Dan Inosanto and Imada for his role . Reception Box Office The film was released in North America on January 15 , 2010 in 3,111 theaters . It took in $11,672,970 -- $3,752 per theater , its opening day . By the end of its opening four - day holiday weekend it grossed $38,437,553 -- $12,355 per theater . It ranked number two , behind Avatar . On its second weekend , it placed third with Legion taking its number two place and grossed $15,732,493 -- $5,057 per theater . By its third weekend it dropped down to number five and made $8,908,286 -- $2,897 per theater . The film has come to gross $94,835,059 in the United States and Canada , and $62,256,659 in other markets , with an estimated worldwide total of $157,091,718 . Critical reviews The film has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48 % of 188 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` It 's certainly uneven , and many viewers will find that its reach exceeds its grasp , but The Book of Eli finds the Hughes brothers injecting some fresh stylish fun into the kind of post-apocalyptic wasteland filmgoers have seen more than enough of lately . '' Based on 33 critics reviews , Metacritic ( another review aggregator ) has assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety predicted `` this will not be one of ... Denzel Washington 's bigger grossers . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 of 4 stars and said of the film : `` You wo n't be sorry you went . It grips your attention , and then at the end throws in several WTF ! moments , which are a bonus . '' Reviewing the film for The A.V. Club , Scott Tobias graded the film a B , and wrote `` At a time when theaters are experiencing a glut of doomsday scenarios , the Hughes ' ashen , bombed - out future world looks a little too familiar , no matter how crisply they present it . But the showdown between Washington and a deliciously hammy Oldman complicates the film 's overt religiosity ... '' . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , calling it `` a ponderous dystopian bummer that might be described as The Road Warrior without car chases , or The Road without humanity . Home Media The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on May 31 , 2010 in the UK and on June 15 , 2010 in the United States and Canada . The DVD took the top spot on all three national home video market charts in its first week . It premiered No. 1 on Home Media Magazine 's Rental Chart , the Nielsen VideoScan Blu - ray chart , and the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert Sales Chart , where it outdistanced its nearest competitor in sales by a 3 to 1 margin . See also Eli ( biblical figure ) References Jump up ^ THE BOOK OF ELI rated 15 by the BBFC Jump up ^ `` Movie projector : ' Book of Eli ' first major challenger to ' Avatar ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Alcon spent $80 million to produce the movie , which stars Denzel Washington . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli shoots in New Mexico '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Interview , Part 1 : Gary Whitta on ' The Book of Eli ' '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 2 Aug 2017 . Jump up ^ Bakhshian , Sara ( January 2010 ) . `` ' The Book of Eli ' : Interview with Denzel Washington , Mila Kunis , and Gary Oldman '' . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Hughes brothers set for ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Dave McNary ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Denzel Washington picks up ' Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Gary Oldman joins ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( February 2009 ) . `` Jack Black Rocks ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' and More First Looks '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Oldman joins Denzel on ' Eli ' '' . Reel Suave . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli -- Behind the Scenes : Stunts '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , January 15 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 15 -- 18 , 2010 ( 4 - day weekend ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 22 -- 24 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 29 -- 31 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli Review '' . ' Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . The AV Club . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli Sweeps Video Charts '' . wowcelebrities.us . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Book of Eli The Book of Eli at the American Film Institute Catalog The Book of Eli on IMDb The Book of Eli at AllMovie The Book of Eli at Box Office Mojo The Book of Eli at Rotten Tomatoes The Book of Eli at Metacritic Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes Together Menace II Society ( 1993 ) Dead Presidents ( 1995 ) American Pimp ( 1999 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) Allen only Knights of the South Bronx ( 2005 ) New York , I Love You ( 2008 ) Broken City ( 2013 ) The Defiant Ones ( 2017 ) Albert only Alpha ( 2018 ) Films by Denzel Washington Director Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) Fences ( 2016 ) Producer Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) The Equalizer ( 2014 ) Fences ( 2016 ) The Equalizer 2 ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Eli&oldid=836967214 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2043 in fiction Alcatraz Island in fiction Alcon Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Warner Bros. films American action thriller films American films D - Box motion - enhanced films Films about blind people Films directed by the Hughes brothers Films produced by Joel Silver Films set in the 2040s Films shot in New Mexico Post-apocalyptic films Silver Pictures films Cannibalism in fiction Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Bible in popular culture Films scored by Atticus Ross Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 22 : 37 . 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what year did the book of eli take place
[ "Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse,[5] Eli (Denzel Washington) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States. Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills, hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him. Searching for water, he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie (Gary Oldman). Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book. His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it, but to no avail." ]
[ "Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse" ]
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Brushed DC electric motor
Brushed DC electric motor - wikipedia Brushed DC electric motor Jump to : navigation , search A brushed DC motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source . Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric power to driving mechanical energy , and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and industrial buildings . Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field . Depending on the connections of the field to the power supply , the speed and torque characteristics of a brushed motor can be altered to provide steady speed or speed inversely proportional to the mechanical load . Brushed motors continue to be used for electrical propulsion , cranes , paper machines and steel rolling mills . Since the brushes wear down and require replacement , brushless DC motors using power electronic devices have displaced brushed motors from many applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Simple two - pole DC motor 2 The commutating plane 2.1 Compensation for stator field distortion 3 Motor design variations 3.1 DC motors 3.2 Wound stators 3.3 Permanent - magnet motors 3.4 Axial field motors 4 Speed control 4.1 Series - parallel 4.2 Field weakening 4.3 Chopper 4.4 Ward Leonard 5 Torque and speed of a DC motor 5.1 Basic properties 5.2 Counter EMF equation 5.3 Voltage balance equation 5.4 Torque equation 5.5 Speed equation 6 Torque and speed characteristics 6.1 Shunt wound motor 6.2 Series wound motor 6.3 Permanent magnet motor 7 Protection 8 DC motor starters 8.1 Manual - starting rheostat 8.2 Three - point starter 8.3 Four - point starter 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 12 Bibliography Simple two - pole DC motor ( edit ) The following graphics illustrate a simple , two - pole , brushed , DC motor . DC motor rotation A simple DC electric motor . When the coil is powered , a magnetic field is generated around the armature . The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right , causing rotation . The armature continues to rotate . When the armature becomes horizontally aligned , the torque becomes zero . At this point , the commutator reverses the direction of current through the coil , reversing the magnetic field . The process then repeats . Electric motors of various sizes When a current passes through the coil wound around a soft iron core , the side of the positive pole is acted upon by an upwards force , while the other side is acted upon by a downward force . According to Fleming 's left hand rule , the forces cause a turning effect on the coil , making it rotate . To make the motor rotate in a constant direction , `` direct current '' commutators make the current reverse in direction every half a cycle ( in a two - pole motor ) thus causing the motor to continue to rotate in the same direction . A problem with the motor shown above is that when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field -- i.e. when the rotor poles are 90 degrees from the stator poles -- the torque is zero . In the pictures above , this occurs when the core of the coil is horizontal -- the position it is just about to reach in the last picture on the right . The motor would not be able to start in this position . However , once it was started , it would continue to rotate through this position by momentum . There is a second problem with this simple pole design . At the zero - torque position , both commutator brushes are touching ( bridging ) both commutator plates , resulting in a short - circuit . The power leads are shorted together through the commutator plates , and the coil is also short - circuited through both brushes ( the coil is shorted twice , once through each brush independently ) . Note that this problem is independent of the non-starting problem above ; even if there were a high current in the coil at this position , there would still be zero torque . The problem here is that this short uselessly consumes power without producing any motion ( nor even any coil current . ) In a low - current battery - powered demonstration this short - circuiting is generally not considered harmful . However , if a two - pole motor were designed to do actual work with several hundred watts of power output , this shorting could result in severe commutator overheating , brush damage , and potential welding of the brushes -- if they were metallic -- to the commutator . Carbon brushes , which are often used , would not weld . In any case , a short like this is very wasteful , drains batteries rapidly and , at a minimum , requires power supply components to be designed to much higher standards than would be needed just to run the motor without the shorting . The inside of a miniature DC motor as would be found in a toy . One simple solution is to put a gap between the commutator plates which is wider than the ends of the brushes . This increases the zero - torque range of angular positions but eliminates the shorting problem ; if the motor is started spinning by an outside force it will continue spinning . With this modification , it can also be effectively turned off simply by stalling ( stopping ) it in a position in the zero - torque ( i.e. commutator non-contacting ) angle range . This design is sometimes seen in homebuilt hobby motors , e.g. for science fairs and such designs can be found in some published science project books . A clear downside of this simple solution is that the motor now coasts through a substantial arc of rotation twice per revolution and the torque is pulsed . This may work for electric fans or to keep a flywheel spinning but there are many applications , even where starting and stopping are not necessary , for which it is completely inadequate , such as driving the capstan of a tape transport , or any instance where to speed up and slow down often and quickly is a requirement . Another disadvantage is that , since the coils have a measure of self inductance , current flowing in them can not suddenly stop . The current attempts to jump the opening gap between the commutator segment and the brush , causing arcing . Even for fans and flywheels , the clear weaknesses remaining in this design -- especially that it is not self - starting from all positions -- make it impractical for working use , especially considering the better alternatives that exist . Unlike the demonstration motor above , DC motors are commonly designed with more than two poles , are able to start from any position , and do not have any position where current can flow without producing electromotive power by passing through some coil . Many common small brushed DC motors used in toys and small consumer appliances , the simplest mass - produced DC motors to be found , have three - pole armatures . The brushes can now bridge two adjacent commutator segments without causing a short circuit . These three - pole armatures also have the advantage that current from the brushes either flows through two coils in series or through just one coil . Starting with the current in an individual coil at half its nominal value ( as a result of flowing through two coils in series ) , it rises to its nominal value and then falls to half this value . The sequence then continues with current in the reverse direction . This results in a closer step-wise approximation to the ideal sinusoidal coil current , producing a more even torque than the two - pole motor where the current in each coil is closer to a square wave . Since current changes are half those of a comparable two - pole motor , arcing at the brushes is consequently less . If the shaft of a DC motor is turned by an external force , the motor will act like a generator and produce an Electromotive force ( EMF ) . During normal operation , the spinning of the motor produces a voltage , known as the counter-EMF ( CEMF ) or back EMF , because it opposes the applied voltage on the motor . The back EMF is the reason that the motor when free - running does not appear to have the same low electrical resistance as the wire contained in its winding . This is the same EMF that is produced when the motor is used as a generator ( for example when an electrical load , such as a light bulb , is placed across the terminals of the motor and the motor shaft is driven with an external torque ) . Therefore , the total voltage drop across a motor consists of the CEMF voltage drop , and the parasitic voltage drop resulting from the internal resistance of the armature 's windings . The current through a motor is given by the following equation : I = V applied − V cemf R armature ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( applied ) ) - V_ ( \ text ( cemf ) ) ) ( R_ ( \ text ( armature ) ) ) ) ) The mechanical power produced by the motor is given by : P = I ⋅ V cemf ( \ displaystyle P = I \ cdot V_ ( \ text ( cemf ) ) ) As an unloaded DC motor spins , it generates a backwards - flowing electromotive force that resists the current being applied to the motor . The current through the motor drops as the rotational speed increases , and a free - spinning motor has very little current . It is only when a load is applied to the motor that slows the rotor that the current draw through the motor increases . The commutating plane ( edit ) In a dynamo , a plane through the centers of the contact areas where a pair of brushes touch the commutator and parallel to the axis of rotation of the armature is referred to as the commutating plane . In this diagram the commutating plane is shown for just one of the brushes , assuming the other brush made contact on the other side of the commutator with radial symmetry , 180 degrees from the brush shown . Compensation for stator field distortion ( edit ) In a real dynamo , the field is never perfectly uniform . Instead , as the rotor spins it induces field effects which drag and distort the magnetic lines of the outer non-rotating stator . Exaggerated example of how the field is distorted by the rotor . Iron filings show the distorted field across the rotor . The faster the rotor spins , the further the degree of field distortion . Because the dynamo operates most efficiently with the rotor field at right angles to the stator field , it is necessary to either retard or advance the brush position to put the rotor 's field into the correct position to be at a right angle to the distorted field . Centered position of the commutating plane if there were no field distortion effects . Actual position of the commutating plane to compensate for field distortion . These field effects are reversed when the direction of spin is reversed . It is therefore difficult to build an efficient reversible commutated dynamo , since for highest field strength it is necessary to move the brushes to the opposite side of the normal neutral plane . The effect can be considered to be somewhat similar to timing advance in an internal combustion engine . Generally a dynamo that has been designed to run at a certain fixed speed will have its brushes permanently fixed to align the field for highest efficiency at that speed . Motor design variations ( edit ) DC motors ( edit ) Brushed DC motors are constructed with wound rotors and either wound or permanent - magnet stators . Wound stators ( edit ) A , Shunt B , Series C , Compound f , Field coil The field coils have traditionally existed in four basic formats : separately excited ( sepex ) , series - wound , shunt - wound , and a combination of the latter two ; compound - wound . In a series wound motor , the field coils are connected electrically in series with the armature coils ( via the brushes ) . In a shunt wound motor , the field coils are connected in parallel , or `` shunted '' to the armature coils . In a separately excited ( sepex ) motor the field coils are supplied from an independent source , such as a motor - generator and the field current is unaffected by changes in the armature current . The sepex system was sometimes used in DC traction motors to facilitate control of wheelslip . Permanent - magnet motors ( edit ) Permanent - magnet types have some performance advantages over direct - current , excited , synchronous types , and have become predominant in fractional horsepower applications . They are smaller , lighter , more efficient and reliable than other singly - fed electric machines . Originally all large industrial DC motors used wound field or rotor magnets . Permanent magnets have traditionally only been useful on small motors because it was difficult to find a material capable of retaining a high - strength field . Only recently have advances in materials technology allowed the creation of high - intensity permanent magnets , such as neodymium magnets , allowing the development of compact , high - power motors without the extra real - estate of field coils and excitation means . But as these high performance permanent magnets become more applied in electric motor or generator systems , other problems are realized ( see Permanent magnet synchronous generator ) . Axial field motors ( edit ) Traditionally , the field has been applied radially -- in and away from the rotation axis of the motor . However some designs have the field flowing along the axis of the motor , with the rotor cutting the field lines as it rotates . This allows for much stronger magnetic fields , particularly if halbach arrays are employed . This , in turn , gives power to the motor at lower speeds . However , the focused flux density can not rise about the limited residual flux density of the permanent magnet despite high coercivity and like all electric machines , the flux density of magnetic core saturation is the design constraint . Speed control ( edit ) Generally , the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional to the EMF in its coil ( = the voltage applied to it minus voltage lost on its resistance ) , and the torque is proportional to the current . Speed control can be achieved by variable battery tappings , variable supply voltage , resistors or electronic controls . The direction of a wound field DC motor can be changed by reversing either the field or armature connections but not both . This is commonly done with a special set of contactors ( direction contactors ) . The effective voltage can be varied by inserting a series resistor or by an electronically controlled switching device made of thyristors , transistors , or , formerly , mercury arc rectifiers . Series - parallel ( edit ) Series - parallel control was the standard method of controlling railway traction motors before the advent of power electronics . An electric locomotive or train would typically have four motors which could be grouped in three different ways : All four in series ( each motor receives one quarter of the line voltage ) Two parallel groups of two in series ( each motor receives half the line voltage ) All four in parallel ( each motor receives the full line voltage ) This provided three running speeds with minimal resistance losses . For starting and acceleration , additional control was provided by resistances . This system has been superseded by electronic control systems . Field weakening ( edit ) The speed of a DC motor can be increased by field weakening . Reducing the field strength is done by inserting resistance in series with a shunt field , or inserting resistances around a series - connected field winding , to reduce current in the field winding . When the field is weakened , the back - emf reduces , so a larger current flows through the armature winding and this increases the speed . Field weakening is not used on its own but in combination with other methods , such as series - parallel control . Chopper ( edit ) In a circuit known as a chopper , the average voltage applied to the motor is varied by switching the supply voltage very rapidly . As the `` on '' to `` off '' ratio is varied to alter the average applied voltage , the speed of the motor varies . The percentage `` on '' time multiplied by the supply voltage gives the average voltage applied to the motor . Therefore , with a 100 V supply and a 25 % `` on '' time , the average voltage at the motor will be 25 V. During the `` off '' time , the armature 's inductance causes the current to continue through a diode called a `` flyback diode '' , in parallel with the motor . At this point in the cycle , the supply current will be zero , and therefore the average motor current will always be higher than the supply current unless the percentage `` on '' time is 100 % . At 100 % `` on '' time , the supply and motor current are equal . The rapid switching wastes less energy than series resistors . This method is also called pulse - width modulation ( PWM ) and is often controlled by a microprocessor . An output filter is sometimes installed to smooth the average voltage applied to the motor and reduce motor noise . Since the series - wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed , it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives , and trams . Another application is starter motors for petrol and small diesel engines . Series motors must never be used in applications where the drive can fail ( such as belt drives ) . As the motor accelerates , the armature ( and hence field ) current reduces . The reduction in field causes the motor to speed up until it destroys itself . This can also be a problem with railway motors in the event of a loss of adhesion since , unless quickly brought under control , the motors can reach speeds far higher than they would do under normal circumstances . This can not only cause problems for the motors themselves and the gears , but due to the differential speed between the rails and the wheels it can also cause serious damage to the rails and wheel treads as they heat and cool rapidly . Field weakening is used in some electronic controls to increase the top speed of an electric vehicle . The simplest form uses a contactor and field - weakening resistor ; the electronic control monitors the motor current and switches the field weakening resistor into circuit when the motor current reduces below a preset value ( this will be when the motor is at its full design speed ) . Once the resistor is in circuit , the motor will increase speed above its normal speed at its rated voltage . When motor current increases , the control will disconnect the resistor and low speed torque is made available . Ward Leonard ( edit ) A Ward Leonard control is usually used for controlling a shunt or compound wound DC motor , and developed as a method of providing a speed - controlled motor from an AC supply , though it is not without its advantages in DC schemes . The AC supply is used to drive an AC motor , usually an induction motor that drives a DC generator or dynamo . The DC output from the armature is directly connected to the armature of the DC motor ( sometimes but not always of identical construction ) . The shunt field windings of both DC machines are independently excited through variable resistors . Extremely good speed control from standstill to full speed , and consistent torque , can be obtained by varying the generator and / or motor field current . This method of control was the de facto method from its development until it was superseded by solid state thyristor systems . It found service in almost any environment where good speed control was required , from passenger lifts through to large mine pit head winding gear and even industrial process machinery and electric cranes . Its principal disadvantage was that three machines were required to implement a scheme ( five in very large installations , as the DC machines were often duplicated and controlled by a tandem variable resistor ) . In many applications , the motor - generator set was often left permanently running , to avoid the delays that would otherwise be caused by starting it up as required . Although electronic ( thyristor ) controllers have replaced most small to medium Ward - Leonard systems , some very large ones ( thousands of horsepower ) remain in service . The field currents are much lower than the armature currents , allowing a moderate sized thyristor unit to control a much larger motor than it could control directly . For example , in one installation , a 300 amp thyristor unit controls the field of the generator . The generator output current is in excess of 15,000 amperes , which would be prohibitively expensive ( and inefficient ) to control directly with thyristors . Torque and speed of a DC motor ( edit ) A DC motor 's speed and torque characteristics vary according to three different magnetization sources , separately excited field , self - excited field or permanent - field , which are used selectively to control the motor over the mechanical load 's range . Self - excited field motors can be series , shunt , or compound wound connected to the armature . Basic properties ( edit ) Define E , induced or counter EMF ( V ) I , armature current ( A ) k , counter EMF equation constant k , speed equation constant k , torque equation constant n , armature frequency ( rpm ) R , motor resistance ( Ω ) T , motor torque ( Nm ) V , motor input voltage ( V ) Φ , machine 's total flux ( Wb ) Counter emf equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's counter emf is proportional to the product of the machine 's total flux strength and armature speed : E = k Φ n Voltage balance equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's input voltage must overcome the counter emf as well as the voltage drop created by the armature current across the motor resistance , that is , the combined resistance across the brushes , armature winding and series field winding , if any : V = E + R I Torque equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's torque is proportional to the product of the armature current and the machine 's total flux strength : T = 1 2 π k b I a Φ = k T I a Φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) T& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) k_ ( b ) I_ ( a ) \ Phi \ \ & = k_ ( T ) I_ ( a ) \ Phi \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where k = k / 2π Speed equation ( edit ) Since n = E / k Φ and V = E + R I we have n = V m − R m I a k b Φ = k n V m − R m I a Φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) n& = ( \ frac ( V_ ( m ) - R_ ( m ) I_ ( a ) ) ( k_ ( b ) \ Phi ) ) \ \ & = k_ ( n ) ( \ frac ( V_ ( m ) - R_ ( m ) I_ ( a ) ) ( \ Phi ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where k = 1 / k Torque and speed characteristics ( edit ) Shunt wound motor ( edit ) With the shunt wound motor 's high - resistance field winding connected in parallel with the armature , V , R and Ø are constant such that the no load to full load speed regulation is seldom more than 5 % . Speed control is achieved three ways : Varying the field voltage Field weakening Variable resistance in the field circuit . Series wound motor ( edit ) Main article : Universal motor The series motor responds to increased load by slowing down ; the current increases and the torque rises in proportional to the square of the current since the same current flows in both the armature and the field windings . If the motor is stalled , the current is limited only by the total resistance of the windings and the torque can be very high , but there is a danger of the windings becoming overheated . Series wound motors were widely used as traction motors in rail transport of every kind , but are being phased out in favour of power inverter - fed AC induction motors . The counter emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature . When power is first applied to a motor , the armature does not rotate , the counter emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance . As the prospective current through the armature is very large , the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter emf . As the motor rotation builds up , the resistance is gradually cut out . The series wound DC motor 's most notable characteristic is that it is almost entirely dependent on the torque required to drive the load . This suits large inertial loads as motor accelerates from maximum torque , torque reducing gradually as load increases . As the series motor 's speed can be dangerously high , series motors are often geared or direct - connected to the load . Permanent magnet motor ( edit ) A permanent magnet DC motor is characterized by a linear relationship between stall torque when the torque is maximum with the shaft at standstill and no load speed with no applied shaft torque and maximum output speed . There is a quadratic power relationship between these two speed - axis points . Protection ( edit ) To extend a DC motor 's service life , protective devices and motor controllers are used to protect it from mechanical damage , excessive moisture , high dielectric stress and high temperature or thermal overloading . These protective devices sense motor fault conditions and either annunciate an alarm to notify the operator or automatically de-energize the motor when a faulty condition occurs . For overloaded conditions , motors are protected with thermal overload relays . Bi-metal thermal overload protectors are embedded in the motor 's windings and made from two dissimilar metals . They are designed such that the bimetallic strips will bend in opposite directions when a temperature set point is reached to open the control circuit and de-energize the motor . Heaters are external thermal overload protectors connected in series with the motor 's windings and mounted in the motor contactor . Solder pot heaters melt in an overload condition , which cause the motor control circuit to de-energize the motor . Bimetallic heaters function the same way as embedded bimetallic protectors . Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent or short circuit protectors . Ground fault relays also provide overcurrent protection . They monitor the electric current between the motor 's windings and earth system ground . In motor - generators , reverse current relays prevent the battery from discharging and motorizing the generator . Since D.C. motor field loss can cause a hazardous runaway or overspeed condition , loss of field relays are connected in parallel with the motor 's field to sense field current . When the field current decreases below a set point , the relay will deenergize the motor 's armature . A locked rotor condition prevents a motor from accelerating after its starting sequence has been initiated . Distance relays protect motors from locked - rotor faults . Undervoltage motor protection is typically incorporated into motor controllers or starters . In addition , motors can be protected from overvoltages or surges with isolation transformers , power conditioning equipment , MOVs , arresters and harmonic filters . Environmental conditions , such as dust , explosive vapors , water , and high ambient temperatures , can adversely affect the operation of a DC motor . To protect a motor from these environmental conditions , the National Electrical Manufacturers Association ( NEMA ) and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) have standardized motor enclosure designs based upon the environmental protection they provide from contaminants . Modern software can also be used in the design stage , such as Motor - CAD , to help increase the thermal efficiency of a motor . DC motor starters ( edit ) The counter-emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature . When power is first applied to a motor , the armature does not rotate . At that instant the counter-emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance and inductance . Usually the armature resistance of a motor is less than 1 Ω ; therefore the current through the armature would be very large when the power is applied . This current can make an excessive voltage drop affecting other equipment in the circuit and even trip overload protective devices . Therefore , the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter-emf . As the motor rotation builds up , the resistance is gradually cut out . Manual - starting rheostat ( edit ) 1917 DC motor manual starting rheostat with no - voltage and overload release features . When electrical and DC motor technology was first developed , much of the equipment was constantly tended by an operator trained in the management of motor systems . The very first motor management systems were almost completely manual , with an attendant starting and stopping the motors , cleaning the equipment , repairing any mechanical failures , and so forth . The first DC motor - starters were also completely manual , as shown in this image . Normally it took the operator about ten seconds to slowly advance the rheostat across the contacts to gradually increase input power up to operating speed . There were two different classes of these rheostats , one used for starting only , and one for starting and speed regulation . The starting rheostat was less expensive , but had smaller resistance elements that would burn out if required to run a motor at a constant reduced speed . This starter includes a no - voltage magnetic holding feature , which causes the rheostat to spring to the off position if power is lost , so that the motor does not later attempt to restart in the full - voltage position . It also has overcurrent protection that trips the lever to the off position if excessive current over a set amount is detected . Three - point starter ( edit ) The incoming power is indicated as L1 and L2 . The components within the broken lines form the three - point starter . As the name implies there are only three connections to the starter . The connections to the armature are indicated as A1 and A2 . The ends of the field ( excitement ) coil are indicated as F1 and F2 . In order to control the speed , a field rheostat is connected in series with the shunt field . One side of the line is connected to the arm of the starter ( represented by an arrow in the diagram ) . The arm is spring - loaded so , it will return to the `` Off '' position when not held at any other position . On the first step of the arm , full line voltage is applied across the shunt field . Since the field rheostat is normally set to minimum resistance , the speed of the motor will not be excessive ; additionally , the motor will develop a large starting torque . The starter also connects an electromagnet in series with the shunt field . It will hold the arm in position when the arm makes contact with the magnet . Meanwhile , that voltage is applied to the shunt field , and the starting resistance limits the current to the armature . As the motor picks up speed counter-emf is built up ; the arm is moved slowly to short . Four - point starter ( edit ) The four - point starter eliminates the drawback of the three - point starter . In addition to the same three points that were in use with the three - point starter , the other side of the line , L1 , is the fourth point brought to the starter when the arm is moved from the `` Off '' position . The coil of the holding magnet is connected across the line . The holding magnet and starting resistors function identical as in the three - point starter . The possibility of accidentally opening the field circuit is quite remote . The four - point starter provides the no - voltage protection to the motor . If the power fails , the motor is disconnected from the line . See also ( edit ) Alternating current Brushless DC electric motor Equations of a DC Motor under loading References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide Jump up ^ Gottlieb , I.M. ( 1994 ) . Electric Motors & Control Techniques ( 2nd ed . ) . TAB Books . Jump up ^ Lander , Cyril W. ( 1993 ) . `` 8 D.C. Machine Control '' . Power Electronics ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Mc Graw Hill International UK . ISBN 0 - 07 - 707714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 3437 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 144 , p. 826 , eq. 8 - 17 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 20 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 146 , p. 826 , eq. 8 - 18 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 23 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 21 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 20 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 68 , eq. 5 - 31 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 22 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 148 to § 8 - 151 , p. 827 - 828 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 69 Jump up ^ Alger , § 7 - 278 , p. 757 Jump up ^ Alger , § 7 - 277 , p. 757 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 154 , p. 828 Jump up ^ MIT CIPD Jump up ^ Herman , Stephen L. Electric Motor Control . 9th ed . Delmar , Cengage Learning , 2009 . Page 12 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Barnes . Practical variable speed drives and power electronics . Elsevier , Newnes , 2003 . Page 151 . Jump up ^ J. Lewis Blackburn . Protective relaying : principles and applications . CRC Press , 1998 . Page 358 . Jump up ^ Ohio Electric Motors . DC Motor Protection . Ohio Electric Motors . 2011 . Archived November 15 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ H. Wayne Beaty and James L. Kirtley . Electric Motor Handbook . McGraw - Hill Professional , 1998 . Page 97 . Jump up ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide . Theo . Audel & Co. 1917 . pp. 664 -- 669 . External links ( edit ) How Electric Motors Work ( retrieved from Web Archive on 2014 / 31 / 01 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Alger , P.L. ( 1949 ) . `` § 7 - 277 to § 7 - 287 ' AC Commutator Motors ' in Sec. 7 - Alternating - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 826 -- 831 . Hameyer , Kay ( 2001 ) . `` § 5.2 ' Basic Equations ' in section 5 - DC Machine '' . Electrical Machine I : Basics , Design , Function , Operation . RWTH Aachen University Institute of Electrical Machines . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Lynn , C. ( 1949 ) . `` § 8 - 144 to § 8 - 165 ' Motor Characteristics and Regulation ' in Sec. 8 - Direct - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 826 -- 831 . MIT CIPD ( 2009 ) . `` Understanding D.C. Motor Characteristics '' . Designing with D.C. Motors . MIT , Mech . Engineering , CIPD . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Electric motors AC - Alternating current DC - Direct current PM - Permanent magnet SC - Self - commutated Fundamental types AC motor DC motor DC motors Homopolar Electrically - excited field or PM field brushed DC Unipolar AC SC mechanical commutator Repulsion Universal AC SC electronic commutator Brushless DC ( BLDC ) Switched reluctance ( SRM ) AC asynchronous ( induction ( IM ) ) Shaded - pole ( single - phase ) Dahlander pole changing motor Squirrel - cage rotor ( SCIM ) Wound - rotor ( WRIM ) Linear induction AC synchronous ( SM ) Hysteresis Interior / Surface PM ( IPMSM / SPMSM ) Reluctance ( SyRM ) Wound - rotor ( WRSM ) Special magnetic machines Doubly - fed Linear Servomotor Stepper Traction Non-magnetic Electrostatic Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Enclosure Type Hermetic TEFC Components and accessories Armature Braking chopper Brush Commutator DC injection braking Field coil Rotor Slip ring Stator Winding Motor controllers AC / AC converter Amplidyne Adjustable - speed drive ( ASD ) Cycloconverter Direct torque control ( DTC ) Metadyne Motor controller Motor soft starter Motor starter ( engine ) Power inverter Thyristor drive Variable - frequency drive ( VFD ) Vector control Voltage controller Ward Leonard control History , education , recreational use Timeline of the electric motor Ball bearing motor Barlow 's wheel Lynch motor Mendocino motor Mouse mill motor Experimental , futuristic Coilgun Railgun Superconducting machine Related topics Blocked - rotor test Circle diagram Closed - loop control Electromagnetism Open - circuit test Open - loop controller Power - to - weight ratio Torque and speed of a DC motor Two - phase system People Arago Baily Barlow Botto Cook Davenport Davidson Dolivo - Dobrovolsky Faraday Ferraris Froment Gramme Henry Jacobi Jedlik Lenz Maxwell Ørsted Park Pixii Saxton Siemens Sprague Steinmetz Stimpson Sturgeon Tesla See also Alternator Electric generator Inchworm motor SI electromagnetism units C - Capacitance ( F ) Q - Charge ( C ) G , B , Y - Conductance , susceptance , admittance ( S ) κ , γ , σ - Conductivity ( S / m ) I - Current ( A ) D - Electric displacement field ( C / m ) E - Electric field ( V / m ) Φ - Electric flux ( V m ) χ - Electric susceptibility U , ΔV , Δφ ; E - Emf ( V ) L , M - Inductance ( H ) H - Magnetic field ( A / m ) strength Φ - Magnetic flux ( Wb ) B - Magnetic flux density ( T ) χ - Magnetic susceptibility μ - Permeability ( H / m ) ε - Permittivity ( F / m ) P - Power ( W ) R , X , Z - Resistance , reactance , impedance ( Ω ) ρ - Resistivity ( Ω m ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brushed_DC_electric_motor&oldid=801405046 '' Categories : DC motors Electric motors Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from September 2014 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latviešu Magyar 日本 語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 13 : 30 . 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factors on which the speed of dc motor depends
[ "The series motor responds to increased load by slowing down; the current increases and the torque rises in proportional to the square of the current since the same current flows in both the armature and the field windings. If the motor is stalled, the current is limited only by the total resistance of the windings and the torque can be very high, but there is a danger of the windings becoming overheated. Series wound motors were widely used as traction motors in rail transport[15] of every kind, but are being phased out in favour of power inverter-fed AC induction motors. The counter emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature. When power is first applied to a motor, the armature does not rotate, the counter emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance.[16] As the prospective current through the armature is very large, the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter emf. As the motor rotation builds up, the resistance is gradually cut out." ]
[ "armature resistance" ]
5694226988171857089
Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)
Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) - wikipedia Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Jump to : navigation , search Republic of Cuba República de Cuba 1902 -- 1906 1909 -- 1959 Flag Coat of arms Anthem La Bayamesa `` The Bayamo Song '' Capital Havana Languages Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Government 1902 -- 1940 : Unitary presidential republic 1940 -- 1952 : Semi-presidential republic 1952 -- 1959 : Military dictatorship President 1902 -- 1906 Tomás Estrada Palma ( first ) 1952 -- 1959 Fulgencio Batista ( last ) Prime Minister 1940 -- 1942 Carlos Saladrigas Zayas ( first ) 1959 José Miró Cardona ( last ) Legislature Congress Upper Chamber Senate Lower Chamber House of Representatives Historical era Modern Era Platt Amendment 2 March 1901 Constitution adopted 20 May 1902 Treaty of Relations 17 February 1903 Treaty of Relations 29 May 1934 1940 Constitution 10 October 1940 Admitted to the United Nations 24 October 1945 Cuban Revolution 1 January 1959 Currency Cuban peso Preceded by Succeeded by United States Protectorate over Cuba Second Occupation of Cuba Second Occupation of Cuba Republic of Cuba ( present ) Today part of Cuba Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ) of 1902 to 1959 , refers to the historical period in Cuba from 1902 , when Cuba seceded from US rule in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War that took Cuba from Spanish rule in 1898 , until communist revolutionaries took power in 1959 . The official form of government was representative democracy though at times it was controlled by a military junta or otherwise unelected government . After becoming head of the armed forces in 1933 , colonel Fulgencio Batista played a dominant role in Cuban politics over the next decades . The Cuban Revolution of 1953 -- 1959 massively changed Cuban society , creating a socialist state and ending US economic dominance in Cuba , as it aligned the country with the Soviet Union . The Republic of Cuba has been regarded as a client state of the United States . From 1902 -- 1932 Cuban and United States law included the Platt Amendment , which guaranteed the US right to intervene in Cuba and placed restrictions on Cuban foreign relations . In 1934 , Cuba and the United States signed the Treaty of Relations in which Cuba was obligated to give preferential treatment of its economy to the United States , in exchange the United States gave Cuba a guaranteed 22 percent share of the US sugar market that later was amended to a 49 percent share in 1949 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early independent governments 1.1 US occupation , 1906 -- 1908 1.2 1908 -- 1924 1.3 Machado era 2 Revolution of 1933 3 Constitution of 1940 4 Batista dictatorship 5 References Early independent governments ( edit ) Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General 's Palace at noon on May 20 , 1902 . After the Spanish -- American War , Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico , the Philippines , and Guam to the United States for the sum of $20 million . Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on May 20 , 1902 , as the Republic of Cuba . Under Cuba 's new constitution , the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations . Under the Platt Amendment , the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay naval base from Cuba . U.S. occupation , 1906 -- 1908 ( edit ) Main article : Second Occupation of Cuba Following disputed elections in 1906 , the first president , Tomás Estrada Palma , faced an armed revolt by veterans of the war for independence who defeated the government 's meager forces . The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years . Cuban historians have attributed Magoon 's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption . 1908 -- 1924 ( edit ) In 1908 , self - government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected President , but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs . In 1912 , the Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province , but was suppressed by General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed . Sugar production played an important rule in Cuban politics and economics . In the 1910s , during and after World War I , a shortage in the world sugar supply fueled an economic boom in Cuba , marked by prosperity and the conversion of more and more farmland to sugar cultivation . Prices peaked and then crashed in 1920 , ruining the country financially and allowing foreign investors to gain more power than they already had . This economic turbulence was called `` the Dance of the Millions '' . Machado era ( edit ) In 1924 , Gerardo Machado was elected president . During his administration , tourism increased markedly , and American - owned hotels and restaurants were built to accommodate the influx of tourists . The tourist boom led to increases in gambling and prostitution in Cuba . Machado initially enjoyed support from much of the public and from all the country 's major political parties . However , his popularity declined steadily . In 1928 he held an election which was to give him another term , this one of six years , despite his promise to serve only for one term . Revolution of 1933 ( edit ) The Wall Street Crash of 1929 led to precipitous drops in the price of sugar , political unrest , and repression . Protesting students , known as the Generation of 1930 , and a clandestine terrorist organization known as the ABC , turned to violence in opposition to the increasingly unpopular Machado . US ambassador Sumner Welles arrived in May 1933 and began a diplomatic campaign which involved `` mediation '' with opposition groups in including the ABC . This campaign significantly weakened Machado 's government and , backed with the threat of military intervention , set the stage for a regime change . A general strike ( in which the Communist Party sided with Machado ) , uprisings among sugar workers , and an army revolt forced Machado into exile in August 1933 . He was replaced by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada , son of Cuban patriot Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and former ambassador to the US . The Pentarchy of 1933 . Fulgencio Batista , who controlled the armed forces , appears at far right . In September 1933 , the Sergeants ' Revolt , led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista , overthrew Céspedes . General Alberto Herrera served briefly as president ( August 12 -- 13 ) followed by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada from August 13 until September 5 , 1933 . A five - member executive committee ( the Pentarchy of 1933 ) was chosen to head a provisional government . They were ousted by a student - led organization , the Student Directory , which appointed Ramon Grau San Martin as provisional president and passed various reforms during the ensuing One Hundred Days Government . Grau resigned in 1934 , after which Batista dominated Cuban politics for the next 25 years , at first through a series of puppet - presidents . The period from 1933 to 1937 was a time of `` virtually unremitting social and political warfare '' . Constitution of 1940 ( edit ) A new constitution was adopted in 1940 , which engineered radical progressive ideas , including the right to labor and health care . Batista was elected president in the same year , holding the post until 1944 . He is so far the only non-white Cuban to win the nation 's highest political office . His government carried out major social reforms . Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration . Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II , although president Batista suggested a joint U.S. - Latin American assault on Francoist Spain in order to overthrow its authoritarian regime . Batista adhered to the 1940 constitution 's strictures preventing his re-election . Ramon Grau San Martin was the winner of the next election , in 1944 . Grau further corroded the base of the already teetering legitimacy of the Cuban political system , in particular by undermining the deeply flawed , though not entirely ineffectual , Congress and Supreme Court . Carlos Prío Socarrás , a protégé of Grau , became president in 1948 . The two terms of the Auténtico Party saw an influx of investment which fueled a boom and raised living standards for all segments of society and created a prosperous middle class in most urban areas . Batista dictatorship ( edit ) Slum ( bohio ) dwellings in Havana , Cuba in 1954 , just outside Havana baseball stadium . In the background is advertising for a nearby casino . After running unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1952 , Batista staged a coup . He outlawed the Cuban Communist Party in 1952 . Cuba had Latin America 's highest per capita consumption rates of meat , vegetables , cereals , automobiles , telephones and radios , though about one third of the population was considered poor and enjoyed relatively little of this consumption . In 1958 , Cuba was a relatively well - advanced country by Latin American standards , and in some cases by world standards . On the other hand , Cuba was affected by perhaps the largest labor union privileges in Latin America , including bans on dismissals and mechanization . They were obtained in large measure `` at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants '' , leading to disparities . Between 1933 and 1958 , Cuba extended economic regulations enormously , causing economic problems . Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs . The middle class , which was comparable to that of the United States , became increasingly dissatisfied with unemployment and political persecution . The labor unions supported Batista until the very end . Batista stayed in power until he was forced into exile in December 1958 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. ( 1991 ) . Cuba Under the Platt Amendment , 1902 -- 1934 . Pittsburgh , PA : Pittsburgh University Press . p. xvi . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. ( 1991 ) . Cuba Under the Platt Amendment , 1902 -- 1934 . Pittsburgh , PA : Pittsburgh University Press . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Miller , John ; Kenedi , Aaron ( 2003 ) . Inside Cuba : The History , Culture , and Politics of an Outlaw Nation . New York : Marlowe & Company . pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . December 10 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) . Cuba Between Empires : 1878 -- 1902 . University of Pittsburgh Pre . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 7197 - 9 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diaz - Briquets , Sergio ; Pérez - López , Jorge F. ( 2006 ) . Corruption in Cuba : Castro and Beyond . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71321 - 5 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh ( 1998 ) . Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom . pp. 283 -- 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80827 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beede , Benjamin , ed. ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia . New York : Garland . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 8 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Grogan , Cuba 's Dance of the Millions : Examining the Causes and Consequences of Violent Price Fluctuations in the Sugar Market Between 1919 and 1920 ; Masters ' Thesis accepted at University of Florida , August 2004 . Jump up ^ Ralph Lee Woodward , Jr. , `` Dance of the Millions '' ; Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Terry K Sanderlin , Ed D ( April 24 , 2012 ) . The Last American Rebel in Cuba . AuthorHouse . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4685 - 9430 - 0 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilber Albert Chaffee ; Gary Prevost ( 1992 ) . Cuba : A Different America . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7694 - 1 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip Dur & Christopher Gilcrease , `` U.S. Diplomacy and the Downfall of a Cuban Dictator : Machado in 1933 '' ; Journal of Latin American Studies Vol. 34 , No. 2 , May 2002 ; DOI : 10.01 / S0022216X02006417 ; JSTOR . Jump up ^ Argote - Freyre , Frank ( 2006 ) . Fulgencio Batista. 1 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3701 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Melanie ( 2001 ) . Jacqueline West , ed . South America , Central America and the Caribbean 2002 . Routledge . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 121 - 6 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jaime Suchlicki ( 2002 ) . Cuba : From Columbus to Castro and Beyond . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 436 - 4 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. ? . ^ Jump up to : Frank R. Villafana ( December 31 , 2011 ) . Expansionism : Its Effects on Cuba 's Independence . Transaction Publishers . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 4656 - 1 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , Irving Louis , ed. ( 1998 ) ( 1988 ) . Cuban Communism ( 6 ed . ) . Transition Books . p. 662 . ^ Jump up to : Bethell , Leslie ( 1993 ) . Cuba . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43682 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sweig , Julia E. ( 2004 ) . Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Sweig , Julia E. ( 2004 ) . Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. ? . Jump up ^ `` Batista 's Boot '' . Time . January 18 , 1943 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 110 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maureen Ihrie ; Salvador Oropesa ( October 31 , 2011 ) . World Literature in Spanish : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 08083 - 8 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweig , Julia E. ( 2004 ) . Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Paul H. Lewis ( 2006 ) . Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3739 - 0 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith & Llorens 1998 . Jump up ^ Baklanoff 1998 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh ( 1998 ) . Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom . p. 1173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80827 - 2 . Cuba topics History Pre-Revolution Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years ' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of the USS Maine Spanish -- American War Platt Amendment World War I Republic 1932 hurricane World War II Revolution Post-Revolution Escambray Rebellion Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Special Period Fidel 's transfer of power United States -- Cuban thaw Cities History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines : Camagüey , Cienfuegos , Guantánamo , Holguín , Matanzas , Santiago de Cuba Geography Cities Bayamo Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Guantánamo Havana Holguín Las Tunas Matanzas Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Provinces Artemisa Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Ciudad de La Habana Granma Guantánamo Holguín Isla de la Juventud Las Tunas Matanzas Mayabeque Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santiago de Cuba Villa Clara Other Almendares River Earthquakes List of islands Sierra Maestra Tropical cyclones World Heritage Sites Governance Security Economy Governance Armed Forces Castroism Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Politics Presidency Cuba -- United States relations Bay of Pigs Invasion Brothers to the Rescue Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American Cuban - American lobby Cuban dissident movement Cuban Five Cuban Missile Crisis Elián González affair Fair Play for Cuba Committee Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act Cuba -- United States hijackings Luis Posada Carriles Mariel boatlift Orlando Bosch Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Platt Amendment Spanish -- American War United States ambassador United States embargo United States Interests Section Political parties Current Communist Party Christian Democratic Democratic Social - Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Current Democratic Solidarity Liberal Liberal Movement Social Democratic Co-ordination Former Auténtico Cuban National Democratic Union Independent Republican Ortodoxo Popular Socialist Republican ( Havana ) Security Military Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( MINFAR ) Air Force Army Navy Territorial Troops Militia Law enforcement National Revolutionary Police Force Intelligence Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate Economy Agriculture Agrarian reform Cooperatives Central bank Peso ( currency ) Convertible peso International rankings Telecommunications Tourism Transport airline Society Culture Society Censorship Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Education Health care Human rights LGBT LGBT history Women Language Rationing Scouting and Guiding Sociolismo Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Internet Literature Media Newspapers TV Music Musical theater Festivals Public holidays Radio Religion Santería Sport baseball boxing football Universities Demographics People Demographics Cubans Afro - Cubans Americans Cape Verdean Chinese Ciboney Filipino French German Haitian Isleños Italian Japanese Jews Koreans Lebanese Mexicans Spanish White People By name Desi Arnaz Fulgencio Batista Leo Brouwer Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Celia Cruz Ibrahim Ferrer Osmani García Máximo Gómez Elián González Nicolás Guillén José Martí Pablo Milanés Omara Portuondo Silvio Rodríguez Compay Segundo Félix Varela By occupation Architects Artists Athletes baseball players Painters abstract Writers women Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Cuba_(1902 -- 1959 ) &oldid = 836411197 '' Categories : Former countries in the Caribbean States and territories established in 1902 States and territories disestablished in 1959 History of Cuba by period Former polities of the Cold War Former republics Cuban nationalism 1900s in Cuba 1910s in Cuba 1920s in Cuba 1930s in Cuba 1940s in Cuba 1950s in Cuba 1902 establishments in Cuba 1959 disestablishments in Cuba Former member states of the United Nations History of Cuba 20th century in Cuba Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 17 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did cuba gain independence from the united states
[ "After the Spanish–American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1898), by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of $20 million.[4] Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on May 20, 1902, as the Republic of Cuba.[5] Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay naval base from Cuba." ]
[ "May 20, 1902" ]
-4292491101496863290
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Second Amendment to the United States Constitution `` Second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Close up image of the Second Amendment Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Second Amendment ( Amendment II ) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defense . while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices . State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right , per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights . The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right , supporting the natural rights of self - defense and resistance to oppression , and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state . While both James Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified , its most influential framer was James Madison . In Federalist No. 46 , Madison wrote how a federal army could be kept in check by state militias , `` a standing army ... would be opposed ( by ) a militia . '' He argued that state militias `` would be able to repel the danger '' of a federal army , `` It may well be doubted , whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops . '' He confidently contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms , which he contemptuously described as `` afraid to trust the people with arms . '' He assured his fellow citizens that they need never fear their government because `` besides the advantage of being armed , which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation , the existence of subordinate governments , to which the people are attached , and by which the militia officers are appointed , forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition '' . By January 1788 , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments . Several specific amendments were proposed , but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified . For example , the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments , one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed , another with the militia . The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments . In the end , the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to amendments to assure ratification . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that , `` The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendments means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government '' and thus limited the scope of the Second Amendment 's protections to the federal government . In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a `` reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In the twenty - first century , the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual 's right to keep a gun at home for self - defense . This was the first time in American history The Court had ruled the Second Amendment guarantees an individual 's right to own a gun . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court clarified its earlier decisions that limited the amendment 's impact to a restriction on the federal government , expressly holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against state and local governments . In Caetano v. Massachusetts ( 2016 ) , the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' and that its protection is not limited to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . Due to these decisions , the debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Pre-Constitution background 2.1 Influence of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 2.2 Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution 3 State Constitutional Precursors to the Second Amendment 3.1 Virginia , June 12 , 1776 3.2 Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 3.3 Maryland , November 11 , 1776 3.4 North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 3.5 New York , April 20 , 1777 3.6 Vermont , July 8 , 1777 3.7 Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 4 Drafting and adoption of the Constitution 5 Ratification debates 5.1 Argument for state power 5.2 Government tyranny 5.3 Preserving slave patrols 6 Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of Rights 7 Militia in the decades following ratification 8 Scholarly commentary 8.1 Early commentary 8.1. 1 Richard Henry Lee 8.1. 2 George Mason 8.1. 3 Tench Coxe 8.1. 4 Tucker / Blackstone 8.1. 5 William Rawle 8.1. 6 Joseph Story 8.1. 7 Lysander Spooner 8.1. 8 Timothy Farrar 8.1. 9 Judge Thomas Cooley 8.2 Late 20th century commentary 8.3 Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' 8.4 Meaning of `` the right of the People '' 8.5 Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' 9 Supreme Court cases 9.1 United States v. Cruikshank 9.2 Presser v. Illinois 9.3 Miller v. Texas 9.4 Robertson v. Baldwin 9.5 United States v. Miller 9.6 District of Columbia v. Heller 9.6. 1 Judgment 9.6. 2 Notes and analysis 9.7 McDonald v. City of Chicago 9.8 Caetano v. Massachusetts 10 United States Courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller 10.1 Before Heller 10.2 After Heller 11 Calls for repeal 12 See also 13 Notes and citations 14 References 14.1 Books 14.2 Periodicals 14.3 Other publications 15 Further reading 16 External links Text ( edit ) There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment , each with capitalization or punctuation differences . Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies , the signed copies on display , and various published transcriptions . The importance ( or lack thereof ) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment , particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause . One version was passed by the Congress , and a slightly different version was ratified . As passed by the Congress and preserved in the National Archives , with the rest of the original handwritten copy of the Bill of Rights prepared by scribe William Lambert , the amendment says : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to show only the text that would later be edited and ratified as the Second Amendment Here is the amendment as ratified by the States and authenticated by Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Pre-constitution background ( edit ) Influence of the English Bill of rights of 1689 ( edit ) The right to bear arms in English history is regarded in English law as a subordinate auxiliary right of the primary rights to personal security , personal liberty , and private property . According to Sir William Blackstone , `` The ... last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their ( defense ) , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is ... declared by ... statute , and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . '' The English Bill of Rights of 1689 emerged from a tempestuous period in English politics during which two issues were major sources of conflict : the authority of the King to govern without the consent of Parliament , and the role of Catholics in a country that was becoming ever more Protestant . Ultimately , the Catholic James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his successors , the Protestants William III and Mary II , accepted the conditions that were codified in the Bill . One of the issues the Bill resolved was the authority of the King to disarm his subjects , after James II had attempted to disarm many Protestants , and had argued with Parliament over his desire to maintain a standing ( or permanent ) army . The bill states that it is acting to restore `` ancient rights '' trampled upon by James II , though some have argued that the English Bill of Rights created a new right to have arms , which developed out of a duty to have arms . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court did not accept this view , remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was `` clearly an individual right , having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia '' and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the Crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms . The text of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 includes language protecting the right of Protestants against disarmament by the Crown . This document states : `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' It also contained text that aspired to bind future Parliaments , though under English constitutional law no Parliament can bind any later Parliament . Nevertheless , the English Bill of Rights remains an important constitutional document , more for enumerating the rights of Parliament over the monarchy than for its clause concerning a right to have arms . The statement in the English Bill of Rights concerning the right to bear arms is often quoted only in the passage where it is written as above and not in its full context . In its full context it is clear that the bill was asserting the right of Protestant citizens not to be disarmed by the King without the consent of Parliament and was merely restoring rights to Protestants that the previous King briefly and unlawfully had removed . In its full context it reads : Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Councellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome ( list of grievances including ) ... by causing severall good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law , ( Recital regarding the change of monarch ) ... thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place ( as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done ) for the Vindicating and Asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare ( list of rights including ) ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . The historical link between the English Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment , which both codify an existing right and do not create a new one , has been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court . The English Bill of Rights includes the proviso that arms must be as `` allowed by law . '' This has been the case before and after the passage of the Bill . While it did not override earlier restrictions on the ownership of guns for hunting , it is subject to the parliamentary right to implicitly or explicitly repeal earlier enactments . There is some difference of opinion as to how revolutionary the events of 1688 -- 89 actually were , and several commentators make the point that the provisions of the English Bill of Rights did not represent new laws , but rather stated existing rights . Mark Thompson wrote that , apart from determining the succession , the English Bill of Rights did `` little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed ( sic ) . '' Before and after the English Bill of Rights , the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm . In 1765 , William Blackstone wrote the Commentaries on the Laws of England describing the right to have arms in England during the 18th century as a subordinate auxiliary right of the subject that was `` also declared '' in the English Bill of Rights . The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute 1 W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . Although there is little doubt that the writers of the Second Amendment were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights , it is a matter of interpretation as to whether they were intent on preserving the power to regulate arms to the states over the federal government ( as the English Parliament had reserved for itself against the monarch ) or whether it was intent on creating a new right akin to the right of others written into the Constitution ( as the Supreme Court decided in Heller ) . Some in the United States have preferred the `` rights '' argument arguing that the English Bill of Rights had granted a right . The need to have arms for self - defence was not really in question . Peoples all around the world since time immemorial had armed themselves for the protection of themselves and others , and as organized nations began to appear these arrangements had been extended to the protection of the state . Without a regular army and police force ( which in England was not established until 1829 ) , it had been the duty of certain men to keep watch and ward at night and to confront and capture suspicious persons . Every subject had an obligation to protect the king 's peace and assist in the suppression of riots . Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Ideals that helped to inspire the Second Amendment in part are symbolized by the minutemen . Early English settlers in America viewed the right to arms and / or the right to bear arms and / or state militias as important for one or more of these purposes ( in no particular order ) : enabling the people to organize a militia system ; participating in law enforcement ; safeguarding against tyrannical government ; repelling invasion ; suppressing insurrection , allegedly including slave revolts , though some scholars say these claims are factually incorrect ; facilitating a natural right of self - defense . Which of these considerations were thought of as most important and ultimately found expression in the Second Amendment is disputed . Some of these purposes were explicitly mentioned in early state constitutions ; for example , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 asserted that , `` the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state '' . During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period , the established colonial militia was composed of colonists , including many who were loyal to British imperial rule . As defiance and opposition to British rule developed , a distrust of these Loyalists in the militia became widespread among the colonists , known as Patriots , who favored independence from British rule . As a result , some Patriots created their own militias that excluded the Loyalists and then sought to stock independent armories for their militias . In response to this arms build up , the British Parliament established an embargo of firearms , parts and ammunition against the American colonies . British and Loyalist efforts to disarm the colonial Patriot militia armories in the early phases of the American Revolution resulted in the Patriot colonists protesting by citing the Declaration of Rights , Blackstone 's summary of the Declaration of Rights , their own militia laws and common law rights to self - defense . While British policy in the early phases of the Revolution clearly aimed to prevent coordinated action by the Patriot militia , some have argued that there is no evidence that the British sought to restrict the traditional common law right of self - defense . Patrick J. Charles disputes these claims citing similar disarming by the patriots and challenging those scholars ' interpretation of Blackstone . The right of the colonists to arms and rebellion against oppression was asserted , for example , in a pre-revolutionary newspaper editorial in 1769 Boston objecting to the British army suppression of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts : Instances of the licentious and outrageous behavior of the military conservators of the peace still multiply upon us , some of which are of such nature , and have been carried to such lengths , as must serve fully to evince that a late vote of this town , calling upon its inhabitants to provide themselves with arms for their defense , was a measure as prudent as it was legal : such violences are always to be apprehended from military troops , when quartered in the body of a populous city ; but more especially so , when they are led to believe that they are become necessary to awe a spirit of rebellion , injuriously said to be existing therein . It is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves , confirmed by the Bill of Rights , to keep arms for their own defence ; and as Mr. Blackstone observes , it is to be made use of when the sanctions of society and law are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . The armed forces that won the American Revolution consisted of the standing Continental Army created by the Continental Congress , together with regular French army and naval forces and various state and regional militia units . In opposition , the British forces consisted of a mixture of the standing British Army , Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries . Following the Revolution , the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation . Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states , which caused military weakness , as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men . They considered it to be bad that there was no effective federal military crackdown on an armed tax rebellion in western Massachusetts known as Shays ' Rebellion . Anti-federalists on the other hand took the side of limited government and sympathized with the rebels , many of whom were former Revolutionary War soldiers . Subsequently , the Constitutional Convention proposed in 1787 to grant Congress exclusive power to raise and support a standing army and navy of unlimited size . Anti-federalists objected to the shift of power from the states to the federal government , but as adoption of the Constitution became more and more likely , they shifted their strategy to establishing a bill of rights that would put some limits on federal power . Modern scholars Thomas B. McAffee and Michael J. Quinlan have stated that James Madison `` did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment ; the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' In contrast , historian Jack Rakove suggests that Madison 's intention in framing the Second Amendment was to provide assurances to moderate Anti-Federalists that the militias would not be disarmed . One aspect of the gun control debate is the conflict between gun control laws and the right to rebel against unjust governments . Blackstone in his Commentaries alluded to this right to rebel as the natural right of resistance and self preservation , to be used only as a last resort , exercisable when `` the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . Some believe that the framers of the Bill of Rights sought to balance not just political power , but also military power , between the people , the states and the nation , as Alexander Hamilton explained in his Concerning the Militia essay published in 1788 : ... it will be possible to have an excellent body of well - trained militia , ready to take the field whenever the defence of the State shall require it . This will not only lessen the call for military establishments , but if circumstances should at any time oblige the Government to form an army of any magnitude , that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the People , while there is a large body of citizens , little , if at all , inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms , who stand ready to defend their own rights , and those of their fellow - citizens . This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army , and the best possible security against it , if it should exist . Some scholars have said that it is wrong to read a right of armed insurrection in the Second Amendment because clearly the founding fathers sought to place trust in the power of the ordered liberty of democratic government versus the anarchy of insurrectionists . Other writers , such as Glenn Reynolds , contend that the framers did believe in an individual right to armed insurrection . They cite examples , such as the Declaration of Independence ( describing in 1776 `` the Right of the People to ... institute new Government '' ) and the Constitution of New Hampshire ( stating in 1784 that `` nonresistance against arbitrary power , and oppression , is absurd , slavish , and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind '' ) . There was an ongoing debate beginning in 1789 about `` the people '' fighting governmental tyranny ( as described by Anti-Federalists ) ; or the risk of mob rule of `` the people '' ( as described by the Federalists ) related to the increasingly violent French Revolution . A widespread fear , during the debates on ratifying the Constitution , was the possibility of a military takeover of the states by the federal government , which could happen if the Congress passed laws prohibiting states from arming citizens , or prohibiting citizens from arming themselves . Though it has been argued that the states lost the power to arm their citizens when the power to arm the militia was transferred from the states to the federal government by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , the individual right to arm was retained and strengthened by the Militia Acts of 1792 and the similar act of 1795 . State constitutional precursors to the Second Amendment ( edit ) Related Articles & Sections within the first State Constitutions Adopted after May 10 , 1776 . Note : On May 10 , 1776 , Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was . Virginia , June 12 , 1776 ( edit ) Virginia 's Constitution lists the reasons for dissolving its ties with the King in the formation of its own independent state government . Including the following : Keeping among us , in times of peace , standing armies and ships of war . Effecting to render the military independent of , and superior to , the civil power . * These same reasons would later be outlined within the Declaration of Independence . A Declaration of Rights . Section 13 . That a well - regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , trained to arms , is the proper , natural , and safe defence of a free State ; that standing armies , in time of peace , should be avoided , as dangerous to liberty ; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 ( edit ) Article 13 . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state ; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . IMPORTANT NOTE : This is the first instance in relationship to U.S. Constitutional Law of the phrase `` right to bear arms . '' It is of relevance that Pennsylvania was a Quaker Colony traditionally opposed to bearing arms . `` In settling Pennsylvania , William Penn had a great experiment in view , a ' holy experiment , ' as he term ( ed ) it . This was no less than to test , on a scale of considerable magnitude , the practicability of founding and governing a State on the sure principles of the Christian religion ; where the executive should be sustained without arms ; where justice should be administered without oaths ; and where real religion might flourish without the incubus of a hierarchical system . '' The Non-Quaker residents , many from the Western Counties , complained often and loudly of being denied the right to a common defense . By the time of the American Revolution , through what could be described as a revolution within a revolution , the pro-militia factions had gained ascendancy in the state 's government . And by a manipulation through the use of oaths , disqualifying Quaker members , they made up a vast majority of the convention forming the new state constitution ; it was only natural that they would assert their efforts to form a compulsory State Militia in the context of a `` right '' to defend themselves and the state . Maryland , November 11 , 1776 ( edit ) Articles XXV - XXVII. 25 . That a well - regulated militia is the proper and natural defence of a free government . 26 . That standing armies are dangerous to liberty , and ought not to be raised or kept up , without consent of the Legislature. 27 . That in all cases , and at all times , the military ought to be under strict subordination to and control of the civil power . North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Article XVII . That the people have a right to bear arms , for the defence of the State ; and , as standing armies , in time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . New York , April 20 , 1777 ( edit ) Article XL . And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence ; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it ; this convention therefore , in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State , doth ordain , determine , and declare that the militia of this State , at all times hereafter , as well in peace as in war , shall be armed and disciplined , and in readiness for service . That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as , from scruples of conscience , may be averse to the bearing of arms , be therefrom excused by the legislature ; and do pay to the State such sums of money , in lieu of their personal service , as the same ; may , in the judgment of the legislature , be worth . And that a proper magazine of warlike stores , proportionate to the number of inhabitants , be , forever hereafter , at the expense of this State , and by acts of the legislature , established , maintained , and continued in every county in this State . Vermont , July 8 , 1777 ( edit ) Chapter 1 . Section XVIII . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of the themselves and the State ; and as standing armies , in the time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Chapter 1 . Article XVII . The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence . And as , in time of peace , armies are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature ; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it . Drafting and adoption of the Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Constitutional Convention James Madison ( left ) is known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' and `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' while George Mason ( right ) with Madison is also known as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' Patrick Henry ( left ) believed that a citizenry trained in arms was the only sure guarantor of liberty while Alexander Hamilton ( right ) wrote in Federalist No. 29 that `` little more can be reasonably aimed at , with respect to the people at large , than to have them properly armed ... '' In March 1785 , delegates from Virginia and Maryland assembled at the Mount Vernon Conference to fashion a remedy to the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation . The following year , at a meeting in Annapolis , Maryland , 12 delegates from five states ( New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia ) met and drew up a list of problems with the current government model . At its conclusion , the delegates scheduled a follow - up meeting in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for May 1787 to present solutions to these problems , such as the absence of : interstate arbitration processes to handle quarrels between states ; sufficiently trained and armed intrastate security forces to suppress insurrection ; a national militia to repel foreign invaders . It quickly became apparent that the solution to all three of these problems required shifting control of the states ' militias to the federal congress and giving that congress the power to raise a standing army . Article 1 , Section 8 of the Constitution codified these changes by allowing the Congress to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States by doing the following : raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; provide and maintain a navy ; make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers , because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power . Federalists , including James Madison , initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary , sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia . Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army . Anti-federalists , on the other hand , advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government . Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias . Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights , unlisted rights might lose protection . The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution 's adoption . This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution , allowing for ratification . The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21 , 1788 , when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it . The remaining four states later followed suit , although the last two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification . James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights , which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8 , 1789 , and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Ratification Debates ( edit ) The debate surrounding the Constitution 's ratification is of practical importance , particularly to adherents of originalist and strict constructionist legal theories . In the context of such legal theories and elsewhere , it is important to understand the language of the Constitution in terms of what that language meant to the people who wrote and ratified the Constitution . The Second Amendment was relatively uncontroversial at the time of its ratification . Robert Whitehill , a delegate from Pennsylvania , sought to clarify the draft Constitution with a bill of rights explicitly granting individuals the right to hunt on their own land in season , though Whitehill 's language was never debated . Argument for state power ( edit ) There was substantial opposition to the new Constitution , because it moved the power to arm the state militias from the states to the federal government . This created a fear that the federal government , by neglecting the upkeep of the militia , could have overwhelming military force at its disposal through its power to maintain a standing army and navy , leading to a confrontation with the states , encroaching on the states ' reserved powers and even engaging in a military takeover . Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states : No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State , except such number only , as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled , for the defense of such State , or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace , except such number only , as in the judgement of the united States , in congress assembled , shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State ; but every State shall always keep up a well - regulated and disciplined militia , sufficiently armed and accoutered , and shall provide and constantly have ready for use , in public stores , a due number of field pieces and tents , and a proper quantity of arms , ammunition and camp equipage . In contrast , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution states : To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Government tyranny ( edit ) A foundation of American political thought during the Revolutionary period was concerned about political corruption and governmental tyranny . Even the federalists , fending off their opponents who accused them of creating an oppressive regime , were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny . Against that backdrop , the framers saw the personal right to bear arms as a potential check against tyranny . Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts expressed this sentiment by declaring that it is `` a chimerical idea to suppose that a country like this could ever be enslaved ... Is it possible ... that an army could be raised for the purpose of enslaving themselves or their brethren ? or , if raised whether they could subdue a nation of freemen , who know how to prize liberty and who have arms in their hands ? '' Noah Webster similarly argued : Before a standing army can rule the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretence , raised in the United States . George Mason also argued the importance of the militia and right to bear arms by reminding his compatriots of England 's efforts `` to disarm the people ; that it was the best and most effectual way to enslave them ... by totally disusing and neglecting the militia . '' He also clarified that under prevailing practice the militia included all people , rich and poor . `` Who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . '' Because all were members of the militia , all enjoyed the right to individually bear arms to serve therein . Writing after the ratification of the Constitution , but before the election of the first Congress , James Monroe included `` the right to keep and bear arms '' in a list of basic `` human rights '' , which he proposed to be added to the Constitution . Patrick Henry argued in the Virginia ratification convention on June 5 , 1788 , for the dual rights to arms and resistance to oppression : Guard with jealous attention the public liberty . Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel . Unfortunately , nothing will preserve it but downright force . Whenever you give up that force , you are inevitably ruined . Preserving slave patrols ( edit ) According to Thom Hartmann , the Virginians James Madison , Patrick Henry , and George Mason were concerned that `` slave patrols , '' organized groups of white men who enforced discipline upon enslaved African Americans , needed to remain armed and , therefore , the Constitution needed to clarify that states have the right to organize white men in such militias . Also , Patrick Henry argued against the ratification of both the Constitution and the Second Amendment . Most Southern white men age 18 -- 45 were required to serve on such patrols . For example , Georgia law required the slave patrol militia , led by commissioned militia officers , to visit each plantation each month , to inspect slave dwellings for weapons and to apprehend and punish slaves who were found off premises . Patrick Henry formulated his concern that : `` If there should happen an insurrection of slaves , the country can not be said to be invaded . They can not , therefore , suppress it without the interposition of Congress ... Congress , and Congress only ( under the Constitution without a Second Amendment ) , can call forth the militia . '' Legal historian Paul Finkelman disputes Hartmann 's claim that the Second Amendment was adopted to protect slave patrols , arguing that Hartmann 's claim is `` factually incorrect and misleading '' and that there is no historical evidence for this assertion . Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of rights ( edit ) James Madison 's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 , during the first session of Congress . The initial proposed passage relating to arms was : The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . On July 21 , Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed a select committee be created to report on it . The House voted in favor of Madison 's motion , and the Bill of Rights entered committee for review . The committee returned to the House a reworded version of the Second Amendment on July 28 . On August 17 , that version was read into the Journal : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms . In late August 1789 , the House debated and modified the Second Amendment . These debates revolved primarily around risk of `` mal - administration of the government '' using the `` religiously scrupulous '' clause to destroy the militia as Great Britain had attempted to destroy the militia at the commencement of the American Revolution . These concerns were addressed by modifying the final clause , and on August 24 , the House sent the following version to the Senate : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . The next day , August 25 , the Senate received the amendment from the House and entered it into the Senate Journal . However , the Senate scribe added a comma before `` shall not be infringed '' and changed the semicolon separating that phrase from the religious exemption portion to a comma : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . By this time , the proposed right to keep and bear arms was in a separate amendment , instead of being in a single amendment together with other proposed rights such as the due process right . As a Representative explained , this change allowed each amendment to `` be passed upon distinctly by the States . '' On September 4 , the Senate voted to change the language of the Second Amendment by removing the definition of militia , and striking the conscientious objector clause : A well regulated militia , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The Senate returned to this amendment for a final time on September 9 . A proposal to insert the words `` for the common defence '' next to the words `` bear arms '' was defeated . A motion passed to replace the words `` the best , '' and insert in lieu there of `` necessary to the '' . The Senate then slightly modified the language to read as the fourth article and voted to return the Bill of Rights to the House . The final version by the Senate was amended to read as : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The House voted on September 21 , 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate . The enrolled original Joint Resolution passed by Congress on September 25 , 1789 , on permanent display in the Rotunda , reads as : A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . On December 15 , 1791 , the Bill of Rights ( the first ten amendments to the Constitution ) was adopted , having been ratified by three - fourths of the states , having been ratified as a group by all the fourteen states then in existence except Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Georgia -- which added ratifications in 1939 ; Vermont ratified them all . Militia in the decades following ratification ( edit ) Ketland brass barrel smooth bore pistol common in Colonial America During the first two decades following the ratification of the Second Amendment , public opposition to standing armies , among Anti-Federalists and Federalists alike , persisted and manifested itself locally as a general reluctance to create a professional armed police force , instead relying on county sheriffs , constables and night watchmen to enforce local ordinances . Though sometimes compensated , often these positions were unpaid -- held as a matter of civic duty . In these early decades , law enforcement officers were rarely armed with firearms , using billy clubs as their sole defensive weapons . In serious emergencies , a posse comitatus , militia company , or group of vigilantes assumed law enforcement duties ; these individuals were more likely than the local sheriff to be armed with firearms . On May 8 , 1792 , Congress passed `` ( a ) n act more effectually to provide for the National Defence , by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States '' requiring : ( E ) ach and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia ... ( and ) every citizen so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock , a sufficient bayonet and belt , two spare flints , and a knapsack , a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty - four cartridges , suited to the bore of his musket or firelock , each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball : or with a good rifle , knapsack , shot - pouch and powder - horn , twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle , and a quarter of a pound of powder ; and shall appear , so armed , accoutred and provided , when called out to exercise , or into service , except , that when called out on company days to exercise only , he may appear without a knapsack . The act also gave specific instructions to domestic weapon manufacturers `` that from and after five years from the passing of this act , muskets for arming the militia as herein required , shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound . '' In practice , private acquisition and maintenance of rifles and muskets meeting specifications and readily available for militia duty proved problematic ; estimates of compliance ranged from 10 to 65 percent . Compliance with the enrollment provisions was also poor . In addition to the exemptions granted by the law for custom - house officers and their clerks , post-officers and stage drivers employed in the care and conveyance of U.S. mail , ferrymen , export inspectors , pilots , merchant mariners and those deployed at sea in active service ; state legislatures granted numerous exemptions under Section 2 of the Act , including exemptions for : clergy , conscientious objectors , teachers , students , and jurors . And though a number of able - bodied white men remained available for service , many simply did not show up for militia duty . Penalties for failure to appear were enforced sporadically and selectively . None is mentioned in the legislation . The Model 1795 Musket was made in the U.S. and used in the War of 1812 . The first test of the militia system occurred in July 1794 , when a group of disaffected Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against federal tax collectors whom they viewed as illegitimate tools of tyrannical power . Attempts by the four adjoining states to raise a militia for nationalization to suppress the insurrection proved inadequate . When officials resorted to drafting men , they faced bitter resistance . Forthcoming soldiers consisted primarily of draftees or paid substitutes as well as poor enlistees lured by enlistment bonuses . The officers , however , were of a higher quality , responding out of a sense of civic duty and patriotism , and generally critical of the rank and file . Most of the 13,000 soldiers lacked the required weaponry ; the war department provided nearly two - thirds of them with guns . In October , President George Washington and General Harry Lee marched on the 7,000 rebels who conceded without fighting . The episode provoked criticism of the citizen militia and inspired calls for a universal militia . Secretary of War Henry Knox and Vice-President John Adams had lobbied Congress to establish federal armories to stock imported weapons and encourage domestic production . Congress did subsequently pass `` ( a ) n act for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines '' on April 2 , 1794 , two months prior to the insurrection . Nevertheless , the militia continued to deteriorate and twenty years later , the militia 's poor condition contributed to several losses in the War of 1812 , including the sacking of Washington , D.C. , and the burning of the White House in 1814 . Scholarly commentary ( edit ) Early commentary ( edit ) William Rawle of Pennsylvania ( left ) was a lawyer and district attorney ; Thomas M. Cooley of Michigan ( right ) was an educator and judge . Joseph Story of Massachusetts ( left ) became a U.S. Supreme Court justice ; Tench Coxe of Pennsylvania ( right ) was a political economist and delegate to the Continental Congress . Richard Henry Lee ( edit ) In May of 1788 , Richard Henry Lee wrote in Additional Letters From The Federal Farmer # 169 or Letter XVIII regarding the definition of a `` militia '' : A militia , when properly formed , are in fact the people themselves , and render regular troops in a great measure unnecessary . George Mason ( edit ) In June of 1788 , George Mason addressed the Virginia Ratifying Convention regarding a `` militia : '' A worthy member has asked , who are the militia , if they be not the people , of this country , and if we are not to be protected from the fate of the Germans , Prussians , &c. by our representation ? I ask who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . But I can not say who will be the militia of the future day . If that paper on the table gets no alteration , the militia of the future day may not consist of all classes , high and low , and rich and poor ; but may be confined to the lower and middle classes of the people , granting exclusion to the higher classes of the people . If we should ever see that day , the most ignominious punishments and heavy fines may be expected . Under the present government all ranks of people are subject to militia duty . Tench Coxe ( edit ) In 1792 , Tench Coxe made the following point in a commentary on the Second Amendment : As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . Tucker / Blackstone ( edit ) The earliest published commentary on the Second Amendment by a major constitutional theorist was by St. George Tucker . He annotated a five - volume edition of Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , a critical legal reference for early American attorneys published in 1803 . Tucker wrote : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep , and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 . This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty ... The right of self defence is the first law of nature : in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . Wherever standing armies are kept up , and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is , under any colour or pretext whatsoever , prohibited , liberty , if not already annihilated , is on the brink of destruction . In England , the people have been disarmed , generally , under the specious pretext of preserving the game : a never failing lure to bring over the landed aristocracy to support any measure , under that mask , though calculated for very different purposes . True it is , their bill of rights seems at first view to counteract this policy : but the right of bearing arms is confined to protestants , and the words suitable to their condition and degree , have been interpreted to authorise the prohibition of keeping a gun or other engine for the destruction of game , to any farmer , or inferior tradesman , or other person not qualified to kill game . So that not one man in five hundred can keep a gun in his house without being subject to a penalty . In footnotes 40 and 41 of the Commentaries , Tucker stated that the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment was not subject to the restrictions that were part of English law : `` The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 , and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree , as is the case in the British government '' and `` whoever examines the forest , and game laws in the British code , will readily perceive that the right of keeping arms is effectually taken away from the people of England . '' Blackstone himself also commented on English game laws , Vol. II , p. 412 , `` that the prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to government by disarming the bulk of the people , is a reason oftener meant than avowed by the makers of the forest and game laws . '' Blackstone discussed the right of self - defense in a separate section of his treatise on the common law of crimes . Tucker 's annotations for that latter section did not mention the Second Amendment but cited the standard works of English jurists such as Hawkins . Further , Tucker criticized the English Bill of Rights for limiting gun ownership to the very wealthy , leaving the populace effectively disarmed , and expressed the hope that Americans `` never cease to regard the right of keeping and bearing arms as the surest pledge of their liberty . '' William Rawle ( edit ) Tucker 's commentary was soon followed , in 1825 , by that of William Rawle in his landmark text , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Like Tucker , Rawle condemned England 's `` arbitrary code for the preservation of game , '' portraying that country as one that `` boasts so much of its freedom , '' yet provides a right to `` protestant subjects only '' that it `` cautiously describ ( es ) to be that of bearing arms for their defence '' and reserves for `` ( a ) very small proportion of the people ( . ) '' In contrast , Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment , which he calls the corollary clause , as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power , declaring bluntly : No clause could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Speaking of the Second Amendment generally , Rawle said : The prohibition is general . No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Rawle , long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts , or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment , contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them . He did warn , however , that `` this right ( to bear arms ) ought not ... be abused to the disturbance of the public peace '' and , paraphrasing Coke , observed : `` An assemblage of persons with arms , for unlawful purpose , is an indictable offence , and even the carrying of arms abroad by a single individual , attended with circumstances giving just reason to fear that he purposes to make an unlawful use of them , would be sufficient cause to require him to give surety of the peace . '' Joseph Story ( edit ) Joseph Story articulated in his influential Commentaries on the Constitution the orthodox view of the Second Amendment , which he viewed as the amendment 's clear meaning : The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . Story describes a militia as the `` natural defence of a free country , '' both against foreign foes , domestic revolts and usurpation by rulers . The book regards the militia as a `` moral check '' against both usurpation and the arbitrary use of power , while expressing distress at the growing indifference of the American people to maintaining such an organized militia , which could lead to the undermining of the protection of the Second Amendment . Lysander Spooner ( edit ) Abolitionist Lysander Spooner , commenting on bills of rights , stated that the object of all bills of rights is to assert the rights of individuals against the government and that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was in support of the right to resist government oppression , as the only security against the tyranny of government lies in forcible resistance to injustice , for injustice will certainly be executed , unless forcibly resisted . Spooner 's theory provided the intellectual foundation for John Brown and other radical abolitionists who believed that arming slaves was not only morally justified , but entirely consistent with the Second Amendment . An express connection between this right and the Second Amendment was drawn by Lysander Spooner who commented that a `` right of resistance '' is protected by both the right to trial by jury and the Second Amendment . The congressional debate on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves , including disarming the former slaves . Timothy Farrar ( edit ) In 1867 , Judge Timothy Farrar published his Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America , which was written when the Fourteenth Amendment was `` in the process of adoption by the State legislatures . '' : The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to `` life , liberty , and property , '' to `` keep and bear arms , '' to the `` writ of habeas corpus '' to `` trial by jury , '' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Judge Thomas Cooley ( edit ) Judge Thomas M. Cooley , perhaps the most widely read constitutional scholar of the nineteenth century , wrote extensively about this amendment , and he explained in 1880 how the Second Amendment protected the `` right of the people , '' : It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia ; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent . The militia , as has been elsewhere explained , consists of those persons who , under the law , are liable to the performance of military duty , and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon . But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty , or of a small number only , or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all ; and if the right were limited to those enrolled , the purpose of this guaranty might be defeated altogether by the action or neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check . The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is , that the people , from whom the militia must be taken , shall have the right to keep and bear arms ; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose . But this enables the government to have a well - regulated militia ; for to bear arms implies something more than the mere keeping ; it implies the learning to handle and use them in a way that makes those who keep them ready for their efficient use ; in other words , it implies the right to meet for voluntary discipline in arms , observing in doing so the laws of public order . Late 20th century commentary ( edit ) Assortment of 20th century handguns In the latter half of the 20th century , there was considerable debate over whether the Second Amendment protected an individual right or a collective right . The debate centered on whether the prefatory clause ( `` A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State '' ) declared the amendment 's only purpose or merely announced a purpose to introduce the operative clause ( `` the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' ) . Scholars advanced three competing theoretical models for how the prefatory clause should be interpreted . The first , known as the `` states ' rights '' or `` collective right '' model , held that the Second Amendment does not apply to individuals ; rather , it recognizes the right of each state to arm its militia . Under this approach , citizens `` have no right to keep or bear arms , but the states have a collective right to have the National Guard '' . Advocates of collective rights models argued that the Second Amendment was written to prevent the federal government from disarming state militias , rather than to secure an individual right to possess firearms . Prior to 2001 , every circuit court decision that interpreted the Second Amendment endorsed the `` collective right '' model . However , beginning with the Fifth Circuit 's opinion United States v. Emerson in 2001 , some circuit courts recognized that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms . The second , known as the `` sophisticated collective right model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognizes some limited individual right . However , this individual right could only be exercised by actively participating members of a functioning , organized state militia . Some scholars have argued that the `` sophisticated collective rights model '' is , in fact , the functional equivalent of the `` collective rights model . '' Other commentators have observed that prior to Emerson , five circuit courts specifically endorsed the `` sophisticated collective right model '' . The third , known as the `` standard model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognized the personal right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Supporters of this model argued that `` although the first clause may describe a general purpose for the amendment , the second clause is controlling and therefore the amendment confers an individual right ' of the people ' to keep and bear arms '' . Additionally , scholars who favored this model argued the `` absence of founding - era militias mentioned in the Amendment 's preamble does not render it a ' dead letter ' because the preamble is a ' philosophical declaration ' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple ' civic purposes ' for which the Amendment was enacted '' . Under both of the collective right models , the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause . These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty . However , under the standard model , the opening phrase was believed to be prefatory or amplifying to the operative clause . The opening phrase was meant as a non-exclusive example -- one of many reasons for the amendment . This interpretation is consistent with the position that the Second Amendment protects a modified individual right . The question of a collective right versus an individual right was progressively resolved in favor of the individual rights model , beginning with the Fifth Circuit ruling in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , along with the Supreme Court 's rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . In Heller , the Supreme Court resolved any remaining circuit splits by ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Although the Second Amendment is the only Constitutional amendment with a prefatory clause , such linguistic constructions were widely used elsewhere in the late eighteenth century . Warren E. Burger , a conservative Republican appointed Chief Justice of the United States by President Richard Nixon , wrote in 1990 following his retirement : `` The Constitution of the United States , in its Second Amendment , guarantees a ' right of the people to keep and bear arms . ' However , the meaning of this clause can not be understood except by looking to the purpose , the setting and the objectives of the draftsmen ... People of that day were apprehensive about the new `` monster '' national government presented to them , and this helps explain the language and purpose of the Second Amendment ... We see that the need for a state militia was the predicate of the ' right ' guaranteed ; in short , it was declared ' necessary ' in order to have a state military force to protect the security of the state . '' And in 1991 Burger stated : `` If I were writing the Bill of Rights now , there would n't be any such thing as the Second Amendment ... that a well regulated militia being necessary for the defense of the state , the peoples ' rights to bear arms . This has been the subject of one of the greatest pieces of fraud -- I repeat the word ' fraud ' -- on the American public by special interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime . '' In a 1992 opinion piece , six former American attorneys general wrote : `` For more than 200 years , the federal courts have unanimously determined that the Second Amendment concerns only the arming of the people in service to an organized state militia ; it does not guarantee immediate access to guns for private purposes . The nation can no longer afford to let the gun lobby 's distortion of the Constitution cripple every reasonable attempt to implement an effective national policy toward guns and crime . '' Research by Robert Spitzer found that every law journal article discussing the Second Amendment through 1959 `` reflected the Second Amendment affects citizens only in connection with citizen service in a government organized and regulated militia . '' Only beginning in 1960 did law journal articles begin to advocate an `` individualist '' view of gun ownership rights . Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' ( edit ) The term `` regulated '' means `` disciplined '' or `` trained '' . In Heller , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` ( t ) he adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' In the year prior to the drafting of the Second Amendment , in Federalist No. 29 Alexander Hamilton wrote the following about `` organizing '' , `` disciplining '' , `` arming '' , and `` training '' of the militia as specified in the enumerated powers : If a well regulated militia be the most natural defence of a free country , it ought certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that body which is constituted the guardian of the national security ... confiding the regulation of the militia to the direction of the national authority ... ( but ) reserving to the states ... the authority of training the militia ... A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice . It is not a day , or even a week , that will suffice for the attainment of it . To oblige the great body of the yeomanry , and of the other classes of the citizens , to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions , as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well - regulated militia , would be a real grievance to the people , and a serious public inconvenience and loss ... Little more can reasonably be aimed at , with respect to the People at large , than to have them properly armed and equipped ; and in order to see that this be not neglected , it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year . Justice Scalia , writing for the Court in Heller : `` In Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . 243 , 251 ( 1846 ) , the Georgia Supreme Court construed the Second Amendment as protecting the ' natural right of self - defence ' and therefore struck down a ban on carrying pistols openly . Its opinion perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause , in continuity with the English right '' : Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : `` The right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , reestablished by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! And Lexington , Concord , Camden , River Raisin , Sandusky , and the laurel - crowned field of New Orleans , plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right . Justice Stevens in dissent : When each word in the text is given full effect , the Amendment is most naturally read to secure to the people a right to use and possess arms in conjunction with service in a well - regulated militia . So far as appears , no more than that was contemplated by its drafters or is encompassed within its terms . Even if the meaning of the text were genuinely susceptible to more than one interpretation , the burden would remain on those advocating a departure from the purpose identified in the preamble and from settled law to come forward with persuasive new arguments or evidence . The textual analysis offered by respondent and embraced by the Court falls far short of sustaining that heavy burden . And the Court 's emphatic reliance on the claim `` that the Second Amendment ... codified a pre-existing right , '' ante , at 19 ( refers to p. 19 of the opinion ) , is of course beside the point because the right to keep and bear arms for service in a state militia was also a pre-existing right . Meaning of `` the right of the people '' ( edit ) Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority in Heller , stated : Nowhere else in the Constitution does a `` right '' attributed to `` the people '' refer to anything other than an individual right . What is more , in all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention `` the people , '' the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community , not an unspecified subset . This contrasts markedly with the phrase `` the militia '' in the prefatory clause . As we will describe below , the `` militia '' in colonial America consisted of a subset of `` the people '' -- those who were male , able bodied , and within a certain age range . Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to `` keep and bear Arms '' in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause 's description of the holder of that right as `` the people '' . An earlier case , United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) , dealt with nonresident aliens and the Fourth Amendment , but led to a discussion of who are `` the People '' when referred to elsewhere in the Constitution : The Second Amendment protects `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , '' and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments provide that certain rights and powers are retained by and reserved to `` the people '' ... While this textual exegesis is by no means conclusive , it suggests that `` the people '' protected by the Fourth Amendment , and by the First and Second Amendments , and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community . According to the majority in Heller , there were several different reasons for this amendment , and protecting militias was only one of them ; if protecting militias had been the only reason then the amendment could have instead referred to `` the right of the militia to keep and bear arms '' instead of `` the right of the people to keep and bear arms '' . Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' ( edit ) In Heller the majority rejected the view that the term `` to bear arms '' implies only the military use of arms : Before addressing the verbs `` keep '' and `` bear , '' we interpret their object : `` Arms . '' The term was applied , then as now , to weapons that were not specifically designed for military use and were not employed in a military capacity . Thus , the most natural reading of `` keep Arms '' in the Second Amendment is to `` have weapons . '' At the time of the founding , as now , to `` bear '' meant to `` carry . '' In numerous instances , `` bear arms '' was unambiguously used to refer to the carrying of weapons outside of an organized militia . Nine state constitutional provisions written in the 18th century or the first two decades of the 19th , which enshrined a right of citizens `` bear arms in defense of themselves and the state '' again , in the most analogous linguistic context -- that `` bear arms '' was not limited to the carrying of arms in a militia . The phrase `` bear Arms '' also had at the time of the founding an idiomatic meaning that was significantly different from its natural meaning : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight '' or `` to wage war . '' But it unequivocally bore that idiomatic meaning only when followed by the preposition `` against , '' . Every example given by petitioners ' amici for the idiomatic meaning of `` bear arms '' from the founding period either includes the preposition `` against '' or is not clearly idiomatic . In any event , the meaning of `` bear arms '' that petitioners and Justice Stevens propose is not even the ( sometimes ) idiomatic meaning . Rather , they manufacture a hybrid definition , whereby `` bear arms '' connotes the actual carrying of arms ( and therefore is not really an idiom ) but only in the service of an organized militia . No dictionary has ever adopted that definition , and we have been apprised of no source that indicates that it carried that meaning at the time of the founding . Worse still , the phrase `` keep and bear Arms '' would be incoherent . The word `` Arms '' would have two different meanings at once : `` weapons '' ( as the object of `` keep '' ) and ( as the object of `` bear '' ) one - half of an idiom . It would be rather like saying `` He filled and kicked the bucket '' to mean `` He filled the bucket and died . '' In a dissent , joined by Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer , Justice Stevens said : The Amendment 's text does justify a different limitation : the `` right to keep and bear arms '' protects only a right to possess and use firearms in connection with service in a state - organized militia . Had the Framers wished to expand the meaning of the phrase `` bear arms '' to encompass civilian possession and use , they could have done so by the addition of phrases such as `` for the defense of themselves '' . A May 2018 analysis by Dennis Baron contradicted the majority opinion : A search of Brigham Young University 's new online Corpus of Founding Era American English , with more than 95,000 texts and 138 million words , yields 281 instances of the phrase `` bear arms . '' BYU 's Corpus of Early Modern English , with 40,000 texts and close to 1.3 billion words , shows 1,572 instances of the phrase . Subtracting about 350 duplicate matches , that leaves about 1,500 separate occurrences of `` bear arms '' in the 17th and 18th centuries , and only a handful do n't refer to war , soldiering or organized , armed action . These databases confirm that the natural meaning of `` bear arms '' in the framers ' day was military . Supreme Court Cases ( edit ) U.S. Supreme Court See also : Firearm case law in the United States In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . In the Dred Scott decision ( 1857 ) , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognised as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' State and federal courts historically have used two models to interpret the Second Amendment : the `` individual rights '' model , which holds that individuals hold the right to bear arms , and the `` collective rights '' model , which holds that the right is dependent on militia membership . The `` collective rights '' model has been rejected by the Supreme Court , in favor of the individual rights model . The Supreme Court 's primary Second Amendment cases include United States v. Miller , ( 1939 ) ; District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) ; and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . Heller and McDonald supported the individual rights model , under which the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms much as the First Amendment protects the right to free speech . Under this model , the militia is composed of members who supply their own arms and ammunition . This is generally recognized as the method by which militias have historically been armed , as the Supreme Court in Miller said : The signification attributed to the term Militia appears from the debates in the Convention , the history and legislation of Colonies and States , and the writings of approved commentators . These show plainly enough that the Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . ' A body of citizens enrolled for military discipline . ' And further , that ordinarily when called for service these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . Of the collective rights model that holds that the right to arms is based on militia membership , the Supreme Court in Heller said : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . United States v. Cruikshank ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Cruikshank In the Reconstruction Era case of United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) , the defendants were white men who had killed more than sixty black people in what was known as the Colfax massacre and had been charged with conspiring to prevent blacks from exercising their right to bear arms . The Court dismissed the charges , holding that the Bill of Rights restricted Congress but not private individuals . The Court concluded , `` ( f ) or their protection in its enjoyment , the people must look to the States . '' The Court stated that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment ... has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government ... '' Likewise , the Court held that there was no state action in this case , and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable : The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another . Thus , the Court held a federal anti-Ku - Klux - Klan statute to be unconstitutional as applied in that case . Presser v. Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Presser v. Illinois In Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Herman Presser headed a German - American paramilitary shooting organization and was arrested for leading a parade group of 400 men , training and drilling with military weapons with the declared intention to fight , through the streets of Chicago as a violation of Illinois law that prohibited public drilling and parading in military style without a permit from the governor . At his trial , Presser argued that the State of Illinois had violated his Second Amendment rights . The Supreme Court reaffirmed Cruikshank , and also held that the Second Amendment prevented neither the States nor Congress from barring private militias that parade with arms ; such a right `` can not be claimed as a right independent of law . '' This decision upheld the States ' authority to regulate the militia and that citizens had no right to create their own militias or to own weapons for semi-military purposes . However the court said : `` A state can not prohibit the people therein from keeping and bearing arms to an extent that would deprive the United States of the protection afforded by them as a reserve military force . '' Miller v. Texas ( edit ) In Miller v. Texas , 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) , Franklin Miller was convicted and sentenced to be executed for shooting a police officer to death with an illegally carried handgun in violation of Texas law . Miller sought to have his conviction overturned , claiming his Second Amendment rights were violated and that the Bill of Rights should be applied to state law . The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not apply to state laws such as the Texas law : `` As the proceedings were conducted under the ordinary forms of criminal prosecutions there certainly was no denial of due process of law . '' Robertson v. Baldwin ( edit ) In Robertson v. Baldwin , 165 U.S. 275 ( 1897 ) , the Court stated in dicta that laws regulating concealed arms did not infringe upon the right to keep and bear arms and thus were not a violation of the Second Amendment : The law is perfectly well settled that the first ten amendments to the Constitution , commonly known as the `` Bill of Rights , '' were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government , but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors , and which had , from time immemorial , been subject to certain well recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case . In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law , there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions , which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed . Thus , the freedom of speech and of the press ( Art . I ) does not permit the publication of libels , blasphemous or indecent articles , or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation ; the right of the people to keep and bear arms ( Art . II ) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . United States v. Miller ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... '' In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller Judgment ( edit ) The Justices who decided Heller According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held : 1 . The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . pp. 2 -- 22 . ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . pp. 22 -- 28 . ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . pp. 28 -- 30 . ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . pp. 30 -- 32 . ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . pp. 32 -- 47 . ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . pp. 47 -- 54 . 2 . Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . pp. 54 -- 56 . 3 . The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . pp. 56 -- 64 . There are similar legal summaries of the Supreme Court 's findings in Heller . For example , the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up Heller 's findings and reasoning : In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . Notes and analysis ( edit ) Heller has been widely described as a landmark decision . To clarify that its ruling does not invalidate a broad range of existing firearm laws , the majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , said : Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . The Court 's statement that the right is limited has been widely discussed by lower courts and the media . The majority opinion also said that the amendment 's prefatory clause ( referencing the `` militia '' ) serves to clarify the operative clause ( referencing `` the people '' ) , but does not limit the scope of the operative clause , because `` the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' ... '' Justice Stevens ' dissenting opinion , which was joined by the three other dissenters , said : The question presented by this case is not whether the Second Amendment protects a `` collective right '' or an `` individual right . '' Surely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . But a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects an individual right does not tell us anything about the scope of that right . Stevens went on to say the following : The Second Amendment was adopted to protect the right of the people of each of the several States to maintain a well - regulated militia . It was a response to concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several States . Neither the text of the Amendment nor the arguments advanced by its proponents evidenced the slightest interest in limiting any legislature 's authority to regulate private civilian uses of firearms . Specifically , there is no indication that the Framers of the Amendment intended to enshrine the common - law right of self - defense in the Constitution . This dissent called the majority opinion `` strained and unpersuasive '' and said that the right to possess a firearm exists only in relation to the militia and that the D.C. laws constitute permissible regulation . In the majority opinion , Justice Stevens ' interpretation of the phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' was referred to as a `` hybrid '' definition that Stevens purportedly chose in order to avoid an `` incoherent '' and `` ( g ) rotesque '' idiomatic meeting . Justice Breyer , in his own dissent joined by Stevens , Souter , and Ginsburg , stated that the entire Court subscribes to the proposition that `` the amendment protects an ' individual ' right -- i.e. , one that is separately possessed , and may be separately enforced , by each person on whom it is conferred '' . Regarding the term `` well regulated '' , the majority opinion said , `` The adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' The majority opinion quoted Spooner from The Unconstitutionality of Slavery as saying that the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery . The majority opinion also stated that : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . The dissenting justices were not persuaded by this argument . Reaction to Heller has varied , with many sources giving focus to the ruling referring to itself as being the first in Supreme Court history to read the Second Amendment as protecting an individual right . The majority opinion , authored by Justice Scalia , gives explanation of the majority legal reasoning behind this decision . The majority opinion made clear that the recent ruling did not foreclose the Court 's prior interpretations given in United States v. Cruikshank , Presser v. Illinois , and United States v. Miller though these earlier rulings did not limit the right to keep and bear arms solely to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia ( i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes ) . Heller pertained to three District of Columbia ordinances involving restrictions on firearms amounting to a total ban . These three ordinances were a ban on handgun registration , a requirement that all firearms in a home be either disassembled or have a trigger lock , and licensing requirement that prohibits carrying an unlicensed firearm in the home , such as from one room to another . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster ... Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the District 's licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumed that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and did not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' Justice Ginsburg has been a vocal critic of Heller . Speaking in an interview on public radio station WNYC , she called the Second Amendment `` outdated , '' saying : When we no longer need people to keep muskets in their home , then the Second Amendment has no function ... If the Court had properly interpreted the Second Amendment , the Court would have said that amendment was very important when the nation was new ; it gave a qualified right to keep and bear arms , but it was for one purpose only -- and that was the purpose of having militiamen who were able to fight to preserve the nation . McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago On June 28 , 2010 , the Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) , held that the Second Amendment was incorporated , saying that `` ( i ) t is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' This means that the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . Justice Thomas noted that the Privileges or Immunities Clause refers to `` citizens '' whereas the Due Process Clause refers more broadly to any `` person '' , and therefore Thomas reserved the issue of non-citizens for later decision . After McDonald , many questions about the Second Amendment remain unsettled , such as whether non-citizens are protected through the Equal Protection Clause . In People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald : Two years later , in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ___ , ___ , 130 S. Ct. 3020 , 3050 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment . In so holding , the Court reiterated that `` the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3026 ) ; that `` individual self - defense is ' the central component ' of the Second Amendment right '' ( emphasis in original ) ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ( quoting Heller , 554 U.S. at 599 ) ) ; and that `` ( s ) elf - defense is a basic right , recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ) . Caetano v. Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Caetano v. Massachusetts On March 21 , 2016 , in a per curiam decision the Court vacated a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision upholding the conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self defense . The Court reiterated that the Heller and McDonald decisions saying that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' , that `` the Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States '' , and that the protection is not restricted to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . United States courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller ( edit ) Before Heller ( edit ) Until District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) had been the only Supreme Court decision that `` tested a congressional enactment against ( the Second Amendment ) . '' Miller did not directly mention either a collective or individual right , but for the 62 - year period from Miller until the Fifth Circuit 's decision in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , federal courts recognized only the collective right , with `` courts increasingly referring to one another 's holdings ... without engaging in any appreciably substantive legal analysis of the issue '' . Emerson changed this by addressing the question in depth , with the Fifth Circuit determining that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Subsequently , the Ninth Circuit conflicted with Emerson in Silveira v. Lockyer , and the D.C. Circuit supported Emerson in Parker v. District of Columbia . Parker evolved into District of Columbia v. Heller , in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . After Heller ( edit ) Since Heller , the United States courts of appeals have ruled on many Second Amendment challenges to convictions and gun control laws . The following are post-Heller cases , divided by Circuit , along with summary notes : D.C. Circuit Heller v. District of Columbia , Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 -- On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. Circuit denied the follow up appeal of Dick Heller who requested the court to overturn the new District of Columbia gun control ordinances newly enacted after the 2008 Heller ruling . The court refused to do so , stating that the firearms registration procedures , the prohibition on assault weapons , and the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices were found to not violate the Second Amendment . On September 18 , 2015 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that requiring gun owners to re-register a gun every three years , make a gun available for inspection or pass a test about firearms laws violated the Second Amendment , although the court upheld requirements that gun owners be fingerprinted , photographed , and complete a safety training course . Wrenn v. District of Columbia , No. 16 - 7025 -- On July 25 , 2017 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that a District of Columbia regulation that limited conceal - carry licenses only to those individuals who could demonstrate , to the satisfaction of the chief of police , that they have a `` good reason '' to carry a handgun in public was essentially designed to prevent the exercise of the right to bear arms by most District residents and so violated the Second Amendment by amounting to a complete prohibition on firearms possession . First Circuit United States v. Rene E. , 583 F. 3d 8 ( 1st Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 31 , 2009 , the First Circuit affirmed the conviction of a juvenile for the illegal possession of a handgun as a juvenile , under 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( x ) ( 2 ) ( A ) and 18 U.S.C. § 5032 , rejecting the defendant 's argument that the federal law violated his Second Amendment rights under Heller . The court cited `` the existence of a longstanding tradition of prohibiting juveniles from both receiving and possessing handguns '' and observed `` the federal ban on juvenile possession of handguns is part of a longstanding practice of prohibiting certain classes of individuals from possessing firearms -- those whose possession poses a particular danger to the public . '' Second Circuit Kachalsky v. County of Westchester , 11 - 3942 -- On November 28 , 2012 , the Second Circuit upheld New York 's may - issue concealed carry permit law , ruling that `` the proper cause requirement is substantially related to New York 's compelling interests in public safety and crime prevention . '' Fourth Circuit United States v. Hall , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 4th Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 4 , 2008 , the Fourth Circuit upheld as constitutional the prohibition of possession of a concealed weapon without a permit . United States v. Chester , 628 F. 3d 673 ( 4th Cir. 2010 ) -- On December 30 , 2010 , the Fourth Circuit vacated William Chester 's conviction for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 9 ) . The court found that the district court erred in perfunctorily relying on Heller 's exception for `` presumptively lawful '' gun regulations made in accordance with `` longstanding prohibitions '' . Kolbe v. Hogan , No. 14 - 1945 ( 4th Cir. 2016 ) -- On February 4 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit vacated a U.S. District Court decision upholding a Maryland law banning high - capacity magazines and semi-automatic rifles , ruling that the District Court was wrong to have applied intermediate scrutiny . The Fourth Circuit ruled that the higher strict scrutiny standard is to be applied on remand . On March 4 , 2016 , the court agreed to rehear the case en banc on May 11 , 2016 . Fifth Circuit United States v. Dorosan , 350 Fed . Appx. 874 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- On June 30 , 2008 , the Fifth Circuit upheld 39 C.F.R. 232.1 ( l ) , which bans weapons on postal property , sustaining restrictions on guns outside the home , specifically in private vehicles parked in employee parking lots of government facilities , despite Second Amendment claims that were dismissed . The employee 's Second Amendment rights were not infringed since the employee could have instead parked across the street in a public parking lot , instead of on government property . United States v. Bledsoe , 334 Fed . Appx. 771 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of a U.S. District Court decision in Texas , upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( a ) ( 6 ) , which prohibits `` straw purchases . '' A `` straw purchase '' occurs when someone eligible to purchase a firearm buys one for an ineligible person . Additionally , the court rejected the request for a strict scrutiny standard of review . United States v. Scroggins , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) -- On March 4 , 2010 , the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction of Ernie Scroggins for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 1 ) . The court noted that it had , prior to Heller , identified the Second Amendment as providing an individual right to bear arms , and had already , likewise , determined that restrictions on felon ownership of firearms did not violate this right . Moreover , it observed that Heller did not affect the longstanding prohibition of firearm possession by felons . Sixth Circuit Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) -- On December 18 , 2014 , the Sixth Circuit ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to firearms regulations when regulations burden `` conduct that falls within the scope of the Second Amendment right , as historically understood . '' At issue in this case was whether the Second Amendment is violated by a provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 that prohibits possession of a firearm by a person who has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital . The court did not rule on the provision 's constitutionality , instead remanding the case to the United States district court that has earlier heard this case . On April 21 , 2015 , the Sixth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc , thereby vacating the December 18 opinion . Seventh Circuit United States v. Skoien , 587 F. 3d 803 ( 7th Cir. 2009 ) -- Steven Skoien , a Wisconsin man convicted of two misdemeanor domestic violence convictions , appealed his conviction based on the argument that the prohibition violated the individual rights to bear arms , as described in Heller . After initial favorable rulings in lower court based on a standard of intermediate scrutiny , on July 13 , 2010 , the Seventh Circuit , sitting en banc , ruled 10 -- 1 against Skoien and reinstated his conviction for a gun violation , citing the strong relation between the law in question and the government objective . Skoien was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for the gun violation , and will thus likely be subject to a lifetime ban on gun ownership . Editorials favoring gun rights sharply criticized this ruling as going too far with the enactment of a lifetime gun ban , while editorials favoring gun regulations praised the ruling as `` a bucket of cold water thrown on the ' gun rights ' celebration '' . Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) -- On December 11 , 2012 , the Seventh Circuit ruled that the Second Amendment protected a right to keep and bear arms in public for self - defense . This was an expansion of the Supreme Court 's decisions in Heller and McDonald , each of which referred only to such a right in the home . Based on this ruling , the court declared Illinois 's ban on the concealed carrying of firearms to be unconstitutional . The court stayed this ruling for 180 days , so Illinois could enact replacement legislation . On February 22 , 2013 , a petition for rehearing en banc was denied by a vote of 5 -- 4 . On July 9 , 2013 , the Illinois General Assembly , overriding Governor Quinn 's veto , passed a law permitting the concealed carrying of firearms . Ninth Circuit Nordyke v. King , 2012 WL 1959239 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) -- On July 29 , 2009 , the Ninth Circuit vacated an April 20 panel decision and reheard the case en banc on September 24 , 2009 . The April 20 decision had held that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments , while upholding an Alameda County , California ordinance that makes it a crime to bring a gun or ammunition on to , or possess either while on , county property . The en banc panel remanded the case to the three - judge panel . On May 2 , 2011 , that panel ruled that intermediate scrutiny was the correct standard by which to judge the ordinance 's constitutionality and remanded the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . On November 28 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit vacated the panel 's May 2 decision and agreed to rehear the case en banc . On April 4 , 2012 , the panel sent the case to mediation . The panel dismissed the case on June 1 , 2012 , but only after Alameda County officials changed their interpretation of the challenged ordinance . Under the new interpretation , gun shows may take place on county property under the ordinance 's exception for `` events '' , subject to restrictions regarding the display and handling of firearms . Teixeira v. County of Alameda , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On May 16 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit ruled that the right to keep and bear arms included being able to buy and sell firearms . The court ruled that a county law prohibiting a gun store being within 500 feet of a `` ( r ) esidentially zoned district ; elementary , middle or high school ; pre-school or day care center ; other firearms sales business ; or liquor stores or establishments in which liquor is served '' violated the Second Amendment . Peruta v. San Diego No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On June 9 , 2016 , pertaining to the legality of San Diego County 's restrictive policy regarding requiring documentation of `` good cause '' before issuing a concealed carry permit , the Ninth Circuit upheld the policy , finding that `` there is no Second Amendment right for members of the general public to carry concealed firearms in public . '' Calls for repeal ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) On June 27 , 2008 , a day after the Supreme Court handed down its decision in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Chicago Tribune wrote in an editorial that the Second Amendment should be repealed so local governments could ban firearms in an effort to protect their residents . On October 5 , 2017 , political commentator Bret Stephens called for the repeal of the Second Amendment , arguing that repeal is the only effective way to regulate firearms . On March 27 , 2018 , former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens said the Second Amendment should be repealed . Stevens said that Heller went against the settled understanding of the Second Amendment as being militia - based and that overruling that decision by repealing the Second Amendment would be `` simple . '' President Trump responded the next day to Stevens 's call for repeal by saying that it would never happen . Elizabeth Wydra , president of the Constitutional Accountability Center , says that Stevens 's comments were `` staggeringly misplaced '' and could set back demands for gun control . She also said an attempt at repeal would be `` a daunting task '' likely to fail . See also ( edit ) 2nd Amendment Day Gun culture in the United States Gun law in the US -- 2nd Amendment Gun politics in the United States List of amendments to the United States Constitution Right to keep and bear arms -- international views on the concept by country Second Amendment Caucus -- a Congressional caucus dedicated to supporting the right to bear arms ' Uniform Firearms Act -- a set of statutes in Pennsylvania that define and amplify the right to bear arms in that state 's Constitution . Notes and citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 11 - cv - 10644 - DPW Document 31 # 124 ; Memorandum and Order '' . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent resident aliens have second amendment rights too Monachus Lex '' . monachuslex.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walk , Thomas G. ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8 ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Law Review : The Fourteenth Amendment and Incorporation '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England -- Book the First -- Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals , p. 139 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States of America v. Timothy Joe Emerson -- The Ratification Debates '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 46 , at 371 ( James Madison ) ( John . C. Hamilton Ed. , 1864 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices Reject D.C. Ban On Handgun Ownership '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Vicini , James . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p . Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 209 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The second amendment 's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported ; another version has four commas , after `` militia , '' `` state , '' and `` arms . '' Since documents were at that time copied by hand , variations in punctuation and capitalization are common , and the copy retained by the first Congress , the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures , and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details . Letter from Marlene McGuirl , Chief , British - American Law Division , Library of Congress ( Oct. 29 , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the Constitution '' . archives.gov . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment Controversy Explained -- Theodore L. Johnson -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 -- Gloria E. Jacobs -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Mythologies : New Perspectives on Controlling the State -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Separation of Powers in Practice -- Thomas Campbell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clause and Effect '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ In Part II - A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment , but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation -- 1992 Edition -- Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms '' . Gpo.gov . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation Online '' . Saf.org. 1995 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Arnheim ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` U.S. Constitution For Dummies '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading the Second Amendment : The Freeman : Foundation for Economic Education '' . Fee.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Bill of Rights '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackstone 's Commentaries Book 1 Ch 1 -- `` The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their defence '' . Jump up ^ From the English Civil War until the Glorious Revolution militias occasionally disarmed Catholics , and the King , without Parliament 's consent , likewise occasionally disarmed Protestants . Malcolm , `` The Role of the Militia , '' pp. 139 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms . Jump up ^ `` They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the ... ( Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : ... This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment ... It was clearly an individual right , having nothing whatever to do with service in a militia . To be sure , it was an individual right not available to the whole population , given that it was restricted to Protestants , and like all written English rights it was held only against the Crown , not Parliament . '' Opinion of the Court in Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Law , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment . We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment , like the First and Fourth Amendments , codified a pre-existing right . The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it `` shall not be infringed . '' As we ( the United States Supreme Court ) said in United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 553 ( 1876 ) , `` ( t ) his is not a right granted by the Constitution . Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed ... '' . Between the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution , the Stuart Kings Charles II and James II succeeded in using select militias loyal to them to suppress political dissidents , in part by disarming their opponents . See J. Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms 31 -- 53 ( 1994 ) ( hereinafter Malcolm ) ; L. Schwoerer , The Declaration of Rights , 1689 , p. 76 ( 1981 ) . Under the auspices of the 1671 Game Act , for example , the Catholic James II had ordered general disarmaments of regions home to his Protestant enemies . See Malcolm 103 -- 106 . These experiences caused Englishmen to be extremely wary of concentrated military forces run by the state and to be jealous of their arms . They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the Declaration of Right ( which was codified as the English Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : `` That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' 1 W. & M. , c. 2 , § 7 , in 3 Eng . Stat . at Large 441 ( 1689 ) . This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment . See E. Dumbauld , The Bill of Rights and What It Means Today 51 ( 1957 ) ; W. Rawle , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 122 ( 1825 ) ( hereinafter Rawle ) . '' From the Opinion of the Court in District of Coöimbia versus Heller `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia , wrote that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' was a just a controlling one and referred to it as a pre-existing right of individuals to possess and carry personal weapons for self - defense and intrinsically for defense against tyranny . As with the English law `` like most rights , the Second Amendment is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' District of Columbia v Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where a later enactment does not expressly repeal an earlier enactment which it has power to override , but the provisions of the later enactment are contrary to those of the earlier , the latter by implication repeals the earlier . '' R v. Burke , ( 1998 ) EWHC Admin 913 ; `` ( T ) he Bill of Rights ... was declaratory of the common law . It contained in it its own words of limitation , namely that the right to have arms for self - defence is limited by the words ' and as allowed by Law ' . The law is a changing thing . Parliament by statute can repeal the common law ... Where the Bill of Rights says that ' the Subjects may have arms for their defence suitable for their condition and as allowed by law ' , ' and as allowed by law ' means ' and as allowed by law for the time being ' ( . ) '' R v. Burke , ( 1999 ) EWCA Civ 923 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 1938 ) . Constitutional History of England . qtd. in Maer and Gay , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Ely and Bodenhamer , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Heyman , pp. 253 -- 59 . `` Finally , we should note that ( contrary to Kates 's assertion ) , Blackstone nowhere suggests that the right to arms derives from `` the common law . '' Instead , this is a right that is secured by `` the constitution , '' and in particular by the Bill of Rights . '' Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights , 1689 , `` An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown '' `` . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. , King Henry II 's Assize of Arms and the Statute of Winchester of 1285 . See `` The history of policing in the West , Collective responsibility in early Anglo - Saxon times '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online Archived 2009 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hardy , p. 1237 . `` Early Americans wrote of the right in light of three considerations : ( 1 ) as auxiliary to a natural right of self - defense ; ( 2 ) as enabling an armed people to deter undemocratic government ; and ( 3 ) as enabling the people to organize a militia system . '' Jump up ^ Malcolm , `` That Every Man Be Armed , '' pp. 452 , 466 . `` The Second Amendment reflects traditional English attitudes toward these three distinct , but intertwined , issues : the right of the individual to protect his life , the challenge to government of an armed citizenry , and the preference for a militia over a standing army . The framers ' attempt to address all three in a single declarative sentence has contributed mightily to the subsequent confusion over the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment . '' Jump up ^ Levy , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . `` ( T ) he right to bear arms was articulated as a civic right inextricably linked to the civic obligation to bear arms for the public defense . '' Jump up ^ Spitzer , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Dulaney , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ( editor ) ; Bellesiles , Michael A. ( contributor ) ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New Press , The . pp. 67 -- 69 , 239 -- 40 . ISBN 1565846990 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Oliver Ayer ( 1895 ) . History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts , Now Called , the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts : 1637 -- 1888 , Vol. 1 . Boston : Alfred Mudge & Son . p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Hubert ( February 1960 ) . `` Know Your Lawmaker '' ( PDF ) . Guns . George E. von Rosen . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved Mar 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ; Professor , Roger Williams University School of Law ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 : 309 -- 408 . SSRN 1465114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Thom ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Second Amendment was Ratified to Preserve Slavery '' . Truthout.org . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewashing the Second Amendment '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . the `` well - regulated militias '' cited in the Constitution almost certainly referred to state militias that were used to suppress slave insurrections . ^ Jump up to : Paul Finkelman , professor of law and public policy at Albany Law School ; 2nd Amendment Passed to Protect Slavery ? No ! Archived 2018 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . The Root ( magazine ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DeConde , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Gun Violence in America : The Struggle for Control . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555534868 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston , March 17 '' . N.Y.J. , Supplement : 1 , Col. 3 . April 13 , 1769 . qtd. in Halbrook , A Right to Bear Arms , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Charles , `` Arms for Their Defence ? '' , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson and Horwitz , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Vest , Rose . `` Shay 's Rebellion '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Home of Heroes . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 79 . Jump up ^ McAffee and Quinlan , p. 781 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. ? Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book 1 , Chapter 1 `` the fifth and last auxiliary right ... when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . ^ Jump up to : Millis , p. 49 . `` The founders sought to balance military , as they did political , power , between people , states , and nation ( . ) '' ^ Jump up to : The Federalist Papers No. 29 ( Alexander Hamilton ) ( concerning the militia ) . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. `` Do We Place our Faith in Law or Guns ? '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henigan , p. ? . `` ( A ) generalized constitutional right of all citizens to engage in armed insurrection against their government ... would threaten the rule of law itself . '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. ? Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 22 December 1793 '' . Masshist.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooke , p. 100 . `` This is another protection against a possible abuse by Congress . The right protected is really the right of a state to maintain an armed militia , or national guard , as we call it now . In the eighteenth century people feared that Congress might , by passing a law , prohibit the states from arming their citizens . Then having all the armed strength at its command , the national government could overwhelm the states . Such a circumstance has never happened , but this amendment would prevent it . The Second Amendment does not give anybody or everybody the right to possess and use firearms . The states may very properly prescribe regulations and permits governing the use of guns within their borders . '' Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 Section 8 To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Jump up ^ `` Elliots Debates Vol 3 , Virginia Convention , Saturday June 14 , 1788 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . January 1 , 1980 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . The national government has an exclusive right to provide for arming , organizing , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States . The state governments have the power of appointing the officers , and of training the militia , according to the discipline prescribed by Congress , if they should think proper to prescribe any . Should the national government wish to render the militia useless , they may neglect them , and let them perish , in order to have a pretence of establishing a standing army . Jump up ^ Dunlap , John ( 1778 ) . `` Journals of Congress Containing the Proceedings FROM JANUARY 1 , 1776 , TO JANUARY 1 , 1776 ; Volume II . ( Second Continental Congress ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Declaration of Rights '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Pennsylvania -- September 28 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Bowden , James ( 1854 ) . The History of the Society of Friends in America . London : W. & F.G. Cash . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Ford , Paul Leicester ( September 1895 ) . `` The Adoption of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . Political Science Quarterly . Vol. 10 , No. 3 : 426 -- 459 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Maryland -- November 11 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of North Carolina : December 18 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of New York : April 20 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Vermont -- July 8 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 '' . General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Mulloy , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 591 , 600 . Jump up ^ Cress , Lawrence . An Armed Community : The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms . p. 31 . qtd. in Cottrol , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . `` Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 904 -- 25 , 927 -- 30 , 946 -- 52 , 954 -- 70 , 972 -- 76 , 988 '' . The Founders Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers No. 46 ( James Madison ) ( concerning the influence of state and federal governments ) . Jump up ^ Webster , Noah . `` An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' Archived 2010 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( October 10 , 1787 ) . Jump up ^ Young , pp. 38 -- 41 . `` A Citizen of America ( Noah Webster ) October 10 , 1787 Pamphlet : An Examination into the leading principles of the Federal Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Foner and Garraty , p. 914 . `` The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution , as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended . '' Jump up ^ Adamson , p. 63 . Jump up ^ See Theories of Constitutional Interpretation Archived 2011 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , maintained by Doug Linder , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ( Author cites Robert Bork : `` If the Constitution is law , then presumably its meaning , like that of all other law , is the meaning the lawmakers were understood to have intended . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 252 . ( `` Until recently , the Second Amendment was a little - visited area of the Constitution . A two thousand - page commentary on the Constitution put out by the Library of Congress in 1973 has copious annotation for most clauses , but less than a page and a half for the Second Amendment . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , pp. 253 -- 54 . ( `` Whitehill deals with guns in three of his fifteen headings . Article 8 begins : ' The inhabitants of the several states shall have liberty to fowl and hunt in seasonable times ... ' article 7 : ' That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or for the purposes of killing game ... ' '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 253 . ( `` The items on the ( Whitehill 's ) list were never discussed in the convention , which when on to approve the Constitution . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Usconstitution.net . May 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Library of Congress , repro of original text '' . Memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Constitution '' . US Constitution . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 97 ( 2d ed. 1863 ) Jump up ^ Noah Webster , An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution ( 1787 ) , Reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ 3 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 425 ( 3d Ed . 1937 ) Jump up ^ James Monroe Papers , New York Public Library ( Miscellaneous Papers of James Monroe ) Jump up ^ Speech on the Federal Constitution , Virginia Ratifying Convention , 1788 ^ Jump up to : Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . citing U.C. Davis Law Review , Winter 1998 , Bogus , Carl T . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' Jump up ^ James Madison ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Gales & Seaton 's History of Debates in Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Amendments to the Constitution '' , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : pp. 448 -- 459 ( 451 ) . Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 64 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 669 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 778 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) qtd. in Bickford , et al. , p. 16 See also letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) qtd. in Madison , Writings , pp. 418 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2016 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 71 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution of the United States ( Washington , Government Printing Office , n.d. ) `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : 1 Stat. 272 Archived 2011 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 293 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Merkel and Uviller , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 107 . Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 351 Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution , '' Federal Gazette , June 18 , 1792 , at 2 , col. 1 Jump up ^ Glenn Harlan Reynolds . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . guncite.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Freedmen , the 14th Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 -- 1876 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275963316 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , p. 490 and Kopel , David B . `` The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century '' . Second Amendment Project . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Sir William ; Tucker , St. George ; Christian , Edward ( 1803 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference , to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States ; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia . In Five Volumes . With an Appendix to Each Volume , Containing Short Tracts Upon Such Subjects as Appeared Necessary to Form a Connected View of the Laws of Virginia , as a Member of the Federal Union . William Young Birch , and Abraham Small , no . 17 , South Second - street , Robert Carr , printer . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For two radically different views of Blackstone on the Second Amendment , see Heyman , Chicago - Kent , and Volokh , Senate Testimony . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rawle , pp. 125 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . In the second article , it is declared , that a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state ; a proposition from which few will dissent . Although in actual war , the services of regular troops are confessedly more valuable ; yet , while peace prevails , and in the commencement of a war before a regular force can be raised , the militia form the palladium of the country . They are ready to repel invasion , to suppress insurrection , and preserve the good order and peace of government . That they should be well regulated , is judiciously added . A disorderly militia is disgraceful to itself , and dangerous not to the enemy , but to its own country . The duty of the state government is , to adopt such regulations as will tend to make good soldiers with the least interruptions of the ordinary and useful occupations of civil life . In this all the Union has a strong and visible interest . The corollary , from the first position , is , that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 2011 ) . `` A View to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Portage Publications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . 1833 Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ( 1865 ) . A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 9781886363717 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . The next amendment is , ' A well - regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' One of the ordinary modes , by which tyrants accomplish their purposes without resistance , is , by disarming the people , and making it an offence to keep arms , and by substituting a regular army in the stead of a resort to the militia . The friends of a free government can not be too watchful , to overcome the dangerous tendency of the public mind to sacrifice , for the sake of mere private convenience , this powerful check upon the designs of ambitious men . § 451 . The importance of this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons , who have duly reflected upon the subject . The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions , domestic insurrections , and domestic usurpations of power by rulers . It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace , both from the enormous expenses , with which they are attended , and the facile means , which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers , to subvert the government , or trample upon the rights of the people . The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph ( 1833 ) . Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution . Harper & Brothers . pp. § 1890 . Jump up ^ Spooner , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Renehan , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Spooner , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cramer , p. ? Jump up ^ Farrar , Timothy ( 1872 ) . Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America . Little , Brown . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . § 34 . The people of the United States , in making their Constitution , do not create or confer on themselves any new rights , but they expressly reserve all the rights they then held , except what were delegated for their own benefit ; and they particularly and expressly recognize and perpetuate many natural and civil common - law rights , which , of course , are placed beyond the reach of any subordinate government , and even of their own . Among these are the following : 1 . The right to be , what they call themselves , ' the people of the United States , ' citizens , and component members of the body politic , -- the nation ; and to participate in all the privileges , immunities , and benefits the Constitution was designed to obtain or secure for all the American people , especially the right to be protected and governed according to the provisions of the Constitution . 2 . A right to the privileges and immunities of citizens in any of the several States . Among these is the fundamental and elementary right of suffrage . The Representatives to the national and State legislatures must be chosen by the people , the citizens ( Section 2 ) . Consequently , the citizens must choose them , and have a right to choose them . Am. 14 , § 2 . 3 . A right to the common - law writ of habeas corpus , to protect the other common - law right , as well as natural and constitutional right , of personal liberty . 4 . A right to trial by jury in any criminal case . 5 . A right to keep and bear arms . 6 . A right to life , liberty , and property , unless deprived by due process of law . 7 . A right to just compensation for private property legally taken for public use . 8 . A right to participate in all rights retained by , or reserved to , the people . Most of these rights , with many others , belong by the Constitution not only to the citizens , -- the people of the United States , strictly so called , by reason of the franchise of natural birth or otherwise , -- but also to all persons who may be allowed to be and remain under the jurisdiction and protection of our government . These are a part only of the rights held by every member of the nation , under and by virtue of the Constitution of the United States , independent of any other earthly power , and which , of course , ' can not be destroyed or abridged by the laws of any particular State . ' Who , then , in the United States is destitute of rights ? ... The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to ' life , liberty , and property , ' to ' keep and bear arms , ' to the ' writ of habeas corpus ' to ' trial by jury , ' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. ( November 1883 ) . `` The Abnegation of Self - Government '' . Princeton Review : 213 -- 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 -- via University of Michigan Law School . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1871 ) . A treatise on the constitutional limitations which rest upon the legislative power of the states of the American union . Little , Brown and company . p. 381 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1880 ) . The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America . F.B. Rothman . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson Archived 2012 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , 270 F. 3d 203 , 218 -- 19 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) ( `` Advocates of the collective theories posit that the Second Amendment was written out of fear that the new central government would disarm state militias needed for local defense . Under any sort of collective theory , the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever . '' ) Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) ( `` Up until 2001 , every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 199 -- 200 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 -- 34 ( 2008 ) ; cf . Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 , 1087 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ( endorsing collective rights model ) . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 2004 ) . Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia ? . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 200 ( 2009 ) ( citing United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 , 1273 -- 74 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 , 286 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 , 1020 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 , 387 ( 10th Cir. 1977 ) ; Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 , 923 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ) . Jump up ^ Dorothy J. Hernaez , `` Parker v. District of Columbia : Understanding the Broader Implications for the Future of Gun Control '' , 6 Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y 693 , 696 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , `` Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right '' , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2134 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 150 . `` The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said : ' Congress shall not limit the right of the people ( that is , the potential members of the state militia ) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty , so long as the following statement remains true : `` an armed , trained , and controlled militia is the best -- if not the only -- way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without . ' '' Jump up ^ Winterer , pp. 1 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brief , ACRU , Case No. 03 - CV - 0213 - EGS , Shelly Parker , et al. vs. District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frey and Wellman , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Volokh , `` Commonplace , '' p. 793 . `` The Second Amendment is widely seen as quite unusual , because it has a justification clause as well as an operative clause . Professor Volokh points out that this structure was actually quite commonplace in American constitutions of the Framing era : State Bills of Rights contained justification clauses for many of the rights they secured . '' Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Annette T. ; Winchell , Donna Haisty ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Elements of Argument : A Text and Reader '' . Macmillan . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Frank Staheli ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Warren Burger `` 2nd Amendment Fraud '' -- 1991 PBS News Hour `` . PBS . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` IT 'S TIME TO PASS THE BRADY BILL '' . The Washington Post . 3 October 1992 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3294&context=cklawreview Jump up ^ `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Merkel , p. 361 . `` Well - regulated meant well trained , rather than subject to rules and regulations . '' ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-2 . Jump up ^ `` Scalia in Heller '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stevens ' dissent '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David B. ( 1999 ) . The Supreme Court 's Thirty - five Other Gun Cases : What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment . Independence Institute . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crooker , Constance . Gun Control and Gun Rights , p. 55 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` The Past and Future of the Individual 's Right to Arms Archived 2018 - 03 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Georgia Law Review , Volume 31 , p. 26 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baron , Dennis ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Opinion -- Antonin Scalia was wrong about the meaning of ' bear arms ' '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . '' Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 553 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 554 . Jump up ^ Doherty , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Lehr und Wehr Verein '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1886 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1994 ) . For the defense of themselves and the state : the original intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms . Praeger . ISBN 9780275949136 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 539 . Jump up ^ Robertson , at 281 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . In a historic 5 -- 4 decision ... the landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan & Johnson , Kevin ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Landmark ruling fires challenges to gun laws '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . The landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . The Heller case is a landmark decision that has not changed very much at all ... Jump up ^ Robert A. Sedler ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling upholds most gun control laws '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part III . Jump up ^ Harris , Andrew . `` Illinois Bid for Rehearing of Gun - Carry Appeal Rejected '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg News ( February 22 , 2013 ) : `` The U.S. Court of Appeals in Denver today ruled the constitutional provision does n't guarantee a right to carry a concealed firearm ... . '' Jump up ^ Kirkland , Michael . `` Scalia in ' 08 -- Right to bear arms is ' not unlimited ' '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI ( December 16 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Henigan , Dennis . Lethal Logic : Exploding the Myths That Paralyze American Gun Policy , p. 204 ( Potomac Books 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee and Walk , Thomas . Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice , p. 396 ( SAGE 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Huebert , Jacob . Libertarianism Today , p. 147 ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Stevens dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-1 - b . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Breyer dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - D - 1 '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Heller Archived 2008 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , 128 S. Ct. 2783 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . ( A ) dramatic upheaval in the law , Justice Stevens said in a dissent Jump up ^ `` Justice Ginsburg Part II : Gender , the Second Amendment , Immigration & More '' . wnyc.org . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Summary of the Recent McDonald v. Chicago Gun Case '' . Office of Legal Research -- Connecticut General Assembly . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scarola , Matthew ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Analysis : state gun regulations and McDonald '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duignan , Brian . The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law , pp. 31 -- 32 ( Rosen Publishing Group , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Second Amendment expands , but maybe not by much '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ; United States v. Toner , 728 F. 2d 115 ( 2nd Cir. 1984 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 ( 3rd Cir. 1997 ) ; Love v. Peppersack , 47 F. 3d 120 ( 4th Cir. 1995 ) ; United States v. Johnson , 441 F. 2d 1134 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) ; United States v. 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Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 594 - 9 . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1989 ) . A Right to Bear Arms : State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees . Greenwood Publishing Group . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1994 ) . That Every Man Be Armed : The Evolution of a Constitutional Right ( Independent Studies in Political Economy ) . Oakland , CA : The Independent Institute . ISBN 0 - 945999 - 38 - 0 . Hemenway , David ( 2007 ) . Private Guns , Public Health . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03162 - 7 . Kruschke , Earl R. ( 1995 ) . Gun Control : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 695 - X . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07802 - 1 . Madison , James ( 2010 ) . The Writings of James Madison : 1787 -- 1790 . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 58273 - 7 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1996 ) . To Keep and Bear Arms : The Origins of an Anglo - American Right . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 89307 - 7 . Merkel , William G. ; Uviller , H. Richard ( 2002 ) . The Militia and the Right to Arms , Or , How the Second Amendment Fell Silent . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Millis , Walter ( 1981 ) . Arms and Men . Rutgers University Press . Mulloy , D. ( 2004 ) . American Extremism . Routledge . Pepper , John ; Petrie , Carol ; Wellford , Charles F. ( 2005 ) . Firearms and Violence . A Critical Review . Washington , DC : National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09124 - 1 . Pole , J.R. ; Greene , Jack P. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( Blackwell Companions to American History ) . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Renehan , Edward J. ( 1997 ) . The Secret Six : The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired With John Brown . 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Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States , and of the Commonwealth of Virginia : In Five Volumes . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886363 - 15 - 1 . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2007 ) . Out of Range : Why the Constitution Ca n't End the Battle Over Guns . Oxford University Press . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530424 - 4 . Rabban , David ( 1999 ) . Free Speech in its Forgotten Years . Cambridge University Press . Rawle , William ( 1829 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America ( 2 ed . ) . P.H. Nicklin . Spooner , Lysander ( 1852 ) . An Essay on the Trial by Jury . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( 2 Volume Set ) . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Williams , David H. ( 2003 ) . The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment : Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09562 - 7 . Wills , Garry ( 2000 ) . Saul , Cornell , ed . Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect ? . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24060 - 0 . Wills , Garry ( 2002 ) . A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 256 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . Winterer , Caroline ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Young , David E. ( 2001 ) . The Origin of the Second Amendment : A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 -- 1792 ( 2 ed . ) . Golden Oak Books . ISBN 0 - 9623664 - 3 - 9 . Periodicals ( edit ) Barnett , Gary E. ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1152102 . Bogus , Carl T. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 408 . Breen , T.H. ( 1972 ) . `` English Origins and New World Development : The Case of the Covenanted Militia in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts '' . Past & Present. 57 ( 1 ) : 74 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 57.1. 74 . Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Arms for Their Defence ? ' : An Historical , Legal , and Textual Analysis of the English Right to Have Arms and Whether the Second Amendment should Be Incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago '' . Clev . St. L. Rev. SSRN 1550768 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Cramer , Clayton ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Libcom.org . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Davies , Ross ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Which is the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Green Bag 2d. 11 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 16 . Gunn , Steven H. ( 1998 ) . `` A Lawyer 's Guide to the Second Amendment '' . BYU L. Rev. 35 . Hardy , David ( 2007 ) . `` Book Review : A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 . SSRN 947334 . Henigan , Denis ( 1991 ) . `` Arms , Anarchy , and the Second Amendment '' . Val . L. Rev. 26 ( 107 ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Heyman , Stephen ( 2000 ) . `` Natural Rights and the Second Amendment '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 ( 237 ) . Kates Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . Konig , David Thomas ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Second Amendment : A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of `` the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms '' `` . Law and History Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 4141667 . Lund , Nelson . `` Heller and Second Amendment Precedent '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. SSRN 1235537 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1986 ) . `` Book Review : That Every Man Be Armed '' . 54 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1993 ) . `` The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy '' . J. On Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 5 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 23 . McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward the Right to Keep and Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand in the Way ? '' . N.C.L. Rev. Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 16 . McClurg , Andrew ( 1999 ) . `` Lotts ' More Guns and Other Fallacies Infecting the Gun Control Debate '' . J. Of Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 11 . Merkel , William ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Heller and Scalia 's Originalism '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 13 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1422048 . Rakove , Jack ( 2000 ) . `` The Second Amendment : The Highest Stage of Originalism '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 . Reynolds , Glenn ( 1995 ) . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . Tenn . L. Rev. 62 ( 461 ) . SSRN 960788 . Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . Smith , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` The Second Amendment and the Supreme Court '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 . SSRN 1093751 . Volokh , Eugene ( 1998 ) . `` The Commonplace Second Amendment '' . NYU L. Rev. 73 ( 793 ) . Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . Cal . Pol. Rev . Weisselberg , Charles D. ( 2009 ) . `` Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court 's 2007 -- 2008 Term , and a Look Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 44 . Winkler , Adam ( February 2007 ) . `` Scrutinizing the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 105 . Winkler , Adam ( June 2009 ) . `` Heller 's Catch 22 '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 . SSRN 1359225 . Other publications ( edit ) Maer , Lucinda ; Gay , Oonagh ( 2009 ) . `` The Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Parliament and Constitution Centre . Further reading ( edit ) Tahmassebi , S.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource District of Columbia v. Heller National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights , including the Second Amendment The short film Big Picture : To Keep and Bear Arms is available for free download at the Internet Archive State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions as provided by Prof. Eugene Volokh , UCLA Law School hide United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book GND : 4489472 - 7 LCCN : n97009276 VIAF : 175899205 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=846583879 '' Categories : 1791 in American politics 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Militia in the United States United States federal firearms legislation Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing POV - check from April 2018 Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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when was the second amendment of the constitution written
[ "Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers, because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power. Federalists, including James Madison, initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary, sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia.[108] Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army.[109][110] Anti-federalists, on the other hand, advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government. Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias. Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights, unlisted rights might lose protection. The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution's adoption. This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution, allowing for ratification.[111] The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21, 1788, when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it. The remaining four states later followed suit, although the last two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification.[112] James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights, which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8, 1789, and was adopted on December 15, 1791." ]
[ "1789" ]
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List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle - Wikipedia List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle This article is about Major League Baseball players who have hit for the cycle . For information on the accomplishment proper , see hitting for the cycle . John Reilly , Bob Meusel , Babe Herman , and Adrián Beltré ( left to right ) are the only four players to hit for the cycle three times in their Major League Baseball careers . In baseball , completing the cycle is the accomplishment of hitting a single , a double , a triple , and a home run in the same game . Collecting the hits in that order is known as a `` natural cycle '' , which has occurred 14 times in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The cycle itself is rare in MLB , occurring a total of 319 times , starting with Curry Foley in 1882 . In terms of frequency , the cycle is roughly as common as a no - hitter ; Baseball Digest calls it `` one of the rarest feats in baseball '' . Only one current team in Major League Baseball has never had a player hit for the cycle : the Miami Marlins . The most cycles hit by a single player in Major League Baseball is three , accomplished by four players ; John Reilly was the first to hit a third when he completed the cycle on August 6 , 1890 , after hitting his first two in a week ( September 12 and 19 , 1883 ) for the Cincinnati Reds . Bob Meusel became the second man to complete three cycles , playing for the New York Yankees ; his first occurred on May 7 , 1921 , the next on July 3 , 1922 , and his final cycle on July 26 , 1928 . Babe Herman accomplished the feat for two different teams -- the Brooklyn Robins ( May 18 and July 24 , 1931 ) and the Chicago Cubs ( September 30 , 1933 ) . Adrián Beltré is the most recent addition to this list , cycling first for the Seattle Mariners ( September 1 , 2008 ) before cycling twice as a member of the Texas Rangers ( August 24 , 2012 and August 3 , 2015 ) . Beltré is the only player to have completed all three cycles in the same ballpark , with the first occurring as an opponent of the Texas Rangers at Globe Life Park in Arlington . The most cycles hit in a single major league season is eight , which has occurred twice : first in the 1933 season , and then again in the 2009 season ; all eight cycles in each of those seasons were hit by different players . Cycles have occurred on the same day twice in Major League Baseball history : on September 17 , 1920 , hit by Bobby Veach of the Detroit Tigers and George Burns of the New York Giants ; and again on September 1 , 2008 , when the Arizona Diamondbacks ' Stephen Drew and the Seattle Mariners ' Adrián Beltré each completed the four - hit group . Conversely , the longest period of time between two players hitting for the cycle was 5 years , 1 month , and 10 days , a drought lasting from Bill Joyce 's cycle in 1896 to Harry Davis ' in 1901 . Three players -- John Olerud , Bob Watson and Michael Cuddyer -- have hit for the cycle in both the National and American Leagues . Family pairs to hit for the cycle include father and son Gary and Daryle Ward , who accomplished the feat in 1980 and 2004 , respectively ; and grandfather and grandson Gus and David Bell , the elder of whom hit for the cycle in 1951 , and the younger in 2004 . Dave Winfield and Mel Ott are the oldest and youngest players to hit for the cycle at ages 39 and 20 , respectively . Of multiple - cycle hitters , John Reilly holds the record for the shortest amount of time between cycles ( 7 days ) , while Aaron Hill holds the record since the formation of the American League , with his two 2012 feats coming within an 11 - day span . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cycles by player 2 Cycles by franchise 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Cycles by player ( edit ) Curry Foley was the first player in Major League Baseball history to hit for the cycle . Jim O'Rourke is the earliest cycle hitter to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame . George Wood 's cycle on June 12 , 1885 , was the third in National League history . On May 7 , 1887 , Tip O'Neill became the second player to hit multiple cycles . Hall of Famer Roger Connor hit his only cycle in the Players ' League . Lave Cross hit for the cycle against the Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( now the Los Angeles Dodgers ) . In 1894 , the triple of Sam Thompson 's cycle was 1 of his 28 that year , setting the Philadelphia Phillies ' single - season franchise record . Herman Long hit the first cycle in Atlanta Braves franchise history ( when the team played as the `` Boston Beaneaters '' ) . Harry Davis hit the first cycle in American League history , in 1901 for the Philadelphia Athletics . Hall of Famer Nap Lajoie hit his cycle on July 30 , 1901 . Fred Clarke 's two cycles for the Pirates came during the era when the team 's city was spelled as `` Pittsburg '' . Frank `` Home Run '' Baker 's cycle came against the New York Highlanders in 1911 , the only cycle that season . Baker 's cycle was followed the next season by Tris Speaker 's , playing for the Boston Red Sox . Honus Wagner 's cycle was the last of the 1912 season . Goose Goslin hit for the cycle on August 28 , 1924 for the Washington Senators . Cy Williams ' cycle came against the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1927 . In 1929 , Mel Ott hit one of that season 's three cycles . Joe Cronin 's cycles came 11 seasons apart : in 1929 and in 1940 . Hall of Famer Hack Wilson hit for the cycle on June 23 , 1930 . Chuck Klein hit the first of two cycles to occur in July 1931 , also the first of his career ; his second came two seasons later . The last cycle of the 1930s was hit by Arky Vaughn . Ted Williams hit for the cycle on July 21 , 1946 , after spending the three previous seasons serving in the military during World War II . The first cycle of the 1950s was hit by George Kell as a member of the Detroit Tigers . Mickey Mantle hit for the cycle in 1957 . Ken Boyer hit for the cycle in 1961 and 1964 , as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals . Carl Yastrzemski hit for the cycle against the Detroit Tigers in 1965 . Rod Carew was one of five players to hit for the cycle in 1970 . Willie McGee hit for the cycle in 1984 . Eric Davis hit for the cycle in 1989 . Paul Molitor hit for the cycle for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1991 , before their transition to the National League . John Olerud is one of three players to hit for the cycle in both the National and American Leagues . The last cycle by a Montreal Expos player was hit by Vladimir Guerrero in 2003 . Aubrey Huff hit the third and final cycle of the 2007 season . Bengie Molina was one of three players to hit for the cycle in July 2010 . The only cycle of 2014 was hit by Michael Cuddyer ; it was the second cycle of his career . Rangers outfielder Shin - Soo Choo hit for the cycle on July 21 , 2015 ; his teammate Adrián Beltré hit for his third career cycle 13 days later . Carlos Gómez is the most recent player to hit for the cycle more than once . José Abreu of the Chicago White Sox is the most recent player to hit for the cycle . Key to symbols in player table * Player recorded a natural cycle ( 1B , 2B , 3B , HR in that order ) ( x ) Number of cycles recorded to that point ( if the player recorded more than one ) ( d ) Cycle is disputed by baseball historians Player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ‡ Player is still active Major League Baseball players who have hit for the cycle No . Player Date Team League Opponent Ref -- George Hall ( d ) June 14 , 1876 Philadelphia Athletics National League Cincinnati Red Stockings Curry Foley May 25 , 1882 Buffalo Bisons National League Cleveland Blues Lon Knight July 30 , 1883 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Pittsburgh Alleghenys John Reilly ( 1 ) September 12 , 1883 Cincinnati Reds American Association Pittsburgh Alleghenys John Reilly ( 2 ) September 19 , 1883 Cincinnati Reds American Association Philadelphia Athletics 5 Jim O'Rourke June 16 , 1884 Buffalo Bisons National League Chicago White Stockings 6 Dave Orr ( 1 ) June 12 , 1885 New York Metropolitans American Association St. Louis Brown Stockings 7 George Wood June 13 , 1885 Detroit Wolverines National League Chicago White Stockings 8 Henry Larkin June 16 , 1885 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Pittsburgh Alleghenys 9 Mox McQuery September 28 , 1885 Detroit Wolverines National League Providence Grays 10 Fred Dunlap May 24 , 1886 St. Louis Maroons National League New York Gothams 11 Pete Browning ( 1 ) August 8 , 1886 Louisville Colonels American Association New York Metropolitans 12 Jack Rowe August 21 , 1886 Detroit Wolverines National League Chicago White Stockings 13 Chippy McGarr September 23 , 1886 Philadelphia Athletics American Association St. Louis Brown Stockings 14 Tip O'Neill ( 1 ) April 30 , 1887 St. Louis Brown Stockings American Association Cleveland Blues 15 Fred Carroll May 2 , 1887 Pittsburgh Alleghenys National League Detroit Wolverines 16 Tip O'Neill ( 2 ) May 7 , 1887 St. Louis Brown Stockings American Association Louisville Colonels 17 Dave Orr ( 2 ) August 10 , 1887 New York Metropolitans American Association Baltimore Orioles 18 Bid McPhee August 26 , 1887 Cincinnati Red Stockings American Association Baltimore Orioles 19 Harry Stovey May 15 , 1888 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Baltimore Orioles 20 Sam Barkley June 13 , 1888 Kansas City Cowboys American Association Cincinnati Red Stockings 21 Jimmy Ryan ( 1 ) July 28 , 1888 Chicago White Stockings National League Detroit Wolverines 22 Mike Tiernan ( 1 ) August 25 , 1888 New York Giants National League Philadelphia Quakers 23 Pete Browning ( 2 ) June 7 , 1889 Louisville Colonels American Association Philadelphia Athletics 24 Jack Glasscock August 8 , 1889 Indianapolis Hoosiers National League New York Metropolitans 25 Larry Twitchell August 15 , 1889 Cleveland Spiders National League Boston Beaneaters 26 Mike Tiernan ( 2 ) June 28 , 1890 New York Giants National League Cincinnati Reds 27 Bill Van Dyke July 5 , 1890 Toledo Maumees American Association Syracuse Stars 28 Jumbo Davis July 18 , 1890 Brooklyn Gladiators American Association Louisville Colonels 29 Roger Connor July 21 , 1890 New York Giants Players ' League Buffalo Bisons 30 Oyster Burns August 1 , 1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms National League Pittsburgh Alleghenys 31 John Reilly ( 3 ) August 6 , 1890 Cincinnati Reds National League Pittsburgh Alleghenys 32 Farmer Weaver August 12 , 1890 Louisville Colonels American Association Syracuse Stars 33 Jimmy Ryan ( 2 ) July 1 , 1891 Chicago Colts National League Cleveland Spiders 34 Abner Dalrymple September 12 , 1891 Milwaukee Brewers American Association Washington Senators 35 Lave Cross April 24 , 1894 Philadelphia Phillies National League Brooklyn Bridegrooms 36 Bill Hassamaer June 13 , 1894 Washington Senators National League St. Louis Brown Stockings 37 Sam Thompson August 17 , 1894 Philadelphia Phillies National League Louisville Colonels 38 Tom Parrott September 28 , 1894 Cincinnati Reds National League New York Giants 39 Tommy Dowd August 16 , 1895 St. Louis Brown Stockings National League Louisville Colonels 40 Ed Cartwright September 30 , 1895 Washington Senators National League Boston Beaneaters 41 Herman Long May 9 , 1896 Boston Beaneaters National League Louisville Colonels 42 Bill Joyce May 30 , 1896 Washington Senators National League Pittsburgh Pirates 43 Harry Davis July 10 , 1901 Philadelphia Athletics American League Boston Americans 44 Fred Clarke ( 1 ) July 23 , 1901 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 45 Nap Lajoie July 30 , 1901 Philadelphia Athletics American League Cleveland Blues 46 Fred Clarke ( 2 ) May 7 , 1903 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 47 Buck Freeman June 21 , 1903 Boston Red Sox American League Cleveland Naps 48 Patsy Dougherty July 29 , 1903 Boston Red Sox American League New York Highlanders 49 Bill Bradley September 24 , 1903 Cleveland Indians American League Washington Senators 50 Duff Cooley June 20 , 1904 Boston Beaneaters National League Philadelphia Phillies 51 Sam Mertes October 4 , 1904 New York Giants National League St. Louis Cardinals 52 Johnny Bates April 26 , 1907 Boston Doves National League Brooklyn Superbas 53 Otis Clymer October 2 , 1908 Washington Senators American League New York Highlanders 54 Chief Wilson July 3 , 1910 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 55 Danny Murphy August 25 , 1910 Philadelphia Athletics American League St. Louis Browns 56 Bill Collins * October 6 , 1910 Boston Doves National League Philadelphia Phillies 57 Frank Baker July 3 , 1911 Philadelphia Athletics American League New York Highlanders 58 Tris Speaker June 9 , 1912 Boston Red Sox American League St. Louis Browns 59 Chief Meyers June 10 , 1912 New York Giants National League Chicago Cubs 60 Bert Daniels July 25 , 1912 New York Highlanders American League Chicago White Sox 61 Honus Wagner August 22 , 1912 Pittsburgh Pirates National League New York Giants 62 Ed Lennox May 6 , 1914 Pittsburgh Rebels Federal League Kansas City Packers 63 Heinie Groh July 5 , 1915 Cincinnati Reds National League Chicago Cubs 64 Cliff Heathcote June 13 , 1918 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 65 George Sisler ( 1 ) August 8 , 1920 St. Louis Browns American League Washington Senators 66 George Burns September 17 , 1920 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 67 Bobby Veach September 17 , 1920 Detroit Tigers American League Boston Red Sox 68 Bob Meusel ( 1 ) May 7 , 1921 New York Yankees American League Washington Senators 69 Dave Bancroft June 1 , 1921 New York Giants National League Philadelphia Phillies 70 George Sisler ( 2 ) August 13 , 1921 St. Louis Browns American League Detroit Tigers 71 Dave Robertson August 30 , 1921 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Robins 72 Ross Youngs April 29 , 1922 New York Giants National League Boston Braves 73 Jimmy Johnston May 25 , 1922 Brooklyn Robins National League Philadelphia Phillies 74 Ray Schalk June 27 , 1922 Chicago White Sox American League Detroit Tigers 75 Bob Meusel ( 2 ) July 3 , 1922 New York Yankees American League Philadelphia Athletics 76 Pie Traynor July 7 , 1923 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Philadelphia Phillies 77 Baby Doll Jacobson April 17 , 1924 St. Louis Browns American League Chicago White Sox 78 Goose Goslin August 28 , 1924 Washington Senators American League New York Yankees 79 Kiki Cuyler June 4 , 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Philadelphia Phillies 80 Max Carey June 20 , 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Robins 81 Roy Carlyle July 21 , 1925 Boston Red Sox American League Chicago White Sox 82 Bob Fothergill * September 26 , 1926 Detroit Tigers American League Boston Red Sox 83 Jim Bottomley July 15 , 1927 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 84 Cy Williams August 5 , 1927 Philadelphia Phillies National League Pittsburgh Pirates 85 Bill Terry May 29 , 1928 New York Giants National League Brooklyn Robins 86 Bob Meusel ( 3 ) July 26 , 1928 New York Yankees American League Detroit Tigers 87 Mel Ott May 16 , 1929 New York Giants National League Boston Braves 88 Ski Melillo May 23 , 1929 St. Louis Browns American League Cleveland Indians 89 Joe Cronin ( 1 ) September 2 , 1929 Washington Senators American League Boston Red Sox 90 Freddie Lindstrom May 8 , 1930 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 91 Hack Wilson June 23 , 1930 Chicago Cubs National League Philadelphia Phillies 92 Chick Hafey August 21 , 1930 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 93 Babe Herman ( 1 ) May 18 , 1931 Brooklyn Robins National League Cincinnati Reds 94 Chuck Klein ( 1 ) July 1 , 1931 Philadelphia Phillies National League Chicago Cubs 95 Babe Herman ( 2 ) July 24 , 1931 Brooklyn Robins National League Pittsburgh Pirates 96 Tony Lazzeri * June 3 , 1932 New York Yankees American League Philadelphia Athletics 97 Mickey Cochrane ( 1 ) July 22 , 1932 Philadelphia Athletics American League Washington Senators 98 Pepper Martin May 5 , 1933 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 99 Chuck Klein ( 2 ) May 26 , 1933 Philadelphia Phillies National League St. Louis Cardinals 100 Arky Vaughan ( 1 ) June 24 , 1933 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 101 Mickey Cochrane ( 2 ) August 2 , 1933 Philadelphia Athletics American League New York Yankees 102 Pinky Higgins August 6 , 1933 Philadelphia Athletics American League Washington Senators 103 Jimmie Foxx August 14 , 1933 Philadelphia Athletics American League Cleveland Indians 104 Earl Averill August 17 , 1933 Cleveland Indians American League Philadelphia Athletics 105 Babe Herman ( 3 ) September 30 , 1933 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 106 Doc Cramer June 10 , 1934 Philadelphia Athletics American League New York Yankees 107 Lou Gehrig ( 1 ) June 25 , 1934 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 108 Moose Solters August 19 , 1934 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 109 Joe Medwick June 29 , 1935 St. Louis Cardinals National League Cincinnati Reds 110 Sam Leslie May 24 , 1936 New York Giants National League Philadelphia Phillies 111 Gee Walker April 20 , 1937 Detroit Tigers American League Cleveland Indians 112 Joe DiMaggio ( 1 ) July 9 , 1937 New York Yankees American League Washington Senators 113 Lou Gehrig ( 2 ) August 1 , 1937 New York Yankees American League St. Louis Browns 114 Odell Hale July 12 , 1938 Cleveland Indians American League Washington Senators 115 Sam Chapman May 5 , 1939 Philadelphia Athletics American League St. Louis Browns 116 Charlie Gehringer * May 27 , 1939 Detroit Tigers American League St. Louis Browns 117 Arky Vaughan ( 2 ) July 19 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates National League New York Giants 118 Harry Craft June 8 , 1940 Cincinnati Reds National League Brooklyn Dodgers 119 Harry Danning June 15 , 1940 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 120 Johnny Mize July 13 , 1940 St. Louis Cardinals National League New York Giants 121 Buddy Rosar July 19 , 1940 New York Yankees American League Cleveland Indians 122 Joe Cronin ( 2 ) August 2 , 1940 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 123 Joe Gordon September 8 , 1940 New York Yankees American League Boston Red Sox 124 George McQuinn July 19 , 1941 St. Louis Browns American League Boston Red Sox 125 Leon Culberson * July 3 , 1943 Boston Red Sox American League Cleveland Indians 126 Bobby Doerr ( 1 ) May 17 , 1944 Boston Red Sox American League St. Louis Browns 127 Bob Johnson July 6 , 1944 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 128 Dixie Walker September 2 , 1944 Brooklyn Dodgers National League New York Giants 129 Bob Elliott July 15 , 1945 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 130 Bill Salkeld August 4 , 1945 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 131 Mickey Vernon May 19 , 1946 Washington Senators American League Chicago White Sox 132 Ted Williams July 21 , 1946 Boston Red Sox American League St. Louis Browns 133 Bobby Doerr ( 2 ) May 13 , 1947 Boston Red Sox American League Chicago White Sox 134 Vic Wertz September 14 , 1947 Detroit Tigers American League Washington Senators 135 Joe DiMaggio ( 2 ) May 20 , 1948 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 136 Wally Westlake ( 1 ) July 30 , 1948 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 137 Jackie Robinson August 29 , 1948 Brooklyn Dodgers National League St. Louis Cardinals 138 Wally Westlake ( 2 ) June 14 , 1949 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Boston Braves 139 Gil Hodges June 25 , 1949 Brooklyn Dodgers National League Pittsburgh Pirates 140 Stan Musial July 24 , 1949 St. Louis Cardinals National League Brooklyn Dodgers 141 George Kell June 2 , 1950 Detroit Tigers American League Philadelphia Athletics 142 Ralph Kiner June 25 , 1950 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 143 Roy Smalley June 28 , 1950 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 144 Elmer Valo August 2 , 1950 Philadelphia Athletics American League Chicago White Sox 145 Hoot Evers September 7 , 1950 Detroit Tigers American League Cleveland Indians 146 Gus Bell June 4 , 1951 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Philadelphia Phillies 147 Larry Doby June 4 , 1952 Cleveland Indians American League Boston Red Sox 148 Don Mueller July 11 , 1954 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 149 Lee Walls July 2 , 1957 Chicago Cubs National League Cincinnati Redlegs 150 Mickey Mantle July 23 , 1957 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 151 Frank Robinson May 2 , 1959 Cincinnati Reds National League Los Angeles Dodgers 152 Brooks Robinson May 15 , 1960 Baltimore Orioles American League Chicago White Sox 153 Bill White August 14 , 1960 St. Louis Cardinals National League Pittsburgh Pirates 154 Ken Boyer ( 1 ) September 14 , 1961 St. Louis Cardinals National League Chicago Cubs 155 Lou Clinton July 13 , 1962 Boston Red Sox American League Kansas City Athletics 156 Johnny Callison June 27 , 1963 Philadelphia Phillies National League Pittsburgh Pirates 157 Jim Hickman * August 7 , 1963 New York Mets National League St. Louis Cardinals 158 Jim King May 26 , 1964 Washington Senators American League Boston Red Sox 159 Ken Boyer * ( 2 ) June 16 , 1964 St. Louis Cardinals National League Houston Colt . 45s 160 Willie Stargell July 22 , 1964 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 161 Jim Fregosi ( 1 ) July 28 , 1964 Los Angeles Angels American League New York Yankees 162 Carl Yastrzemski May 14 , 1965 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 163 Billy Williams * July 17 , 1966 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 164 Randy Hundley August 11 , 1966 Chicago Cubs National League Houston Astros 165 Jim Fregosi ( 2 ) May 20 , 1968 California Angels American League Boston Red Sox 166 Wes Parker May 7 , 1970 Los Angeles Dodgers National League New York Mets 167 Rod Carew May 20 , 1970 Minnesota Twins American League Kansas City Royals 168 Tony Horton July 2 , 1970 Cleveland Indians American League Baltimore Orioles 169 Tommie Agee July 6 , 1970 New York Mets National League St. Louis Cardinals 170 Jim Ray Hart July 8 , 1970 San Francisco Giants National League Atlanta Braves 171 Freddie Patek July 9 , 1971 Kansas City Royals American League Minnesota Twins 172 Dave Kingman April 16 , 1972 San Francisco Giants National League Houston Astros 173 César Cedeño ( 1 ) August 2 , 1972 Houston Astros National League Cincinnati Reds 174 Bobby Murcer August 29 , 1972 New York Yankees American League Texas Rangers 175 César Tovar September 19 , 1972 Minnesota Twins American League Texas Rangers 176 Joe Torre June 27 , 1973 St. Louis Cardinals National League Pittsburgh Pirates 177 Richie Zisk June 9 , 1974 Pittsburgh Pirates National League San Francisco Giants 178 Lou Brock May 27 , 1975 St. Louis Cardinals National League San Diego Padres 179 Tim Foli * April 22 , 1976 Montreal Expos National League Chicago Cubs 180 Larry Hisle June 4 , 1976 Minnesota Twins American League Baltimore Orioles 181 Mike Phillips June 25 , 1976 New York Mets National League Chicago Cubs 182 Lyman Bostock July 24 , 1976 Minnesota Twins American League Chicago White Sox 183 César Cedeño ( 2 ) August 9 , 1976 Houston Astros National League St. Louis Cardinals 184 Mike Hegan September 3 , 1976 Milwaukee Brewers American League Detroit Tigers 185 Bob Watson ( 1 ) June 24 , 1977 Houston Astros National League San Francisco Giants 186 John Mayberry August 5 , 1977 Kansas City Royals American League Chicago White Sox 187 Jack Brohamer September 24 , 1977 Chicago White Sox American League Seattle Mariners 188 Andre Thornton April 22 , 1978 Cleveland Indians American League Boston Red Sox 189 Chris Speier ( 1 ) July 20 , 1978 Montreal Expos National League Atlanta Braves 190 Mike Cubbage July 27 , 1978 Minnesota Twins American League Toronto Blue Jays 191 George Brett ( 1 ) May 28 , 1979 Kansas City Royals American League Baltimore Orioles 192 Dan Ford August 10 , 1979 California Angels American League Seattle Mariners 193 Bob Watson * ( 2 ) September 15 , 1979 Boston Red Sox American League Baltimore Orioles 194 Frank White ( 1 ) September 26 , 1979 Kansas City Royals American League California Angels 195 Iván DeJesús April 22 , 1980 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 196 Fred Lynn May 13 , 1980 Boston Red Sox American League Minnesota Twins 197 Mike Easler June 12 , 1980 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 198 Gary Ward September 18 , 1980 Minnesota Twins American League Milwaukee Brewers 199 Charlie Moore October 1 , 1980 Milwaukee Brewers American League California Angels 200 Frank White ( 2 ) August 3 , 1982 Kansas City Royals American League Detroit Tigers 201 Cal Ripken , Jr . May 6 , 1984 Baltimore Orioles American League Texas Rangers 202 Carlton Fisk May 16 , 1984 Chicago White Sox American League Kansas City Royals 203 Willie McGee June 23 , 1984 St. Louis Cardinals National League Chicago Cubs 204 Dwight Evans June 28 , 1984 Boston Red Sox American League Seattle Mariners 205 Jeffrey Leonard June 27 , 1985 San Francisco Giants National League Cincinnati Reds 206 Keith Hernandez July 4 , 1985 New York Mets National League Atlanta Braves 207 Oddibe McDowell July 23 , 1985 Texas Rangers American League Cleveland Indians 208 Rich Gedman September 18 , 1985 Boston Red Sox American League Toronto Blue Jays 209 Tony Phillips May 16 , 1986 Oakland Athletics American League Baltimore Orioles 210 Kirby Puckett August 1 , 1986 Minnesota Twins American League Oakland Athletics 211 Andre Dawson April 29 , 1987 Chicago Cubs National League San Francisco Giants 212 Candy Maldonado May 4 , 1987 San Francisco Giants National League St. Louis Cardinals 213 Tim Raines August 16 , 1987 Montreal Expos National League Pittsburgh Pirates 214 Albert Hall September 23 , 1987 Atlanta Braves National League Houston Astros 215 Robin Yount June 12 , 1988 Milwaukee Brewers American League Chicago White Sox 216 Chris Speier ( 2 ) July 9 , 1988 San Francisco Giants National League St. Louis Cardinals 217 Mike Greenwell September 14 , 1988 Boston Red Sox American League Baltimore Orioles 218 Kelly Gruber April 16 , 1989 Toronto Blue Jays American League Kansas City Royals 219 Eric Davis June 2 , 1989 Cincinnati Reds National League San Diego Padres 220 Kevin McReynolds August 1 , 1989 New York Mets National League St. Louis Cardinals 221 Gary Redus August 25 , 1989 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 222 George Brett ( 2 ) July 25 , 1990 Kansas City Royals American League Toronto Blue Jays 223 Robby Thompson April 22 , 1991 San Francisco Giants National League San Diego Padres 224 Paul Molitor May 15 , 1991 Milwaukee Brewers American League Minnesota Twins 225 Dave Winfield June 24 , 1991 California Angels American League Kansas City Royals 226 Ray Lankford September 15 , 1991 St. Louis Cardinals National League New York Mets 227 Andújar Cedeño August 25 , 1992 Houston Astros National League St. Louis Cardinals 228 Mark Grace May 9 , 1993 Chicago Cubs National League San Diego Padres 229 Jay Buhner June 23 , 1993 Seattle Mariners American League Oakland Athletics 230 Travis Fryman July 28 , 1993 Detroit Tigers American League New York Yankees 231 Scott Cooper April 12 , 1994 Boston Red Sox American League Kansas City Royals 232 Rondell White June 11 , 1995 Montreal Expos National League San Francisco Giants 233 Gregg Jefferies August 25 , 1995 Philadelphia Phillies National League Los Angeles Dodgers 234 Tony Fernández September 3 , 1995 New York Yankees American League Oakland Athletics 235 John Mabry * May 18 , 1996 St. Louis Cardinals National League Colorado Rockies 236 John Valentin June 6 , 1996 Boston Red Sox American League Chicago White Sox 237 Alex Ochoa July 3 , 1996 New York Mets National League Philadelphia Phillies 238 Alex Rodriguez June 5 , 1997 Seattle Mariners American League Detroit Tigers 239 John Olerud ( 1 ) September 11 , 1997 New York Mets National League Montreal Expos 240 Mike Blowers May 18 , 1998 Oakland Athletics American League Chicago White Sox 241 Dante Bichette June 10 , 1998 Colorado Rockies National League Texas Rangers 242 Neifi Pérez July 25 , 1998 Colorado Rockies National League St. Louis Cardinals 243 Jeff Kent May 3 , 1999 San Francisco Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 244 Todd Helton June 19 , 1999 Colorado Rockies National League Florida Marlins 245 Chris Singleton July 6 , 1999 Chicago White Sox American League Kansas City Royals 246 José Valentín * April 27 , 2000 Chicago White Sox American League Baltimore Orioles 247 Jason Kendall May 19 , 2000 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 248 Mike Lansing June 18 , 2000 Colorado Rockies National League Arizona Diamondbacks 249 Eric Chavez June 21 , 2000 Oakland Athletics American League Baltimore Orioles 250 Luis Gonzalez July 5 , 2000 Arizona Diamondbacks National League Houston Astros 251 Damion Easley June 8 , 2001 Detroit Tigers American League Milwaukee Brewers 252 John Olerud ( 2 ) June 16 , 2001 Seattle Mariners American League San Diego Padres 253 Jeff Bagwell July 18 , 2001 Houston Astros National League St. Louis Cardinals 254 Jeff Frye August 17 , 2001 Toronto Blue Jays American League Texas Rangers 255 Miguel Tejada September 29 , 2001 Oakland Athletics American League Seattle Mariners 256 Craig Biggio April 8 , 2002 Houston Astros National League Colorado Rockies 257 Greg Colbrunn September 18 , 2002 Arizona Diamondbacks National League San Diego Padres 258 Brad Wilkerson * ( 1 ) June 24 , 2003 Montreal Expos National League Pittsburgh Pirates 259 Eric Byrnes June 29 , 2003 Oakland Athletics American League San Francisco Giants 260 Travis Hafner August 14 , 2003 Cleveland Indians American League Minnesota Twins 261 Vladimir Guerrero September 14 , 2003 Montreal Expos National League New York Mets 262 Chad Moeller April 27 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers National League Cincinnati Reds 263 Daryle Ward May 26 , 2004 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 264 David Bell June 28 , 2004 Philadelphia Phillies National League Montreal Expos 265 Eric Valent July 29 , 2004 New York Mets National League Montreal Expos 266 Mark Teixeira August 17 , 2004 Texas Rangers American League Cleveland Indians 267 Jeff DaVanon August 25 , 2004 Anaheim Angels American League Kansas City Royals 268 Brad Wilkerson ( 2 ) April 6 , 2005 Washington Nationals National League Philadelphia Phillies 269 Mark Grudzielanek April 27 , 2005 St. Louis Cardinals National League Milwaukee Brewers 270 Randy Winn August 15 , 2005 San Francisco Giants National League Cincinnati Reds 271 José Reyes June 21 , 2006 New York Mets National League Cincinnati Reds 272 Luke Scott July 28 , 2006 Houston Astros National League Arizona Diamondbacks 273 Carlos Guillén August 1 , 2006 Detroit Tigers American League Tampa Bay Devil Rays 274 Gary Matthews , Jr. * September 13 , 2006 Texas Rangers American League Detroit Tigers 275 Chone Figgins September 16 , 2006 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim American League Texas Rangers 276 Fred Lewis May 13 , 2007 San Francisco Giants National League Colorado Rockies 277 Mark Ellis June 4 , 2007 Oakland Athletics American League Boston Red Sox 278 Aubrey Huff June 29 , 2007 Baltimore Orioles American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 279 Carlos Gómez ( 1 ) May 7 , 2008 Minnesota Twins American League Chicago White Sox 280 Mark Kotsay August 14 , 2008 Atlanta Braves National League Chicago Cubs 281 Cristian Guzmán August 28 , 2008 Washington Nationals National League Los Angeles Dodgers 282 Stephen Drew September 1 , 2008 Arizona Diamondbacks National League St. Louis Cardinals 283 Adrián Beltré ( 1 ) September 1 , 2008 Seattle Mariners American League Texas Rangers 284 Orlando Hudson April 13 , 2009 Los Angeles Dodgers National League San Francisco Giants 285 Ian Kinsler April 15 , 2009 Texas Rangers American League Baltimore Orioles 286 Jason Kubel April 17 , 2009 Minnesota Twins American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 287 Michael Cuddyer ( 1 ) May 22 , 2009 Minnesota Twins American League Milwaukee Brewers 288 Melky Cabrera August 2 , 2009 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 289 Troy Tulowitzki August 10 , 2009 Colorado Rockies National League Chicago Cubs 290 Félix Pie August 14 , 2009 Baltimore Orioles American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 291 B.J. Upton October 2 , 2009 Tampa Bay Rays American League New York Yankees 292 Jody Gerut May 8 , 2010 Milwaukee Brewers National League Arizona Diamondbacks 293 Bengie Molina July 16 , 2010 Texas Rangers American League Boston Red Sox 294 Kelly Johnson July 23 , 2010 Arizona Diamondbacks National League San Francisco Giants 295 Carlos González July 31 , 2010 Colorado Rockies National League Chicago Cubs 296 George Kottaras September 3 , 2011 Milwaukee Brewers National League Houston Astros 297 Pablo Sandoval September 15 , 2011 San Francisco Giants National League Colorado Rockies 298 Scott Hairston April 27 , 2012 New York Mets National League Colorado Rockies 299 Aaron Hill ( 1 ) June 18 , 2012 Arizona Diamondbacks National League Seattle Mariners 300 Aaron Hill ( 2 ) June 29 , 2012 Arizona Diamondbacks National League Milwaukee Brewers 301 Adrián Beltré ( 2 ) August 24 , 2012 Texas Rangers American League Minnesota Twins 302 Mike Trout May 21 , 2013 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim American League Seattle Mariners 303 Brandon Barnes July 19 , 2013 Houston Astros American League Seattle Mariners 304 Alex Ríos September 23 , 2013 Texas Rangers American League Houston Astros 305 Michael Cuddyer ( 2 ) August 17 , 2014 Colorado Rockies National League Cincinnati Reds 306 Brock Holt June 16 , 2015 Boston Red Sox American League Atlanta Braves 307 Shin - Soo Choo July 21 , 2015 Texas Rangers American League Colorado Rockies 308 Adrián Beltré ( 3 ) August 3 , 2015 Texas Rangers American League Houston Astros 309 Matt Kemp August 14 , 2015 San Diego Padres National League Colorado Rockies 310 Freddie Freeman June 15 , 2016 Atlanta Braves National League Cincinnati Reds 311 Rajai Davis July 2 , 2016 Cleveland Indians American League Toronto Blue Jays 312 John Jaso September 28 , 2016 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Chicago Cubs 313 Wil Myers April 10 , 2017 San Diego Padres National League Colorado Rockies 314 Trea Turner April 25 , 2017 Washington Nationals National League Colorado Rockies 315 Carlos Gómez ( 2 ) April 29 , 2017 Texas Rangers American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 316 Nolan Arenado June 18 , 2017 Colorado Rockies National League San Francisco Giants 317 Cody Bellinger July 15 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers National League Miami Marlins 318 Evan Longoria August 1 , 2017 Tampa Bay Rays American League Houston Astros 319 José Abreu September 9 , 2017 Chicago White Sox American League San Francisco Giants Cycles by franchise ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . In particular : columns need to sum to 319 . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) Italic text indicates the current name of a current MLB franchise ; names not in italics indicate either defunct teams or defunct team names . Teams are listed only as major league squads ; minor league teams promoted into MLB do not have minor league names or tenures listed . Initial table sorting is by number of cycles hit per franchise and then by ratio of cycles hit to cycles allowed . Only one current MLB team has never had a player hit for the cycle , the Miami Marlins . List of franchises , showing MLB - active dates and numbers of cycles achieved and allowed Franchise Active dates Cycles hit Cycles allowed Allegheny ( AA ) / Pittsburgh Alleghenys / Pittsburgh Innocents / Pittsburgh Pirates 1882 -- present 24 19 New York Gothams / New York Giants / San Francisco Giants 1883 -- present 24 16 Boston Americans / Boston Red Sox 1901 -- present 21 12 Philadelphia Athletics / Kansas City Athletics / Oakland Athletics 1901 -- present 21 8 St. Louis Stockings ( AA ) / St. Louis Perfectos / St. Louis Cardinals 1882 -- present 19 24 Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 02 ) / New York Highlanders / New York Yankees 1901 -- present 15 9 Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) / Minnesota Twins 1901 -- present 14 13 Chicago White Stockings / Chicago Colts / Chicago Orphans / Chicago Cubs 1876 -- present 11 13 New York Mets 1962 -- present 10 Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 71 ) / Texas Rangers 1961 -- present 10 7 Detroit Tigers 1901 -- present 10 11 Brooklyn Atlantics / Brooklyn Grays / Brooklyn Bridegrooms / Brooklyn Superbas / Brooklyn Robins / Brooklyn Dodgers / Los Angeles Dodgers 1883 -- present 10 14 Cincinnati Red Stockings ( AA ) / Cincinnati Redlegs / Cincinnati Reds 1882 -- present 9 17 Milwaukee Brewers ( 1901 ) / St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1901 -- present 9 16 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 -- present 9 Cleveland Bluebirds / Cleveland Bronchos / Cleveland Naps / Cleveland Indians 1901 -- present 8 10 Houston Colt . 45s / Houston Astros 1962 -- present 8 8 Colorado Rockies 1993 -- present 8 9 Philadelphia Quakers / Philadelphia Phillies 1883 -- present 8 16 Los Angeles Angels / California Angels / Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1961 -- present 7 6 Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers 1969 -- present 7 5 Boston Red Caps / Boston Beaneaters / Boston Doves / Boston Rustlers / Boston Bees / Boston Braves / Milwaukee Braves / Atlanta Braves 1876 -- present 7 9 Arizona Diamondbacks 1998 -- present 6 Kansas City Royals 1969 -- present 6 7 Chicago White Sox 1901 -- present 6 17 Seattle Mariners 1977 -- present 7 Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) 1882 -- 1890 Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) 1891 -- 1899 Detroit Wolverines 1881 -- 1888 Louisville Eclipse / Louisville Colonels ( AA / NL ) 1882 -- 1891 5 Toronto Blue Jays 1977 -- present Buffalo Bisons ( NL ) 1879 -- 1885 0 St. Louis Maroons / Indianapolis Hoosiers 1884 -- 1889 0 New York Metropolitans 1883 -- 1887 Tampa Bay Devil Rays / Tampa Bay Rays 1998 -- present San Diego Padres 1969 -- present 6 Brooklyn Gladiators 1890 0 Kansas City Cowboys 1888 -- 1889 0 Milwaukee Brewers ( AA ) 1891 0 New York Giants ( PL ) 1890 0 Pittsburgh Rebels 1914 -- 1915 0 Toledo Maumees 1890 0 Cleveland Forest Citys / Cleveland Blues ( AA ) / Cleveland Spiders 1887 -- 1899 Florida Marlins / Miami Marlins 1993 -- present 0 Buffalo Bisons ( PL ) 1890 0 Cleveland Blues ( NL ) 1879 -- 1884 0 Kansas City Packers 1914 -- 1915 0 Providence Grays 1878 -- 1885 0 Syracuse Stars 1890 0 Baltimore Orioles ( 1882 -- 1899 ) 1882 -- 1899 0 Notes ( edit ) The Milwaukee Brewers were members of the American League until 1997 , when the team switched leagues due to an expansion - driven realignment of Major League Baseball 's divisions . The Brewers have been members of the National League since 1998 . The Houston Astros were members of the National League until 2012 , when , as part of the franchise 's sale agreement , the team switched leagues to create divisional balance . The Astros have been members of the American League since 2013 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Nippon Professional Baseball players to hit for the cycle -- the Japanese equivalent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickson , Paul ( 1999 ) . The new Dickson baseball dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 600580 - 8 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hitting for the Cycle Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cycles Chronologically '' . Retrosheet.org . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Note : Retrosheet includes George Hall 's cycle , which is disputed by baseball historians . ^ Jump up to : Huber , Mike . `` June 14 , 1876 : George Hall gets five hits , but is it a cycle ? '' . SABR . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swearingen , Randall ( 2007 ) . `` 13 '' . A Great Teammate : The Legend of Mickey Mantle . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 59670 - 194 - 3 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Feats : No - hitters '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMurray , John ( August 2005 ) . `` Brad Wilkerson : A Versatile Performer for the Nationals '' . Baseball Digest . Lakeside. 64 ( 6 ) : 32 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Feats : Players who have hit for the cycle '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baltov , Victor A. ; Baltov , Jr. , Victor A. ( 2010 ) . Baseball Is America : Origins and History : The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly . AuthorHouse . p. 305 . ISBN 1 - 4520 - 0486 - 2 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Ward 1980 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daryle Ward 2004 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gus Bell 1951 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Bell 2004 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies Top 10 Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cycles Chronologically '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cycles '' . Retrosheet.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 8 , St. Louis Cardinals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 13 , 1918 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 11 , Washington Senators 4 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 8 , 1920 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 4 , Pittsburgh Pirates 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 17 , 1920 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 14 , Boston Red Sox 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 17 , 1920 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 6 , Washington Senators 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 7 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 8 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . June 1 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 7 , Detroit Tigers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 13 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 8 , Brooklyn Robins 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 30 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 15 , Boston Braves 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 29 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Robins 8 , Philadelphia Phillies 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 25 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 9 , Detroit Tigers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 12 , Philadelphia Athletics 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 3 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 18 , Philadelphia Phillies 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 7 , 1923 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 6 , St. Louis Browns 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 11 , New York Yankees 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 28 , 1924 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 16 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1925 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 21 , Brooklyn Robins 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 20 , 1925 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 6 , Chicago White Sox 3 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 21 , 1925 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 11 , Boston Red Sox 2 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 26 , 1926 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 9 , Philadelphia Phillies 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 15 , 1927 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 9 , Pittsburgh Pirates 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 5 , 1927 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 12 , Brooklyn Robins 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 29 , 1928 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 12 , Detroit Tigers 1 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 26 , 1928 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Braves 5 , New York Giants 4 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 16 , 1929 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 7 , Cleveland Indians 5 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 23 , 1929 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 10 , Boston Red Sox 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 2 , 1929 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 13 , Pittsburgh Pirates 10 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 8 , 1930 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 21 , Philadelphia Phillies 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 23 , 1930 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 16 , Philadelphia Phillies 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 21 , 1930 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Robins 14 , Cincinnati Reds 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 18 , 1931 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 11 , Chicago Cubs 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 1 , 1931 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 8 , Brooklyn Robins 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 24 , 1931 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 20 , Philadelphia Athletics 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 3 , 1932 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 8 , Washington Senators 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 22 , 1932 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 5 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 5 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 5 , Philadelphia Phillies 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 26 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 15 , Brooklyn Dodgers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 16 , New York Yankees 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 12 , Washington Senators 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 6 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 11 , Cleveland Indians 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 15 , Philadelphia Athletics 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 17 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 12 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 30 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 7 , Philadelphia Athletics 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 10 , 1934 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 13 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1934 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 8 , Boston Red Sox 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 19 , 1934 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 8 , St. Louis Cardinals 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 29 , 1935 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 13 , Philadelphia Phillies 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 24 , 1936 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 4 , Cleveland Indians 3 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 20 , 1937 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 16 , Washington Senators 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 9 , 1937 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 14 , St. Louis Browns 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 1937 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 9 , Cleveland Indians 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 12 , 1938 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 10 , St. Louis Browns 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 5 , 1939 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 12 , St. Louis Browns 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 27 , 1939 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 10 , New York Giants 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 19 , 1939 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 23 , Brooklyn Dodgers 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 8 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 12 , Pittsburgh Pirates 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 15 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , New York Giants 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 13 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 15 , Cleveland Indians 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 19 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 12 , Detroit Tigers 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 9 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 8 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 9 , Boston Red Sox 3 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 19 , 1941 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 12 , Cleveland Indians 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 3 , 1943 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 12 , Boston Red Sox 8 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 17 , 1944 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 13 , Detroit Tigers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 6 , 1944 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Dodgers 8 , New York Giants 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 2 , 1944 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 15 , Brooklyn Dodgers 3 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 15 , 1945 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 6 , Pittsburgh Pirates 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 4 , 1945 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 7 , Chicago White Sox 1 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 19 , 1946 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 7 , St. Louis Browns 4 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 21 , 1946 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 19 , Chicago White Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 13 , 1947 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 16 , Washington Senators 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 1947 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 13 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 20 , 1948 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 10 , Brooklyn Dodgers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Dodgers 12 , St. Louis Cardinals 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 29 , 1948 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 4 , Boston Braves 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 14 , 1949 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Dodgers 17 , Pittsburgh Pirates 10 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1949 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 14 , Brooklyn Dodgers 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 24 , 1949 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 16 , Philadelphia Athletics 5 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . June 2 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 16 , Brooklyn Dodgers 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 15 , St. Louis Cardinals 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 28 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 10 , Chicago White Sox 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 13 , Cleveland Indians 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 7 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 12 , Philadelphia Phillies 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1951 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 13 , Cleveland Indians 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1952 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 13 , Pittsburgh Pirates 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 11 , 1954 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 8 , Chicago Cubs 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 2 , 1957 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 10 , Chicago White Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 23 , 1957 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 16 , Los Angeles Dodgers 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 2 , 1959 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles 5 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 15 , 1960 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 9 , St. Louis Cardinals 4 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 1960 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 6 , Chicago Cubs 5 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 1961 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 11 , Kansas City Athletics 10 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 13 , 1962 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 13 , Pittsburgh Pirates 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1963 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 7 , St. Louis Cardinals 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 7 , 1963 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 3 , Washington Senators 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 26 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , Houston Colt . 45s 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 16 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 13 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 22 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels 3 , New York Yankees 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 28 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 12 , Boston Red Sox 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 14 , 1965 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 7 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 17 , 1966 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 9 , Houston Astros 8 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 11 , 1966 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California Angels 5 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 20 , 1968 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers 7 , New York Mets 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 7 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 10 , Kansas City Royals 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 20 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 10 , Baltimore Orioles 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 2 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 10 , St. Louis Cardinals 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 6 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 13 , Atlanta Braves 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 8 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 6 , Minnesota Twins 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 9 , 1971 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 10 , Houston Astros 6 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 10 , Cincinnati Reds 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1972 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Retrosheet Boxscore : New York Yankees 7 , Texas Rangers 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 29 , 1972 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 5 , Texas Rangers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 19 , 1972 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 15 , Pittsburgh Pirates 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1973 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 14 , San Francisco Giants 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 9 , 1974 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , San Diego Padres 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 27 , 1975 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 12 , Chicago Cubs 6 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 21 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 8 , Baltimore Orioles 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 7 , Chicago Cubs 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 17 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 24 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 13 , St. Louis Cardinals 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 9 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 11 , Detroit Tigers 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 3 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 6 , San Francisco Giants 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 1977 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 12 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 5 , 1977 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 8 , Seattle Mariners 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 13 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 22 , 1978 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 7 , Atlanta Braves 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 20 , 1978 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 6 , Toronto Blue Jays 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 27 , 1978 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 5 , Baltimore Orioles 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 28 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 8 , California Angels 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 10 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 10 , Baltimore Orioles 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 15 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 4 , California Angels 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 26 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 16 , St. Louis Cardinals 12 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 22 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 10 , Minnesota Twins 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 13 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 10 , Cincinnati Reds 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 12 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 9 , Minnesota Twins 8 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 18 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 10 , California Angels 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . October 1 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 6 , Detroit Tigers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 3 , 1982 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles 6 , Texas Rangers 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 6 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 7 , Chicago White Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 16 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 12 , St. Louis Cardinals 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 23 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 9 , Seattle Mariners 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 28 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 7 , San Francisco Giants 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 16 , Atlanta Braves 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 4 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 8 , Cleveland Indians 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 23 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 13 , Toronto Blue Jays 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 18 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 8 , Baltimore Orioles 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 16 , 1986 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 10 , Oakland Athletics 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 1986 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 8 , San Francisco Giants 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 29 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 10 , St. Louis Cardinals 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 4 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 10 , Pittsburgh Pirates 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 16 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves 5 , Houston Astros 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 23 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 16 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 12 , 1988 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 21 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 9 , 1988 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 4 , Baltimore Orioles 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 1988 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays 15 , Kansas City Royals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 16 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 9 , San Diego Padres 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 2 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 11 , St. Louis Cardinals 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 12 , Cincinnati Reds 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 6 , Toronto Blue Jays 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 25 , 1990 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres 7 , San Francisco Giants 5 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 22 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 4 , Minnesota Twins 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 15 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California Angels 9 , Kansas City Royals 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , New York Mets 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 15 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 5 , Houston Astros 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 1992 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres 5 , Chicago Cubs 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 9 , 1993 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 8 , Oakland Athletics 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 23 , 1993 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 12 , Detroit Tigers 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 28 , 1993 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 22 , Kansas City Royals 11 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 12 , 1994 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 10 , San Francisco Giants 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 11 , 1995 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 17 , Los Angeles Dodgers 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 1995 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 10 , New York Yankees 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 3 , 1995 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 9 , St. Louis Cardinals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 18 , 1996 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 7 , Chicago White Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 6 , 1996 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 10 , Philadelphia Phillies 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 3 , 1996 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 14 , Detroit Tigers 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 5 , 1997 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 9 , Montreal Expos 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 11 , 1997 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 14 , Chicago White Sox 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 18 , 1998 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 9 , Texas Rangers 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 10 , 1998 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 5 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 25 , 1998 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 9 , San Francisco Giants 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 3 , 1999 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 10 , Florida Marlins 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 19 , 1999 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 8 , Chicago White Sox 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 6 , 1999 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 13 , Baltimore Orioles 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 13 , St. Louis Cardinals 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 19 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 19 , Arizona Diamondbacks 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 18 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 10 , Baltimore Orioles 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 21 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 12 , Houston Astros 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 5 , 2000 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 9 , Milwaukee Brewers 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 8 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 9 , San Diego Padres 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 16 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 17 , St. Louis Cardinals 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays 11 , Texas Rangers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 17 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 8 , Seattle Mariners 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 29 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 8 , Colorado Rockies 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 8 , 2002 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 10 , San Diego Padres 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 18 , 2002 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 6 , Pittsburgh Pirates 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 5 , San Francisco Giants 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 8 , Minnesota Twins 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 7 , New York Mets 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 9 , Cincinnati Reds 8 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 11 , St. Louis Cardinals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 26 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 14 , Montreal Expos 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 28 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 10 , Montreal Expos 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 29 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 16 , Cleveland Indians 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 17 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Angels 21 , Kansas City Royals 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals 7 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 6 , 2005 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 6 , Milwaukee Brewers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2005 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 7 , Cincinnati Reds 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 6 , New York Mets 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 8 , Houston Astros 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 10 , Tampa Bay Devil Rays 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 11 , Detroit Tigers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 13 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 12 , Anaheim Angels 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 15 , Colorado Rockies 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 5 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Angels 9 , Baltimore Orioles 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 13 , Chicago White Sox 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 11 , Atlanta Braves 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals 11 , Los Angeles Dodgers 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 8 , St. Louis Cardinals 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 12 , Texas Rangers 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers 11 , San Francisco Giants 1 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 19 , Baltimore Orioles 6 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 11 , Anaheim Angels 9 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 11 , Milwaukee Brewers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 8 , Chicago White Sox 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 11 , Chicago Cubs 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles 16 , Anaheim Angels 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Rays 13 , New York Yankees 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 17 , Arizona Diamondbacks 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 8 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 7 , Arizona Diamondbacks 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 6 , Chicago Cubs 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers at Houston Astros Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants / Colorado Rockies Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 18 , New York Mets 9 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks / Seattle Mariners Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks / Milwaukee Brewers Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Minnesota Twins Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels / Seattle Mariners Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros / Seattle Mariners Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Houston Astros Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies / Cincinnati Reds Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox / Atlanta Braves Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Colorado Rockies Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Houston Astros Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres / Colorado Rockies Box Score '' . MLB . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/184321684?game_pk=447844 Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/187538744/indians-rajai-davis-hits-for-cycle Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/203959344/pirates-john-jaso-hits-for-1st-pnc-park-cycle/ Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20170410223560686/padres-wil-myers-hits-for-cycle-in-victory/?game_pk=490200 Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/226540454/nationals-trea-turner-hits-for-cycle/ Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : The third cycle of the 2017 season belongs to the Rangers ' Carlos Gomez '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Rockies ' Nolan Arenado hits walk - off home run to complete the cycle vs. Giants '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sattell , Glenn ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger is 1st Dodgers rookie to hit for cycle '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Evan Longoria Hits for Second Cycle in Rays History '' . SI.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Abreu Hits for First Cycle in White Sox History in over 17 years ! '' . whitesox.com . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Feats : Players who have hit for the cycle '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Cycle records at MLB.com Cycle records at Retrosheet Cycle records at Baseball Almanac Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_to_hit_for_the_cycle&oldid=849396244 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 18 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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who was the first met to hit for the cycle
[ "\nMajor League Baseball players who have hit for the cycle\n\n\nNo.\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\nTeam\n\nLeague\n\nOpponent\n\nRef\n\n\n—\n\nGeorge Hall (d)\n\nJune 14, 1876\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nNational League\nCincinnati Red Stockings\n[4][16]\n\n\n1\n\nCurry Foley\n\nMay 25, 1882\nBuffalo Bisons\nNational League\nCleveland Blues\n[17]\n\n\n2\n\nLon Knight\n\nJuly 30, 1883\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n3\n\nJohn Reilly (1)\n\nSeptember 12, 1883\nCincinnati Reds\nAmerican Association\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n4\n\nJohn Reilly (2)\n\nSeptember 19, 1883\nCincinnati Reds\nAmerican Association\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[17]\n\n\n5\n\nJim O'Rourke\n\nJune 16, 1884\nBuffalo Bisons\nNational League\nChicago White Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n6\n\nDave Orr (1)\n\nJune 12, 1885\nNew York Metropolitans\nAmerican Association\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n7\n\nGeorge Wood\n\nJune 13, 1885\nDetroit Wolverines\nNational League\nChicago White Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n8\n\nHenry Larkin\n\nJune 16, 1885\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n9\n\nMox McQuery\n\nSeptember 28, 1885\nDetroit Wolverines\nNational League\nProvidence Grays\n[17]\n\n\n10\n\nFred Dunlap\n\nMay 24, 1886\nSt. Louis Maroons\nNational League\nNew York Gothams\n[17]\n\n\n11\n\nPete Browning (1)\n\nAugust 8, 1886\nLouisville Colonels\nAmerican Association\nNew York Metropolitans\n[17]\n\n\n12\n\nJack Rowe\n\nAugust 21, 1886\nDetroit Wolverines\nNational League\nChicago White Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n13\n\nChippy McGarr\n\nSeptember 23, 1886\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n14\n\nTip O'Neill (1)\n\nApril 30, 1887\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\nAmerican Association\nCleveland Blues\n[17]\n\n\n15\n\nFred Carroll\n\nMay 2, 1887\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\nNational League\nDetroit Wolverines\n[17]\n\n\n16\n\nTip O'Neill (2)\n\nMay 7, 1887\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\nAmerican Association\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n17\n\nDave Orr (2)\n\nAugust 10, 1887\nNew York Metropolitans\nAmerican Association\nBaltimore Orioles\n[17]\n\n\n18\n\nBid McPhee\n\nAugust 26, 1887\nCincinnati Red Stockings\nAmerican Association\nBaltimore Orioles\n[17]\n\n\n19\n\nHarry Stovey\n\nMay 15, 1888\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nBaltimore Orioles\n[17]\n\n\n20\n\nSam Barkley\n\nJune 13, 1888\nKansas City Cowboys\nAmerican Association\nCincinnati Red Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n21\n\nJimmy Ryan (1)\n\nJuly 28, 1888\nChicago White Stockings\nNational League\nDetroit Wolverines\n[17]\n\n\n22\n\nMike Tiernan (1)\n\nAugust 25, 1888\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Quakers\n[17]\n\n\n23\n\nPete Browning (2)\n\nJune 7, 1889\nLouisville Colonels\nAmerican Association\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[17]\n\n\n24\n\nJack Glasscock\n\nAugust 8, 1889\nIndianapolis Hoosiers\nNational League\nNew York Metropolitans\n[17]\n\n\n25\n\nLarry Twitchell\n\nAugust 15, 1889\nCleveland Spiders\nNational League\nBoston Beaneaters\n[17]\n\n\n26\n\nMike Tiernan (2)\n\nJune 28, 1890\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n27\n\nBill Van Dyke\n\nJuly 5, 1890\nToledo Maumees\nAmerican Association\nSyracuse Stars\n[17]\n\n\n28\n\nJumbo Davis\n\nJuly 18, 1890\nBrooklyn Gladiators\nAmerican Association\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n29\n\nRoger Connor\n\nJuly 21, 1890\nNew York Giants\nPlayers' League\nBuffalo Bisons\n[17]\n\n\n30\n\nOyster Burns\n\nAugust 1, 1890\nBrooklyn Bridegrooms\nNational League\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n31\n\nJohn Reilly (3)\n\nAugust 6, 1890\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n32\n\nFarmer Weaver\n\nAugust 12, 1890\nLouisville Colonels\nAmerican Association\nSyracuse Stars\n[17]\n\n\n33\n\nJimmy Ryan (2)\n\nJuly 1, 1891\nChicago Colts\nNational League\nCleveland Spiders\n[17]\n\n\n34\n\nAbner Dalrymple\n\nSeptember 12, 1891\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican Association\nWashington Senators\n[17]\n\n\n35\n\nLave Cross\n\nApril 24, 1894\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nBrooklyn Bridegrooms\n[17]\n\n\n36\n\nBill Hassamaer\n\nJune 13, 1894\nWashington Senators\nNational League\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n37\n\nSam Thompson\n\nAugust 17, 1894\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n38\n\nTom Parrott\n\nSeptember 28, 1894\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[17]\n\n\n39\n\nTommy Dowd\n\nAugust 16, 1895\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\nNational League\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n40\n\nEd Cartwright\n\nSeptember 30, 1895\nWashington Senators\nNational League\nBoston Beaneaters\n[17]\n\n\n41\n\nHerman Long\n\nMay 9, 1896\nBoston Beaneaters\nNational League\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n42\n\nBill Joyce\n\nMay 30, 1896\nWashington Senators\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[17]\n\n\n43\n\nHarry Davis\n\nJuly 10, 1901\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nBoston Americans\n[17]\n\n\n44\n\nFred Clarke (1)\n\nJuly 23, 1901\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n45\n\nNap Lajoie\n\nJuly 30, 1901\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nCleveland Blues\n[17]\n\n\n46\n\nFred Clarke (2)\n\nMay 7, 1903\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n47\n\nBuck Freeman\n\nJune 21, 1903\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nCleveland Naps\n[17]\n\n\n48\n\nPatsy Dougherty\n\nJuly 29, 1903\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nNew York Highlanders\n[17]\n\n\n49\n\nBill Bradley\n\nSeptember 24, 1903\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[17]\n\n\n50\n\nDuff Cooley\n\nJune 20, 1904\nBoston Beaneaters\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[17]\n\n\n51\n\nSam Mertes\n\nOctober 4, 1904\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[17]\n\n\n52\n\nJohnny Bates\n\nApril 26, 1907\nBoston Doves\nNational League\nBrooklyn Superbas\n[17]\n\n\n53\n\nOtis Clymer\n\nOctober 2, 1908\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nNew York Highlanders\n[17]\n\n\n54\n\nChief Wilson\n\nJuly 3, 1910\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n55\n\nDanny Murphy\n\nAugust 25, 1910\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[17]\n\n\n56\n\nBill Collins*\n\nOctober 6, 1910\nBoston Doves\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[17]\n\n\n57\n\nFrank Baker\n\nJuly 3, 1911\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nNew York Highlanders\n[17]\n\n\n58\n\nTris Speaker\n\nJune 9, 1912\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[17]\n\n\n59\n\nChief Meyers\n\nJune 10, 1912\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[17]\n\n\n60\n\nBert Daniels\n\nJuly 25, 1912\nNew York Highlanders\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[17]\n\n\n61\n\nHonus Wagner\n\nAugust 22, 1912\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[17]\n\n\n62\n\nEd Lennox\n\nMay 6, 1914\nPittsburgh Rebels\nFederal League\nKansas City Packers\n[17]\n\n\n63\n\nHeinie Groh\n\nJuly 5, 1915\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[17]\n\n\n64\n\nCliff Heathcote\n\nJune 13, 1918\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[18]\n\n\n65\n\nGeorge Sisler (1)\n\nAugust 8, 1920\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[19]\n\n\n66\n\nGeorge Burns\n\nSeptember 17, 1920\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[20]\n\n\n67\n\nBobby Veach\n\nSeptember 17, 1920\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[21]\n\n\n68\n\nBob Meusel (1)\n\nMay 7, 1921\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[22]\n\n\n69\n\nDave Bancroft\n\nJune 1, 1921\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[23]\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sisler (2)\n\nAugust 13, 1921\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[24]\n\n\n71\n\nDave Robertson\n\nAugust 30, 1921\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Robins\n[25]\n\n\n72\n\nRoss Youngs\n\nApril 29, 1922\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nBoston Braves\n[26]\n\n\n73\n\nJimmy Johnston\n\nMay 25, 1922\nBrooklyn Robins\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[27]\n\n\n74\n\nRay Schalk\n\nJune 27, 1922\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[28]\n\n\n75\n\nBob Meusel (2)\n\nJuly 3, 1922\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[29]\n\n\n76\n\nPie Traynor\n\nJuly 7, 1923\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[30]\n\n\n77\n\nBaby Doll Jacobson\n\nApril 17, 1924\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[31]\n\n\n78\n\nGoose Goslin\n\nAugust 28, 1924\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[32]\n\n\n79\n\nKiki Cuyler\n\nJune 4, 1925\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[33]\n\n\n80\n\nMax Carey\n\nJune 20, 1925\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Robins\n[34]\n\n\n81\n\nRoy Carlyle\n\nJuly 21, 1925\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[35]\n\n\n82\n\nBob Fothergill*\n\nSeptember 26, 1926\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[36]\n\n\n83\n\nJim Bottomley\n\nJuly 15, 1927\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[37]\n\n\n84\n\nCy Williams\n\nAugust 5, 1927\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[38]\n\n\n85\n\nBill Terry\n\nMay 29, 1928\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nBrooklyn Robins\n[39]\n\n\n86\n\nBob Meusel (3)\n\nJuly 26, 1928\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[40]\n\n\n87\n\nMel Ott\n\nMay 16, 1929\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nBoston Braves\n[41]\n\n\n88\n\nSki Melillo\n\nMay 23, 1929\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[42]\n\n\n89\n\nJoe Cronin (1)\n\nSeptember 2, 1929\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[43]\n\n\n90\n\nFreddie Lindstrom\n\nMay 8, 1930\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[44]\n\n\n91\n\nHack Wilson\n\nJune 23, 1930\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[45]\n\n\n92\n\nChick Hafey\n\nAugust 21, 1930\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[46]\n\n\n93\n\nBabe Herman (1)\n\nMay 18, 1931\nBrooklyn Robins\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[47]\n\n\n94\n\nChuck Klein (1)\n\nJuly 1, 1931\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[48]\n\n\n95\n\nBabe Herman (2)\n\nJuly 24, 1931\nBrooklyn Robins\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[49]\n\n\n96\n\nTony Lazzeri*\n\nJune 3, 1932\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[50]\n\n\n97\n\nMickey Cochrane (1)\n\nJuly 22, 1932\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[51]\n\n\n98\n\nPepper Martin\n\nMay 5, 1933\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[52]\n\n\n99\n\nChuck Klein (2)\n\nMay 26, 1933\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[53]\n\n\n100\n\nArky Vaughan (1)\n\nJune 24, 1933\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[54]\n\n\n101\n\nMickey Cochrane (2)\n\nAugust 2, 1933\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[55]\n\n\n102\n\nPinky Higgins\n\nAugust 6, 1933\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[56]\n\n\n103\n\nJimmie Foxx\n\nAugust 14, 1933\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[57]\n\n\n104\n\nEarl Averill\n\nAugust 17, 1933\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[58]\n\n\n105\n\nBabe Herman (3)\n\nSeptember 30, 1933\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[59]\n\n\n106\n\nDoc Cramer\n\nJune 10, 1934\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[60]\n\n\n107\n\nLou Gehrig (1)\n\nJune 25, 1934\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[61]\n\n\n108\n\nMoose Solters\n\nAugust 19, 1934\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[62]\n\n\n109\n\nJoe Medwick\n\nJune 29, 1935\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[63]\n\n\n110\n\nSam Leslie\n\nMay 24, 1936\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[64]\n\n\n111\n\nGee Walker\n\nApril 20, 1937\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[65]\n\n\n112\n\nJoe DiMaggio (1)\n\nJuly 9, 1937\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[66]\n\n\n113\n\nLou Gehrig (2)\n\nAugust 1, 1937\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[67]\n\n\n114\n\nOdell Hale\n\nJuly 12, 1938\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[68]\n\n\n115\n\nSam Chapman\n\nMay 5, 1939\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[69]\n\n\n116\n\nCharlie Gehringer*\n\nMay 27, 1939\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[70]\n\n\n117\n\nArky Vaughan (2)\n\nJuly 19, 1939\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[71]\n\n\n118\n\nHarry Craft\n\nJune 8, 1940\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[72]\n\n\n119\n\nHarry Danning\n\nJune 15, 1940\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[73]\n\n\n120\n\nJohnny Mize\n\nJuly 13, 1940\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[74]\n\n\n121\n\nBuddy Rosar\n\nJuly 19, 1940\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[75]\n\n\n122\n\nJoe Cronin (2)\n\nAugust 2, 1940\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[76]\n\n\n123\n\nJoe Gordon\n\nSeptember 8, 1940\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[77]\n\n\n124\n\nGeorge McQuinn\n\nJuly 19, 1941\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[78]\n\n\n125\n\nLeon Culberson*\n\nJuly 3, 1943\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[79]\n\n\n126\n\nBobby Doerr (1)\n\nMay 17, 1944\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[80]\n\n\n127\n\nBob Johnson\n\nJuly 6, 1944\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[81]\n\n\n128\n\nDixie Walker\n\nSeptember 2, 1944\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[82]\n\n\n129\n\nBob Elliott\n\nJuly 15, 1945\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[83]\n\n\n130\n\nBill Salkeld\n\nAugust 4, 1945\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[84]\n\n\n131\n\nMickey Vernon\n\nMay 19, 1946\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[85]\n\n\n132\n\nTed Williams\n\nJuly 21, 1946\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[86]\n\n\n133\n\nBobby Doerr (2)\n\nMay 13, 1947\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[87]\n\n\n134\n\nVic Wertz\n\nSeptember 14, 1947\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[88]\n\n\n135\n\nJoe DiMaggio† (2)\n\nMay 20, 1948\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[89]\n\n\n136\n\nWally Westlake (1)\n\nJuly 30, 1948\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[90]\n\n\n137\n\nJackie Robinson†\n\nAugust 29, 1948\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[91]\n\n\n138\n\nWally Westlake (2)\n\nJune 14, 1949\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBoston Braves\n[92]\n\n\n139\n\nGil Hodges\n\nJune 25, 1949\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[93]\n\n\n140\n\nStan Musial\n\nJuly 24, 1949\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[94]\n\n\n141\n\nGeorge Kell\n\nJune 2, 1950\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[95]\n\n\n142\n\nRalph Kiner\n\nJune 25, 1950\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[96]\n\n\n143\n\nRoy Smalley\n\nJune 28, 1950\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[97]\n\n\n144\n\nElmer Valo\n\nAugust 2, 1950\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[98]\n\n\n145\n\nHoot Evers\n\nSeptember 7, 1950\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[99]\n\n\n146\n\nGus Bell\n\nJune 4, 1951\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[100]\n\n\n147\n\nLarry Doby\n\nJune 4, 1952\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[101]\n\n\n148\n\nDon Mueller\n\nJuly 11, 1954\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[102]\n\n\n149\n\nLee Walls\n\nJuly 2, 1957\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nCincinnati Redlegs\n[103]\n\n\n150\n\nMickey Mantle\n\nJuly 23, 1957\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[104]\n\n\n151\n\nFrank Robinson\n\nMay 2, 1959\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n[105]\n\n\n152\n\nBrooks Robinson\n\nMay 15, 1960\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[106]\n\n\n153\n\nBill White\n\nAugust 14, 1960\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[107]\n\n\n154\n\nKen Boyer (1)\n\nSeptember 14, 1961\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[108]\n\n\n155\n\nLou Clinton\n\nJuly 13, 1962\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Athletics\n[109]\n\n\n156\n\nJohnny Callison\n\nJune 27, 1963\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[110]\n\n\n157\n\nJim Hickman*\n\nAugust 7, 1963\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[111]\n\n\n158\n\nJim King\n\nMay 26, 1964\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[112]\n\n\n159\n\nKen Boyer* (2)\n\nJune 16, 1964\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nHouston Colt .45s\n[113]\n\n\n160\n\nWillie Stargell\n\nJuly 22, 1964\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[114]\n\n\n161\n\nJim Fregosi (1)\n\nJuly 28, 1964\nLos Angeles Angels\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[115]\n\n\n162\n\nCarl Yastrzemski\n\nMay 14, 1965\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[116]\n\n\n163\n\nBilly Williams*\n\nJuly 17, 1966\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[117]\n\n\n164\n\nRandy Hundley\n\nAugust 11, 1966\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[118]\n\n\n165\n\nJim Fregosi (2)\n\nMay 20, 1968\nCalifornia Angels\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[119]\n\n\n166\n\nWes Parker\n\nMay 7, 1970\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNational League\nNew York Mets\n[120]\n\n\n167\n\nRod Carew\n\nMay 20, 1970\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[121]\n\n\n168\n\nTony Horton\n\nJuly 2, 1970\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[122]\n\n\n169\n\nTommie Agee\n\nJuly 6, 1970\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[123]\n\n\n170\n\nJim Ray Hart\n\nJuly 8, 1970\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nAtlanta Braves\n[124]\n\n\n171\n\nFreddie Patek\n\nJuly 9, 1971\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[125]\n\n\n172\n\nDave Kingman\n\nApril 16, 1972\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[126]\n\n\n173\n\nCésar Cedeño (1)\n\nAugust 2, 1972\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[127]\n\n\n174\n\nBobby Murcer\n\nAugust 29, 1972\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[128]\n\n\n175\n\nCésar Tovar\n\nSeptember 19, 1972\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[129]\n\n\n176\n\nJoe Torre\n\nJune 27, 1973\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[130]\n\n\n177\n\nRichie Zisk\n\nJune 9, 1974\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[131]\n\n\n178\n\nLou Brock\n\nMay 27, 1975\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[132]\n\n\n179\n\nTim Foli*\n\nApril 22, 1976\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[133]\n\n\n180\n\nLarry Hisle\n\nJune 4, 1976\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[134]\n\n\n181\n\nMike Phillips\n\nJune 25, 1976\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[135]\n\n\n182\n\nLyman Bostock\n\nJuly 24, 1976\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[136]\n\n\n183\n\nCésar Cedeño (2)\n\nAugust 9, 1976\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[137]\n\n\n184\n\nMike Hegan\n\nSeptember 3, 1976\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[138]\n\n\n185\n\nBob Watson (1)\n\nJune 24, 1977\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[139]\n\n\n186\n\nJohn Mayberry\n\nAugust 5, 1977\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[140]\n\n\n187\n\nJack Brohamer\n\nSeptember 24, 1977\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[141]\n\n\n188\n\nAndre Thornton\n\nApril 22, 1978\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[142]\n\n\n189\n\nChris Speier (1)\n\nJuly 20, 1978\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nAtlanta Braves\n[143]\n\n\n190\n\nMike Cubbage\n\nJuly 27, 1978\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[144]\n\n\n191\n\nGeorge Brett (1)\n\nMay 28, 1979\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[145]\n\n\n192\n\nDan Ford\n\nAugust 10, 1979\nCalifornia Angels\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[146]\n\n\n193\n\nBob Watson* (2)\n\nSeptember 15, 1979\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[147]\n\n\n194\n\nFrank White (1)\n\nSeptember 26, 1979\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nCalifornia Angels\n[148]\n\n\n195\n\nIván DeJesús\n\nApril 22, 1980\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[149]\n\n\n196\n\nFred Lynn\n\nMay 13, 1980\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[150]\n\n\n197\n\nMike Easler\n\nJune 12, 1980\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[151]\n\n\n198\n\nGary Ward\n\nSeptember 18, 1980\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[152]\n\n\n199\n\nCharlie Moore\n\nOctober 1, 1980\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nCalifornia Angels\n[153]\n\n\n200\n\nFrank White (2)\n\nAugust 3, 1982\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[154]\n\n\n201\n\nCal Ripken, Jr.\n\nMay 6, 1984\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[155]\n\n\n202\n\nCarlton Fisk\n\nMay 16, 1984\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[156]\n\n\n203\n\nWillie McGee\n\nJune 23, 1984\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[157]\n\n\n204\n\nDwight Evans\n\nJune 28, 1984\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[158]\n\n\n205\n\nJeffrey Leonard\n\nJune 27, 1985\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[159]\n\n\n206\n\nKeith Hernandez\n\nJuly 4, 1985\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nAtlanta Braves\n[160]\n\n\n207\n\nOddibe McDowell\n\nJuly 23, 1985\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[161]\n\n\n208\n\nRich Gedman\n\nSeptember 18, 1985\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[162]\n\n\n209\n\nTony Phillips\n\nMay 16, 1986\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[163]\n\n\n210\n\nKirby Puckett\n\nAugust 1, 1986\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nOakland Athletics\n[164]\n\n\n211\n\nAndre Dawson\n\nApril 29, 1987\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[165]\n\n\n212\n\nCandy Maldonado\n\nMay 4, 1987\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[166]\n\n\n213\n\nTim Raines\n\nAugust 16, 1987\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[167]\n\n\n214\n\nAlbert Hall\n\nSeptember 23, 1987\nAtlanta Braves\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[168]\n\n\n215\n\nRobin Yount\n\nJune 12, 1988\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[169]\n\n\n216\n\nChris Speier (2)\n\nJuly 9, 1988\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[170]\n\n\n217\n\nMike Greenwell\n\nSeptember 14, 1988\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[171]\n\n\n218\n\nKelly Gruber\n\nApril 16, 1989\nToronto Blue Jays\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[172]\n\n\n219\n\nEric Davis\n\nJune 2, 1989\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[173]\n\n\n220\n\nKevin McReynolds\n\nAugust 1, 1989\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[174]\n\n\n221\n\nGary Redus\n\nAugust 25, 1989\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[175]\n\n\n222\n\nGeorge Brett (2)\n\nJuly 25, 1990\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[176]\n\n\n223\n\nRobby Thompson\n\nApril 22, 1991\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[177]\n\n\n224\n\nPaul Molitor\n\nMay 15, 1991\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[178]\n\n\n225\n\nDave Winfield\n\nJune 24, 1991\nCalifornia Angels\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[179]\n\n\n226\n\nRay Lankford\n\nSeptember 15, 1991\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nNew York Mets\n[180]\n\n\n227\n\nAndújar Cedeño\n\nAugust 25, 1992\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[181]\n\n\n228\n\nMark Grace\n\nMay 9, 1993\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[182]\n\n\n229\n\nJay Buhner\n\nJune 23, 1993\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nOakland Athletics\n[183]\n\n\n230\n\nTravis Fryman\n\nJuly 28, 1993\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[184]\n\n\n231\n\nScott Cooper\n\nApril 12, 1994\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[185]\n\n\n232\n\nRondell White\n\nJune 11, 1995\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[186]\n\n\n233\n\nGregg Jefferies\n\nAugust 25, 1995\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n[187]\n\n\n234\n\nTony Fernández\n\nSeptember 3, 1995\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nOakland Athletics\n[188]\n\n\n235\n\nJohn Mabry*\n\nMay 18, 1996\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[189]\n\n\n236\n\nJohn Valentin\n\nJune 6, 1996\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[190]\n\n\n237\n\nAlex Ochoa\n\nJuly 3, 1996\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[191]\n\n\n238\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\nJune 5, 1997\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[192]\n\n\n239\n\nJohn Olerud (1)\n\nSeptember 11, 1997\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nMontreal Expos\n[193]\n\n\n240\n\nMike Blowers\n\nMay 18, 1998\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[194]\n\n\n241\n\nDante Bichette\n\nJune 10, 1998\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nTexas Rangers\n[195]\n\n\n242\n\nNeifi Pérez\n\nJuly 25, 1998\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[196]\n\n\n243\n\nJeff Kent\n\nMay 3, 1999\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[197]\n\n\n244\n\nTodd Helton\n\nJune 19, 1999\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nFlorida Marlins\n[198]\n\n\n245\n\nChris Singleton\n\nJuly 6, 1999\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[199]\n\n\n246\n\nJosé Valentín*\n\nApril 27, 2000\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[200]\n\n\n247\n\nJason Kendall\n\nMay 19, 2000\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[201]\n\n\n248\n\nMike Lansing\n\nJune 18, 2000\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nArizona Diamondbacks\n[202]\n\n\n249\n\nEric Chavez\n\nJune 21, 2000\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[203]\n\n\n250\n\nLuis Gonzalez\n\nJuly 5, 2000\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[204]\n\n\n251\n\nDamion Easley\n\nJune 8, 2001\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[205]\n\n\n252\n\nJohn Olerud (2)\n\nJune 16, 2001\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nSan Diego Padres\n[206]\n\n\n253\n\nJeff Bagwell\n\nJuly 18, 2001\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[207]\n\n\n254\n\nJeff Frye\n\nAugust 17, 2001\nToronto Blue Jays\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[208]\n\n\n255\n\nMiguel Tejada\n\nSeptember 29, 2001\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[209]\n\n\n256\n\nCraig Biggio\n\nApril 8, 2002\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[210]\n\n\n257\n\nGreg Colbrunn\n\nSeptember 18, 2002\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[211]\n\n\n258\n\nBrad Wilkerson* (1)\n\nJune 24, 2003\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[212]\n\n\n259\n\nEric Byrnes\n\nJune 29, 2003\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[213]\n\n\n260\n\nTravis Hafner\n\nAugust 14, 2003\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[214]\n\n\n261\n\nVladimir Guerrero\n\nSeptember 14, 2003\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nNew York Mets\n[215]\n\n\n262\n\nChad Moeller\n\nApril 27, 2004\nMilwaukee Brewers\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[216]\n\n\n263\n\nDaryle Ward\n\nMay 26, 2004\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[217]\n\n\n264\n\nDavid Bell\n\nJune 28, 2004\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nMontreal Expos\n[218]\n\n\n265\n\nEric Valent\n\nJuly 29, 2004\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nMontreal Expos\n[219]\n\n\n266\n\nMark Teixeira\n\nAugust 17, 2004\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[220]\n\n\n267\n\nJeff DaVanon\n\nAugust 25, 2004\nAnaheim Angels\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[221]\n\n\n268\n\nBrad Wilkerson (2)\n\nApril 6, 2005\nWashington Nationals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[222]\n\n\n269\n\nMark Grudzielanek\n\nApril 27, 2005\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[223]\n\n\n270\n\nRandy Winn\n\nAugust 15, 2005\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[224]\n\n\n271\n\nJosé Reyes\n\nJune 21, 2006\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[225]\n\n\n272\n\nLuke Scott\n\nJuly 28, 2006\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nArizona Diamondbacks\n[226]\n\n\n273\n\nCarlos Guillén\n\nAugust 1, 2006\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nTampa Bay Devil Rays\n[227]\n\n\n274\n\nGary Matthews, Jr.*\n\nSeptember 13, 2006\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[228]\n\n\n275\n\nChone Figgins\n\nSeptember 16, 2006\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[229]\n\n\n276\n\nFred Lewis\n\nMay 13, 2007\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[230]\n\n\n277\n\nMark Ellis\n\nJune 4, 2007\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[231]\n\n\n278\n\nAubrey Huff\n\nJune 29, 2007\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[232]\n\n\n279\n\nCarlos Gómez (1)\n\nMay 7, 2008\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[233]\n\n\n280\n\nMark Kotsay\n\nAugust 14, 2008\nAtlanta Braves\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[234]\n\n\n281\n\nCristian Guzmán\n\nAugust 28, 2008\nWashington Nationals\nNational League\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n[235]\n\n\n282\n\nStephen Drew\n\nSeptember 1, 2008\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[236]\n\n\n283\n\nAdrián Beltré (1)\n\nSeptember 1, 2008\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[237]\n\n\n284\n\nOrlando Hudson\n\nApril 13, 2009\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[238]\n\n\n285\n\nIan Kinsler\n\nApril 15, 2009\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[239]\n\n\n286\n\nJason Kubel\n\nApril 17, 2009\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[240]\n\n\n287\n\nMichael Cuddyer (1)\n\nMay 22, 2009\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[241]\n\n\n288\n\nMelky Cabrera\n\nAugust 2, 2009\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[242]\n\n\n289\n\nTroy Tulowitzki\n\nAugust 10, 2009\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[243]\n\n\n290\n\nFélix Pie\n\nAugust 14, 2009\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[244]\n\n\n291\n\nB. J. Upton\n\nOctober 2, 2009\nTampa Bay Rays\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[245]\n\n\n292\n\nJody Gerut\n\nMay 8, 2010\nMilwaukee Brewers\nNational League\nArizona Diamondbacks\n[246]\n\n\n293\n\nBengie Molina\n\nJuly 16, 2010\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[247]\n\n\n294\n\nKelly Johnson\n\nJuly 23, 2010\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[248]\n\n\n295\n\nCarlos González\n\nJuly 31, 2010\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[249]\n\n\n296\n\nGeorge Kottaras\n\nSeptember 3, 2011\nMilwaukee Brewers\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[250]\n\n\n297\n\nPablo Sandoval\n\nSeptember 15, 2011\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[251]\n\n\n298\n\nScott Hairston\n\nApril 27, 2012\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[252]\n\n\n299\n\nAaron Hill (1)\n\nJune 18, 2012\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSeattle Mariners\n[253]\n\n\n300\n\nAaron Hill (2)\n\nJune 29, 2012\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[254]\n\n\n301\n\nAdrián Beltré (2)\n\nAugust 24, 2012\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[255]\n\n\n302\n\nMike Trout\n\nMay 21, 2013\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[256]\n\n\n303\n\nBrandon Barnes\n\nJuly 19, 2013\nHouston Astros\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[257]\n\n\n304\n\nAlex Ríos\n\nSeptember 23, 2013\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nHouston Astros\n[258]\n\n\n305\n\nMichael Cuddyer (2)\n\nAugust 17, 2014\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[259]\n\n\n306\n\nBrock Holt\n\nJune 16, 2015\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nAtlanta Braves\n[260]\n\n\n307\n\nShin-Soo Choo\n\nJuly 21, 2015\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nColorado Rockies\n[261]\n\n\n308\n\nAdrián Beltré (3)\n\nAugust 3, 2015\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nHouston Astros\n[262]\n\n\n309\n\nMatt Kemp\n\nAugust 14, 2015\nSan Diego Padres\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[263]\n\n\n310\n\nFreddie Freeman\n\nJune 15, 2016\nAtlanta Braves\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[264]\n\n\n311\n\nRajai Davis\n\nJuly 2, 2016\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[265]\n\n\n312\n\nJohn Jaso\n\nSeptember 28, 2016\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[266]\n\n\n313\n\nWil Myers\n\nApril 10, 2017\nSan Diego Padres\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[267]\n\n\n314\n\nTrea Turner\n\nApril 25, 2017\nWashington Nationals\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[268]\n\n\n315\n\nCarlos Gómez (2)\n\nApril 29, 2017\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[269]\n\n\n316\n\nNolan Arenado\n\nJune 18, 2017\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[270]\n\n\n317\n\nCody Bellinger\n\nJuly 15, 2017\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNational League\nMiami Marlins\n[271]\n\n\n318\n\nEvan Longoria\n\nAugust 1, 2017\nTampa Bay Rays\nAmerican League\nHouston Astros\n[272]\n\n\n319\n\nJosé Abreu\n\nSeptember 9, 2017\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[273]\n" ]
[ "Dave Orr" ]
8976074175058128961
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball - wikipedia Major League Baseball `` MLB '' redirects here . For Minor League Baseball , see Minor League Baseball . For other uses , see MLB ( disambiguation ) . Major League Baseball Current season , competition or edition : 2018 Major League Baseball season Sport Baseball Founded 1903 ; 115 years ago ( 1903 ) ( National League , 1876 ) ( American League , 1901 ) Commissioner Rob Manfred No. of teams 30 Countries United States ( 29 teams ) Canada ( 1 team ) Headquarters New York City , New York , United States Most recent champion ( s ) Houston Astros ( 1st title ) Most titles New York Yankees ( 27 titles ) TV partner ( s ) United States : Fox / FS1 TBS ESPN / ESPN2 MLB Network Canada : Sportsnet RDS TVA Sports TSN / TSN2 MLB Network Official website mlb.com Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization , the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in the National League ( NL ) and American League ( AL ) , with 15 teams in each league . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively . After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903 , the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000 . The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs . With the World Baseball Softball Confederation , MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all - professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869 . ( There had been teams in the past that paid some players , and some that had paid all players but under the table . ) The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead - ball era ; players rarely hit home runs during this time . Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series , which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal . The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s , and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II . Shortly after the war , Jackie Robinson broke baseball 's color barrier . The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL , then new stadiums and artificial turf surfaces began to change the game in the 1970s and 1980s . Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s , and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s . In 2006 , an investigation produced the Mitchell Report , which implicated many players in the use of performance - enhancing substances , including at least one player from each team . Today , MLB is composed of 30 teams : 29 in the United States and one in Canada . Teams play 162 games each season and five teams in each league advance to a four - round postseason tournament that culminates in the World Series , a best - of - seven championship series between the two league champions that dates to 1903 . Baseball broadcasts are aired on television , radio , and the Internet throughout North America and in several other countries throughout the world . MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015 . Contents 1 Organizational structure 2 League organization 3 Teams 4 History 4.1 Founding 4.2 Dead - ball era 4.3 Rise in popularity 4.4 World War II era 4.5 Breaking the color barrier 4.6 Women in baseball 4.7 Expanding west , south and north 4.8 Pitching dominance and rule changes 4.9 New stadiums and artificial surfaces 4.10 Steroid era 5 Uniforms 6 Season structure 6.1 Spring training 6.2 Regular season 6.3 All - Star Game 6.4 Postseason 7 International play 8 Steroids in baseball 9 Media coverage 9.1 Television 9.2 Blackout policy 9.3 Radio and Internet 9.4 International broadcasting 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Organizational structure ( edit ) MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution . This document has undergone several incarnations since its creation in 1876 . Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball , MLB hires and maintains the sport 's umpiring crews , and negotiates marketing , labor , and television contracts . MLB maintains a unique , controlling relationship over the sport , including most aspects of Minor League Baseball . This is due in large part to the 1922 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Federal Baseball Club v. National League , which held that baseball is not interstate commerce and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law . This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years . The weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double - digit rates . There were several challenges to MLB 's primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916 ; the last attempt at a new major league was the aborted Continental League in 1960 . The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner , currently Rob Manfred . The chief operating officer is Tony Petitti . There are five other executives : president ( business and media ) , chief communications officer , chief legal officer , chief financial officer , and chief baseball officer . The multimedia branch of MLB , which is based in Manhattan , is MLB Advanced Media . This branch oversees MLB.com and each of the 30 teams ' websites . Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league , but it is under the same ownership group and revenue - sharing plan . MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league , focusing on video and traditional broadcast media . MLB also owns 67 percent of MLB Network , with the other 33 percent split between several cable operators and satellite provider DirecTV . It operates out of studios in Secaucus , New Jersey , and also has editorial independence from the league . League organization ( edit ) In 1920 , the weak National Commission , which had been created to manage relationships between the two leagues , was replaced with the much more powerful Commissioner of Baseball , who had the power to make decisions for all of professional baseball unilaterally . For 60 years , the American and National Leagues fielded eight teams apiece . In the 1960s , MLB expansion added eight teams , including the first non-U.S. team ( the Montreal Expos ) . Two teams ( the Seattle Mariners and the Toronto Blue Jays ) were also added in the 1970s . From 1969 through 1993 , each league consisted of an East and West Division . A third division , the Central Division , was added in each league in 1994 . Through 1996 , the two leagues met on the field only during the World Series and the All - Star Game . Regular - season interleague play was introduced in 1997 . In March 1995 two new franchises -- the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays ( now known simply as the Tampa Bay Rays ) -- were awarded by MLB , to begin play in 1998 . This addition brought the total number of franchises to 30 . In early 1997 , MLB decided to assign one new team to each league : Tampa Bay joined the AL and Arizona joined the NL . The original plan was to have an odd number of teams in each league ( 15 per league , with 5 in each division ) . In order for every team to be able to play daily , this would have required interleague play to be scheduled throughout the entire season . However , it was unclear at the time if interleague play would continue after the 1998 season , as it had to be approved by the players ' union . For this and other reasons , it was decided that both leagues should continue to have an even number of teams ; one existing club would have to switch leagues . The Milwaukee Brewers agreed in November 1997 to move from the AL to the NL , thereby making the NL a 16 - team league . Later , when the Houston Astros changed ownership prior to the 2013 season , the team moved from the NL Central to the AL West , resulting in both leagues having three divisions of five teams each and allowing all teams to have a more balanced schedule . Interleague play is now held throughout the season . In 2000 the AL and NL were dissolved as legal entities , and MLB became a single , overall league de jure , similar to the National Football League ( NFL ) , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and National Hockey League ( NHL ) -- albeit with two components called `` leagues '' instead of `` conferences . '' The same rules and regulations are used in both leagues , with one exception : the AL operates under the designated hitter rule , while the NL does not . This difference in rules between leagues is unique to MLB ; the other sports leagues of the U.S. and Canada have one set of rules for all teams . Teams ( edit ) Braves Marlins Yankees Phillies Nationals Cubs Reds Astros Brewers Pirates Cardinals Diamondbacks Rockies Dodgers Padres Giants Orioles Red Sox Mets Rays Blue Jays White Sox Indians Tigers Royals Twins Angels Athletics Mariners Rangers Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX Division Team City Stadium Capacity Founded Joined Ref American League East Baltimore Orioles Baltimore , Maryland Oriole Park at Camden Yards 45,971 39 ° 17 ′ 2 '' N 76 ° 37 ′ 18 '' W  /  39.28389 ° N 76.62167 ° W  / 39.28389 ; - 76.62167  ( Baltimore Orioles ) 1901 * Boston Red Sox Boston , Massachusetts Fenway Park 37,949 42 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 71 ° 5 ′ 51 '' W  /  42.34639 ° N 71.09750 ° W  / 42.34639 ; - 71.09750  ( Boston Red Sox ) 1901 New York Yankees New York City , New York Yankee Stadium 49,638 40 ° 49 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 55 ′ 35 '' W  /  40.82917 ° N 73.92639 ° W  / 40.82917 ; - 73.92639  ( New York Yankees ) 1901 * Tampa Bay Rays St. Petersburg , Florida Tropicana Field 31,042 27 ° 46 ′ 6 '' N 82 ° 39 ′ 12 '' W  /  27.76833 ° N 82.65333 ° W  / 27.76833 ; - 82.65333  ( Tampa Bay Rays ) 1998 Toronto Blue Jays Toronto , Ontario Rogers Centre 49,282 43 ° 38 ′ 29 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 21 '' W  /  43.64139 ° N 79.38917 ° W  / 43.64139 ; - 79.38917  ( Toronto Blue Jays ) 1977 Central Chicago White Sox Chicago , Illinois Guaranteed Rate Field 40,615 41 ° 49 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 2 '' W  /  41.83000 ° N 87.63389 ° W  / 41.83000 ; - 87.63389  ( Chicago White Sox ) 1901 Cleveland Indians Cleveland , Ohio Progressive Field 35,225 41 ° 29 ′ 45 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 7 '' W  /  41.49583 ° N 81.68528 ° W  / 41.49583 ; - 81.68528  ( Cleveland Indians ) 1901 Detroit Tigers Detroit , Michigan Comerica Park 41,297 42 ° 20 ′ 21 '' N 83 ° 2 ′ 55 '' W  /  42.33917 ° N 83.04861 ° W  / 42.33917 ; - 83.04861  ( Detroit Tigers ) 1901 Kansas City Royals Kansas City , Missouri Kauffman Stadium 37,903 39 ° 3 ′ 5 '' N 94 ° 28 ′ 50 '' W  /  39.05139 ° N 94.48056 ° W  / 39.05139 ; - 94.48056  ( Kansas City Royals ) 1969 Minnesota Twins Minneapolis , Minnesota Target Field 38,871 44 ° 58 ′ 54 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 42 '' W  /  44.98167 ° N 93.27833 ° W  / 44.98167 ; - 93.27833  ( Minnesota Twins ) 1901 * West Houston Astros Houston , Texas Minute Maid Park 41,676 29 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 95 ° 21 ′ 20 '' W  /  29.75694 ° N 95.35556 ° W  / 29.75694 ; - 95.35556  ( Houston Astros ) 1962 ( NL ) 2013 ( AL ) Los Angeles Angels Anaheim , California Angel Stadium 45,957 33 ° 48 ′ 1 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 58 '' W  /  33.80028 ° N 117.88278 ° W  / 33.80028 ; - 117.88278  ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) 1961 Oakland Athletics Oakland , California Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 35,067 37 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 2 '' W  /  37.75167 ° N 122.20056 ° W  / 37.75167 ; - 122.20056  ( Oakland Athletics ) 1901 * Seattle Mariners Seattle , Washington Safeco Field 47,943 47 ° 35 ′ 29 '' N 122 ° 19 ′ 57 '' W  /  47.59139 ° N 122.33250 ° W  / 47.59139 ; - 122.33250  ( Seattle Mariners ) 1977 Texas Rangers Arlington , Texas Globe Life Park in Arlington 48,114 32 ° 45 ′ 5 '' N 97 ° 4 ′ 58 '' W  /  32.75139 ° N 97.08278 ° W  / 32.75139 ; - 97.08278  ( Texas Rangers ) 1961 * National League East Atlanta Braves Atlanta , Georgia SunTrust Park 41,500 33 ° 53 ′ 24 '' N 84 ° 28 ′ 4 '' W  /  33.89000 ° N 84.46778 ° W  / 33.89000 ; - 84.46778  ( Atlanta Braves ) 1871 * ( NA ) 1876 ( NL ) Miami Marlins Miami , Florida Marlins Park 36,742 25 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 80 ° 13 ′ 11 '' W  /  25.77806 ° N 80.21972 ° W  / 25.77806 ; - 80.21972  ( Miami Marlins ) 1993 New York Mets New York City , New York Citi Field 41,922 40 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 73 ° 50 ′ 45 '' W  /  40.75694 ° N 73.84583 ° W  / 40.75694 ; - 73.84583  ( New York Mets ) 1962 Philadelphia Phillies Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Citizens Bank Park 43,651 39 ° 54 ′ 21 '' N 75 ° 9 ′ 59 '' W  /  39.90583 ° N 75.16639 ° W  / 39.90583 ; - 75.16639  ( Philadelphia Phillies ) 1883 Washington Nationals Washington , D.C. Nationals Park 41,313 38 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 27 '' W  /  38.87278 ° N 77.00750 ° W  / 38.87278 ; - 77.00750  ( Washington Nationals ) 1969 * Central Chicago Cubs Chicago , Illinois Wrigley Field 41,268 41 ° 56 ′ 54 '' N 87 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W  /  41.94833 ° N 87.65556 ° W  / 41.94833 ; - 87.65556  ( Chicago Cubs ) 1874 ( NA ) 1876 ( NL ) Cincinnati Reds Cincinnati , Ohio Great American Ball Park 42,319 39 ° 5 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 24 '' W  /  39.09750 ° N 84.50667 ° W  / 39.09750 ; - 84.50667  ( Cincinnati Reds ) 1882 ( AA ) 1890 ( NL ) Milwaukee Brewers Milwaukee , Wisconsin Miller Park 41,900 43 ° 1 ′ 42 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 16 '' W  /  43.02833 ° N 87.97111 ° W  / 43.02833 ; - 87.97111  ( Milwaukee Brewers ) 1969 * ( AL ) 1998 ( NL ) Pittsburgh Pirates Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania PNC Park 38,362 40 ° 26 ′ 49 '' N 80 ° 0 ′ 21 '' W  /  40.44694 ° N 80.00583 ° W  / 40.44694 ; - 80.00583  ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) 1882 ( AA ) 1887 ( NL ) St. Louis Cardinals St. Louis , Missouri Busch Stadium 43,975 38 ° 37 ′ 21 '' N 90 ° 11 ′ 35 '' W  /  38.62250 ° N 90.19306 ° W  / 38.62250 ; - 90.19306  ( St. Louis Cardinals ) 1882 ( AA ) 1892 ( NL ) West Arizona Diamondbacks Phoenix , Arizona Chase Field 48,519 33 ° 26 ′ 43 '' N 112 ° 4 ′ 1 '' W  /  33.44528 ° N 112.06694 ° W  / 33.44528 ; - 112.06694  ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) 1998 Colorado Rockies Denver , Colorado Coors Field 50,398 39 ° 45 ′ 22 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W  /  39.75611 ° N 104.99417 ° W  / 39.75611 ; - 104.99417  ( Colorado Rockies ) 1993 Los Angeles Dodgers Los Angeles , California Dodger Stadium 56,000 34 ° 4 ′ 25 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 24 '' W  /  34.07361 ° N 118.24000 ° W  / 34.07361 ; - 118.24000  ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) 1884 * ( AA ) 1890 ( NL ) San Diego Padres San Diego , California Petco Park 40,162 32 ° 42 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 9 ′ 24 '' W  /  32.70722 ° N 117.15667 ° W  / 32.70722 ; - 117.15667  ( San Diego Padres ) 1969 San Francisco Giants San Francisco , California AT&T Park 41,915 37 ° 46 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 21 '' W  /  37.77861 ° N 122.38917 ° W  / 37.77861 ; - 122.38917  ( San Francisco Giants ) 1883 * An asterisk ( * ) denotes a relocation of a franchise . See respective team articles for more information . History ( edit ) Main article : History of baseball in the United States Founding ( edit ) In the 1860s , aided by soldiers playing the game in camp during the Civil War , `` New York '' - style baseball expanded into a national game and spawned baseball 's first governing body , The National Association of Base Ball Players . The NABBP existed as an amateur league for 12 years . By 1867 , more than 400 clubs were members . Most of the strongest clubs remained those based in the northeastern U.S. For professional baseball 's founding year , MLB uses the year 1869 -- when the first professional team , the Cincinnati Red Stockings , was established . A schism developed between professional and amateur ballplayers after the founding of the Cincinnati club . The NABBP split into an amateur organization and a professional organization . The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , often known as the National Association ( NA ) , was formed in 1871 . Its amateur counterpart disappeared after only a few years . The modern Chicago Cubs and Atlanta Braves franchises trace their histories back to the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in the 1870s . In 1876 , the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs ( later known as the National League or NL ) was established after the NA proved ineffective . The league placed its emphasis on clubs rather than on players . Clubs could now enforce player contracts , preventing players from jumping to higher - paying clubs . Clubs were required to play the full schedule of games instead of forfeiting scheduled games when the club was no longer in the running for the league championship , which happened frequently under the NA . A concerted effort was made to curb gambling on games , which was leaving the validity of results in doubt . The first game in the NL -- on Saturday , April 22 , 1876 ( at the Jefferson Street Grounds , Philadelphia ) -- is often pointed to as the beginning of MLB . National League Baltimore Orioles , 1896 The early years of the NL were tumultuous , with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated `` reserve clause '' , which restricted the free movement of players between clubs . Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly . The most successful was the American Association ( 1882 -- 1891 ) , sometimes called the `` beer and whiskey league '' for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators . For several years , the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series -- the first attempt at a World Series . The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12 - team NL , but the NL dropped four teams after the 1899 season . This led to the formation of the American League in 1901 under AL president Ban Johnson , and the resulting bidding war for players led to widespread contract - breaking and legal disputes . The war between the AL and NL caused shock waves throughout the baseball world . At a meeting at the Leland Hotel in Chicago in 1901 , the other baseball leagues negotiated a plan to maintain their independence . A new National Association was formed to oversee these minor leagues . While the NA continues to this day ( known as Minor League Baseball ) , at the time Ban Johnson saw it as a tool to end threats from smaller rivals who might expand in other territories and threaten his league 's dominance . After 1902 , the NL , AL , and NA signed a new National Agreement which tied independent contracts to the reserve - clause contracts . The agreement also set up a formal classification system for minor leagues , the forerunner of today 's system that was refined by Branch Rickey . Several other early defunct baseball leagues are officially considered major leagues , and their statistics and records are included with those of the two current major leagues . These include the AA , the Union Association ( 1884 ) , the Players ' League ( 1890 ) , and the Federal League ( 1914 -- 1915 ) . Both the UA and AA are considered major leagues by many baseball researchers because of the perceived high caliber of play and the number of star players featured . Some researchers , including Nate Silver , dispute the major - league status of the UA by pointing out that franchises came and went and that the St. Louis club was deliberately `` stacked '' ; the St. Louis club was owned by the league 's president and it was the only club that was close to major - league caliber . Dead - ball era ( edit ) Main article : Dead - ball era Cy Young , 1911 baseball card The period between 1900 and 1919 is commonly referred to as the `` Dead - Ball Era . '' Games of this era tended to be low scoring and were often dominated by pitchers , such as Walter Johnson , Cy Young , Christy Mathewson , Mordecai Brown , and Grover Cleveland Alexander . The term also accurately describes the condition of the baseball itself . The baseball used American rather than the modern Australian wool yarn and was not wound as tightly , affecting the distance that it would travel . More significantly , balls were kept in play until they were mangled , soft and sometimes lopsided . During this era , a baseball cost three dollars , equal to $42.35 today ( in inflation - adjusted U.S. dollars ) , and owners were reluctant to purchase new balls . Fans were expected to throw back fouls and ( rare ) home runs . Baseballs also became stained with tobacco juice , grass , and mud , and sometimes the juice of licorice , which some players would chew for the purpose of discoloring the ball . Also , pitchers could manipulate the ball through the use of the spitball . ( In 1921 use of this pitch was restricted to a few pitchers with a grandfather clause ) . Additionally , many ballparks had large dimensions , such as the West Side Grounds of the Chicago Cubs , which was 560 feet ( 170 m ) to the center field fence , and the Huntington Avenue Grounds of the Boston Red Sox , which was 635 feet ( 194 m ) to the center field fence , thus home runs were rare , and `` small ball '' tactics such as singles , bunts , stolen bases , and the hit - and - run play dominated the strategies of the time . Hitting methods like the Baltimore Chop were used to increase the number of infield singles . On a successful Baltimore chop , the batter hits the ball forcefully into the ground , causing it to bounce so high that the batter reaches first base before the ball can be fielded and thrown to the first baseman . The adoption of the foul strike rule in the early twentieth century quickly sent baseball from a high - scoring game to one where scoring runs became a struggle . Prior to the institution of this rule , foul balls were not counted as strikes : a batter could foul off any number of pitches with no strikes counted against him ; this gave an enormous advantage to the batter . In 1901 , the NL adopted the foul strike rule , and the AL followed suit in 1903 . After the 1919 World Series between the Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds , baseball was rocked by allegations of a game fixing scheme known as the Black Sox Scandal . Eight players -- Joe Jackson , Eddie Cicotte , Claude `` Lefty '' Williams , George `` Buck '' Weaver , Arnold `` Chick '' Gandil , Fred McMullin , Charles `` Swede '' Risberg , and Oscar `` Happy '' Felsch -- intentionally lost the World Series in exchange for a ring worth $100,000 ( $1,064,705.88 in 2016 dollars ) . Despite being acquitted , all were permanently banned from Major League Baseball . Rise in popularity ( edit ) Baseball 's popularity increased in the 1920s and 1930s . The 1920 season was notable for the death of Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians . Chapman , who was struck in the head by a pitch and died a few hours later , became the only MLB player to die of an on - field injury , a tragedy which led directly to both leagues requiring the placing into play new , white baseballs whenever a ball became scuffed or dirty , helping bring the `` dead - ball '' era to an end . The following year , the New York Yankees made their first World Series appearance . By the end of the 1930s , the team had appeared in 11 World Series , winning eight of them . Yankees slugger Babe Ruth had set the single season home run record in 1927 , hitting 60 home runs ; a few years earlier , Ruth had set the same record with 29 home runs . Affected by the difficulties of the Great Depression , baseball 's popularity had begun a downward turn in the early 1930s . By 1932 , only two MLB teams turned a profit . Attendance had fallen , due at least in part to a 10 % federal amusement tax added to baseball ticket prices . Baseball owners cut their rosters from 25 men to 23 men , and even the best players took pay cuts . Team executives were innovative in their attempts to survive , creating night games , broadcasting games live by radio and rolling out promotions such as free admission for women . Throughout the period of the Great Depression , no MLB teams moved or folded . World war II era ( edit ) The onset of World War II created a significant shortage of professional baseball players , as more than 500 men left MLB teams to serve in the military . Many of them played on service baseball teams that entertained military personnel in the US or in the Pacific . MLB teams of this time largely consisted of young men , older players , and those with a military classification of 4F , indicating mental , physical , or moral unsuitability for service . Men like Pete Gray , a one - armed outfielder , got the chance to advance to the major leagues . However , MLB rosters did not include any black players through the end of the war . Black players , many of whom served in the war , were still restricted to playing Negro league baseball . Wartime blackout restrictions , designed to keep outdoor lighting at low levels , caused another problem for baseball . These rules limited traveling and night games to the point that the 1942 season nearly had to be canceled . On January 14 , 1942 , MLB Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and pleaded for the continuation of baseball during the war in hopes for a start of a new major league season . President Roosevelt responded , `` I honestly feel that it would be best for the country to keep baseball going . There will be fewer people unemployed and everybody will work longer hours and harder than ever before . And that means that they ought to have a chance for recreation and for taking their minds off their work even more than before . '' With the approval of President Roosevelt , spring training began in 1942 with few repercussions . The war interrupted the careers of stars including Stan Musial , Bob Feller , Ted Williams , and Joe DiMaggio , but baseball clubs continued to field their teams . Breaking the color barrier ( edit ) Main article : Baseball color line Branch Rickey , president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers , began making efforts to introduce a black baseball player to the previously all - white professional baseball leagues in the mid-1940s . He selected Jackie Robinson from a list of promising Negro league players . After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to `` turn the other cheek '' to any racial antagonism directed at him , Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month . In what was later referred to as `` The Noble Experiment '' , Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s , joining the Dodgers ' farm club , the Montreal Royals , for the 1946 season . The following year , the Dodgers called up Robinson to the major leagues . On April 15 , 1947 , Robinson made his major league debut at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators , including more than 14,000 black patrons . Black baseball fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town , abandoning the Negro league teams that they had followed exclusively . Robinson 's promotion met a generally positive , although mixed , reception among newspaper writers and white major league players . Manager Leo Durocher informed his team , `` I do not care if the guy is yellow or black , or if he has stripes like a fuckin ' zebra . I 'm the manager of this team , and I say he plays . What 's more , I say he can make us all rich . And if any of you can not use the money , I will see that you are all traded . '' After a strike threat by some players , NL President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended . Robinson received significant encouragement from several major league players , including Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese who said , `` You can hate a man for many reasons . Color is not one of them . '' That year , Robinson won the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award ( separate NL and AL Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949 ) . Less than three months later , Larry Doby became the first African - American to break the color barrier in the American League with the Cleveland Indians . The next year , a number of other black players entered the major leagues . Satchel Paige was signed by the Indians and the Dodgers added star catcher Roy Campanella and Don Newcombe , who was later the first winner of the Cy Young Award for his outstanding pitching . Women in Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Women in baseball MLB banned the signing of women to contracts in 1952 , but that ban was lifted in 1992 . As of 2018 , there have been no female MLB players . Expanding West , South and North ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball relocation of 1950s -- 1960s Dodger Stadium in 2007 From 1903 to 1953 , the two major leagues consisted of two eight - team leagues . The 16 teams were located in ten cities , all in the northeastern and midwestern United States : New York City had three teams and Boston , Chicago , Philadelphia , and St. Louis each had two teams . St. Louis was the southernmost and westernmost city with a major league team . The longest possible road trip , from Boston to St. Louis , took about 24 hours by railroad . In 1953 , the NL 's Boston Braves became the Milwaukee Braves . In 1954 , the St. Louis Browns became the Baltimore Orioles . In 1955 , the Philadelphia Athletics became the Kansas City Athletics . Baseball experts consider the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers ' boss Walter O'Malley to be `` perhaps the most influential owner of baseball 's early expansion era . '' Before the 1958 Major League Baseball season , he moved the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles . When O'Malley moved the Dodgers from Brooklyn , he appeared on the cover of Time . O'Malley was also influential in persuading the rival New York Giants to move west to become the San Francisco Giants . The Giants were already suffering from slumping attendance records at their aging ballpark , the Polo Grounds . Had the Dodgers moved out west alone , the St. Louis Cardinals -- 1,600 mi ( 2,575 km ) away -- would have been the closest NL team . The joint move made West Coast road trips economical for visiting teams . O'Malley invited San Francisco Mayor George Christopher to New York to meet with Giants owner Horace Stoneham . Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minnesota , but he was convinced to join O'Malley on the West Coast at the end of 1957 . The meetings between Stoneham , Christopher and O'Malley occurred against the wishes of Ford Frick , the Commissioner of Baseball . The dual moves were successful for both franchises -- and for MLB . The Dodgers set a single - game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans . In 1961 , the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis -- St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins . Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time : the Los Angeles Angels ( who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim ) and a new Washington Senators franchise . The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962 . The Astros ( known as the `` Colt . 45s '' during their first three seasons ) became the first southern major league franchise since the Louisville Colonels folded in 1899 and the first franchise to be located along the Gulf Coast . The Mets established a reputation for futility by going 40 -- 120 during their first season of play in the nation 's media capital -- and by playing only a little better in subsequent campaigns -- but in their eighth season ( 1969 ) the Mets became the first of the 1960s expansion teams to play in the postseason , culminating in a World Series title over the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles . In 1966 , the major leagues moved to the `` Deep South '' when the Braves moved to Atlanta . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics moved west to become the Oakland Athletics . In 1969 , the American and National Leagues both added two expansion franchises . The American League added the Seattle Pilots ( who became the Milwaukee Brewers after one disastrous season in Seattle ) and the Kansas City Royals . The NL added the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , as well as the San Diego Padres . In 1972 , the second Washington Senators moved to the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex to become the Texas Rangers . In 1977 , baseball expanded again , adding a second Canadian team , the Toronto Blue Jays , as well as the Seattle Mariners . Subsequently , no new teams were added until the 1990s and no teams moved until 2005 . In 1993 , the NL added the Florida Marlins in the Miami area and the Colorado Rockies in Denver . In 1998 , the Brewers switched leagues by joining the National League and two new teams were added : the NL 's Arizona Diamondbacks in Phoenix and the American League 's Tampa Bay Devil Rays in St. Petersburg , Florida . After the 2001 season , the team owners voted in favor of contraction . Several MLB teams had been considered for elimination in early talks about contraction , but the Montreal Expos and the Minnesota Twins were the two teams that came closest to folding under the plan . Plans for MLB contraction were halted when the Twins landlord was awarded a court injunction that required the team to play its 2002 home games at their stadium . MLB owners agreed to hold off on reducing the league 's size until at least 2006 . The Montreal Expos became the first franchise in over three decades to move when they became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . This move left Canada with just one team , but it also returned baseball to the United States capital city after a 33 - year absence . This franchise shift , like many previous ones , involved baseball 's return to a city which had been previously abandoned . Not counting the short - lived Federal League , Montreal is the only city granted an MLB franchise since 1901 that does not currently host a team . Pitching dominance and rule changes ( edit ) Graph showing , by year , the average number of runs per MLB game By the late 1960s , the balance between pitching and hitting had swung in favor of the pitchers . In 1968 -- later nicknamed `` the year of the pitcher '' -- Boston Red Sox player Carl Yastrzemski won the American League batting title with an average of just . 301 , the lowest in the history of Major League Baseball . Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain won 31 games , making him the only pitcher to win 30 games in a season since Dizzy Dean in 1934 . St. Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Bob Gibson achieved an equally remarkable feat by allowing an ERA of just 1.12 . Following these pitching performances , in December 1968 the MLB Playing Rules Committee voted to reduce the strike zone from knees to shoulders to top of knees to armpits and lower the pitcher 's mound from 15 to 10 inches , beginning in the 1969 season . In 1973 , the American League , which had been suffering from much lower attendance than the National League , sought to increase scoring even further by initiating the designated hitter ( DH ) rule . New stadiums and artificial surfaces ( edit ) Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , as baseball expanded , NFL football had been surging in popularity , making it economical for many of these cities to build multi-purpose stadiums instead of single - purpose baseball fields . Because of climate and economic issues , many of these facilities had playing surfaces made from artificial turf , as well as the oval designs characteristic of stadiums designed to house both baseball and football . This often resulted in baseball fields with relatively more foul territory than older stadiums . These characteristics changed the nature of professional baseball , putting a higher premium on speed and defense over home - run hitting power , since the fields were often too big for teams to expect to hit many home runs and foul balls hit in the air could more easily be caught for outs . Teams began to be built around pitching -- particularly their bullpens -- and speed on the basepaths . Artificial surfaces meant balls traveled quicker and bounced higher , so it became easier to hit ground balls `` in the hole '' between the corner and middle infielders . Starting pitchers were no longer expected to throw complete games ; it was enough for a starter to pitch 6 -- 7 innings and turn the game over to the team 's closer , a position which grew in importance over these decades . As stolen bases increased , home run totals dropped . After Willie Mays hit 52 home runs in 1965 , only one player ( George Foster ) reached that mark until the 1990s . Steroid era ( edit ) Further information : Doping in baseball Routinely in the late 1990s and early 2000s , baseball players hit 40 or 50 home runs in a season , a feat that was considered rare even in the 1980s . It has since become apparent that at least some of this power surge was a result of players using steroids and other performance - enhancing drugs . Uniforms ( edit ) Main articles : Major League Baseball uniforms and Baseball uniform A baseball team and its uniforms in the 1870s . Note that the team is integrated , in contrast to 20th century MLB , which was segregated until 1947 . A baseball uniform is a type of uniform worn by baseball players , and by some non-playing personnel , such as field managers and coaches . It is worn to indicate the person 's role in the game and -- through the use of logos , colors , and numbers -- to identify the teams and their players , managers , and coaches . Traditionally , home uniforms display the team name on the front , while away uniforms display the team 's home location . In modern times , however , exceptions to this pattern have become common , with teams using their team name on both uniforms . Most teams also have one or more alternate uniforms , usually consisting of the primary or secondary team color on the vest instead of the usual white or gray . In the past few decades throwback uniforms have become popular . The New York Knickerbockers were the first baseball team to use uniforms , taking the field on April 4 , 1849 , in pants made of blue wool , white flannel shirts ( jerseys ) and straw hats . Caps and other types of headgear have been a part of baseball uniforms from the beginning . Baseball teams often wore full - brimmed straw hats or no cap at all since there was no official rule regarding headgear . Under the 1882 uniform rules , players on the same team wore uniforms of different colors and patterns that indicated which position they played . In the late 1880s , the Detroit Wolverines and Washington Nationals of the National League and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms of the American Association were the first to wear striped uniforms . By the end of the 19th century , teams began the practice of having two different uniforms , one for when they played at home in their own baseball stadium and a different one for when they played away ( on the road ) at the other team 's ballpark . It became common to wear white pants with a white color vest at home and gray pants with a gray or solid ( dark ) colored vest when away . By 1900 , both home and away uniforms were standard across the major leagues . Season structure ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball schedule Spring training ( edit ) Main article : Spring training A Grapefruit League game at the former Los Angeles Dodgers camp in Vero Beach , Florida Spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season . Spring training allows new players to audition for roster and position spots , and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play . The teams are divided into the Cactus League and the Grapefruit League . Spring training has always attracted fan attention , drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play , and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students . Autograph seekers also find greater access to players during spring training . Spring training typically lasts almost two months , starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day , traditionally the first week of April . As pitchers benefit from a longer training period , pitchers and catchers begin spring training several days before the rest of the team . Regular season ( edit ) The current MLB regular season , consisting of 162 games per team , typically begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October . Each team 's schedule is typically organized into three - game series , with occasional two - or four - game series . Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one - game or five - game series . A team 's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together . Teams generally play games five to seven days per week , commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day . Frequently , games are scheduled at night . Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon , allowing teams to travel to their next destination prior to a Monday night game . In addition , teams will play day games frequently on Opening Day , holidays , and getaway days . Each team plays 19 games against each of its four divisional opponents . It plays one home series and one away series , amounting to six or seven games , against the 10 other teams in its league . A team also plays one of the divisions in the other league , rotating each year , with two opponents in a three - game home series , two in a three - game away series , and one with four games split between home and away . Furthermore , each team has an interleague `` natural rival '' ( in many cases its counterpart in the same metro area ) with which it plays two home games and two away games each year . With an odd number of teams in each league ( 15 ) , it is necessary to have two teams participate in interleague play for most days in the season , except when two or more teams have a day off . Each team plays 20 interleague games throughout the season , usually with just one interleague game per day , but for one weekend in late May all teams will participate in an interleague series . Use of the DH rule is determined by the home team 's league rules . Before 2013 , interleague play was structured differently : there would be one weekend in mid-May and another period consisting typically of the last two - thirds of June in which all teams played interleague games ( save for two NL teams each day ) , and no interleague games were scheduled outside those dates . ( Before 2013 , season - long interleague play was not necessary , because each league had an even number of teams . In 2013 , the Houston Astros moved to the American League , so that each league would have 15 teams . ) Over the course of a season , teams compete for one of the five playoff berths in their league . They can win one of these berths by either winning their division , or by capturing a wild card spot . After the conclusion of the 162 - game season , an additional tie - breaking game ( or games ) may be needed to determine postseason participation . All - Star game ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball All - Star Game President John F. Kennedy throwing out the first pitch at the 1962 All - Star Game at DC Stadium In early - to - mid July , just after the midway point of the season , the Major League Baseball All - Star Game is held during a four - day break from the regular - season schedule . The All - Star Game features a team of players from the American League ( AL ) -- led by the manager of the previous AL World Series team -- and a team of players from the National League ( NL ) , similarly managed , in an exhibition game . From 1959 to 1962 , two games were held each season , one was held in July and one was held in August . The designated - hitter rule was used in the All - Star Game for the first time in 1989 . Following games used a DH when the game was played in an AL ballpark . Since 2010 , the DH rule has been in effect regardless of venue . The first official All - Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World 's Fair in Chicago , Illinois , and was the idea of Arch Ward , then sports editor for The Chicago Tribune . Initially intended to be a one - time event , its great success resulted in making the game an annual one . Ward 's contribution was recognized by Major League Baseball in 1962 with the creation of the `` Arch Ward Trophy '' , given to the All - Star Game 's Most Valuable Player each year . ( In 1970 , it was renamed the Commissioner 's Trophy , until 1985 , when the name change was reversed . In 2002 , it was renamed the Ted Williams Most Valuable Player Award . ) Beginning in 1947 , the eight position players in each team 's starting lineup have been voted into the game by fans . The fan voting was discontinued after a 1957 ballot - box - stuffing scandal in Cincinnati : seven of the eight slots originally went to Reds players , two of whom were subsequently removed from the lineup to make room for Willie Mays and Hank Aaron . Fan voting was reinstated in 1970 and has continued ever since , including Internet voting in recent years . The 2002 contest in Milwaukee controversially ended in an 11 - inning tie when both managers ran out of pitchers . In response , starting in 2003 the league which wins the All - Star game received home - field advantage in the World Series : the league champion hosted the first two games at its own ballpark as well as the last two ( if necessary ) . The National League did not win an All - Star game and thus gain home - field advantage until 2010 ; it was able to overcome this disadvantage and win in three of the seven World Series from 2003 to 2009 . This was discontinued after the 2016 season . MLB All - Stars from both leagues have worn uniforms from their respective teams at the game with one exception . In the 1933 All - Star Game , the National League All - Star Team members wore special gray uniforms with `` National League '' written in navy blue letters across the front of the jersey . Postseason ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball postseason World Series Records Team Number of Series won Last Series won Series played New York Yankees ( AL ) † 27 2009 40 St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) 11 2011 19 Oakland Athletics ( AL ) † 9 1989 14 San Francisco Giants ( NL ) † 8 2014 20 Boston Red Sox ( AL ) † 8 2013 12 Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) † 6 1988 19 Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) 5 1990 9 Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 5 1979 7 Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 1984 11 Chicago Cubs ( NL ) 2016 11 Atlanta Braves ( NL ) † 1995 9 Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) † 7 Minnesota Twins ( AL ) † 1991 6 Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 2005 5 Philadelphia Phillies ( NL ) 2008 7 Cleveland Indians ( AL ) 1948 6 New York Mets ( NL ) 1986 5 Kansas City Royals ( AL ) 2015 Toronto Blue Jays ( AL ) 1993 Miami Marlins ( NL ) † 2003 Houston Astros ( NL to AL , 2013 ) † 2017 ( 1 , 1 ) Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL ) 2001 Los Angeles Angels ( AL ) † 2002 San Diego Padres ( NL ) 0 Texas Rangers ( AL ) † 0 Milwaukee Brewers ( AL to NL , 1998 ) † 0 Colorado Rockies ( NL ) 0 Tampa Bay Rays ( AL ) † 0 ‡ Seattle Mariners ( AL ) 0 0 ‡ Washington Nationals ( NL ) † 0 0 AL = American League NL = National League † Totals include a team 's record in a previous city or under another name ( see team article for details ) . ‡ Have not yet played in a World Series . More detail at World Series and List of World Series champions Source : MLB.com When the regular season ends after the first Sunday in October ( or the last Sunday in September ) , ten teams enter the postseason playoffs . These ten teams consist of six teams that are division champions by earning the best regular season overall win - loss record for their respective divisions , and four who are `` wild - card '' teams that are each one of two teams in their respective leagues who have earned the best regular season win - loss record , but are not division champions . Four rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion : Wild Card Game , a one - game playoff between the two wild - card teams in each league . American League Division Series and National League Division Series , each a best - of - five - games series . American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series , each a best - of - seven - games series played between the winning teams from the Division Series . The league champions are informally referred to as the pennant winners . World Series , a best - of - seven - games series played between the pennant winners of each league . Within each league , the division winners are the # 1 , # 2 and # 3 seeds , based on win -- loss records . The team with the best record among non division winners will be the first wildcard and the # 4 seed . The team with the second best record among non division winners will be the second wildcard and the # 5 seed . In the wildcard round , the # 5 seed will play at the # 4 seed in a one - game playoff . For the division series , the matchup will be the # 1 seed against the Wild Card Game winner and the # 2 seed against the # 3 seed . Since 2017 , home - field advantage in the World Series is determined by regular - season records of the two league champions , replacing a system used for the prior 14 seasons where the champion of the league that won the All - Star Game would receive home - field advantage . Because each postseason series is split between the home fields of the two teams , home - field advantage does not usually play a large role in the postseason unless the series goes to its maximum number of games , giving one team an additional game at home . However , the first two games of a postseason series are hosted by the same team . That team may have an increased chance of starting the series with two wins , thereby gaining some momentum for the rest of the series . The DH rule in the World Series is only used in games played at the American League Champions ' home field . National League home games will play the traditional rules with each teams pitching staff batting . International play ( edit ) See also : MLB Japan All - Star Series Since 1986 an All - Star team from MLB is sent to a biennial end - of - the - season tour of Japan , dubbed as MLB Japan All - Star Series , playing exhibition games in a best - of format against the All - Stars from Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) or recently as of 2014 their national team Samurai Japan . In 2008 , MLB played the MLB China Series in the People 's Republic of China . It was a series of two spring - training games between the San Diego Padres and Los Angeles Dodgers . The games were an effort to popularize baseball in China . MLB played the MLB Taiwan Series in Taiwan in November 2011 . It was a series of five exhibition games played by a team made up of MLB players called the MLB All - Stars and the Chinese Taipei National Team . The MLB All - Stars swept the series , five games to zero . At the end of the 2011 season , it was announced that the Seattle Mariners and the Oakland Athletics would play their season openers in Japan . In October 2013 , Phil Rogers of the Chicago Tribune wrote that MLB was considering postseason all - star tours in Taiwan and Korea ; baseball is increasing in popularity in both countries . The Arizona Diamondbacks opened the 2014 season against Los Angeles Dodgers on March 22 -- 23 in Australia . The teams played each other at the historic Sydney Cricket Ground , which has a seating capacity of 46,000 . The two games represented the first MLB regular - season play held in that country . The games counted as home games for the Diamondbacks , so they played 79 home games at Chase Field . Together with the World Baseball Softball Confederation , MLB sponsors the World Baseball Classic , an international baseball tournament contested by national teams . Steroids in Baseball ( edit ) See also : Doping in baseball and List of Major League Baseball players suspended for performance - enhancing drugs Rafael Palmeiro ( batter ) , one of the MLB players suspended for steroid use In 1998 , both Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa hit more than the long - standing single - season MLB record of 61 home runs . Barry Bonds topped the record in 2001 with 73 home runs . McGwire , Bonds and Sosa became the subjects of speculation regarding the use of performance - enhancing substances . McGwire later admitted that he used a steroid hormone that was still legal in baseball during the 1998 season . Baseball 's original steroid testing policy , in effect from 2002 to 2005 , provided for penalties ranging from a ten - game suspension for a first positive test to a one - year suspension for a fourth positive test . Players were tested at least once per year , with the chance that several players could be tested many times per year . A 2006 book , Game of Shadows by San Francisco Chronicle investigative reporters Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru - Wada , chronicled alleged extensive use of performance enhancers , including several types of steroids and growth hormone by baseball superstars Barry Bonds , Gary Sheffield , and Jason Giambi . Former Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell was appointed by Selig on March 30 , 2006 to investigate the use of performance - enhancing drugs in MLB . The appointment was made after several influential members of the U.S. Congress made negative comments about both the effectiveness and honesty of MLB 's drug policies and Commissioner Selig . The day before the Mitchell Report was to be released in 2007 , Selig said , `` I have n't seen the report yet , but I 'm proud I did it . '' The report said that after mandatory random testing began in 2004 , HGH treatment for athletic enhancement became popular among players , as HGH is not detectable in tests . It pointed out that HGH is likely a placebo with no performance - enhancing effects . The report included substance use allegations against at least one player from each MLB team . According to ESPN , some people questioned whether Mitchell 's director role with the Boston Red Sox created a conflict of interest , especially because no `` prime ( Sox ) players were in the report . '' The report named several prominent Yankees who were parts of World Series clubs ; there is a long - running and fierce Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . Former U.S. prosecutor John M. Dowd brought up Mitchell 's conflict of interest , but he later said that the former senator had done a good job . Mitchell acknowledged that his `` tight relationship with Major League Baseball left him open to criticism '' , but he said that readers who examine the report closely `` will not find any evidence of bias , of special treatment of the Red Sox '' . On January 10 , 2013 , MLB and the players union reached an agreement to add random , in - season HGH testing . They also agreed to implement a new test to reveal the use of testosterone for the 2013 season . The current MLB drug policy provides for an 80 - game suspension for a first positive test , a 162 - game suspension for a second positive test , and a lifetime suspension for a third positive test . In 2009 , allegations surfaced against Alex Rodriguez and David Ortiz , and Manny Ramirez received a 50 - game suspension after testing positive for banned substances . In early April 2011 , Ramirez retired from baseball rather than face a 100 - game suspension for his second positive steroid test . He would later unretire , having the suspension dropped to 50 games , and would serve those in 2012 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball on television See also : List of current Major League Baseball broadcasters Several networks televise baseball games , including Fox , ESPN , and MLB Network . Since 2008 , Fox Sports has broadcast MLB games on Fox Saturday Baseball throughout the entire season ; Fox previously only broadcast games from May to September . Fox also holds rights to the All - Star Game each season . Fox also alternates League Championship Series broadcasts , broadcasting the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in odd - numbered years and the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) in even - numbered years . Fox broadcasts all games of the World Series . ESPN continues to broadcast MLB games through 2013 as well , beginning with national Opening Day coverage . ESPN broadcasts Sunday Night Baseball , Monday Night Baseball , Wednesday Night Baseball , and Baseball Tonight . ESPN also has rights to the Home Run Derby at the All - Star Game each July . TBS airs Sunday afternoon regular season games ( non-exclusive ) nationally . In 2007 , TBS began its exclusive rights to any tiebreaker games that determine division or wild card champions ; it also airs exclusive coverage of the Division Series round of the playoffs . TBS carries the League Championship Series that are not included under Fox 's television agreement ; TBS shows the NLCS in odd - numbered years and the ALCS in even - numbered years . In January 2009 , MLB launched the MLB Network , featuring news and coverage from around the league , and airing 26 live games in the 2009 season . Each team also has local broadcasts for all games not carried by Fox on Saturdays or ESPN on Sunday nights . These games are typically split between a local broadcast television station and a local or regional sports network ( RSN ) , though some teams only air local games through RSNs or through their own team networks . As Canada only contains one team , Sportsnet broadcasts Toronto Blue Jays games nationally . The channel is owned by Rogers Communications , who is also the parent company of the Blue Jays . Sportsnet also televises Fox 's Saturday afternoon games , the All - Star Game , playoff games , and the World Series . In April 2011 , TSN2 began carrying ESPN Sunday Night Baseball in Canada . Blackout policy ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball blackout policy See also : Syndication exclusivity MLB blackout map in the United States Canadian MLB blackout map MLB has several blackout rules . A local broadcaster has priority to televise games of the team in their market over national broadcasters . For example , at one time TBS showed many Atlanta Braves games nationally and internationally in Canada . Fox Sports Networks also show many games in other areas . If the Braves played a team that FSN or another local broadcaster showed , the local station will have the broadcast rights for its own local market , while TBS would have been blacked out in the same market during the game . A market that has a local team playing in a weekday ESPN or ESPN2 game and is shown on a local station will see ESPNews , or , in the past , another game scheduled on ESPN or ESPN2 at the same time ( if ESPN or ESPN2 operates a regional coverage broadcasting and operates a game choice ) , or will be subject to an alternative programming feed . MLB 's streaming Internet video service is also subject to the same blackout rules . Radio and Internet ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball on the radio ESPN Radio holds national broadcast rights and broadcasts Sunday Night Baseball weekly throughout the season in addition to all playoff games . The rights to the World Series are exclusive to ESPN . In addition , each team employs its own announcers , who broadcast during the regular season . Most teams operate regional networks to cover their fan bases ; some of these supposedly regional networks ( such as the New York Yankees Radio Network ) have a national reach with affiliates located across the United States . Major League Baseball has an exclusive rights deal with XM Satellite Radio , which includes the channel MLB Network Radio and live play - by - play of all games . Many teams also maintain a network of stations that broadcast their games in Spanish ; the former Montreal Expos broadcast their games in both English and French . MLB games are also broadcast live on the internet . All television and radio broadcasts of games are available via subscription to MLB.tv at Major League Baseball 's website , MLB.com , and radio - only broadcasts are also available via subscription to MLB.com Gameday Audio . Radio station affiliates are officially forbidden from streaming games through their Internet feeds . Blackout rules are still applied for live television broadcasts , but not radio broadcasts . International broadcasting ( edit ) ESPN Deportes televises a large number of MLB games in Spanish throughout Latin America . Wapa 2 airs games in Puerto Rico , including spring training games and most of the World Baseball Classic games involving the team from Puerto Rico . In Brazil , ESPN Brasil has exclusive rights on TV ( ESPN and ESPN+ ) and Internet ( WatchESPN ) , with Fox Sports also broadcasting some games . Five in the United Kingdom previously screened MLB games , including the All - Star Game and the postseason games , on Sunday and Wednesday usually starting at 1 am BST . Most recently , Johnny Gould and Josh Chetwynd presented MLB on Five on that station . The channel covered baseball beginning on its opening night in 1997 , but for financial reasons , the decision was made not to pick up MLB for the 2009 season . ESPN UK show live and recorded games several times a week -- it is available with BT Sport and ( on a subscriber - basis ) Virgin Media in the UK . ESPN America televised a large number of games in the UK and dozens of other countries ; in May 2013 , ESPN announced that it would shut down the channel on July 31 , 2013 . In Australia , MLB games are regularly shown on ESPN Australia ( subscription ) . In the Middle East & North Africa , MLB games are broadcast on beIN Sports channels . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Australian Baseball League Baseball Assistance Team ( B.A.T. ) Baseball in the United States Baseball in Canada Going To Bat Foundation List of Major League Baseball awards List of Major League Baseball retired numbers List of Major League Baseball spring training ballparks List of Major League Baseball stadiums List of all - time Major League Baseball win - loss records List of Major League Baseball managers Hall of Fame Magic number MLB attendance MLB Industry Growth Fund Major League Baseball Players Association , the labor union representing players for collective bargaining negotiations with franchise owners Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities ( RBI ) ( ages 13 -- 18 ) National all - stars tournament ( ages 16 -- 18 ) List of professional sports leagues Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Commissionership : A Historical Perspective '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . The strength of the American League grew as an increasing number of National League players opted for the higher salaries offered by the new association . Faced with the prospect of losing many of its best players , the NL chose peace and declared the AL its equal in 1903 . This led to a new National Agreement and the birth of the World Series . The American and National Leagues were established as major leagues and all other associations comprised the minor leagues , which fell under the jurisdiction of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Marty ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` MLB carries on strong , 200,000 games later : Look what they started on a ballfield in Philadelphia in 1876 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Executives '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team - by - team information '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : Championships by Club '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Year In Review : 2000 National League '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 16 , 1999 ) . `` BASEBALL ; League Presidents Out As Baseball Centralizes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` MLB Sees Nearly 73.8 Million In Attendance For 2015 , Seventh - Highest All - Time '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted . `` Someone is selling MLB 's original 1876 constitution , and it 's expected to fetch millions '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Policy Debate : Should the antitrust exemption for baseball be eliminated ? '' . www.swlearning.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Antitrust Laws in the Professional Sports Industry From a Financial Perspective '' . Howard Bartee , Jr . The Sport Journal . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manfred promoted ; Jimmie Lee Solomon resigns '' . ESPN . June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Executives '' . MLB.com. 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Network '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About MLB Network '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Commissionership : A Historical Perspective '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interleague play ho - hum to some '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ At the same time , the Detroit Tigers agreed to move from the AL East to the AL Central ( to replace Milwaukee ) , with the expansion Tampa Bay Devil Rays joining the AL East . `` Brewers switch leagues , join Reds in NL Central '' . The Kentucky Post ( Associated Press ) . E.W. Scripps Company . November 6 , 1997 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 ... See also Milwaukee Brewers # 1994 -- 98 : Realignment / `` We 're taking this thing National '' . ^ Jump up to : MLB required the Astros to accept this move as a condition of approving their sale to Jim Crane . `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Associated Press . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN : MLB Baseball Teams '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Hitter Rule '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Scott . `` Nothing more irritating than playing by one set of rules in one park and a different set in another '' . The Anderson Independent - Mail . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oriole Park at Camden Yards '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fenway Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tropicana Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Centre '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Cellular Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Globe Life Park in Arlington '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins Park Information '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Citi Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens Bank Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrigley Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Ball Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ History : Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings Archived July 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team ( 2007 ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Professional Base Ball Players '' . britannica.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rader , Benjamin ( 2008 ) . Baseball : A History of America 's Game . University of Illinois Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07550 - 1 . Jump up ^ Spatz , Lyle ( 2012 ) . Historical Dictionary of Baseball . Scarecrow Press . p. 236 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 7954 - 9 . Jump up ^ Events of Saturday , April 22 , 1876 . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minor League Baseball History '' . MiLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 National Agreement '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` American Association ( 19th Century ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 Players ' League '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 Federal League '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 Federal League '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2007 ) . `` NerdFight : League Quality Adjustments '' . Baseball Prospectus . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball . McFarland . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2468 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keating , Peter . `` The game that Ruth built '' . Boston.com . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Okrent , Harris Lewine , David Nemec ( 2000 ) `` The Ultimate Baseball Book '' , Houghton Mifflin Books , ISBN 0 - 618 - 05668 - 8 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Burt Solomon ( 2000 ) `` Where They Ai n't : The Fabled Life And Untimely Death Of The Original Baltimore Orioles '' , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 85917 - 3 Excerpt Archived July 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lieb , Fred ( 1955 ) . The Baltimore Orioles : The History of a Colorful Team in Baltimore and St. Louis . SIU Press . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 8972 - X . Jump up ^ Foul strike rule . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` History Files -- Chicago Black Sox : The Fix '' . Chicago History Museum . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History Files -- Chicago Black Sox '' . Chicago History Museum . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indians uncover lost Chapman plaque '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees : Team History and Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William ( 1997 ) . The King of Swat : An Analysis of Baseball 's Home Run Hitters from the Major , Minor , Negro , and Japanese Leagues . McFarland . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0362 - 4 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Apples for a Nickel , and Plenty of Empty Seats '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anton , Todd and Bill Nowlin ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) . When Baseball Went to War . Triumph Books . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 126 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Martin , Alfred ( 2008 ) . The Negro Leagues in New Jersey : A History . McFarland . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 5192 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin . `` Green Light Letter '' . January 15 , 1942 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Robert . `` Three Reichs , You 're Out '' . Slate.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackie Robinson Foundation '' . Jackie Robinson Foundation . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ . `` Leo Durocher '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` 1947 : A time for change '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doby was AL 's first African - American player . ESPN Classic . June 26 , 2003 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History , 1896 to the Present : From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty - First Century , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516779 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Are Women the Next Demographic to Integrate into Major League Baseball ? '' . September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans elect five into Hall of Fame : Two managers , three executives comprise Class of 2008 '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . December 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Walter O'Malley '' . Time . April 28 , 1958 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Timetable '' ( PDF ) . American Airlines . November 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Identifying Locations '' . colostate.edu . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walter in Wonderland '' . Time . April 28 , 1958 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . 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Jump up ^ `` MLB Network Radio '' . Sirius XM Radio . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.tv '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes ' Multimedia Coverage of Major League Baseball All - Star Game and Events '' . hispanicprwire.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Santana , Glenn ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inicia el béisbol por Telemundo y Wapa '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Brasil : Beisebol '' . ESPN Brasil . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gould , Jonny ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` Jonny Gould '' . baseballfan.co.uk . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Customer Services FAQ -- Major League Baseball '' . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN UK : Baseball '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Andrew . `` ESPN agrees $5.6 billion MLB baseball deal '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN America To Suspend Broadcasts In Europe , N. Africa , The Middle East On July 31 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Australia : Baseball '' . ESPN Australia . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Banner , Stuart . The Baseball Trust : A History of Baseball 's Antitrust Exemption . New York : Oxford University Press , 2013 . Bouton , Jim . Ball Four : My Life and Hard Times Throwing the Knuckleball in the Major Leagues . World Publishing Company , 1970 . Buchanan , Lamont , The World Series and Highlights of Baseball , E.P. Dutton & Company , 1951 . Cohen , Richard M. , Neft , David , Johnson , Roland T. , Deutsch , Jordan A. , The World Series , 1976 , Dial Press . Deutsch , Jordan A. , Cohen , Richard M. , Neft , David , Johnson , Roland T. , The Scrapbook History of Baseball , Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1975 . King , Corretta . Jackie Robinson . New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1987 . James , Bill . The Historical Baseball Abstract . New York : Villard , 1985 ( with many subsequent editions ) . Lanigan , Ernest , Baseball Cyclopedia , 1922 , originally published by Baseball Magazine . Lansch , Jerry , Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered , Taylor Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . Murphy , Cait . Crazy ' 08 : How a Cast of Cranks , Rogues , Boneheads , and Magnates Created the Greatest Year in Baseball History . New York : Smithsonian Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088937 - 1 . Okkonen , Marc . Baseball Uniforms of the 20th Century : The Official Major League Baseball Guide , 1991 . Ritter , Lawrence . The Glory of their Times . New York : MacMillan , 1966 . Revised edition , New York : William Morrow , 1984 . Ross , Brian . `` Band of Brothers '' . Minor League News , April 6 , 2005 . Available at Minor League News . Seymour , Harold . Baseball : The Early Years . 2v . New York : Oxford University Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 500100 - 1 . Turkin , Hy , and Thompson , S.C. , The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball , 1951 , A.S. Barnes and Company Tygiel , Jules . Past Time : Baseball as History . New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514604 - 2 . The New York Times , The Complete Book of Baseball : A Scrapbook History , 1980 , Bobbs Merrill . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMajor League Baseballat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website ArmchairGM MLB Portal Ballparks.com Baseball History Site Baseball Prospectus Baseball Think Factory Boxscore Archive contains official play - by - play and boxscores since 2002 . ESPN Baseball Index ESPN Video Archive : Major League Baseball Pitch In For Baseball -- A MLB and MLB International partner charity The Baseball Page Urban Youth Academy ( MLB ) `` MLB , China Baseball League Team to Tour China '' , VOAnews.com , March 3 , 2005 . Voice of America . 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when did the national league and american league merge
[ "Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000.[6][7] The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs. With the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament.\n" ]
[ "2000" ]
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Cuboid bone
Cuboid bone - wikipedia Cuboid bone Jump to : navigation , search Cuboid bone The left cuboid . Antero - medial view . The left cuboid . Postero - lateral view Details Articulations Calcaneocuboid , cuboideonavicular and cuneocuboid articulation Identifiers Latin Os cuboideum MeSH A02. 835.232. 043.300. 710 Dorlands / Elsevier o_07 / 12598248 TA A02. 5.16. 001 FMA 24527 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) In the human body , the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Surfaces 1.2 Muscle attachments 2 Clinical significance 3 See also 4 References Structure ( edit ) The cuboid bone is the most lateral of the bones in the distal row of the tarsus . It is roughly cubical in shape , and presents a prominence in its inferior ( or plantar ) surface , the tuberosity of the cuboid . The bone provides a groove where the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle passes to reach its insertion in the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones . Surfaces ( edit ) The dorsal surface , directed upward and lateralward , is rough , for the attachment of ligaments . The plantar surface presents in front a deep groove , the peroneal sulcus , which runs obliquely forward and medialward ; it lodges the tendon of the peroneus longus , and is bounded behind by a prominent ridge , to which the long plantar ligament is attached . The ridge ends laterally in an eminence , the tuberosity , the surface of which presents an oval facet ; on this facet glides the sesamoid bone or cartilage frequently found in the tendon of the peroneus longus . The surface of bone behind the groove is rough , for the attachment of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament , a few fibers of the flexor hallucis brevis , and a fasciculus from the tendon of the tibialis posterior . The lateral surface presents a deep notch formed by the commencement of the peroneal sulcus . The posterior surface is smooth , triangular , and concavo - convex , for articulation with the anterior surface of the calcaneus ( the calcaneocuboid joint ) ; its infero - medial angle projects backward as a process which underlies and supports the anterior end of the calcaneus . The anterior surface , of smaller size , but also irregularly triangular , is divided by a vertical ridge into two facets , forming the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints : the medial facet , quadrilateral in form , articulates with the fourth metatarsal ; the lateral , larger and more triangular , articulates with the fifth . The medial surface is broad , irregularly quadrilateral , and presents at its middle and upper part a smooth oval facet , for articulation with the third cuneiform ; and behind this ( occasionally ) a smaller facet , for articulation with the navicular bone ; it is rough in the rest of its extent , for the attachment of strong interosseous ligaments . Muscle attachments ( edit ) Only one muscle is attached to the cuboid bone ; the tibialis posterior . The tibialis posterior inserts to the under surface of the cuboid bone . While the flexor hallucis brevis arises , by a pointed tendinous process , from the medial part of the under surface of the cuboid bone , from the contiguous portion of the lateral cuneiform bone , and from the prolongation of the tendon of the tibialis posterior . Clinical significance ( edit ) In a condition known as cuboid syndrome , the cuboid can be subluxated downward causing a swollen kind of ache along the central portion of the lateral border of the foot . See also ( edit ) Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Knucklebones ( precursor of gaming dice ) References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Moore , KL. ; Dalley , AF. ; Agur , AM . ( 2013 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 7th ed . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 524 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 8447 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuboid Bone . ( hide ) Bones of the human leg Femur upper extremity head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle shaft linea aspera upper medial : merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate : pectineal line upper lateral : gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter lower extremity adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa Tibia upper extremity Gerdy 's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area posterior anterior intercondylar eminence lateral tubercle medial tubercle shaft tuberosity soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch Fibula lateral malleolus Other patella apex Foot Tarsus calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral Metatarsals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Phalanges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuboid_bone&oldid=725190668 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Bones of the lower limb Bones of the foot Tarsal bones Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2016 , at 04 : 06 . 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what is a cuboid bone in the foot
[ "In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot." ]
[ "one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot" ]
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List of Celtic deities
List of Celtic deities - wikipedia List of Celtic deities Part of a series on Celtic mythology Polytheism Deities ( list ) Animism Gaelic mythology Irish Scottish Tuath Dé Fomhoraigh Hebridean mythology and folklore Mythological Cycle Ulster Cycle Fianna Cycle Brythonic mythology Welsh Breton Cornish British Iron Age religion Mabinogion Matter of Britain Trioedd Ynys Prydein Concepts Otherworld Champion 's portion Geis Imbas forosnai Loathly lady Magic mist Sacred trees Shapeshifting Silver Branch Threefold death Wasteland Well of wisdom Religious vocations Druids Bards Vates Festivals Samhain Calan Gaeaf Imbolc Gŵyl Fair Beltane Calan Mai Lughnasadh Calan Awst Category Mythology portal Main article : Celtic pantheon The Celtic pantheon is known from a variety of sources such as written Celtic mythology , ancient places of worship , statues , engravings , religious objects , and place or personal names . The Celtic pantheon has over 1,200 named deities ; a comprehensive list is difficult to assemble . Celtic deities can belong to two categories : general deities and local deities . `` General deities '' were known by Celts throughout large regions , and are the gods and goddesses invoked for protection , healing , luck , and honour . The `` local deities '' that embodied Celtic nature worship were the spirits of a particular feature of the landscape , such as mountains , trees , or rivers , and thus were generally only known by the locals in the surrounding areas . After Celtic lands became Christianised , there were attempts by Christian writers to euhemerize or even demonize the pre-Christian deities . For example , the Tuatha Dé Danann of Irish mythological sources have commonly been interpreted to be a divine pantheon , despite certain redactors ' interjecting that the Tuatha Dé Danann were merely mortals , or else that they were demons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gaulish and Brythonic deities 1.1 Male 1.2 Female 2 Welsh deities / characters 2.1 Male 2.2 Female 3 Gaelic deities 3.1 Male 3.2 Female 4 Celtiberian and Lusitanian deities 4.1 Male 4.2 Female 5 Germanian and Pannonian Celtic deities 5.1 Male 5.2 Female 6 Illyrian and Moesian Celtic deities 6.1 Male 6.2 Female 7 Pictish deities 7.1 Female 8 Galatian deities 8.1 Male 8.2 Female 9 References 10 Works cited Gaulish and Brythonic deities ( edit ) The Gaulish Celts inhabited the region corresponding to modern - day France , Switzerland , southern and western Germany , Belgium , Frisia , Netherlands , Holland , Luxembourg and northern Italy . The Brythonic Celts , or Britons , inhabited most of the island of Great Britain and later migrated to Brittany . Male ( edit ) hide Abandinus - possibly a river god Abellio ( Abelio , Abelionni ) - god of apple trees Abianus - a river god Abilus - a god of health Abinius - a Gallic river god Adsmerius - a Gallic god identified with Mercury Aereda - a Gallic serpent god Aericurus - a god of the Underworld Alator - a war god Alaunus ( Fin ) - god of healing and prophecy Albiorix - a war god Albius - a healing god Alisanos ( Alisaunus ) - a mountain god Alletio ( Allitio , Alittius ) - a Brythonic warrior god and lord of the Underworld Allobrogis - Gallic god of the tribe Allobriges Alus - an agricultural god Ambisagrus , a god of thunder and lightning , Ancestor God , Sky God , God of Wind , Rain & Hail Andeis - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Andescoci ( Andescociocus ) - a Brythonic god of messengers Andicrose - a Brythonic god of the woods Anextiomarus ( Anextlomarus , Anextlomara ) - a protector god Ankou - a god of death Anoctitcus ( Antenociticus , Antocidicus ) - a warrior god or god of metalworking Anvallus - a Gallic father god Apollo Cunomaglus - a hunter god Apollo Grannus - a healing god Arardus - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Arciacon - Brythonic god of trade Arimanes - god of agriculture Ariocalatus ( Riocalatus ) - a warrior god Arixus - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Armogius ( Harmogius , Marinogius , Marmogius , Maromogius ) - a powerful warrior god Arpeninus - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Artahe ( Artehe ) - a Gallic protector god associated with bears Arvalus - a Brythonic god , possibly of agriculture Arvernus - a tribal god Arausio - a god of water Atepomarus - a Gallic horse god Atesmerius - a Gallic healer god Auseci - a Brythonic nature god Avicantus - a river god of Nîmes , now in France Barinthus ( Manannán mac Lir ) - a god of the sea and water Baesert - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Baigorixus - a vernal god of the Pyrenees Balitucaurus - Brythonic god whose name means `` lover of the death '' Barrecis ( Barrex ) - Gallic war god Bedaius - a sea god Beissirissa - Gallic god of lawmaking Belado - Gallic warrior god Belatucadros - a god of war Belenus - a god of healing . Bemilucius - a Gallic god of Paris whose statue was found in Burgundy Bergimus - god of heights and mountains Bolgios ( Belgius ) - a god of lightning Bolvinnus - protector god of wells Borvo ( Bormo , Bormanus ) , a god of mineral and hot springs Borrum - a god of the winds . Bracacia ( Brâg ) - Brythonic god of brewing and warrior god Brasennus - a god for whom an inscription in the house of vilicus of Trumplini is dedicated Bregans ( Bregantis ) - a god of the tribe Brigantes , consort of Brigantia Brenos - a war god Britovius ( Britus ) - a god who selects who will live on the battlefield Brixantus ( Brixianus , Brixienus ) - a Gallic god whose name means `` god of the higher place '' Budenicus - a war god whose name means `` he who will prevail '' Bugius - Gallic god of the healing waters Buxenus - a god of box trees Caber - god of speed and bards Cacus - fire god Caiva ( Casis , Cassibus , Cassis ) - Gallic protector god of tribes , not to be confused with Caiva , a mother goddess Caletos - a god of the hard Callirius - wood and hunter god Camoulatis ( Kamoulatis ) - a warrior god Camulus ( Camulus , Camalos ) - a god of war and sky Canetonnessis Carpantus ( Carpentus ) Caswallawn - war god Caturix - Gallic warrior god Ceaiius - a Brythonic god , possibly of oceans Ceileus ( Celeus ) - a god , possibly of the druid order Cernunnos - horned God or God of fertility , life , animals , wealth and the underworld . Cicolluis - a god of the Celtic army Cimialcinnus - god of paths Cissonius - a god of trade Mars Cnabetius - a god of war Cocidius - a god of war Condatis - a god of the confluences of rivers Contrebis ( Contrebis , Contrebus ) - a god of a city Mars Corotiacus - a death god Cranus - god of forests Creto ( Greto ) - Gallic god at Stumpfer Turm , now in Germany Cuntinus - Gallic god whose name means `` dog of the city '' Cuslanus - a god associated with Jupiter Deus Latis - a Brythonic god whose role is unknown Dervos ( Robor , Roboris , Robur ) - god of the oaks Deuce ( Dus ) - Brythonic chief god of the Brigantes Deus Ducavavius - god of the rivers Deus Orevaius - a little known god to whom an inscription at Cemenelum was dedicated Dii Casses - god of refuse Dinomogetimarus - a powerful protector god Dis Pater ( Dispater ) , a god of the underworld Divano - a war god Donnotaurus - a Gallic bull god Dorminus - a god of hot springs Dullovius - a forest god Dumiatis - a Gallic god of Puy de Dome that became associated with Mercury Dunatis - god of fortifications Endovius - a god whose name means `` the one who provides heat '' Entarabus ( Intarabus , Interabus ) - a god whose name means `` between the rivers '' Epos Olloatir - a god of horses , possibly the consort of Epona Esus ( Hesus ) ( possibly ) the God of vegatation Etnosus - a bird god Fagus , a god of beech trees Gabrus ( Gebrus , Gebrinnius , Gebrinus ) - healer and fertility god Gavida - god of the forge Genii Cucullait ( Genii Cucullatus ) - hooded deities associated with fertility and prosperity Gesacus - a Gallic god whose name means `` secret world '' Giarinus - a Gallic god of rivers Gisacus - a warrior god Glanis - a spring god Gnatus - a Gallic god whose name means `` he who knows '' Gobannus ( Gobannos , Cobannus ) - a smith god Grannus - a god of healing and mineral springs Graselos - patron god of the healing spring Greidiawl - a god of conquest Gwendolleu - a god of strategy Herne - god of wisdom Hillon - god of music Hu - a god associated with the sun Ialonus - a god of meadows Icaunus ( Icauna , Icauni ) - a god of a river Ihamnagalla Sqnnagalla - a god for whom an inscription was dedicated by Gaius Octavian Capiton Ilixo - god of hot springs Ilunis ( Ilunnus ) - a warrior god and possibly a god of eloquence Iovantucarus - a protector of youth Joehaynus - a god of knives Jupiter Felvennis - a god of the sky Kagiris - agrarian god Karnuntinus - a god who gave his name to Carnuntum , now in Germany Kelpie ( Kelpy ) - A water sprite god Kenninos ( Penninos ) - God of the summit Lacavus - Gallic warrior god Lanovalus - a Gallic leader god Larraso - possibly a Gallic blacksmith god Lavaratus - god whose name means `` he who is sufficient '' Lavictus - Gallic healer god Leigh Gurney - Gallic darkness god Leherennus - warrior god Lelhunnus - god of light Leno - patron god of Lérins Lenumius ( Lenumio ) - healer god Lenus ( Laenus ) - a healing god Letinno - Gallic god whose name means `` the housing '' Leucetios ( Leucetius ) - a god of thunder Leucutios - a healer god Leusdrinus - a Gallic god who resolves arguments Limetus - a Gallic nature god whose name means `` he is of the elm '' Litavis - a Brythonic god of the forge , not to be confused with the goddess , Litavis Livicus - little known Gallic god in Germany Lugus ( Arverniorix , Clavarigiatis , Dumiatis , Vassocaletis ) - god of creation and learning Luxovius ( Lussoius ) - a god of a city 's water MacKay - Scottish god , possibly of fire Magalos - Gallic hunter god Magesus ( Magisus ) - a god of great strength Magiorix - Gallic god whose name means `` the great king '' Magniacus - possibly a Gallic war god Mantounus - a Gallic god whose name means `` powerful jaws '' Maponos ( Maponus ) - a god of youth Matuix - god of the sign Matunus - a bear god Matutinus - patron of the herons Medignus ( Medugenus ) - a god whose name means `` drink maker '' Medocius - a fight god Medros - a little known god who leaned on a bull Meduio - god of drunkenness Medurinis - god of drunkenness Meldius ( Mellt ) - a Gallic lightning god Melovius - god of the struggle Melwas - god of the Otherworld Minuris - a Gallic god of binding and spells Moccus - god of pigs Mogetius - a Gallic warrior god Mogons ( Moguns , Mogounos ) - a god of righteousness Moltinus - a ram god Moritasgus - a healing badger god Mullo - the god of mules and horses Nabelcus - a Gallic god associated with mountains Nemausus - a god worshipped at Nîmes Nemedus - a god possibly associated with sanctuaries Nerius - god of the springs Niskus - a sea god Nodens ( Nudens , Nodons ) - a god of healing , the sea , hunting and dogs Ocaere ( Ocelos , Ocelus ) - god of agriculture Ogmios - god of eloquence Ollodagus ( Ollodius , Olloudius ) - probably a protector god Ollovidius - an all knowing god Padus ( Pados ) - river god Paronnus - a god for whom a votive offering at Brixia was dedicated Parthinus - Gallic god , probably of the Partheni Pipius - Gallic god whose name means `` he is as the domestic birds '' Pisintos - a Gallic god equated with Vertumnus , god of the seasons Poeninus ( Poininus , Pyninus ) - thunder god Ratamatos - a defense god Riga - warrior god Rigisamus - a Brythonic and Gallic war god Rigonometis - a war god Robor - a god of oak trees Roquetius - possibly a Gallic hunter god Rudianos - a god of war Rudiobus ( Rudobius ) - war god Sacanus - god whose name means `` the strong '' or `` the ugly '' Saegon - a Brythonic war god Saegontius - a Brythonic god of victory Segomo - a god of war Sexarborius ( Suexoprennos ) - god of trees Siannus - healer god Sinquas ( Sinquates , Sinquatis , Sinquatos ) - hunter god Smertrios ( Smertios , Smertrius ) - a god of war Smertullus - a hammer god Solitumarus - a healer god Subremis - a Gallic warrior god Sucellus ( Sucellos ) - a god of nature Surburus - Gallic god whose name means `` the shining thrower '' Sutugius - Gallic defensive god Tanarus - a river god Taranis ( Taranus ) - a god of thunder Tarvis Trigaraunos - a bull god Telo - patron god of Toulouse , now in France Theutates ( Teutates ) - a god of the people Thincsus - a warrior god Tiernon ( Tigernonos ) - a Gallic shepherd god with supernatural powers Tinco ( Tincus ) - Gallic god , probably of the Underworld Toleandossus - god of eloquence Toutatis ( Caturix , Teutates ) - a tribal protector god Tribanos ( Tribans , Tribantis , Tribantos ) - warrior god Tridamos - bovine triplication and abundance Ucuetis - blacksmith god Urien ( Uryen ) - sun god Urobrocis - an agrarian god Uxellus - god whose name means `` he of the high market '' Vasio - possibly patron god of Vaison - la - Romaine Vellaunus ( Veraudunus ) - possibly an ancestral god of death and the Underworld Veraudinus - a sun god Vercanua ( Vindonnus ) - healer god Vernostonus - a Brythonic god , possibly a warrior or funerary god Vesontius - a war god Veteris ( Vitiris , Vheteris , Huetiris , Hueteris , Hveteris ) - possibly a hunting god Vicribus - a war god Viducus - a god of wood Vindonnus - sun god Vinotonus - Brythonic god of vines Vintius - god of winds Viridios ( Viridius ) - possibly a god of plants Virotutis - Gallic healer god Visucius - possibly a Gallic god of trade Vitucadrus - a god brilliant in energy Vorocius - healer god Vosegus - a god of the Vosges Mountains Wayland ( Volund , Weland , Weiland , Weyland ) - a smith god Zacharus - a god of theft Female ( edit ) hide Acionna - a river goddess Adder - an evil snake goddess Adganai - mother goddesses Adonna - a goddess of Orleans , now in France Adsagsona - a sorceress goddess of the Underworld Adsullata - goddess of the River Savubalabada Aericula - a mother goddess Aericura - Underworld goddess Aeron - goddess of war and slaughter Aide - goddess of magic Aige - water goddess Ailbe - goddess of wisdom Ailinn - tree goddess of love and magic Alagabiae - giving mother goddesses Alantedoba - an agricultural goddess Alaterviae - mother goddesses Alauda ( Alauna ) - a bountiful goddess Alavina - a mother goddess Ambirena - mother goddesses Ambiamarcis - Gallic mother goddesses Ammaca - a grandmother goddess Ancamna - a water goddess Ancasta - goddess of the River Itchen Andante - a Gallic fertility goddess Andarta - a goddess of war Andraste - goddess of victory Anesiaminehae - mother goddess Annea Clivana - a protective goddess associated with spirits Apadeva - water goddess Arduinna - goddess of the Ardennes Forest Arenmetia - a healing goddess Argante - a healing goddess Arnomecta - a Brythonic blacksmith goddess Arterancus - goddess of harvest Arnemetia ( Arnamentia ) - a water goddess Arricura ( Herecura ) - a funerary goddess Artio - goddess of the bear Atesmerta - a goddess of abundance Audrinehae ( Austriahenis , Autrinehabae ) - mother goddesses of destiny Aufaniae - mother goddesses Aventia - a goddess who gave her name to the town Avanche , now in Switzerland Aventla - a Gallic goddess worshipped at Aventicum Aveta - a mother goddess , associated with the fresh - water spring at Trier , in what is now Germany Axona - goddess of the river Aisne Baeserta - a goddess of the Pyrenees Beda - one of a pair of Alaisiagae , a burial goddess Belisama - a goddess of lakes and rivers , fire , crafts and light , consort of the god Belenus Bellona - a Scottish war goddess Berecynthia ( Berecyntia ) - earth goddess Bergusia - goddess of the crafts Bibracte - a fortification goddess , see etymology of Bibracte , a Gaulish fortified city Blotugus - goddess of fertility Bodua - a goddess of war Bormana - goddess of minerals and spring water Boudena ( Boudina ) - warrior goddess Boudiga - a goddess of war Boudihillia - one of a pair of Alaisiagae , a goddess of victory Brianan - a Scottish deity used for making oaths Briant - a Brythonic tutelary deity of a river of the same name Bricta ( Brixta ) - a Gallic water goddess , consort of Luxovius Bride - Scottish goddess of blacksmithing , healing , and poetry Brigandu ( Brigindo ) - goddess of arts , crafts , and fertility Brigantia - goddess of victory , equated with Victoria Brigida - patron of medicine Britannia ( Prydein ) , originally a personification of the island , later made into a goddess Brixia - a river goddess Cadwallon ( Cassivelaunus , Caswallawn , Caswallon , Catwallawn ) - goddess of the craft Cailleach Bheur - a Scottish goddess associated with winter Caimineae - mother goddesses Caiva - a mother goddess Camma - goddess of the hunt Campestres - a triad of goddesses of fertility and abundance Candida - goddess of luck Cantismerta - a Gallic goddess whos name means `` providing together '' Cantrusteihiae - ancestral mother goddeses Carantana - a goddess of wisdom Carlin - spirit of the eve of Halloween Carpundia - a river goddess Cassibodua - goddess of flight Cathubodua - a goddess of war Caticatona - a water goddess Cissonia - a Gallic goddess of trade Clota - patron goddess of the River Clyde Clutoida - a river goddess Coinchend - a female warrior from the Otherworld Conchenn - goddess of love Corra - a Scottish goddess of prophecy Coventina - goddess of wells and springs Cuda - fertility goddess Cuhvetana - goddess of fertility and healing Damara - a fertility goddess Dahud - Ahes - a goddess of earthly pleasure Damona - consort of Apollo Borvo and of Apollo Moritasgus , a goddess of healing , fertility , and incubation Dea Latis - a goddess of bogs and pools Dea Abnoba - patron goddess of the Black Forest Dea Matres - a triad of mother goddesses Dea Matrona - `` divine mother goddess '' and goddess of the River Marne in Gaul Dea Mediotautehae - mother goddesses Dea Meduna - goddess of healing Dea Sequana - goddess of the River Seine Deae Nutrices - mother goddesses Deae Vediantiae - mother goddesses Dealgnait - a death goddess Debranua - a goddess of air Dervonnae - mother goddesses Deva ( Dee ) - goddess of the river Dee Dexiva - a Gallic goddess of the tribe Dexviates Dexsiua - a Gallic goddess of the southern winds Dia Greine - a Scottish sun goddess Dibǒnā - a fountain goddess Divona ( Devona ) - a Gallic goddess of a sacred spring used by the city of Burdigala as a water source Dominae - mother goddesses Druantia - a goddess of oak trees and fertility , the queen of druids Dunisia - a goddess of a hill or fort Edain - a goddess associated with horseback riding Elen ( Helen , Helena ) - a Brythonic goddess associated with Colchester Elphane ( Elphlane ) - goddess of disease Epona - fertility goddess , protector of horses , donkeys , and mules Erecura ( Aeracura ) - earth goddess Etiona - goddess of knowledge Fachea - goddess of poetry Feminae - mother goddesses Fideal - a water demon goddess Gabiabus ( Gabiae , Gabinis , Gcabiadus , Iunoniibus Gabiabus , Matronis Gabiabus ) - mother goddesses and protectors of women Garbh Ogh - a Gallic goddess of hunting , possibly different from the Irish Garbh Ogh Garmangabis - goddess of fortune Geofon - goddess of the ocean Glanicae ( Gontia , Griselicae ) - a triad of mother goddesses associated with healing springs Gobróig - goddesses of wells and springs Gwenn Teir Bronn - goddess of motherhood Habetrot - a Brythonic goddess of spinning and healing , later euhemerized Harimella ( Viradechthis ) - a Scottish goddess of protection Hella - goddess of the underworld Henwen - a sow goddess Herecura - a goddess of death and fertility Hidua - goddess of birth Histria - a Gallic goddess of land Ialona ( Ianuaria , Icotiae , Icovellauna , Iethon , Inciona ) - goddess of cultivated fields Ianuaraia ( Januaria ) - Gallic goddess of the New Year Icaunus ( Icauna ) - a goddess of a river Icovellauna - a water goddess Imona - a well goddess Inciona - goddess of metalworking Iouga - goddess of joinings Isosa - a Gallic goddess of respect Iunones - triple mother goddesses Junones - a triad of goddesses of fertility , health , and regeneration Karnuntina - a Gallic goddess who gives her name to Carnuntum , now in Germany Ked ( Ket ) - an evil mother goddess Kesara - mother goddess Korrigan , The - a Gallic goddess of underground springs and wells Kosmerta - a Gallic goddess later associated with Mercury , with a role similar to him Laha - a Gallic goddess of the Pyrenees of healing Lamiae Tres - a triad of witches Lerina - a patron goddess of Lérins Letha - a Midsummer harvest goddess Litavis - an earth goddess Maiabus - a Gallic goddess with a role similar to Maia Mairiae - a triad of goddesses , inseparable Maluisae - mother goddesses Marcia Proba - a Brythonic warrior queen who enforced the Marcian Statutes , deified Maree - goddess of wells , stands of trees Matres Almahabae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Britannae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Comedovae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Domesticae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Eburnicae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Gerudatiae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Glanicae ( Matrebo Glaneikabo ) - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Griselicae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Mogontiones - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Nemetiales - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Ollototae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Suleviae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Ubelkabae ( Matres Ubelkae ) - a triad of mother goddesses Matris Augustis - mother goddesses Matronae Aufaniea - mother goddesses Matronae Alhiahenae - mother goddesses Matronae Andrustehiae - mother goddesses Matronae Audrinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Axsinginehae - mother goddesses Matronae Dervonnae - mother goddesses Matronae Fernovinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Ollogabiae - mother goddesses Matronae Senonae - mother goddesses Matronae Suleviae - mother goddesses Matronae Udravarinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Vacallinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Vallabneihae - mother goddesses Matronae Vediantiae - mother goddesses Mattiaca - patron goddess of the sacred waters Maximia - fountain goddess Meduna - goddess of mead Melior - a Brythonic goddess of fortune , later conflated with Fortuna Melior - a sister of Melusine Melusine - a Brythonic snake goddess Menmandutae - mother goddesses Mm - goddess of the thought Mogontia - a goddess of youth Momu - Scottish goddess of land Morgay - a Brythonic harvest goddess Nantosuelta - goddess of nature , the earth , fire , and fertility in Gaul Nantosuetta - a fertility goddess Naria - a Gallic goddess , possibly of luck and blessings Nassania - a river goddess Natae - goddesses whose roles are unknown Nemausicae - mother goddesses Nemetiales ( Nemetialis ) - mother goddesses Nemetona - a goddess of sacred groves Nicevenn - a Scottish crone witch goddess Niskai - water sprites Noreia - goddess of childbirth Nostiluca - a goddess of magic Nousantia - a Gallic goddess , her name means `` she is the new ( secret ) opinion '' Nutrix - a mother goddess of renewal and rebirth Oanuava ( Obelenses Matres ) - a Gallic earth goddess Obelenses Matres ( Olatonae , Onuava ) - a triad of mother goddesses Octocannabus ( Octocannae , Octocannis ) - mother goddesses Ollogabiae - mother goddesses Ollototis - mother goddesses Olwyn - a fertility goddess Oulatias ( Ulatias ) - a Gallic sovereignty goddess Palatina - a mother goddess Palatina - a sister of Melusine Palu - mother goddess Perta ( Proxumae ) - goddess of the sacred forest Proxumae - guardian goddesses Quadriviae ( Quadrivae , Quadruviae ) - goddesses of the crossroads Ratis - a Brythonic goddess of fortresses Regina - a Brythonic goddess of queens or a queen goddess Ricagambeda - war goddess Rigani - a little known Brythonic queen goddess who was offered a wild boar Ritona ( Pritona ) - goddess of fords Rocloisiabo - mother goddesses Ronea - a Gallic goddess , possibly of horses Rosmerta - goddess of fertility and abundance Rotona - a goddess of nature Rumanehae ( Rumanehis ) - mother goddesses Saba - mother and fertility goddess Sabrina ( Habrena , Hafren , Sabrann ) - goddess of the River Severn Sadv - an ancient deer goddess Saitada - a Brythonic goddess of the throng Samara - Gallic river goddess Segeta - goddess of thermal springs Segomana - a mother goddess of victory Seixomniai Leuciticai - a Celtic goddess , equated with Diana Senua ( Senuna ) - a Brythonic older spring goddess Sequana - goddess of the River Seine Setlocenia - a Brythonic goddess of long life Silgina - goddess of springs Sirona - goddess of healing and fertility Soio - a river goddess who gave her name to Soynos , now in France Soucana - patron goddess of the river Sâone Stanna - goddess whose name means `` the permanent goddess '' Stine Bheag O'Tarbat - a mother goddess Sueta - a goddess of hot springs Sul - goddess of the hot springs in Bath Suleviae - a triune version of Sulis Sulis - a solar nourishing , life - giving goddess and an agent of curses Tamara - a Brythonic goddess , patron of the river Tamar Tamesis - goddess of the River Thames Taranis - a death goddess , not to be confused with the god Taranis Tawa - a river goddess Temusio - goddess of thermal baths Thucoliss - a little known Gallic goddess worshipped by priestesses Triana - a goddess of healing , knowledge , and nature Tribans ( Tricoria ) - patron goddess of the Tricorii tribe Triduana - a beautiful Scottish goddess of Edinburgh Tritta ( Trittia ) - patron goddess of Trets , now in France Ura ( Urae fontis ) - goddess of springs Urnia ( Ussia ) - warrior goddess Uroica - goddess of heather Ursula of the Silver Host - a swan maiden Vatviae - mother goddesses Veica Noriceia - a war goddess Vennolandua - mother of Sabrina Verauduna - a goddess of the Underworld Verbeia - goddess of the River Wharfe Vercana ( Veica , Visucia ) - a Gallic muse goddess Vesunna - a goddess who gave her name to the town Vesona , now in France Vibes - a goddess attested in Noricum Viradecdis ( Viradecthis , Viratethis , Virodacti , Viroththis ) - a goddess , protector of boatmen Visucia - consort of Visucius Wachilt - a goddess of the sea Warna - a Brythonic goddess of healing charms and shipwrecks White Lady , The - dryad goddess of death and destruction Xulsigiae - triad of fertility goddesses Yonne - a river goddess Welsh deities / characters ( edit ) The Welsh are the Britons that inhabit modern - day Wales ( Welsh : Cymru ) . After the Anglo - Saxons invaded Britain , many Brythonic territories came under Anglo - Saxon influence ; in Wales , however , Brythonic Celtic religion was largely retained . Many Welsh myths were later Christianized so it is sometimes difficult to determine if their characters were originally gods , mortals , or historical figures . Male ( edit ) hide Addanc Afallach - descendant of Beli Mawr and father of Mabon ap Modron Afarwy - a god mentioned in the Welsh Triads as the son of Llud Amaethon - god of agriculture Arawn ( Arawen ) - king of the otherworld realm of Annwn Avalloc Beli Mawr - ancestor deity Bladud Bendigeidfran ( Brân the Blessed ) - giant and king of Britain Brenin Llwyd ( Brenin Nudd ) Caradawc of Archenfield Cilydd Coll mab Collfrewy - god of the hazel Crëyr - funerary god Culhwch Custenhin Cythrawl - a destructive god Daronwy ( Darona ) Ddraig Goch ( Dewi , Dewu ) Demetos ( Dyfed ) Dewi - a dragon god Diwrnach Wyddel ( Dyrnwch Gawr ) - warrior god Dwyfan Dylan Ail Don Efnysien Elestron Eunydd Euroswydd Gilfaethwy Gofannon ( Govannon ) - a smith god Gronw Pebyr - god of darkness Gwawl Ap Clud Gwern Gwethyr Gwnar Gwydion - warrior god Gwyddno Garanhir Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythur ap Gwreidwyl - a solar god Hafgan Hevydd Hen Hu Gadarn Iarll - y - Niwl ( Niwl , Yniwl Iarll ) Llasar Llaesgyfnewid Lleu Llaw Gyffes Lliaws ( Naf , Naw ) Lludd Llaw Eraint Llŷr Mabon Mallolwch ( Matholwch ) Manawydan Manogan ( Minnocanus , Mynogan ) Mongan ( Myngan ) Math ap Mathonwy Mathonwy Myrddin Wyllt - god of the forest Nisien ( Nissien , Nissyen ) Nudons - a sea god Nyniaw ( Nynnio , Nynio , Nynyaw , Nynnyaw ) Nwyrve Ogyruan - god of the bards Pryderi Pwyll Taliesin Urien Ysbaddaden Female ( edit ) hide Aerfen ( Aerten , Aeronwen ) - a goddess of fate Agrona - a goddess of war and slaughter Anna - mother of Beli Mawr Arianrhod - Goddess of the moon and stars Blodeuwedd - goddess of spring Branwen - goddess of love and beauty Bronwen - ancestral goddess who gave her name to Cadair Bronwen , a mountain peak Brenhines - y - Nef - a sky goddess Ceridwen - a goddess of rebirth and transformation Carldwen ( Caridwen ) - a goddess of grain and protector of poets Cigfa - wife of Pryderi Clug - mother of Gwawl Ap Clud Condwiramur - guardian of feminine power Creiddylad - goddess of flowers and love Creirwy - one of the three most beautiful maids in Britain , daughter of Ceridwen Cyhiraeth - goddess of streams Cymidei Cymeinfoll - a giantess war goddess Dôn Don verch Mathonwy - wife of Beli Mawr Dwyfach Dwywai Dyrreith ( Direit ) - a goddess who takes the form of a hare to carry the hero to battle in Talisman of Cunobeline Efyrnwy - goddess of the river Fyrnwy Elaine Elen Goewin Goleuddydd Gwen Gwenhwyfar - triad of mother goddesses Gwenn Teir Bronn Habondia Le Fay Mabb Margawse Modron , Welsh derivation of Dea Matrona , possible prototype for Morgan le Fay Morfudd ferch Urien Nimue Olwen Penarddun Rhiannon - a goddess of horses , the moon , fertility , rebirth , knowledge Rigatona - an ancient goddess whose name means `` Great Queen '' Vaga - patron goddess of the river Vaga Gaelic deities ( edit ) Main article : Tuatha Dé Danann Note : Modern spellings are shown in brackets . Male ( edit ) hide Abarta ( Ábartach ) Abcán Abean ( Abhean ) Abgatiacus Abortach - the god of music Accasbel Adammair Aed ( Aodh ) Aengus a.k.a. Óengus ( Aonghus ) Aesar - Consort of Eire Aesun Aidne - fire god Ailill Angubae Aillen Alastir Allaoi Alldui Allod - brother of Ogma Amergin - a divine judge Anind - god of immortality Anpao Aí ( Aoi ) Ard - Greimme Baile Balor Bec - Felmas Bel - fire and sun god Bethach Bith - father of Cessair Bodb Dearg ( Bodhbh Dearg ) Boibhniu Breasal Bres ( Breas ) Brian Bron Bryan Buarainech Builg - a god of the Fir Bholgs Caicher - brother of Nechtan Caither - brother of Tagd Catt - brother of Emer ní Forgail Cebhain ( Keevan ) Cenn Cruaich Cermait - god of literature Cethen Cian Cichol a.k.a. Cíocal Conand ( Conann ) Cond - brother of Emer ní Forgail Corb Credne ( Creidhne ) Cridenbel - a satirist Crom Cruach ( Crom Dubh ) Cu Cucharn - brother of Tagd Cumal Curoi mac Daire - sun god Da Derga Dagda a.k.a. Dag Dia ( Daghdha ) Dáire Delbáeth ( Dealbhaeth ) Delga - Fomorian chief Dian Cecht Diarmuid Donn Dót - father of Balor Dui Temen Easal - god of abundance Easar Breac Echtach MacEtarlam Ecne - god of wisdom Egobail Elatha ( Ealadha ) Elcmar ( Ealcmhar ) Eochu Garb Esar Brec Eterlam MacNuada Eterlam MacOrdam Ethal Anbuail - father of Caer Figol - a druid of the Tuatha Dé Danann Finvarra Fiachna mac Delbaeth - father of Ériu Flesc - brother of Nechtan Gaible Gavida Goibniu ( Goibhniu ) Goll Guaire Iarbonel Ibur - brother of Emer ní Forgail Indech Indui Iubdan of the Faylinn Iuchar Iucharba Juchor Juchorba Labraid Lám - brother of Nechtan Lén Lir Llyr Luam - brother of Nechtan Luchtaine a.k.a. Luchta - a carpenter god Lud Lug a.k.a. Lugh ( Lú ) Mac Cuill Mac Cecht Mac Gréine Mac Da Tho - god of the underworld Maeltne - a druidic advisor of the Tuatha Dé Danann Magmor - father of Tailtiu Manannán mac Lir Mean Miach Midir ( Midhir ) Mug Ruith ( Mog Ruith ) - sun god Nechtan - god of wisdom Neit ( Net ) , Irish god of war , husband of Nemain and / or Badb Nemglan - bird god Nemon Nuada ( Nuadha ) Nuadu - god of healing Nuagatt - a member of the Tuatha Dé Danann who fought in the battle of Muighe Tuirreadh Ochttriuil - brother of Miach Ogma ( Oghma ) Ruadan - a son of Brigit Sawan - a son of Danu Seibur - brother of Emer ní Forgail Seonaidh Shoney Slaine Somhlth Tagd - a druid Tat MacTabarn Tavarn MacEnna Tethra - sea god Tuan MacCarell Tuirenn ( Tuireann ) Ugnach Female ( edit ) hide Achall - earth goddess Achtland Adair - daughter of Dagda Aebh - goddess of mist Áed Abrat Aeval ( Aebhel ) Aibell ( Aoibheall ) Aibheaog Aimend Aífe Aima - mother and sky goddess Áine - sun , healing , and garden goddess Airmed a.k.a. Airmid - goddess of healing Almha Ana - goddess of the earth and fertility Anand a.k.a. Anann a.k.a. Anu Argoen - a daughter of Flidais Badb ( Badhbh ) - war goddess who takes the form of a raven flying over battlefields Ban - Chuideachaidh Moire - goddess of childbirth Ban Naomha Banba ( Banbha ) - sister of Ériu Bec ( Beag ) - a goddess associated with a magical well Bebhion - goddess of the Underworld Bébinn a.k.a. Béfind ( Bébhinn , Bébhionn , Béfhionn , or Bé Find ) - goddess of birth , sister of Boann Bé Chuille Be Theite - a daughter of Flidais Bechoil - an early version of Danu Becuma Befind Beira Biddy Mannion Biróg Birren - mother of Cessair Blai Blathnat Bo Dhu Bo Find Bo Ruadh Boand a.k.a. Boann ( Bóinn ) Bodb - war goddess Bodhmall Breg Bréifne - possibly a goddess Bridghiendto Bríg - goddess of poetry , smithcraft , and healing Brigit ( Brighid or Bríd ) - She also has two sisters with the same name , forming a triad of goddesses Brigitte Bodhmall the Druidess - sister of Muirne Bronach Búanann ( Buanu ) - soldier goddess Caer Caillech ( Cailleach ) Caíntigern Caireen Cairpre Caitlín - mother of Ethlinn Cally Berry Canola Caolainn Carman Carravogue Cathleen Ni Houlihan - sovereignty goddess Ceacht Cebhfhionn Cessair ( Ceasair ) Cethlenn ( Cethleann ) Chlaus Haistic Cleena - a fairy who seduced young men Clídna ( Clíodhna or Clíona ) Clothru Corchen Credhe Creide Crob Derg ( Crobh Dearg ) Crochan Danand Danann Danu ( Dana ) Danus Dechtere ( Dechtire ) Deirdre Dianann - a weaver of magic Dígde - goddess of Kerry Dil - goddess of cattle Domnu Donann ingen Delbaeth Dreco Duan Luteh Dubh Lacha - goddess of the sea Dwumwem ( Dwyn ) - goddess of love Eadon - goddess of poetry Ebhlinne Ebliu - sister of Lugh Echtghe Echtgne - sister of Tagd Edarlamh Eibhir - sun goddess Éle Emer ní Forgail - Fomorian wife of Cúchulainn , a Celtic hero Eri of the Golden Hair Ériu ( Éire ) - goddess of sovereignty Ernin - mother of Eri , Fodla , and Banba Ernmas - mother of Ériu Ernmas the ban tuathid - mother of Macha Esaire Étaín ( Éadaoin , Edain ) - wife of Midir Etan - patron of craftsmen Etan ní Diancécht - daughter of Dian Cécht Ethlinn Ethnea Ní Bhaloir - mother of Lugh Ethniu ( Eithne ) Fand - a fairy queen Fata Morgana Fè - lady of a bard of the Tuatha Dé Danann Fea Fiall - sister of Emer ní Forgail Finnabair Finncaev Finnguala ( Fionnghuala or Fionnuala ) Flaitheas Fland - a lake goddess Flidais Fuamnach - witch goddess Fódla ( Fódhla ) - a sister of Ériu and Banba , together they are synonymous with Ireland Garbh Ogh - giantess and goddess of the hunt Glas Ghaibhleann Grain - fairy goddess Grainne - ancestral goddess Grian - sun goddess Inghean Bhuidhe - goddess of summer Irnan - a goddess of magic Kele - De ( De Ceile ) Lassair Latiaran Lí Ban - ( Líban ) Liban - goddess of health and earthly pleasure Logia - river goddess of Lagan Lot Luaths Lurgann Macha Magh Mor Mal Medb ( Meadhbh or Méabh ) Medb Lethderg ( Meadhbh or Méabh Leathdhearg ) Meg the Healer Men - lady of a bard of the Tuatha Dé Danann Mess Buachalla Mongán mac Fiachna Mongfind ( Mongfhionn ) Morrígan ( Morríghan ) Morrigu Mór Muman ( Mór Mumhan , Mugain ) - a territorial goddess who gave birth to a trout Muireartach Muirenn Muncháem ( Muirne , Murna of the White Neck ) - mother of Fionn mac Cumhaill Munanna - crane goddess Murigen Naas Nair Nemain ( Nemhain ) Nemon - a venomous goddess Niam ( Niamh ) Nic Naomhín Plor na mBan Re ( Ri ) - moon goddess Sadhbh - Mother of Oisín Scathach Scenmend Sheela na Gig Sin Sionna ( Shannon ) Smirgat - A goddess and wife of Fionn Mac Cumhaill Tailtiu ( Taillte ) Telta - earth goddess Tephi Tlachtga Tuiren - sister of Muirne Turrean Uairebhuidhe Uathach Uirne - sister of Muirenn Vera - a fairy goddess Celtiberian and lusitanian deities ( edit ) The Celtiberians were the ancient peoples who inhabited modern - day Portugal and Spain . Some believe the Lusitani and Vettones were culturally Celtic . Nevertheless , they were at least Celtic - influenced . Male ( edit ) hide Aeius Aernus Aernvs ( Deo Aerno ) Aetio Aetiobrigo Andovelicus Araco Arentius Ares Lusitani Bandua Bormanicus ( Bormo , Borvo ) Brialeacui Brigo ( Brigus ) Broccus ( Brocchus ) Caerno Caesariciaecos Candamius Cariocecus Carneo Cohue Coronus Cosunenaecus Cosus ( Cossue , Coso ) Crouga Deo Domino Endovellico Deo Durbedico Deo Nemedeco Deo Paramaeco Deo Turiaco ( Turaeo ) Dercetius Duberdicus Durvēdicos Durius ( Durio ) Eaecus Endovelicus ( Endouellicus ) Enobolico ( Indibilis ) Erriapus Erudinus Etobrico Harācos - agricultural and prosperity god Isibraiegui Issibaeo Kuanikio ( Quangeio , Quangeius ) Lansbricae Longobricu Lucoubus ( Lucubus ) Lugus Lurunis ( Luruni , Luru ) Malunbrico ( Malunrico ) Mārātis Boros Mermandiceo Moricilos - a god of winds , sky , and battle Neto Neton - a war god Nimedos - a military protection god Picio Reo ( Reve ) Reue Roudaeco Runesocesius ( Runesus ) Saisabro Salama Senaecos - a primordial god Sucellus Tabaliaenus Tabudico Tameobrigo Tarbucelis - war god Tillenus Togotis - a god of community protection , war , and oaths Tongoenabiagus Tullonius ( Tullinus ) Turiacus Vaelicos - a god of wolves and wild animals Vaseco Veigebreaego Verubrico ( Virubrico ) Vordus ( Vordo , Vordius ) Vorteaeceo Visucius Female ( edit ) hide Arentia ( Arengia ) Ariconā - goddess of tribal protection and dogs Asidiae Ataegina ( Ataecina ) Banda ( Bandis ) - goddess of the entrance to the Otherworld , water protection Bandoga ( Bandonga ) Besenclā ( Besenclae ) - a community and house protector Broeneiae Coruae Corvā - war and defense goddess Cosuneae Crougeae ( Corougiae ) Deae sanctae ( Burrulobrigensi ) Deiba Dēvā Dēvās Nemucelaecās - celestial goddesses Endovellius - water deity Epane ( Epona , Iccona ) Erbina - a goddess of wild animals , hunting , and domestic security Ermae Flauiae Conimbriga ( Flauiae Conimbrigae ) Frovida Icconā - healing and medicine goddess Ilurbeda Lacipaea ( Lacibiā , Lacibea ) Lahara Lahus Paraliomegus Laneana ( Laneanis ) - a goddess of springs and floods Lidā - land and fertility goddess Limia - goddess of the Lima river Losa Luna Augusta Matres Termegiste - a triad of mother goddesses Mirobleo Munidis Nabia ( Navia ) - versatile goddess Nymphis Ocaeris Ocrimirae Rea Reva ( Reua ) - personification of water flows Sūliās - goddesses associated with medicine and springs Thucolis Toga Trebaruna Trebopala Turculā - a boar goddess Tutelae Visucia Germanian and pannonian Celtic deities ( edit ) Germania was a geographical region covering north - central Europe . Pannonia was a region in central Europe . Male ( edit ) hide Agaunus Arubianus Latobius Magusanus ( Magusenus , Makinosanos ) Mogonino ( Mogons , Mogounus , Moguns ) Nam Rhenus Sedatus - a guardian god Sunucsalis ( Sunuxalis , Sunuxsalis , Sunxalis ) Teutanus ( Toutenus ) Toutiorix Vindoridius Female ( edit ) hide Apadeva - a water goddess Cissonia - a goddess of trade Danuvia - river goddess Matres Mopates - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Treverae - a triad of mother goddesses Nehalennia - a goddess of seafarers and abundance Salacea - water goddess Sandravdiga Sarana - a healer goddess Uncia Vataranehae ( Veterahenae ) - mother goddesses Vesuniahenia - mother goddess Vesunna Illyrian and moesian Celtic deities ( edit ) Illyria is a region in the western part of the Balkan peninsula . Male ( edit ) hide Andinus Boria - a god of the North Wind Jupiter Arubianus Melesocus Savus - patron god of the river Sava Uxellinus Female ( edit ) hide Eia - a healing goddess , later assimilated to Bona Dea Magla - hunting goddess Matres - Nutrices - mother goddesses Orcia - river goddess Sentona Tiana Trita - goddess of health Venus Ansotica Pictish deities ( edit ) The Picts were ancient peoples living in Scotland . Female ( edit ) hide Athfhinn Berva - river goddess Boderia - river goddess Brutaca - river goddess Buadhnat - river goddess Cuachag Deva Dubrona - river goddess Duibhe Éiteag - a sprite Gamhnach Gelidia - river goddess Labara - river goddess Luathnat - river goddess Nectona - river goddess Tava ( Tatha ) - river goddess Galatian deities ( edit ) The Galatians were the ancient peoples who inhabited north - central Anatolia ( modern - day Turkey ) . Male ( edit ) hide Bussumuras ( Bussumarius , Bussurigius ) - a god of thunder Deiotaurus - a bull god Souolibrogenos Tabalenos ( Taballaenus ) - a hunter god Taenos - a lightning god Tarvianos - a sky god Telesphorus Zeus Bousorigios Zeus Tavianos Female ( edit ) hide Diana - A boar riding goddess called a demon by the Romans , not to be confused with the Roman Diana References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Trung . History of Gods . EnCognitive.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CELTIC DEITIES - from Chinaroad Lowchens of Australia '' . www.lowchensaustralia.com . ^ Jump up to : Sunniva , Dewaele . `` Lexicon of the World of the Celtic Gods '' ( PDF ) . sangreal . ^ Jump up to : Aberth , John ( 2013 ) . An environmental history of the Middle Ages : the crucible of nature . London : Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77945 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gods and Goddesses of the Celtic Lands '' . www.scns.com . ^ Jump up to : Murley , Joseph Clyde ( 1922 ) . The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions . The Collegiate Press . p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Deities and Mythic Figures '' . www.terrapsych.com . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Philip . Celtic Mythology : Tales of Gods , Goddesses , and Heroes . Oxford University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 046047 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Deities of Britain , Wales , Gaul , and Scotland ( and surrounding areas ) '' . www.joellessacredgrove.com . ^ Jump up to : Editor , Tabbernee , William . Early Christianity in Contexts : An Exploration across Cultures and Continents . Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 4571 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Murley , Joseph Clyde ( 1922 ) . The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions . The Collegiate Press . p. v . ^ Jump up to : Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Susan . `` Pantheon of Gods and Goddesses '' . ^ Jump up to : Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ CIL XIII , 06572 , CIL XIII , 04507 , CIL XIII , 06455 Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Lugus -- Polytheist.com '' . Polytheist.com. 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : MacCulloch , J.A. The Religion of the Ancient Celts . Library of Alexandria . ^ Jump up to : `` Goddesses in Celtic Religion : The Matres and Matronae '' . 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Whatmough , Joshua . The Foundations of Roman Italy . Haskell House Publishers LTD . p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Philip ( 2017 ) . Celtic Mythology : Tales of Gods , Goddesses , and Heroes . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 046047 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Gods '' . onespiritx.tripod.com . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancestral Mothers and Goddess Collectives in German Iron Age Votive Altars and Inscriptions dedicated to the `` Matrones '' . Freyia Völundarhúsins `` . freya.theladyofthelabyrinth.com ( in Norwegian Bokmål ) . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Séguin , Xavier ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` The Gaulish Gods - Eden Saga - english '' . Eden Saga - english . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 280 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Murley , Joseph Clyde ( 1922 ) . The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions . The Collegiate Press . p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Took , Thalia . `` Obscure Gaulish Goddesses '' . www.thaliatook.com . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 198 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Chalquist , Craig . `` Celtic Deities ~ Chalquist.com '' . Chalquist.com . Jump up ^ Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . Jump up ^ MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 635 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2012 ) . Celtic myth and religion : a study of traditional belief , with newly translated prayers , poems and songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6476 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` CELTIC GODS AND GODDESSES '' . www.angelfire.com . Jump up ^ `` Brythonic Deities / Celtic Earth Spirit / A Resource For All Who Follow The Old Ways '' . Celtic Earth Spirit. 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Massey , Gerald . A Book of the Beginnings . Cosimo , Inc. p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60206 - 829 - 2 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 338 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 60 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : O'Conner , Dermod . Keating 's General History of Ireland . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` the story of the Tuatha de Danann '' . www.shee-eire.com . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 91 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Green , Miranda Jane ( 1993 ) . Celtic myths ( 1 . Univ. of Texas Press ed. ed . ) . Austin : Univ. of Texas Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 72754 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 155 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 165 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : O'Conner , Dermod . Keating 's General History of Ireland . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 340 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 151 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lurker , Manfred ( 2004 ) . The Routledge dictionary of gods , goddesses , devils and demons ( 2nd ed ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34018 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2012 ) . Celtic myth and religion : a study of traditional belief , with newly translated prayers , poems and songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6476 - 0 . Jump up ^ MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mathews , P.J. `` Literature and 1916 Century Ireland '' . www.rte.ie . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 130 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . p. 141 . ^ Jump up to : Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Muirenn Muncháem '' . Oxford Reference . doi : 10.1093 / oi / authority. 20110803100214774 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cernunnos '' . draeconin.com . ^ Jump up to : Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 610 . ^ Jump up to : Arenas - Esteban , ed. , J. Alberto ( 2010 ) . Celtic religion across space and time : fontes epigraphici religionvm celticarvm antiqvarvm : IX Workshop F.E.R.C. AN . Toledo : Junta de Comunidades de Castilla - La Mancha . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7788 - 589 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 638 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Deryk . `` Celtiberian Mythological Characters Flashcards Quizlet '' . Quizlet . ^ Jump up to : Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 609 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 612 . ^ Jump up to : Arenas - Esteban , ed. , J. Alberto ( 2010 ) . Celtic religion across space and time : fontes epigraphici religionvm celticarvm antiqvarvm : IX Workshop F.E.R.C. AN . Toledo : Junta de Comunidades de Castilla - La Mancha . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7788 - 589 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dorcey , Peter F. ( 1992 ) . The cult of Silvanus : a study in Roman folk religion . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 59 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09601 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 636 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 626 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 627 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 607 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 632 . ^ Jump up to : Arenas - Esteban , ed. , J. Alberto ( 2010 ) . Celtic religion across space and time : fontes epigraphici religionvm celticarvm antiqvarvm : IX Workshop F.E.R.C. AN . Toledo : Junta de Comunidades de Castilla - La Mancha . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7788 - 589 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 631 . Jump up ^ NicMhacha , Sharynne MacLeod ( 2005 ) . Queen of the Night : rediscovering the Celtic moon goddess . Boston , MA : Weiser Books . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 284 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 614 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 611 . Jump up ^ Rankin , David ( 1998 ) . Celts and the classical world ( Reprint . ed . ) . london : Routledge . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15090 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` e-Keltoi : Volume 6 , Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula , by Francisco Marco Simón '' . www4.uwm.edu . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2014 ) . The divine feminine in ancient Europe : goddesses , sacred women , and the origins of western culture . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7138 - 6 . Jump up ^ August Dimitz , History of Carniola , vol . I , p. 15 Jump up ^ Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ JURKIĆ , Vesna GIRARDI . `` Paths of Ancient Gods in Roman Istria '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Gods in Scotland Tairis '' . www.tairis.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : editor , John T. Koch , ( 2006 ) . Celtic culture a historical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p. 849 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mcllmoyle , Diane ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` The genius cucullatus , or the Original Hoodie '' . Esmeralda 's Cumbrian History & Folklore . Jump up ^ Roymans , editors , Ton Derks & Nico ( 2009 ) . Ethnic constructs in antiquity : the role of power and tradition . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 8964 - 078 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . Works cited ( edit ) Editor , Koch , John T. ( 2006 ) . Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 . `` Celtic Deities and Mythic Figures '' . http://www.terrapsych.com/gods.html August Dimitz , History of Carniola , vol . I CIL XIII `` Celtic Deities of Britain , Wales , Gaul , and Scotland ( and surrounding areas ) '' . http://www.joellessacredgrove.com/Celtic/deities.html Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 649 . `` The Gods and Goddesses of the Celtic Lands '' . http://www.scns.com/earthen/other/seanachaidh/godcelt.html Nguyen , Trung . History of Gods . EnCognitive.com . `` CELTIC DEITIES - from Chinaroad Lowchens of Australia '' . http://www.lowchensaustralia.com/names/celticdeities.htm `` CELTIC GODS AND GODDESSES '' . http://www.angelfire.com/wizard/celticdeities/ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Frank , Deryk . `` Celtiberian Mythological Characters Flashcards Quizlet '' . https://quizlet.com/66719896/celtiberian-mythological-characters-flash-cards/ Sunniva , Dewaele . `` Lexicon of the World of the Celtic Gods '' ( PDF ) . http://www.sangreal.be/Downloads/Celtic_Gods.pdf . Took , Thalia . `` Obscure Gaulish Goddesses '' . http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/gaulish.php . Séguin , Xavier ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` The Gaulish Gods - Eden Saga - english '' . http://eden-saga.com/en/the-gaulish-gods-teutates-belenos-lugh-ram-cernunnos-belisama-rhiannon-brigida.html . Chalquist , Craig . `` Celtic Deities ~ Chalquist.com '' . http://www.chalquist.com/writings/celticmyth/ . Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches : Studies in the History and Distribution of the Ancient Goidelic Language and Peoples . Oxford University Press . Griffin , Susan . `` Pantheon of Gods and Goddesses '' . http://northernway.org/pantheons.html . Lurker , Manfred ( 2004 ) . The Routledge dictionary of gods , goddesses , devils and demons ( 2nd ed ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34018 - 7 . MacCulloch , J.A. The Religion of the Ancient Celts . Library of Alexandria . `` Brythonic Deities / Celtic Earth Spirit / A Resource For All Who Follow The Old Ways '' . https://celticearthspirit.co.uk/brythonic-deities/. 20 July 2017 . `` Celtic Gods '' . http://onespiritx.tripod.com/gods01.htm . `` Ancestral Mothers and Goddess Collectives in German Iron Age Votive Altars and Inscriptions dedicated to the `` Matrones '' . Freyia Völundarhúsins `` . http://freya.theladyofthelabyrinth.com/?page_id=567 . Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . Rankin , David ( 1998 ) . Celts and the classical world ( Reprint . ed . ) . london : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15090 - 6 . NicMhacha , Sharynne MacLeod ( 2005 ) . Queen of the Night : rediscovering the Celtic moon goddess . Boston , MA : Weiser Books . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 284 - 6 . MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2012 ) . Celtic myth and religion : a study of traditional belief , with newly translated prayers , poems and songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6476 - 0 . `` Gods in Scotland Tairis '' . http://www.tairis.co.uk/an-tri-naomh/gods-in-scotland/ . `` Greek & Roman Mythology - Tools '' . http://www.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tools/dictionary.php?regexp=RHEA&method=standard . Roymans , editors , Ton Derks & Nico ( 2009 ) . Ethnic constructs in antiquity : the role of power and tradition . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 8964 - 078 - 9 . Mcllmoyle , Diane ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` The genius cucullatus , or the Original Hoodie '' . https://esmeraldamac.wordpress.com/2013/01/29/the-genius-cucullati-or-the-original-hoodie/ . JURKIĆ , Vesna GIRARDI . `` Paths of Ancient Gods in Roman Istria '' . Mathews , P.J. `` Literature and 1916 Century Ireland '' . http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/literature-and-1916 . `` Cernunnos '' . http://draeconin.com/database/cernunnos.htm . MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2014 ) . The divine feminine in ancient Europe : goddesses , sacred women , and the origins of western culture . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7138 - 6 . `` e-Keltoi : Volume 6 , Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula , by Francisco Marco Simón '' . https://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_6/marco_simon_6_6.html . `` Goddesses in Celtic Religion : The Matres and Matronae '' . 11 February 2017 . http://brewminate.com/goddesses-in-celtic-religion-the-matres-and-matronae/ . Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . Dorcey , Peter F. ( 1992 ) . The cult of Silvanus : a study in Roman folk religion . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09601 - 9 . `` Lugus -- Polytheist.com '' . http://polytheist.com/segomaros/2015/07/13/lugus/. 13 July 2015 . Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Massey , Gerald . A Book of the Beginnings . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60206 - 829 - 2 . O'Conner , Dermod . Keating 's General History of Ireland . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . `` the story of the Tuatha de Danann '' . www.shee-eire.com . Green , Miranda Jane ( 1993 ) . Celtic myths ( 1 . Univ. of Texas Press ed. ed . ) . Austin : Univ. of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 72754 - 2 . Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . Whatmough , Joshua . The Foundations of Roman Italy . Haskell House Publishers LTD . Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . `` Muirenn Muncháem '' . Oxford Reference . http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100214774 . Topics in Celtic mythology Creation Beira Cailleach Ancient Gaulish and Brythonic deities Abandinus Abellio Abnoba Adsullata Agrona Alaunus Alisanos Ambisagrus Ancamna Ancasta Andarta Andraste Anextiomarus Arduinna Arnemetia Artio Arvernus Aufaniae Aveta Belatu - Cadros Belenus Belisama Bergusia Bormana Borvo Bricta Brigantia Britannia Buxenus Camma Camulus Cathubodua Cernunnos Cissonius Clota Cocidius Condatis Contrebis Coventina Damona Dea Latis Dea Matrona Dis Pater Divona Dusios Epona Erecura Esus Fagus Grannus Hooded Spirits Herecura Icaunus Icovellauna Inciona Litavis Loucetios Lugus Luxovius Maponos Matres Nantosuelta Naria Nemetona Nemausus Nicevenn Nodens Ogmios Ricagambeda Ritona Robor Rosmerta Rudianos Segomo Senua Sequana Sirona Smertrios Sucellus Suleviae Sulis Tamesis Taranis Toutatis Verbeia Visucia Vosegus Irish mythological characters Abartach Abhean Aengus Alastir Ai Aibell Aimend Áine Airmed Anu Badb Balor Banba Beag Bébinn Bé Chuille Birog Boann Bodb Derg Brea Breg Bres Brigid Bronach Buarainech Caer Canola Carman Cenn Cruaich Cessair Cethlenn Cian Cliodhna Corb Creidhne Crom Cruach Cú Roí mac Daire The Dagda Danu Donn Dian Cecht Elatha Étaín Ethniu Ethne Ériu Fand Fionnuala Fódla Goibniu Lir Luchtaine Lugh Macha Manannán mac Lir Miach Midir Mog Ruith Morrígan Neit Nemain Niamh Nuada Ogma Plor na mBan Sheela na gig Tailtiu Tethra Irish rulers and warriors Caílte Conall Cernach Conchobar Conán mac Morna Conn of the Hundred Battles Cormac mac Airt Cúchulainn Cumhal Deichtine Deirdre Diarmuid Emer Ferdiad Fergus mac Róich Fionn mac Cumhaill Lugaid Medb Oisín Oscar Scottish mythological creatures Beasts Gigelorum Loch Ness Monster Monster of Glamis Wulver Birds Boobrie Fairies / Spirits Bean nighe Bodach Brownie Caoineag Cat sìth Changeling Cù Sìth Dunnie Each - uisge Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Nuckelavee Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Wirry - cow Fish Ceasg Gnomes Peck Goblins Bauchan Scottish rulers and warriors Aífe Connla Scáthach Uathach Welsh mythological characters Amaethon Arawn Arianrhod King Arthur Afallach Beli Mawr Blodeuwedd Bran the Blessed Branwen Caswallawn Ceridwen Cigfa Creiddylad Culhwch Cyhyraeth Dewi Dôn Dwyn Dylan Ail Don Efnysien Elen Euroswydd Gofannon Gwydion Gwyn ap Nudd Hafgan Lleu Llaw Gyffes Llŷr Lludd Mabon Manawydan Math fab Mathonwy Modron Nisien Ogyruan Olwen Penarddun Pryderi Pwyll Rhiannon Taliesin Locations Annwn Mag Mell Sídhe Tír na nÓg Drom Asail Weapons Caledfwlch Dyrnwyn Claíomh Solais Fragarach Gáe Bulg Spear Lúin , show Festivals Samhain / Calan Gaeaf Imbolc / Gŵyl Fair Beltane / Calan Mai Lughnasadh / Calan Awst Celts Ancient Celts Celtic studies Peoples Names Gaels Britons Picts Gauls Iberian Celts Galatians Places Gaelic Ireland Dálriata / Alba Iron Age Britain / Roman Britain / Sub-Roman Britain Dumnonia Iron Age Gaul / Roman Gaul / Brittany Gallaecia Britonia Brigantia ( ancient region ) Cisalpine Gaul Balkans Transylvania Galatia Religion Polytheism Christianity Animism Mythology Irish Scottish Welsh British Breton Cornish Society Calendar Law Warfare ( Gaelic warfare ) Coinage Art Insular Pictish Brooches Carnyx High cross Interlace Knotwork Mazes Triple spiral Taranis Modern Celts Celtic Revival Modern Celtic nations Pan-Celticism ( Celtic Congress Celtic League ) Music ( Rock ) Neopaganism Reconstructionist Celtic Wicca Neo-Druidism Languages Italo - Celtic Proto - Celtic Insular Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Continental Celtic Celtiberian Gaulish Galatian Gallaecian Lepontic Noric Festivals Samhain / Calan Gaeaf Imbolc / Gŵyl Fair Beltane / Calan Mai Lughnasadh / Calan Awst Lists Celts Tribes Deities English words of Celtic origin Spanish words of Celtic origin Galician words of Celtic origin French words of Gaulish origin Celts portal Category WikiProject Lists of mythological figures By geography Afghan African Arabian Armenian Australian Aboriginal Aztec Balkan Buddhist Canaanite Celtic Chinese Egyptian Estonian Etruscan Georgian Germanic Greek Guanche Haudenosaunee Hawaiian Hebridean Hindu Hittite Indonesian Inuit Irish Japanese Komi Korean Lakota Lithuanian Māori Mā'ohi Maya Mesopotamian Micronesian Mycenaean Native American Ossetian Persian Philippine Roman Sami Samoan Slavic Turkic Tuvaluan Vainakh Yoruba By association Agriculture Art Chaos Death Fate and time Fertility Fire Health Hunting King of the Gods Knowledge Light Love or lust Moon Nations Nature Night Rain Sky Smithing Sun Thresholds Thunder Tree Trickery Vegetation War Water Weather Wind Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Celtic_deities&oldid=843970196 '' Categories : Celtic deities Lists of deities Aos Sí Celtic legendary creatures European legendary creatures Fantasy creatures Irish legendary creatures Irish mythology Tuatha Dé Danann Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text CS1 Norwegian Bokmål - language sources ( nb ) Articles containing Welsh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Alemannisch Български Boarisch Cymraeg Deutsch Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Română 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 18 : 03 . 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how many celtic gods and goddesses are there
[ "The Celtic pantheon is known from a variety of sources such as written Celtic mythology, ancient places of worship, statues, engravings, religious objects, and place or personal names. The Celtic pantheon has over 1,200 named deities; a comprehensive list is difficult to assemble." ]
[ "over 1,200" ]
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Worst Cooks in America
Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Worst Cooks in America Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 , 14 - present ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 - 13 ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America External links Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 14.2 Contestant progress 15 Season 14 : 2018 15.1 Recruits 15.2 Contestant progress 16 Judging records 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM 4 WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM 4 WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM 4 WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM 4 IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM 4 IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM 4 OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM 4 ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : Celebrity Edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor , Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN BTM WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT 5 Lacey * IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 7 Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT 8 Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT 9 Spencer * BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT 10 Lily IN WIN IN OUT 11 Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT 12 Skyler IN BTM OUT 13 Priscilla IN OUT 14 Kevin IN OUT 15 Jonathan OUT 16 Kayrene OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . In episode 5 , contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated , Lacey on Chef Anne 's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler 's team . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge . The season premiered on April 15 , 2018 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Icon Winner May 20 Ian Ziering 53 Actor Runner - Up May 20 Catherine Bach 64 The Dukes of Hazzard Star Eliminated May 13 Oscar Nunez 59 The Office Star Maria Bamford 48 Comedienne Eliminated May 6 Nolan Gould 19 Modern Family Star Eliminated April 29 Bronson Pinchot 58 Actor Eliminated April 22 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 La Toya WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Ian WIN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Catherine IN WIN IN BTM OUT Oscar BTM BTM BTM IN OUT 5 Maria IN IN IN OUT 6 Nolan SAVE IN OUT 7 Bronson IN OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenged and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 14 : 2018 ( edit ) Robert Irvine joins Anne Burrell to host season 14 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Copan Combs 30 Stillwater , Oklahoma Academic Recruiter Marcus Ellis 51 Queens , New York Mental health counselor Bradley Garcia 22 Miami , Florida Model Sarah Harris 23 Porum , Oklahoma Janese Henry 30 Spring Lake , North Carolina Linda Martin 60 Somerville , Massachusetts Jessica Paulson 26 EMT Rudy Rehburg 30 Chicago , Illinois Property Preservation Specialist Frank Scuderi 40 Maple Shade , New Jersey Timmy Thok 29 New York , New York Underwear Model Carla Waddell 46 Alexandria , Virginia Human Resources Kimberly Worthy 33 Atlanta , Georgia Writer Maryann Rapisarda 67 Valdosta , Georgia Retired Eliminated August 13 Robbie DeRaffele 30 Hackensack , New Jersey Superman Impersonator Eliminated August 13 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Copan Marcus Bradley Sarah 5 Janese 6 Linda 7 Jessica 8 Rudy 9 Frank 10 Timmy 11 Carla 12 Kimberly 13 Maryann OUT 14 Robbie OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . Judging records ( edit ) Judge Wins Losses Anne Burrell 8 5 Bobby Flay Rachael Ray Tyler Florence Beau MacMillan 0 Robert Irvine 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Social Media Food Failures '' . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America , Season 11 : Meet the Celebrity Recruits '' . Food Com . Jump up ^ `` A Fresh Batch of Cooking - Challenged Celebrities Enter Boot Camp '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_Cooks_in_America&oldid=854729420 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Television series by All3Media Food reality television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won worst cooks in america celebrity edition 2018
[ "\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nOccupation\n\nStatus\n\n\nLa Toya Jackson\n\n61\n\nSinger & Icon\n\nWinner May 20\n\n\nIan Ziering\n\n53\n\nActor\n\nRunner-Up May 20\n\n\nCatherine Bach\n\n64\n\nThe Dukes of Hazzard Star\n\nEliminated May 13\n\n\nOscar Nunez\n\n59\n\nThe Office Star\n\n\nMaria Bamford\n\n48\n\nComedienne\n\nEliminated May 6\n\n\nNolan Gould\n\n19\n\nModern Family Star\n\nEliminated April 29\n\n\nBronson Pinchot\n\n58\n\nActor\n\nEliminated April 22\n\n" ]
[ "La Toya Jackson" ]
5744429180992851559
Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced
Joint entrance examination -- Advanced - Wikipedia Joint entrance examination -- Advanced Jump to : navigation , search Joint Entrance Examination -- Advanced ( JEE - Advanced ) , formerly the Indian Institutes of Technology - Joint Entrance Examination ( IIT - JEE ) is an annual engineering college entrance examination in India . It is conducted by one of the seven zonal IITs ( IIT Roorkee , IIT Kharagpur , IIT Delhi , IIT Kanpur , IIT Bombay , IIT Madras , and IIT Guwhati ) under guidance of the Joint Admission Board ( JAB ) . It is used as the sole admission test by the 23 Indian Institute of Technology ( IITs ) . Other universities like the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISERs ) , and the premier Indian Institute of Science ( IISc ) also use the score obtained in JEE Advanced as the basis for admission . Any student who takes admission to IITs can not appear for the JEE - Advanced exam in the next year , but the same is not the case with IISc , IISER , RGIPT and other institutes as these institutes only use JEE Advanced score for admission . The examination is organised each year by one of the various IITs , on a round robin rotation pattern . It has a very low admission rate ( about 9,369 in 479,651 in 2012 ; which is around 1.95 % ) ( 1 ) The current admission rate in 2017 is around 0.92 % in IITs ( about 11,000 out of 1,200,000 who applied for JEE Main ) . It is recognised as one of the toughest examinations in the world and is one of the most difficult examinations of India to crack . In 2013 the exam , originally called the IIT - JEE , was renamed as JEE ( Advanced ) , along with the AIEEE being renamed JEE ( Main ) . From 2017 , IITs started conducting JEE internationally to give admission to international students . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Organizing Institute 4 Seats 5 Reservation 6 Admission 7 Criticism 8 Changes made in JEE ( Advanced ) 2018 9 Coaching 10 See also 11 References History ( edit ) The first IIT , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , started in 1951 . In the initial few years ( 1951 - 1954 ) students were admitted on the basis of their academic results followed by an Interview in several Centers across the country . From 1955 - 1959 admission was via an all India examination held only for IIT Kharagpur ( other IITs had not started by then ) . Branches were allotted through Interviews / counseling held at Kharagpur . The common IIT - JEE was conducted for the first time in 1960 , when it had four subjects including an English language paper . The examination since evolved considerably from its initial pattern . The IIT - JEE was initially called the Common Entrance Exam ( CEE ) ; its creation coincided with that of the 1961 IIT Act . From 1978 , The English paper was stopped being taken into account for counting the rank . From 1998 , the English exam was completely stopped . In 1990 , the screening paper was introduced . All the students had to qualify the screening paper to be eligible to qualify . In 1995 , the screening paper was taken out . In 1997 , the IIT - JEE was conducted twice after the question paper was leaked in some centers . Between 2000 and 2005 , an additional screening test was used alongside the main examination , intended to reduce pressure on the main examination by allowing only about 20,000 top candidates to sit the paper , out of more than 450,000 applicants . From 2002 , an additional exam called the AIEEE was introduced . All students had to qualify this exam to be eligible to sit for JEE ( Advanced ) ( Then IIT - JEE ) . On 2012 The AIEEE was changed to JEE ( Main ) and IIT - JEE to JEE ( Advanced ) ( obviously incorrect ; AIEEE was never used as screening test for JEE ; This became screening test for JEE ( advanced ) only on restructuring / renaming as JEE ( main ) ) . From June 2005 , The Hindu newspaper led a campaign for reforming the IIT - JEE to reduce the coaching mania and to improve the gender and socio - economic diversity . Two possible solutions were proposed - either a convergence between the screening test and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination ( AIEEE ) , or a two - tier examination whereby ranks from the first tier can be used for the purposes of gaining admission to the NITs and other engineering colleges in the country . In September 2005 , an analysis group of directors of all the IITs announced major reforms to the examination . These were implemented from 2006 onwards ... The revised test consisted of a single objective test , replacing the earlier two - test system . In order to be eligible for the main examination , candidates in the general category had to secure a minimum of 60 % aggregated marks in the qualifying examination of the XIIth standard organized by various educational boards of India , while candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste ( SC ) , Scheduled Tribe ( ST ) and Physically Disabled ( PD ) categories must secure a minimum of 55 % . From 2006 , the screening exam was abolished with the introduction of 8 new IITs . The exam became fully objective ( obviously incorrect statement ; new IITs started in 2008 , screening exam was removed and single stage multiple - choice exam started in 2006 ) . In 2008 , the Director and the Dean of IIT Madras called for revisions to the examination , arguing that the coaching institutes were `` enabling many among the less - than - best students to crack the test and keeping girls from qualifying '' . They expressed concern that the present system did not allow for applicants ' 12 years of schooling to have a bearing on admissions into IITs . In 2008 , the Indian Institutes of Technology , for the first time , went overseas with their entrance examination as they set up a centre for the competitive test in Dubai . The number of candidates appearing in Dubai hovered around 200 to 220 . The two - tier reform suggested in 2005 may become a reality as the Indian government has announced plans for a single entrance exam for all engineering colleges from 2018 , with students aspiring for the IITs having to pass the nationwide common entrance test ( JEE - Main ) with high marks and then take the JEE - Advanced to qualify for the IITs . From 2018 , JEE ( Advanced ) started being conducted online . Eligibility ( edit ) Candidates satisfying all the following criteria are eligible to appear in JEE ( Advanced ) . Should be among the top 2 , 24,000 candidates in JEE ( Main ) . Should be less than 25 years of age . For SC , ST , PwD candidates the age limit is 30 years . Should not have appeared in the JEE ( Advanced ) exam 2 years before or earlier . Should have appeared for the Class XII Board Examination for the first time in the last year of the exam or that year only . Should not have accepted admission in any of the IITs earlier . Organizing Institute ( edit ) This list shows the organizing institute of JEE ( Advanced ) in the recent years . Year Organizing Institute 2006 IIT Kharagpur 2007 IIT Bombay 2008 IIT Roorkee 2009 IIT Guwahati IIT Madras 2011 IIT Kanpur 2012 IIT Delhi 2013 IIT Delhi 2014 IIT Kharagpur 2015 IIT Bombay 2016 IIT Guwhati 2017 IIT Madras 2018 IIT Kanpur 2019 IIT Delhi 2020 Seats ( edit ) The number of students taking the examination increased substantially each year with over 4 , 85,000 sitting IIT - JEE 2011 . This represented an increase of 30,000 students ( 6.5 % ) from 2010 . The number of eligible candidates to sit in the JEE Advanced Exam 2018 is increased from 2.20 lakhs to 2.24 lakhs recently . The availability of seats in recent years is as shown below : Institute Intake ( 2006 ) Intake ( 2007 ) Intake ( 2008 ) Intake ( 2009 ) Intake ( 2010 ) Intake ( 2011 ) Intake ( 2012 ) Intake ( 2013 ) Intake ( 2014 ) Intake ( 2015 ) Intake ( 2016 ) Intake ( 2017 ) IIT Bhilai -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 IIT Bhubaneshwar -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 160 180 180 260 350 IIT Bombay 600 574 648 746 880 880 880 880 880 903 903 929 IIT Delhi 552 553 626 721 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 IIT ( ISM ) Dhanbad 444 658 705 923 1012 1034 1034 1023 962 935 912 912 IIT Dharwad -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 IIT Gandhinagar -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 140 150 150 180 180 IIT Goa -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 90 90 IIT Guwahati 350 365 435 498 588 615 615 660 660 660 615 645 IIT Hyderabad -- - -- - 120 120 120 140 140 210 220 220 240 285 IIT Indore -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 260 260 IIT Jammu -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 90 120 IIT Jodhpur -- - -- - 120 120 120 160 160 200 160 120 160 180 IIT Kanpur 456 541 608 702 827 827 827 827 827 853 827 827 IIT Kharagpur 659 874 988 1138 1341 1341 1370 1341 1341 1341 1341 1341 IIT Madras 554 540 612 713 838 838 838 838 838 838 838 838 IIT Mandi -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 120 145 150 150 IIT Palakkad -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 IIT Patna -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 200 200 200 200 225 IIT Roorkee 546 746 884 1013 1155 1155 1155 1105 1065 1030 970 975 IIT Ropar -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 130 155 260 IIT Tirupati -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 IIT ( BHU ) Varanasi 568 686 766 881 1057 1057 1057 1090 1090 1090 1090 1090 Total 4583 5537 6992 8295 9509 9618 9647 9885 9784 10006 10572 10988 From 2008 , six new IITs ( IIT Bhubaneshwar , IIT Gandhinagar , IIT Hyderabad , IIT Jodhpur , IIT Patna and IIT Ropar ) were opened with 120 seats each , increasing the total number of seats to almost 7000 . For 2009 , admissions were made to two more IITs , namely IIT Indore and IIT Mandi ( Himachal Pradesh ) taking the seat count to almost 8300 . In 2011 , with additional courses in several old and new IITs , the total seat count crossed 9600 . IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad started functioning in 2015 and four more ( IIT Bhilai , IIT Dharwad , IIT Goa , IIT Jammu ) started in 2016 ; along with seat additions in other Institutions , making the 2017 seat count to almost 11000 . Reservation ( edit ) Reservation are provided to Indian Nationals belonging to certain categories ( SC , ST , PwD , etc . ) and to the girls in accordance with the rules of Government of India and such candidates are declared qualified in JEE ( Advanced ) 2018 based on relaxed norms . Admission ( edit ) Candidates qualifying in the JEE ( Advanced ) are eligible to admission in the 23 IITs if they satisfy any one of the following criteria . They should score a minimum of 75 % in the class XII board examination . Must be in the top 20 percentile marks of the board exam . Criticism ( edit ) In 2012 , Super 30 founder and mathematician Anand Kumar criticised the New Admission Norms , saying that the decision of the IIT Council to give chance to students having top 20 % from various boards in the class 12 examinations , was a decision in haste . `` This is one decision that will go against the poor , who do n't have the opportunity to study in elite schools , '' he added . IIT - JEE was conducted only in English and Hindi , which was criticised as making it harder for students where regional languages , like Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Urdu , Oriya , Bengali , Marathi , Assamese or Gujarati , are more prominent . In September 2011 , the Gujarat High Court acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad , demanding the exams be conducted in Gujarati . A second petition was made in October by Navsari 's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust . Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil . In the petition , it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages is in violation of article 14 of the Constitution of India . PMK , a political party in Tamil Nadu held a demonstration at Chennai for conducting IIT - JEE and other national entrance exams in regional languages also , particularly Tamil in Tamil Nadu . Pattali Makkal Katchi party has filed Public Interest Litigation in Madras High Court for conducting IIT JEE entrance exam in Tamil also . They submitted that every year 7.63 lakh students were completing 12th standard in Tamil Nadu , 75 % of them from Tamil Medium . They had to take the entrance exam in English or Hindi , neither of which was their medium of instruction nor their mother tongue , and so were denied their fundamental right to take up the entrance exam in their medium of instruction , based on their mother tongue. Shiv Sena urged MHRD to conduct IITJEE and other national undergraduate entrance exams in regional languages , particularly Marathi language in Maharashtra . Most of the JEE controversies sparked the nation as the exam is very well known . In 2017 , the supreme court ordered JAB to put a bar on the ongoing counseling process . There were three questions comprising a total of 11 marks that were unclear . Changes made in JEE ( Advanced ) 2018 ( edit ) There were several changes made in the exam from 2018 . The Joint Admission Board ( JAB ) decided to conduct the entire exam online from 2018 since it reduces chances of paper leak and makes logistics and evaluation easier . It said that the online exam will neutralise the problem of misprinting . The number of students appearing for the JEE ( Advanced ) has been increased by 4000 , which was earlier 2 , 20,000 . Coaching ( edit ) Preparing for the Joint Entrance Exam normally begins two years before students take the test . 90 % of students who pass this exam attend coaching academies , which has created a $3.37 billion industry with annual tuitions of up to $1,700 . These academies include tests multiple times a week , up to 200 students per class , and long hours , in addition to regular high school work . There are hundreds of academies across the country and the most famous -- in Kota , Rajasthan -- attracts approximately 125,000 students each year . Coaching programs have become major corporations and are now not only listed on the Indian stock market , but also attract millions of dollars of investment from private equity firms . The high - pressure environments , with much competition and high expectations , have been blamed for the significant number of suicides that occur in these academies . See also ( edit ) Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Indian Science Engineering Eligibility Test Joint Management Entrance Test All India Engineering Entrance Examination References ( edit ) Jump up ^ . The Hindu . June 14 , 2017 http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bonus-marks-improved-success-rate-in-jee-advanced-say-experts-in-mumbai/story-uzx8aAmyyeXxIJ2uNSgL6J.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Combined JEE from next year '' . The Calcutta Telegraph . 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IITs to hold entrance exam abroad for foreign students '' . The Hindu . February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of IIT - JEE '' ( PDF ) . Durgesh C. Mangeshkar , Academic Head , IITian 's Prashikshan Kendra . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News18.com : CNN News18 Latest News , Breaking News India , Current News Headlines '' . News18 . Jump up ^ Ashish K. Mishra and Shishir Prasad ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` IIT - JEE Will Be Missed '' . Jump up ^ S.S. Vasan . Reforming the Joint Entrance Examination system . Jump up ^ Editorial . Reforming JEE needs wider reach . Jump up ^ National admission test called for . Jump up ^ Indrani Dutta . New IIT - JEE format from 2006 . Jump up ^ D Suresh Kumar . JEE fails to get the best : IIT dons . The Times of India . 31 Jul 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 5 lakh aspirants to sit for IIT - JEE in 2012 - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` IITs hike number of examination centres for JEE - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/govt-plans-single-entrance-exam-for-all-engineering-colleges-from-2018/story-0TaCjvwwd4eav8uxpqI9sO.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad boy tops IIT - JEE '' . sify.com. 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Abhinandan ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) . `` JEE Advanced 2018 : Application Form , Online Exam Dates , Syllabus '' . Engineering Exams : EntranceZone . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://blog.resonance.ac.in/2015/06/18/jee-advanced-2015-results/ Jump up ^ `` JEE 2011 Counseling Brochure '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JEE 2012 Counseling Brochure '' . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board marks criteria '' . zee news . zee news . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New format of IIT - JEE examination would go against the poor : Anand Kumar '' . The Times Of India . 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati - Times Of India '' . indiatimes.com. 2011 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati - Times Of India '' . indiatimes.com. 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conduct IIT entrance test in Tamil also : PMK '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Court notice on plea for entrance exams in Tamil '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil Deccan Chronicle '' . deccanchronicle.com . Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Khapre , Shubhangi ( March 5 , 2011 ) . `` Shiv Sena demands IIT entrance test in regional languages '' . Mumbai : Daily News Analysis . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jee-advanced-exam-will-now-be-conducted-completely-online/story-pRv6YITTJKN7pwlw6zJeuJ.html Jump up ^ `` The IIT Entrance Exam '' . Jump up ^ `` Making capital of coaching '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite high suicide rate , IIT - JEE aspirants make a beeline for a seat in Kotas coaching institutes '' . Jump up ^ `` Why 57 Young Students Have Taken Their Lives In Kota '' . Huffington Post India . Jump up ^ Sudhanshu Mishra ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Revealed : Inside Kota 's Rs 300 crore coaching industry , where 1.5 lakh students brave cut - throat competition to crack IIT - JEE '' . Daily Mail . Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) History of IITs Institutes IIT Bhilai IIT Bhubaneswar IIT Bombay IIT Dharwad IIT Delhi IIT ( ISM ) Dhanbad IIT Gandhinagar IIT Goa IIT Guwahati IIT Hyderabad IIT Indore IIT Jammu IIT Jodhpur IIT Kanpur IIT Kharagpur IIT Mandi IIT Madras IIT Palakkad IIT Patna IIT Roorkee IIT Ropar IIT Tirupati IIT ( BHU ) Varanasi Schools of Management Vinod Gupta School of Management , IIT Kharagpur Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management RNSoM , IIT Kanpur Department of Management Studies IIT Madras Department of Management Studies IIT Delhi Department of Management Studies , IIT ( ISM ) Dhanbad Admissions Joint Entrance Examination -- Advanced Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Common Admission Test Joint Admission Test for M.Sc . Policy of Reservation Common Entrance Examination for Design Fests Cultural fests Alcheringa Alma Fiesta Antaragni Anwesha Exodia Fluxus Mood Indigo Performing Arts Festival Rendezvous Saarang Spring Fest Srijan Tryst Technical fests Kshitij Techfest Techkriti Technex Techniche Shaastra Wissenaire Notable alumni IIT Kharagpur IIT Madras Legal status Institutes of Technology Act Institutes of National Importance Related subjects Indian Institutes of Information Technology Indian Institutes of Management Indian Institute of Science Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research National Institute of Science Education and Research National Institutes of Technology Commons Standardised tests in India Service Civil Services Examination Engineering Services Examination Combined Defence Services Examination Combined Medical Services Examination Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination Services Selection Board Teacher Eligibility Test The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India Admissions Joint Entrance Examination All India Pre Medical Test Combined Aptitude Test Common Admission Test Common Entrance Examination for Design Common Entrance Test Common Law Admission Test Common Management Admission Test Common Proficiency Test Competitive examination Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination Common Engineering Entrance Examination ( proposal ) Joint Admission Test to M.Sc . Joint Management Entrance Test National Eligibility Test National Entrance Screening Test NIT MCA Common Entrance Test Policy Aptitude Test Special Class Railway Apprentice Management Aptitude Test State level Gujarat Common Entrance Test KEAM MP - PET MHT - CET Odisha Joint Entrance Examination Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test Joint Employment Test SEE - UPTU Tamilnadu Common Entrance Test Tamil Nadu Professional Courses Entrance Examination West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination Assam Combined Entrance Examination Misc All India Engineering Entrance Examination National Board of Examinations Madhyamik Medical Council of India Screening Test ... Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Entrance_Examination_ -- _Advanced&oldid = 833283785 '' Categories : Engineering entrance examinations in India Indian Institutes of Technology Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use Indian English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
total number of seats in iit all over india
[ "\n\nInstitute\nIntake (2006)\nIntake (2007)\nIntake (2008)\nIntake (2009)\nIntake (2010)\nIntake (2011)\nIntake (2012)\nIntake\n(2013)\n\nIntake\n(2014)\n\nIntake (2015)[17]\nIntake (2016)\nIntake (2017)[18][19]\n\n\nIIT Bhilai\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT Bhubaneshwar\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n160\n180\n180\n260\n350\n\n\nIIT Bombay\n600\n574\n648\n746\n880\n880\n880\n880\n880\n903\n903\n929\n\n\nIIT Delhi\n552\n553\n626\n721\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n\n\nIIT (ISM) Dhanbad\n444\n658\n705\n923\n1012\n1034\n1034\n1023\n962\n935\n912\n912\n\n\nIIT Dharwad\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT Gandhinagar\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n140\n150\n150\n180\n180\n\n\nIIT Goa\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n90\n90\n\n\nIIT Guwahati\n350\n365\n435\n498\n588\n615\n615\n660\n660\n660\n615\n645\n\n\nIIT Hyderabad\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n140\n140\n210\n220\n220\n240\n285\n\n\nIIT Indore\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n260\n260\n\n\nIIT Jammu\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n90\n120\n\n\nIIT Jodhpur\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n160\n160\n200\n160\n120\n160\n180\n\n\nIIT Kanpur\n456\n541\n608\n702\n827\n827\n827\n827\n827\n853\n827\n827\n\n\nIIT Kharagpur\n659\n874\n988\n1138\n1341\n1341\n1370\n1341\n1341\n1341\n1341\n1341\n\n\nIIT Madras\n554\n540\n612\n713\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n\n\nIIT Mandi\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n145\n150\n150\n\n\nIIT Palakkad\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT Patna\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n200\n200\n200\n200\n225\n\n\nIIT Roorkee\n546\n746\n884\n1013\n1155\n1155\n1155\n1105\n1065\n1030\n970\n975\n\n\nIIT Ropar\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n130\n155\n260\n\n\nIIT Tirupati\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT (BHU) Varanasi\n568\n686\n766\n881\n1057\n1057\n1057\n1090\n1090\n1090\n1090\n1090\n\n\nTotal\n4583\n5537\n6992\n8295\n9509\n9618\n9647\n9885\n9784\n10006\n10572\n10988\n\n" ]
[ "10988" ]
-2487038979495177534
List of Scorpion episodes
List of Scorpion episodes - Wikipedia List of Scorpion episodes Jump to : navigation , search Scorpion is an American drama television series loosely based on the life of self - proclaimed genius and computer expert Walter O'Brien . The series follows Walter O'Brien and his team of genius outcasts as they are recruited by federal agent Cabe Gallo of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to form Scorpion , said to be the last line of defense against complex , high - tech threats around the globe . The series premiered on September 22 , 2014 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on September 25 , 2017 . As of April 9 , 2018 , 92 episodes of Scorpion have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Ave . viewership ( in millions ) 22 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 15 13.63 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 17 12.05 25 October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 22 10.65 22 September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Justin Lin Teleplay by : Nick Santora September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 13.83 Special Agent Cabe Gallo hires former child prodigy Walter O'Brien to lead a team of his brilliant friends . They are assigned their first mission by the government to help land airplanes at LAX when the air to ground communication system is shut down by a bug in the new traffic control software . They instantly connect with a waitress named Paige , the mother of a genius child . `` Single Point of Failure '' Bobby Roth David Foster September 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) 13.36 Team Scorpion is called upon by the governor when his daughter is a victim of biohacking and has only 24 hours to live . The mission hits a raw nerve with Walter , who receives a letter regarding his sister Megan 's worsening multiple sclerosis . Toby reaches out to his ex-fiancée , Happy is not so happy about people letting her down in her past , and Cabe is reminded of the loss of his own daughter while working this case . `` A Cyclone '' Gary Fleder Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 12.05 After failing a military training exercise ordered by Director Merrick , the team is determined to prove their worth . When Internet infrastructure is threatened by random bomb strikes around the city , they set up their own operation to find the bomber . Cabe takes them off the mission for violating orders , while Paige tries to find her place on the team . `` Shorthanded '' Dwight H. Little Elizabeth Beall October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 11.51 Wanting publicity on their last case , Scorpion takes on a private contract in spite of Cabe 's objections . They travel to Las Vegas to help a casino that is losing money on their high - roller blackjack tables . Walter sees a heist about to happen , but he is accused of masterminding the robbery and is sent to jail . However , his team is able to crack the case and exonerate him , with Cabe 's help . 5 5 `` Plutonium Is Forever '' Jeff T. Thomas Paul Grellong October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 10.75 A nuclear reactor at a Los Angeles power plant with an out - of - date system nears a cataclysmic meltdown . Walter must enlist the help of genius Mark Collins ( Joshua Leonard ) , a former troubled team member who brought him `` down the rabbit hole '' , what he calls a dissociative state of intelligent thought years ago that almost jeopardized Scorpion . 6 6 `` True Colors '' Jeff Hunt Rob Pearlstein October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 10.39 After taking a security job at an art museum , Scorpion is accused of destroying a priceless piece of art which they determine is a forgery . They must pass a mandated psychological evaluation or be banned from all Homeland assignments . Gallo has a connection , Hetty Lange ( Linda Hunt ) , who is the operations manager of NCIS in Los Angeles and who helps them track down the real painting . Paige tasks Walter with an experiment to gain emotional quotient so his team can get more work , and also asks them for help when Ralph does not have anyone to go with to his school 's Halloween party . 7 7 `` Father 's Day '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 10.34 When Ralph 's absentee father Drew calls the Scorpion office to talk to Paige , it triggers the familial memories of everyone . The team tries to protect Ralph by running a background check on Drew , who is a struggling minor league baseball player . Meanwhile , the team is tasked with finding out how three convicts , including a high IQ hacktivist , escaped from a high - tech prison and as to what their plan really is . 8 8 `` Risky Business '' Matt Earl Beesley Nicholas Wootton November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 10.08 A musical prodigy ( Scott Mescudi ) , who created a controversial algorithm that generates the perfect hit pop song , helps Scorpion investigate the murder of his friend who was a music industry blogger . Meanwhile , Drew takes Ralph out to a baseball game and later visits the team 's garage to seek Walter 's advice to help him connect with his son . Also , Walter needs a distraction and takes on a new hobby -- street racing supercars around town at night . 9 9 `` Rogue Element '' Jerry Levine Paul Grellong & Kim Rome November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 10.17 Scorpion tries to help Cabe after he is alerted by a distress code sent by his ex-wife Rebecca ( Jessica Tuck ) , who fears she is being targeted for stumbling upon a money trail linked to the assassination of a prominent congressman and special elections to be held thereafter . Meanwhile , Drew thanks Walter for the kinetic pitching diagnostic analysis improving his fastball speed ; however , this lands him a tryout with a Double - A baseball team in Portland , Maine and does not know what to do with Ralph . 10 10 `` Talismans '' Sam Hill Alex Katsnelson November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 9.42 When an F - 120 Hawkwing carrying a classified cloaking radar device goes down over Bosnia , Scorpion must help a disapproving Navy SEALs team locate the jet , recover the stealth technology and find the pilot 's remains . Also , on a request from the pilot 's wife , they have to retrieve his special necklace . After a drunken run - in with the police in an attempt at temporary freedom from her MS and the hospital , Megan meets the team , who are taken aback that Walter would even bring his sister to the garage in the first place . 11 11 `` Revenge '' Mel Damski Elizabeth Beall & David Foster December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 10.00 During an investigation on an international brutal gang of thieves called `` The Ghosts '' , who broke into a complex system safe from a warehouse , Sylvester ends up seriously injured after accidentally triggering an explosive device that was left behind . Not only does the team have to keep their composure as their friend is in critical condition in the hospital , they must work with Interpol and remain focused on finding the culprits . Meanwhile , Drew grows closer to Ralph and also wants to get close with Paige again . 12 12 `` Dominoes '' Omar Madha Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 10.07 On Christmas Eve , Scorpion must race against time in order to save a young boy who gets trapped in a 14 - foot deep sinkhole in a cave at Zuma Beach , where the rising tide threatens his life . Walter pulls some favors to get Megan into a study with a new MS drug , but she does not want to be a guinea pig . Meanwhile , since Drew has to miss the holiday with Ralph for a baseball try - out in Portland , Paige tries to bring the Christmas spirit to the team by decorating , giving them gifts and hosting a holiday dinner at the garage . 13 13 `` Kill Screen '' Jace Alexander Nicholas Wootton & Paul Grellong January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 12.32 Scorpion must help Ralph when he is brought in for questioning by the DOJ after he unlocks a secret level in a dark website video game that unintentionally revealed the location of a CIA safe house in Culiacán , Mexico , resulting in the murders of two agents . Meanwhile , Walter enters an aerospace contest by studying jet propulsion on a dismantled CL - 460 rocket engine he purchased to win $15 million for Megan 's MS research . 14 14 `` Charades '' Christine Moore Rob Pearlstein January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 12.29 When the CIA 's Internal Affairs Division intercepts an encrypted message that was sent by someone in their L.A. office , Scorpion must uncover the mole who leaked classified information and snuck out chemicals for pesticides to an aid worker he loves in Yemen , thinking it was for a humanitarian cause . The team is confronted with stopping a seductive agent trying to produce nerve gas with the stolen chemicals . Meanwhile , Paige confronts her feelings for Walter and helps him prepare for the case by giving him a lesson in flirting . 15 15 `` Forget Me Nots '' Jann Turner Alex Katsnelson & Nick Santora January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 12.08 When an attempted hack tries to launch a weapon of mass destruction at a nuclear missile silo in Keflavik , Iceland , the team must help an institutionalized former POTUS Secret Service agent ( David James Elliott ) to remember events from 16 years previously in order to prevent a nuclear attack on an American ally . Meanwhile , Paige is torn between staying in L.A. or moving 3,000 miles away after Drew finds a gifted school for Ralph in Portland , Maine , causing Walter to get in the middle of her decision . 16 16 `` Love Boat '' Sam Hill Elizabeth Beall & Kim Rome February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 11.86 As Valentine 's Day approaches , Scorpion must search for stolen experimental shoulder - launch rockets that are being transported aboard a luxury cruise ship , and identify the arms dealer who is transporting them and targeting the one percenters aboard . Meanwhile , Happy and Toby help Ralph awe his first crush and Sylvester makes a valentine for Megan . Also , Walter plans to take Paige out to a top L.A. restaurant , but cancels after the mission . 17 17 `` Going South '' David Grossman Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 10.69 Billionaire tech mogul , Richard Elia hires Scorpion to rescue his daughter who was kidnapped by a Mexican drug cartel while on a journalism assignment . Meanwhile , wanting media coverage for the team , Walter gives an interview to a local news station , but the story has misinformation and he also fails to acknowledge the other members , hurting their feelings in the process . Later , Sylvester tries to find the right time to tell Walter that he is dating Megan and resorts to blurting it out during their case . 18 18 `` Once Bitten , Twice Die '' Guy Ferland David J. North March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 10.59 When a century - long border conflict between Belarus , Lithuania and Latvia reignites , Scorpion is called in by Homeland to help facilitate secret peace talks to prevent this developing crisis escalating into World War III . Meanwhile , wanting to better herself and set a good example for Ralph , Paige re-enrolls in college and starts going to night classes so she can finish her Liberal Arts degree . Merrick threatens Cabe with disclosing details of a past case to Walter . Also , Happy and Toby 's friendship takes a brief hiatus . 19 19 `` Young Hearts Spark Fire '' Mel Damski Paul Grellong , Jay Beattie & Dan Dworkin March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 9.70 After Scorpion 's helicopter crashes while on a mission to save lost hikers from a church group , the crash ignites a massive wildfire that quickly closes in on them due to the Santa Ana winds . Meanwhile , Sylvester tries to help the injured pilot ( Rick Ravanello ) who is unable to make it to safer ground through the rapidly spreading brushfire . Also , Toby tries to mathematically prove his `` Walter likes Paige '' theory by concocting an elaborate diagram . 20 20 `` Crossroads '' Kevin Hooks David Foster & Rob Pearlstein March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 9.38 When Scorpion helps the U.S. Marshals in the protection of a key witness set to testify against a vicious Nicaraguan crime syndicate called the DL , they end up taking her on the run across the two counties , with the gang 's leader hot on their trail . Meanwhile , a nervous Toby takes an Alprazolam and accidentally falls asleep , missing his dinner date with Happy who does not accept his apology . Later , he talks Walter into taking a risk by telling Paige he has feelings for her . 21 21 `` Cliffhanger '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 9.53 After a hacker takes control over a neurotoxicity lab outside L.A. , he uses the ventilation system to spread sarin gas throughout the facility that could kill 23 scientists trapped inside . And worse , he wants revenge for the Baghdad bombings in 1997 , forcing Cabe to tell Walter his long - buried secret about the covered - up mission and the real end user for his code being the DoD and CIA who used it to kill and not help people . Ralph , wanting to prove he is a part of Scorpion , puts his life on the line to help them . Also , Richard Elia stops by to give Walter a gift for his propulsion rocket , and loans him a Ferrari Testarossa to test its engine . Eventually , Walter kicks Cabe off the team and gets in a fight with Paige as she contemplates moving her and Ralph to Portland with Drew . Walter takes a late night joyride to clear his head in Elia 's Ferrari but this goes awry when he has to take evasive action to avoid hitting a coyote . 22 22 `` Postcards from the Edge '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 10.71 The rest of the team are uncertain about the future of Scorpion without Cabe or Paige and with Walter AWOL , and are not used to being leaderless . However , they are all forced to come together for their most important mission ever , which is to save Walter 's life as his car gingerly balances on the edge of a cliff . In the end , Paige stays on with Scorpion , who is her real family . After Walter is stabilized in the hospital but on strong pain medication , Paige kisses him and expresses her feelings by saying she cares about him . Unfortunately , he does not hear Paige 's declaration because he is heavily sedated . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Satellite of Love '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 11.09 Scorpion is back in business after new Homeland Security director Adriana Molina tasks them with a case when the nuclear - powered Russian K - 12 satellite is knocked out of orbit by space debris . They race to the Rocketry Aeronautics Center to divert the now - turned A-bomb 's course before it detonates over Southern California . But after last year 's car accident , Walter is not one hundred percent physically or mentally there due to a hand injury and post-concussion syndrome . His hidden feelings for Paige have also seemed to cloud his judgment . When problems arise on the job , they have to work extremely close together . Later , they test their theory of the team vs. their attraction with a working hypothesis of a kiss . 24 `` Cuba Libre '' Mel Damski Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 9.49 After a woman ( Izabella Miko ) Cabe saved in Croatia 20 years ago when she was a child pleads for his help , the team travels to Cuba for an off - the - grid mission to apprehend a Serbian war criminal who killed her family . Meanwhile , Toby gets Sylvester to confess his love for Megan by subduing his anxiety through exposure therapy . Later , not wanting to admit he was in an emotional state that led to negligence resulting in his car accident , Walter wants to plead recklessness , but may wind up in jail . However , on his lawyer 's advice , Paige convinces him otherwise and he is sentenced to court - mandated community service by picking up trash in town , where he meets a new friend named Ray . 25 `` Fish Filet '' Omar Madha Paul Grellong & Nick Santora October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 9.95 In order to save the lives of three judges being targeted by a Japanese gang , Sylvester goes undercover in a federal prison to decipher the gang boss ' codes . But when Molina refuses to help them get him out , Scorpion plans his escape when his life is threatened by an inmate . In order to break him out , Walter must work with Ray and his `` Ray Way '' of doing things by having his man on the inside smuggle drugs for Sylvester to take , appearing dead . Meanwhile , Ralph is getting bullied at school and takes matters into his own hands by becoming a celebrity on the news for getting accepted to multiple prestigious colleges . Later , Sylvester has a new lease on life after his `` death '' and works up the courage to tell Megan he loves her . Also , Toby overhears Happy making a date to meet a man at a club . 26 `` Robots '' Sylvain White David Foster & Nicholas Wootton October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 9.40 Happy continues to date Chet , upsetting Toby , who takes out his frustration on a punching bag . The team meets deputy director Katherine Cooper , who is now Scorpion 's Homeland liaison . She tasks three members of the team , Walter , Cabe and Happy , with analyzing a `` vulture '' data hunter device that is attached to a communications cable 300 ft ( 91 m ) down in international waters off the coast of California . After analyzing the vulture from a top secret U.S. Navy submarine , the vulture explodes , crippling the submarine . With limited air and no communications , Scorpion must rescue everyone on board the submarine before it self - destructs . Later , Walter proves he is not a `` robot '' and lets Ray stay in a trailer at the garage . 27 5 `` Super Fun Guys '' Bobby Roth Adam Higgs & Nick Santora October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 9.46 The team must pose as a film crew to get onto the Super Fun Guy movie set in hopes of locating a Soviet 1970s - era nuclear missile that is being sold by arms dealers on an old military base in Kazakhstan . To sneak past the armed - guards , they must disguise themselves as the film 's superheroes so they can disable the warhead . Meanwhile , Megan undergoes a deep brain stimulation procedure and asks Sylvester not to tell Walter , causing Sly to work from the garage and have to sit out from partaking in his favorite comic book characters during the mission . Also , in order to forget about his affections for Happy , Toby 's boxing improves and , with Cabe 's help , he wants to fight in an amateur match . 28 6 `` Tech , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll '' Sam Hill Elizabeth Davis Beall & Nicholas Wootton October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 9.69 The team is ready to open the new `` smart '' building project they have been working on with Elia , but the building has been infected by a swiftly spreading worm that was uploaded onto Walter 's computer by a mysterious woman he met at a tech conference mixer the night before . It is turning the now dangerous building into a burning death trap for all inside , including three children , one of whom is the head of security 's son . They must work to simultaneously stop the fire and find the person responsible for planting the deadly virus . 29 7 `` Crazy Train '' Jeff T. Thomas Kevin J. Hynes & Nick Santora November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 9.51 With Paige and Ralph stuck on an out of control L.A. Metro subway train , the team must stop it before it derails . They discover that the runaway train 's been sabotaged to clear the tracks for a heist to steal a $50 million collection of British gold coins . Walter , with sheer disregard to his personal safety , bravely jumps onto the 90 mph speeding train and successfully stops it from derailing . Paige gets scared on seeing this and due her insecurity of losing Walter , hits him . Later she apologizes to him for her juvenile behavior . Elsewhere , Toby has his first fight and gets knocked out in the boxing ring . Meanwhile , Happy seeks her own distraction from their failed relationship by going out with Chet , who is actually her comedy coach . The men then track her down at a comedy club where she totally bombs her science - based routine that only Sylvester appreciates . 30 8 `` Area 51 '' Carey Meyer Kim Rome & Nicholas Wootton November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 9.34 A CIA agent bribes the team to search for their top - secret flagship 27B / 6 plane from the CIA 's new Integrity Airlines after two agents go rogue and end up in Area 51 during a routine mission . Happy creates a gamma ray spectrometer to use in the base 's `` cone of silence '' . Toby makes predictions for the future by writing down what will happen on their case in sealed envelopes that usually turn out to be correct . Happy , Toby , and Sylvester donate their portion of the $350,000 CIA money to Walter for his research funding goals towards Megan 's MS . Walter plans to upload Megan 's consciousness into a hard drive as a technological singularity , Transcendence - style . Later , tension grows between Walter and Sylvester when Sylvester obeys Megan 's wishes and does not go forward with the aggressive treatment of intubation that Walter wants . 31 9 `` US vs. UN vs. UK '' Omar Madha Scott Sullivan & Nick Santora November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 9.16 The team works with MI6 to infiltrate the United Nations headquarters in New York City to stop Jonas Madaky , an ambassador / gun runner from the African nation of Buritan , from making a deal to supply militants with weapons to destroy their rebellious revolutionaries . However , things take a bad turn when the British operative turns on the team and blackmails Scorpion into helping assassinate Madaky . It appears that MI6 agent Gleason is killed and that the team decides to carry out the plan to take out Madaky . It is later revealed that Gleason is alive and Scorpion played a Houdini stunt . They orchestrate Madaky 's arrest and reveal that MI6 director Olivia Cromwell was in business with Madaky , leading to her arrest , as well . On the home front , Walter gets a court order to have Megan intubated , much to Sylvester 's dismay . In order to protect Megan 's wishes , Sylvester makes a bold decision and gets Ray , an ordained minister of the Immaculate Church of the Internet , to marry them , making Walter accept that the situation is beyond his control . 32 10 `` Arrivals and Departures '' Sam Hill Aadrita Mukerji & Nicholas Wootton November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 8.95 When Walter 's parents visit Megan as her condition worsens , the hospital is infected by a fatal fungus outbreak cutting Walter off from his sister and placing the whole team at risk . Thinking it is stachybotrys , the infectious disease unit searching for a cure collapse by spraying the wrong fungicide . It now falls to Scorpion to search for a cure themselves . Toby examines gold dust , a natural fungicide , on a cafeteria worker 's boots and sees the man cut his leg , becoming a host to Meliola anfracta , an ancient fungus unearthed in soil . In a surprising discovery , Sylvester 's OCD about using antibacterials has caused him to grow a superbacteria on his hands that is fatal to the fungus . With help from Ralph and Cabe , who the CDC keep outside , they spread the bacteria through the water standpipes and save those trapped inside . Walter reaches Megan in time to be at her side as she dies . Later , he receives an email with a video from Megan telling him that , he is more than just his brain , he is his heart and he should not be afraid to love . As a result , Walter begins to open up to his estranged parents and holds hands with Paige while sharing memories of his beloved sister . 33 11 `` The Old College Try '' Christine Moore Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 9.30 As the team deals with Megan 's death six weeks later , they must stop a cyber terrorist , using code written by college students , who is threatening to shut down the Federal Reserve if they do not receive a quarter of a billion bitcoin in the next 72 hours . For their mission , they have to go undercover at a local university ; Happy goes as a sorority pledge , Walter as a visiting drama instructor , Sylvester as a wrestling transfer student , Cabe as a campus security guard , and Toby a professor applying for a position in the Psychology Department headed by a former rival who stole his fiancée . But , in order to foil this unknown hacker , they must get into the school 's server , which is a highly sophisticated quantum computer , to kill the ransomware . Meanwhile , Walter conducts an experiment to prove that Ray 's firefighting partner 's death was not Ray 's fault by using Tuggle 's tank that Cabe 's friend acquired from police evidence storage . Later , Ray discovers the submerged tank in liquid glycerin which would harden any air leakage from the tank to create a bubble pattern . The test proves the tank was defective , giving Ray the peace of mind to go back into the world again , leaving Scorpion headquarters . 34 12 `` Dam Breakthrough '' Adam Rodriguez Paul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 9.28 On Christmas Eve , Scorpion receives a mission from the DWP at the Augustine Power Station on Mount Baldy , which may go critical after a 50 - foot pine tree uproots and crushes the building 's wall . If the transformer gets flooded and shorts , 100,000 people will lose power on Christmas Day . After they re-boot the computer and engineer the roof , they notice a mudslide spilling into the reservoir has put a crack in the nearby dam 's wall following torrential rains . Now , they have to stop the dam from breaking and wiping out the town down in the valley by repairing it . Walter deals with Megan 's death by putting her ashes in a coffee can in his glove compartment and talking to himself . When Walter misplaces his pet ferret , he is so overwhelmed by the loss that his emotions finally get the best of him in front everyone ; he really misses Megan . The Karmen Prize committee notifies him that he has won the $15 million grant , but he decides to launch the rocket to honor his sister . 35 13 `` White Out '' Jeff Hunt David Foster & Nick Santora January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 11.67 Scorpion has to survive subzero temperatures trekking to the remote McMurdo Station in Antarctica to save a U.S. Special Forces unit in Darfur that is trying to take down a genocidal warlord eviscerating border - town farming villages . The Pentagon lost contact with a low geosynchronous orbit satellite that controls a military drone used to support their operation and the team needs to reconnect it to give cover to the 4 - man strike team . During the mission , Toby risks his life to save Happy after she gets cut off from the rest of the team by getting lost in a whiteout blizzard . For her New Year 's resolution , Happy starts reading Toby 's rival Quincy Berkstead 's book , `` Your Essential Strategies For Saying Yes To Life '' to be a little more positive and a little less mean and sarcastic , while Walter tries to be more social and Cabe gives up coffee to lower his blood pressure . 36 14 `` Sun of a Gun '' Dwight Little Adam Higgs January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) 11.60 Sylvester 's estranged father Ken , a retired army colonel ( Jeff Fahey ) , enlists Scorpion 's help after discovering that the mythical Sun Gun , a deadly weapon of mass destruction , is actually real and was found in an old German bunker from World War II by an African president / dictator . The team goes to a North African nation to find out if the dictator has hidden metallic sodium panels that are capable of concentrating sunlight to be launched as a satellite death ray . During the mission , Walter must use dishonesty and flattery to get up close and personal with the megalomaniacal dictator , who is smitten by his intellect . Also , in order to be more social in their daily lives , Walter and Cabe decide to go speed dating together , but they are unsuccessful . 37 15 `` Da Bomb '' Steven A. Adelson Kim Rome January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 10.69 The team is tasked with helping NASA find whatever alerted a possible system failure on their JC - 49 top - secret rocket that is set to launch from an Air Force base . To their surprise , former Homeland Security director Merrick , who is now working for NASA , asked for Scorpion personally and begrudgingly works with them . However , the mission is threatened when Walter 's date from the previous night , Linda , walks into the garage , handing him a jump drive with a recording of a scrambled voice giving them instructions to sabotage the launch or face the consequences of the bomb strapped to her chest . Meanwhile , Sylvester decides to audition for Jeopardy ! in order to win enough money to buy the naming rights for the new pediatric wing at Megan 's hospital so that it can be named after her , but he is nervous to be in front of the cameras . 38 16 `` Fractured '' Christine Moore Matthew Davis & Nick Santora February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 11.36 While Sylvester takes Ralph on an educational field trip to the beach , Paige forces Toby and Walter , who have been constantly fighting lately , into a couples therapy session specialized for business partners , but their therapist 's ( Penn Jillette ) credentials are from online colleges and his methods are unorthodox . Cabe and Paige help to prepare Happy for a presentation of her newly designed airbag to a prospective client . Suddenly , a major 7.8 - magnitude earthquake hits the L.A. area , causing significant infrastructure damage to the city including water main explosions and major fires . The team must work fast with limited resources to stop a broken gas main under Koreatown from exploding . 39 17 `` Adaptation '' Sam Hill Story by : Scott Sullivan and Aadrita Mukerji Teleplay by : Scott Sullivan February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 9.87 When Mexican drug runners start to use armed drones to smuggle extremely pure bricks of heroin across the border , Scorpion is tasked by the Policía Federal Ministerial to find a way to stop them . Walter and Toby continue their therapy and Dr. Rizzuto makes them use sock puppets to express their feelings . After being rejected by Jeopardy , Sylvester memorizes product pricing in order to be on The Price Is Right . Meanwhile , Toby and Happy 's private relationship becomes public , leading Walter to issue them an ultimatum based on his rule against intra-team fraternization ; either they break up or one of them leaves the team . 40 18 `` The Fast and the Nerdiest '' Don Tardino Kevin J. Hynes February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 9.23 Sylvester goes on The Price Is Right , gets selected as one of the contestants , and wins big in Megan 's memory : $100,000 and the `` showcase showdown . '' An old ex-con childhood friend of Cabe 's , Mick Doherty ( Eric Roberts ) , approaches the team , asking for their help in stopping a group from smuggling a biological weapon into Balio in Central America . The team manages to infiltrate the garage of a high - end vehicle import / export business and , on Toby 's bet , Walter is forced to challenge one of the mechanics to a drag race in order to stall for time while Happy searches the office for incriminating paperwork . Meanwhile , Happy and Toby have begun to fight regarding Toby 's increasingly frequent gambling habit . 41 19 `` Ticker '' Mel Damski Rob Pearlstein March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 8.96 When Walter gets into a fender bender , he goes to the hospital and meets a nice little girl named Olivia who is in need of a heart transplant . However , Toby notices a patient with symptoms of the Nibori virus , a lethal disease found only in the Far East , and discovers the blood supply at Los Angeles ' blood bank has been hacked , resulting in all the bags being mislabeled . Scorpion decides to help find the perpetrator in order to save Olivia 's life , but they only have 4 hours until her surgery and need to find a sample of Lutheran AB negative , her incredibly rare blood type . Back at the garage , the team competes in the `` ScorpiOlympics , '' their version of the Olympic games that is only for geniuses testing their mental and physical abilities . Also , Sly 's prize - winning days are over when he receives rejection letters from multiple game shows after winning big on The Price Is Right . 42 20 `` Djibouti Call '' Omar Madha David Foster March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 8.65 Scorpion is hired by the F.B.I. to install a newly developed audio surveillance system on the only U.S. military base located in Djibouti , Africa so that they can pick up on terrorist chatter . But this is just a ruse in order for Cabe and his Homeland Security trainee , Tim Armstrong ( Scott Porter ) , to run a top secret op across the border in Makuria , gathering intel on a businessman who raids antiquities from Middle Eastern museums and sells them on the black market to fund training , fake visas , and advanced explosives for terrorists . However , it turns into a rescue mission when the team must save Cabe after he is captured behind enemy lines . Also , Sylvester hires a lawyer named Haywood `` Jahelpme '' Morris ( Horatio Sanz ) from a TV commercial to help him get past the boilerplate contracts for game show auditions . 43 21 `` Twist and Shout '' Christine Moore Paul Grellong March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 8.74 When a construction company that is clearing a site for a factory build unearths an ammunition belt belonging to a Marine patrol that went missing in 1971 near Pleiku , Vietnam , retired Marine John Pandova ( Josh Randall ) of the Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency hires Scorpion to enhance his ground imaging technology and ground penetrating radar equipment in only two days to give him proof that the remains ( including his father 's ) are still there . However , they only have two hours when they find themselves in the path of an F4 tornado . Later , after he receives a failing grade for his coding project , Ralph 's college professor steals his sound wave software , causing him to hire Haywood as his attorney . Tim asks Walter to a meal , but is rejected as Walter is going to call Linda , who came back , to set up a date , so he takes Walter 's advice on having dinner with a smart , kind , beautiful woman and asks to meet up with Paige at the diner . Linda does not return his call and it leaves Walter by himself , trying to beat Tim 's high score on Proton Arnold . 44 22 `` Hard Knox '' Omar Madha Scott Sullivan April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 8.60 In order to test their security system , Scorpion is hired by an agent from the Department of Defense to break into Fort Knox and steal a 300 - year - old Prussian scepter , proving that their depository is not run properly by a private firm . However , they discover half a pound of polonium , a toxic substance , hidden inside the artifact and must escape the buildings ' traps with it intact . Elsewhere , Haywood wins his first case by helping gain more time while Ralph proves in court that the software he created was actually his by bookmarking his code data with important dates , like when he first met Walter . Also , Toby has suspicions about Linda , who he believes is less attracted to Walter than suffering from damsel syndrome , experiencing the same endorphin / dopamine rush from when he saved her . Walter breaks up with her , pledging to remain friends , while Paige accepts a date with Tim . 45 23 `` Chernobyl Intentions '' Jeff T. Thomas Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 8.35 Scorpion is tasked with helping Oksana Nastrova ( Kathleen Munroe ) of the Global Nuclear Energy Council move an improved concrete sarcophagus in place over the old deteriorating sarcophagus at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant before corium trapped under the reactor destabilizes . Toby , who has diagnosed ex-Scorpion team member Mark Collins ( Joshua Leonard ) as insane , remains in Los Angeles for Collins ' competency hearing . Scorpion discovers unmelted caesium rods near the corium using a robot designed by Happy . While Paige and Sylvester fly with Oksana in her plane over the sarcophagus , taking measurements , the robot is affected by the radiation and punctures the corium , resulting in the ejection of a radioactive cloud that disables the plane . It crashes into the old dome , trapping the plane 's occupants while the team tries to save them and stop the corium from reaching the caesium rods . After returning to the United States , Walter tries to ask Paige out to a jazz festival , but decides to give her his tickets so that she can take Tim instead . Meanwhile , Toby covertly meets his jeweler in a parking garage to pick up a bespoke hex nut engagement ring for Happy , only to be kidnapped by Mark . 46 24 `` Toby or Not Toby '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 8.98 Scorpion has to outsmart the mentally - unstable Mark Collins , who has kidnapped Toby and intends to torture and kill him unless he receives Walter 's BBI ( brain -- brain interface ) research . But , if his demands are met , he has the ability to advance the technology to where he can read peoples ' minds . When they find where Mark 's hideout is through ham radio frequencies , Walter has to choose whether to capture his nemesis or let him go to disarm his elaborate booby trap -- an intricate maze of dental floss holding a single jar of acid over Toby 's head . After Toby 's brush with death , Walter catches up to Mark and captures him on a bus going to South Carolina , the location of his favorite childhood memory . Meanwhile , Sylvester lets Toby 's marriage proposal to Happy out of the bag , but she has a marriage secret of her own . Later , Walter comes to his senses about Paige , realizing he loves her . He leaves to stop her from spending the weekend with Tim at a jazz festival in Lake Tahoe . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Civil War '' Sam Hill Nick Santora and Nicholas Wootton October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 8.30 After both of their personal and romantic issues fail with Paige and Happy , Walter , Toby , and the rest of Scorpion put their plans on pause as they work with the U.S. Navy to stop two out of control fighter jets taken over by hackers while flying over Los Angeles , targeting their weapons at each other . The hackers also cyberjack four U.S. destroyers and position the ships 300 yards ( 274 m ) outside Miami , Boston , Portland , and Long Beach with high explosive BGM missiles pointed at the cities . This forces the U.S. military to ground all planes and shut down the nuclear missile silos , leaving the country defenseless . The hackers are back - traced to Bulgaria . Happy and Toby successfully help the Navy regain control of the remaining fighter plane after the hackers use it to shoot down the other . However , Walter and Paige are unsuccessful at hacking the hackers ' signal and are almost killed trying . Meanwhile Sly , Cabe , and Tim travel to Sofia , Bulgaria in a Valkyrie to find the hackers , where Sly shows off his card counting skills to get the attention of a crime boss they need to find the hackers . 48 `` More Civil War '' Jeffrey Hunt Nick Santora and Nicholas Wootton October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 8.30 After Sly gains the attention of a crime boss , he must help the him win back millions from a Chinese rival in exchange for the address of the hackers . The others successfully regain control over the destroyers , only to find out there is also a nuclear submarine under the hackers ' control . They try to use magnets to disrupt the hackers ' signal , but are mere seconds too late in implementing their solution . Cabe and Tim run into a trap , eventually managing to find the hackers ' lair , but not before the hackers launch a nuclear missile . In a team effort , Walter reprograms the rocket 's GPS to disable it . Meanwhile , Sly accidentally loses the game . After the crime boss finds out Sly works for the U.S. government , he decides to kill him . On the way to a secluded area , Sly escapes and is ultimately rescued by the Valkyrie pilot . Later , on Cabe 's advice , Walter must face the reality that he is not emotionally ready for Paige , deciding to make amends with her and Tim . 49 `` It Is n't the Fall That Kills You '' Sanford Bookstaver Nick Santora and Scott Sullivan October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 7.05 Tech mogul Richard Elia returns to hire Scorpion to help his company with their first manned space launch , with a deadline with NASA looming . Walter 's rocket throttle design seems unstable , so he runs diagnostics on it . While working on the rocket , a lightning strike launches Walter into space . Due to several malfunctions , including low oxygen , he starts to hallucinate that Paige is with him in the rocket capsule . The team must figure out how to save Walter before his oxygen runs out in less than 30 minutes , all while dealing with the uncomfortable situation . They turn to the Russian Federal Space Agency for help in return for giving them credit for saving an American citizen . Walter and Toby devise elaborate plans to deal with their loves while at the garage . 50 `` Little Boy Lost '' Steven A. Adelson Rob Pearlstein and Nick Wootton October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 7.17 After Ralph 's friend Daniel , a non-verbal autistic boy , goes missing during their school field trip , Scorpion searches for him only to find that a suspicious man took Daniel 's voice tablet mistaking it for his intended dead drop . They soon discover that the tablet is linked to the S6 , an international mercenary ring . The team races to track Daniel before the S6 do , but arrive too late and then must save a panicked Daniel . He reveals that he opened a file on the wrong tablet , detailing an assassination plan to use smart bullets to take out a candidate running for Senate . They work together to stop the plan , succeeding thanks to Happy 's quick thinking . Toby visits Mark Collins in prison to ask him about Happy 's husband and , instead of an answer , he gives Toby a riddle . Later , he finally figures out the riddle and finds out the identity of Happy 's husband : Walter . Happy reveals their marriage was purely to help Walter get a green card and then reveals that she is pregnant , requesting a divorce from Walter . 51 5 `` Plight at the Museum '' Christine Moore Paul Grellong and Nick Santora October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.03 Scorpion is hired by L.A. 's Natural History Museum to determine why an ancient pillar is rapidly decaying and must stay overnight during lockdown to solve the problem . The simple mission turns complex when a group of Aldorrian thieves infiltrate the museum , wanting to steal tantalum - 181 from an asteroid on display in order to enhance a nuclear bomb . Meanwhile , Toby panics about becoming a father and Paige gives him some parenting advice . Later , a hard - nosed case worker from USCIS shows up and is curious as to why Walter and Happy have been living at separate addresses for the past six years . This causes Toby to give them behavior lessons . 52 6 `` Bat Poop Crazy '' Omar Madha David Foster and Nicholas Wootton October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 6.51 Scorpion travels to a remote location in Wonder Rift , Arizona , where they go spelunking into a deep cave system in an effort to save a disease - ridden bat population from harming the North American ecosystem . In order to prevent the spread of White Nose Syndrome , they must aerosol fungicide into the cave after they meet up with two zoologists . They end up having to save the scientists after the bats become aggressive and attack them . Meanwhile , Happy stays at the garage running comms and has to look after a hyperactive Ralph who is on a sugar rush from eating too much candy . Later , the team throws a Halloween party and wears costumes to help Happy and Walter with their impending immigration inspection by strict agent Joyce Linehan . 53 7 `` We 're Gonna Need a Bigger Vote '' Sam Hill Elizabeth Davis Beall and Nick Santora November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 6.92 Scorpion gets a mission directly from the U.S. President and works with the FBI on election day when hackers try to crash the voting servers in the latest U.S. presidential election . Since Walter is flagged by immigration as a person of interest for citizen fraud , he can not help the team . Undeterred , he partners with Ralph to find out that the Chinese consulate and their ambassador are behind the vote hack as a means to gain control of international shipping lanes . Later , Paige goes with Tim to the Veterans ' Ball and has to meet his parents . Meanwhile , Agent Linehan visits the garage and , although she knows Walter and Happy perpetrated a fraudulent marriage , is forced to grant Walter his citizenship after Washington , D.C. enacts a private bill as a reward for his work on the case . Happy finds out she was not pregnant , her blood test a false positive caused by contracting cadmium poisoning after working on the solar panels , but she and Toby do get properly engaged . 54 8 `` Sly and the Family Stone '' Jeff Hunt Adam Higgs and Nicholas Wootton November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 7.22 Most of Scorpion escorts Walter to his hometown in Ireland to help his parents with the blessing of Megan 's cenotaph on Pattern Day for her one - year remembrance memorial . Toby stays at the garage to aid Happy with her chelation treatment and convince her to have a big wedding . Meanwhile , the Irish tradition is broken when Walter discovers the nearby lake is about to erupt , which would result in a poisonous gas cloud of carbon dioxide threatening the entire village . Cabe and Toby , via cell phone , try to ease the tension between Walter and Tim , who must work together to save the townsfolk . Also , Walter makes amends with his childhood bullies by fighting them , earning their respect . 55 9 `` Mother Load '' Jeff T. Thomas Kevin J. Hynes November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 7.07 Paige 's Thanksgiving dinner for the team is put on hold when her estranged con - artist mother Veronica , ( Lea Thompson ) posing as a real estate investor , enlists Scorpion 's help after she accidentally discovers a forgotten radioactive nuclear reactor that is about to explode in an abandoned building . In addition , she is being hunted by shady businessmen who want their money back . Wanting to save his beloved Warlock 's Chest comic book store from demolition , Sly starts a petition and decides to run for town alderman . Meanwhile , Cabe becomes interested in Allie Jones ( Reiko Aylesworth ) , the competition 's campaign manager . Later , Veronica , after reading Walter 's good intentions , declares that he is what is best for her daughter , not Tim -- and that she will help him get her back . 56 10 `` This is the Pits '' Sam Hill Kim Rome & Nicholas Wootton December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 6.98 Scorpion must act quickly with LAFD Fire and Rescue after a woman runs off the road to avoid a cyclist and gets trapped in her car at the bottom of the La Brea Tar Pits . Also , Sly and Cabe fail to raise enough money for Sly 's campaign to run for alderman of West Altadenia , leading Veronica to teach Ralph how to make a bigger profit by selling his Forestry Brave cookies as ice cream sandwiches to hipsters and , instead of keeping the conned money , they give it to Sly as a campaign donation . Later , Walter ends his partnership with Veronica , feeling the deceit would eventually hurt Paige . Tim declines a security job offer in Amman , Jordan in order to stay with Paige and continue helping Scorpion , this time with a permanent position . 57 11 `` Wreck the Halls '' Milan Cheylov Scott Sullivan December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 7.53 Scorpion spends Christmas Eve at a cabin free of all electronic devices , cell reception , and Wi - Fi . But it is not a team holiday without a problem . While out searching for a Christmas tree to cut down , they encounter gunrunners in the woods holding an ATF agent hostage . The team is discovered at their retreat and sets up homemade traps to take down the criminals . Even though their plan works , the agent is really a part of the gunrunning gang and captures Ralph . Paige and Walter race after him and rescue Ralph . Later , Tim and Walter have a heated argument over Paige , causing Tim to rethink his position as a full - time member of Scorpion . In the end , he decides to take the security job in Amman , but Toby tells Walter that Paige will blame Walter for it . 58 12 `` Ice Ca - Cabes '' Jeff T. Thomas David Foster & Nick Santora January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 7.37 Scorpion is back to normal with the regular roster after Tim 's departure , but Paige is upset about how Walter handled the situation and just wants to focus on work . Meanwhile , Cabe is moving out of Happy 's home and she is actually sad about it ; he gives her his mother 's brooch to wear on her wedding day and she considers him a friend . The team 's routine mission at the Federal Pumping Station in Redwood , California in the desert turns into their hardest case when they are forced to freeze Cabe 's body in order to save his life after he is seriously wounded by a copper shard that snapped off from the force of the turbine 's friction . The team must collect various materials , forcing Sly and Happy to face their fears and Paige and Walter to enter a nudist spring . Later , at the hospital , Walter finally expresses his feelings for his long - time fatherly friend and tells Cabe he loves him . 59 13 `` Faux Money Maux Problems '' Omar Madha Aadrita Mukerji & Nicholas Wootton January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 7.81 Scorpion takes a private job revamping a winery 's viticulture technology with selective harvesters and optical sorters . On the way to the winery in a limousine , the team is knocked out by kevloturane , a subtle but potentially lethal gas . They are tricked by a foreign diplomat posing as the vineyard owner , and she forces them to make American counterfeit money for her country , the fictional Norteguay of which her brother is dictator , that intends to ruin the U.S. economy . After being locked in a warehouse with her mother , Paige has to rely on her mother 's con - artist skills to save them all . Meanwhile , at the winery , Toby and Happy are followed by a Norteguaian henchman and escape to the garage to help the rest of the team , who believe they are out of the country but are really in Simi Valley , California . 60 14 `` The Hole Truth '' Sam Hill Story by : Matthew David & Rob Pearlstein Teleplay by : Rob Pearlstein January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 7.77 Scorpion is hired by the US Army Corps of Engineers to help a sandhog unit locate a leak in a municipal water line . The micro leaks they find cause the soft soil to create a massive sinkhole that is ready to swallow up a silo filled with chemicals , along with a worker trapped on top of it . If this happens , the drinking water supply of one of Southern California 's most prominent aquifers will be tainted . Meanwhile , Toby and Happy have to help Walter , who is slipping down their `` EQ '' scale , as he has been too sharp and insensitive to people 's emotions ever since Paige decided to leave him to his own devices . Paige also has to help Veronica get back the con money she buried at the abandoned factory where they found the nuclear device , which is now being worked on by a demolition crew . She devises a cunning plan for her mother to cheat the men who want her to pay for her sins ; however , it forces Veronica to part ways with Paige for good . She leaves a large cache of her dirty money to Paige in Ralph 's name . 61 15 `` Sharknerdo '' Tim Story Elizabeth Davis Beall February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 7.76 After Scorpion loses a contract with the Department of Energy to upgrade their server when Walter disagrees with a rep over their `` mathematically inaccurate '' fee , he takes on a case to use their echolocation tech in search of pirate treasure . The team is hired by a Marine salvage company that believes they 've found the San Caldera , a Manila galleon that sunk by Drakes Bay in 1595 carrying a fortune in gold . Meanwhile , Allie helps Sly out with his campaign by getting him an interview with a teenage reporter for the West Altadena Shopper . However , he has more important matters to attend to when he has to help rescue Walter and Paige when they 're stranded in the middle of the Pacific Ocean after their boat explodes from an electrical problem . Even though they 're able to make it to a Danish buoy to get out an S.O.S. , a frenzy of sharks surrounds them . 62 16 `` Keep It In Check , Mate '' Christine Moore Kim Rome February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 7.24 Scorpion gets a case from the Eastern European Desk of the CIA when two informants in Sardovia are murdered . In order to get close to a Sardovian asset , Walter and Sylvester enter an international chess competition undercover in an effort to extricate the spy / chess grandmaster before her identity is exposed by code breakers . Meanwhile , Cabe works with the FBI to convince Happy 's father Patrick to testify against Sonny Dubin , a man who ran a stolen car ring to move drugs across the border for whom Patrick used to illegally wipe off VIN numbers of vehicles that he brought him at his garage . In order to take advantage of the deal Cabe has struck , he has to self - surrender and will be imprisoned for two years , causing Happy heartbreak . Later , Ralph is asked to the Valentine 's Day dance by two girls and goes to the men for advice instead of Paige , who is disappointed since emotional problems are her specialty . However , he comes to her wanting to learn how to dance . 63 17 `` Dirty Seeds , Done Dirt Cheap '' Jeff T. Thomas Adam Higgs February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 7.19 Scorpion travels to Greenland for a simple job , repairing a malfunctioning system at the Granse World Seed Vault . When they become trapped in high humidity rooms , Happy , Sylvester , and Cabe have life - threatening psychotic hallucinations due to ergot spores , which affect the fear center of the brain . Happy relives her childhood rejections waiting to be adopted , Sly believes he will catch a disease from chickens , and Cabe believes he is too old to date Allie , who is 15 years his junior , and turns into an arthritic old man . Meanwhile , Paige , Walter , and Toby , who are not infected , try to help them overcome their worst fears over their comms . Later , Sly must overcome his fear of public speaking to win a political debate against his opponent , who tries to use a bullying tactic on him . 64 18 `` Do n't Burst My Bubble '' Omar Madha April E. Brassard & Nicholas Wootton February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 6.88 When Happy 's new online friend Ada , a teenage girl she met on a website for female mechanics , does n't respond to a private chat , Happy heads to Ada 's hometown of Lancaster . She enlists Scorpion to help her move Ada , who has a severe immunodeficiency brought on by aplastic anemia , and the sterile bubble that protects her weak immune system to a germ - free location after a severe storm leaves her home surrounded by dangerous debris . Meanwhile , Walter tries out his newfound emotional state on Paige when she and Tim break up after he decides to accept an eight - month contract extension in Jordan . Later , Sly loses the alderman election after Allie 's boss and Sly 's opponent forces her to post a photo on the internet of the germophobic Sly shaking hands with a veteran and wiping his hand afterwards . This causes Cabe to break up with Allie , although Sly nonetheless manages to save the Warlock 's Chest from being condemned by qualifying it as a historical landmark . Also , the team holds a Winter Formal and uses a virtual reality headset designed by Walter to allow Ada to experience the dance . 65 19 `` Monkey See , Monkey Poo '' Don Tardino Scott Sullivan March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 6.61 Scorpion works with the World Health Organization to stop the dangerous Marari virus from spreading throughout South America and causing a pandemic . They travel to the Amazon rainforest to locate an endangered monkey species called the Homboldt Capuchin that may have the antibody for the cure . Meanwhile , in order for their marriage to work , Happy wants to express herself better , so she drags Toby to see `` quack '' therapist Dr. Cecil Rizzuto ( Penn Jilette ) for premarital counseling . Later , Walter identifies with Cabe 's emotional pain from losing Allie after his own heartbreak over Paige and actually shows some empathy towards him . 66 20 `` Broken Wind '' Steven A. Adelson Caitlin Duffy & Nick Santora March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 6.46 Scorpion is hired by the Department of Energy to design a special graphene alloy turbine to upgrade their experimental blade-less windmills at a wind farm in Energy Valley . When Happy and Paige get stuck in a gondola , the rest of the team races to save them after the cable supporting it snaps . The men make it hard for Toby to decide on a best man for his wedding , resulting in him asking Paige to be his `` best ma'am . '' To avoid a similar competition , Happy declares them all her `` dudes of honor . '' Additionally , Sly earns the Stone of Valor at The Knights of Altadenia vesting ceremony and wants a reluctant Cabe to join in being knighted into his clan after his contributions towards saving The Warlock 's Chest . 67 21 `` Rock Block '' Antonio Negret David Foster April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 6.40 Scorpion is hired by the government of the fictional Hechnyan Republic to retrieve a space capsule carrying an asteroid , but discover it contains DNA strands that may have deadly pathogens capable of killing millions . During the mission , Allie visits Cabe , who stayed behind , to inform him that her boss will be stripped from his position as alderman for accepting bribes and that Sylvester will be able to take his place . Sly initially rejects the offer , instead offering Cabe a trade ; he will take the oath of office only if Cabe takes Allie to dinner . Happy and Toby secretly take advantage of freebies from reception venues while Paige struggles with her `` best ma'am '' duties . When she discovers their secret , they offer her a bribe from their haul . Later , things heat up for Walter and Paige when they see if the song Walter picked out for the wedding is suitable for dancing . 68 22 `` Strife on Mars '' Jeff Hunt Kevin J. Hynes April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 6.59 Scorpion is hired by Kapper Aerospace Industries in Solvang to fix the thorium power grid in their Mars simulation biodome . When a critical system fails , they must extract a pair of scientists who have been living inside for 11 months . Also , Walter and Paige plan out their own versions of Toby and Happy 's Jack and Jill Bachelor / Bachelorette Party : Walter with a trip to the science center , a planetarium , and the natural history museum , Paige with a party bus and look - a-like piñatas . Meanwhile , the couple prepares to move in with each other , quickly learning that they have different styles and ways of living . An oxygen - ozone mix in the dome triggers Walter 's memory of the earlier rocket mission and he discovers what really happened in space with Paige . Later , realizing Paige played him , Walter fires Paige at Scorpion but does so only after landing a position for her with Richard Elia ; Paige however , overreacts and tells him to `` go to hell '' and leaves with Ralph . 69 23 `` Something Burrowed , Something Blew '' Christine Moore Aadrita Mukerji & Nick Santora May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 7.11 On the day of Happy and Toby 's wedding , Scorpion gets a case in Wyoming when lightning strikes set fire to an underground coal mine . They must extinguish the fire before it destroys a telecom cable , but they need to be back in San Jose , California in time for the ceremony . When complications arise and they do n't make it , Paige plans an impromptu wedding at Kovalsky 's Diner , their favorite greasy spoon , and gets Ray , who 's an ordained minister , to give the vows . Walter expresses his feelings for Paige , stating the reason he fired her is because he 's in love with her . To his surprise , she feels the same way and they share a not - so - intimate moment . Later , Cabe gets a call ; the French Polynesian governor needs help setting up their underwater wave - powered generators and they 're willing to fly the team out to Tahiti . Looks like the newlyweds get a free honeymoon . However , on the private flight , they hit some turbulence and , with Happy as the co-pilot , the plane starts to go down . 70 24 `` Maroon 8 '' Milan Cheylov Paul Grellong May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 7.52 On the way to Tahiti , the team 's plane crashes on a deserted island after a battery in one of the wave - powered generators explodes , causing shrapnel to cut the plane 's hydraulic lines . Everyone except for the pilot , Scotty ( Rockmond Dunbar ) , is unharmed . Scotty is suffering from crush syndrome and will die if freed . The team rushes to build a makeshift dialysis machine out of the wreckage to save him , while also trying to find a way off the island . In the meantime , Sylvester 's near - death experience instills him with a new surge of confidence and Toby learns some surprising secrets about Happy 's past . Also , an overeager Walter struggles with his emotions while adjusting to his new relationship with Paige and Ralph is worried the relationship wo n't survive long on the island . 71 25 `` Scorp Family Robinson '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 7.89 Three weeks after crashing on a deserted island , the team is divided on plans to get rescued before the monsoon season , so the team splits up . Walter thinks a magnetic field change can get them home , while Toby tries to make a raft out of newly discovered oil drums . Meanwhile , a long - bearded Sylvester is losing his mind in the bunker with his pet chameleon . Everyone works together to rescue Ralph and Scotty when they are smothered in a sand pit created by an exploding copper wire experiment that results in an electrical disturbance , signalling a plane to fly above them . They spell out SOS on the sand and are saved . Back home safe , Paige and Walter are finally left alone and they consummate their relationship . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 72 `` Extinction '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 5.75 Walter gets a call from ex-Scorpion member and old nemesis Mark Collins . While in prison , Mark discovered an extinction event from a temperature shift in Northern Norway . In order to prevent mass extinction , the team has to work with the mad genius to stop methane from leaking through cracks in the ice caused by an earthquake . However , methane geysers are created during an aftershock and , if not plugged up , will start warming the earth 's atmosphere within hours instead of weeks . During the mission , Walter and Paige awkwardly resume their new relationship at work , causing Walter to burst out into song and dance . Also , Sly questions his lack of achievements after seeing his short obituary in a shrine dedicated to him at the Warlock 's Chest . 73 `` More Extinction '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 5.23 With the new Homeland Security director refusing to help , Team Scorpion and Mark Collins are forced to come up with a plan to save the world on their own . After learning of a nearby luxury resort for Russian military higher - ups , the team decides to raid it for an experimental assault helicopter and the supplies they need to perform cloud seeding with the intention to cause it to snow and freeze over the crevices . Despite some issues , the team succeeds in stealing the necessary supplies and successfully freezes over the methane hotspots , buying the needed time for specialists to come with methane - eating bacteria to remove the threat completely . However , Collins tricks Cabe and is able to escape . In the aftermath , the team comes to realize that Collins had planned all along to use the extinction event to escape and Cabe is arrested for instigating Collins ' escape . Walter and Paige , after experiencing doubts about their relationship , reconcile and Happy , revealing she recovered his old wedding ring earlier , makes Sly a wedding ring of bandage fragments within a plastic mold . 74 `` Grow a Deer , A Female Deer '' Milan Cheylov David Foster & Nick Santora October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 4.82 After learning of Cabe 's arrest from Ally , Scorpion pools their funds to pay his $500,000 bail , angering Cabe . Now in desperate need of funds , Scorpion agrees to fly to Africa to stop a poacher cabal from targeting rhinos . During the mission , Walter 's guilt causes him to channel Cabe 's mannerisms to nearly disastrous effect . After locating the correct valley , Scorpion rescues a deer from a poacher . The deer , which is of a nearly - extinct species , is severely injured and pregnant . The team is forced to move the baby into an artificial womb and to transport both mother and baby to safety while chased by poachers . The team succeeds in saving both mother and child while Ralph is able to decrypt the satellite phone of one of the poachers , identifying the entire organization . With the help of Ralph , Cabe realizes how selfish he 's being , while Ralph develops a crush on Sly 's new intern , Patty . 75 `` Nuke Kids on the Block '' Elodie Keene Paul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 4.84 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After Paige calls Happy out on third - wheeling all of her and Walter 's dates , tension grows between the two of them . Scorpion is called in to decommission a nuclear missile , but Happy accidentally drops a wrench and punctures the missile 's fuel tank . With four hours until help arrives and the fuel vapors threatening to cause the warhead to detonate , Scorpion comes up with a plan to use a 3D printer and neon gas to create a plug for the leak . A mistake in the gas they receive causes the situation to worsen , so Walter decides to use an explosion to harmlessly launch the warhead into the countryside , where it can safely be recovered later . While the launch is successful , the vapors arm the warhead . At the last second , Happy disarms it and Scorpion leaves the Air Force to clean up the mess . At the same time , Sly 's new intern Patty struggles to save the local science club . Inspired by the events in the missile silo , Sly finds a way to save the city plenty of money to fund the science club . Sly chooses to become Cabe 's lawyer due to their problems in finding him one . Happy announces that she wants to have a baby with Toby , while Walter admits his insecurities about Paige growing bored with their relationship . 76 5 `` Sci Hard '' Dwight H. Little Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 5.15 Walter , Paige , Cabe , Toby , and Happy visit a technology conference in Los Angeles while Sly takes the Vermont bar exam . While at the conference , which features Scorpion 's old acquaintance Richard Elia , the conference is taken over by masked men , resulting in Paige and Walter being taken hostage . As the others try to foil a clever bank robbery scheme , Sly is forced to interrupt his test to help , observed by his test proctor to monitor for possible cheating . Cabe is able to overpower two of the villains and aid Walter and Sly in tricking the remaining two into thinking they have gotten their money . However , Toby and Happy 's attempt to help gets them arrested by a suspicious police detective . In the end , Cabe captures the robbers and Toby and Happy are exonerated . Sly 's efforts to help results in his only answering about seventy percent of the questions before running out of time . To Sly 's shock , he later finds out that the sympathetic proctor rushed his test results through and he passed , meaning that Sly can act as Cabe 's lawyer in his upcoming trial . 77 6 `` Queen Scary '' Omar Madha Adam Higgs & Nicholas Wootton October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 4.93 The team meets Dave who offers them a job to prove the existence of ghosts on the Queen Mary for his documentary . Due to the financial problems that the team currently have , they accepted the job though Walter stays behind due to his skepticism . During the mission , the team discovers that the Queen Mary is being used to house an antenna guiding unmanned ships . Due to a malfunction , one such ship ends up a disastrous collision course with a refinery and the team 's attempts to stop it make the situation worse . Finally , Walter manages to board the ship , but is unable to stop it directly due to its damaged electronics . Instead , the team manages to use the ship 's sonar and the Queen Mary 's PA system to create a sonic wall that stops the ship feet from the refinery . Though the ghosts were debunked , Dave still produces a heavily edited version of the documentary . At the end of the episode , Toby manages to get Cabe to open up about his upcoming trial and Cabe finally admits that he 's worried . 78 7 `` Go With the Flo ( rence ) '' Sam Hill Kevin J. Hynes & Nick Santora November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 5.18 79 8 `` Faire is Foul '' Sanford Bookstaver Scott Sullivan November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 4.74 80 9 `` It 's Raining Men ( of War ) '' Antonio Negret Kim Rome & Nicholas Wootton November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 5.13 The team is hired to dissolve a garbage island made out of plastic . They are helped by their new neighbor Flo , a chemist , who devises a formula that dissolves plastic . Walter , Flo and Happy walk onto the floating garbage to disperse the formula . While the formula starts dissolving the island , it appears that it attracts deadly jellyfish . Meanwhile , their boat has engine problems and drifts away . The team uses their combined intellect to get back to the boat . Walter and Flo get stung by the jellyfish and need medical attention . 81 10 `` Crime Every Mountain '' Sam Hill Aadrita Mukerji & Nick Santora November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 5.50 While testing a new winch , Scorpion witnesses a plane go down and attempts to help the man flying the plane save his children . The team learns too late that the man and his daughter are drug runners and get taken captive , ultimately resulting in Walter and Paige being trapped in a small cave . Toby manages to rescue the two and they are able to outfox and capture the pair . The incident causes Happy to experience some doubts about having children after seeing the criminal family , but she is soothed by Toby . At the same time , Cabe attempts to capture Mark Collins with Sly 's help after they receive a lead . However , it is just a trap set by Collins to frame Cabe for taking a $50,000 bribe . With Cabe 's situation worsening , Walter attempts to distance himself from Cabe , leading to some strain between him and Paige . In the end , Sly decides to request a bench trial instead of a jury trial so that Cabe 's guilt will only be determined by an experienced judge . While helping prepare for the trial , Walter reconciles with Cabe . 82 11 `` Who Let the Dog Out ( ' Cause Now It 's Stuck In a Cistern ) '' Omar Madha David Foster & Nick Santora December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 5.92 Joined by a new handler from Homeland Security and Florence , Scorpion sets out to rescue a diabetic dog trapped underground with only a short time to live . The team manages to save the dog and their handler decides to report to Homeland Security that the team is unconventional but effective and gives his support in allowing the team to continue to operate . At the same time , Cabe goes on trial for aiding and abetting Mark Collins ' escape and taking a bribe . Cabe 's trial is a bench trial overseen by a judge with a history of handing down harsh sentences . The judge rejects most of Sly 's defenses making it seem like Cabe will be convicted . However , Sly has a last minute idea using an obscure case from 1804 and maritime law . Ultimately , the judge dismisses the bribery charges based on evidence presented by Sly of Collins ' bank hacking to frame Cabe . Based on maritime law , Cabe is exonerated for helping Collins escape and is released . At the end of the episode , Sly helps Toby and Florence deal with charges of their own relating to helping him save Cabe and Cabe gives each member of the team a memento with personal value to show their importance to him . 83 12 `` A Christmas Car - Roll '' LeVar Burton Paul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 5.35 While the rest of Scorpion plans to enjoy the Christmas holiday , Walter continues to work resulting in an life - threatening fall . While Scorpion attempts to save Walter his unconscious self experiences a dream world where Scorpion was never formed . As a result , several of the disasters they prevented have happened . In Walter 's dream , he is married to Florence , Paige owns a chain of restaurants , Cabe is the Chief of the LAPD , Sly owns a video game company , Toby is a famous motivational speaker , Happy runs a podcast on rare cars and Ralph is his former silent genius self . In order to save himself , represented by a doppelganger of Walter trapped in a car accident , Walter is forced to bring together the team . Scorpion is able to save Walter 's life and he awakens in the hospital in the real world . The dream gives Walter a new perspective on the team while his dream marriage to Florence appears to make Walter intrigued . 84 13 `` The Bunker Games '' Milan Cheylov Rob Pearlstein January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 5.62 Scorpion is hired to check out the AI system on a doomsday bunker . Due to Cabe 's upcoming physical , Paige remains behind with him to help train while Toby is refused for the job by the owners . To the team 's surprise , they are greeted by Toby 's rival Quincy Berkstead and his wife Amy who is Toby 's ex-fiancé . When Toby follows the rest of the team out of suspicion , the bunker 's AI Dorie labels Toby as a threat and locks the team , Quincy and Amy in the bunker while Cabe and Paige try desperately to save them . With time running out until Dorie releases a deadly gas , the team implements a plan that releases them from the bunker and locks Dorie in an unsolvable challenge . During the mission , Happy grows jealous of Amy who appears to be more beautiful and successful than her , but the two bond . Quincy 's cowardice causes Amy to leave him in the end . At the same time , Walter remains freaked out by his dream about being married to Florence and attempts to maintain his distance from her on the mission . While Florence takes the news well when Walter explains , Paige does not . 85 14 `` Lighthouse of the Rising Sun '' Sam Hill Adam Higgs January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 5.23 After a solar flare knocks out power and communications in Southern California , Scorpion , Ralph , Cabe 's girlfriend Allie , Sly 's intern Patty and Sly 's science club team up together to save two teenagers trapped on a plane with no way of landing . Cabe , Allie , Toby and Happy reactivate the lighthouse both couples went to for a romantic weekend away to help guide the teenagers in while Paige and Sly break into a flight school to get the plane 's specifications . However , the plane suffers damage and is unable to land and a controlled crash - landing proves to be impossible as well . With the help of the science club , Walter comes up with a plan for the teens to jump into a massive net , saving their lives . During the crisis , Cabe encourages the teens to admit their love for each other while he finally does the same with Allie who reciprocates his feelings . Throughout the crisis , Ralph continues his efforts to impress Patty and succeeds to the point that she requests his help in running Sly 's reelection campaign . Due to Walter 's dream , Paige is harsh with Florence while giving her advice to get investors . Paige 's advice proves to work and Paige makes amends with Florence and Walter though a planned romantic night suffers an unfortunate interruption . 86 15 `` Wave Goodbye '' Jeff T. Thomas Kevin J. Hynes January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 5.82 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scorpion is called to Fuente Roja , Mexico to repair an earthquake damaged reactor of a nuclear power station . Sly stays behind to get an autograph from his favorite author and Toby claims back pains . As the team prepares to repair the reactor , another ( 9.1 ) earthquake at sea triggers a massive tsunami that threatens the town . Able to affect repairs but unable to leave the town in time , Scorpion enacts a plan to dissipate the tsunami before it can reach land and the remaining towns people . The team is able to stop the tsunami and save the town . At the same time , Toby 's ex-fiancée Amy asks him to help her recover her identity previously stolen and sold by Quincy Berkstead following the recent bunker debacle . Through a series of deals , Toby tracks Amy 's stolen identity to his old enemy , the Gooch . Though Toby offers to return to gambling to help Amy , the Gooch tries to kill them . Happy learns of Toby 's actions and arrives in time with Cabe and the police to arrest the Gooch and save the two . In the process , Toby rejects Amy 's advances as he loves Happy too much to cheat . Though Sly misses meeting his favorite author , Cabe is able to arrange a private meeting for him at the garage . Throughout the episode , Paige and Walter argue about when their first kiss was . At the end , the two are shown to have exchanged beliefs on which one it was . 87 16 `` Nerd , Wind and Fire '' Bethany Rooney Scott Sullivan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 5.55 On Valentine 's Day , Scorpion gets called in to rescue a doctor and a pilot whose helicopter crashed into an incomplete building due to powerful winds . The doctor is needed by a critically - injured patient who will soon die if the doctor ca n't reach him . As Toby struggles to keep the young man alive , Walter uses equipment from the hospital to create a makeshift zipline to reach the helicopter but faces problems with the rescue itself . With the team 's help , the doctor and the pilot are saved . However , facing mortal danger , Walter must jump off the building to survive . Meanwhile , Toby and Happy await the results of their fertility tests . Toby is discovered to have sertoli cell - only syndrome . The couple ca n't afford the treatment , so Scorpion and Ally pool their resources to help . Ralph is asked by Patty to tutor her crush , something he tries to sabotage until Walter gives him advice . From Paige , Florence learns of Walter 's dream and assures her she has no romantic interest in him . Instead , Sly and Florence appear to develop feelings for each other . At the end , Paige finds Walter 's unfinished song meant to her . 88 17 `` Dumbster Fire '' Sanford Bookstaver Aadrita Mukerji February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 5.06 Scorpion is called in to verify a potentially major discovery . However , the lab is so deep underground that spending over four hours causes the pressure to damage the team 's IQ . Due to a prairie dog mishap and Walter 's inability to properly fix it in his altered state , the lab 's particle collider threatens to create a black hole and the team lack the smarts to fix it . Guided by Paige and Cabe , they are able to come up with simpler solutions to some of their problems . After Toby collapses due to the pressure , an effort to save his life by creating a makeshift vacuum restore Toby 's intelligence and he is able to come up with a solution to the problem . In the aftermath , Toby and Happy finally agree on a doctor for their fertility problems and Sly comes up with a new water filter for his efforts to reduce the amount of plastic used and enlists Florence 's help to perfect it . Though the low - IQ Walter resulted in him having a higher EQ , Walter returns completely to normal and rejects Paige 's attempts to go on a date with him based on the things he suggested while dumb . Instead , Walter and Florence spend the night in the lab using their complimentary geniuses to solve a problem . 89 18 `` Dork Day Afternoon '' Steven A. Adelson Paul Grellong March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 5.51 During a rush to get Toby 's sperm to a fertility clinic during an attempt to get Happy pregnant through artificial insemination , Walt chooses to stop at a bank , incidentally getting him and Toby trapped in the middle of a bank robbery . With the robbers unaware of Walt and Toby having hidden coms , the two work with the rest of Scorpion and Florence to foil the robbery . An attempt to get Toby 's sperm sample to the clinic before it becomes no good results in it becoming stuck in the bank 's old pneumatic tube system . The team is able to come up with a plan to stun the robbers which will also free the sample . Meanwhile , Walt falls into danger when he is caught by the lead robber . The plan works , stunning the leader long enough for Walt to subdue him . The robbers are arrested while the LAPD provides a police escort to the clinic , allowing the sperm sample to reach it in time . An attempt by Sly to ask out Florence fails due to miscommunication while Walt shares a family dinner with Paige and Ralph and afterwards chooses to forgo work in favor of spending time with Ralph . 90 19 `` Gator Done '' Omar Madha Kim Rome March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 4.82 Scorpion is called to a bayou in New Orleans , Louisiana , where a new mosquito - borne virus is threatening to become epidemic . Scorpion 's mission is to spread genetically - engineered , sterile mosquitoes to curtail the local population of infectious mosquitos , thwarting the disaster . However , things go wrong when Toby 's antics causes the container to be swallowed by an alligator . An attempt to retrieve it leads to Cabe being hit instead . Toby is able to get help for Cabe in time , realising how dangerous his immaturity is with a baby potentially on the way . Walt and Paige eventually succeed in retrieving the container and releasing the mosquitoes . Meanwhile , Sly 's intern Patty Logan gets her first tardy ever due to bullying . Sly and Ralph attempt to help , leading to Sly having a breakdown in the principal 's office . The principal finally agrees to remove the tardy from Patty 's record . Throughout these events , Paige attempts to teach Walt the concept of a white lie . After discovering Paige 's hatred of a lecture Walter invited her to attend with him , he lies to spare Paige and goes with Florence instead . 91 20 `` Foul Balls '' Nick Santora David Foster & Nick Santora March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 4.84 Director Carson demands that Scorpion play in a softball game against the Homeland Security team led by Carson with the team 's future as government contractors at stake . With no other choice , Scorpion , Ralph , Florence , Patty Logan , one of Sly 's friends from the Warlock 's Chest and Cecil form a softball team that does badly at first until the team begins using science to stretch the rules and increase their odds . At the same time , Walt and Cabe get trapped in an evidence locker and Walt is forced to admit to a childhood trauma that makes him reluctant to play sports in front of Cabe . Toby and Happy learn of Walt and Florence 's night out and become suspicious . After a failed attempt to get help from pro player Kyle Dirk , Walt and Cabe return in time to win the game and save Scorpion 's contract , bringing the team closer in the process . 92 21 `` Kenny and the Jet '' Jeff T. Thomas Adams Higgs & Rob Pearlstein April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) TBD On the way back from Hawaii after pitching Sly 's new water filter to the military , Cabe notices the air marshal growing nervous and discovers that she suspects a bomb on the plane . Using a passenger 's fish finder as a makeshift x-ray device , the team discovers that a young boy , Kenny , stowed away in the wheel well to follow his father after his recently - divorced parents moved him to Hawaii . With Kenny in serious danger in the unpressurized wheel well , the team and Ralph work together to save him , but suffer complications , including an engine fire that causes the plane to have to fly on a single engine . An attempt to rescue Kenny through a makeshift airlock fails and results in Paige getting trapped as well . Paige risks her life to keep Kenny safe until the plane makes a bumpy landing where Kenny is taken to the hospital and expected to make a full recovery . During the episode , Happy acts recklessly following the failure of her first attempt to get pregnant , but agrees to moderate herself after a talk with Toby . Walt considers telling Paige the truth about his night out with Florence , but ultimately chooses not to . However , Paige realizes that Walter is lying to her about something . Ralph and Paige experience conflict over Ralph 's interest in Patty Logan , culminating in Ralph asking Patty out . However , Patty kindly rejects Ralph due to their age difference leaving them with too many hurdles to have a relationship , leaving Paige to spend the night consoling her son . At the end , Sly learns that the military has decided to buy his water filter and with Cabe 's help , gains the courage to finally ask out Florence . 93 22 `` A Lie in the Sand '' Sam Hill Paul Grellong & Scott Sullivan April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 22 , 2014 3.2 / 9 13.83 1.8 5.32 5.0 19.22 `` Single Point of Failure '' September 29 , 2014 3.1 / 8 13.36 1.5 4.56 4.6 17.94 `` A Cyclone '' October 6 , 2014 2.6 / 7 12.05 1.3 4.49 3.9 16.54 `` Shorthanded '' October 13 , 2014 2.4 / 6 11.51 1.2 4.18 3.6 15.69 5 `` Plutonium Is Forever '' October 20 , 2014 2.4 / 6 10.75 1.4 4.24 3.8 14.99 6 `` True Colors '' October 27 , 2014 2.3 / 6 10.39 1.3 4.25 3.6 14.64 7 `` Father 's Day '' November 3 , 2014 2.2 / 6 10.34 1.3 4.85 3.5 15.20 8 `` Risky Business '' November 10 , 2014 2.0 / 6 10.08 1.3 4.64 3.3 14.72 9 `` Rogue Element '' November 17 , 2014 2.0 / 5 10.17 1.3 4.22 3.3 14.39 10 `` Talismans '' November 24 , 2014 2.0 / 5 9.42 1.1 4.00 3.1 13.42 11 `` Revenge '' December 8 , 2014 2.1 / 6 10.00 1.4 4.47 3.5 14.47 12 `` Dominoes '' December 15 , 2014 2.0 / 6 10.07 1.3 4.08 3.3 14.15 13 `` Kill Screen '' January 5 , 2015 2.4 / 7 12.32 1.4 4.35 3.8 16.67 14 `` Charades '' January 18 , 2015 3.2 / 10 12.29 1.0 3.10 4.2 15.39 15 `` Forget Me Nots '' January 19 , 2015 2.3 / 6 12.08 1.2 4.14 3.5 16.22 16 `` Love Boat '' February 9 , 2015 2.3 / 6 11.86 1.2 4.09 3.5 15.95 17 `` Going South '' February 23 , 2015 2.1 / 6 10.69 1.3 4.49 3.4 15.18 18 `` Once Bitten , Twice Die '' March 9 , 2015 2.0 / 6 10.59 1.3 4.06 3.3 14.65 19 `` Young Hearts Spark Fire '' March 23 , 2015 2.1 / 6 9.70 1.1 4.25 3.2 13.96 20 `` Crossroads '' March 30 , 2015 2.0 / 6 9.38 1.0 3.90 3.0 13.28 21 `` Cliffhanger '' April 13 , 2015 1.9 / 6 9.53 1.2 4.46 3.1 13.99 22 `` Postcards from the Edge '' April 20 , 2015 2.2 / 6 10.71 1.1 3.87 3.3 14.58 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Satellite of Love '' September 21 , 2015 2.2 / 7 11.09 1.1 4.04 3.3 15.13 `` Cuba Libre '' September 28 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.49 1.2 4.33 2.9 13.82 `` Fish Filet '' October 5 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.95 1.2 4.01 3.0 13.96 `` Robots '' October 12 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.40 1.1 3.88 2.8 13.29 5 `` Super Fun Guys '' October 19 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.46 1.1 3.94 2.9 13.40 6 `` Tech , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll '' October 26 , 2015 1.9 / 6 9.69 1.0 3.85 2.9 13.54 7 `` Crazy Train '' November 2 , 2015 1.9 / 5 9.51 1.0 3.74 2.9 13.24 8 `` Area 51 '' November 9 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.34 1.0 3.85 2.8 13.19 9 `` US vs UN vs UK '' November 16 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.16 0.9 3.81 2.6 12.97 10 `` Arrivals and Departures '' November 23 , 2015 1.7 / 5 8.95 0.8 3.41 2.5 12.36 11 `` The Old College Try '' December 7 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.30 1.1 3.83 2.8 13.13 12 `` Dam Breakthrough '' December 14 , 2015 1.8 / 6 9.28 1.0 3.44 2.8 12.72 13 `` White Out '' January 4 , 2016 2.2 / 7 11.67 1.0 3.30 3.2 14.97 14 `` Sun of a Gun '' January 18 , 2016 2.0 / 6 11.60 1.1 3.69 3.1 15.29 15 `` Da Bomb '' January 25 , 2016 1.9 / 6 10.69 1.0 3.77 3.0 14.47 16 `` Fractured '' February 8 , 2016 2.1 / 6 11.36 0.9 3.25 3.0 14.62 17 `` Adaptation '' February 22 , 2016 1.7 / 5 9.87 0.9 3.41 2.6 13.28 18 `` The Fast and the Nerdiest '' February 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 9.23 1.0 3.62 2.5 12.85 19 `` Ticker '' March 14 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.96 0.8 3.22 2.4 12.18 20 `` Djibouti Call '' March 21 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.65 0.9 3.37 2.4 12.02 21 `` Twist and Shout '' March 28 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.74 0.9 3.40 2.5 12.13 22 `` Hard Knox '' April 11 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.60 0.9 3.38 2.5 11.98 23 `` Chernobyl Intentions '' April 18 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.35 0.9 3.38 2.5 11.97 24 `` Toby or Not Toby '' April 25 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Civil War '' October 3 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.30 0.8 3.43 2.4 11.79 `` More Civil War '' October 3 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.30 0.8 3.43 2.4 11.79 `` It Is n't the Fall That Kills You '' October 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 7.05 0.9 3.35 2.2 10.39 `` Little Boy Lost '' October 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 7.17 0.9 3.62 2.2 10.80 5 `` Plight at the Museum '' October 24 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.03 0.9 3.65 2.1 10.68 6 `` Bat Poop Crazy '' October 31 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.51 0.9 3.58 2.0 10.09 7 `` We 're Gonna Need a Bigger Vote '' November 7 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.92 0.9 3.95 2.0 10.87 8 `` Sly and the Family Stone '' November 14 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.22 0.8 3.59 2.0 10.81 9 `` Mother Load '' November 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.07 0.9 3.38 2.1 10.45 10 `` This is the Pits '' December 12 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.98 0.8 3.45 1.9 10.43 11 `` Wreck the Halls '' December 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Ice Ca - Cabes '' January 2 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.37 0.8 3.38 2.0 10.75 13 `` Faux Money Maux Problems '' January 16 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.81 0.9 3.59 2.1 11.40 14 `` The Hole Truth '' January 23 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.77 0.9 3.49 2.2 11.26 15 `` Sharknerdo '' February 6 , 2017 1.2 / 5 7.76 0.9 3.55 2.1 11.31 16 `` Keep It In Check , Mate '' February 13 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.24 0.9 3.48 2.1 10.72 17 `` Dirty Seeds , Done Dirt Cheap '' February 20 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.19 0.8 3.25 2.0 10.44 18 `` Do n't Burst My Bubble '' February 27 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.88 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Monkey See , Monkey Poo '' March 13 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.61 0.8 3.48 1.9 10.09 20 `` Broken Wind '' March 20 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.46 0.8 3.35 1.9 9.81 21 `` Rock Block '' April 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.40 0.9 3.36 1.9 9.77 22 `` Strife on Mars '' April 17 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.59 0.8 3.29 1.9 9.88 23 `` Something Burrowed , Something Blew '' May 1 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.11 0.8 3.41 1.9 10.52 24 `` Maroon 8 '' May 8 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.52 0.9 3.21 2.0 10.73 25 `` Scorp Family Robinson '' May 15 , 2017 1.2 / 5 7.89 0.8 3.34 2.0 11.23 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Extinction '' September 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.75 1.0 4.12 2.0 9.88 `` More Extinction '' October 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.8 3.30 1.6 8.56 `` Grow a Deer , A Female Deer '' October 9 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.82 0.7 3.15 1.5 7.98 `` Nuke Kids on the Block '' October 16 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.84 0.7 2.99 1.5 7.83 5 `` Sci Hard '' October 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.15 0.8 3.06 1.6 8.21 6 `` Queen Scary '' October 30 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.93 0.7 3.02 1.4 7.93 7 `` Go With the Flo ( rence ) '' November 6 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.18 0.6 2.97 1.4 8.15 8 `` Faire is Foul '' November 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.74 0.7 2.95 1.5 7.70 9 `` It 's Raining Men ( of War ) '' November 20 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.13 0.7 2.98 1.6 8.11 10 `` Crime Every Mountain '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.50 0.7 2.99 1.6 8.49 11 `` Who Let the Dog Out ( ' Cause Now It 's Stuck In a Cistern ) '' December 11 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` A Christmas Car - Roll '' December 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.35 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` The Bunker Games '' January 15 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.62 0.9 3.56 1.8 9.18 14 `` Lighthouse of the Rising Sun '' January 22 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.8 3.32 1.6 8.55 15 `` Wave Goodbye '' January 29 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.82 0.8 3.21 1.7 9.03 16 `` Nerd , Wind and Fire '' February 5 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.55 0.7 3.21 1.5 8.76 17 `` Dumbster Fire '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.06 0.7 3.22 1.5 8.28 18 `` Dork Day Afternoon '' March 5 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.51 N / A 3.01 N / A 8.53 19 `` Gator Done '' March 19 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.82 0.7 3.07 1.4 7.84 20 `` Foul Balls '' March 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Kenny and the Jet '' April 9 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scorpion : How an Irish genius saved the world '' . The Irish Times . August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Gives Full Season Orders to ' Scorpion ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' & ' Stalker ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Mores , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - scorpion on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Elementary ' and ' Code Black ' find their places on CBS ' spring ( and summer ) 2018 schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Forever ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scorpion ' & ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' & ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Voice ' , ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up , ' Mulaney ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Following ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' + ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Blindspot ' and ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusted up , ' Castle , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusted down , ' Big Bang ' ajdusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , ' Supergirl ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down but still hits season high , ' Scorpion ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Telenovela ' adjusts up slightly , ' Christmas Light Fight ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Masterchef Celebrity Showdown ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conviction ' , ' Timeless ' , ' Kevin ' and ' Scorpion ' all adjust down , ' Big Bang ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Conviction , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' and ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live 's ' ' Bachelor ' special adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' finale down from 2016 : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # SCO422 ) `` A Lie in the Sand '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' Modern Family ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings ; ' Person of Interest ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Has Biggest Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 21 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Grows Most in Viewership in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 16 Ending January 11 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Nationals : Blackhawks - Lightning on NBC is Most - Viewed NHL Stanley Cup Final Non-Overtime Game 1 Since 1997 '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains +'Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Premiere week Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 2 : ' The Blacklist ' premiere joins ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' atop the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' lead a light week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Shades of Blue ' premiere gets a good lift in week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts another double - double in week 13 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scorpion_episodes&oldid=835683828 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 04 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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when does scorpion season 4 episode 17 air
[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n72\n1\n\"Extinction\"\nSam Hill\nNick Santora & Nicholas Wootton\nSeptember 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)\n5.75[80]\n\n\nWalter gets a call from ex-Scorpion member and old nemesis Mark Collins. While in prison, Mark discovered an extinction event from a temperature shift in Northern Norway. In order to prevent mass extinction, the team has to work with the mad genius to stop methane from leaking through cracks in the ice caused by an earthquake. However, methane geysers are created during an aftershock and, if not plugged up, will start warming the earth's atmosphere within hours instead of weeks. During the mission, Walter and Paige awkwardly resume their new relationship at work, causing Walter to burst out into song and dance. Also, Sly questions his lack of achievements after seeing his short obituary in a shrine dedicated to him at the Warlock's Chest.\n\n\n73\n2\n\"More Extinction\"\nSam Hill\nNick Santora & Nicholas Wootton\nOctober 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)\n5.23[81]\n\n\nWith the new Homeland Security director refusing to help, Team Scorpion and Mark Collins are forced to come up with a plan to save the world on their own. After learning of a nearby luxury resort for Russian military higher-ups, the team decides to raid it for an experimental assault helicopter and the supplies they need to perform cloud seeding with the intention to cause it to snow and freeze over the crevices. Despite some issues, the team succeeds in stealing the necessary supplies and successfully freezes over the methane hotspots, buying the needed time for specialists to come with methane-eating bacteria to remove the threat completely. However, Collins tricks Cabe and is able to escape. In the aftermath, the team comes to realize that Collins had planned all along to use the extinction event to escape and Cabe is arrested for instigating Collins' escape. Walter and Paige, after experiencing doubts about their relationship, reconcile and Happy, revealing she recovered his old wedding ring earlier, makes Sly a wedding ring of bandage fragments within a plastic mold.\n\n\n74\n3\n\"Grow a Deer, A Female Deer\"\nMilan Cheylov\nDavid Foster & Nick Santora\nOctober 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)\n4.82[82]\n\n\nAfter learning of Cabe's arrest from Ally, Scorpion pools their funds to pay his $500,000 bail, angering Cabe. Now in desperate need of funds, Scorpion agrees to fly to Africa to stop a poacher cabal from targeting rhinos. During the mission, Walter's guilt causes him to channel Cabe's mannerisms to nearly disastrous effect. After locating the correct valley, Scorpion rescues a deer from a poacher. The deer, which is of a nearly-extinct species, is severely injured and pregnant. The team is forced to move the baby into an artificial womb and to transport both mother and baby to safety while chased by poachers. The team succeeds in saving both mother and child while Ralph is able to decrypt the satellite phone of one of the poachers, identifying the entire organization. With the help of Ralph, Cabe realizes how selfish he's being, while Ralph develops a crush on Sly's new intern, Patty.\n\n\n75\n4\n\"Nuke Kids on the Block\"\nElodie Keene\nPaul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton\nOctober 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)\n4.84[83]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nAfter Paige calls Happy out on third-wheeling all of her and Walter's dates, tension grows between the two of them. Scorpion is called in to decommission a nuclear missile, but Happy accidentally drops a wrench and punctures the missile's fuel tank. With four hours until help arrives and the fuel vapors threatening to cause the warhead to detonate, Scorpion comes up with a plan to use a 3D printer and neon gas to create a plug for the leak. A mistake in the gas they receive causes the situation to worsen, so Walter decides to use an explosion to harmlessly launch the warhead into the countryside, where it can safely be recovered later. While the launch is successful, the vapors arm the warhead. At the last second, Happy disarms it and Scorpion leaves the Air Force to clean up the mess. At the same time, Sly's new intern Patty struggles to save the local science club. Inspired by the events in the missile silo, Sly finds a way to save the city plenty of money to fund the science club. Sly chooses to become Cabe's lawyer due to their problems in finding him one. Happy announces that she wants to have a baby with Toby, while Walter admits his insecurities about Paige growing bored with their relationship.\n\n\n76\n5\n\"Sci Hard\"\nDwight H. Little\nRob Pearlstein & Nick Santora\nOctober 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)\n5.15[84]\n\n\nWalter, Paige, Cabe, Toby, and Happy visit a technology conference in Los Angeles while Sly takes the Vermont bar exam. While at the conference, which features Scorpion's old acquaintance Richard Elia, the conference is taken over by masked men, resulting in Paige and Walter being taken hostage. As the others try to foil a clever bank robbery scheme, Sly is forced to interrupt his test to help, observed by his test proctor to monitor for possible cheating. Cabe is able to overpower two of the villains and aid Walter and Sly in tricking the remaining two into thinking they have gotten their money. However, Toby and Happy's attempt to help gets them arrested by a suspicious police detective. In the end, Cabe captures the robbers and Toby and Happy are exonerated. Sly's efforts to help results in his only answering about seventy percent of the questions before running out of time. To Sly's shock, he later finds out that the sympathetic proctor rushed his test results through and he passed, meaning that Sly can act as Cabe's lawyer in his upcoming trial.\n\n\n77\n6\n\"Queen Scary\"\nOmar Madha\nAdam Higgs & Nicholas Wootton\nOctober 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)\n4.93[85]\n\n\nThe team meets Dave who offers them a job to prove the existence of ghosts on the Queen Mary for his documentary. Due to the financial problems that the team currently have, they accepted the job though Walter stays behind due to his skepticism. During the mission, the team discovers that the Queen Mary is being used to house an antenna guiding unmanned ships. Due to a malfunction, one such ship ends up a disastrous collision course with a refinery and the team's attempts to stop it make the situation worse. Finally, Walter manages to board the ship, but is unable to stop it directly due to its damaged electronics. Instead, the team manages to use the ship's sonar and the Queen Mary's PA system to create a sonic wall that stops the ship feet from the refinery. Though the ghosts were debunked, Dave still produces a heavily edited version of the documentary. At the end of the episode, Toby manages to get Cabe to open up about his upcoming trial and Cabe finally admits that he's worried.\n\n\n78\n7\n\"Go With the Flo(rence)\"\nSam Hill\nKevin J. Hynes & Nick Santora\nNovember 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)\n5.18[86]\n\n\n79\n8\n\"Faire is Foul\"\nSanford Bookstaver\nScott Sullivan\nNovember 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)\n4.74[87]\n\n\n80\n9\n\"It's Raining Men (of War)\"\nAntonio Negret\nKim Rome & Nicholas Wootton\nNovember 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)\n5.13[88]\n\n\nThe team is hired to dissolve a garbage island made out of plastic. They are helped by their new neighbor Flo, a chemist, who devises a formula that dissolves plastic. Walter, Flo and Happy walk onto the floating garbage to disperse the formula. While the formula starts dissolving the island, it appears that it attracts deadly jellyfish. Meanwhile, their boat has engine problems and drifts away. The team uses their combined intellect to get back to the boat. Walter and Flo get stung by the jellyfish and need medical attention.\n\n\n81\n10\n\"Crime Every Mountain\"\nSam Hill\nAadrita Mukerji & Nick Santora\nNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)\n5.50[89]\n\n\nWhile testing a new winch, Scorpion witnesses a plane go down and attempts to help the man flying the plane save his children. The team learns too late that the man and his daughter are drug runners and get taken captive, ultimately resulting in Walter and Paige being trapped in a small cave. Toby manages to rescue the two and they are able to outfox and capture the pair. The incident causes Happy to experience some doubts about having children after seeing the criminal family, but she is soothed by Toby. At the same time, Cabe attempts to capture Mark Collins with Sly's help after they receive a lead. However, it is just a trap set by Collins to frame Cabe for taking a $50,000 bribe. With Cabe's situation worsening, Walter attempts to distance himself from Cabe, leading to some strain between him and Paige. In the end, Sly decides to request a bench trial instead of a jury trial so that Cabe's guilt will only be determined by an experienced judge. While helping prepare for the trial, Walter reconciles with Cabe.\n\n\n82\n11\n\"Who Let the Dog Out ('Cause Now It's Stuck In a Cistern)\"\nOmar Madha\nDavid Foster & Nick Santora\nDecember 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)\n5.92[90]\n\n\nJoined by a new handler from Homeland Security and Florence, Scorpion sets out to rescue a diabetic dog trapped underground with only a short time to live. The team manages to save the dog and their handler decides to report to Homeland Security that the team is unconventional but effective and gives his support in allowing the team to continue to operate. At the same time, Cabe goes on trial for aiding and abetting Mark Collins' escape and taking a bribe. Cabe's trial is a bench trial overseen by a judge with a history of handing down harsh sentences. The judge rejects most of Sly's defenses making it seem like Cabe will be convicted. However, Sly has a last minute idea using an obscure case from 1804 and maritime law. Ultimately, the judge dismisses the bribery charges based on evidence presented by Sly of Collins' bank hacking to frame Cabe. Based on maritime law, Cabe is exonerated for helping Collins escape and is released. At the end of the episode, Sly helps Toby and Florence deal with charges of their own relating to helping him save Cabe and Cabe gives each member of the team a memento with personal value to show their importance to him.\n\n\n83\n12\n\"A Christmas Car-Roll\"\nLeVar Burton\nPaul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton\nDecember 18, 2017 (2017-12-18)\n5.35[91]\n\n\nWhile the rest of Scorpion plans to enjoy the Christmas holiday, Walter continues to work resulting in an life-threatening fall. While Scorpion attempts to save Walter his unconscious self experiences a dream world where Scorpion was never formed. As a result, several of the disasters they prevented have happened. In Walter's dream, he is married to Florence, Paige owns a chain of restaurants, Cabe is the Chief of the LAPD, Sly owns a video game company, Toby is a famous motivational speaker, Happy runs a podcast on rare cars and Ralph is his former silent genius self. In order to save himself, represented by a doppelganger of Walter trapped in a car accident, Walter is forced to bring together the team. Scorpion is able to save Walter's life and he awakens in the hospital in the real world. The dream gives Walter a new perspective on the team while his dream marriage to Florence appears to make Walter intrigued.\n\n\n84\n13\n\"The Bunker Games\"\nMilan Cheylov\nRob Pearlstein\nJanuary 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)\n5.62[92]\n\n\nScorpion is hired to check out the AI system on a doomsday bunker. Due to Cabe's upcoming physical, Paige remains behind with him to help train while Toby is refused for the job by the owners. To the team's surprise, they are greeted by Toby's rival Quincy Berkstead and his wife Amy who is Toby's ex-fiancé. When Toby follows the rest of the team out of suspicion, the bunker's AI Dorie labels Toby as a threat and locks the team, Quincy and Amy in the bunker while Cabe and Paige try desperately to save them. With time running out until Dorie releases a deadly gas, the team implements a plan that releases them from the bunker and locks Dorie in an unsolvable challenge. During the mission, Happy grows jealous of Amy who appears to be more beautiful and successful than her, but the two bond. Quincy's cowardice causes Amy to leave him in the end. At the same time, Walter remains freaked out by his dream about being married to Florence and attempts to maintain his distance from her on the mission. While Florence takes the news well when Walter explains, Paige does not.\n\n\n85\n14\n\"Lighthouse of the Rising Sun\"\nSam Hill\nAdam Higgs\nJanuary 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)\n5.23[93]\n\n\nAfter a solar flare knocks out power and communications in Southern California, Scorpion, Ralph, Cabe's girlfriend Allie, Sly's intern Patty and Sly's science club team up together to save two teenagers trapped on a plane with no way of landing. Cabe, Allie, Toby and Happy reactivate the lighthouse both couples went to for a romantic weekend away to help guide the teenagers in while Paige and Sly break into a flight school to get the plane's specifications. However, the plane suffers damage and is unable to land and a controlled crash-landing proves to be impossible as well. With the help of the science club, Walter comes up with a plan for the teens to jump into a massive net, saving their lives. During the crisis, Cabe encourages the teens to admit their love for each other while he finally does the same with Allie who reciprocates his feelings. Throughout the crisis, Ralph continues his efforts to impress Patty and succeeds to the point that she requests his help in running Sly's reelection campaign. Due to Walter's dream, Paige is harsh with Florence while giving her advice to get investors. Paige's advice proves to work and Paige makes amends with Florence and Walter though a planned romantic night suffers an unfortunate interruption.\n\n\n86\n15\n\"Wave Goodbye\"\nJeff T. Thomas\nKevin J. Hynes\nJanuary 29, 2018 (2018-01-29)\n5.82[94]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nScorpion is called to Fuente Roja, Mexico to repair an earthquake damaged reactor of a nuclear power station. Sly stays behind to get an autograph from his favorite author and Toby claims back pains. As the team prepares to repair the reactor, another [9.1] earthquake at sea triggers a massive tsunami that threatens the town. Able to affect repairs but unable to leave the town in time, Scorpion enacts a plan to dissipate the tsunami before it can reach land and the remaining towns people. The team is able to stop the tsunami and save the town. At the same time, Toby's ex-fiancée Amy asks him to help her recover her identity previously stolen and sold by Quincy Berkstead following the recent bunker debacle. Through a series of deals, Toby tracks Amy's stolen identity to his old enemy, the Gooch. Though Toby offers to return to gambling to help Amy, the Gooch tries to kill them. Happy learns of Toby's actions and arrives in time with Cabe and the police to arrest the Gooch and save the two. In the process, Toby rejects Amy's advances as he loves Happy too much to cheat. Though Sly misses meeting his favorite author, Cabe is able to arrange a private meeting for him at the garage. Throughout the episode, Paige and Walter argue about when their first kiss was. At the end, the two are shown to have exchanged beliefs on which one it was.\n\n\n87\n16\n\"Nerd, Wind and Fire\"\nBethany Rooney\nScott Sullivan\nFebruary 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)\n5.55[95]\n\n\nOn Valentine's Day, Scorpion gets called in to rescue a doctor and a pilot whose helicopter crashed into an incomplete building due to powerful winds. The doctor is needed by a critically-injured patient who will soon die if the doctor can't reach him. As Toby struggles to keep the young man alive, Walter uses equipment from the hospital to create a makeshift zipline to reach the helicopter but faces problems with the rescue itself. With the team's help, the doctor and the pilot are saved. However, facing mortal danger, Walter must jump off the building to survive. Meanwhile, Toby and Happy await the results of their fertility tests. Toby is discovered to have sertoli cell-only syndrome. The couple can't afford the treatment, so Scorpion and Ally pool their resources to help. Ralph is asked by Patty to tutor her crush, something he tries to sabotage until Walter gives him advice. From Paige, Florence learns of Walter's dream and assures her she has no romantic interest in him. Instead, Sly and Florence appear to develop feelings for each other. At the end, Paige finds Walter's unfinished song meant to her.\n\n\n88\n17\n\"Dumbster Fire\"\nSanford Bookstaver\nAadrita Mukerji\nFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)\n5.06[96]\n\n\nScorpion is called in to verify a potentially major discovery. However, the lab is so deep underground that spending over four hours causes the pressure to damage the team's IQ. Due to a prairie dog mishap and Walter's inability to properly fix it in his altered state, the lab's particle collider threatens to create a black hole and the team lack the smarts to fix it. Guided by Paige and Cabe, they are able to come up with simpler solutions to some of their problems. After Toby collapses due to the pressure, an effort to save his life by creating a makeshift vacuum restore Toby's intelligence and he is able to come up with a solution to the problem. In the aftermath, Toby and Happy finally agree on a doctor for their fertility problems and Sly comes up with a new water filter for his efforts to reduce the amount of plastic used and enlists Florence's help to perfect it. Though the low-IQ Walter resulted in him having a higher EQ, Walter returns completely to normal and rejects Paige's attempts to go on a date with him based on the things he suggested while dumb. Instead, Walter and Florence spend the night in the lab using their complimentary geniuses to solve a problem.\n\n\n89\n18\n\"Dork Day Afternoon\"\nSteven A. Adelson\nPaul Grellong\nMarch 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)\n5.51[97]\n\n\nDuring a rush to get Toby's sperm to a fertility clinic during an attempt to get Happy pregnant through artificial insemination, Walt chooses to stop at a bank, incidentally getting him and Toby trapped in the middle of a bank robbery. With the robbers unaware of Walt and Toby having hidden coms, the two work with the rest of Scorpion and Florence to foil the robbery. An attempt to get Toby's sperm sample to the clinic before it becomes no good results in it becoming stuck in the bank's old pneumatic tube system. The team is able to come up with a plan to stun the robbers which will also free the sample. Meanwhile, Walt falls into danger when he is caught by the lead robber. The plan works, stunning the leader long enough for Walt to subdue him. The robbers are arrested while the LAPD provides a police escort to the clinic, allowing the sperm sample to reach it in time. An attempt by Sly to ask out Florence fails due to miscommunication while Walt shares a family dinner with Paige and Ralph and afterwards chooses to forgo work in favor of spending time with Ralph.\n\n\n90\n19\n\"Gator Done\"\nOmar Madha\nKim Rome\nMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)\n4.82[98]\n\n\nScorpion is called to a bayou in New Orleans, Louisiana, where a new mosquito-borne virus is threatening to become epidemic. Scorpion's mission is to spread genetically-engineered, sterile mosquitoes to curtail the local population of infectious mosquitos, thwarting the disaster. However, things go wrong when Toby's antics causes the container to be swallowed by an alligator. An attempt to retrieve it leads to Cabe being hit instead. Toby is able to get help for Cabe in time, realising how dangerous his immaturity is with a baby potentially on the way. Walt and Paige eventually succeed in retrieving the container and releasing the mosquitoes. Meanwhile, Sly's intern Patty Logan gets her first tardy ever due to bullying. Sly and Ralph attempt to help, leading to Sly having a breakdown in the principal's office. The principal finally agrees to remove the tardy from Patty's record. Throughout these events, Paige attempts to teach Walt the concept of a white lie. After discovering Paige's hatred of a lecture Walter invited her to attend with him, he lies to spare Paige and goes with Florence instead.\n\n\n91\n20\n\"Foul Balls\"\nNick Santora\nDavid Foster & Nick Santora\nMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)\n4.84[99]\n\n\nDirector Carson demands that Scorpion play in a softball game against the Homeland Security team led by Carson with the team's future as government contractors at stake. With no other choice, Scorpion, Ralph, Florence, Patty Logan, one of Sly's friends from the Warlock's Chest and Cecil form a softball team that does badly at first until the team begins using science to stretch the rules and increase their odds. At the same time, Walt and Cabe get trapped in an evidence locker and Walt is forced to admit to a childhood trauma that makes him reluctant to play sports in front of Cabe. Toby and Happy learn of Walt and Florence's night out and become suspicious. After a failed attempt to get help from pro player Kyle Dirk, Walt and Cabe return in time to win the game and save Scorpion's contract, bringing the team closer in the process.\n\n\n92\n21\n\"Kenny and the Jet\"\nJeff T. Thomas\nAdams Higgs & Rob Pearlstein\nApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)\nTBD\n\n\nOn the way back from Hawaii after pitching Sly's new water filter to the military, Cabe notices the air marshal growing nervous and discovers that she suspects a bomb on the plane. Using a passenger's fish finder as a makeshift x-ray device, the team discovers that a young boy, Kenny, stowed away in the wheel well to follow his father after his recently-divorced parents moved him to Hawaii. With Kenny in serious danger in the unpressurized wheel well, the team and Ralph work together to save him, but suffer complications, including an engine fire that causes the plane to have to fly on a single engine. An attempt to rescue Kenny through a makeshift airlock fails and results in Paige getting trapped as well. Paige risks her life to keep Kenny safe until the plane makes a bumpy landing where Kenny is taken to the hospital and expected to make a full recovery. During the episode, Happy acts recklessly following the failure of her first attempt to get pregnant, but agrees to moderate herself after a talk with Toby. Walt considers telling Paige the truth about his night out with Florence, but ultimately chooses not to. However, Paige realizes that Walter is lying to her about something. Ralph and Paige experience conflict over Ralph's interest in Patty Logan, culminating in Ralph asking Patty out. However, Patty kindly rejects Ralph due to their age difference leaving them with too many hurdles to have a relationship, leaving Paige to spend the night consoling her son. At the end, Sly learns that the military has decided to buy his water filter and with Cabe's help, gains the courage to finally ask out Florence.\n\n\n93\n22\n\"A Lie in the Sand\"[100]\nSam Hill\nPaul Grellong & Scott Sullivan\nApril 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)\nTBD\n\n" ]
[ "February 26, 2018" ]
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Hudson Bay
Hudson Bay - wikipedia Hudson Bay Jump to : navigation , search For the outlet of the Hudson River , see New York Harbor . For other uses , see Hudson Bay ( disambiguation ) . Hudson Bay Hudson Bay , Canada Location North America Coordinates 60 ° N 085 ° W  /  60 ° N 85 ° W  / 60 ; - 85  ( Hudson Bay ) Coordinates : 60 ° N 085 ° W  /  60 ° N 85 ° W  / 60 ; - 85  ( Hudson Bay ) Ocean / sea sources Arctic Ocean , North Atlantic Ocean Basin countries Canada , United States Max. length 1,370 km ( 851.28 mi ) Max . width 1,050 km ( 652.44 mi ) Surface area 1,230,000 km ( 470,000 sq mi ) Average depth 100 metres ( 330 ft ) Max . depth 270 metres ( 890 ft ) Frozen mid-December to mid-June Islands Belcher Islands , Ottawa Islands Settlements Churchill , Sanikiluaq Hudson Bay ( Inuktitut : Kangiqsualuk ilua , French : baie d'Hudson ) ( sometimes called Hudson 's Bay , usually historically ) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of 1,230,000 km ( 470,000 sq mi ) . It drains a very large area , about 3,861,400 km ( 1,490,900 sq mi ) , that includes parts of southeastern Nunavut , Saskatchewan , Alberta , most of Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana . Hudson Bay 's southern arm is called James Bay . The Eastern Cree name for Hudson and James Bay is Wînipekw ( Southern dialect ) or Wînipâkw ( Northern dialect ) , meaning muddy or brackish water . Lake Winnipeg is similarly named by the local Cree , as is the location for the city of Winnipeg . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Extent 3.2 Climate 3.3 Waters 3.4 Shores 3.5 Islands 4 Geology 5 Economy 5.1 Arctic Bridge 6 Coastal communities 6.1 Military development 7 See also 8 References 9 Notes 10 External links Description ( edit ) Hudson Bay drainage basin Hudson Bay encompasses 1,230,000 km ( 470,000 sq mi ) , making it the second - largest water body using the term `` bay '' in the world ( after the Bay of Bengal ) . The bay is relatively shallow and is considered an epicontinental sea , with an average depth of about 100 m ( 330 ft ) ( compared to 2,600 m ( 8,500 ft ) in the Bay of Bengal ) . It is about 1,370 km ( 850 mi ) long and 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) wide . On the east it is connected with the Atlantic Ocean by Hudson Strait ; on the north , with the Arctic Ocean by Foxe Basin ( which is not considered part of the bay ) , and Fury and Hecla Strait . Geographic coordinates : 78 ° to 95 ° W , 51 ° to 70 ° N . Hudson Bay is often considered part of the Arctic Ocean . For example , the International Hydrographic Organization ( in its current unapproved working edition only of Limits of Oceans and Seas ) defines the Hudson Bay , with its outlet extending from 62.5 to 66.5 degrees north ( just a few miles south of the Arctic Circle ) as being part of the Arctic Ocean , specifically `` Arctic Ocean Subdivision 9.11 . '' Other authorities include it , in part because of its greater water budget connection , with the Atlantic Ocean . Some sources describe Hudson Bay as a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean , or the Arctic Ocean . History ( edit ) Canada , Routes of Explorers , 1497 to 1905 English explorers and colonists named Hudson Bay after Sir Henry Hudson who explored the bay beginning August 2 , 1610 on his ship Discovery . On his fourth voyage to North America , Hudson worked his way around Greenland 's west coast and into the bay , mapping much of its eastern coast . Discovery became trapped in the ice over the winter , and the crew survived onshore at the southern tip of James Bay . When the ice cleared in the spring , Hudson wanted to explore the rest of the area , but the crew mutinied on June 22 , 1611 . They left Hudson and others adrift in a small boat . No one knows the fate of Hudson or the crew members stranded with him , but historians see no evidence that they survived for long afterwards . In 1668 , Nonsuch reached the bay and traded for beaver pelts , leading to the creation of the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) which still bears the historic name . The HBC negotiated a trading monopoly from the English crown for the Hudson Bay watershed , called Rupert 's Land . France contested this grant by sending several military expeditions to the region , but abandoned its claim in the Treaty of Utrecht ( April 1713 ) . During this period , the Hudson 's Bay Company built several factories ( forts and trading posts ) along the coast at the mouth of the major rivers ( such as Fort Severn , Ontario ; York Factory and Churchill , Manitoba ) . The strategic locations were bases for inland exploration . More importantly , they were trading posts with the indigenous peoples who came to them with furs from their trapping season . The HBC shipped the furs to Europe and continued to use some of these posts well into the 20th century . The Port of Churchill was an important shipping link for trade with Europe and Russia until its closure in 2016 by owner OmniTRAX . HBC 's trade monopoly was abolished in 1870 , and it ceded Rupert 's Land to Canada , an area of approximately 3,900,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) , as part of the Northwest Territories . Starting in 1913 , the Bay was extensively charted by the Canadian Government 's CSS Acadia to develop it for navigation . This mapping progress led to the establishment of Churchill , Manitoba as a deep - sea port for wheat exports in 1929 , after unsuccessful attempts at Port Nelson . Due to a change in naming conventions , Hudson 's Bay is now called Hudson Bay . Geography ( edit ) Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the northern limit of Hudson Bay as follows : A line from Nuvuk Point ( 62 ° 21 ′ N 78 ° 06 ′ W  /  62.350 ° N 78.100 ° W  / 62.350 ; - 78.100 ) to Leyson Point , the Southeastern extreme of Southampton Island , through the Southern and Western shores of Southampton Island to its Northern extremity , thence a line to Beach Point ( 66 ° 03 ′ N 86 ° 06 ′ W  /  66.050 ° N 86.100 ° W  / 66.050 ; - 86.100 ) on the Mainland . Climate ( edit ) Polar bear walks on newly formed ice in early November at Hudson Bay . The Hudson Bay region has very low year - round average temperatures . ( The average annual temperature for Churchill at 59 ° N is − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) ; by comparison Arkhangelsk at 64 ° N with a similar subarctic climate in northern Russia has an average of 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . ) Water temperature peaks at 8 -- 9 ° C ( 46 -- 48 ° F ) on the western side of the bay in late summer . It is largely frozen over from mid-December to mid-June when it usually clears from its eastern end westwards and southwards . A steady increase in regional temperatures over the last 100 years has been reflected in a lengthening of the ice - free period which was as short as four months in the late 17th century . Waters ( edit ) In late spring ( May ) , large chunks of ice float near the eastern shore of the bay , while the center of the bay remains frozen to the west . Between 1971 and 2007 , the length of the ice - free season increased by about seven days in the southwestern part of the Hudson Bay , historically the last area to thaw . Hudson Bay has a lower average salinity level than that of ocean water . The main causes are the low rate of evaporation ( the bay is ice - covered for much of the year ) , the large volume of terrestrial runoff entering the bay ( about 700 km ( 170 cu mi ) annually , the Hudson Bay watershed covering much of Canada , many rivers and streams discharging into the bay ) , and the limited connection with the Atlantic Ocean and its higher salinity . Sea ice is about three times the annual river flow into the bay , and its annual freezing and thawing significantly alters the salinity of the surface layer . One consequence of the lower salinity of the bay is that the freezing point of the water is higher than in the rest of the world 's oceans , thus decreasing the time that the bay remains ice - free . Shores ( edit ) The western shores of the bay are a lowland known as the Hudson Bay Lowlands which covers 324,000 km ( 125,000 sq mi ) . The area is drained by a large number of rivers and has formed a characteristic vegetation known as muskeg . Much of the landform has been shaped by the actions of glaciers and the shrinkage of the bay over long periods of time . Signs of numerous former beachfronts can be seen far inland from the current shore . A large portion of the lowlands in the province of Ontario is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park , and a similar portion of the lowlands in Manitoba is contained in Wapusk National Park , the latter location being a significant polar bear maternity denning area . In contrast , most of the eastern shores ( the Quebec portion ) form the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec . The area is rocky and hilly . Its vegetation is typically boreal forest , and to the north , tundra . Measured by shoreline , Hudson Bay is the largest bay in the world ( the largest in area being the Bay of Bengal ) . Islands ( edit ) There are many islands in Hudson Bay , mostly near the eastern coast . All , as are the islands in James Bay , are part of the territory Nunavut and several are disputed by the Cree . One group of islands is the Belcher Islands . Another group includes the Ottawa Islands . Geology ( edit ) Hudson Bay occupies a large structural basin known , as the Hudson Bay basin , that lies within the Canadian Shield . The collection and interpretation of outcrop , seismic and drillhole data for exploration for oil and gas reservoirs within the Hudson Bay basin found that it is filled by , at most , 2,500 meters ( 8,200 ft ) of Ordovician to Devonian limestone , dolomites , evaporites , black shales , and various clastic sedimentary rocks that overlie less than 60 meters ( 200 ft ) of Cambrian strata that consist of unfossiliferous quartz sandstones and conglomerates , overlain by sandy and stromatolitic dolostones . In addition , a minor amount of terrestrial Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels are preserved the fills of a ring of sinkholes created by the dissolution of Silurian evaporites during the Cretaceous Period . From the large quality of published geologic data that has been collected as the result of hydrocarbon exploration , academic research , and related geologic mapping , a detailed history of the Hudson Bay basin has been reconstructed . During the majority of the Cambrian Period , this basin did not exist . Rather , this part of the Canadian Shield area was still topographically high and emergent . It was only during later part of the Cambrian that rising sea level of the Sauk marine transgression slowly submerged it . During the Ordovician , this part of the Canadian Shield continued to be submerged by rising sea levels except for a brief middle Ordovician marine regression . Only starting in the Late Ordovician and continuing into the Silurian did the gradual regional subsidence of this part of the Canadian Shield form the Hudson Bay basin . The formation of this basin resulted in the accumulation of black bituminous oil shale and evaporite deposits within its center , thick basin - margin limestone and dolomite , and the development of extensive reefs that ringed the basin margins that were tectonically uplifted as the basin subsided . During Middle Silurian times , subsidence ceased and this basin was uplifted . It generating an emergent arch , on which reefs grew , that divided the basin into eastern and western sub-basins . During the Devonian Period , this basin filled with terrestrial red beds that interfinger with marine limestone and dolomites . Before deposition was terminated by marine regression , Upper Devonian black bituminous shale accumulated in the south - east of the basin . The remaining history of history of the Hudson Bay basin is largely unknown as a major unconformity separates Upper Devonian strata from Pleistocene glacial deposits . Except for poorly known , terrestrial , Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels that are preserved as the fills of a ring of sinkholes around the center of this basin , strata representing this period time are absent from the Hudson Bay basin and surrounding Canadian Shield . The Precambrian Shield underlying Hudson Bay and in which Hudson Bay basin formed is composed of two Archean proto - continents , the Western Churchill and Superior cratons . These cratons are separated by a tectonic collage that forms a suture zone between these cratons and the Trans - Hudson Orogen . The Western Churchill and Superior cratons collided at about 1.9 -- 1.8 Ga in the Trans - Hudson orogeny . Because of the irregular shapes of the colliding cratons , this collision trapped between them large fragments of juvenile crust , a sizable microcontinent , and island arc terranes , beneath what is now the center of modern Hudson Bay as part of the Trans - Hudson Orogen . The Belcher islands are the eroded surface of the Belcher Fold Belt , which formed as a result of the tectonic compression and folding of sediments that accumulated along the margin of the Superior craton before its collision with the Western Churchill craton . Map of post-glacial rebound . Hudson Bay is in the region of the most rapid uplift . Hudson Bay and the associated structural basin lies within the center of a large free - air gravity anomaly that lies within the Canadian Shield . The similarity in areal extent of the free - air gravity anomaly with the perimeter of the former Laurentide Ice Sheet that covered this part of Laurentia led to a long - held conclusion that this perturbation in the Earth 's gravity reflected still ongoing adjustment of glacial isostatic adjustment to the melting and disappearance of this ice sheet . Data collected over Canada by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE ) satellite mission allowed geophysicists to isolate the gravity signal associated with glacial isostatic adjustment from longer -- time scale process of mantle convection occurring beneath the Canadian Shield . Based upon this data , geophysicists and other Earth scientists concluded that Laurentide Ice Sheet was composed of two large domes to the west and east of Hudson Bay . Modeling glacial isostatic adjustment using the GRACE data , they concluded that ~ 25 to ~ 45 % to the observed free - air gravity anomaly was due to ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment and the remainder likely represents longer -- time scale effects of mantle convection . Earth scientists have disagreed about what created the semicircular feature , known as the Nastapoka arc , that forms a section of the shoreline of southeastern Hudson Bay . Noting the paucity of impact structures on Earth in relation to the Moon and Mars , Beals proposed that it is possibly part of a Precambrian extraterrestrial impact structure that is comparable in size to the Mare Crisium on the Moon . In the same volume , Wilson commented on Beals ' interpretation and alternately proposed that the Nastapoka arc may have formed as part of an extensive Precambrian continental collisional orogen , linked to the closure of an ancient ocean basin . The current , general consensus is that it is an arcuate boundary of tectonic origin between the Belcher Fold Belt and undeformed basement of the Superior craton created during the Trans - Hudson orogeny . This is because no credible evidence for such an impact structure has been found by regional magnetic , Bouguer gravity , and other geologic studies . However , other Earth scientists have proposed that the evidence of an Archean impact might have been masked by deformation accompanying the later formation of the Trans - Hudson orogen and regard an impact origin as a plausible possibility . Economy ( edit ) Arctic bridge ( edit ) The Arctic Bridge shipping route ( blue line ) is hoped to link North America to markets in Europe and Asia using ice - free routes across the Arctic Ocean The longer periods of ice - free navigation and the reduction of Arctic Ocean ice coverage have led to Russian and Canadian interest in the potential for commercial trade routes across the Arctic and into Hudson Bay . The so - called Arctic Bridge would link Churchill , Manitoba , and the Russian port of Murmansk . Coastal communities ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The coast of Hudson Bay is extremely sparsely populated ; there are only about a dozen communities . Some of these were founded as trading posts in the 17th and 18th centuries by the Hudson 's Bay Company , making them some of the oldest settlements in Western Canada . With the closure of the HBC posts and stores , although many are now run by The North West Company , in the second half of the 20th century , many coastal villages are now almost exclusively populated by Cree and Inuit people . Two main historic sites along the coast were York Factory and Prince of Wales Fort . Communities along the Hudson Bay coast or on islands in the bay are ( all populations are as of 2016 ) : Nunavut Arviat , population 2,657 Chesterfield Inlet , population 437 Coral Harbour , population 891 Rankin Inlet , population 2,842 Sanikiluaq , population 882 Whale Cove , population 435 Manitoba Churchill , population 899 Ontario Fort Severn First Nation , population 334 Quebec Akulivik , population 633 Inukjuak , population 1,757 Kuujjuarapik , population 686 Puvirnituq , population 1,779 Umiujaq , population 442 Whapmagoostui , population 984 Military development ( edit ) The Hudson 's Bay Company built forts as fur trade strongholds against the French or other possible invaders . One example is York Factory with angled walls to help defend the fort . In the 1950s , during the Cold War , a few sites along the coast became part of the Mid-Canada Line , watching for a potential Soviet bomber attack over the North Pole . The only Arctic deep - water port in Canada is the Port of Churchill , located at Churchill , Manitoba . See also ( edit ) Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal Lake Agassiz List of Hudson Bay rivers Tyrrell Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hudson Bay sea , Canada Britannica.com Jump up ^ Wissenladen.de Jump up ^ `` Canada Drainage Basins '' . The National Atlas of Canada , 5th edition . Natural Resources Canada . 1985 . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Private Tutor . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IHO Publication S - 23 Limits of Oceans and Seas ; Chapter 9 : Arctic Ocean '' . International Hydrographic Organization . 2002 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward Lyn ; Jones , E. Peter ; et al. , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean . Springer . pp. 101 , 282 -- 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 6439 - 9 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ McColl , R.W. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World Geography . Infobase Publishing . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5786 - 3 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Earle , Sylvia A. ; Glover , Linda K. ( 2008 ) . Ocean : An Illustrated Atlas . National Geographic Books . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0319 - 0 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Reddy , M.P.M. ( 2001 ) . Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Taylor & Francis . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5410 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Day , Trevor ; Garratt , Richard ( 2006 ) . Oceans . Infobase Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5327 - 8 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Calow , Peter ( 12 July 1999 ) . Blackwell 's concise encyclopedia of environmental management . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 04951 - 6 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , John ( 30 November 2001 ) . The New York Times Almanac 2002 . Psychology Press . p. 459 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 348 - 4 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Butts , Edward ( 2009 - 12 - 31 ) . Henry Hudson : New World voyager . Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 455 - 1 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nonsuch Gallery '' . Manitoba Museum . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Galbraith , John S. ( 1957 ) . The Hudson 's Bay Company . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Joseph ( 1931 ) . Documents Relating to the Early History of Hudson Bay : The Publications of the Champlain Society . Toronto : Champlain Society . doi : 10.3138 / 9781442618336 . Jump up ^ Port of Churchill shut down after being refused bailout , premier suggests Jump up ^ `` CSS Acadia '' . Maritime Museum of the Atlantic . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ GHCN climatic monthly data , GISS , using 1995 -- 2007 annual averages Jump up ^ General Survey of World Climatology , Landsberg ed. , ( 1984 ) , Elsevier . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2008 ) Polar Bear : Ursus maritimus , globalTwitcher.com , ed . Nicklas Stromberg Archived 2008 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cree ask court to defend traditional rights on James Bay islands ^ Jump up to : Burgess , P.M. , 2008 , Phanerozoic evolution of the sedimentary cover of the North American craton. , in Miall , A.D. , ed. , Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada , Elsevier Science , Amsterdam , p. 31 - 63 . ^ Jump up to : Lavoie , D. , Pinet , N. , Dietrich , J. and Chen , Z. , 2015 . The Paleozoic Hudson Bay Basin in northern Canada : New insights into hydrocarbon potential of a frontier intracratonic basin . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 99 ( 5 ) , pp. 859 - 888 . ^ Jump up to : Roksandic , M.M. , 1987 , The tectonics and evolution of the Hudson Bay region , in C. Beaumont and A.J. Tankard , eds. , Sedimentary basins and basin - forming mechanisms . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 12 , p. 507 -- 518 . ^ Jump up to : Sanford , B.V. and Grant , A.C. , 1998 . Paleozoic and Mesozoic geology of the Hudson and southeast Arctic platforms . Geological Survey of Canada Open File 3595 , scale 1 : 2 500 000 . ^ Jump up to : Darbyshire , F.A. , and Eaton , D.W. , 2010 . The lithospheric root beneath Hudson Bay , Canada from Rayleigh wave dispersion : No clear seismological distinction between Archean and Proterozoic mantle , Lithos. 120 ( 1 - 2 ) , 144 -- 159 , doi : 10.1016 / j. lithos. 2010.04. 010 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , D.W. , and Darbyshire , F. , 2010 . Lithospheric architecture and tectonic evolution of the Hudson Bay region , Tectonophysics. 480 ( 1 - 4 ) , 1 -- 22 , doi : 10.1016 / j. tecto. 2009.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Tamisiea , M.E. , Mitrovica , J.X. and Davis , J.L. , 2007 . GRACE gravity data constrain ancient ice geometries and continental dynamics over Laurentia . Science , 316 ( 5826 ) , pp. 881 - 883 . Jump up ^ Beals , C.S. , 1968 . On the possibility of a catastrophic origin for the great arc of eastern Hudson Bay . In : Beals , C.S. ( Ed . ) , pp. 985 - 999 . Science , History and Hudson Bay , Vol. 2 , Department of Energy Mines and Resources , Ottawa . Jump up ^ Wilson , J.T. , 1968 . Comparison of the Hudson Bay arc with some other features . In : Beals , C.S. ( Ed . ) , pp. 1015 - 1033 . Science , History and Hudson Bay , Vol. 2 . Department of Energy Mines and Resources , Ottawa . Jump up ^ Goodings , C.R. & Brookfield , M.E. , 1992 . Proterozoic transcurrent movements along the Kapuskasing lineament ( Superior Province , Canada ) and their relationship to surrounding structures . Earth - Science Reviews , 32 : 147 - 185 . Jump up ^ Bleeker , W. , and Pilkington , M. , 2004 . The 450 - km - diameter Nastapoka Arc : Earth 's oldest and largest preserved impact scar ? Program with Abstracts - Geological Association of Canada ; Mineralogical Association of Canada : Joint Annual Meeting , 2004 , Vol. 29 , pp. 344 . Jump up ^ `` Russian ship crosses ' Arctic bridge ' to Manitoba '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . 18 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ North West Company at a glance Notes ( edit ) Atlas of Canada , online version . Some references of geological / impact structure interest include : Rondot , Jehan ( 1994 ) . Recognition of eroded astroblemes . Earth - Science Reviews 35 , 4 , p. 331 -- 365 . Wilson , J. Tuzo ( 1968 ) Comparison of the Hudson Bay arc with some other features . In : Science , History and Hudson Bay , v. 2 . Beals , C.S. ( editor ) , p. 1015 -- 1033 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hudson Bay . `` Hudson Bay '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Bays of Nunavut Kitikmeot Region Albert Edward Austin Brentford Campbell Chester Committee Denmark Foggy Fredrikshald Gernon Grays Hadley Homan Labyrinth Lord Mayor McLoughlin Ogden Pelly Terror Bay Wellington Wynniatt Kivalliq Region Gods Mercy East Hudson Mistake Native Nevill Pistol South Wager Wilson Qikiqtaaluk Region Allman Aston Augusta Bay Baffin Baillarge Baring Bartlett Batty Bere Bernier Birmingham Boatswain Bowman Brae Buchanan Cameron Copes Cory Creswell Croker Cumberland Sound Dampier De la Beche Dobbin Dorchester Duke of York Dyke Acland Eden Eetookashoo Eldridge Elwin Eqe Evans Finnie Flagler Four Rivers Foxe Basin Frobisher Garnet Gibson Graham Moore Half Moon Hall Basin Harkin Hecla and Griper Herschel Hudson Irene James Kane Kew Lady Franklin M'Clure Macormick Maxwell May Inlet Murray Maxwell Nabukjuak Napier Norwegian Okse Ommanney Paquet Peary Piling Pioneer Prince Alfred Princess Marie Purcell Radstock Reid Resolute Rosse Rutherford Sabine Sawyer Scoresby Shamrock Sherard Skene Stuart Triton Ungava Weatherall Woodward VIAF : 128939157 GND : 4095719 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson_Bay&oldid=825017443 '' Categories : Hudson Bay Borders of Nunavut Landforms of Nord - du - Québec Bodies of water of Manitoba Bodies of water of Kivalliq Region Bodies of water of Qikiqtaaluk Region Bodies of water of Ontario Bodies of water of Quebec Bodies of water of the Atlantic Ocean Seas of the Arctic Ocean Seas of Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 00 : 19 . 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is hudson bay fresh water or salt water
[ "Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: Kangiqsualuk ilua,[2] French: baie d'Hudson) (sometimes called Hudson's Bay, usually historically) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of 1,230,000 km2 (470,000 sq mi). It drains a very large area, about 3,861,400 km2 (1,490,900 sq mi),[3] that includes parts of southeastern Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. Hudson Bay's southern arm is called James Bay." ]
[ "saltwater" ]
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Save the Last Dance for Me
Save the Last Dance for Me - wikipedia Save the Last Dance for Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see Save the Last Dance for Me ( disambiguation ) . `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Single by The Drifters from the album Save the Last Dance for Me B - side `` Nobody But Me '' Released August 1960 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Recorded 1958 -- 1960 Genre R&B , Pop Length 2 : 34 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Producer ( s ) Jerry Leiber , Mike Stoller The Drifters singles chronology `` Lonely Winds '' ( 1960 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1960 ) `` I Count the Tears '' ( 1960 ) `` Lonely Winds '' ( 1960 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1960 ) `` I Count the Tears '' ( 1960 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' is the title of a popular song written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman , first recorded in 1960 by The Drifters , with Ben E. King on lead vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Drifters ' version 2 Dalida version 3 Emmylou Harris version 4 Dolly Parton version 4.1 Chart positions 5 Michael Bublé version 5.1 Background 5.2 Track listing 5.3 Chart positions 6 Other versions 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links The Drifters ' version ( edit ) In a 1990 interview songwriter Doc Pomus tells the story of the song being recorded by the Drifters and originally designated as the B - side of the record . He credits Dick Clark with turning the record over and realizing `` Save The Last Dance '' was the stronger song . The Drifters ' version of the song , released a few months after Ben E. King left the group , would go on to spend three non-consecutive weeks at # 1 on the U.S. pop chart , in addition to logging one week atop the U.S. R&B chart . In the UK The Drifters ' recording reached # 2 in December 1960 . This single was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller , two noted American music producers who at the time had an apprentice relationship with a then - unknown Phil Spector . Although he was working with Leiber and Stoller at the time , it is unknown whether Spector assisted with the production of this record ; however , many Spector fans have noticed similarities between this record and other music he would eventually produce on his own . Damita Jo had a hit with one of the answer songs of this era called `` I 'll Save The Last Dance For You '' . On September 9 , 1965 , the group performed the song live at the Cinnamon Cinder with Charlie Thomas lip - syncing the lyrics of Ben E. King vocals , along with fellow Drifters Johnny Moore and Eugene Pearson on backing vocals . In the song the narrator tells his lover she is free to mingle and socialize throughout the evening , but to make sure to save him the dance at the end of the night . During an interview on Elvis Costello 's show Spectacle , Lou Reed , who worked with Pomus , said the song was written on the day of Pomus ' wedding while the wheelchair - bound groom watched his bride dancing with their guests . Pomus had polio and at times used crutches to get around . His wife , Willi Burke , however , was a Broadway actress and dancer . The song gives his perspective of telling his wife to have fun dancing , but reminds her who will be taking her home and `` in whose arms you 're gon na be . '' Musicians on the Drifters ' recording were : Bucky Pizzarelli , Allen Hanlon ( guitar ) , Lloyd Trotman ( bass ) and Gary Chester ( drums ) . Dalida version ( edit ) `` Garde - moi la dernière danse '' Single by Dalida from the album Garde - moi la dernière danse Released 1961 Format Record Recorded 1960 - 1961 Genre World music , Pop music , Exotica , Rock and roll Length 2 : 48 Label Barclay Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Dalida singles chronology `` Joyeux Noël '' ( 1960 ) `` Garde - moi la dernière danse '' ( 1961 ) `` Canta in Italiano '' ( 1961 ) `` Joyeux Noël '' ( 1960 ) `` Garde - moi la dernière danse '' ( 1961 ) `` Canta in Italiano '' ( 1961 ) Garde - moi la dernière danse is the eighth album by European pop star Dalida . The title song of the album , a French cover of the American hit Save the Last Dance for Me , was released as a single . The background orchestra music was led by French composer and orchestra leader Raymond Lefèvre . Emmylou Harris version ( edit ) Emmylou Harris covered the song in a country / bluegrass style in 1979 , including it on her Blue Kentucky Girl album . Also released as a single , her version reached the top - ten on the U.S. country singles chart in mid-1979 . Dolly Parton version ( edit ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Single by Dolly Parton from the album The Great Pretender B - side `` Elusive Butterfly '' Released December 1983 Recorded November 1983 Genre Country Length 3 : 54 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Producer ( s ) Val Garay Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Islands in the Stream '' ( 1983 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Downtown '' ( 1984 ) `` Islands in the Stream '' ( 1983 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Downtown '' ( 1984 ) In late 1983 , Dolly Parton recorded `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' , releasing it as a single in late December ; the song subsequently appeared on Parton 's album of 1950s and 60s covers The Great Pretender , released in January 1984 . Reaching the top ten on the country singles chart in late February , the single also crossed over , reaching # 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles U.S. Billboard Hot 100 45 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 12 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Michael Bublé version ( edit ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Single by Michael Bublé from the album It 's Time Released April 4 , 2006 Format CD single , DVD single , Digital download Recorded 2002 - 2003 Genre Pop Length 3 : 38 Label 143 , Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Michael Bublé singles chronology `` Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Just in Time '' ( 2006 ) `` Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Just in Time '' ( 2006 ) `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' was later covered by Canadian crooner Michael Bublé , and released as the third and final single from his second major - label studio album , It 's Time . The song was heavily remixed for its release as a single . Background ( edit ) For its release as a single , the song was heavily remixed , with mixes from producers including Ralphi Rosario and Eddie Baez . All of the chart positions for the single are for each of the remixed versions of the song respectively . The single first peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart in September 2005 . After Bublé performed the album version of the song during the closing credits of the film The Wedding Date , this version was released to radio , peaking at # 5 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart , as well as reaching # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The music video for the track was once again directed by Noble Jones , who directed the videos for both of the album 's previous singles -- Home and Feeling Good . The music video was choreographed by Raymondo Chan , a Salsa Latin dance coach and performer . It was shot in Vancouver , Canada . Track listing ( edit ) CD / DVD single `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 38 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Starcity Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Live Version -- Video ) -- 4 : 14 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Music Video ) -- 3 : 42 Digital download `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 38 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Ralphi 's Anthomic Vocal ) -- 9 : 36 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Eddie 's Anthem Mix ) -- 9 : 53 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Ralphi 's Hydrolic Dub ) -- 8 : 29 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 99 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 5 Other versions ( edit ) Towa Carson made a Swedish version in 1960 , Sista dansen ( The last dance ) , which became one of her biggest hits . It stayed five months in the Swedish Top 20 and peaked at number four in April 1961 . Jay and the Americans released a cover version of the song on their 1962 album , She Cried . In 1960 Polydor Records published a German cover version with lyrics by Kurt Schwabach and singer Ivo Robić . the German text is no translation . Also in 1960 , Dion recorded the song for inclusion on his album Alone With Dion . In 1961 Ivo Robic did a German song to this tune called `` Mit 17 fangt das Leben erst an '' ( Life first begins at 17 ) . Buck Owens released a cover version in 1962 ; it peaked at # 11 on the US country charts and appeared on Together Again . Paul Anka recorded the song for his 1963 album Songs I Wish I 'd Written . The Swinging Blue Jeans recorded a version in 1964 for their first UK studio album Blue Jeans a'Swinging , HMV 1802 . Ike & Tina Turner released a cover version of the song on their 1966 album , River Deep -- Mountain High . Jerry Lee Lewis recorded a version of the song during his later years on Sun Records , June 12 , 1961 , in Nashville , in Sam Phillips 's studio . Swedish group the Spotnicks had an instrumental version of the song ( called `` Valentina '' ) on their 1964 album The Spotnicks in Spain . Cliff Richard included the song in his 1967 album `` Do n't Stop Me Now ! '' under Columbia Records label . Billy Joe Royal released a version of the song on his 1967 album , Billy Joe Royal Featuring Hush . During the Get Back / Let It Be sessions of January 1969 , the Beatles played a short , impromptu variation of this song . It was in the original lineup of songs to be included on the album that would become Let It Be , although it was later scrapped . However , their version has appeared on many bootleg releases , including 2 - LP set `` The Black Album '' ( not to be confused with their official released The White Album issued before ) . In 1969 , John Rowles recorded a version arranged and conducted by British arranger , bandleader , Johnny Arthey , released on 7 '' vinyl by MCA - UK the following year . Harry Nilsson covered the song , in a rather dark fashion , on his 1974 album , Pussy Cats , which was produced by his friend and drinking buddy John Lennon . The Walkmen did a cover of Pussy Cats which included `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . Also in 1974 , the Canadian group the DeFranco Family reached # 18 on the Billboard pop chart with their version of `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' , with lead vocals sung by the 14 - year - old group member Tony DeFranco . Patti LaBelle included a disco - flavored cover of the song as the lead track on her 1978 album , Tasty . In 1978 , country music singer - songwriter Ron Shaw recorded the song on Pacific Challenger Records ; this version reached the Top 40 on the Billboard country music chart . In 1979 , Marcia Hines covered the song for her album , Ooh Child . The Forgotten Rebels recorded the song on their 1981 album This Ai n't Hollywood . The song was covered by Mud in 1982 for their album Mud Featuring Les Gray . In 1983 Herbie Armstrong included a haunting version of the song on his solo album ' Back against the wall ' . Mort Shuman himself endorsed it , certain it would be a hit . Sadly the distribution company went bust and only 800 copies of the CD were ever distributed . The song was translated into French by André Salvet and François Llenas and recorded by , among others , Petula Clark , Dalida , and Mort Shuman himself . Ben E. King 1987 Save the Last Dance for Me Geno Delafose recorded the song as a zydeco version on the CD La Chanson Perdu in 1998 on Rounder Records . Bruce Willis released a version which appears on his 1989 album , If It Do n't Kill You , It Just Makes You Stronger . An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray is a live album by Canadian singer Anne Murray , recorded December 18 , 1986 performed on MTV , released in 1997 and features the song . In 2000 , Japanese band The Neatbeats recorded the song for their album Everybody Need ! Irish singer Daniel O'Donnell recorded it on his 2003 album , Daniel in Blue Jeans . In the 2000s , UK musician and ex-band member of Fox , Herbie Armstrong , recorded a slower , minor version of the song and released it as a single from his album , Last Dance . In 2003 , the Troggs recorded their version of this song on an album with re-recorded songs , called `` Wild Thing '' . In 2004 , Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood recorded the song for their album Nancy & Lee 3 . In 2009 , Swedish artist Jessica Andersson recorded a cover version of Damita Jo 's `` I 'll save the last dance for you '' on her 2009 album `` Wake up '' . In 2010 , Matchbox 20 lead singer Rob Thomas performed a live acoustic version at the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony . In 2011 , Cheap Trick singer Robin Zander covered the song on his country album , Countryside Blvd . In 2012 , American composer and producer Kramer covered the song and included it on his sixth album The Brill Building . In 2014 , Leonard Cohen included a cover version of the song on his Live in Dublin album . He also closed his last ever concert , in Auckland on December 21 2013 , with the song In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1960 , American female R&B singer Damita Jo recorded an `` answer record '' to `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . Her song , entitled `` I 'll Save the Last Dance for You '' , built around the original song 's melody and thus credited to Shuman and Pomus , peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart in December 1960 . The original version of `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' as performed by the Drifters is featured in the first - season finale of the North American version of Queer as Folk . In a memorable scene from this episode , Brian Kinney dances with Justin Taylor to this song at Justin 's senior prom , which is immediately followed by Justin being brutally attacked by a homophobic classmate in the parking garage outside the prom . The song also signifies a turning point in their relationship , as Brian was previously unwilling to admit that Justin was more than a one - night stand . The song ranked # 182 on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , making it the second - highest charting Drifters song on the list , behind `` Up on the Roof '' . A juke box musical entitled Save The Last Dance For Me , and featuring the song , is up and running , touring throughout the UK . Produced by Bill Kenwright , it is a spin - off to the popular Dreamboats and Petticoats musical , which some describe as `` Dreamboats meets Dirty Dancing '' . See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1960 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1960 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ name = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhTyAUE4fMg Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Drifters UK Singles chart data at chartstats.com Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 20 -- Forty Miles of Bad Road : Early ' 60s potpourri '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 2 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Last Dance for Me -- By Kathryn Jean Lopez -- The Corner -- National Review Online '' . Nationalreview.com . July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Elvis.com.au Jump up ^ Bublé Dance Club Play chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ Bublé Hot 100 chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ Bublé Adult Contemporary chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ `` Michael Buble Save The Last Dance For Me RARE promo CD DVD 05 '' . eBay . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Save The Last Dance For Me EP : Michael Bublé : Amazon.de : MP3 - Downloads '' . Amazon.de . January 1 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buck Owens , `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Chart Position Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cliff Richard - Do n't Stop Me Now ! ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs Jump up ^ Billy Joe Royal , Billy Joe Royal Featuring Hush Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Rowles -- Save The Last Dance For Me / What 's On Your Mind '' . Discogs . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeFranco Hot 100 chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forgottenrebels.com '' . Forgottenrebels.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Lyrics '' . Paroles.abazada.com . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic.com '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` the NEATBEATS Official Website '' . Neatbeats.net . July 27 , 2000 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic.com '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herbie Armstrong website store Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 21 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic.com '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kramer : The Brill Building > Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Damita Jo Hot 100 chart data at billboard.com External links ( edit ) Save the Last Dance for Me lyrics at Dolly Parton On - Line Geno Delafose & French Rockin ' Boogie Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Drifters Michael Williams Pierre Herelle Ryan King Carlton Powell Clyde McPhatter Gerhart Thrasher Andrew Thrasher Bill Pinkney Willie Ferbee Walter Adams Ben E. King Doc Green Beary Hobbs Rudy Lewis Charlie Thomas Tommy Evans Eugene Pearson Johnny Terry Johnny Moore Bobby Hendricks Rudy Ivan Jimmy Lewis Ray Lewis Louis Price Maurice Cannon Prentiss McNeil Compilation albums The Drifters ' Golden Hits Songs `` Honey Love '' `` I Do n't Want to Go On Without You '' `` Money Honey '' `` On Broadway '' `` Please Stay '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' `` Sweets for My Sweet '' `` Drip Drop '' `` There Goes My Baby '' `` This Magic Moment '' `` Under the Boardwalk '' `` Up on the Roof '' `` Vaya con Dios '' Discography Book : The Drifters Category : The Drifters Buck Owens Studio albums Buck Owens Buck Owens Buck Owens Sings Harlan Howard You 're for Me On the Bandstand Buck Owens Sings Tommy Collins Together Again I Do n't Care I 've Got a Tiger by the Tail Before You Go Roll Out the Red Carpet Dust on Mother 's Bible Open Up Your Heart Your Tender Loving Care It Takes People Like You Sweet Rosie Jones Holiday albums Christmas with Buck Owens Christmas Shopping Live albums Carnegie Hall Concert In Japan ! Compilation albums The Fabulous Country Music Sound of Buck Owens The Best of Buck Owens Best of Buck Owens , Vol. 2 21 # 1 Hits : The Ultimate Collection Notable singles `` Under Your Spell Again '' `` Above and Beyond '' `` Excuse Me ( I Think I 've Got a Heartache ) '' `` Foolin ' Around '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Act Naturally '' `` Love 's Gonna Live Here '' `` My Heart Skips a Beat '' `` I Do n't Care ( Just as Long as You Love Me ) '' `` I 've Got a Tiger By the Tail '' `` Before You Go '' `` Only You ( Can Break My Heart ) '' `` Buckaroo '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` Waitin ' in Your Welfare Line '' `` Think of Me '' `` Open Up Your Heart '' `` Where Does the Good Times Go '' `` Sam 's Place '' `` Your Tender Loving Care '' `` How Long Will My Baby Be Gone '' `` Who 's Gonna Mow Your Grass '' `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` Tall Dark Stranger '' `` Big in Vegas '' `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' `` Rollin ' in My Sweet Baby 's Arms '' `` Made in Japan '' Collaboration singles `` Love Is Strange '' Guest singles `` Streets of Bakersfield '' B - side singles `` Loose Talk '' `` Together Again Related articles Discography Capitol Records Dwight Sings Buck Emmylou Harris Studio albums Gliding Bird Pieces of the Sky Elite Hotel Luxury Liner Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town Blue Kentucky Girl Light of the Stable Roses in the Snow Evangeline Cimarron White Shoes The Ballad of Sally Rose Thirteen Angel Band Bluebird Brand New Dance Cowgirl 's Prayer Wrecking Ball Red Dirt Girl Stumble into Grace All I Intended to Be Hard Bargain Collaboration albums Trio ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) Trio II ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions ( with Linda Ronstadt ) All the Roadrunning ( with Mark Knopfler ) Old Yellow Moon ( with Rodney Crowell ) The Traveling Kind ( with Rodney Crowell ) Live albums Last Date At the Ryman ( with The Nash Ramblers ) Spyboy Compilation albums Profile : Best of Emmylou Harris Profile II : The Best of Emmylou Harris Duets Songs of the West The Very Best of Emmylou Harris : Heartaches & Highways Songbird : Rare Tracks and Forgotten Gems Video albums Real Live Roadrunning ( with Mark Knopfler ) Notable singles `` If I Could Only Win Your Love '' `` Together Again '' `` One of These Days '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` ( You Never Can Tell ) C'est La Vie '' `` Making Believe '' `` To Daddy '' `` Two More Bottles of Wine '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Blue Kentucky Girl '' `` Beneath Still Waters '' `` Wayfaring Stranger '' `` The Boxer '' `` Mister Sandman '' `` If I Needed You '' ( with Don Williams ) `` Tennessee Rose '' `` Born to Run '' `` ( Lost His Love ) On Our Last Date '' `` I 'm Movin ' On '' `` So Sad to Watch Good Love Go Bad '' `` In My Dreams '' `` Pledging My Love '' `` Heartbreak Hill '' `` Heaven Only Knows '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' Collaboration singles `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) `` Telling Me Lies '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) `` Those Memories of You '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) `` Wildflowers '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) Guest singles `` Thing About You '' ( with Southern Pacific ) `` We Believe in Happy Endings '' ( with Earl Thomas Conley ) Discographies Discography Solo contributions Collaborations A -- F Collaborations G -- K Collaborations L -- Q Collaborations R -- Z Related articles Roy Orbison John Denver Gram Parsons Daniel Lanois Rodney Crowell Desire The Last Waltz Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Save_the_Last_Dance_for_Me&oldid=801531520 '' Categories : 1960 singles 1974 singles 1984 singles 2006 singles Songs with lyrics by Doc Pomus Songs with music by Mort Shuman The Drifters songs Buck Owens songs Emmylou Harris songs Dolly Parton songs Michael Bublé songs Billy Joe Royal songs Jay and the Americans songs The Beatles songs Harry Nilsson songs Petula Clark songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Atlantic Records singles RCA Records Nashville singles Reprise Records singles 1960 songs Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 06 : 52 . 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who sang the original song save the last dance for me
[ "\"Save the Last Dance for Me\" is the title of a popular song written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, first recorded in 1960 by The Drifters, with Ben E. King on lead vocals." ]
[ "The Drifters, with Ben E. King on lead vocals." ]
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A Bridge Too Far (film)
A Bridge Too Far ( film ) - wikipedia A Bridge Too Far ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Bridge Too Far Original film poster Directed by Richard Attenborough Produced by Joseph E. Levine Richard P. Levine Screenplay by William Goldman Based on A Bridge Too Far by Cornelius Ryan Starring Dirk Bogarde James Caan Michael Caine Sean Connery Edward Fox Elliott Gould Anthony Hopkins Gene Hackman Hardy Krüger Laurence Olivier Robert Redford Maximilian Schell Liv Ullmann Music by John Addison Cinematography Geoffrey Unsworth Edited by Antony Gibbs Production company Joseph E. Levine Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date June 15 , 1977 Running time 176 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $25 million Box office $50.7 million A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic war film based on the 1974 book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan , adapted by William Goldman . It was produced by Joseph E. Levine and Richard P. Levine and directed by Richard Attenborough . The film tells the story of the failure of Operation Market Garden during World War II . The operation was intended to allow the Allies to break through German lines and seize several bridges in the occupied Netherlands , including one at Arnhem , with the main objective of outflanking German defences in order to end the war by Christmas of 1944 . The name for the film comes from an unconfirmed comment attributed to British Lieutenant - General Frederick Browning , deputy commander of the First Allied Airborne Army , who told Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , the operation 's architect , before the operation : `` I think we may be going a bridge too far '' , in reference to the intention of seizing the Arnhem bridgehead over the Rhine river . The ensemble cast includes Dirk Bogarde , James Caan , Michael Caine , Sean Connery , Edward Fox , Elliott Gould , Gene Hackman , Anthony Hopkins , Hardy Krüger , Laurence Olivier , Ryan O'Neal , Robert Redford , Maximilian Schell and Liv Ullmann . The music was scored by John Addison , who had served in the British XXX Corps during Market Garden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and roles 2.1 Allies 2.2 Germans 2.3 Dutch civilians 3 Production 4 Finance 5 Reception 6 Promotion 7 Notes 8 References 9 See also 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Operation Market Garden envisions 35,000 men being flown 300 miles from air bases in England and dropped behind enemy lines in the Netherlands . Two divisions of U.S. paratroopers , the 82nd and 101st Airborne , are responsible for securing the road and bridges as far as Nijmegen . A British division , the 1st Airborne , under Major - General Roy Urquhart , is to land near Arnhem and hold both sides of the bridge there , backed by a brigade of Polish paratroopers under General Stanisław Sosabowski . XXX Armoured Corps are to push up the road over the bridges captured by the American paratroopers and reach Arnhem two days after the drop . The British are to land using gliders near Arnhem . When General Urquhart briefs his officers , some of them are surprised they are going to attempt a landing so far from the bridge . The consensus among the British top brass is that resistance will consist entirely of `` Hitler Youth or old men on bicycles '' . Although reconnaissance photos show German tanks at Arnhem , General Browning dismisses them and also ignores reports from the Dutch underground . He does not want to be the one to tell Field Marshal Montgomery of any doubts since many previous airborne operations had been cancelled . Though British officers note that the portable radios are not likely to work for the long distance from the drop zone to the Arnhem Bridge , they choose not to convey their concerns up a chain of command intent on silencing all doubt . Speed is the vital factor . Arnhem 's is the crucial bridge , the last means of escape for the German forces in the Netherlands and an excellent route to Germany for Allied forces . The road to it , however , is only a single highway linking the various key bridges - trucks and tanks have to squeeze to the shoulder to pass . The road is also elevated , causing anything moving on the road to stand out . The airborne drops catch the Germans by surprise and there is little resistance . Most of the men come down safely and assemble quickly , but the Son bridge is blown up by the Germans just before the 101st Airborne secures it . Then , soon after landing , troubles beset Urquhart 's division . Many of the Jeeps either do not arrive by their gliders at all or are shot up in an ambush . Their radio sets are also useless . XXX Corps ' progress to relieve them is slowed by German resistance , the narrowness of the highway and the need to construct a Bailey bridge to replace the one destroyed at Son . They are then halted at Nijmegen . There , soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division perform a dangerous daylight river crossing in flimsy canvas - and - wood assault boats and the Nijmegen bridge is captured , but XXX Corps has to wait several hours for infantry to secure the town . The Germans close in on the isolated British paratroops occupying part of Arnhem at the bridge , although armored attacks are repelled . Urquhart had been separated from his men and the supply drop zones overrun by the Germans . Finally , Sosabowski 's troops , held up by fog in England , enter the battle too late and are unable to reinforce the British . After days of house - to - house fighting , pitted against crack SS infantry and panzers , the outgunned troops are captured or forced to withdraw . Arnhem itself is indiscriminately razed in the fighting . Urquhart escapes the battle zone with fewer than a fifth of his original ten thousand crack troops ; those who were too badly injured to flee stay behind and cover the withdrawal , surrendering afterwards . On arriving at British headquarters , Urquhart confronts Browning about his personal sentiments regarding the operation : does he think it went as well as was being claimed by Montgomery ? Browning 's reply ( and the film 's last line of dialogue ) contradicts his earlier optimism : `` Well , as you know , I 've always thought that we tried to go a bridge too far . '' In the film 's final scene , a young Dutch woman , whose elegant and beautifully furnished home was used as an overflow hospital by the British , abandons the mostly destroyed house . Passing through the front yard , now converted to a graveyard for fallen troops , she and her children trek along the high riverbank , with her father , an elderly doctor , pulling a few salvaged possessions in a cart . Cast and roles ( edit ) Allies ( edit ) Actor Role Notes Dirk Bogarde Lieutenant - General Frederick `` Boy '' Browning GOC I British Airborne Corps , and at HQ First Allied Airborne Army as its deputy commander , British Army at Nijmegen James Caan Staff Sergeant Eddie Dohun ( based on Charles Dohun ) runner for Captain LeGrand King `` Legs '' Johnson , CO , Company F , 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division U.S. Army ( attacking Best ) Michael Caine Lieutenant - Colonel J.O.E. Vandeleur CO , 3rd Battalion ( Infantry ) , the Irish Guards , the Guards Armoured Division , XXX Corps , British Army Michael Byrne Lieutenant - Colonel Giles Vandeleur acting CO , 2nd Battalion ( Armoured ) , the Irish Guards , the British Guards Armoured Division . Cousin to ' Joe ' . Sean Connery Major General Roy Urquhart GOC , 1st British Airborne Division , Arnhem Edward Fox Lt. Gen. Brian Horrocks GOC , XXX Corps , British Second Army . Elliott Gould Col. Robert Stout ( based on Robert Sink ) CO , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division Gene Hackman Maj. Gen. Stanisław Sosabowski CO , Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade , Polish Armed Forces Anthony Hopkins Lt. Col. John Frost CO , 2nd Parachute Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division at Arnhem road bridge Ryan O'Neal Brig. Gen. James Gavin CO , US 82nd Airborne Division , U.S. Army at the bridge across the Maas river in Grave , later at the Maas - Waal canal and the bridge across the Waal river in Nijmegen Robert Redford Maj . Julian Cook CO , 3rd Battalion , 504th PIR , 82nd Airborne , U.S. Army seizing key bridges over the Maas - Waal Canal and the river assault crossing of the Waal river . Denholm Elliott RAF meteorology officer fictional Peter Faber Capt . Arie D. `` Harry '' Bestebreurtje Liaison officer with the 82nd Airborne Division , Office of Strategic Services , Royal Dutch Army Christopher Good Maj . Carlyle ( based on Maj . Allison Digby Tatham - Warter ) CO , A Company , 2nd Parachute Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , Arnhem , British Army Frank Grimes Maj . Fuller ( based on Brian Urquhart ) G - 2 ( Intelligence Officer ) for the 1st Airborne Corps , British Army stationed at the HQ located in Moor Park Golf Club , Hertfordshire , England Jeremy Kemp RAF briefing officer RAF , but the briefing probably took place at the 1st Airborne Corps HQ located in Moor Park Golf Club , Hertfordshire , England Nicholas Campbell Capt . Glass ( based on Captain LeGrand King `` Legs '' Johnson ) CO , F Company , 2nd Battalion , 502PIR , Paul Copley Pvt Wicks Batman to Lt. Col. Frost , CO , 2nd Parachute Battalion , British Army Donald Douglas Brigadier Gerald Lathbury CO , 1st Parachute Brigade , British Army in Arnhem . Wounded and briefly paralysed , Lathbury made a complete recovery and escaped captivity during Operation Pegasus . Keith Drinkel Lieutenant Cornish ( based on Captain Eric Mackay , 9th Parachute Sqdn R.E. ) 1st Airborne Division Colin Farrell Corporal Hancock 1st British Airborne Division , Urquhart 's batman Richard Kane Col. Weaver ( based on Graeme Warrack ) Senior Medical Officer , Headquarters RAMC , 1st British Airborne Division , at the Main Dressing Station in the Schoonoord Hotel of the Oosterbeek Perimeter Paul Maxwell Maj. Gen. Maxwell Taylor CG , 101st Airborne Division , U.S. Army at the Son bridge and later St - Oedenrode Stephen Moore Maj . Robert Steele ( based on Major Anthony `` Tony '' John Deane -- Drummond ) Second -- in -- Command , 1st Airborne Divisional Signals British Army , Arnhem Donald Pickering Lt. Col. C.B. Mackenzie Principal General Staff Officer ( Chief of Staff ) , Headquarters , 1st Airborne Division , British Army , Divisional HQ at the Hartenstein Hotel Gerald Sim Col. Sims ( based on ( acting Colonel ) Lt. Col. Arthur Austin Eagger ) Senior Medical Officer , 1st Airborne Corps , R.A.M.C. , British Army John Stride Grenadier Guards major ( based on Captain Lord Carrington ) British Grenadier Guards Commander who argues with Major Cook after 82nd capture Nijmegen Bridge Alun Armstrong Cpl . Davies 2nd Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division David Auker ' Taffy ' Brace Medic , 1st British Airborne Division Michael Bangerter British staff colonel British XXX Corps staff officer at General Browning 's HQ Philip Raymond Grenadier Guards Colonel ( based on Lt. Colonel Edward H. Goulburn ) C.O. 2nd Armoured Grenadier Guards Battalion Michael Graham Cox Capt . Jimmy Cleminson T / Capt. , ( Sir ) James Arnold Stacey `` Jimmy '' Cleminson Officer Commanding , 5 Platoon ( B Company ) , 3rd Parachute Battalion , British Army , Arnhem Garrick Hagon Lieutenant Rafferty Lieutenant , 101st Military Police Platoon , 101st Airborne Division , Division Field Hospital , U.S. Army John Ratzenberger Lt James Megellas Lieutenant , Company H , 504th PIR , 82nd Airborne Division , U.S. Army , at Waal River crossing Arthur Hill U.S. Army surgeon ( colonel ) Chief Division Surgeon Lt Col. David Gold , 101st Airborne Division Clearing Station Ben Cross Trooper Binns 2nd Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division Mark Sheridan Sergeant Tomblin 2nd Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division George Innes Sergeant MacDonald British 1st Airborne Division radio operator at the Hartenstein Hotel Germans ( edit ) Actor Role Notes Hardy Krüger Generalmajor der Waffen - SS Karl Ludwig Based on Heinz Harmel , CO of the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg , but he did not want his name to be mentioned in the film Maximilian Schell General der Waffen - SS Wilhelm Bittrich CO of II SS Panzer Corps Wolfgang Preiss Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt OB West ( commander of the German forces on the Western Front ) Walter Kohut Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model CO of Army Group B Hartmut Becker German Army sentry Hans von Borsody General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt Chief of Staff OB West Lex van Delden Oberscharführer Matthias Bittrich 's aide . Fred Williams Hauptsturmführer Viktor Eberhard Gräbner Commander of the reconnaissance battle group of 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen Dutch civilians ( edit ) Actor Role Notes Laurence Olivier Dr. Jan Spaander Liv Ullmann Kate ter Horst Siem Vroom Underground leader Erik van ' t Wout Underground leader 's son Marlies van Alcmaer Underground leader 's wife Mary Smithuysen Old Dutch lady Hans Croiset Old Dutch lady 's son Josephine Peeper Cafe waitress Tom van Beek Jan ter Horst Erik Chitty Organist Richard Attenborough Lunatic wearing glasses ( uncredited cameo ) Albert van der Harst Medic Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) Air filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976 , culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men , together with the dropping of supplies from a number of Dakota aircraft . The Dakotas were gathered by the film company Joseph E. Levine Presents Incorporated . All aircraft were required to be CAA ( Civil Aviation Authority ) or FAA ( Federal Aviation Administration ) registered and licensed to carry passengers . An original deal for the purchase of ten fell through when two airframes were rejected as passenger configured without the necessary jump doors . Eleven Dakotas were procured . Two ex-Portuguese Air Force , 6153 and 6171 ( N9984Q and N9983Q ) , and two from Air Djibouti , operating from Djibouti in French Somaliland , F - OCKU and F - OCKX ( N9985Q and N9986Q ) were purchased by Joseph E. Levine . Three Danish Air Force K - 685 , K - 687 , and K - 688 , and four Finnish Air Force C - 47s , DO - 4 , DO - 7 , DO - 10 and DO - 12 , were loaned for the duration of the parachute filming . Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations , with a camouflaged Piper Aztec , G - AWDI . A camera was mounted in the astrodome , one on the port upper mainplane surface , with a third camera on the outside of the forward port cabin window and a fourth under the aircraft centre section . In addition , centre escape hatches were removed to make additional camera ports available , provided that no troops were aboard during filming . A second Aztec , G - ASND , was a backup camera ship on some shots , but it was not camouflaged . An Alouette , G - BDWN , was also employed . After a mishap with G - AWDI , two locally hired Cessna 172s , PH - GVP and PH - ADF , were also used . Ten Horsa glider replicas were built , but a windstorm damaged almost all of them . Seven or eight were hastily repaired for the shoot . The replica gliders were tail - heavy and required a support post under the rear fuselage , with camera angles carefully chosen to avoid revealing this . Dakota 6153 was fitted with tow gear and Horsa replicas were towed at high speed , though none went airborne . A two - seat Blaník sailplane , provided by a member of the London Gliding Club , Dunstable , was towed aloft for the interior takeoff shots . Shooting of a scene in Deventer on 18 May 1976 . German vehicles are crossing the bridge Four Harvards portrayed American and German fighters . Their original identities were PH - KLU , PH - BKT , B - 64 and B - 118 , the latter two aircraft loaned by the Royal Netherlands Air Force . These were flown by members of the Gilze Rijen Aero Club , which also provided an Auster III , PH - NGK , which depicted an Auster V , RT607 , in wartime camouflage . Spitfire Mk . IX , MH434 , depicting a photo reconnaissance variant , coded AC - S , was lent by the Hon . Patrick Lindsay , and was flown by aerobatic champion Neil Williams . Finding sufficient American tanks , jeeps , and trucks of WWII vintage was just possible as many of the vehicles were being discarded from European military ( almost entirely reserve ) units especially from Greece and Turkey . The scenes around the ' Arnhem ' bridge were actually shot in Deventer , where a similar bridge over the IJssel was still available . Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem still existed , it was , by the mid-1970s , sitting in modern urban surroundings which could not be used to portray a 1940s city . A few scenes were shot in Zutphen , where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen . Finance ( edit ) In order to keep high costs down , all the star - name actors agreed to participate on a ' favoured - nation ' basis ( i.e. they would all receive the same weekly fee ) , which in this case was $250,000 per week ( the 2012 equivalent of $1,008,250 . or £ 642,000 ) . Shooting of the American - led assault on the Bridge at Nijmegen was dubbed the `` Million - Dollar Hour '' . Because of the heavy traffic , the crew had permission to film on the bridge between eight and nine o'clock on October 3 , 1976 . Failure to complete the scene would have necessitated rescheduling at a cost -- including Redford 's overtime -- of at least a million dollars . For this reason , Attenborough insisted that all actors playing corpses keep their eyes closed . After United Artists agreed to pay $6 million for US and Canada distribution rights , the film was a box office disappointment in North America but performed well in Europe . Reception ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews from critics . A `` making - of '' documentary included in a special edition DVD of A Bridge Too Far claims that , at the time of its release , `` the film was shunned by American critics and completely ignored at Oscar time for daring to expose the fatal inadequacies of the Allied campaign . '' Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 65 % of 20 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 6.2 out of 10 . Critics agreed that the film was impressively staged and historically accurate , although many found it too long and too repetitive . James Caan and Anthony Hopkins were cited by many critics for the excellence of their performances , in a film filled with hundreds of speaking roles and cameos by many of the period 's top actors . Promotion ( edit ) Story of A Bridge Too Far Author William Goldman Country United States Language English Genre non-fiction Publication date 1977 To promote the film , scriptwriter William Goldman wrote a book titled Story of A Bridge Too Far as a favour to Joseph E. Levine . It was published in December 1977 and divided into three sections : `` Reflections on Filmmaking in General and A Bridge Too Far '' . This section features some essays later reprinted in Goldman 's Adventures in the Screen Trade . `` A Bridge Too Far : The Story in Pictures '' - 150 sequential photographs from the film with Goldman 's captions . `` Stars and Heroes '' - some of the movie 's actors and the men they play tell Goldman their thoughts on the film and the battle . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) '' . BFI . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenna , A.T. ( 2011 ) . `` Joseph E. Levine and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) : A Producer 's Labour of Love '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 31 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 227 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439685.2011. 572606 . Jump up ^ `` The Deep , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman 1977 Jump up ^ Ryan 1974 , p. 67 Jump up ^ In the film ' Joe ' is depicted as leading the tanks of his cousin Giles ' battalion although he commanded the Irish Guards Group as was the practice of combining two battalions from same regiment under senior regimental officer Jump up ^ Carried the primary responsibility for the ' Garden ' ground offensive part of the operation Jump up ^ Fox had known General Horrocks as a friend before working on the film and took care to portray him accurately . Later he would cite this as his favourite film role . A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) British Film Institute , archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 12 , retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Attacked bridge at Zon and later entered Eindhoven to meet British troops Jump up ^ Arrived in the 3rd lift north of Nijemegen and advanced towards Arnhem Jump up ^ General Browning failed to arrange for RAF and USAAF liaison officers for the British I Airborne Corps . In the book Ryan says Sosabowski spoke with the chief liaison officer , Lieutenant Colonel George Stevens . Jump up ^ `` Capt . Arie D. Bestebreurtje - World War II Special Operations Soldier '' . B26.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ escaping in 1941 to UK he studied at the Royal Military Academy , and later in Edinburgh he was trained as an OSS agent and assigned to operations behind in occupied Holland . Jump up ^ Dutch Wikipedia article Jump up ^ The Major did not die of wounds at Brigade HQ , but was taken prisoner , moved to the St. Elizabeth Hospital , and later conducted an escape Operation Pegasus with the Dutch Resistance to bring out 138 escapees of the battle , and returning to his post with the remnants of his Company Evasion Report : 21st September - 23rd October 1944 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ p. 132 , Ambrose , Immerman Jump up ^ He was initially wounded by a rifle bullet in the right shoulder . The following is taken from War Stories website ( 2 ) History vs Hollywood - Captain Legs Johnson `` Medics made him lie down and set up an IV with plasma flowing into him . Medical jeeps bearing stretchers were evacuating wounded two at a time , to a field hospital in Zon . Since many of the wounded were hit more seriously than himself , Legs kept delaying his own evacuation , telling the medics to convey the others first . Even when Legs was finally loaded , he was still telling them to delay and take others . Against his objections , he was placed across the hood of the Jeep on a stretcher and then the Jeep scratched - off , headed for Zon . At that time , a German MG42 machine - gun fired at the Jeep from over 500 yards distance . One round entered Legs ' helmet and tore into his head . He lost consciousness and would not wake - up until weeks later . At the hospital in Zon , Legs was briefly examined and since he was unconscious and his brains were exposed , he was relegated to the ' dead pile ' of troopers who were wounded so seriously that they had no chance to survive . Later that afternoon , Sgt Charles Dohun ( Hollywood changed his first name to EDDIE ) , ( James Caan ) who was Legs ' runner ( orderly ) wandered over to the hospital for a specific purpose . He knew that the captain had a substantial amount of cash in his billfold and he did n't want a stranger from another unit to get it . Dohun spotted Captain Johnson in the dead pile and examined him - when he discovered that Legs was still breathing , he carried him into an operating room and ordered the surgeon to save him . When the doctor refused , Dohun pointed a souvenir Luger at him and threatened to shoot him ( he did not use a . 45 as shown in ' A Bridge Too Far ' , but a . 45 looks more impressive ) . The operation was successful . `` Legs '' regained consciousness six weeks later in a hospital , `` deaf , dumb , blind , and with a steel plate in my head . '' As of this writing ( October , 2005 ) , Legs is still alive in Florida . Charles Dohun survived World War II and lived in N.C. until his death about 15 years ago . Regarding the Hollywood Depiction When I interviewed Legs Johnson in the late 1990s , he commented on how he and Sgt Dohun were portrayed in ' A Bridge Too Far ' , the 1977 Hollywood version of Cornelius Ryan 's book about Operation Market Garden . `` Legs '' said : `` In the movie , I was a little , scared guy and Dohun was a great big guy . Hell , in real life I would 've made TWO of Dohun . '' Cornelius Ryan described in his book , how Sgt Dohun was placed under arrest for threatening to shoot the surgeon . I have not learned the identity of that doctor , but he did NOT pardon the sgt , as shown in the film . Sgt Dohun was taken before LTC Steve Chappuis ( later Brigadier General ( Ret . ) Steve A. Chappuis ) , the 2 / 502 C.O. and `` Silent Steve '' placed him under arrest for one minute . As Dohun stood at attention before his desk , the LTC looked at his watch for sixty seconds , then told Dohun he could go . Captain Hugh ' Duke ' Roberts , the second battalion S - 1 of the 502 PIR , was among the few individuals who knew the story of how Dohun had ordered the doctor to perform the operation , at gunpoint . Duke wrote a letter to Mrs Johnson , ( Legs ' wife ) , explaining how Sgt Dohun had been responsible for saving his life . When Cornelius Ryan was researching ' A Bridge Too Far ' , Mrs Johnson sent that letter to Ryan , which is how the author became aware of the story . Jump up ^ Although ordered to load his shotgun , dinner jacket and golf clubs into the staff car in the movie , seemingly to bring with him on the operation , these would eventually arrive in the ' Sea Tail ' via Normandy beaches . Jump up ^ The role is based to a point that he was the Major responsible for divisional signals . His depiction in the film after landing is completely fictional . Jump up ^ He became separated from his unit whilst trying to link up with 1st Parachute Brigade , who were surrounded at the north end of Arnhem Bridge , and along with three other soldiers spent three days trapped in a small room at the back of a German -- occupied house . On managing to leave this building , they split up to cross the river ; Deane -- Drummond successfully swam to the south bank of the Rhine , but was almost immediately taken prisoner . The next day , he managed to escape from a group who were being escorted out of Arnhem , and spent the next eleven days hiding inside a large cupboard until he felt safe to move . Jump up ^ he was effectively CO on the first day until Hicks was contacted by which time he had established Divisional HQ at the Hartenstein Hotel . He later swam the river Lek to contact Gen. Sosabowski , and through him the XXX Corps HQ . Jump up ^ O.B.E. ( Military Division ) of the Order `` in recognition of gallant and , distinguished services in Sicily '' Supplement to The London Gazette , 23 March 1944 Jump up ^ Shown accompanying Maj. Gen. Urquhart he however did not become ADC to General Officer Commanding 1st Airborne Division until 1945 , but was mentioned in dispatches for Arnhem Jump up ^ The name is probably fictional since the event did not occur as portrayed in the film Jump up ^ Most decorated officer of the 82nd Division . Unlike depicted in the movie the real Magellas survived the battle and of 2015 is still alive . Jump up ^ a member of the 1st Battalion of the Parachute Regiment claims there were no more than 200 men involved . Parachute drops were by the 1st Battalion the Parachute regiment , only 100 jumpers plus support , 10 man sticks per Dakota . Jump up ^ Hurst , Flt . Lt. K.J. , DC - 3 Project Officer for the film ; AIR International , July 1977 , Volume 13 , Number 1 , pp. 33 - 34 , Talkback column Jump up ^ `` Entirely Up To You , Darling '' ; page 152 - 3 ; paperback ; Arrow Books ; published 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 099 - 50304 - 0 Jump up ^ A. , C. ( June 15 , 1977 ) . `` The final decision will be mine '' . The Washington Post ( 1974 - Current File ) . Jump up ^ European filmgoers are holding up ' Bridge ' Beck , Marilyn . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current file ) ( Chicago , Ill ) 20 Oct 1977 : a8 . Jump up ^ Papamichael , Stella . `` A Bridge Too Far : Special Edition DVD ( 1977 ) , '' BBC website . Retrieved Sept. 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved Sept. 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent . `` Film : It 's a Long War In ' Bridge Too Far ' , '' New York Times ( June 16 , 1977 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Jason . `` A Bridge Too Far , '' Archived September 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . FilmCritic.com ( Jan. 9 , 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Egan p 145 References ( edit ) Arthur , Max , Forgotten Voices of the Second World War : A new history of world war two in the words of the men and women who were there , Ebury Press , 2004 ISBN 0091897351 OCLC 57691717 Goldman , William ( 1977 ) , William Goldman 's Story of a Bridge Too Far , Coronet Books , ISBN 0 - 340 - 22340 - 5 ( NB : Book has no page numbers ) Ryan , Cornelius ( 1974 ) , A Bridge Too Far , London : Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 19941 - 5 Waddy , Colonel John ( 1977 ) , `` The Making of a Bridge Too Far '' , After the Battle , London : Plaistow Press ( 17 ) : 10 -- 34 Ambrose , Stephen E. & Immerman , Richard H. , Ike 's spies : Eisenhower and the espionage establishment , University Press of Mississippi , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14493 - 8 OCLC 6863017 See also ( edit ) Theirs Is the Glory ( 1946 British film about the Battle of Arnhem ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Bridge Too Far ( film ) A Bridge Too Far on IMDb A Bridge Too Far at Box Office Mojo A Bridge Too Far at AllMovie A Bridge Too Far at the TCM Movie Database A Bridge Too Far at the American Film Institute Catalog `` A Bridge Too Far '' . at British Cinema Greats . Richard Attenborough Films directed Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) Young Winston ( 1972 ) A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) Magic ( 1978 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) A Chorus Line ( 1985 ) Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) In Love and War ( 1996 ) Grey Owl ( 1999 ) Closing the Ring ( 2007 ) Family Sheila Sim ( wife ) Michael Attenborough ( son ) Frederick Attenborough ( father ) David Attenborough ( brother ) John Attenborough ( brother ) Works by William Goldman Plays Tenderloin ( 1960 ) Blood , Sweat and Stanley Poole ( 1961 ) A Family Affair ( 1962 ) Misery ( 2012 ) Novels The Temple of Gold ( 1957 ) Your Turn to Curtsy , My Turn to Bow ( 1958 ) Soldier in the Rain ( 1960 ) Boys and Girls Together ( 1964 ) No Way to Treat a Lady ( 1964 ) The Thing of It Is ... ( 1967 ) Father 's Day ( 1971 ; sequel to The Thing of It Is ) The Princess Bride ( 1973 ) Wigger ( 1974 ) Marathon Man ( 1974 ) Magic ( 1976 ) Tinsel ( 1979 ) Control ( 1982 ) The Silent Gondoliers ( 1983 ) The Color of Light ( 1984 ) Heat ( 1985 ) Brothers ( 1986 ) Films Masquerade ( 1965 ) Harper ( 1966 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) The Hot Rock ( 1972 ) The Stepford Wives ( 1975 ) The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) Marathon Man ( 1976 ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) Magic ( 1978 ) Mr. Horn ( 1979 , TV ) Heat ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) Year of the Comet ( 1992 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Ghost and the Darkness ( 1996 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) The General 's Daughter ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Wild Card ( 2015 ) Non-fiction The Season : A Candid Look at Broadway ( 1969 ) The Story of ' A Bridge Too Far ' ( 1977 ) Adventures in the Screen Trade ( 1983 ) Wait Till Next Year ( with Mike Lupica , 1988 ) Hype and Glory ( 1990 ) Which Lie Did I Tell ? ( 2000 ) The Big Picture : Who Killed Hollywood ? and Other Essays ( 2000 ) Cornelius Ryan World War II trilogy The Longest Day ( film adaptation ) The Last Battle A Bridge Too Far ( film adaptation ) Other Cornelius Ryan Award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bridge_Too_Far_(film)&oldid=818478816 '' Categories : English - language films 1977 films 1970s war films 1970s action films British films British war films British independent films British epic films American films American war films American epic films American independent films Films about armoured warfare Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Richard Attenborough Films set in 1944 Films set in the Netherlands Operation Market Garden Screenplays by William Goldman United Artists films War epic films Western Front of World War II films World War II films World War II films based on actual events German - language films Dutch - language films Epic films based on actual events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from February 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Books with missing cover No local image but image on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 20 : 26 . 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a bridge too far where was it filmed
[ "The scenes around the 'Arnhem' bridge were actually shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was still available. Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem still existed, it was, by the mid-1970s, sitting in modern urban surroundings which could not be used to portray a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot in Zutphen, where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen." ]
[ "Deventer" ]
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Fuller House (TV series)
Fuller House ( TV series ) - wikipedia Fuller House ( TV series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . Fuller House Genre Sitcom Created by Jeff Franklin Starring Candace Cameron Bure Jodie Sweetin Andrea Barber Michael Campion Elias Harger Soni Nicole Bringas Dashiell and Fox Messitt Juan Pablo Di Pace Scott Weinger John Brotherton Ashley Liao Adam Hagenbuch Theme music composer Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Jeff Franklin Butch Walker Opening theme `` Everywhere You Look '' performed by Carly Rae Jepsen Ending theme `` Everywhere You Look '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeff Franklin ( season 1 - 3 ) Thomas L. Miller Robert L. Boyett Steve Baldikoski ( season 4 ) Bryan Behar ( season 4 ) Producer ( s ) John Stamos Kelly Sandefur Coral Hawthorne Cinematography Gregg Heschong Running time 25 -- 36 minutes Production company ( s ) Jeff Franklin Productions Miller - Boyett Productions Distributor Warner Horizon Television Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) External links Website Production website Fuller House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin that airs as a Netflix original series , and is a sequel to the 1987 -- 1995 television series Full House . It centers around D.J. Tanner - Fuller , a veterinarian and widowed mother of three sons , whose sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy -- along with her teenage daughter -- live together at the Tanner 's childhood home in San Francisco , California . Most of the original series ensemble cast have reprised their roles on Fuller House , either as regular cast members or in guest appearances , with the exception of Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who alternated the role of Michelle Tanner in Full House . Netflix ordered an initial thirteen episodes which were released on February 26 , 2016 , worldwide . The third season is split into two parts , with the first half of nine episodes being released on September 22 , 2017 , and the second half on December 22 , 2017 . While the first season reception was generally negative , the second and third seasons received mostly positive reviews . On January 29 , 2018 , Netflix renewed Fuller House for a fourth season . On October 30 , 2018 , it was announced that season 4 will be released on December 14 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Accusations of misconduct from Jeff Franklin 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Like the original series , the show is set in the same house in San Francisco , California . Recently widowed D.J. Tanner - Fuller is a veterinarian and the mother of three young boys . After the unexpected death of her husband Tommy , who was following his hazardous duties as a firefighter , D.J. accepts the help of her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy , who move in and take part in raising her three sons , 13 - year - old Jackson , 7 - year - old Max , and baby Tommy Jr . Kimmy 's teenage daughter , Ramona , also moves in . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Main article : List of Full House and Fuller House characters Candace Cameron Bure as D.J. Tanner - Fuller , a widowed mother who has a full - time job as a veterinarian Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner , D.J. 's younger sister , who leaves her life in London to help D.J. raise her kids Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler , D.J. 's best friend and owner of a party planning business , who moves in with D.J. and Stephanie to help them raise D.J. 's kids Michael Campion as Jackson Fuller , D.J. 's mischievous 13 - year - old son who often engages in reckless stunts Elias Harger as Max Fuller , D.J. 's 7 - year - old son who is bit of neat freak like his grandfather Soni Nicole Bringas as Ramona Gibbler , Kimmy 's 13 - year - old daughter Dashiell & Fox Messitt as Tommy Fuller , Jr. , D.J. 's infant son who is named after his late father Juan Pablo Di Pace as Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero , Kimmy 's ex-husband and Ramona 's father ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Scott Weinger as Steve Hale , a podiatrist and D.J. 's ex-boyfriend , who tries to get back with her after his unsuccessful marriage ; also the owner of Comet Jr . Jr. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) John Brotherton as Matt Harmon , co-worker and love interest of D.J. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Ashley Liao as Lola Wong , Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's love interest ( recurring : seasons 1 and 3 ; main : season 2 ) Adam Hagenbuch as Jimmy Gibbler , Kimmy 's younger brother and a freelance photographer , who is dating Stephanie ( recurring : season 2 ; main : season 3 ) Recurring ( edit ) John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis , D.J. and Stephanie 's uncle ( Danny 's brother - in - law of his first marriage ) ; the music composer for General Hospital Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson - Katsopolis , Jesse 's wife and aunt to D.J. and Stephanie , who leaves San Francisco to co-star with Danny on Wake Up USA in Los Angeles Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone , a Vegas comedian who helped Danny raise D.J. and Stephanie , along with Jesse and Becky Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , D.J. and Stephanie 's father , and the grandfather of Jackson , Max & Tommy Jr. , who leaves San Francisco for Los Angeles to star in the new talk show Wake Up USA Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , Jesse and Rebecca 's twin sons , and the cousins of DJ and Stephanie , who both spent six years in college and operate a fish taco truck together Gianna DiDonato as Crystal , Matt 's girlfriend for a brief time in season two Virginia Williams as C.J. Harbenberger , Steve 's fiancée who is strikingly similar to D.J. Isaak Presley as Bobby Popko , Jackson 's best friend and a love interest for Ramona Lucas Jaye as Taylor , Max 's intelligent and challenging best friend Mckenna Grace as Rose Harbenberger , Rose is C.J. 's daughter and Max 's best friend / love interest Marla Sokoloff as Gia Mahan , Stephanie 's best friend , and Rocki 's mother Landry Bender as Rocki , Gia 's daughter and Jackson 's new love interest Guest stars ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eva LaRue as Teri Tanner , Danny 's second wife Lanny Cordola and Gary Griffin , original members of Jesse and the Rippers Robin Thomas as Dr. Fred Harmon , Matt 's father and the owner of Harmon Pet Care , D.J. 's employer Maksim Chmerkovskiy as himself Valentin Chmerkovskiy as himself Macy Gray as herself Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Gerald Jeff B. Davis as Wrestling Announcer Tyne Stecklein as Mandy Ryan McPartlin as Tyler , a brief potential love interest of D.J. Hunter Pence as himself Michael Sun Lee as Harry Takayama , Stephanie 's childhood friend , who is a CPA Steve Talley as Darren , a brief love interest of Stephanie Alan Thicke as Mike , Crystal 's grandfather . Bruno Tonioli as Giuseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach Laura Bell Bundy as Ginger Gladstone , Joey 's wife and a Vegas magician Finn Carr as Lewis Gladstone , Joey 's younger son Kingston Foster as Joan Gladstone , Joey 's younger daughter Noah Salsbury Lipson as Jerry Gladstone , Joey 's older son Ruby Rose Turner as Phyllis Gladstone , Joey 's older daughter Jonathan Knight , Jordan Knight , Joey McIntyre , Donnie Wahlberg , and Danny Wood , members of New Kids on the Block David Lipper as Viper , D.J. 's ex-boyfriend Anne Marie McEvoy as Kathy Santoni , D.J. and Kimmy 's high school classmate Scott Menville as Duane Moffat , Kimmy 's high school ex-boyfriend who is now a motivational speaker Hal Sparks as Nelson Burkhard , D.J. 's rich high school ex-boyfriend , originally played by Jason Marsden John Aprea as Nick Katsopolis , Jesse 's father , D.J. Stephanie and Michelle 's grandfather , and Jackson , Max and Tommy 's great - grandfather Lonzo Ball as himself Gail Edwards as Vicky Larson , Danny 's ex-fiancée Lee Majors as James ( Season 4 appearance ) Lindsay Wagner as Millie ( Season 4 appearance ) Lainie Kazan as Irma ( Season 4 appearance ) Josh Peck as a dad in a hipster ' Daddy & Me ' class that Jesse attends with Pamela ( Season 4 appearance ) Maria Canals - Barrera as Fernando 's mother ( Season 4 appearance ) Leslie Grossman as a doctor who works at the hospital where Kimmy gives birth ( Season 4 appearance ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In August 2014 , reports circulated that Warner Bros. Television was considering a series reboot . John Stamos , who had an ownership stake in the show , headed up the attempt to get the series back into production . Creator Jeff Franklin returned as executive producer and showrunner with the collaboration of original executive producers Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett under their Miller - Boyett Productions label . In April 2015 , it was reported that Netflix was close to closing a deal to produce a 13 - episode sequel series tentatively titled Fuller House . A representative for Netflix said that the report was `` just a rumor '' . In response to the report , Bure tweeted , `` While you all ponder over whether the Fuller House show is true or is an April Fools joke , check out ( link to her upcoming TV movie ) '' , and Stamos tweeted , `` Believe none of what you hear , and only half of what you see . '' On April 20 , he appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , confirming the spin - off series had been green - lit by Netflix . On April 21 , Netflix confirmed the series was in development . In a parallel to the original series , Fuller House focuses on D.J. , who is a recently widowed mother of three boys , with her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy moving in to help raise the boys . The series starts off with a special episode featuring a Tanner family reunion . Filming of the series began in July 2015 and lasted until November 2015 . In December 2015 , the series ' release date was revealed as February 26 , 2016 . Later in the month , Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen revealed she and Butch Walker recreated the Full House theme song , `` Everywhere You Look '' ( which was originally performed by Jesse Frederick , who co-wrote the song with Bennett Salvay ) , for the series as its opening theme . On March 2 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season , and production for the second season began on May 5 , 2016 . Thirteen new episodes were ordered and were released on December 9 , 2016 . On December 24 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season , to be released in 2017 . and On December 31 , 2016 , it was confirmed that the season was given an 18 - episode order . Production for the third season began on March 18 , 2017 , and ended on September 2 , 2017 . It was announced on June 26 , 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts , with the release of the first part on September 22 , 2017 to consist of nine episodes . It was announced on November 13 , 2017 that the second half , also consisting of nine episodes , would be released on December 22 , 2017 . On January 29 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fourth season of thirteen episodes . Casting ( edit ) In addition to Cameron Bure , Sweetin , and Barber reprising their roles , the other main roles went to Michael Campion , Elias Harger , and Soni Bringas , as their children : Jackson and Max Fuller , and Ramona Gibbler , respectively . It was disclosed that John Stamos would have a recurring role as Jesse Katsopolis and would also be producing . Other original main cast members who would be reprising their roles periodically are Lori Loughlin as Becky Katsopolis , Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , and Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone . Dylan and Blake Tuomy - Wilhoit also make an appearance reprising their roles as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , respectively . On April 19 , 2016 , it was announced Ashley Liao , who plays Ramona 's best friend , had been upgraded to a series regular . Additional cast members recurring regularly throughout the series include Juan Pablo Di Pace , playing Kimmy 's ex-husband , Fernando , and Scott Weinger , reprising the role of Steve Hale , D.J. 's high school boyfriend . Eva LaRue portrays Danny 's wife Teri , and Michael Sun Lee makes an appearance as the adult version of Nathan Nishiguchi 's character , Harry Takayama , who was Stephanie 's childhood friend . Shortly after announcing the spin - off series , it was uncertain whether Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who shared the role of Michelle Tanner , would choose to participate . The Olsen twins ultimately rejected the offer because Ashley has not acted in years with no intentions to restart , and Mary - Kate initially considered the part but later declined as it was not feasible with her fashion career at the time . Subsequently , the producers decided to have Michelle reside in New York City , where she is highly focused on her fashion enterprise . By January 2016 , they asked the Olsen twins ' younger sister , Elizabeth , if she had any ambitions to take the part of Michelle , but she ultimately declined as well . Nonetheless , the producers still prodded the Olsen twins to return and were confident that one of the twins would ultimately decide to reappear during the second season , although this did not end up happening . In September 2016 , it was announced that the character Nelson will re-appear on Fuller House , with the character recast to be portrayed by Hal Sparks , who replaces Nelson 's original portrayer , Jason Marsden . In September 2017 , Jeff Franklin revealed at Paley Fest that Danny 's ex , Vicky Larson ( Gail Edwards ) would return in season three , doing so in the season 's finale . Accusations of misconduct from Jeff Franklin ( edit ) On February 28 , 2018 , Variety reported that Jeff Franklin was fired from the series after complaints about his behavior in the writers ' room and on the set of the series , which ranged from being verbally abusive to staffers and making sexually charged comments about his personal relationships and sex life in the writer 's room to a complaint of Franklin 's habit of bringing women he dated to the set and sometimes giving them bit parts in the series . Franklin has not been accused of directly sexually harassing or engaging in physical misconduct with any staffers . On March 12 , 2018 , Steve Baldikoski and Bryan Behar were announced as the new executive producers and showrunners for the fourth season replacing Franklin . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Fuller House episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 13 December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 18 9 September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 9 December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The first season of Fuller House received generally negative reviews , with most taking issue to the crude humor and noting that the series was very derivative of its source material and was oriented toward fans of the original show . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has a rating of 35 % , based on 46 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` After the initial dose of nostalgia , Fuller House has little to offer to anyone except the original series ' most diehard fans . '' On Metacritic the series has an average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter panned the show , calling it `` a mawkish , grating , broadly played chip off the Full House block . '' He also added that `` It 's doubtful that there will be a more painful 2016 TV episode than the Fuller House pilot , which takes an inexcusable 35 minutes to establish a plot that is just an inversion of the original Full House premise . '' David Weigand of the San Francisco Chronicle reacted similarly , writing : `` The episodes are predictable because they 're unoriginal and the writing is painful . The canned laughter is perhaps the greatest reminder of the ' good old days ' . If only all those recorded voices had something legitimate to laugh at . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote that the show `` continually goes to the well of having cute kids mug for the camera as they practically yell their lines , and just a little of its self - congratulatory , blaring obviousness goes a long way . '' In a more positive review , Verne Gay from Newsday wrote that the show is like `` Full House 2.0 '' and that while it has the `` same premise , same vibe , mostly same cast '' , it is `` a winner , strictly for fans . '' The second season saw more positive reviews . Jenny Varner of `` IGN '' gave the season a mixed 6.5 / 10 score . She noted that `` Fuller House Season 2 brings a fuller cast , a fuller plot , and a lot more cringe - worthy pop culture jokes . Love it or hate it , the staying power of this heartwarming Netflix staple is stronger than ever . '' On rotten tomatoes season 2 currently has a 60 % approval rating based on 5 reviews . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy Fuller House Won Choice TV Actress : Comedy Candace Cameron Bure Won Choice TV : Chemistry Candace Cameron Bure , Jodie Sweetin and Andrea Barber Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Comedy Series Fuller House Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Family TV Show Fuller House Won 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Fuller House Nominated Favorite Female TV Star Candace Cameron Bure Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Comedy TV Show Fuller House Nominated Choice TV Actor : Comedy Elias Harger Nominated Choice TV Actress : Comedy Candace Cameron Bure Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Fuller House Nominated Home Media ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the first season of the series on DVD in Region 1 on February 28 , 2017 . The second season was released on DVD on December 12 , 2017 . The third season will be released in Region 1 on January 22 , 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Taps Steve Baldikoski & Bryan Behar As New Showrunners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Fuller House cast is back at work '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Sequel Series ' Fuller House ' Officially Acquired By Netflix '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fuller House ' Begins Filming ! Which Star Broke Down in Tears On Set ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Originals Premiere Dates '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House - Season 1 DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Fuller House Renewed for Season 4 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BejLx6ildiy/ Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Gets Season 4 Premiere Date On Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` D.J. Tanner Takes Us Into ' Fuller House ' : Candace Cameron Bure on Netflix 's ' Full House ' Spinoff '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Cast Member Candace Cameron Bure Discusses Playing A Mom In Spinoff And Teases Plot Details '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reunion Cast Member Jodie Sweetin Hints At How The Show Will Address The Olsen Twins Not Returning '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andriakos , Jacqueline ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Is Back : Candace Cameron Bure & Andrea Barber Ca n't Wait to Be ' Best Friends Again ' '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House '' . Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Trailer : Welcome Home Tanner Family '' . / Film . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Photos From ' Fuller House ' Show a Tearful Tanner Family Reunion '' . CBS Television Distribution . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candace Cameron Bure Talks Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Details '' . MStars News . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Potski , Denise ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Casts Juan Pablo Di Pace '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Fuller House Season 2 : D.J. and Kimmy 's Exes Promoted to Series Regulars '' . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Wagmeister ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Brings Back Steve : Scott Weinger Joining Netflix Series '' . Variety . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' : John Brotherton Promoted As Matt -- Season 2 Spoilers -- TVLine '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Spoilers -- Lola Promoted To Series Regular -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' : Adam Hagenbuch Upped To Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Megan Daley ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lori Loughlin will return for Fuller House '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney Friedlander ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Saget in ' Fuller House ' : Danny Tanner in ' Full House ' Reboot '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Venable . `` Check Out Danny Tanner 's New Fuller House Wife '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . And hey , while we 're talking cast members , HollywoodLife reports that actor Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit will return to the show to reprise his role of Nicky , and it 's expected that his brother Blake will return to play Alex . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Landry Bender Talks Season 3 Of Fuller House '' . The Daily Shuffle . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linda , Ge ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Bring Back Stephanie 's Childhood Friend Harry in Recast Role ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/06/26/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-casting-lee-majors-lindsay-wagner-reunion/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/06/26/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-casting-lee-majors-lindsay-wagner-reunion/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/06/26/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-casting-lee-majors-lindsay-wagner-reunion/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/08/03/feud-charles-and-diana-cancelled-season-2-fx/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/08/27/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-fernando-mom-cast/#comment-list-wrapper Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/09/10/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-kimmy-pregnant-finale-casting/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Reunion Series Fuller House Nears 13 - Episode Netflix Order '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' to Return for New Season on Netflix : Report '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Cast Reacting to ' Fuller House ' Reunion Rumors '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Michael ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orley , Emily ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` The `` Full House '' Spinoff Is Officially Coming To Netflix In 2016 `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House Officially Snags 13 - Episode Order at Netflix -- Get Details on the Cast and ( Widow ? ! ) Storyline '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Olsen Twins Wo n't Be In ' Fuller House , ' Lori Loughlin Confirms '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen to sing new Fuller House theme song '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 Is Coming Sooner Than You Expected '' . Eonline.com. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Premiere Date -- Returns In December 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` jeff franklin on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Mar 18 , 2017 at 9 : 29pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Sep 2 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ http://netflixlife.com/2017/06/26/fuller-house-season-3-netflix-release-date/ Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fuller House season 3 , part 2 hits Netflix in December '' . Netflixlife.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney Friedlander ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reboot : Dave Coulier Joins ' Fuller House ' on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Jesse and Aunt Becky reunite on Fuller House set '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House : Meet Danny 's ' Vivacious ' Wife , Kimmy 's ' Scoundrel ' Ex-Husband '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Iredale , Jessica ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Talk Full House Spinoff '' . wwd.com . Fairchild Publishing . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Megan McCluskey . `` Fuller House : Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen 's Absence Explained '' . TIME.com . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix says Olsen twins could still join Full House revival '' . ew.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Stanhope , Kate ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Not Returning for ' Fuller House ' Revival ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Explain Away Michelle Tanner 's Absence in Ironic Fashion '' . TheWarp . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Actually Tried to Get Elizabeth Olsen to Play Michelle '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Full House ' Creator Hopeful for Olsen Twins ' Return in Future ' Fuller House ' Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Olsen twins on 2nd season of ' Fuller House ' ? Why John Stamos has ' a good feeling ' '' . Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fuller House ' Recasts DJ Tanner 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Fuller House ' Season 3 Will Include a Musical Number , Wedding and Trip to Japan ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Franklin Out as Showrunner of ' Fuller House ' Amid Complaints About His Behavior ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria . `` ' Fuller House ' Backlash : Angry Parents Slam Netflix Reboot For Cursing , Sex , And Drug References '' . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House -- Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Dan . `` ' Fuller House ' : TV Review '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigand , David . `` ' Fuller House ' empty of laughs '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Fuller House ' '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne . `` ' Fuller House ' review : Netflix reboot strictly for fans '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Varner , Jenny . `` Fuller House : Season 2 Review -- IGN '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/fuller_house/s02 ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : CW Dramas , Pretty Little Liars Lead Early Noms '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : Teen Wolf , Vampire Diaries , PLL , Originals and More Snag Second - Wave Nominations '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards : ' Fuller House , ' ' Ghostbusters ' & More Win Orange Blimps -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/kcanominees/status/968167465313361921 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/kcanominees/status/968168122606907392 Jump up ^ https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/The-2018-Teen-Choice-Awards-Announces-New-Wave-of-Nominees-20180613 Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-childrens-program Jump up ^ `` Fuller House DVD news : Season 1 Announced for 2017 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Fuller-House-Season-3-Various/dp/B07HSM5VLJ/ External links ( edit ) Official website Fuller House on IMDb Fuller House at Rotten Tomatoes Fuller House at TV.com Fuller House at Metacritic Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Miller - Boyett Productions Miller - Milkis Productions TV series Petrocelli ( 1974 -- 76 ) Happy Days ( 1974 -- 84 ) Laverne & Shirley ( 1976 -- 83 ) Blansky 's Beauties ( 1977 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1978 -- 82 ) Makin ' It ( 1979 ) Out of the Blue ( 1979 ) $ weepstake $ ( 1979 ) Angie ( 1979 -- 80 ) Films The Heist ( 1972 ) The Weekend Nun ( 1972 ) Silver Streak ( 1976 ) Walkin ' Walter ( 1977 ) Foul Play ( 1978 ) Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions TV series Goodtime Girls ( 1980 ) Bosom Buddies ( 1980 -- 82 ) Foul Play ( 1981 ) Joanie Loves Chachi ( 1982 -- 83 ) Films The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) Miller - Boyett Productions The Hogan Family ( 1986 -- 91 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1986 -- 93 ) Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Family Man ( 1990 -- 91 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 91 ) Step by Step ( 1991 -- 98 ) Getting By ( 1993 -- 94 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 95 ) Fuller House ( 2016 -- present ) Miller - Boyett - Warren Productions Meego ( 1997 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 99 ) Robert L. Boyett Productions Partners ( 2014 ) See also Charles Fox Jesse Frederick Bickley - Warren Productions Paramount Television CBS Paramount Television CBS Television Studios Lorimar Television Warner Bros. Television This series began being produced under the Miller - Milkis - Boyett banner beginning with the 1980 -- 81 television season . 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when is season 3 of fuller house coming out
[ "Netflix ordered an initial thirteen episodes which were released on February 26, 2016, worldwide. The third season is split into two parts, with the first half of nine episodes being released on September 22, 2017, and the second half on December 22, 2017. While the first season reception was generally negative, the second and third seasons received mostly positive reviews.\n" ]
[ "September 22, 2017" ]
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Uncle Ben
Uncle Ben - wikipedia Uncle Ben Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Spider - Man comic book character . For the food brand , see Uncle Ben 's . Uncle Ben Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) Created by Stan Lee ( writer ) Steve Ditko ( artist ) In - story information Full name Benjamin Parker Supporting character of Spider - Man Benjamin `` Ben '' Parker , usually called Uncle Ben , is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with the superhero Spider - Man . Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko . Modeled after American founding father Benjamin Franklin , the character plays an influential role in the Spider - Man comic books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Notability of death 2 Fictional character biography 3 Other versions 3.1 Trouble 3.2 Bullet Points 3.3 House of M 3.4 Marvel Noir 3.5 Spider - Verse 3.6 Ultimate Marvel 3.7 What If ? 3.8 Derailed Alt - Ben Parker 4 `` With great power comes great responsibility '' 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 6 Franklin Richards ' Uncle Ben 7 Son of Spider - Man 8 The Other Uncle Ben 9 References 10 External links Publication history ( edit ) Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was killed in the very same issue . Although his history as a supporting character was very brief , Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider - Man 's life , often appearing in flashbacks . Notability of death ( edit ) The murder of Uncle Ben is notable as one of the few comic book deaths , that has never been reversed in terms of official continuity . He was a member of the `` Big Three '' , referring also to Jason Todd ( an associate of Batman ) and Bucky ( an associate of Captain America ) whose notable deaths , along with Ben 's , gave rise to the phrase : `` No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky , Jason Todd , and Uncle Ben '' . Later , the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment , `` No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben '' . The violent killing of Uncle Ben , done by a common street criminal , also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne , the parents of Batman , which sometimes is included in the saying . There have been examples of Uncle Ben remaining alive in alternative timelines , including stories featured in Marvel 's What If ( one of which he forces Peter to unmask in front of J. Jonah Jameson ) , and a storyline of the 1994 Spider - Man animated series featured a universe where Uncle Ben had never died , and Peter Parker became a successful industrialist , having never really bothered to use his powers responsibly as everything always seemed to work out for him . This fact is used to defeat the rampaging Spider - Carnage by exposing him to the one person he will trust and listen to : the Uncle Ben of that reality . A story - line in the official series Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man seemingly suggested that Ben may be alive . This Ben , however , was actually from a parallel universe where Aunt May died in a random accident , leaving him to raise Peter . This alternate Ben came to the planet Earth of regular Marvel comics ( the 616 reality ) as part of an evil plan devised by the Hobgoblin of 2211 to defeat the Spider - Men of different eras . During the Clone Conspiracy storyline , when Peter 's clone Ben Reilly who named himself after Uncle Ben and Aunt May , taking Ben 's first name and May 's last to differentiate himself from Peter used the Jackal 's technology to revive various old enemies and allies of Peter Parker , he offered to bring Uncle Ben back to life while trying to win Peter to his point of view , but although tempted at the offer , Peter concluded that the reason Ben had not brought ' their ' uncle back on his own was that he knew that Uncle Ben would disapprove of his `` nephew 's actions '' , as Ben 's plan would see everyone on Earth granted immortality while dependent on him to supply the medication needed to stabilize their cloned bodies . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Ben Parker was born in Brooklyn , New York . He trained to be a military police officer , and also spent time as a singer in a band . He had known his future wife , May Reilly since their high school days , but she in turn was naively interested in a boy who was involved in criminal activities . When he came to her one night and proposed to her on the spot , Ben was there to expose him as a murderer , and to comfort the heart - broken May when the boy was arrested . Their relationship evolved into love , and they enjoyed a happily married life . When Ben 's younger brother Richard Parker and his wife Mary were killed in a plane crash , Ben and May took in their orphaned son Peter and raised him as their own . Ben was very protective of Peter , going as far as fighting some of the bullies that tormented young Parker . Peter became friends with Charlie Weiderman in high school , a teen even more unpopular than he was . However , Charlie often provoked the trouble with the other teens . One day , he was chased to the Parker home by a group of bullies led by Rich and Ben intervened . Ben told them that if they wanted Charlie , they would have to go through him . Rich tried to , but was surprised by Ben 's army training . As soon as the bullies were gone , he told the boy that he was not welcome at the house or with Peter because of his provoking the bullies and not being able to tell the truth . In high school , a radioactive spider bite gave Peter superhuman powers . Creating the costumed identity of Spider - Man for himself , Peter sought first to exploit his newfound powers as a masked wrestler and then as a television star . Coming from a television appearance , Spider - Man saw a burglar being chased by a security guard . The guard called for Spider - Man to stop the thief , but the nascent Spidey refused on the grounds that catching criminals was not his job . The robber got away . When Peter later returned home , he was informed by a police officer that his beloved Uncle Ben had been killed by a burglar . Outraged , he donned his Spider - Man costume and captured the man only to realize to his horror that it was the same burglar whom he could have effortlessly captured earlier at the studio . As a result , Peter considered himself morally responsible for Ben 's death and resolved to fight crime as a superhero -- realizing that with great power comes great responsibility -- and vowing never to let another innocent person come to harm if he could help it . Ben Parker 's death was truly avenged when the burglar returned for the money once more , threatening Aunt May . The burglar died from a heart attack upon beholding his old nemesis Spider - Man once again and learning that Spider - Man and Peter Parker were one and the same person . In Amazing Spider - Man Family # 7 , May relates to Peter her account of meeting Ben for the first time . Ben briefly appeared in Amazing Spider - Man # 500 ; after Spider - Man played a vital role in preventing the resurrection of Dormammu , an unidentified higher power provided Doctor Strange with a small box that he felt he had to give to Spider - Man as a reward for his role in events . When Peter opened the box on the roof of his apartment building , it contained a note saying `` You have five minutes . Spend them as you will '' , followed by Ben appearing on the roof . It was revealed that this Ben - whether a ghost or Ben having been temporally relocated from the moment before his death - remembered being out for the walk that resulted in him getting shot but nothing afterwards , although he concluded that the events leading to him being on that roof were not important . In their talk Ben said that the only thing that would disappoint him about Peter is if Peter ever settled for less because he was afraid of reaching for more . This helps Peter to see that he had a good life for all its hardships , recognizing that he has always used what he has , and Ben assures Peter that he is proud of him before he vanishes . During the 2008 -- 2009 `` Dark Reign '' storyline , Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the Underworld when Hercules attends the trial of Zeus , directing Amadeus Cho as he attempted to find his parents in the afterlife . In the `` Amazing Grace '' storyline , Ben appears as an apparition to Spider - Man while battling a horde of demons and gargoyles , telling him that his death is not Peter 's or anyone 's fault . However , one enemy notices him and attacked only to disappear . This left Spider - Man puzzled if he was imagining Ben or he was really talking to his ghost . When Ben Reilly adopted the identity of the Jackal and set up an elaborate plan to use Warren 's new cloning process to make the world immortal , he attempted to win Peter 's allegiance by showing him Ben 's coffin and offering to bring Ben back to life . However , although tempted by the idea , Peter realized that Ben never intended to bring ' their ' uncle back to life because he would have done it already , coldly informing his clone that Uncle Ben would tell him that he was wrong . At the conclusion of the crisis , Peter takes a moment beside the coffin containing Ben 's corpse , acknowledging that Reilly 's actions were wrong but wishing that he was there regardless . Other versions ( edit ) Trouble ( edit ) A version of Ben appeared in the Mark Millar , Terry Dodson 2003 limited series , `` Trouble '' , with his brother Richie , who were involved with teenagers , May and Mary . None of the characters ' last names were revealed . The story did not become canon because of its negative reception . Bullet Points ( edit ) In this alternate reality , a young Ben Parker is working as a military policeman . He is assigned to security for Doctor Erskine , a scientist for the Captain America program . An assassination attempt on Erskine succeeds , killing Ben in the process . Later on , May still attempts to raise Peter on her own , but without the influence of Ben , Peter grows up to be angry , cynical and mean - spirited , going on to become the Hulk of this reality when he sneaks onto the test site that Rick Jones sneaked onto in the original version of events . House of M ( edit ) In the House of M reality , Ben Parker is alive and , like the rest of the world , is aware that Peter Parker is Spider - Man . After recovering Peter 's journal , with entries detailing that the world is not how it should be , Ben discovers that he is killed shortly after Peter gains his powers . He later helps Peter fake his death , photographing Spider - Man apparently hanging himself . Marvel Noir ( edit ) In the Marvel Noir reality , Ben Parker is a social activist who was murdered by Norman Osborne 's enforcers . He had previously been a decorated pilot and veteran of World War I , but he did not take pride in his service , believing that no just cause was fought for . His nephew Peter dons his old aviator uniform and wields his service revolver during his activities as Spider - Man . Spider - Verse ( edit ) A version of Peter Parker named Patton Parnell lives with his abusive Uncle Ted on an unknown Earth . After the bite of an irradiated spider mutates him into an arachnid monstrosity , Patton infects his Uncle Ted with his offspring while declaring he taught him that `` With great power comes a great appetite '' . An alternate Uncle Ben from an unknown reality appears in a flashback along with the version 's Aunt May . In this reality they are portrayed as scientists . They informed Peni Parker that she was the only person able to carry on the project ( after her father , the original SP / / dr , died in battle ) , and accepted the responsibly , allowing the radioactive spider that formed the other half of SP / / dr 's CPU to bite her . In an unknown reality , Uncle Ben and Aunt May are with their nephew Peter at the hospital after he suffers an allergic reaction to the radioactive spider bite , leaving him in a coma . Because of this , they are out of their house when is burgled by the thief that killed Ben in the main universe . Peter transforms into Man - Spider and attacks Uncle Ben and Aunt May , but is thwarted by Spider - Man Noir . Six - Armed Spider - Man creates a cure for Peter , allowing him to live a normal life with Ben and May . The Earth - 3145 version of Ben Parker was isolated in Ezekiel 's bunker after Earth is decimated by nuclear fallout . Ben is later found by Silk , Spider - Man and the other Spider - Men when arrive while fleeing from the Inheritors . Ben received his powers when he accompanied Peter to the science demonstration and was bitten by the spider instead of his nephew . Ben retired out of grief after his foe the Emerald Elf discovered his identity and killed his May and Peter . After entering Ezekiel 's bunker upon being told about the Inheritors , his Earth was decimated when a nuclear blackmail plot by Otto Octavius went wrong . Although he initially declines to join the other Spiders in their final attack on the Inheritors , Spider - Man and Superior Spider - Man convince him to do so by arguing that he has only failed if he gives up , Peter in particular affirming that the advice of his own Uncle Ben has saved his world and made a difference every day . He subsequently works with Spider - Ham to rescue Benjy Parker - the baby brother of Spider - Girl - and take him to another dimension for safety . When the crisis is concluded , Ben accompanies Spider - Girl back to her home dimension , and decides to remain so that he can be the great - uncle that no other Ben Parker has had the chance to become . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Ben Parker in Ultimate Spider - Man differs slightly from the original Ben Parker . In the Ultimate Spider - Man comics , Ben Parker is younger than his original counterpart . He is also a former hippie who wears his hair in a ponytail and teaches Peter to be nonviolent . Ben also reminisces about the period he lived on a commune . After Peter Parker went out for a walk , he came home and learned from a police officer that Uncle Ben was murdered . Uncle Ben is seen one last time meeting Peter in the afterlife after his death . What if ? ( edit ) Uncle Ben was featured in various issues of What If . In one reality where May was killed by the burglar instead of Ben , Peter immediately went after the burglar , but accidentally pushed him out of the window of a warehouse during the fight , resulting in Ben taking the blame for the crime to save his nephew . Lacking the moral influence of Ben or the need to stay secret for his aunt , Peter broke out of the orphanage he was sent to and began to defeat criminals for the reward money , matters coming to a head when he nearly killed the Green Goblin in a fight . Attempting to break Ben out of prison , Ben nevertheless convinced him that he had to accept responsibility for his actions , prompting Peter to return to school and form a relationship with Mary Jane after Anna Watson took him in , culminating in Ben helping Peter in his crime - fighting activities after he was released from prison . In the first `` What If '' story regarding Spider - Man ( named `` classic '' ) , it was Aunt May who went downstairs after hearing a noise , not wanting to wake up Ben . The same storyline plays out , with the burglar shooting May and Spider - Man apprehending him in the warehouse . In this story , Ben finds out about Peter 's activities as Spider - Man relatively soon , and talks to him about it . Peter explains to him when he donned the costume and why , even telling him about letting the would - be murderer go that very same night he robbed the wrestling register . Peter breaks down , saying how everything was his fault . Ben responds with anger at himself , being weak in not being able to protect `` his May '' . After Peter tells him he did not know and could not have possibly done anything , Ben instantly calms down and tells Peter to follow his own advice . He further inspires Peter to keep being Spider - Man , not because of regret or penance , but to protect and help all those who are weak and in need of help . Ben and Peter form an even closer relationship with Ben offering his support in many of Spider - Man 's future battles . Eventually Ben becomes outraged at Jameson 's constant smearing of Spider - Man 's name , considering it an insult to May 's memory . He eventually lets Jameson in on Spider - Man 's identity , forcing Jameson in a position he is uncomfortable in as a journalist . He can not expose Spider - Man without endangering Ben Parker , yet he also does not wish to support vigilantism . Eventually , he finds a middle road and unofficially employs Spider - Man so he can gain inside scoops on crimes being solved in the city . The story eventually ends with Spider - Man saving Bennett Brant and Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus , as well as fighting a Green Goblin who kidnapped Jameson to find out Spider - Man 's real identity ( having correctly surmised there was a reason Jameson had those inside scoops ) . At the end of it all , Peter and Ben shake hands with Ben saying they will face all dangers and the future together . Derailed alt - Ben Parker ( edit ) In an alternate reality shown in Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man , an alternate reality was witnessed where May died in a random accident , prompting Peter to go into show business with Ben as his agent to make money . Peter 's focus on his career prompts him to eventually leave home , simply paying Ben a percentage out of respect for their old relationship rather than any actual concern . This Ben was eventually ' derailed ' into the 616 reality by the Hobgoblin of 2211 as part of her plan against the Spider - Men of various eras , leaving him shocked when he witnessed his destroyed house and the still - living May Parker . Confronting her , he ended up in a fight with Jarvis , with whom she at the time has a relationship with , but wandered away in confusion . Lacking direction , Ben wandered into an alleyway where he encountered a shadowy figure who offered him a gun , telling Ben that any action he takes would simply create another universe where he took the opposite action , so he might as well do what felt good . After this Hobgoblin was erased from history by a Retcon Bomb of her own invention , the Spider - Man of 2211 met with what he presumed to be the same Ben Parker to take him back to his own timeline . In a surprise twist , deciding he rather wanted to `` stick around for a while '' , this Ben Parker shoots this future Spider - Man . At the same time , another Ben Parker was shown dead in the alley , meaning one Ben Parker had killed the other and taken his place . It was revealed that the Ben Parker who had died in the alleyway was the Uncle Ben of the alternate reality , while the Ben Parker who killed Spider - Man 2211 was , in fact , the Chameleon of 2211 ; the Chameleon had attempted to convince Ben to resort to murder , but Spider - Man correctly guessed that there were no circumstances under which Ben would do such a thing . `` With great power comes great responsibility '' ( edit ) The thematic and often - quoted ( including by the Supreme Court of the United States ) Spider - Man phrase with great power comes great responsibility is widely attributed to Uncle Ben . However , in Amazing Fantasy # 15 , where it first appears , it is not spoken by any character . In fact , Ben has only two lines in the entire comic . The original version of the phrase appears in a narrative caption of the comic 's last panel , rather than as spoken dialogue . It reads , `` ... with great power there must also come -- great responsibility ! '' . However , later stories and flashbacks that took place when Ben was still alive retroactively made the phrase one of Ben 's many homilies he would lecture Peter with . Latter - day reinterpretations of Spider - Man , such as the Spider - Man film and the Ultimate Spider - Man comic , depict Ben as saying this phrase to Peter while he is still alive , in their last conversation . Both the aforementioned adaptations also had Peter lash out at Ben just after he says it , and both also mention his father . The origins of the phrase pre-date its use in Spider - Man . In 1817 , member of British parliament William Lamb is recorded saying , `` the possession of great power necessarily implies great responsibility . '' In 1906 , Under - Secretary of the Colonial Office Winston Churchill said , `` Where there is great power there is great responsibility '' , even indicating that it was already a cultural maxim invoked toward government at the time . The sentiment is also attributed to Jesus in the Gospel of Luke , `` Everyone to whom much was given , of him much will be required . '' In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Uncle Ben appeared in the 1960s Spider - Man television series . He appeared in the episode `` The Origin of Spider - Man '' . Uncle Ben is mentioned in the 1980s Spider - Man television series . In the episode `` Arsenic and Aunt May '' , the Chameleon ( after meeting the relative of the Burglar ) escapes from prison and poses as a medium while using technology to make Aunt May seemingly see Ben 's ghost . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , voiced by Frank Welker . He appeared in the episode `` Along Came Spidey '' . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by Brian Keith ( in `` The Menace of Mysterio '' , `` The Mutant Agenda '' and the `` Spider Wars '' series finale ) . He appeared in the series as a spirit or seen in flashbacks talking to Peter Parker whenever his nephew gets frustrated the tough choices as Spider - Man . In the series finale when Spider - Man had to stop Spider - Carnage from destroying all reality , Spider - Man managed to make contact with an alternate reality of his uncle in a world where Peter Parker was a successful industrialist ; realizing that Peter 's counterpart in this reality had never failed or had any difficulties in life due to his casual attitude towards the crisis as opposed to Spider - Man or the other counterparts , Peter realized that Ben was almost certainly still alive in this reality if he was alive in any alternate timeline . Thanks to Ben 's influence , Spider - Carnage was convinced to stop trying to destroy reality . After Spider - Carnage instead used the reality bomb to create a portal and subsequently committed suicide by entering the portal to end the threat once and for all , Spider - Man and Ben hugged ; although they lived in different realities , Ben was proud of his different reality nephew while Spider - Man assured Ben that he will always have him in his own heart . In Spider - Man Unlimited , Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned in the pilot episode `` Worlds Apart '' ( Part One ) . He is also seen in the theme song which Uncle Ben was killed . Uncle Ben appears in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Edward Asner . His character remains faithful to the comics . He is featured in Spider - Man 's flashback in the episode `` Intervention '' revealed that Ben was killed while defending May Parker during a break - in at their house by a burglar that Peter Parker selfishly let go earlier that day . After Peter discovered that Ben was murdered by a burglar who broke into the Parker house and stole Ben 's car , Peter furiously sought revenge , donning the Spider - Man costume and confronting the burglar in an old warehouse . Spider - Man unmasked his uncle 's killer , realizing that it was the same burglar from earlier . After knocking the criminal out and lowered to policeman via web line , Peter vowed to use these spider powers for good and to never put himself before anyone else and to never to let another innocent person come to harm if anything could help it , and remembering his uncle 's words : ' With great power there must also come great responsibility ' . Uncle Ben is featured in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Greg Grunberg . His character is loosely based on his Ultimate Counterpart as opposed to his previous versions . In the pilot episodes `` Great Power '' and `` Great Responsibility '' , Peter Parker recalled that fateful night of his uncle 's murder and Nick Fury uses Ben 's memory to have Spider - Man join S.H.I.E.L.D. instead of being solo . A picture of Ben is also seen having fun with May Parker and their young nephew . Ben is personally featured in the episode `` Strange Days '' . Nightmare tries to use Spider - Man 's failure being unable to save his uncle 's life , however , this does not work ; Ben actually motivates Peter to defeat Nightmare ( something neither Iron Fist nor Doctor Strange was able to do ) . In the episode `` Ultimate Deadpool '' , Spider - Man remembers his uncle 's memory when thinking about Deadpool 's own demons . The character is occasionally referenced in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. The Sinister Six primarily as May 's source of Ben Reilly 's name . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a Wild West reality version of Uncle Ben ( voiced by Clancy Brown ) who is depicted as the `` Phantom Rider '' and Webslinger the Spider Cowboy 's uncle . As Doc Ock Holliday 's brainwashed Deputy , the Phantom Rider helped repelled Wolf Spider and later fought both Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid . Although unaffected by Kid Arachnid 's venom blasts , Spider - Man and Webslinger eventually were able to defeat Doc Ock Holliday . Upon Doc Holliday 's defeat , Ben was freed from the brainwashing and remanded Doc Ock Holliday to the hoosegow while reclaiming his Sheriff title . As Sheriff Ben and Webslinger are reunited , Spider - Man gets a final look at Sheriff Ben before departing to the next reality , quietly hopeful that one reality has Ben still alive . Uncle Ben appears in Spider - Man , voiced by Patton Oswalt . Film ( edit ) In the Spider - Man film series , Ben Parker is portrayed by Cliff Robertson and his character remains relatively faithful to the comics , including his being shot by a criminal Peter failed to stop ( although in the comics he was shot trying to defend May during a break in at their house and in the film he was shot during a carjacking ) . He appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter . The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew 's strange behavior . His words of wisdom ( ' With great power comes great responsibility ' ) eventually inspire Peter to become Spider - Man . Losing his temper during this speech , Peter tells him to stop acting like his father , hurting his feelings badly . Later that night , Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief , Dennis Carradine , whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money . Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death , particularly Peter , who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle . By the end of the film , Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood . The second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider - Man identity to Ben who , in the flashback , is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider - Man , encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero . Also , Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben 's death to Aunt May . She is shocked and upset at first , but later commends Peter for telling her the truth . Robertson reprised his role in a flashback scene ( as well as a dream sequence ) in the third film ( his final acting role ) . In the film , Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko , who was Uncle Ben 's real killer ; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off . Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback , as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben 's car , since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny . However , Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him . This somewhat shocked Marko , as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben . Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge , Spider - Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free . Martin Sheen portrays Uncle Ben in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider - Man . Though his character still remains faithful to the comics , the manner of his murder is drastically different . Following an argument with Peter which results in Peter storming out , Ben leaves to find his nephew and encounters a thief who has just raided a grocery store where Peter was shopping but who Peter refused to stop when he did not provide enough money to pay for a drink . The thief trips over and drops his gun . Ben tries to get the gun first , but a struggle ensues and Ben is killed . Unlike the comics , Ben 's killer remains at large . The screenwriter for Spider - Man : Homecoming , John Francis Daley , confirms that Uncle Ben exists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe despite never being referenced directly in the film ( though Peter does mention that Aunt May 's been through a lot lately which was an intentional nod to the character ) . In an earlier draft of the film , May mentions that Peter 's wardrobe for homecoming was Ben 's clothing , but it was cut out because the screenwriters did n't want his death to be a throwaway line . Video games ( edit ) Uncle Ben is mentioned in the first 3 missions , `` Search for Justice , '' `` Warehouse Hunt , '' and `` Birth of a Hero '' in the 2002 Spider - Man video game , as Peter Parker attempts to track down Ben 's killer . Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned at the end of Spider - Man 3 . Uncle Ben 's Noir version is mentioned by Spider - Man Noir in Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions when going after the Vulture ( that universe 's killer of Uncle Ben ) . Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the prologue of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , voiced by Mark Bramhall . The tutorial starts off showing the event that lead to his death . After that , he is referenced throughout the game by Peter Parker , Aunt May , and Stan . Around the end of the game , Stan tells Peter that Ben would 've wanted him to grow up to be the man that he wanted Peter to be . Franklin Richards ' Uncle Ben ( edit ) Franklin Richards of the Fantastic Four often refers to Benjamin Grimm , the Thing , as `` Uncle Ben '' ( Grimm is the best friend of Franklin 's father Reed Richards ) . Franklin Richards and Peter Parker also have the same middle name , Benjamin , as the Thing and Ben Parker are their namesakes . Spider - Man is aware of this , and told Franklin , `` Uncle Bens are always right . '' Son of Spider - Man ( edit ) In The Amazing Spider - Man # 498 - 500 , Spider - Man falls through time , encountering all of his enemies from the past , and sees himself in the future . The future Peter Parker tells him that he should tell Mary Jane Watson and their son that he loves them every day . `` Our son is called Ben '' , he says , `` but it would pretty much have to be , would n't it ? '' However , because of the way time - travel in the Marvel universe works , it should be noted that this is only a potential future , not necessarily a definite one ( This future being even more unlikely after the events of One More Day ) . The other Uncle Ben ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Girl Like her father , Spider - Girl also has an Uncle Ben . However , unlike her dad , May never knew her uncle : Ben Reilly , Spider - Man 's clone . If Spider - Girl has any children in the future , they too would have an Uncle Ben - May 's baby brother . Ironically in the aftermath of Spider - Verse , the Earth - 3145 's Ben Parker himself would stay on her world , and has a chance to be his grandfather , something that the other Ben Parkers were unable to achieve on account of their deaths . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Philip Tallon ( 2012 ) . Sanford , Jonathan J. , ed . Spider - Man and Philosophy : The Web of Inquiry . John Wiley & Sons . p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 3 ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 519 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 600 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 516 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe : Spider - Man 2005 Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Stan Lee ( w ) , Steve Ditko ( a ) . `` Spider - Man ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 15 ( August 1962 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 200 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 500 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Incredible Hercules # 130 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 4 1.6 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy : Omega Jump up ^ Bullet Points # 1 ( 2006 ) Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 5 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Spider - Man Noir # 2 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 4 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 5 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 1 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 12 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 13 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 14 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 15 Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Mark Bagley ( a ) . Ultimate Spider - Man # 1 - 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ What If ? # 46 ( classic vol. 7 ) Jump up ^ Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike . `` Supreme Court Quotes Spiderman 's ' Great Power , Great Responsibility ' Line In Rejecting Royalties On Expired Patent '' . Techdirt . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ The Evolution of the Pithy Proverb : `` With great power comes great responsibility . '' at Quote / Counterquote . Accessed April 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Debates , edited by Thomas C. Hansard Jump up ^ South African native races . Mr. Winston Churchill , accessed July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Strange '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 13 . July 8 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Return to the Spider - Verse Pt. 2 '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 4 . Episode 17 . September 3 , 2016 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ https://techiegamers.com/2387-2/ Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew . `` Uncle Ben Confirmed For The Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 660 Marvel Comics . External links ( edit ) Uncle Ben at Marvel.com Uncle Ben 's Profile at Spiderfan.org Spider - Man characters Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Spider - Woman Scarlet Spider Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Miles Morales Supporting characters Main support Liz Allan Sally Avril Betty Brant Cloak and Dagger Martha Connors Billy Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Ezekiel Vin Gonzales Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Kenny McFarlane Max Modell Harry Osborn Normie Osborn Aunt May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Uncle Ben Parker Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Sarah Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Leo Zelinsky Neutral characters Anti-Venom Black Cat Cardiac Prowler Puma Punisher Rocket Racer Silver Sable Toxin Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hammerhead Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Mister Negative Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Tombstone Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Group teams Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Sinister Six List of members Sinister Syndicate Spider - Slayer List of Spider - Slayers Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Leila Davis Janice Lincoln Big Man Frederick Foswell Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Carrion Clash Crime Master Cyclone Demogoblin Doppleganger Richard Fisk Foreigner Gibbon Gog Grey Goblin Grim Hunter Grizzly Human Fly Hypno - Hustler Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Jonas Harrow Kangaroo Living Brain Looter Man - Wolf Kraven the Hunter ( Ana Kravinoff ) Kraven the Hunter ( Alyosha Kravinoff ) Lady Octopus Man Mountain Marko Menace Mendel Stromm Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Overdrive Ringer Rose Scarecrow Scorcher Scorpia Shathra Shriek Silvermane Sin Eater Alistair Smythe Speed Demon Spencer Smythe Spot Stegron Styx and Stone Swarm Tarantula Tinkerer Phil Urich Vermin Walrus White Rabbit Will o ' the Wisp Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Girl Spider - UK Spider - Ham Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man Noir Spider - Man ( Marvel Mangaverse ) Spider - Man ( Pavitr Prabhakar ) Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) Ultimate Marvel Spider - Man Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom In other media Firestar Gentleman Spider - Man ( 1994 TV series ) characters The Spectacular Spider - Man characters Other topics Goblin Symbiotes Slingers Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Category Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Ben&oldid=827836349 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1962 Fictional characters from New York City Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Hidden categories : Comics infobox image less caption Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Հայերեն Italiano मराठी Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 00 : 56 . 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who killed uncle ben in spider man 1
[ "In the Spider-Man film series, Ben Parker is portrayed by Cliff Robertson and his character remains relatively faithful to the comics, including his being shot by a criminal Peter failed to stop (although in the comics he was shot trying to defend May during a break in at their house and in the film he was shot during a carjacking).\n\nHe appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter. The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew's strange behavior. His words of wisdom ('With great power comes great responsibility') eventually inspire Peter to become Spider-Man. Losing his temper during this speech, Peter tells him to stop acting like his father, hurting his feelings badly. Later that night, Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief, Dennis Carradine, whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money. Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death, particularly Peter, who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle. By the end of the film, Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood.\nThe second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider-Man identity to Ben who, in the flashback, is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider-Man, encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero. Also, Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben's death to Aunt May. She is shocked and upset at first, but later commends Peter for telling her the truth.\nRobertson reprised his role in a flashback scene (as well as a dream sequence) in the third film (his final acting role). In the film, Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko, who was Uncle Ben's real killer; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off. Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback, as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben's car, since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny. However, Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him. This somewhat shocked Marko, as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben. Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge, Spider-Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free.\n\n" ]
[ "a criminal Peter failed to stop" ]
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Walking with Dinosaurs (film)
Walking with Dinosaurs ( film ) - wikipedia Walking with Dinosaurs ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Walking with Dinosaurs Theatrical release poster Directed by Neil Nightingale Barry Cook Produced by Mike Devlin Luke Hetherington Amanda Hill Deepak Nayar Written by John Collee Starring John Leguizamo Justin Long Tiya Sircar Skyler Stone Music by Paul Leonard - Morgan Cinematography John Brooks Edited by John Carnochan Jeremiah O'Driscoll Production companies Reliance Entertainment IM Global BBC Earth Evergreen Films Animal Logic Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 14 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 14 ) ( Dubai Int'l Film Festival ) 20 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 87 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Australia India Language English Budget $80 million Box office $126.5 million Walking with Dinosaurs is a 2013 family film about dinosaurs set in the Late Cretaceous period , 70 million years ago . The production features computer - animated dinosaurs in live - action settings with actors John Leguizamo , Justin Long , Tiya Sircar , and Skyler Stone providing voiceovers for the main characters . It was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook from a screenplay by John Collee . The film was produced by BBC Earth and Evergreen Films and was titled after BBC 's 1999 television documentary miniseries of the same name . The film , with a budget of US $80 million , was one of the largest independent productions to date ; it was financed by Reliance Big Entertainment and IM Global instead of a major studio . The majority of distribution rights were eventually sold to 20th Century Fox . The crew filmed footage on location in the U.S. state of Alaska and in New Zealand , which were chosen for their similarities to the dinosaurs ' surroundings millions of years ago . Animal Logic designed computer - animated dinosaurs and added them to the live - action backdrop . Though the film was originally going to lack narration or dialogue , 20th Century Fox executives decided to add voiceovers , believing it would connect audiences to the characters . Walking with Dinosaurs premiered on 14 December 2013 at the Dubai International Film Festival . It was released in cinemas in 2D and 3D on 20 December 2013 . Critics commended the film 's visual effects but found its storytelling to be subpar and derided the voiceovers as juvenile . The film grossed US $36.1 million in the United States and Canada and US $90.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of US $126.5 million . The Hollywood Reporter stated the film 's global box office performance was disappointing in context of the production budget and marketing costs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Creatures in film 4 Production 4.1 Filming 4.2 Animation 4.3 Music 4.4 Voiceovers 5 Palaeontological accuracy 6 Marketing 7 Release 7.1 Distribution sales 7.2 Theatrical run 7.3 Critical reception 7.4 Home media 8 Walking With Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) A paleontologist named Zack takes his nephew Ricky and niece Jade on a fossil hunt . While alone , Ricky is met by a talking rook , who turns into an Alexornis named Alex . He tells him of a story set in the Cretaceous period 70 million years ago . Patchi is the smallest in a litter of Pachyrhinosaurus hatchlings , and is often bullied by his older brother Scowler . Their father Bulldust is the leader of a Pachyrhinosaurus herd . Alex , who is Patchi 's mentor , tries to help Patchi impress a female Pachyrhinosaurus named Juniper , but her herd migrates south without him . Bulldust moves his herd south as well , but when they try to pass through a forest , they are forced to flee when a fire erupts . Taking advantage of the chaos , a pack of carnivores , led by a Gorgosaurus named Gorgon , attacks the scattered herd . They kill the rest of Patchi and Scowler 's family , with Gorgon personally killing Bulldust . Afterwards , Patchi 's herd combines with Juniper 's as they continue their migration . Gorgon 's pack attacks them again ; in the ensuing panic , Patchi , Scowler , and Juniper fall into the river and are swept downstream to the ocean , with Alex following them from above . At a beach , Scowler follows a herd of Edmontosaurus to find food , callously leaving Patchi and Juniper behind . The two make their way through a forest and eventually are able to find their herd and Scowler . After years of making the same migration from north to south and vice versa , an adult Scowler becomes the herd 's new leader , and chooses Juniper to be his mate , much to Patchi 's disappointment . Scowler recklessly leads the herd onto a thinly frozen pond , and Patchi is able to lead the majority of the herd to safety . Enraged and believing Patchi to be usurping him and also trying to take Juniper from him , Scowler goads Patchi into a battle for leadership of the herd . Scowler quickly wins and disowns Patchi , ordering Juniper and the rest of the herd to leave him behind . Despondent and heartbroken , Patchi tries to allow predators to eat him , but Alex convinces him to die for something worth dying for as Bulldust did . Reinvigorated by the advice , Patchi returns to the herd , only to find them under attack by Gorgon and his pack again . As Gorgon overpowers him in battle , a repentant Scowler orders Patchi to save himself and lead the herd to safety . Instead , Patchi leads them in driving off Gorgon and his pack for good , saving Scowler . Scowler reconciles with Patchi and then concedes leadership of the herd to him , and Patchi goes on to have eggs with Juniper , one of which hatches and Alex asks for it to be named after him . In the present day , moved by Alex 's story , Ricky returns the Gorgosaurus tooth to Zack and Jade , who have unknowingly discovered Gorgon 's skull . Cast ( edit ) Actor John Leguizamo voiced Alex the Alexornis , who narrates the film Voiceovers for prehistoric creatures John Leguizamo ... Alex Justin Long ... Patchi Tiya Sircar ... Juniper Skyler Stone ... Scowler Modern - day humans Karl Urban ... Uncle Zack Charlie Rowe ... Ricky Angourie Rice ... Jade In the film , the story of the dinosaurs is book - ended by live - action footage . Leguizamo , Long , Sircar , and Stone provide voiceovers for the computer - animated dinosaurs , while the book - end scenes star Urban as an uncle taking his nephew and niece , played by Rowe and Rice , to a dinosaur excavation site . For the role of Alex , Leguizamo said he sought to conceal his own accent and create a unique voice for Alex . He adopted a Spanish accent since parrots had a Latin American origin . He said , `` What was most difficult was finding the right pitch , because Alex is a small bird , but he 's also the story 's narrator . So he also had to sound paternal and patriarchal . '' Leguizamo compared his accent to that of Ricardo Montalbán , a Mexican actor . Long said he was cast based on his voicing of the chipmunk Alvin in Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) and its sequels . Creatures in film ( edit ) Alexornis Alphadon Chirostenotes Edmontonia ( identified as an ankylosaur ) Edmontosaurus Gorgosaurus Hesperonychus Pachyrhinosaurus Parksosaurus Quetzalcoatlus ( identified as a pterosaur ) Troodon Production ( edit ) Walking with Dinosaurs , named after BBC 's 1999 television documentary miniseries , was produced by BBC Earth , an arm of BBC Worldwide that was launched in 2009 . The feature film is directed by Barry Cook , who was a director for Mulan ( 1998 ) and the co-director for Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) , and by Neil Nightingale , creative director at BBC Earth . The script was written by John Collee . Nightingale and BBC Earth 's managing director Amanda Hill sought to produce film adaptations to extend the arm 's brand of nature programming . The two were inspired by returns for Deep Blue ( 2003 ) and Earth ( 2007 ) , which were theatrical versions cut from their respective nature documentary series . In June 2010 , BBC Earth entered a deal with Evergreen Films , based in the United States , to produce a film featuring dinosaurs . By the following November , BBC Earth entered a deal with Reliance Big Entertainment to finance the production of three films , including Walking with Dinosaurs . The deal had initially attached Pierre de Lespinois of Evergreen Films and Neil Nightingale to co-direct the film . Barry Cook , who joined the film in March 2010 , eventually replaced de Lespinois as director . The total production budget was $80 million . About 70 % of the budget was covered when IM Global , a finance and sales company backed by Reliance , sold film rights to various distributors at the American Film Market in November 2010 . The budget was further covered by tax breaks provided for filming in Alaska and in New Zealand . IM Global covered only 15 % of the budget directly . Forbes called Walking with Dinosaurs an independent film with an unconventionally large budget since the production did not originate at a major studio . Nightingale explained , `` It was originally funded by ... Reliance , and then we sold it pretty quickly to 20th Century Fox for most of the world , and to a range of other distributors in a few other countries , and that 's not an unusual path for an independent film -- in other words , a non-studio film which does n't originate from a big studio . '' Filming ( edit ) The directors filmed footage at the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to serve as a live - action backdrop for the computer - animated dinosaurs The film features computer - animated creatures in live - action settings . Live - action footage was filmed in New Zealand and in the southern part of the U.S. state of Alaska . Director Nightingale said , `` ( They ) have that kind of temperate climate which represents the period very well . The world was a bit warmer then , so they would have had 24 hours of sunshine in the summer and 24 hours of darkness in the winter . '' Filming began in 2011 in Alaska , where Evergreen Films is headquartered . In the second half of 2011 , more than 55 people were working out of Evergreen 's office in the Alaskan city of Anchorage . While the film 's dinosaurs lived in Alaska during the Late Cretaceous period approximately 70 million years ago , they lived more in the northern part of the state due to the climate at the time . Filmmakers considered Southeast Alaska 's rainforests below the Arctic Circle close to the climate that the dinosaurs experienced , so they filmed there and in Southcentral Alaska . Specific locations included Crow Creek Mine near Girdwood , Alaska and the Kenai Peninsula . In 2012 , the state government of Alaska awarded the production companies a subsidy of US $1.7 million . Additional filming also took place on South Island in New Zealand . For a river chase scene , filming was performed at rapids in New Zealand using a helicopter and with a 3D camera rig in a rubber boat . At the locations , the crew built dinosaur shapes out of PVC drain pipes to give the filmmakers a sense of the dinosaurs ' scale when filming the live - action backdrop . Animation ( edit ) Animation work was done by the Australia - based company Animal Logic , which joined the production in January 2011 . Its involvement with the production created 140 jobs in New South Wales . The company 's animation director for Walking with Dinosaurs was Marco Marenghi , who had also worked on the BBC miniseries . The company collaborated with animation producer Jinko Gotoh , who contributed to Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) and 9 ( 2009 ) . Character designer David Krentz , who also worked on Disney Animation 's Dinosaur ( 2000 ) , designed about 20 creatures for the film and worked with 5 - 6 palaeontologists . The characters were based on creatures found at fossil sites in Alaska and in Canada . Krentz initially designed the creatures in pencil then modeled them with the software ZBrush to send to animators . In addition , palaeontologists provided Animal Logic with technical drawings of dinosaur skeletons so animators could construct the skeletons virtually . The animators collaborated with the palaeontologists to validate the basic movements of the computer - animated dinosaurs . Software was used to overlay muscle to fit the movements . Animal Logic adapted the software Quill , which they used to animate penguin feathers in their work on Happy Feet ( 2006 ) , into new software called RepTile to animate dinosaur skin and scales . It also added feathers for some dinosaurs , including the Troodons and the Hesperonychus . The color palette and feather pattern of a golden pheasant was used for the appearance of the Hesperonychus . The natural history unit archives were used to create a `` behaviour matrix '' that matched dinosaurs ' anatomically correct gestures to their moods . Animal Logic ultimately created 800 animated shots for the film , which director Cook said was a low number for an animated film . The 3D effects for the animation were achieved with the Fusion 3D system , which was used for Avatar ( 2009 ) , Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) , and live 3D sports broadcasts . Cinematographer John Brooks worked with consultants and stereographers from the Cameron Pace Group to use a two - camera setup and capture film in 3D . Music ( edit ) Paul Leonard - Morgan composed the film score for Walking with Dinosaurs . He joined the production in July 2013 . The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performed the score at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam , Germany , where it was recorded . Engineer Rupert Coulson then mixed the score at AIR Studios in London , England . Leonard - Morgan then went to Los Angeles , California to dub the music for the film . Leonard - Morgan 's score was one of 114 original scores from feature films that were determined by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to be eligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 86th Academy Awards , though it was not nominated . Additional music No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Calling All Hearts '' Sanford Clark 2 . `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' Tim Myers 3 . `` I 'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby '' Barry White 4 . `` Tusk '' Fleetwood Mac 5 . `` Ends of the Earth '' Lord Huron 6 . `` Live Like a Warrior '' Matisyahu Voiceovers ( edit ) In the film , actors provide voiceovers for the main creatures . Director Barry Cook said the original plan was for the film to be without dialogue or narration . He said , `` I think originally , we were looking at a film that could stand alone as a virtual silent movie ... You can turn the soundtrack off and still get involved with the story and feel the emotions of the characters . In its final version , the movie has a narration and goes inside the heads of the animals , so you can hear what they 're thinking . '' Executives at 20th Century Fox , one of the film 's main distributors , viewed a rough cut and felt the film needed voiceovers so children in the audience could connect to the characters . The film 's character designer David Krentz said , `` Although the production veered away from being very realistic , the animation still plays independently . The powers that be decided to add narration and voice - over to reach a wider audience and the characters became slightly anthropomorphized to make them more attractive to younger kids . '' Palaeontologist Steve Brusatte responded to The Scotsman 's prompt about the `` danger of anthropomorphising '' the dinosaurs , `` The voiceovers are a bit of a compromise ; the dinosaurs ' lips are n't moving , they are not smiling and having human - like facial expressions or anything like that ... They are only anthropomorphised to a small degree and that is necessary for a film like this . '' Palaeontological accuracy ( edit ) Further information : palaeontology Variety reported , `` ( Director ) Nightingale describes the project as ' mainstream entertainment ' rather than natural history ... but draws accurately on the latest discoveries in paleontology . '' A team of scientific and technical consultants contributed to the film . One team member was Dr. Steve Brusatte of Edinburgh University , who is a Chancellor 's Fellow in Vertebrate Palaeontology . Brusatte said the filmmakers strove to understand the discoveries about dinosaurs since the release of Jurassic Park in 1993 , `` They used so much of this information that we 've learned over the past few decades , about feathered dinosaurs , about how dinosaurs lived in big herds , which dinosaurs preyed on each other , their environments , and used that to tell the story . '' The Gorgosaurus is one of the film 's main dinosaurs and is depicted with iridescent scales . Its appearance was scrutinized for palaeontological accuracy due to findings of preserved feathers in other tyrannosaurs . Some dinosaurs in the film are feathered . Brusatte said , `` Over the past 15 years , we have collected thousands of specimens of feathered dinosaurs -- proper bona fide dinosaurs covered in feathers . '' New Scientist reported that `` no evidence has yet been found '' to suggest that the Pachyrhinosaurus or the Gorgosaurus were feathered . Director Cook said of the Gorgosaurus , `` We decided that we would n't put feathers on that one , but we did give that dinosaur iridescent scales . '' National Geographic said , `` Many paleontologists and dinosaur fans are disappointed that CGI docudrama 's villains , a gaggle of iridescent Gorgosaurus , are devoid of any fluff or fuzz . '' Shortly after the filmmakers designed their Gorgosaurus for the film , the tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus was discovered with direct evidence of feathers . While older than Gorgosaurus , Yutyrannus provides further evidence of feathers in tyrannosauroids . National Geographic also noted that Gorgosaurus was depicted as feathered in the 2011 direct - to - video film March of the Dinosaurs . Palaeontologist Anthony Fiorillo was a consultant for the film and helped determine what dinosaurs lived in Alaska at the time . Fiorillo said `` the first known track '' of a therizinosaur in Alaska was discovered in 2012 , which was too late to include in the film 's lineup of dinosaurs . The palaeontologist said based on ongoing research of the Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum , which he discovered in Alaska in 2012 , he would have modified his advice to the filmmakers about designing the film 's Pachyrhinosaurus . Don Lessem , a writer who specializes in dinosaurs , said Walking with Dinosaurs was an improvement from Jurassic Park in how the dinosaurs fit the period . He found most of the dinosaurs to be depicted correctly but also highlighted the possibility of the Gorgosaurus having feathers . Lessem stated the Alaskan scenery , while `` a spectacular backdrop '' , did not exist at the time , `` Conifers excepted , such scenery did not exist in dinosaur - age Alaska . Think woody outskirts of Seattle instead . Rainy and cool . No grand Rockies . Or much grass . And not much snow or ice . '' Marketing ( edit ) 20th Century Fox marketed Walking with Dinosaurs in the territories where it distributed the film . It also held a launch event at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in California . The film is an extension of an existing franchise that started with the BBC miniseries and continued with an arena show that put animatronic dinosaurs on display . Since merchandising deals already existed , filmmakers easily began releasing merchandise for the film . Forbes said , `` There is already merchandise ( toys , lunch boxes etc . ) related to the movie which is normally unheard of for a first film . '' Macmillan Children 's Books ( under Macmillan Publishers ) acquired the license to publish tie - in books for the film in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth . They published in November 2013 an encyclopaedic guide to the film 's dinosaurs , a film handbook , and sticker books . Travelgoods.com produced back to school merchandise based on the film , and Keldan International sold a hatching - egg toy for Christmas . Supermassive Games developed the Wonderbook game Walking with Dinosaurs for the PlayStation 3 . The game was released on 13 November 2013 . Release ( edit ) Distribution sales ( edit ) While Reliance Entertainment released the film in India , IM Global , which represented non-India rights to distribute the film , marketed it at the American Film Market in November 2010 . In what Variety called one of the `` biggest deals in years '' , 20th Century Fox , the one - time U.S. home video distributor of the original series , purchased rights to distribute the film in the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Australia , Japan , South Korea , Latin America , and other territories . Variety reported , `` Insiders say it 's safe to say that the pre-sales cover most , if not all , of the film 's budget . '' For other territories , Constantin Film purchased distribution rights for Germany , Alliance Films for Canada , Aurum for Spain , and Dutch Film Works for Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . Entertainment One acquired Alliance and Aurum in January 2013 , which rearranged distribution rights . Theatrical run ( edit ) Walking with Dinosaurs premiered on 14 December 2013 at the Dubai International Film Festival . Distributor 20th Century Fox also had a special screening for the film in New York City on 15 December 2013 . It distributed the film in cinemas in the United States and in the United Kingdom on 20 December 2013 . It distributed the film in Australia and New Zealand on 1 January 2014 . Distributor 20th Century Fox focused advertising on young children . It also advertised the film as one for kids like Avatar ( 2009 ) was for adults . Prior to the film 's release , Forbes stated that in the United States , Walking with Dinosaurs was the only `` kid - friendly film '' coming out in December 2013 . The Wall Street Journal said , `` Walking with Dinosaurs ... is the only new release targeted at children and is expected to appeal primarily to young ones . '' Box Office Mojo commented in its December 2013 forecast , `` It should do some solid business among families with younger children , though in a highly - competitive season this is the kind of movie that can get lost in the pack . '' It predicted that Walking with Dinosaurs would gross US $11.8 million over the weekend and rank sixth at the box office . ComingSoon.net predicted that with a crowded weekend of films , Walking with Dinosaurs would gross US $6.8 million over the weekend to rank seventh at the box office . TheWrap says that box office analysts predict a weekend opening `` in the low - teen millions '' . The film was released in 3,231 cinemas in the United States with 84 % of the cinemas having 3D . On the opening weekend in the United States , it grossed US $7.1 million and ranked eighth at the box office . According to the polling firm CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a `` B '' grade . Distributor 20th Century Fox had anticipated an opening weekend of US $10 million to US $12 million . The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Walking with Dinosaurs is the first major disappointment of the Christmas season . '' It was outperformed almost 3 - to - 1 by the competing family film Frozen , which ranked third at the box office and had been in theaters for a month . Outside the United States , Walking with Dinosaurs was released in 40 markets the same opening weekend . It grossed US $13.8 million , with US $1.6 million grossed in the United Kingdom . Walking with Dinosaurs has grossed US $36.1 million in the United States and Canada and US $94.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of US $130.6 million . In the United States , it is one of only twelve feature films to be released in over 3,000 theaters and still improve on its box office performance in its second weekend , increasing 2.6 % from $7,091,938 to $7,276,172 . The Hollywood Reporter said in January 2014 that the film 's global box office performance was disappointing and was likely to only go up to US $125 million , meaning `` a potential loss in the tens of millions for the financiers '' . It reported the financiers ' response about the anticipated loss , `` They contend they will break even because of sponsorships , merchandising , tax breaks and foreign presales in territories where Fox did n't pick up the film . '' Fox would also avoid a loss since it did not cover any part of the production budget and would get a distribution fee . Critical reception ( edit ) The Wall Street Journal reported that film critics thought that Walking with Dinosaurs 's `` majestic visuals are seriously undermined by pedestrian storytelling '' . The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Many critics have derided the juvenile tone of the voice dialogue ... also noting that the animals ' lips do n't move . '' The film review aggregator website Metacritic gave an aggregate score of 37 out of 100 , which it said indicated `` generally unfavorable '' reviews . It surveyed 21 critics and assessed 10 reviews as negative , six as mixed , and five as positive . The similar website Rotten Tomatoes scored the film with 24 % based on a survey of 70 reviews assessed as positive or negative . It assessed 53 as negative and 17 as positive . The website said , `` Walking with Dinosaurs boasts painstaking visual brilliance , but it 's unfortunately clouded by a clumsy script that 's dominated by juvenile humor . '' It also reported , `` The pundits say the filmmakers seem to have worried that a quasi-nature documentary approach might have turned off the youngsters , but the narrative is so poorly executed that the end result is n't all that entertaining , much less educational . '' Mark Adams of Screen International said Walking with Dinosaurs worked as `` a kids ' film for young dino fans '' . Adams commended the 3D special effects as `` immersive and impressive '' but thought audiences may be frustrated at `` its rather simplistic story '' . He said , `` The film 's attempt to make its story broad and accessible at times sits uneasily alongside the spectacular computer animation . '' Michael Rechtshaffen , reviewing for The Hollywood Reporter , also approved of the effects , calling them `` first rate '' . The critic however complained that the added dialogue was `` needless '' and that it was `` safe to assume that the overlay was added after the fact '' by studio executives . Rechtshaffen said , `` Although the plotting ... follows a safely predictable course ... It 's that forced , unnecessary and largely unfunny dialogue -- save for Leguizamo 's spirited way with words -- that comes up distractingly flat . '' Dan Jolin at Empire panned Walking with Dinosaurs as `` insipid , bloodless , pseudo-educational and offensively anthropomorphised '' . Jolin applauded the visual effects but said that `` the decision to insert chirp - pop songs and voice the principal dinosaurs '' overshadowed the effects . Tom Meek , reviewing for Paste , also praised the effects as `` a visual wonderment '' but disparaged `` the cutesy animal voices and personas '' . Aside from highlights like the line `` Think outside the nest '' and the song `` Tusk '' by Fleetwood Mac , Meek was disappointed by the dialogue and choice of music . Brian Switek , reviewing for National Geographic , said the voiceovers ruined the film . He said where films like The Land Before Time and You Are Umasou ( the latter based on the Japanese book of the same name ) were children 's films with meaningful dialogue , Walking with Dinosaurs instead had dialogue that `` is vacuous and not only lacks emotional weight , but actually drains any emotions the audience might feel for the characters '' . Switek said the film could be salvaged if its release on home media would include an option to watch it without the dialogue . Home media ( edit ) Walking with Dinosaurs was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United States on 25 March 2014 . It ranked third in both Blu - ray sales and combined DVD and Blu - ray sales . It ranked below Frozen , which was in its second week of home media release , and The Wolf of Wall Street , which was also in its first week . Over 35 % of sales for Walking with Dinosaurs were from Blu - ray sales . Around 4 % of its total sales were Blu - ray discs in 3 - D . The Blu - ray 3D disc for Walking with Dinosaurs features bonus content including a `` Cretaceous Cut '' of the film that omits the voiceovers . Walking with Dinosaurs : prehistoric Planet 3D ( edit ) In 2014 , a shortened 45 - minute version of Walking With Dinosaurs was released in 3D theaters across the U.S.A. Unlike the movie , this documentary is narrated in a style similar to that of the TV series , and removes the character names and dialogue . Unlike the series though , Prehistoric Planet 3D has a `` profile '' appear whenever a new prehistoric animal species shows up ; this profile shows the animal 's name and diet . The Gorgosaurus that appeared in the movie are referred to as Nanuqsaurus ; this is probably because other than a few possible indeterminate remains , Gorgosaurus is not known from Alaska , while Nanuqsaurus is . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring dinosaurs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2013 ) '' . British Film Institute . 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Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` ' Anchorman 2 ' to challenge reign of ' Smaug ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz , Dorothy ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' Is A T - Rex Sized Independent Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamad , Marwa ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with Dinosaurs was no walk in the park '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Claire ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with Dinosaurs hits big screen in 3D '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( 8 September 2011 ) . `` James Cameron , Vince Pace Team With BBC Earth , Evergreen on ' Walking With Dinosaurs 3D ' Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Brehmer , Elwood ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Made in Alaska : ' Walking with Dinosaurs ' set for Dec. 20 release '' . Alaska Journal of Commerce . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ben ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs 3 - D ' : A different kind of Alaska - made film '' . Alaska Dispatch . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Kyle ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Filming slow this summer for movies with state subsidies '' . Anchorage Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Rowat , Alison ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Story of pachyrhinosaurus is a giant leap for film - making '' . The Herald . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` VFX House Animal Logic Will Lead Animation on BBC 's ' Walking With Dinosaurs 3D ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Marco Marenghi '' . soya.com.au . Qantas Spirit of Youth Awards 365 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 8 September 2011 ) . `` Fusion 3D brings life to ' Dinosaurs ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emma ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Dinosaurs stomp on to big screen '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Meaghan ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with dinosaurs : Feathered , furry and fierce '' . FoxNews.com . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` News Paul Leonard - Morgan '' . paulleonardmorgan.com . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` 114 Original Scores in 2013 Oscar Race '' . awn.com . Animation World Network . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` 2014 Oscars : The nominees ' list '' . cnn.com . CNN . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` T - Wreck : Why Fox 's ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' Went Extinct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamzelou , Jessica ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Dream Job : Walking with Dinosaurs movie adviser '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Xu , X. ; Wang , K. ; Zhang , K. ; Ma , Q. ; Xing , L. ; Sullivan , C. ; Hu , D. ; Cheng , S. ; Wang , S. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 484 ( 7392 ) : 92 -- 95 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10906 . PMID 22481363 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Switek , Brian ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Feathers for Tyrannosaurs '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fiorillo , A.R. ; Adams , T.L. ( 2012 ) . `` A therizinosaur track from the lower Cantwell Formation ( Upper Cretaceous ) of Denali National Park , Alaska '' . PALAIOS. 27 ( 6 ) : 395 -- 400 . doi : 10.2110 / palo. 2011. p11 - 083r . ISSN 0883 - 1351 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Mike ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Prehistoric Alaska animals star in ' Walking with Dinosaurs ' movie '' . Anchorage Daily News . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lessem , Don ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' fairly accurate , says expert , except for that sound track '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinkauf , Gregory ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` The Late Cretaceous Leaps to Life in Walking With Dinosaurs '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charlotte ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` MCB buys Walking with Dinosaurs licence '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Worldwide ( 19 June 2013 ) . `` BBC Worldwide Australia & New Zealand announces new licensing and publishing partners for Walking with Dinosaurs : The 3D Movie '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Wonderbook : Walking with Dinosaurs marches onto PS3 next week '' . Playstation Blog . Sony . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` AFM sees monster deals '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Loeffler , Tania ; Westcott , Tim ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Entertainment One purchase of Alliance Films approved '' . Screen Digest . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 November 2013 ) . `` Diff : Two red - carpet galas for family films '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs ( 3D ) '' . dubaifilmfest.com . Dubai International Film Festival . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2 August 2011 ) . `` Fox Sets ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' for Christmas 2013 Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Forecast : Great Odin 's Raven ! ' Anchorman 2 ' Set for Strong Start '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Frozen ' Tops ' Catching Fire ' , ' Inside Llewyn Davis ' Hits Big '' . Forbes . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Risks a Christmastime Overload '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Holiday 2013 Forecast ( cont . ) '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` The Weekend Warrior : Anchorman 2 , American Hustle , Saving Mr. Banks , Walking With Dinosaurs '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' : Fox 's Latest Stone Age Kids Movie Has BBC Pedigree '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News , Inc . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Box Office Primer : Newcomer ' Anchorman 2 ' $8 M Wednesday Sets For Strong $40 M to $45 M 5 - Day Opening In Crowded Weekend ; ' The Hobbit ' 3 - Day BO One To Watch '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 20 - 22 , 2013 '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( 21 December 2013 ) . `` Box Office : ' Anchorman 2 , ' ' Hobbit ' End Friday in Dead Heat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit 2 ' Beats ' Anchorman 2 ' With $31.5 Million , Crosses $400 Million Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` How ' Frozen ' Became This Year 's Surprise Holiday B.O. Present '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drops '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` ' Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues , ' ' American Hustle , ' ' Saving Mr. Banks , ' ' Inside Llewyn Davis ' ( Review Revue ) '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs Reviews '' . metacritic.com . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Tim ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` Critics Consensus : Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues is Certified Fresh '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Walking With Dinosaurs : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Walking With Dinosaurs : The 3D Movie '' . Empire . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Meek , Tom ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with Dinosaurs '' . Paste . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Switek , Brian ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` How to Ruin Dinosaurs '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Beats ' Wolf of Wall Street ' to Remain at Top of Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Ellingson , Annlee ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Home - video charts : ' Frozen ' ices sales again , but ' Wolf of Wall Street ' tops rentals '' . L.A. Biz . American City Business Journals . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Tribbey , Chris ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Basketful of Easter , Family Titles Coming '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D BBC Earth Movies BBC Earth '' . BBC Earth . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Brusatte , Steve ( 2013 ) . Walking with Dinosaurs Encyclopedia . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 223278 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Official website Walking with Dinosaurs on IMDb Walking with Dinosaurs at Box Office Mojo Walking with Dinosaurs at Rotten Tomatoes The Algorithms That Power the Hyper - Real Creatures of Walking With Dinosaurs at Wired King of the monsters by The Scotsman , a general history of dinosaurs in film Walking with ... 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who is the voice of patchy in walking with dinosaurs
[ "\n\n\nVoiceovers for prehistoric creatures\n\nJohn Leguizamo ... Alex\nJustin Long ... Patchi\nTiya Sircar ... Juniper\nSkyler Stone ... Scowler\n\n\n\nModern-day humans\n\nKarl Urban ... Uncle Zack\nCharlie Rowe ... Ricky\nAngourie Rice ... Jade\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Justin Long" ]
-1340978504317225500
Riverdale (2017 TV series)
Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/riverdale Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters by Archie Comics . The series premiered on January 26 , 2017 , on The CW . It was adapted for television by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and executive produced by Greg Berlanti . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which is scheduled to debut on October 11 , 2017 . In September 2017 , a spin - off series , titled The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was revealed to be in development . The show features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews , Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , his next door neighbor who has a crush on him , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , his new love interest and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , his ex-best friend and the narrator of the show . The show also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy , the lead singer of the Pussycats , and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , the twin sister of Jason Blossom , who is at the center of the series ' mystery . Other characters in the show include Fred Andrews , Alice Cooper and Hermione Lodge , the parents of Archie , Betty , and Veronica respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.4 Notes 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Spin - off 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : An intense and conflicted teen , Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father 's construction business . He is now juggling the interest of several girls , as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music -- against the wishes of his father and his football coach . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A sweet , smart , eager - to - please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend , Archie . She is tired of being the perfect daughter , student , sister , etc. , so she turns to her new friend , Veronica , for life advice -- much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A beautiful , sophisticated , confident , silver - tongued high school sophomore and former socialite . Veronica is the `` new girl '' in town and is eager for a fresh start . Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was . Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father , she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once the best friend of Archie , who is still dealing with the rift that came between them over the summer . His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews , following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : A striving , competitive , fierce , snooty , and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Polly and Betty 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day . Recurring ( edit ) Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge . He is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Martin Cummins as Sheriff Keller : The town 's police chief and Kevin 's father . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : The estranged father of Jughead , and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy : the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy . Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom : The mother of Cheryl and Jason . Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper : The father of Polly and Betty , and husband to Alice Cooper . Colin Lawrence as Coach Floyd Clayton : The father of Chuck , and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team . Peter James Bryant as Mr. Waldo Weatherbee : the principal of Riverdale High School . Sarah Habel as Miss Geraldine Grundy : Riverdale High School 's young music teacher , who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer . It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce , to escape from an abusive relationship . Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie . ( season 1 ) Ross Butler ( season 1 ) and Charles Melton ( season 2 ) as Reginald `` Reggie '' Mantle : Archie 's long - time friend and rival , a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster . Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton : A football - star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos : The youngest member of the Southside Serpents , who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom 's murder . Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine : The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke `` Moose '' Mason : Archie 's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin . Hayley Law as Valerie Brown : The songwriter , bassist , and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie 's ex-girlfriend . Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs : A victim of Chuck Clayton 's slut - shaming . Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom : Cheryl 's twin brother , whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale . Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel : The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel , Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica . Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom 's best friends . Caitlin Mitchell - Markovitch as Ginger Lopez : One of Cheryl 's best friends . Major Curda as Dilton Doiley : The leader of the town 's troop of Ranger Scouts . Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper : The older sister of Betty , and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper . She is pregnant with Jason Blossom 's children . Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom : The father of Cheryl and Jason . ( season 1 ) Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate : The owner of the local diner ; Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe . Tom McBeath as Smithers : The butler for the Lodge family . Adain Bradley as Trev Brown : The younger brother of Valerie . Guest ( edit ) Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo : A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale 's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer - songwriter . Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews : The mother of Archie , who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams , but returns to Riverdale in her family 's hour of need . She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband , Fred , but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . Jump up ^ Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 . Jump up ^ Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the tragic death of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl is questioned by Sheriff Keller about her role in Jason 's death , but she gets bailed out by her parents , Clifford and Penelope . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , the Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that her new boyfriend , Chuck Clayton , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Ms. Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Ms. Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Ms. Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow Cheryl to speak at Jason 's memorial , but she does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in the Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence , and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , and Jason and Polly 's relationship was technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but find him dead of overdose . The police are summoned , and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin , and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , before informing Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale , and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hung himself in syrup distillery , next to several open casks filled with drugs . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and that Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing this . F.P. is cleared of any charges relating to the murder but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that in high school , she found out that she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's revelation and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself at Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , save her . Cheryl later burns down her mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBD 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' TBA Michael Grassi TBA TBA TBD 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' TBA Ross Maxwell TBA TBA TBD 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' TBA Amanda Lasher TBA TBA TBD 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' TBA Aaron Allen TBA TBA TBD 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' TBA Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson TBA TBA TBD 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' TBA James DeWille TBA TBA TBD 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' TBA Yolonda Lawrence TBA TBA TBD 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' TBA Shepard Boucher TBA TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Casting ( edit ) Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . Filming ( edit ) Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley . Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 , while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation ( edit ) Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the on - going Riverdale the comic book series is set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular on - going comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 89 % based on 51 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a normalized score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBD TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice TV Ship # BUGHEAD ( Lili Reinhart & Cole Sprouse ) Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Spin - off ( edit ) In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series , The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series of the same name , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` CW Midseason Schedule : ' Supernatural ' & ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' On the Move '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron C. ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` Archie Com '' live - action aubamayangTV pilot `` . Archie Comics . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference CWFallPremiereDates was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad In Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Martin Cummins Jan 13 , 2017 at 11 : 20pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Robin Givens Cast As Riverdale 's Mayor In The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mädchen Amick on Twitter '' -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Set to Recast a Major Character Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` CW 's Archie Pilot ' Riverdale ' Casts Reggie , Moose and Dilton ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ RiverdaleBrazil ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Raco added to cast of CW 's Riverdale as `` Joaquin '' . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Barb from Stranger Things to join Archie reboot Riverdale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TieraSkovbye1/status/793673086956662784 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Looking ' Star Raúl Castillo Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' as Archie 's Mom '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks . '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 201 ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Come for the burgers , stay ... for the rest of your life . Episode 2 of # Riverdale Season 2 . It 's on . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` # Riverdale fans , if you see Kevin Keller , please tell him ... DON 'T GO IN THE WOODS ! # prayforkevin '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dark Season Two of # Riverdale continues , and Gang , NO ONE is ready for episode four ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` # Riverdale fans , please tell @ lilireinhart : DON 'T . ANSWER. THE . PHONE . BETTY . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` North vs. South . Bulldog vs. Serpent . Archie vs. Jughead ? ? Betty vs. Veronica ? ? What is happening in # Riverdale ? ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` This is one of my FAVORITE scripts for # Riverdale so far ... But it wo n't be for Jughead , Josie , and Betty ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Uh - oh . Now it 's # Archie and # Veronica 's turn to enter # Riverdale 's ... House of the Devil ! ! Will # Varchie survive ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` He sees you when you 're sleeping , he knows when you 're awake ... Who 's been naughty or nice in # Riverdale this year ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set At Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur In Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIVERDALE NEWS ! on Twitter : `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' `` . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 23 , 2017 at 9 : 14pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 17 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . 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how many episodes does riverdale season one have
[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nAverage viewers\n(in millions inc. DVR)\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJanuary 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)\nMay 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)\n154\n1.69[26]\n\n\n\n2\n22[27]\nOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)[3]\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n" ]
[ "13" ]
3203139704733459414
Statue of Liberty
Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Shannon , James . `` Woman Climbs Base of the Statue of Liberty After ICE Protest '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page hide Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. 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Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Printer 's Park Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=850284540 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Tourism in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures in Manhattan Lighthouses in New York City Transportation in Manhattan Gustave Eiffel 's designs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages 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where in new york is statue of liberty
[ "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.\n" ]
[ "Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City" ]