Datasets:

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lighteval

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natural_questions_clean

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Evaluation datasets 56

[ "Marika Domińczyk (/doʊˈmiːntʃɪk/ doh-MEEN-chik) is a Polish-American actress who became best known in the United States for her role as Dr. Eliza Minnick on Grey's Anatomy, which she originated in its thirteenth season.\n" ]

[ "Marika Domińczyk" ]

[ "The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.[2][3] It is in an endorheic basin (a basin without outflows) located between Europe and Asia.[4] It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast." ]

[ "variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea" ]

[ "\"I'm Going Down\" is a song written and produced by Norman Whitfield, and performed by Rose Royce. The single is from the film Car Wash and is featured on the film's soundtrack." ]

[ "Norman Whitfield" ]

[ "The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[21] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[22][23] In it, Mendeleev stated that:" ]

[ "Dmitri Mendeleev" ]

[ "Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area." ]

[ "New England Patriots" ]

[ "Land's End to John o' Groats is the traversal of the whole length of the island of Great Britain between two extremities; in the southwest and northeast. The traditional distance by road is 874 miles (1,407 km) and takes most cyclists ten to fourteen days; the record for running the route is nine days. Off-road walkers typically walk about 1,200 miles (1,900 km) and take two or three months for the expedition. Two much-photographed signposts indicate the traditional distance at each end." ]

[ "874 miles (1,407 km)" ]

[ "A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.[1][better source needed] For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration.\n" ]

[ "A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond" ]

[ "A double entendre (/ˌdʌbəl ɒnˈtɒndrə/; French pronunciation: ​[dubl ɑ̃.tɑ̃dʁ(ə)]) is a figure of speech or a particular way of wording that is devised to be understood in two ways, having a double meaning. Typically one of the meanings is obvious, given the context whereas the other may require more thought. The innuendo may convey a message that would be socially awkward, sexually suggestive, or offensive to state directly (the Oxford English Dictionary describes a double entendre as being used to \"convey an indelicate meaning\", whilst Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines it as \"a word or phrase that may be understood in two different ways, one of which is often sexual\").[1]" ]

[ "double entendre" ]

[ "The Beast is a wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio. Built in-house, it opened in 1979 as the tallest, fastest, and longest wooden roller coaster in the world.[1] The Beast remains the longest wooden coaster at 7,359 feet (2,243 m) and spans more than 35 acres (14 ha), utilizing the surrounding terrain for many of its elements.[2] Two lift hills contribute to the ride's duration of more than four minutes, which also ranks as one of the longest among roller coasters.[3]" ]

[ "1979" ]

[ "Mowgli /ˈmaʊɡli/ is a fictional character and the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book stories. He is a naked feral child from the Pench area in Seoni, India, who originally appeared in Kipling's short story \"In the Rukh\" (collected in Many Inventions, 1893) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in his collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894–1895), which also featured stories about other characters.[1]" ]

[ "Rudyard Kipling" ]

[ "The system's first tunnels were built just below the surface, using the cut-and-cover method; later, smaller, roughly circular tunnels – which gave rise to its nickname, the Tube – were dug through at a deeper level.[8] The system has 270 stations and 250 miles (400 km) of track.[9] Despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface.[9] In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, with less than 10% of the stations located south of the River Thames.[9]" ]

[ "270" ]

[ "The Geneva Conference was a conference among several nations that took place in Geneva, Switzerland from April 26 – July 20, 1954.[1] It was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War.[2] The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals, so is generally considered less relevant. The Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions, however. The crumbling of the French Empire in Southeast Asia would create the eventual states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam / South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.\n" ]

[ "Geneva Conference" ]

[ "Secretariat\nSecretariat as an older stallionSire\nBold RulerGrandsire\nNasrullahDam\nSomethingroyalDamsire\nPrincequilloSex\nStallionFoaled\nMarch 30, 1970The Meadow,Caroline County, VirginiaDied\nOctober 4, 1989(1989-10-04) (aged 19)Claiborne FarmParis, KentuckyCountry\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nMeadow Stud (Christopher Chenery)Owner\nMeadow Stable (Christopher Chenery, Penny Chenery)Racing colors\nBlue, white blocks, white stripes on sleeves, blue capTrainer\nLucien LaurinRecord\n21:16–3–1Earnings\n$1,316,808[1]Major wins\nSanford Stakes (1972)Hopeful Stakes (1972)Futurity Stakes (1972)Laurel Futurity (1972)Garden State Futurity (1972)Bay Shore Stakes (1973)Gotham Stakes (1973)Arlington Invitational (1973)Marlboro Cup (1973)Man o' War Stakes (1973)Canadian International (1973)\n\nTriple Crown race wins:Kentucky Derby (1973)Preakness Stakes (1973)Belmont Stakes (1973)Awards\n9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion (1973)American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt (1972)American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse (1973)American Champion Male Turf Horse (1973)American Horse of the Year (1972, 1973)Leading broodmare sire in North America (1992)Honors\nU.S. Racing Hall of Fame (1974)Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame (2007)Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame (2013)U.S. Postage Stamp (1999)#2 – Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century[2]" ]

[ "19" ]

[ "\n\nMona Lisa\n\n\nItalian: La Gioconda, French: La Joconde\n\n\n\n\n\nArtist\nLeonardo da Vinci\n\n\nYear\nc. 1503–06, perhaps continuing until c. 1517\n\n\nMedium\nOil on poplar panel\n\n\nSubject\nLisa Gherardini\n\n\nDimensions\n77 cm × 53 cm (30 in × 21 in)\n\n\nLocation\nMusée du Louvre, Paris\n\n" ]

[ "c. 1503–06, perhaps continuing until c. 1517" ]

[ "Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.[1]", "Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.[1]" ]

[ "directly using photovoltaics (PV)", "indirectly using concentrated solar power" ]

[ "Briscoe Darling Jr. is a fictional character from The Andy Griffith Show, an American situation comedy from the 1960s that aired on CBS. The character was portrayed by actor Denver Pyle, best known for his roles as Grandpa Tarleton on Tammy, Buck Webb on The Doris Day Show, and Uncle Jesse on The Dukes of Hazzard. Briscoe was the patriarch of the mountain family The Darlings that appeared in several episodes during the run of the series." ]

[ "actor Denver Pyle" ]

[ "\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Meghan and Michael Nelson", "Paige and Ryanne Kettner", "Megan Corletto", "Jillian Clare", "Ashley Benson", "Kate Mansi", "Marci Miller" ]

[ "England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n" ]

[ "1966" ]

[ "\n\nDriver\n\nDate of accident\n\nEvent\n\nCircuit\n\nCar\n\nSession\n\nRef(s).\n\n\n Cameron Earl (UK)\n\nJune 18, 1952\n\nTest\n\nMIRA\n\nERA\n\nTest\n\n[6]\n\n\n Chet Miller (USA)\n\nMay 15, 1953\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Charles de Tornaco (BEL)\n\nSeptember 18, 1953\n\nModena Grand Prix\n\nModena Autodrome\n\nFerrari Tipo 500\n\nPractice\n\n[9]\n\n\n Onofre Marimón (ARG)\n\nJuly 31, 1954\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nMaserati 250F\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Mario Alborghetti (ITA)\n\nApril 11, 1955\n\nPau Grand Prix\n\nPau Circuit\n\nMaserati 4CLT\n\nRace\n\n[10]\n\n\n Manny Ayulo (USA)[note 2]\n\nMay 16, 1955\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Bill Vukovich (USA)\n\nMay 30, 1955\n\nRace\n\n\n Eugenio Castellotti (ITA)\n\nMarch 14, 1957\n\nTest\n\nModena Autodrome\n\nFerrari 801\n\nTest\n\n[11]\n\n\n Keith Andrews (USA)\n\nMay 15, 1957\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Pat O'Connor (USA)\n\nMay 30, 1958\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Luigi Musso (ITA)\n\nJuly 6, 1958\n\nFrench Grand Prix\n\nReims-Gueux\n\nFerrari 246 F1\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Peter Collins (UK)\n\nAugust 3, 1958\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nFerrari 246 F1\n\nRace\n\n[12]\n\n\n Stuart Lewis-Evans (UK)[note 3]\n\nOctober 19, 1958\n\nMoroccan Grand Prix\n\nAin-Diab Circuit\n\nVanwall\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Jerry Unser Jr. (USA)[note 4]\n\nMay 2, 1959\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKuzma\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Bob Cortner (USA)\n\nMay 19, 1959\n\nCornis\n\n\n Harry Schell (USA)\n\nMay 13, 1960\n\nBRDC International Trophy\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nCooper T51\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Chris Bristow (UK)\n\nJune 19, 1960\n\nBelgian Grand Prix[note 5]\n\nCircuit de Spa-Francorchamps\n\nCooper T51\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Alan Stacey (UK)\n\nLotus 18\n\n\n Shane Summers (UK)\n\nJune 1, 1961\n\nSilver City Trophy\n\nBrands Hatch\n\nCooper\n\nPractice\n\n[13]\n\n\n Giulio Cabianca (ITA)[note 6]\n\nJune 15, 1961\n\nTest\n\nModena Autodrome\n\nCooper T51\n\nTest\n\n[14]\n\n\n Wolfgang von Trips (GER)[note 7]\n\nSeptember 10, 1961\n\nItalian Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Nazionale Monza\n\nFerrari 156 F1\n\nRace\n\n[16]\n\n\n Ricardo Rodríguez (MEX)\n\nNovember 1, 1962\n\nMexican Grand Prix\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nLotus 24\n\nPractice\n\n[17]\n\n\n Gary Hocking (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)\n\nDecember 21, 1962\n\nNatal Grand Prix\n\nWestmead Circuit\n\nLotus 24\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Carel Godin de Beaufort (NED)[note 8]\n\nAugust 1, 1964\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nPorsche 718\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n John Taylor (UK)[note 9]\n\nAugust 7, 1966\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nBrabham\n\nRace\n\n[19]\n\n\n Lorenzo Bandini (ITA)[note 10]\n\nMay 7, 1967\n\nMonaco Grand Prix\n\nCircuit de Monaco\n\nFerrari 312\n\nRace\n\n[20]\n\n\n Bob Anderson (UK)\n\nAugust 14, 1967\n\nTest\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nBrabham\n\nTest\n\n[21]\n\n\n Jo Schlesser (FRA)\n\nJuly 7, 1968\n\nFrench Grand Prix\n\nRouen-Les-Essarts\n\nHonda RA302\n\nRace\n\n[22]\n\n\n Gerhard Mitter (GER)\n\nAugust 1, 1969\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nBMW\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Martin Brain (UK)\n\nMay 25, 1970\n\nNottingham Sports Car Club meeting\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nCooper\n\nRace\n\n[23][24]\n\n\n Piers Courage (UK)\n\nJune 21, 1970\n\nDutch Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Park Zandvoort\n\nDe Tomaso\n\nRace\n\n[25]\n\n\n Jochen Rindt (AUT)\n\nSeptember 5, 1970\n\nItalian Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Nazionale Monza\n\nLotus 72\n\nQualifying\n\n[5]\n\n\n Jo Siffert (SUI)\n\nOctober 24, 1971\n\nWorld Championship Victory Race\n\nBrands Hatch\n\nBRM P160\n\nRace\n\n[26]\n\n\n Roger Williamson (UK)\n\nJuly 29, 1973\n\nDutch Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Park Zandvoort\n\nMarch\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n François Cevert (FRA)\n\nOctober 6, 1973\n\nUnited States Grand Prix\n\nWatkins Glen\n\nTyrrell\n\nQualifying\n\n[27]\n\n\n Peter Revson (USA)\n\nMarch 22, 1974\n\nTest\n\nKyalami\n\nShadow DN3\n\nTest\n\n[28]\n\n\n Helmuth Koinigg (AUT)\n\nOctober 6, 1974\n\nUnited States Grand Prix\n\nWatkins Glen\n\nSurtees\n\nRace\n\n[29]\n\n\n Mark Donohue (USA)[note 11]\n\nAugust 17, 1975\n\nAustrian Grand Prix\n\nÖsterreichring\n\nMarch\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Tom Pryce (UK)[note 12]\n\nMarch 5, 1977\n\nSouth African Grand Prix\n\nKyalami\n\nShadow DN8\n\nRace\n\n[31]\n\n\n Brian McGuire (AUS)[note 13]\n\nAugust 29, 1977\n\n1977 Shellsport Championship Round 11\n\nBrands Hatch\n\nMcGuire BM1\n\nPractice\n\n[32]\n\n\n Ronnie Peterson (SWE)[note 14]\n\nSeptember 10, 1978\n\nItalian Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Nazionale Monza\n\nLotus 78\n\nRace\n\n[34]\n\n\n Patrick Depailler (FRA)\n\nAugust 1, 1980\n\nTest\n\nHockenheimring\n\nAlfa Romeo 179\n\nTest\n\n[35]\n\n\n Gilles Villeneuve (CAN)\n\nMay 8, 1982\n\nBelgian Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Zolder\n\nFerrari 126C\n\nQualifying\n\n[36]\n\n\n Riccardo Paletti (ITA)\n\nJune 13, 1982\n\nCanadian Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Gilles Villeneuve\n\nOsella\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Elio de Angelis (ITA)[note 15]\n\nMay 14, 1986\n\nTest\n\nCircuit Paul Ricard\n\nBrabham BT55\n\nTest\n\n[38]\n\n\n Roland Ratzenberger (AUT)\n\nApril 30, 1994\n\nSan Marino Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari\n\nSimtek S941\n\nQualifying\n\n[39]\n\n\n Ayrton Senna (BRA)\n\nMay 1, 1994\n\nWilliams FW16\n\nRace\n\n\n John Dawson-Damer (UK)[note 16]\n\nJune 24, 2000\n\n2000 Goodwood Festival of Speed\n\nGoodwood Hillclimb\n\nLotus 63\n\nRun\n\n[2]\n\n\n Fritz Glatz (AUT)\n\nJuly 14, 2002\n\n2002 EuroBOSS Series season\n\nAutodrom Most\n\nFootwork FA17\n\nRace\n\n[3][41]\n\n\n Denis Welch (UK)\n\nJuly 27, 2014\n\nSilverstone Classic Jack Brabham Memorial Trophy\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nLotus 18\n\nRace\n\n[4]\n\n\n Jules Bianchi (FRA)[note 17]\n\nOctober 5, 2014\n\nJapanese Grand Prix\n\nSuzuka Circuit\n\nMarussia MR03\n\nRace\n\n[1]\n\n\n David Ferrer (FRA)[note 18]\n\nSeptember 2, 2017\n\n2017 Historic Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Park Zandvoort\n\nMarch 701\n\nRace\n\n[42]\n" ]

[ "David Ferrer" ]

[ "White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century.[1] When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014, a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie, even for the celebrity guests.[22][23] Nevertheless, it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies, debutante balls, and a select group of other social events in some countries. The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings.[1] In Britain, it is worn at some state dinners[24][25] and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews.[26][27][28] It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet until 1996,[29] although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister.[30] In the US, white tie is worn at some state dinners, including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007.[31] The Vienna Opera Ball[32] and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events;[33] in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities, where it is worn with a doctoral hat.[34][35][36][37][38]", "White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century.[1] When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014, a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie, even for the celebrity guests.[22][23] Nevertheless, it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies, debutante balls, and a select group of other social events in some countries. The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings.[1] In Britain, it is worn at some state dinners[24][25] and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews.[26][27][28] It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet until 1996,[29] although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister.[30] In the US, white tie is worn at some state dinners, including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007.[31] The Vienna Opera Ball[32] and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events;[33] in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities, where it is worn with a doctoral hat.[34][35][36][37][38]", "White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century.[1] When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014, a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie, even for the celebrity guests.[22][23] Nevertheless, it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies, debutante balls, and a select group of other social events in some countries. The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings.[1] In Britain, it is worn at some state dinners[24][25] and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews.[26][27][28] It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet until 1996,[29] although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister.[30] In the US, white tie is worn at some state dinners, including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007.[31] The Vienna Opera Ball[32] and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events;[33] in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities, where it is worn with a doctoral hat.[34][35][36][37][38]" ]

[ "royal ceremonies", "debutante balls", "a select group of other social events in some countries" ]

[ "\"Better Call Saul\" is the eighth episode of the second season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad. It was written by Peter Gould and directed by Terry McDonough. \n" ]

[ "the eighth episode of the second season" ]

[ "First Division/Premier League[nb 3]\nWinners (20): 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13 (record)\nSecond Division[nb 3]\nWinners (2): 1935–36, 1974–75" ]

[ "2012–13" ]

[ "\nSalma Hayek as Roxanne Feder\nJake Goldberg as Greg Feder\nCameron Boyce as Keith Feder\nAlexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder\n" ]

[ "Jake Goldberg" ]

[ "With a Census-estimated population of 7,869,820 in 2017, constituting nearly 40% of New York State's population,[7][8][9][10][11] Long Island is the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory, and the 18th-most populous island in the world (ahead of Ireland, Jamaica, and Hokkaidō). Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,160.3/km2). If Long Island geographically constituted an independent metropolitan statistical area, it would rank fourth most populous in the United States; while if it were a U.S. state, Long Island would rank 13th in population and first in population density. Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse, featuring some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere near the shorelines as well as working-class areas in all four counties.\n" ]

[ "7,869,820" ]

[ "If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar eclipses every new moon. However, since the Moon's orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth. The Moon's orbit must cross Earth's ecliptic plane in order for an eclipse (both solar as well as lunar) to occur. In addition, the Moon's actual orbit is elliptical, often taking it far enough away from Earth that its apparent size is not large enough to block the Sun entirely. The orbital planes cross each other at a line of nodes resulting in at least two, and up to five, solar eclipses occurring each year; no more than two of which can be total eclipses.[1][2] However, total solar eclipses are rare at any particular location because totality exists only along a narrow path on the Earth's surface traced by the Moon's shadow or umbra." ]

[ "since the Moon's orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth." ]

[ "\n\nCountry\nState/Region/Province\nDe jure\nNotes\n\nDrinking age\nPurchase age\n\n\n\n Albania\n18[42]\n\n\n\n Armenia\nNone[123]\n18[123]\nThere are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[123]\n\n\n Austria\n Burgenland\n Lower Austria\n Vienna\n16\n[124]\n\n\n Carinthia\n Upper Austria\n Salzburg\n Styria\n Tyrol\n Vorarlberg\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (distilled beverages)\nCarinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[124]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\nNone[125]\n18[125]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[125]\n\n\n Belarus\nNone[126]\n18[126]\nThe law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[126]\n\n\n Belgium\nNone[127]\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (spirits)[127]\nSince 10 January 2010, it is illegal to \"sell, serve, or offer\" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[127] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nNone[128]\n18[128]\nSelling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[128]\n\n\n Bulgaria\nNone[129]\n18[129]\nBy law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[129]\n\n\n Croatia\nNone[130]\n18[130]\nIt is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[130]\n\n\n Cyprus\nNone[131]\n17[131]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under thhe age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[131]\n\n\n Czech Republic\nNone\n18[132]\nIt is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[133] (punishable by fine or up to 1[134] or 2[135] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[136]\n\n\n Denmark\nNone\n16 (ABV)\n18 (≥16.5% ABV)\nWhile there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:\n\nIn order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.\nIn order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[137]\n\nBy tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[138] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[139] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[140]\nBoth the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Estonia\n18[141]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.\n\n\n Finland\n18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)\n20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)\n18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[142]\nAll major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[143] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[142][144]\nPolice may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[145]\nIn private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[142]\n\n\n\n France\nNone\n18\nFrance has no explicitly stated consumption age,[146] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[147] and can be fined 7500 euros.[146] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[148][149]\n\n\n Georgia\nNone[150]\n18[150]\nBy Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[150]\n\n\n Germany\n14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[151]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the \"Protection of Young Persons Act\" can be fined up to 50.000€.\nSee also: Alcohol laws in Germany\n\n\n\n Gibraltar\nNone[152]\n18\n16(beer, wine and cider)[152]\nIt is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[152]\n\nThe alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or\nThe alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\nNone[153]\n18[153]\nIn 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[153]\n\n\n Hungary\n18[42]\n\n\n\n Iceland\nNone\n20[154]\nPossession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.\n\n\n Ireland\nNone (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[155]\n18[155]\nIt is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[156]\n\n\n Italy\nNone [157]\n18[158][157]\nIn 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[157] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).\n\n\n Kosovo\nNone[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Latvia\nNone[159]\n18[159]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[159]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n16 beer, wine and cider\n18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[160]\nWine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[160]\n\n\n Lithuania\n20[122]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply acloholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Minors under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018.[122]\n\n\n Luxembourg\nNone [161]\n16[161]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[161]\n\n\n Macedonia\n18[162]\nMust show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.\n\n\n Malta\n17[163]\nMust provide identification upon request.\n\n\n Moldova\nNone[164]\n18[164]\nIt is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[165][164]\n\n\n Montenegro\n18[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Netherlands\n18\nThe legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.[citation needed]\n\n\n Norway\nNone[166]\n18 (\n20 (≥22% ABV)[42]\nSelling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.\nAlcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[167]\nAlcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[168]\n\n\n\n Poland\nNone[169]\n18[169]\nArticle 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[170] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.\n\n\n Portugal\nNone[171]\n18[171]\n\n\n\n Romania\nNone\n18[172]\nAccording to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.\n\n\n Russia\nNone\n18[173]\nThere is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.\n\n\n Serbia\nNone\n16[174]\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n18[175]\n\n\n\n Slovenia\nNone\n18[176]\nThere is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.\n\n\n Spain\n18\nAsturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[177]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nNone\n\n\nNone (less than 2.25% ABV)\n18 (bars and restaurants)\n18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)\n20 (Systembolaget shops)[178],\n\n\nSee also: Alcohol in Sweden\nMany clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private \"in moderation\". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[179] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.\n\n\n Switzerland\n Switzerland (federal law)\nNone\n(See notes)\n16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[180]\n18 (spirits) [181]\nWhoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[182] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[183]\n\n\n Ticino\n18\nThe canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[184]\n\n\n Turkey\n18[42]\n\nSee also: Alcohol laws of Turkey\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n18[42]\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\n England\n Wales\n18[185]\n16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[185]\n5 (private)[186]\nNone (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[186]\nLegislation in England and Wales:\n\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[185]\n\nMinors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[185]\nIt is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.\n\n\nIt is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[186]\nPersons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [187]\n\n\n\n\n Scotland\n18\n16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)[188]\nNone (private)\nLegislation in Scotland:\n\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[189]\n\nMinors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[189]\nIt is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.\n\n\nPersons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [187]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland\n18\nLegislation in Northern Ireland:\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\nChallenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the United Kingdom)\nUnder the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[190] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.\n\n" ]

[ "18" ]

[ "\nJason Drucker as Gregory \"Greg\" Heffley\nAlicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother\nTom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father\nCharlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother\nOwen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend\nWyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]\nJoshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes\nChris Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film\nKimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife\nMira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car\nMimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother\n" ]

[ "Charlie Wright" ]

[ "The gameplay of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 revolves around fast-paced gunfights against enemy combatants.[14] The player controls a soldier, and can perform several actions, including jump, sprint, crouch, lay prone, and aim down their gun's iron sights.[15] When the player is shot by an enemy, blood will splatter their heads-up display (HUD), denoting that they have taken damage; if the player avoids gunfire by taking cover, their health will recover.[16] The HUD also displays other information, such as a compass, a mini-map, and the player's current ammunition count.[17] The game features traditional guns, including assault rifles, shotguns, handguns, and sniper rifles. The player will be given specific guns at the beginning of each level, but may switch them out with another gun they find.[18] Some guns have attachments, such as suppressors, and heartbeat sensors.[19] The player can also use grenades and flashbangs when faced with a large group of enemies, as well as a knife for close quarters combat.[20] In some levels, the player will be given special equipment, such as night vision goggles, or a laser designator.[21]" ]

[ "a soldier" ]

[ "Humans with dark skin pigmentation have skin naturally rich in melanin (especially eumelanin), and have more melanosomes which provide a superior protection against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation. This helps the body to retain its folate reserves and protects against damage to the DNA.[3][17]" ]

[ "skin naturally rich in melanin (especially eumelanin), and have more melanosomes which provide a superior protection against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation" ]

[ "\"Iko Iko\" (/ˈaɪkoʊ ˈaɪkoʊ/) is a much-covered New Orleans song that tells of a parade collision between two tribes of Mardi Gras Indians and the traditional confrontation. The song, under the original title \"Jock-A-Mo\", was written and released as a single in 1953 by Sugar Boy and his Cane Cutters that failed to make the charts. The song first became popular in 1965 by the girl group, The Dixie Cups, who scored an international hit with \"Iko Iko\". In 1967 as part of a lawsuit settlement between \"Sugar Boy\" James Crawford and the Dixie Cups, the trio were given part songwriting credit to the song. In 1972, Dr. John had a minor hit with his version of \"Iko Iko\". The most successful charting version in the UK was recorded by Scottish singer Natasha England who took her 1982 version into the top 10. \"Iko Iko\" became an international hit again twice more, the first being the Belle Stars in June 1982 and again with Captain Jack in 2001." ]

[ "Natasha England" ]

[ "\n\n\nCountry\n\nDate of holiday\n\nYear celebrated\n\nEvent celebrated\n\nName of holiday\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nAugust 19\n\n1919\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1919.\n\nAfghan Independence Day\n\n\n Albania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1912\n\nDeclared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule.\n\nIndependence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë\n\n\n Algeria\n\nJuly 5\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from France in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day (Algeria)\n\n\n Angola\n\nNovember 11\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\n\nMay 30\n\n1967\n\nIndependence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967.\n\nAnguilla Day\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nNovember 1\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\nJuly 9\n\n1816\n\nIndependence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Armenia\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nDeclaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Austria\n\nOctober 26\n\n1955\n\nRestoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic.\n\nRepublic Day\n\n\nOctober 18\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of the State Independence of Azerbaijan\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nJuly 10\n\n1973\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n\nDecember 16\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nBahrain Independence Day\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nMarch 26\n\n1971\n\nIndependence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971.\n\nIndependence Day of Bangladesh\n\n\n Barbados\n\nNovember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\n\nJuly 3\n\n1944\n\nThe liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944.\n\nIndependence Day of Belarus\n\n\n Belgium\n\nJuly 21\n\n1831\n\nIndependence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.\n\nBelgian National Day\n\n\n Belize\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\nSeptember Celebrations\n\n\n Benin\n\nAugust 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nAugust 6\n\n1825\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1825.\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nMarch 1\n\n1992\n\nIndependence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.\n\nIndependence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n Botswana\n\nSeptember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\nIndependence Day (Botswana)\n\n\n Brazil\n\nSeptember 7\n\n1822\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825.\n\nDia da Independência or Sete de Setembro\n\n\n Brunei\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1984\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nMarch 3\n\n1878\n\nIndependence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nAugust 5\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Burma\n\nJanuary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Myanmar)\n\n\n Burundi\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nNovember 9\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France in 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n\nJuly 1\n\n1867\n\nGranted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador).\n\nCanada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\nJuly 5\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\nAugust 13\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\nAugust 11\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\nSeptember 18\n\n1810\n\nChileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed]\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\nFebruary 12\n1818\nIndependence from Spain in 1818.\nNot a holiday\n\n\n Colombia\n\nJuly 20 and August 7\n\n1810 and 1819\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1810.\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\nJuly 6\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from France in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n\nJune 30\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Republic of the\n\nAugust 15\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n\nOctober 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Croatia)\n\n\n Cuba\n\nMay 20\n\n1902\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1902.\n\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1.\n\nIndependence Day (Cyprus)\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nOctober 28\n\n1918\n\nAs Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1993\n\nAs the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n\nJune 27\n\n1977\n\nIndependence from France in 1977.\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\nNovember 3\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1844\n\nIndependence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n\nMay 20\n\n2002\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nAugust 10\n\n1809\n\nProclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.\n\n\n\n\nMay 24\n\n1822\n\nIndependence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\nOctober 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n\nMay 24\n\n1993\n\nIndependence from Ethiopia in 1993.\n\nIndependence Day (Eritrea)\n\n\n Estonia\n\nFebruary 24\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Estonia)\n\n\nAugust 20\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\n\nOctober 10\n\n1970\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\nFiji Day\n\n\n Finland\n\nDecember 6\n\n1917\n\nIndependence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Finland)\n\n\n Gabon\n\nAugust 17\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Gambia, The\n\nFebruary 18\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\nMay 26\n\n1918\n\nDay of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\nApril 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of National Unity\n\n\n Ghana\n\nMarch 6\n\n1957\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\n\nMarch 25\n\n1821\n\nDeclaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.\n\n\n\n\n Grenada\n\nFebruary 7\n\n1974\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1974.\n\nIndependence Day (Grenada)\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea\n\nOctober 2\n\n1958\n\nIndependence from France in 1958.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\nSeptember 24\n\n1973\n\nDeclaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\nMay 26\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1804\n\nDeclaration of independence from France in 1804.\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n\nJune 17\n\n1944\n\nFoundation of republic in 1944.\n\nIcelandic National Day\n\n\n India\n\nAugust 15\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nIndependence Day (India)\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nAugust 17\n\n1945\n\nDeclaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1]\n\nIndependence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)\n\n\n Iraq\n\nOctober 3\n\n1932\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1932.\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n\nApril 24\n\n1916\n\nProclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.\n\n\n\n\n Israel\n\nIyar 5(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar).\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar.\n\nYom Ha'atzmaut\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n\nAugust 7\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nAugust 6\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\nMay 25\n\n1946\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1946.\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nDecember 16\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nKazakhstan Independence Day\n\n\n Kenya\n\nDecember 12\n\n1963\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1963.\n\nJamhuri Day\n\n\n Kiribati\n\nJuly 12\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Korea, North\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nFounding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nChogukhaebangŭi nal\n\n\n Korea, South\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nLiberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. See Japanese Occupation of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nGwangbokjeol\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nFebruary 17\n\n2008\n\nIndependence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\nFebruary 25\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nAugust 31\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from USSR in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Kyrgyzstan)\n\n\n Laos\n\nOctober 22\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France on October 22, 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n\nNovember 18\n\n1918\n\nProclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918\n\nProclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia\n\n\nMay 4\n\n1990\n\nRestoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nNovember 22\n\n1943\n\nIndependence from France in 1943.\n\nLebanese Independence Day\n\n\n Lesotho\n\nOctober 4\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\nJuly 26\n\n1847\n\nIndependence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n\nDecember 24\n\n1951\n\nIndependence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nFebruary 16\n\n1918\n\nAct of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.\n\n\n\n\nMarch 11\n\n1990\n\nAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia, Republic of\n\nSeptember 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nDen na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nJune 26\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\nJuly 6\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAugust 31\n\n1957\n\nIndependence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\nHari Merdeka\n\n\n Maldives\n\nJuly 26\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\nSeptember 22\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mauritania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMarch 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1810\n\nIndependence from Spain declared in 1810. (\"grito\" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821.\n\nGrito de Dolores\n\n\n Moldova\n\nAugust 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nDecember 29[2]\n\n1911\n\nIndependence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5]\n\nIndependence Day (Mongolia)\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nMay 21\n\n2006\n\nReferendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\nNovember 18\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France and Spain in 1956.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nJune 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n\nMarch 21\n\n1990\n\nIndependence from South Africa mandated in 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n\nJanuary 31\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\nAugust 3\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Niger)\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Nigeria)\n\n\n Northern Cyprus\n\nNovember 15\n\n1983\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Norway\n\nMay 17\n\n1814\n\nIndependence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814).\n\nNational day/Constitution Day\n\n\nJune 7\n\n1905\n\nFinally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day/Union Dissolution Day\n\n\n Oman\n\nNovember 18\n\n1650\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1650.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nAugust 14\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nYoum-e-Azadi\n\n\n Panama\n\nNovember 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\nNovember 3\n\n1903\n\nPanama was member of the \"Gran Colombia\" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nMay 15\n\n1811\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1811.[6]\n\nDía de Independencia\n\n\n Peru\n\nJuly 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\n Philippines\n\nJune 12\n\n1898\n\nCommemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9]\n\nAraw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan\n\n\n Poland\n\nNovember 11\n\n1918\n\nRestoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.\n\nŚwięto Niepodległości (Independence Day)\n\n\n Portugal\n\nDecember 1\n\n1640\n\nPortugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10]\n\nRestoration of Independence Day\n\n\n Qatar\n\nDecember 18\n\n1971\n\nOriginal independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September.\n\nQatar National Day\n\n\n Rhodesia\n\nNovember 11\n\n1965\n\nUnilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Romania\n\nMay 9\n\n1877\n\nRomania's declaration of its independence, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.[11]\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n\nJune 12\n\n1992\n\nIt commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state.\n\nRussia Day\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\nSeptember 19\n\n1983\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1983.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nFebruary 22\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nOctober 27\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from New Zealand in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n\nJuly 12\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\nApril 4\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\nFebruary 15\n\n1804\n\nThe beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835.\n\nStatehood Day\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nJune 29\n\n1976\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1976.\n\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\nApril 27\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n\nAugust 9\n\n1965\n\nMarks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion.\n\nNational Day (Singapore)\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nJuly 17\n\n1992\n\nDeclaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nDecember 26 and June 25\n\n1991\n\nDate of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence and Unity Day\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nJuly 7\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Somalia\n\nJuly 1\n\n1960\n\nUnion of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually.\n\nIndependence Day (Somalia)\n\n\n\n Somaliland\n\nMay 18\n\n1991\n\nSomaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic\n\nIndependence Day (Somaliland)\n\n\n South Africa\n\nDecember 11\n\n1931\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.\n\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n\nJuly 9\n\n2011\n\nIndependence from Sudan in 2011.\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nFebruary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Sri Lanka)\n\n\n Sudan\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\nNovember 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from the Netherlands in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n\nSeptember 6\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n\nJune 6\n\n1523\n\nCelebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence.\n\nNational Day of Sweden\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nAugust 1\n\n1291\n\nAlliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291.\n\nSwiss National Day\n\n\n Syria\n\nApril 17\n\n1946\n\nEnd of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946.\n\nEvacuation Day\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nSeptember 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Tajikistan)\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nDecember 9\n\n1961\n\nIndependence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\nApril 27\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Tibet\n\nFebruary 13\n\n1913\n\nIndependence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China.\n\nTibetan Independence Day\n\n\n Tonga\n\nJune 4\n\n1970\n\nTermination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nAugust 31\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nMarch 20\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\nOctober 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[12]\n\nIndependence Day (Turkmenistan)\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\nOctober 1\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\nOctober 9\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nAugust 24\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day of Ukraine\n\n\nJanuary 22\n\n1919\n\nUnification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[13]\n\nDay of Unity of Ukraine\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nDecember 2\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n United States\n\nJuly 4\n\n1776\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776.\n\nIndependence Day (United States) or Fourth of July\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nAugust 25\n\n1825\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.\n\nDeclaratoria de la Independencia\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nSeptember 1\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Uzbekistan)\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\nJuly 30\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nJuly 5\n\n1811\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1811.\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nSeptember 2\n\n1945\n\nProclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day (Vietnam)\n\n\n Western Sahara\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1976\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n\nNovember 30\n\n1967\n\nSouth Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\nOctober 24\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\nApril 18\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1980.\n\n\n", "\n\n\nCountry\n\nDate of holiday\n\nYear celebrated\n\nEvent celebrated\n\nName of holiday\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nAugust 19\n\n1919\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1919.\n\nAfghan Independence Day\n\n\n Albania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1912\n\nDeclared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule.\n\nIndependence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë\n\n\n Algeria\n\nJuly 5\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from France in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day (Algeria)\n\n\n Angola\n\nNovember 11\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\n\nMay 30\n\n1967\n\nIndependence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967.\n\nAnguilla Day\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nNovember 1\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\nJuly 9\n\n1816\n\nIndependence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Armenia\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nDeclaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Austria\n\nOctober 26\n\n1955\n\nRestoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic.\n\nRepublic Day\n\n\nOctober 18\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of the State Independence of Azerbaijan\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nJuly 10\n\n1973\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n\nDecember 16\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nBahrain Independence Day\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nMarch 26\n\n1971\n\nIndependence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971.\n\nIndependence Day of Bangladesh\n\n\n Barbados\n\nNovember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\n\nJuly 3\n\n1944\n\nThe liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944.\n\nIndependence Day of Belarus\n\n\n Belgium\n\nJuly 21\n\n1831\n\nIndependence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.\n\nBelgian National Day\n\n\n Belize\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\nSeptember Celebrations\n\n\n Benin\n\nAugust 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nAugust 6\n\n1825\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1825.\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nMarch 1\n\n1992\n\nIndependence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.\n\nIndependence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n Botswana\n\nSeptember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\nIndependence Day (Botswana)\n\n\n Brazil\n\nSeptember 7\n\n1822\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825.\n\nDia da Independência or Sete de Setembro\n\n\n Brunei\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1984\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nMarch 3\n\n1878\n\nIndependence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nAugust 5\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Burma\n\nJanuary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Myanmar)\n\n\n Burundi\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nNovember 9\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France in 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n\nJuly 1\n\n1867\n\nGranted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador).\n\nCanada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\nJuly 5\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\nAugust 13\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\nAugust 11\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\nSeptember 18\n\n1810\n\nChileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed]\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\nFebruary 12\n1818\nIndependence from Spain in 1818.\nNot a holiday\n\n\n Colombia\n\nJuly 20 and August 7\n\n1810 and 1819\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1810.\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\nJuly 6\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from France in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n\nJune 30\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Republic of the\n\nAugust 15\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n\nOctober 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Croatia)\n\n\n Cuba\n\nMay 20\n\n1902\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1902.\n\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1.\n\nIndependence Day (Cyprus)\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nOctober 28\n\n1918\n\nAs Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1993\n\nAs the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n\nJune 27\n\n1977\n\nIndependence from France in 1977.\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\nNovember 3\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1844\n\nIndependence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n\nMay 20\n\n2002\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nAugust 10\n\n1809\n\nProclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.\n\n\n\n\nMay 24\n\n1822\n\nIndependence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\nOctober 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n\nMay 24\n\n1993\n\nIndependence from Ethiopia in 1993.\n\nIndependence Day (Eritrea)\n\n\n Estonia\n\nFebruary 24\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Estonia)\n\n\nAugust 20\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\n\nOctober 10\n\n1970\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\nFiji Day\n\n\n Finland\n\nDecember 6\n\n1917\n\nIndependence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Finland)\n\n\n Gabon\n\nAugust 17\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Gambia, The\n\nFebruary 18\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\nMay 26\n\n1918\n\nDay of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\nApril 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of National Unity\n\n\n Ghana\n\nMarch 6\n\n1957\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\n\nMarch 25\n\n1821\n\nDeclaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.\n\n\n\n\n Grenada\n\nFebruary 7\n\n1974\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1974.\n\nIndependence Day (Grenada)\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea\n\nOctober 2\n\n1958\n\nIndependence from France in 1958.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\nSeptember 24\n\n1973\n\nDeclaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\nMay 26\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1804\n\nDeclaration of independence from France in 1804.\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n\nJune 17\n\n1944\n\nFoundation of republic in 1944.\n\nIcelandic National Day\n\n\n India\n\nAugust 15\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nIndependence Day (India)\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nAugust 17\n\n1945\n\nDeclaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1]\n\nIndependence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)\n\n\n Iraq\n\nOctober 3\n\n1932\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1932.\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n\nApril 24\n\n1916\n\nProclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.\n\n\n\n\n Israel\n\nIyar 5(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar).\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar.\n\nYom Ha'atzmaut\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n\nAugust 7\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nAugust 6\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\nMay 25\n\n1946\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1946.\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nDecember 16\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nKazakhstan Independence Day\n\n\n Kenya\n\nDecember 12\n\n1963\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1963.\n\nJamhuri Day\n\n\n Kiribati\n\nJuly 12\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Korea, North\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nFounding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nChogukhaebangŭi nal\n\n\n Korea, South\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nLiberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. See Japanese Occupation of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nGwangbokjeol\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nFebruary 17\n\n2008\n\nIndependence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\nFebruary 25\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nAugust 31\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from USSR in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Kyrgyzstan)\n\n\n Laos\n\nOctober 22\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France on October 22, 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n\nNovember 18\n\n1918\n\nProclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918\n\nProclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia\n\n\nMay 4\n\n1990\n\nRestoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nNovember 22\n\n1943\n\nIndependence from France in 1943.\n\nLebanese Independence Day\n\n\n Lesotho\n\nOctober 4\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\nJuly 26\n\n1847\n\nIndependence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n\nDecember 24\n\n1951\n\nIndependence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nFebruary 16\n\n1918\n\nAct of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.\n\n\n\n\nMarch 11\n\n1990\n\nAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia, Republic of\n\nSeptember 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nDen na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nJune 26\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\nJuly 6\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAugust 31\n\n1957\n\nIndependence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\nHari Merdeka\n\n\n Maldives\n\nJuly 26\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\nSeptember 22\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mauritania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMarch 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1810\n\nIndependence from Spain declared in 1810. (\"grito\" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821.\n\nGrito de Dolores\n\n\n Moldova\n\nAugust 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nDecember 29[2]\n\n1911\n\nIndependence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5]\n\nIndependence Day (Mongolia)\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nMay 21\n\n2006\n\nReferendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\nNovember 18\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France and Spain in 1956.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nJune 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n\nMarch 21\n\n1990\n\nIndependence from South Africa mandated in 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n\nJanuary 31\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\nAugust 3\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Niger)\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Nigeria)\n\n\n Northern Cyprus\n\nNovember 15\n\n1983\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Norway\n\nMay 17\n\n1814\n\nIndependence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814).\n\nNational day/Constitution Day\n\n\nJune 7\n\n1905\n\nFinally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day/Union Dissolution Day\n\n\n Oman\n\nNovember 18\n\n1650\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1650.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nAugust 14\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nYoum-e-Azadi\n\n\n Panama\n\nNovember 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\nNovember 3\n\n1903\n\nPanama was member of the \"Gran Colombia\" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nMay 15\n\n1811\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1811.[6]\n\nDía de Independencia\n\n\n Peru\n\nJuly 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\n Philippines\n\nJune 12\n\n1898\n\nCommemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9]\n\nAraw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan\n\n\n Poland\n\nNovember 11\n\n1918\n\nRestoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.\n\nŚwięto Niepodległości (Independence Day)\n\n\n Portugal\n\nDecember 1\n\n1640\n\nPortugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10]\n\nRestoration of Independence Day\n\n\n Qatar\n\nDecember 18\n\n1971\n\nOriginal independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September.\n\nQatar National Day\n\n\n Rhodesia\n\nNovember 11\n\n1965\n\nUnilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Romania\n\nMay 9\n\n1877\n\nRomania's declaration of its independence, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.[11]\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n\nJune 12\n\n1992\n\nIt commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state.\n\nRussia Day\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\nSeptember 19\n\n1983\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1983.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nFebruary 22\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nOctober 27\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from New Zealand in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n\nJuly 12\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\nApril 4\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\nFebruary 15\n\n1804\n\nThe beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835.\n\nStatehood Day\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nJune 29\n\n1976\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1976.\n\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\nApril 27\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n\nAugust 9\n\n1965\n\nMarks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion.\n\nNational Day (Singapore)\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nJuly 17\n\n1992\n\nDeclaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nDecember 26 and June 25\n\n1991\n\nDate of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence and Unity Day\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nJuly 7\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Somalia\n\nJuly 1\n\n1960\n\nUnion of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually.\n\nIndependence Day (Somalia)\n\n\n\n Somaliland\n\nMay 18\n\n1991\n\nSomaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic\n\nIndependence Day (Somaliland)\n\n\n South Africa\n\nDecember 11\n\n1931\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.\n\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n\nJuly 9\n\n2011\n\nIndependence from Sudan in 2011.\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nFebruary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Sri Lanka)\n\n\n Sudan\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\nNovember 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from the Netherlands in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n\nSeptember 6\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n\nJune 6\n\n1523\n\nCelebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence.\n\nNational Day of Sweden\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nAugust 1\n\n1291\n\nAlliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291.\n\nSwiss National Day\n\n\n Syria\n\nApril 17\n\n1946\n\nEnd of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946.\n\nEvacuation Day\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nSeptember 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Tajikistan)\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nDecember 9\n\n1961\n\nIndependence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\nApril 27\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Tibet\n\nFebruary 13\n\n1913\n\nIndependence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China.\n\nTibetan Independence Day\n\n\n Tonga\n\nJune 4\n\n1970\n\nTermination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nAugust 31\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nMarch 20\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\nOctober 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[12]\n\nIndependence Day (Turkmenistan)\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\nOctober 1\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\nOctober 9\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nAugust 24\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day of Ukraine\n\n\nJanuary 22\n\n1919\n\nUnification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[13]\n\nDay of Unity of Ukraine\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nDecember 2\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n United States\n\nJuly 4\n\n1776\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776.\n\nIndependence Day (United States) or Fourth of July\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nAugust 25\n\n1825\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.\n\nDeclaratoria de la Independencia\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nSeptember 1\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Uzbekistan)\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\nJuly 30\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nJuly 5\n\n1811\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1811.\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nSeptember 2\n\n1945\n\nProclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day (Vietnam)\n\n\n Western Sahara\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1976\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n\nNovember 30\n\n1967\n\nSouth Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\nOctober 24\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\nApril 18\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1980.\n\n\n", "\n\n\nCountry\n\nDate of holiday\n\nYear celebrated\n\nEvent celebrated\n\nName of holiday\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nAugust 19\n\n1919\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1919.\n\nAfghan Independence Day\n\n\n Albania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1912\n\nDeclared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule.\n\nIndependence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë\n\n\n Algeria\n\nJuly 5\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from France in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day (Algeria)\n\n\n Angola\n\nNovember 11\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\n\nMay 30\n\n1967\n\nIndependence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967.\n\nAnguilla Day\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nNovember 1\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\nJuly 9\n\n1816\n\nIndependence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Armenia\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nDeclaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Austria\n\nOctober 26\n\n1955\n\nRestoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic.\n\nRepublic Day\n\n\nOctober 18\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of the State Independence of Azerbaijan\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nJuly 10\n\n1973\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n\nDecember 16\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nBahrain Independence Day\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nMarch 26\n\n1971\n\nIndependence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971.\n\nIndependence Day of Bangladesh\n\n\n Barbados\n\nNovember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\n\nJuly 3\n\n1944\n\nThe liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944.\n\nIndependence Day of Belarus\n\n\n Belgium\n\nJuly 21\n\n1831\n\nIndependence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.\n\nBelgian National Day\n\n\n Belize\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\nSeptember Celebrations\n\n\n Benin\n\nAugust 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nAugust 6\n\n1825\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1825.\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nMarch 1\n\n1992\n\nIndependence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.\n\nIndependence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n Botswana\n\nSeptember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\nIndependence Day (Botswana)\n\n\n Brazil\n\nSeptember 7\n\n1822\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825.\n\nDia da Independência or Sete de Setembro\n\n\n Brunei\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1984\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nMarch 3\n\n1878\n\nIndependence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nAugust 5\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Burma\n\nJanuary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Myanmar)\n\n\n Burundi\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nNovember 9\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France in 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n\nJuly 1\n\n1867\n\nGranted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador).\n\nCanada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\nJuly 5\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\nAugust 13\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\nAugust 11\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\nSeptember 18\n\n1810\n\nChileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed]\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\nFebruary 12\n1818\nIndependence from Spain in 1818.\nNot a holiday\n\n\n Colombia\n\nJuly 20 and August 7\n\n1810 and 1819\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1810.\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\nJuly 6\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from France in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n\nJune 30\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Republic of the\n\nAugust 15\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n\nOctober 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Croatia)\n\n\n Cuba\n\nMay 20\n\n1902\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1902.\n\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1.\n\nIndependence Day (Cyprus)\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nOctober 28\n\n1918\n\nAs Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1993\n\nAs the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n\nJune 27\n\n1977\n\nIndependence from France in 1977.\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\nNovember 3\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1844\n\nIndependence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n\nMay 20\n\n2002\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nAugust 10\n\n1809\n\nProclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.\n\n\n\n\nMay 24\n\n1822\n\nIndependence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\nOctober 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n\nMay 24\n\n1993\n\nIndependence from Ethiopia in 1993.\n\nIndependence Day (Eritrea)\n\n\n Estonia\n\nFebruary 24\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Estonia)\n\n\nAugust 20\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\n\nOctober 10\n\n1970\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\nFiji Day\n\n\n Finland\n\nDecember 6\n\n1917\n\nIndependence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Finland)\n\n\n Gabon\n\nAugust 17\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Gambia, The\n\nFebruary 18\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\nMay 26\n\n1918\n\nDay of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\nApril 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of National Unity\n\n\n Ghana\n\nMarch 6\n\n1957\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\n\nMarch 25\n\n1821\n\nDeclaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.\n\n\n\n\n Grenada\n\nFebruary 7\n\n1974\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1974.\n\nIndependence Day (Grenada)\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea\n\nOctober 2\n\n1958\n\nIndependence from France in 1958.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\nSeptember 24\n\n1973\n\nDeclaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\nMay 26\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1804\n\nDeclaration of independence from France in 1804.\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n\nJune 17\n\n1944\n\nFoundation of republic in 1944.\n\nIcelandic National Day\n\n\n India\n\nAugust 15\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nIndependence Day (India)\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nAugust 17\n\n1945\n\nDeclaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1]\n\nIndependence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)\n\n\n Iraq\n\nOctober 3\n\n1932\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1932.\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n\nApril 24\n\n1916\n\nProclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.\n\n\n\n\n Israel\n\nIyar 5(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar).\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar.\n\nYom Ha'atzmaut\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n\nAugust 7\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nAugust 6\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\nMay 25\n\n1946\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1946.\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nDecember 16\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nKazakhstan Independence Day\n\n\n Kenya\n\nDecember 12\n\n1963\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1963.\n\nJamhuri Day\n\n\n Kiribati\n\nJuly 12\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Korea, North\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nFounding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nChogukhaebangŭi nal\n\n\n Korea, South\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nLiberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. See Japanese Occupation of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nGwangbokjeol\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nFebruary 17\n\n2008\n\nIndependence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\nFebruary 25\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nAugust 31\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from USSR in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Kyrgyzstan)\n\n\n Laos\n\nOctober 22\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France on October 22, 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n\nNovember 18\n\n1918\n\nProclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918\n\nProclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia\n\n\nMay 4\n\n1990\n\nRestoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nNovember 22\n\n1943\n\nIndependence from France in 1943.\n\nLebanese Independence Day\n\n\n Lesotho\n\nOctober 4\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\nJuly 26\n\n1847\n\nIndependence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n\nDecember 24\n\n1951\n\nIndependence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nFebruary 16\n\n1918\n\nAct of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.\n\n\n\n\nMarch 11\n\n1990\n\nAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia, Republic of\n\nSeptember 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nDen na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nJune 26\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\nJuly 6\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAugust 31\n\n1957\n\nIndependence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\nHari Merdeka\n\n\n Maldives\n\nJuly 26\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\nSeptember 22\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mauritania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMarch 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1810\n\nIndependence from Spain declared in 1810. (\"grito\" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821.\n\nGrito de Dolores\n\n\n Moldova\n\nAugust 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nDecember 29[2]\n\n1911\n\nIndependence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5]\n\nIndependence Day (Mongolia)\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nMay 21\n\n2006\n\nReferendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\nNovember 18\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France and Spain in 1956.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nJune 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n\nMarch 21\n\n1990\n\nIndependence from South Africa mandated in 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n\nJanuary 31\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\nAugust 3\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Niger)\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Nigeria)\n\n\n Northern Cyprus\n\nNovember 15\n\n1983\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Norway\n\nMay 17\n\n1814\n\nIndependence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814).\n\nNational day/Constitution Day\n\n\nJune 7\n\n1905\n\nFinally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day/Union Dissolution Day\n\n\n Oman\n\nNovember 18\n\n1650\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1650.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nAugust 14\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nYoum-e-Azadi\n\n\n Panama\n\nNovember 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\nNovember 3\n\n1903\n\nPanama was member of the \"Gran Colombia\" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nMay 15\n\n1811\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1811.[6]\n\nDía de Independencia\n\n\n Peru\n\nJuly 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\n Philippines\n\nJune 12\n\n1898\n\nCommemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9]\n\nAraw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan\n\n\n Poland\n\nNovember 11\n\n1918\n\nRestoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.\n\nŚwięto Niepodległości (Independence Day)\n\n\n Portugal\n\nDecember 1\n\n1640\n\nPortugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10]\n\nRestoration of Independence Day\n\n\n Qatar\n\nDecember 18\n\n1971\n\nOriginal independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September.\n\nQatar National Day\n\n\n Rhodesia\n\nNovember 11\n\n1965\n\nUnilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Romania\n\nMay 9\n\n1877\n\nRomania's declaration of its independence, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.[11]\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n\nJune 12\n\n1992\n\nIt commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state.\n\nRussia Day\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\nSeptember 19\n\n1983\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1983.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nFebruary 22\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nOctober 27\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from New Zealand in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n\nJuly 12\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\nApril 4\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\nFebruary 15\n\n1804\n\nThe beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835.\n\nStatehood Day\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nJune 29\n\n1976\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1976.\n\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\nApril 27\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n\nAugust 9\n\n1965\n\nMarks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion.\n\nNational Day (Singapore)\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nJuly 17\n\n1992\n\nDeclaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nDecember 26 and June 25\n\n1991\n\nDate of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence and Unity Day\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nJuly 7\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Somalia\n\nJuly 1\n\n1960\n\nUnion of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually.\n\nIndependence Day (Somalia)\n\n\n\n Somaliland\n\nMay 18\n\n1991\n\nSomaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic\n\nIndependence Day (Somaliland)\n\n\n South Africa\n\nDecember 11\n\n1931\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.\n\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n\nJuly 9\n\n2011\n\nIndependence from Sudan in 2011.\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nFebruary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Sri Lanka)\n\n\n Sudan\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\nNovember 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from the Netherlands in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n\nSeptember 6\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n\nJune 6\n\n1523\n\nCelebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence.\n\nNational Day of Sweden\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nAugust 1\n\n1291\n\nAlliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291.\n\nSwiss National Day\n\n\n Syria\n\nApril 17\n\n1946\n\nEnd of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946.\n\nEvacuation Day\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nSeptember 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Tajikistan)\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nDecember 9\n\n1961\n\nIndependence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\nApril 27\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Tibet\n\nFebruary 13\n\n1913\n\nIndependence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China.\n\nTibetan Independence Day\n\n\n Tonga\n\nJune 4\n\n1970\n\nTermination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nAugust 31\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nMarch 20\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\nOctober 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[12]\n\nIndependence Day (Turkmenistan)\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\nOctober 1\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\nOctober 9\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nAugust 24\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day of Ukraine\n\n\nJanuary 22\n\n1919\n\nUnification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[13]\n\nDay of Unity of Ukraine\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nDecember 2\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n United States\n\nJuly 4\n\n1776\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776.\n\nIndependence Day (United States) or Fourth of July\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nAugust 25\n\n1825\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.\n\nDeclaratoria de la Independencia\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nSeptember 1\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Uzbekistan)\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\nJuly 30\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nJuly 5\n\n1811\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1811.\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nSeptember 2\n\n1945\n\nProclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day (Vietnam)\n\n\n Western Sahara\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1976\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n\nNovember 30\n\n1967\n\nSouth Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\nOctober 24\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\nApril 18\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1980.\n\n\n" ]

[ "Congo, Republic of the", "Korea, North", "Korea, South" ]

[ "The timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 lists events associated with the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370[a]—a scheduled, commercial flight operated by Malaysia Airlines from Kuala Lumpur International Airport to Beijing Capital International Airport on 8 March 2014 with 239 passengers and crew. Air traffic control lost contact with Flight 370 less than an hour into the flight, after which it was tracked by military radar crossing the Malay Peninsula and was last located over the Andaman Sea. Analysis of automated communications between the aircraft and a satellite communications network has determined that the aircraft flew into the southern Indian Ocean, before communication ended shortly after 08:19 (UTC+8:00). The disappearance initiated a multi-national search effort that became the most expensive search in aviation history.[2][3][4][5]\n" ]

[ "Beijing Capital International Airport" ]

[ "Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and for its architecture.\n" ]

[ "in the English county of Berkshire" ]

[ "Billy Redden (born 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as a backwoods, mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance. He played Lonnie, a banjo-playing teenager of the country in north Georgia, who played the noted \"Dueling Banjos\" with Drew Ballinger, played by Ronnie Cox. The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories." ]

[ "Billy Redden" ]

[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)661\"Belles de Jour\"Mark PiznarskiJoshua Safran & Stephanie SavageSeptember 13, 2010 (2010-09-13)1.83[5]\nSerena and Blair enjoy their summer vacation in Paris trying to take their minds off of home. Chuck is recovering in Prague after being found and healed by Eva, a French tourist who does not know his real identity. Meanwhile, back in New York, Eleanor helps Lily make arrangements for the Fashion's Night Out gathering at the van der Woodsen penthouse and Dan deals with raising Georgina's newborn son Milo, while Nate meets a potential new love interest, Juliet Sharp, whom he asks out on a date. Karlie Kloss makes a cameo appearance.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1967 film Belle de Jour.\n672\"Double Identity\"Mark PiznarskiSara Goodman & Joshua SafranSeptember 20, 2010 (2010-09-20)1.84[11]\nSerena and Blair run into a different Chuck in Paris, and Chuck is reluctant to return to New York with Eva. Back in New York, Juliet suggests to Nate that tricking Vanessa to be with Dan might be the right thing to remove Dan from the Dan–Serena–Nate love triangle. Rufus learns that Dan is not Milo's father after he checks Georgina and Milo's blood test. Serena convinces Blair to talk Chuck into returning to Manhattan while Dan and Nate prepare to face Serena.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1944 film Double Indemnity.\n683\"The Undergraduates\"Norman BuckleyAmanda LasherSeptember 27, 2010 (2010-09-27)1.78[12]\nJuliet prevents Serena from joining the Hamilton House sorority. Serena and Blair find a way to expose Juliet's sabotaging plans. Georgina finally comes clean to Dan about Milo. Chuck is afraid of introducing Eva to Lily and Rufus, since she does not know of all the things he has done in the past.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 2008 film The Graduates.\n694\"Touch of Eva\"Andrew McCarthyLeila GersteinOctober 4, 2010 (2010-10-04)2.00[6]\nNate suspects that Juliet is keeping a big secret from him and decides to confront her. Meanwhile, Blair successfully plots to make Chuck and Eva break-up, which leads to him declaring war between them. Dan finds himself torn between his feelings for Serena and Vanessa.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1958 film Touch of Evil.\n705\"Goodbye, Columbia\"Jeremiah ChechikRobert HullOctober 11, 2010 (2010-10-11)1.78[13]\nJuliet sends a Gossip Girl blast that starts a very damaging rumor about Serena, saying she has an STD. Vanessa becomes worried that Dan and Serena may have slept together and turns to Juliet to help her get answers. After checking Serena's phone, Vanessa discovers than Dan and Serena did not sleep together. Vanessa then becomes collateral damage in Juliet's vendetta against Serena when she frames her for sending an email from Serena's phone to her English professor offering sex for grades. Elsewhere, Chuck threatens Blair's chances to become the new assistant to powerful businesswoman Martha (Marlyne Barrett).\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey and Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 1969 film Goodbye, Columbus.\n716\"Easy J\"Lee Shallat-ChemelJake CoburnOctober 25, 2010 (2010-10-25)1.88[14]\nJenny returns to New York for a job interview with Tim Gunn, while Blair puts forth her best efforts to send Little J back to Hudson. After her interview with Tim Gunn is sabotaged by Blair, Jenny reveals on Gossip Girl that she and Chuck slept together. Meanwhile, Serena learns that Colin (Sam Page) is actually her college professor, which puts their relationship in grave danger.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams.\n\nTitle reference: The 2010 film Easy A.\n727\"War at the Roses\"Joe LazarovJessica QuellerNovember 1, 2010 (2010-11-01)1.82[15]\nBlair is caught off guard at her 20th birthday party. Worried that Blair and Chuck might return to their vindictive games, Serena and Nate make the warring exes sign a peace treaty. Dan comes up with a scheme that will allow Jenny to return to the Upper East Side to celebrate Rufus and Lily's anniversary celebration, but his plan ultimately backfires. Serena and Colin try to resist their desires for each other. Swedish singer Robyn makes a cameo performing an acoustic version of \"Hang with Me\" at Blair's birthday party celebration.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1989 film The War of the Roses.\n738\"Juliet Doesn't Live Here Anymore\"Patrick NorrisJeanne LeitenbergNovember 8, 2010 (2010-11-08)1.78[16]\nSerena continues to resist temptation with her professor Colin, while Blair tries to resist temptation with Chuck. Vanessa joins Juliet's scheme to try to bring down Serena with photos taken of her and Colin in a romantic embrace. Nate discovers that Juliet has been lying about where she lives, and that she is poor. Dan realizes that he still has feelings for Serena. In the ending scene, Juliet makes contact with Jenny and asks for her help to take Serena down and Jenny is more than happy to help.\n\n\nAbsent: Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.\n749\"The Witches of Bushwick\"Ron FortunatoSara GoodmanNovember 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)1.69[17]\nSerena learns that she has until the end of Chuck's Saints & Sinners Masquerade Ball to choose between Dan or Nate. Jenny joins forces with Juliet and Vanessa to take down Serena. Meanwhile, Blair sets her sights on becoming the new face of Anne Archibald's Foundation for Girls, but her relationship with Chuck may be problematic. In the episode, the song \"Make Me Wanna Die\" by The Pretty Reckless, which is fronted by Momsen, is heard.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1987 film The Witches of Eastwick.\n7510\"Gaslit\"Tate DonovanRobert Hull & Joshua SafranNovember 29, 2010 (2010-11-29)1.96[18]\nLily, Rufus, Eric, Blair, Dan, and Chuck find themselves at the hospital for an overdose from Serena. Vanessa tries to frame Jenny for Juliet's actions, thus threatening her relationship with her family. Meanwhile, Nate attempts to help his parents put the past behind them and reconcile. After successfully clearing her agenda, Juliet makes a departure from New York City, as well as Vanessa, in fear of potential vengeance from Blair. Jenny discovers Juliet's true intentions towards Serena and gives Blair information that will help her take down Juliet.\n\n\nNote: This is Taylor Momsen's last appearance on the series until the finale, though she remains credited on all season four episodes despite being absent.\n\nTitle reference: The 1944 film Gaslight.\n7611\"The Townie\"Joe LazarovAmanda Lasher & Stephanie SavageDecember 6, 2010 (2010-12-06)2.06[7]\nBlair and Dan team up with Damien to find Juliet in her Connecticut hometown through a tip from Gossip Girl. Meanwhile, Nate struggles with allowing his father back into his life when the Captain announces that his parole has been granted. Also, Rufus and Chuck learn Lily is planning to sell Bass Industries. Finally, Serena's life at the boarding school is revealed.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 2010 film The Town.\n7712\"The Kids Are Not All Right\"Allan KroekerKJ SteinbergJanuary 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)1.58[19]\nA former associate of Chuck's father, Russell Thorpe, along with his crafty and headstrong daughter Raina, return to Manhattan with some unfinished business concerning Bass Industries. Serena and Chuck unite against Lily. Meanwhile, Blair realizes that her mother, Eleanor, may be her key to becoming a future CEO. Nate worries that his father, The Captain, is having a little too much fun after his release from prison and is not taking his parole seriously.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 1979 film The Kids Are Alright.\n7813\"Damien Darko\"Jeremiah ChechikLeila GersteinJanuary 31, 2011 (2011-01-31)1.51[20]\nBlair is thrilled to get an internship at W magazine to further claw her way up the ranks to become a ruling CEO, but her excitement fades when she discovers that Dan has secured one of the coveted positions along with four other top students. Meanwhile, Chuck may have finally met his match with Russell Thorpe, and his daughter Raina, when they announce that they are planning to take over Bass Industries. Serena tries a reconciliation with Ben after his release from prison. Eric engages in suspicious behavior with Damien. Nate receives alarming news about his father's business prospects when he learns that the Captain and Russell are working together for some nefarious purpose.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 2001 film Donnie Darko.\n7914\"Panic Roommate\"Andrew McCarthyJake CoburnFebruary 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)1.62[21]\nBlair enlists Nate's help to win over her high-strung boss, Epperly, at W magazine. Meanwhile, Damien stirs up more drama when he begins playing Eric and Serena against each other in an attempt to get back at Ben. Chuck finds himself torn between business and pleasure with Raina. English band Florence and the Machine performs an acoustic version of \"Cosmic Love\".\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 2002 film Panic Room and the 2011 film The Roommate.\n8015\"It-Girl Happened One Night\"Bart WenrichAlex McNallyFebruary 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)1.32[22]\nAs Russell Thorpe is prepared to take over Bass Industries, Chuck makes one last attempt to save his father's company by throwing a Valentine's Day fund raiser, and tries to cut Lily loose from his company and his life. Meanwhile, at W magazine, a difficult assignment gives Blair the opportunity for a promotion. Elsewhere, Serena struggles with her feelings for Ben against her family's disapproval. Russell fires Nate's father from his company as he is a conflict of interest.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 1934 film It Happened One Night.\n8116\"While You Weren't Sleeping\"Norman BuckleySara GoodmanFebruary 21, 2011 (2011-02-21)1.57[23]\nEric's 18th birthday arrives, along with a drama-filled celebration. Damien blackmails Eric with the information he knows about the affidavit Lily forged against Ben. An impatient Blair decides to speed up the timetable to jump-start her career, but ultimately stretches herself too thin. Meanwhile, Serena is forced to choose between her family and a potential romance with Ben. Chuck and Lily reconcile and team up in order to save Bass Industries from Russell Thorpe. Vanessa returns to apologize to Dan.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1995 film While You Were Sleeping.\n8217\"Empire of the Son\"David WarrenRobert HullFebruary 28, 2011 (2011-02-28)1.39[24]\nUnresolved issues between Ben and Serena come to light when his mother visits. Meanwhile, Russell puts his relationship with Raina at risk by using personal information to blackmail Lily in order to destroy Chuck's family legacy. Russell tells Chuck a devastating secret about his father. Blair and Dan's relationship continues to build. Nate and Raina explore their feelings for each other. Lily prepares to face legal consequences for her part in Ben's false imprisonment. William van der Woodsen makes his return to the Upper East Side.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1987 film Empire of the Sun.\n8318\"The Kids Stay in the Picture\"J. Miller TobinJessica QuellerApril 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)1.43[25]\nWilliam, along with Lily's mother and sister, CeCe and Carol (Sheila Kelley), come to New York to support Lily as she awaits the consequences of confessing to her crime. Carol's daughter, Charlie (Kaylee DeFer), who has been raised away from the glamour and wealth of the Upper East Side, follows her mother to the city to meet the rest of her family. Meanwhile, Blair and Dan deal with the aftermath of their kiss as Chuck realizes that he wants to win Blair back.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2002 film The Kid Stays in the Picture.\n8419\"Petty in Pink\"Liz FriedlanderAmanda LasherApril 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)1.55[26]\nSerena becomes suspicious of Blair and Dan spending time together, and has Charlie spy on them to find out why. Blair is reunited with Prince Louis Grimaldi (Hugo Becker) whom she met in Paris. Meanwhile, Nate helps Raina find out what happened to her mother, while Chuck's hopes about his legacy are crushed with the reveal of devastating information from the past. Rufus and Eric try to cheer up Lily by having Lily's annual breast cancer awareness fundraising party be held at the penthouse.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1986 film Pretty in Pink.\n8520\"The Princesses and the Frog\"Andrew McCarthyLeila GersteinMay 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)1.27[27]\nA jealous Serena attempts to use information from Blair's past to threaten her newfound happiness with Prince Louis whose parents disapprove of Blair. After discovering a shocking secret, Nate is torn between his relationship with Raina and his friendship with Chuck. A questionable friendship arises between Charlie and Vanessa.\n\n\nAbsent: Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 2009 film The Princess and the Frog.\n8621\"Shattered Bass\"Allison Liddi-BrownSara GoodmanMay 9, 2011 (2011-05-09)1.20[28]\nJack Bass returns to the Upper East Side and helps Chuck, instead of helping Raina destroy him, as he prefers to be the only one to torture his nephew. Meanwhile, Blair receives Princess Sophie's (Joanne Whalley) approval to marry Louis, after Cyrus impresses her at a party thrown by her mother Eleanor. At Blair's party, Serena confronts Charlie about wearing her clothes without permission, in turn causing Dan to leave with Charlie. Then, they attend a Constance Billard/St. Judes alumni event together, where they run into former Constance mean girls Isobel (Nicole Fiscella) and Kati (Nan Zhang). Chuck, Jack, and Nate discover the truth about the fire and tell Russell that if he leaves New York for good, they will keep the secret from Raina. After Raina tells Nate that she will not stop until she makes Chuck feel the pain she has, Nate tells her the truth. Thinking Chuck told her, Russell lures Blair to the rooftop of Constance. Rufus discovers that Charlie has not taken her medication and shows Serena and Vanessa.\n\n\nAbsent: Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 2003 film Shattered Glass.\n8722\"The Wrong Goodbye\"Patrick NorrisJoshua SafranMay 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)1.36[8]\nThe episode continues from the earlier events of the Constance Alumni event. Georgina Sparks, now married to a friendly but boring business intern to help raise her baby, turns up at the event looking for trouble. Serena and Vanessa reluctantly join forces to find Dan and Charlie, who does not take Dan's rejection of her well. Blair must make a choice between the men in her life when her life is in danger by Russell. Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar makes a cameo, playing a character named Cecily, a Constance alumna. Charlie befriends Georgina, who has uncovered a secret about her. The finale ends with Blair spending the summer in Monaco with Prince Louis to plan their upcoming wedding, Serena taking on a new writing job in California, Chuck and Nate traveling the world together, Vanessa moving to Spain to go to college and selling Dan's rough draft story of his life to a publisher, Rufus spending the summer with Lily who is still under house arrest, and Dan spending his summer in the Hamptons with Eric. Charlie returns to Miami where a shocking twist is revealed: Charlie is actually a 24-year-old professional con artist named Ivy Dickens, who was hired by Carol Rhodes to impersonate the real Charlie. Dorota is seen throwing out the trash where a positive home pregnancy test lies with the rest of the trash.\n\n\nNote: Jessica Szohr's and Connor Paolo's last appearances until the series finale.\n\nTitle reference: The 1973 film The Long Goodbye." ]

[ "\"Petty in Pink\"" ]

[ "\n\nSeason\nSeason Premiere Date\nSeason Finale Date\nNo. of Teams\nJudge 1\nJudge 2\n\n\n1\nOctober 2, 2011\nOctober 23, 2011\n5\nShinmin Li\nMiles Teves\n\n\n2\nOctober 7, 2012\nOctober 28, 2012\n5\nTom Savini\n\n\n3\nOctober 6, 2013\nOctober 27, 2013\n5\nBrian Kinney\n\n\n4\nOctober 5, 2014\nOctober 26, 2014\n5\n\n\n5\nOctober 4, 2015\nOctober 25, 2015\n5\n\n\n6\nOctober 2, 2016\nOctober 30, 2016\n6\nDon Mancini\n\n\n7\nOctober 1, 2017\nOctober 29, 2017\n6\nTodd Tucker\n\n" ]

[ "October 1, 2017" ]

[ "The 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series was an Australian based motor racing series for V8 Supercars. It began on 15 March 2002 at the Adelaide Street Circuit and ended on 1 December at Sandown International Raceway after 13 rounds. It was the fourth V8 Supercar Championship Series but the first to carry that name, previous championships having been contested as the \"Shell Championship Series\". The winner of the Drivers Championship, Mark Skaife, was also awarded the 43rd Australian Touring Car Championship." ]

[ "Mark Skaife" ]

[ "\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act(s)\n\n\nNorth America[4]\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\nMinneapolis\n\nUnited States\n\nTarget Center\n\nA R I Z O N A[5]Hayley Kiyoko[6]\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n\nJuly 14, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n\nJuly 20, 2018\n\nUniondale\n\nNassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nBaltimore\n\nRoyal Farms Arena\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\nN/A[a]\n\n\nJuly 24, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nUnited States\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\nA R I Z O N AHayley Kiyoko\n\n\nJuly 25, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n\nJuly 27, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n\nJuly 28, 2018\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n\nJuly 29, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n\nAugust 1, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\n\nAugust 3, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n\nAugust 7, 2018\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\n\nAugust 10, 2018\n\nSeattle\n\nKeyArena\n\n\nAugust 11, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Arena\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nUnited States\n\nModa Center\n\n\nAugust 14, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n\nAugust 15, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n\nAugust 17, 2018\n\nGlendale\n\nGila River Arena\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n\nEurope[7]\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018[A]\n\nReading\n\nEngland\n\nLittle John's Farm\n\nN/A\n\n\nAugust 26, 2018[B]\n\nBramham\n\nBramham Park\n\n\nOceania[8]\n\n\nOctober 6, 2018\n\nSydney\n\nAustralia\n\nQudos Bank Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nAdelaide\n\nAEC Theatre\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018\n\nBrisbane\n\nRiverstage\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nMelbourne\n\nHisense Arena\n\n\nOctober 16, 2018\n\nAuckland\n\nNew Zealand\n\nSpark Arena\n\n\nAsia[9]\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nManila\n\nPhilippines\n\nMall of Asia Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018\n\nTokyo\n\nJapan\n\nZepp Tokyo\n\n\nOctober 23, 2018\n\nShinkiba Studio Coast\n\n\nOctober 25, 2018\n\nOsaka\n\nZepp Osaka Bayside\n\n\nNorth America[10][11]\n\n\nNovember 17, 2018[C]\n\nMexico City\n\nMexico\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nN/A\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nBuffalo\n\nUnited States\n\nKeyBank Center\n\nTwo Feet[12]\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nLaval\n\nCanada\n\nPlace Bell\n\n\nJanuary 13, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nUnited States\n\nSNHU Arena\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n\nJanuary 16, 2019\n\nBrooklyn\n\nBarclays Center\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2019\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nProvidence\n\nDunkin' Donuts Center\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nCapital One Arena\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2019\n\nCharlottesville\n\nJohn Paul Jones Arena\n\n\nJanuary 25, 2019\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nCincinnati\n\nU.S. Bank Arena\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2019\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2019\n\nGrand Rapids\n\nVan Andel Arena\n\n\nJanuary 30, 2019\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n\nFebruary 1, 2019\n\nOmaha\n\nCenturyLink Center Omaha\n\n\nFebruary 2, 2019\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n\nFebruary 4, 2019\n\nRosemont\n\nAllstate Arena\n\n\nFebruary 5, 2019\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n\nFebruary 6, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n\nFebruary 8, 2019\n\nAustin\n\nFrank Erwin Center\n\n\nFebruary 9, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n\nFebruary 12, 2019\n\nAlbuquerque\n\nTingley Coliseum\n\n\nFebruary 14, 2019\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n\nFebruary 15, 2019\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n\nFebruary 16, 2019\n\nSan Diego\n\nValley View Casino Center\n\n\nFebruary 19, 2019\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n\nFebruary 20, 2019\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n\nEurope\n\n\nMarch 14, 2019\n\nOffenbach\n\nGermany\n\nStadthalle Offenbach\n\nTBA\n\n\nMarch 15, 2019\n\nBerlin\n\nColumbiahalle\n\n\nMarch 16, 2019\n\nDüsseldorf\n\nMitsubishi Electric Halle\n\n\nMarch 18, 2019\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nAFAS Live\n\n\nMarch 19, 2019\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nZénith Paris\n\n\nMarch 21, 2019\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nLotto Arena\n\n\nMarch 24, 2019\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n\nMarch 25, 2019\n\nCardiff\n\nWales\n\nMotorpoint Arena Cardiff\n\n\nMarch 26, 2019\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n\nMarch 28, 2019\n\nLondon\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n\nMarch 30, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n", "\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act(s)\n\n\nNorth America[4]\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\nMinneapolis\n\nUnited States\n\nTarget Center\n\nA R I Z O N A[5]Hayley Kiyoko[6]\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n\nJuly 14, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n\nJuly 20, 2018\n\nUniondale\n\nNassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nBaltimore\n\nRoyal Farms Arena\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\nN/A[a]\n\n\nJuly 24, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nUnited States\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\nA R I Z O N AHayley Kiyoko\n\n\nJuly 25, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n\nJuly 27, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n\nJuly 28, 2018\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n\nJuly 29, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n\nAugust 1, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\n\nAugust 3, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n\nAugust 7, 2018\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\n\nAugust 10, 2018\n\nSeattle\n\nKeyArena\n\n\nAugust 11, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Arena\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nUnited States\n\nModa Center\n\n\nAugust 14, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n\nAugust 15, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n\nAugust 17, 2018\n\nGlendale\n\nGila River Arena\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n\nEurope[7]\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018[A]\n\nReading\n\nEngland\n\nLittle John's Farm\n\nN/A\n\n\nAugust 26, 2018[B]\n\nBramham\n\nBramham Park\n\n\nOceania[8]\n\n\nOctober 6, 2018\n\nSydney\n\nAustralia\n\nQudos Bank Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nAdelaide\n\nAEC Theatre\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018\n\nBrisbane\n\nRiverstage\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nMelbourne\n\nHisense Arena\n\n\nOctober 16, 2018\n\nAuckland\n\nNew Zealand\n\nSpark Arena\n\n\nAsia[9]\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nManila\n\nPhilippines\n\nMall of Asia Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018\n\nTokyo\n\nJapan\n\nZepp Tokyo\n\n\nOctober 23, 2018\n\nShinkiba Studio Coast\n\n\nOctober 25, 2018\n\nOsaka\n\nZepp Osaka Bayside\n\n\nNorth America[10][11]\n\n\nNovember 17, 2018[C]\n\nMexico City\n\nMexico\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nN/A\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nBuffalo\n\nUnited States\n\nKeyBank Center\n\nTwo Feet[12]\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nLaval\n\nCanada\n\nPlace Bell\n\n\nJanuary 13, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nUnited States\n\nSNHU Arena\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n\nJanuary 16, 2019\n\nBrooklyn\n\nBarclays Center\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2019\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nProvidence\n\nDunkin' Donuts Center\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nCapital One Arena\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2019\n\nCharlottesville\n\nJohn Paul Jones Arena\n\n\nJanuary 25, 2019\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nCincinnati\n\nU.S. Bank Arena\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2019\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2019\n\nGrand Rapids\n\nVan Andel Arena\n\n\nJanuary 30, 2019\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n\nFebruary 1, 2019\n\nOmaha\n\nCenturyLink Center Omaha\n\n\nFebruary 2, 2019\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n\nFebruary 4, 2019\n\nRosemont\n\nAllstate Arena\n\n\nFebruary 5, 2019\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n\nFebruary 6, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n\nFebruary 8, 2019\n\nAustin\n\nFrank Erwin Center\n\n\nFebruary 9, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n\nFebruary 12, 2019\n\nAlbuquerque\n\nTingley Coliseum\n\n\nFebruary 14, 2019\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n\nFebruary 15, 2019\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n\nFebruary 16, 2019\n\nSan Diego\n\nValley View Casino Center\n\n\nFebruary 19, 2019\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n\nFebruary 20, 2019\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n\nEurope\n\n\nMarch 14, 2019\n\nOffenbach\n\nGermany\n\nStadthalle Offenbach\n\nTBA\n\n\nMarch 15, 2019\n\nBerlin\n\nColumbiahalle\n\n\nMarch 16, 2019\n\nDüsseldorf\n\nMitsubishi Electric Halle\n\n\nMarch 18, 2019\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nAFAS Live\n\n\nMarch 19, 2019\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nZénith Paris\n\n\nMarch 21, 2019\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nLotto Arena\n\n\nMarch 24, 2019\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n\nMarch 25, 2019\n\nCardiff\n\nWales\n\nMotorpoint Arena Cardiff\n\n\nMarch 26, 2019\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n\nMarch 28, 2019\n\nLondon\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n\nMarch 30, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n", "\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act(s)\n\n\nNorth America[4]\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\nMinneapolis\n\nUnited States\n\nTarget Center\n\nA R I Z O N A[5]Hayley Kiyoko[6]\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n\nJuly 14, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n\nJuly 20, 2018\n\nUniondale\n\nNassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nBaltimore\n\nRoyal Farms Arena\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\nN/A[a]\n\n\nJuly 24, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nUnited States\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\nA R I Z O N AHayley Kiyoko\n\n\nJuly 25, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n\nJuly 27, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n\nJuly 28, 2018\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n\nJuly 29, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n\nAugust 1, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\n\nAugust 3, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n\nAugust 7, 2018\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\n\nAugust 10, 2018\n\nSeattle\n\nKeyArena\n\n\nAugust 11, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Arena\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nUnited States\n\nModa Center\n\n\nAugust 14, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n\nAugust 15, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n\nAugust 17, 2018\n\nGlendale\n\nGila River Arena\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n\nEurope[7]\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018[A]\n\nReading\n\nEngland\n\nLittle John's Farm\n\nN/A\n\n\nAugust 26, 2018[B]\n\nBramham\n\nBramham Park\n\n\nOceania[8]\n\n\nOctober 6, 2018\n\nSydney\n\nAustralia\n\nQudos Bank Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nAdelaide\n\nAEC Theatre\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018\n\nBrisbane\n\nRiverstage\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nMelbourne\n\nHisense Arena\n\n\nOctober 16, 2018\n\nAuckland\n\nNew Zealand\n\nSpark Arena\n\n\nAsia[9]\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nManila\n\nPhilippines\n\nMall of Asia Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018\n\nTokyo\n\nJapan\n\nZepp Tokyo\n\n\nOctober 23, 2018\n\nShinkiba Studio Coast\n\n\nOctober 25, 2018\n\nOsaka\n\nZepp Osaka Bayside\n\n\nNorth America[10][11]\n\n\nNovember 17, 2018[C]\n\nMexico City\n\nMexico\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nN/A\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nBuffalo\n\nUnited States\n\nKeyBank Center\n\nTwo Feet[12]\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nLaval\n\nCanada\n\nPlace Bell\n\n\nJanuary 13, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nUnited States\n\nSNHU Arena\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n\nJanuary 16, 2019\n\nBrooklyn\n\nBarclays Center\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2019\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nProvidence\n\nDunkin' Donuts Center\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nCapital One Arena\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2019\n\nCharlottesville\n\nJohn Paul Jones Arena\n\n\nJanuary 25, 2019\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nCincinnati\n\nU.S. Bank Arena\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2019\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2019\n\nGrand Rapids\n\nVan Andel Arena\n\n\nJanuary 30, 2019\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n\nFebruary 1, 2019\n\nOmaha\n\nCenturyLink Center Omaha\n\n\nFebruary 2, 2019\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n\nFebruary 4, 2019\n\nRosemont\n\nAllstate Arena\n\n\nFebruary 5, 2019\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n\nFebruary 6, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n\nFebruary 8, 2019\n\nAustin\n\nFrank Erwin Center\n\n\nFebruary 9, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n\nFebruary 12, 2019\n\nAlbuquerque\n\nTingley Coliseum\n\n\nFebruary 14, 2019\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n\nFebruary 15, 2019\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n\nFebruary 16, 2019\n\nSan Diego\n\nValley View Casino Center\n\n\nFebruary 19, 2019\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n\nFebruary 20, 2019\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n\nEurope\n\n\nMarch 14, 2019\n\nOffenbach\n\nGermany\n\nStadthalle Offenbach\n\nTBA\n\n\nMarch 15, 2019\n\nBerlin\n\nColumbiahalle\n\n\nMarch 16, 2019\n\nDüsseldorf\n\nMitsubishi Electric Halle\n\n\nMarch 18, 2019\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nAFAS Live\n\n\nMarch 19, 2019\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nZénith Paris\n\n\nMarch 21, 2019\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nLotto Arena\n\n\nMarch 24, 2019\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n\nMarch 25, 2019\n\nCardiff\n\nWales\n\nMotorpoint Arena Cardiff\n\n\nMarch 26, 2019\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n\nMarch 28, 2019\n\nLondon\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n\nMarch 30, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n" ]

[ "A R I Z O N A", "Hayley Kiyoko", "Two Feet" ]

[ "Mamma Mia! (promoted as Mamma Mia! The Movie) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name, also written by Johnson, which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA, including the title song, with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson. The film features an ensemble cast, including Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Dominic Cooper, Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski. The plot follows a young bride-to-be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding, each one with the possibility of being her father. The film was an international co-production between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and was co-produced by Relativity Media, Playtone and Littlestar Productions.\n" ]

[ "2008" ]

[ "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872.[4][5] Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world.[6] The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular features.[7] It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion." ]

[ "Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho" ]

[ "The sixth and final season of the American television drama series Nashville, created by Callie Khouri, premiered on January 4, 2018, on CMT.[1][2] The season will consist of 16 episodes.[3]" ]

[ "16" ]

[ "Dallas Cowboys\n Current season\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]First season: 1960Play in AT&T StadiumArlington, TexasHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The StarFrisco, Texas\n\n \nLogoWordmarkLeague/conference affiliations\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\nCurrent uniform\nTeam colors\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n\n Mascot\nRowdyPersonnelOwner(s)\nJerry JonesCEO\nStephen JonesPresident\nJerry JonesGeneral manager\nJerry JonesHead coach\nJason GarrettTeam history\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\nTeam nicknames\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\nChampionships\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nPlayoff appearances (32)\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nHome fields\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n" ]

[ "Texas Stadium" ]

[ "Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut, the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over. Speaking in the House of Commons in July 1857, Benjamin Disraeli labelled it a 'national revolt' while Lord Palmerston, the Prime Minister, tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a 'mere military mutiny'.[195] Reflecting this debate, an early historian of the rebellion, Charles Ball, used the word mutiny in his title, but labelled it a 'struggle for liberty and independence as a people' in the text.[196] Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not,[197] although it is popularly considered to be one in India. Arguments against include:" ]

[ "Benjamin Disraeli" ]

[ "The volcano system in Iceland that started activity on August 17, 2014, and ended on February 27, 2015, is Bárðarbunga." ]

[ "started activity on August 17, 2014, and ended on February 27, 2015" ]

[ "David Mark Morrissey[1] (born 21 June 1964) is an English actor, director, producer and screenwriter. At the age of 18, he was cast in the television series One Summer (1983). After making One Summer, Morrissey attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, then acted with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre for four years." ]

[ "David Mark Morrissey" ]

[ "The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89-694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus." ]

[ "October 15, 1966" ]

[ "Doggerland was an area now beneath the southern North Sea that connected Great Britain to continental Europe during and after the last glacial period. It was flooded by rising sea levels around 6,500–6,200 BC. Geological surveys have suggested that it stretched from Britain's east coast to the Netherlands and the western coasts of Germany and the peninsula of Jutland.[1] It was probably a rich habitat with human habitation in the Mesolithic period,[2] although rising sea levels gradually reduced it to low-lying islands before its final submergence, possibly following a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slide.[3]" ]

[ "6,500–6,200 BC" ]

[ "South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 kilometres (148 mi) of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres (1,499 mi) of coast line along three seas; to the west is the Yellow Sea (known in Korea as West Sea), to the south is the East China Sea, and to the east is the Sea of Japan (known in Korea as East Sea). Geographically, South Korea's land mass is approximately 100,032 square kilometres (38,623 sq mi).[1] 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) of South Korea are occupied by water. The approximate coordinates are 37° North, 127° 30 East. Notable islands include Jeju Island (Jejudo), Ulleung Island (Ulleungdo), and Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo, known in Japan as Takeshima)." ]

[ "North Korea" ]

[ "The Great Lakes (French: les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes[1] and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area, and second largest by total volume containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume.[2][3][4] The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3).[5] Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas.[6] Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country.[7][8][9][10] The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis.[11]" ]

[ "primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border" ]

[ "The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit)[1] is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications.[2] A binary digit can have only one of two values, and may be physically represented with a two-state device. These state values are most commonly represented as either a 0or1." ]

[ "0or1" ]

[ "Angiosperm (flowering plants) seeds consist of three genetically distinct constituents: (1) the embryo formed from the zygote, (2) the endosperm, which is normally triploid, (3) the seed coat from tissue derived from the maternal tissue of the ovule. In angiosperms, the process of seed development begins with double fertilization, which involves the fusion of two male gametes with the egg cell and the central cell to form the primary endosperm and the zygote. Right after fertilization, the zygote is mostly inactive, but the primary endosperm divides rapidly to form the endosperm tissue. This tissue becomes the food the young plant will consume until the roots have developed after germination." ]

[ "the maternal tissue of the ovule" ]

[ "Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n", "Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n", "Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n", "Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n" ]

[ "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" ]

[ "Star Wars: The Clone Wars is a 2008 American 3D animated military science fiction action-adventure film set within the Star Wars universe, leading into a TV series of the same name produced by Lucasfilm Animation. The film is set during the three-year time period between the films Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005), and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, who also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series, even after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in 2012. The film premiered on August 10, 2008 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, while screening in wide-release on August 14, 2008 across Australia, and August 15 in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Clone Wars served as an introduction to the television series of the same name, which debuted on October 3, 2008. Though critical reception was negative, the film was a box office success, and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget. It is the only theatrical Star Wars film not to be distributed by either 20th Century Fox or Walt Disney Studios." ]

[ "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" ]

[ "\nBabylon\n\nبابل\n\n\n\nA partial view of the ruins of Babylon from Saddam Hussein's Summer Palace\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShown within Iraq\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternate name\nArabic: بابل Babil\nAkkadian: 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠, Bābili(m)[1]\nSumerian: 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠, KÁ.DINGIR.RAKI[1]\nAramaic: 𐡁𐡁𐡋‎, Babil\nHebrew: בָּבֶל‎, Bavel[1]\nGreek: Βαβυλών, Babylṓn\nOld Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢, Bābiru\nElamite: 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 , Babili\nKassite: Karanduniash\n\n\nLocation\nHillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq\n\n\nRegion\nMesopotamia\n\n\nCoordinates\n32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°E / 32.53639; 44.42083Coordinates: 32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°E / 32.53639; 44.42083\n\n\nType\nSettlement\n\n\nPart of\nBabylonia\n\n\nArea\n9 km2 (3.5 sq mi)\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nFounded\nc. 2300 BC\n\n\nAbandoned\nc. AD 1000\n\n\nCultures\nAkkadian, Amorite, Kassite, Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Persian\n\n\nSite notes\n\n\nArchaeologists\nHormuzd Rassam, Robert Koldewey\n\n\nCondition\nRuined\n\n\nOwnership\nPublic\n\n\nPublic access\nYes\n\n" ]

[ "Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq" ]

[ "Washington Redskins\n Current season\nEstablished July 9, 1932; 86 years ago (July 9, 1932)First season: 1932Play in FedExFieldLandover, MarylandHeadquartered in Inova Sports Performance Centerat Redskins ParkAshburn, VirginiaTraining camp in Richmond, Virginia\n\n \nLogoWordmarkLeague/conference affiliations\n\nNational Football League (1932–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\nCurrent uniform\nTeam colors\nBurgundy, gold\n\n Fight song\nHail to the RedskinsPersonnelOwner(s)\nDaniel Snyder[a]President\nBruce AllenHead coach\nJay GrudenTeam history\n\nBoston Braves (1932)\nBoston Redskins (1933–1936)\nWashington Redskins (1937–present)\nTeam nicknames\nThe 'Skins\nThe Burgundy and Gold\nChampionships\nLeague championships (5)\n\nNFL Championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (2)1937, 1942\nSuper Bowl championships (3)1982 (XVII), 1987 (XXII), 1991 (XXVI)\n\nConference championships (5)\n\nNFC: 1972, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991\n\nDivision championships (14)\n\nNFL East: 1936, 1937, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1945\nNFC East: 1972, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1991, 1999, 2012, 2015\nPlayoff appearances (24)\nNFL: 1936, 1937, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2015\nHome fields\nBraves Field (1932)\nFenway Park (1933–1936)\nGriffith Stadium (1937–1960)\nRFK Stadium (1961–1996)\nFedExField (1997–present)\n" ]

[ "2015" ]

[ "\"The Spoils of War\" was directed by Matt Shakman. This was Shakman's first episode of Game of Thrones, but he had previously served as a director for several other television series, including Fargo, The Good Wife, Mad Men and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, among others.[8] The battle sequence at the conclusion of the episode, which was nicknamed \"The Loot Train Attack\" by HBO,[9] set an industry record for the most stuntmen set on fire, with real fire being used, rather than special effects, to simulate the dragon fire being emitted by Drogon. There were 73 \"fire burns,\" in addition to 20 people being set on fire for a single shot.[6] Filming of the attack sequence took approximately 18 main-unit days, five second-unit days, and several weeks for the effects-unit.[10] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Shakman spoke about the first time he read the script of the battle, saying \"I was reading the script and this battle began and I kept turning pages and the battle kept going on page after page after page! The excitement, the stress and the fear all built at the same time, mirroring probably what was happening on screen. It was a huge opportunity and a challenge. I spent the better part of six months working on that one sequence.\"[11] The \"Loot Train Attack\" was filmed in Cáceres, Spain, and Emilia Clarke, who portrays Daenerys Targaryen, was filmed riding a motion base on a stage in Belfast in front of several green screens.[9]", "\"The Spoils of War\" was directed by Matt Shakman. This was Shakman's first episode of Game of Thrones, but he had previously served as a director for several other television series, including Fargo, The Good Wife, Mad Men and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, among others.[8] The battle sequence at the conclusion of the episode, which was nicknamed \"The Loot Train Attack\" by HBO,[9] set an industry record for the most stuntmen set on fire, with real fire being used, rather than special effects, to simulate the dragon fire being emitted by Drogon. There were 73 \"fire burns,\" in addition to 20 people being set on fire for a single shot.[6] Filming of the attack sequence took approximately 18 main-unit days, five second-unit days, and several weeks for the effects-unit.[10] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Shakman spoke about the first time he read the script of the battle, saying \"I was reading the script and this battle began and I kept turning pages and the battle kept going on page after page after page! The excitement, the stress and the fear all built at the same time, mirroring probably what was happening on screen. It was a huge opportunity and a challenge. I spent the better part of six months working on that one sequence.\"[11] The \"Loot Train Attack\" was filmed in Cáceres, Spain, and Emilia Clarke, who portrays Daenerys Targaryen, was filmed riding a motion base on a stage in Belfast in front of several green screens.[9]" ]

[ "Cáceres, Spain", "Belfast" ]

[ "\"Loving You Has Made Me Bananas\" is a song composed and performed by Guy Marks. It parodies big band broadcasts of the era with absurd lyrics:[1]" ]

[ "Guy Marks" ]

[ "Lady Gaga as Elizabeth Johnson / The Countess" ]

[ "Elizabeth Johnson / The Countess" ]

[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Wolferton Splash\"\nStephen Daldry\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn November 1947, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth, King George VI's elder daughter and heiress presumptive. The newlyweds move to Malta, where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne. In 1951, the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer. After being told that he has months to live, the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign. Meanwhile, former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour government.\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Hyde Park Corner\"\nStephen Daldry\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn 1952, with King George still in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place. While the couple is on safari in Kenya, the King is found dead in his bed. His wife Queen Elizabeth, younger daughter Margaret, and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world. Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth, who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Windsor\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn February 1952, as the Royal Family prepares for King George's funeral, Elizabeth's uncle Edward, Duke of Windsor, who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936, arrives in the United Kingdom. This causes the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife. Elizabeth meets Churchill to discuss Philip's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten, and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace. The Prime Minister is reluctant to grant either request; Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward. Churchill later informs Elizabeth that the date for her coronation has been set for the following year; she understands that Churchill is trying to secure his position within his own party, which is eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him.\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Act of God\"\nJulian Jarrold\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn December 1952, as a great smog affects London and kills thousands, Elizabeth's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill, who referred to the event as an \"act of God\", to step down. While initially reluctant to do so, the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting. Before the meeting, Churchill's eyes are finally opened when his beloved secretary, Venetia Scott, is killed by a double-decker bus. He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia's body is being held, promising a longer-term approach to preventing future smog. His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind, when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place. Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend, who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret.\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Smoke and Mirrors\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nFollowing Queen Mary's death in March 1953, the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth's coronation and learning that Wallis will also not be receiving an invitation. Elizabeth places Philip in charge of preparations, only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he should forego kneeling to pay homage when she is crowned, and his insistence that the event be televised, which annoys the committee. On June 2, Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey. Edward and Wallis view the coverage from their villa in Paris, and spitefully mock the new Queen.\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Gelignite\"\nJulian Jarrold\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nWhen Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth's permission to marry, the Queen promises her support, while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it. As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship, Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty-five. Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend, who is set to be posted to Brussels, with them on a trip to Northern Ireland, but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised, causing a lasting rift between the two sisters.\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Scientia Potentia Est\"\nBenjamin Caron\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn August 1953, Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon. At the last minute, Churchill falls victim to a stroke, which inhibits his ability to govern and prompts Conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret. Meanwhile, Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris. She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science, which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Pride & Joy\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nWith Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth, Margaret takes on more royal engagements, and the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position. While she is there, she buys a castle. Meanwhile, Philip grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop, and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers. While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to surrender the recording, she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument, but must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public's sake. Churchill visits Margaret and, after explaining that the public do not want someone with passion or personality, tells her that she will no longer be taking on royal engagements.\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Assassins\"\nBenjamin Caron\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nPhilip begins spending more time away from home, while Elizabeth begins spending time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord \"Porchey\" Porchester. The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace, and culminates in a heated confrontation. Elizabeth later tells Philip that he is the only man she has ever loved, which has disappointed many others. He, in turn, silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill's eightieth birthday dinner. As part of the celebrations, contemporary artist Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament. However, the Prime Minister hates its accuracy and, after a heated confrontation with Sutherland, admits his pain at what aging has done to him. The portrait is later destroyed on Clementine's instructions.\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Gloriana\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn 1956, Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves, but officials from Parliament and the Church of England disapprove, of Margaret's relationship with Townsend. As Elizabeth tries to dissuade Margaret from the relationship, the Queen Mother complains at Philip's domineering attitude towards Charles. At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother, Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow. A five-month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned Royal Yacht is later added to Philip's itinerary, to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him to find a public role. Meanwhile, Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in an escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal.\n\n" ]

[ "Hyde Park Corner" ]

[ "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]", "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]", "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]", "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "Mack Brock,", "Steven Furtick", "Wade Joye" ]

[ "The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall, just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service, and receives around 3 million visitors each year. The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin. In 2007, it was ranked tenth on the \"List of America's Favorite Architecture\" by the American Institute of Architects. As a National Memorial, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places." ]

[ "1982" ]

[ "Most career league assists: 140, Lionel Messi[74]" ]

[ "Lionel Messi" ]

[ "The song contains posthumous vocals from Michael Jackson,[9] taken from part of an unreleased 1983 session between Jackson and Canadian singer-songwriter Paul Anka. \"Love Never Felt So Good\", released on Xscape, and \"This Is It\", also came from the same session; Anka is therefore credited as a songwriter on all three songs. \n" ]

[ "1983" ]

[ "The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass.", "The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass.", "The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass." ]

[ "home", "hospital or institution", "church" ]

[ "The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization.\n" ]

[ "the Marquesas Islands from the west" ]

[ "Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal.\"[57] Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.[58] In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.[37] The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\".[59] Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.[60]" ]

[ "Henson Associates" ]

[ "The first officially recognised Test match began on 15 March 1877 and ended on 19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), where Australia won by 45 runs.[7] A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne from 12 to 17 March 1977, in which Australia beat England by 45 runs—the same margin as that first Test.[8]" ]

[ "began on 15 March 1877 and ended on 19 March 1877" ]

[ "Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps, however several other compounds are also common.[3]" ]

[ "Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps" ]

[ "The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It was said by Father Pedro de Valderrama along the shores of what was referred to in the journals of Antonio Pigafetta as \"Mazaua\".\n" ]

[ "March 31, 1521" ]

[ "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Amethyst Amelia Kelly", "Charlotte Aitchison", "George Astasio", "Jason Pebworth", "Jonathan Christopher Shave", "Kurtis McKenzie" ]

[ "Abuja (/əˈbuːdʒə/)[4] is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s,[5] replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400-metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792-metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna.\n" ]

[ "12 December 1991" ]

[ "\n\nCharlie Bucket\n\n\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory character\n\n\nFirst appearance\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory\n\n\nCreated by\nRoald Dahl\n\n\nPortrayed by\nPeter Ostrum (1971)\nFreddie Highmore (2005)\n\n\nVoiced by\nFreddie Highmore (2005 video game)\nLincoln Melcher (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nFamily\nJoe Bucket (grandfather) Josephine Bucket (grandmother) Nathan Bucket (father) Hellen Bucket (mother) George Bucketass (grandfather) Georgina Bucketass (grandmother)\n\n", "\n\nCharlie Bucket\n\n\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory character\n\n\nFirst appearance\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory\n\n\nCreated by\nRoald Dahl\n\n\nPortrayed by\nPeter Ostrum (1971)\nFreddie Highmore (2005)\n\n\nVoiced by\nFreddie Highmore (2005 video game)\nLincoln Melcher (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nFamily\nJoe Bucket (grandfather) Josephine Bucket (grandmother) Nathan Bucket (father) Hellen Bucket (mother) George Bucketass (grandfather) Georgina Bucketass (grandmother)\n\n" ]

[ "Peter Ostrum", "Freddie Highmore" ]

[ "The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Puritans, adventurers, and tradesmen. The Puritans were fleeing from religious persecution by King James of England." ]

[ "the male passengers of the Mayflower" ]

[ "The name \"Twins\" was derived from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities. The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team.[33] Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other, so his desire was to name the team the \"Twin Cities Twins\",[33] however MLB objected. Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. However, the team was allowed to keep its original \"TC\" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The \"TC\" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an \"M\" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The \"TC\" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design.[34] Both the \"TC\" and \"Minnie & Paul\" logos remain the team's primary insignia. As of 2010, the \"TC\" logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo.[35]" ]

[ "Cities" ]

[ "The Nordic combined events have been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since 1924. The first competition involved 18 km cross-country skiing, followed by ski jumping." ]

[ "1924" ]

[ "J. Geils – lead guitar (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2012; died 2017)\nDanny Klein – bass (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015)\nMagic Dick – harmonica, saxophone, trumpet (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015)\nPeter Wolf – lead vocals, percussion (1968–1983, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015)\nStephen Jo Bladd – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1968–1985, 2006)\nSeth Justman – keyboards, backing vocals (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015), lead vocals (1983–1985)" ]

[ "Peter Wolf" ]

[ "The financing of war expenditures by the means of currency issues (printing money) was by far the major avenue resorted to by the Confederate government. Between 1862 and 1865, more than 60% of total revenue was created in this way.[4] While the North doubled its money supply during the war, the money supply in the South increased twenty times over.[5]" ]

[ "printing money" ]

[ "The stadium was named the City of Manchester Stadium by Manchester City Council before construction began in December 1999,[24] but has a number of commonly used alternatives. City of Manchester Stadium is abbreviated to CoMS when written and spoken. Eastlands refers to the site and the stadium before they were named SportCity and CoMS respectively, and remains in common usage[2] for both the stadium and the whole complex, as does SportCity but with less frequency.[59] The stadium was also officially referred to as Manchester City Stadium for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The football club, under its new ownership, renegotiated its 250-year lease with the city council in October 2010, gaining the naming rights[11] in return for a substantial increase in rent.[13][41] The stadium was renamed the Etihad Stadium by the club in July 2011 as part of a ten-year agreement with the team kit sponsors Etihad Airways.[2] The agreement encompasses sponsorship of the stadium's name,[60] extends the team kit sponsorship for ten years,[61] and includes plans to relocate the club's youth academy and training facilities to the City Football Academy[62] on a new campus development adjacent to the stadium.[63]" ]

[ "July 2011" ]

[ "The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team based in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The Chargers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The team was founded on August 14, 1959 and began play on September 10, 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), and spent its first season in Los Angeles, before moving to San Diego in 1961 to become the San Diego Chargers.[6] The Chargers joined the NFL as result of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, and played their home games at SDCCU Stadium. The return of the Chargers to Los Angeles was announced for the 2017 season, just one year after the Rams had moved back to the city from St. Louis.[7][8][9] The Chargers will play their home games at the StubHub Center until the opening in 2020 of the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, which they will share with the Rams." ]

[ "2017" ]

[ "The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan). The battle resulted in a complete Greek victory[a] and the annexation of Punjab, which lay beyond the far easternmost confines of the already absorbed Persian Empire, into the Macedonian Empire.\n", "The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan). The battle resulted in a complete Greek victory[a] and the annexation of Punjab, which lay beyond the far easternmost confines of the already absorbed Persian Empire, into the Macedonian Empire.\n" ]

[ "Alexander the Great", "King Porus of the Paurava kingdom" ]

[ "The Sands Hotel and Casino was a historic hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, United States, that operated from 1952 to 1996. Designed by the architect Wayne McAllister, with a prominent 56-foot (17 m) high sign, the Sands was the seventh resort to open on the Strip. During its heyday, the Sands was the center of entertainment and \"cool\" on the Strip, and hosted many famous entertainers of the day, most notably the Rat Pack." ]

[ "The Sands Hotel and Casino" ]

[ "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies,[20] replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24-acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8-acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field.\n" ]

[ "in 2009" ]

[ "The messenger, however, does not reach Romeo and, instead, Romeo learns of Juliet's apparent death from his servant, Balthasar. Heartbroken, Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt. He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately. Believing Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison. Juliet then awakens and, finding Romeo dead, stabs herself with his dagger. The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead. Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two \"star-cross'd lovers\". The families are reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent feud. The play ends with the Prince's elegy for the lovers: \"For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.\"[4]" ]

[ "Romeo" ]

[ "Before leaving Hogwarts to accompany Dumbledore in locating another horcrux –part of Voldemort's soul– Harry discovers from Professor Trelawney that it was Snape who overheard the prophecy and told it to Voldemort, resulting in Voldemort hunting down Harry and his parents. Despite this and Harry's angry questions, Dumbledore avers his trust in Snape. Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort's Horcrux, Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school's astronomy tower. Gravely weakened by the horcrux's protective potion, Dumbledore tells Harry he must fetch Snape, but before Harry can leave, Draco suddenly arrives, intending to carry out Voldemort's order to assassinate Dumbledore, closely followed by other Death Eaters (followers of Voldemort), and Snape. Snape interrupts the planned murder, killing the headmaster himself.[36] Harry, who is paralysed under his invisibility cloak by Dumbledore for his own protection, witnesses the kill, and is released upon Dumbledore's death. Enraged, he pursues Snape, Draco, and the Death Eaters as they flee the castle. Snape easily blocks Harry's spells and jeeringly points out Harry's mistakes, but never strikes back. During the confrontation, Snape reveals himself as the eponymous \"Half-Blood Prince\" (being the half-blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure-blood Eileen Prince). Snape passes through the school gates and Disapparates with Draco in tow at the book's end.[37] The full relationship between Dumbledore and Snape and the reason for Snape's actions remain unknown until the final book. In an interview, Rowling mentioned that at this point in the series, the Harry–Snape relationship has become \"as personal, if not more so, than Harry–Voldemort.\"[38]" ]

[ "being the half-blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure-blood Eileen Prince" ]

[ "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n" ]

[ "Christopher John Francis Boone", "Ed Boone", "Judy Boone", "Siobhan", "Roger Shears", "Eileen Shears", "Mrs Alexander", "Rhodri", "Toby", "Wellington" ]

[ "In a world overtaken by a virus that turns people into zombies within 48 hours, husband and wife, Andy and Kay, and their one-year-old daughter, Rosie, are living safely on a houseboat in rural Australia. \n" ]

[ "Australia" ]

[ "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of December 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 230 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 132 million followers.[2] Eight accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site." ]

[ "Instagram" ]

[ "Texas A&M University (Texas A&M, TAMU /ˈtæmuː/, or A&M) is a coeducational public research university in College Station, Texas, United States. It is a state university and is a member of the Texas A&M University System. The Texas A&M system endowment is one of the 10 biggest in the nation. Texas A&M's student body is the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States.[10][11] Texas A&M's designation as a land, sea, and space grant institution–the only university in Texas to hold all three designations–reflects a range of research with ongoing projects funded by organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. In 2001, Texas A&M was inducted as a member of the Association of American Universities. The school's students, alumni—over 450,000 strong—and sports teams are known as Aggies. The Texas A&M Aggies athletes compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference." ]

[ "state university" ]

[ "Maudie Hopkins (December 7, 1914 – August 17, 2008) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran.\n" ]

[ "August 17, 2008" ]

[ "The Commission recommended that the federal government take over control of unemployment insurance and pensions. It also recommended the creation of equalization payments and large transfers of money from the federal government to the province each year. Other recommendations were not adopted due to resistance from the provinces or the federal government.", "The Commission recommended that the federal government take over control of unemployment insurance and pensions. It also recommended the creation of equalization payments and large transfers of money from the federal government to the province each year. Other recommendations were not adopted due to resistance from the provinces or the federal government." ]

[ "that the federal government take over control of unemployment insurance and pensions", "the creation of equalization payments and large transfers of money from the federal government to the province each year" ]

[ "The guitar featured on the front of the album cover is Mark Knopfler's 1937 National Style 0 Resonator. The Style 0 line of guitars was introduced in 1930 and discontinued in 1941. The photographer was Deborah Feingold.[16] The back cover features a painting of the same guitar, by German artist Thomas Steyer. A similar image was also used, with a similar color scheme, for the 1989 album The Booze Brothers by Brewers Droop." ]

[ "1937 National Style 0 Resonator" ]

[ "Chatham-Kent Municipal Airport, (IATA: XCM[2], ICAO: CYCK), is located 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) southeast of Chatham-Kent, Ontario, Canada.\n" ]

[ "Chatham-Kent Municipal Airport, (IATA: XCM[2], ICAO: CYCK)" ]

[ "In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth.[1] The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy.", "In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth.[1] The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy." ]

[ "Aristotle", "Ptolemy" ]

[ "Donald Andrew \"Don\" Novello (born January 1, 1943) is an American writer, film director, producer, actor, singer and comedian. He is best known for his work on NBC's Saturday Night Live from 1977 until 1980, and again in 1985–86, often as the character Father Guido Sarducci. He appeared as Sarducci in the video of Rodney Dangerfield's \"Rappin' Rodney\", and on many subsequent television shows, including Married... with Children, Blossom, It's Garry Shandling's Show, Unhappily Ever After, Square Pegs and The Colbert Report." ]

[ "Donald Andrew \"Don\" Novello" ]

[ "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n" ]

[ "Bəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis", "Shəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus", "Vayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus", "Bəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers", "Dəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy" ]

[ "\n\nUS DoD Pay Grade\nO-1\nO-2\nO-3\nO-4\nO-5\nO-6\nO-7\nO-8\nO-9\nO-10\nSpecial1\n\n\nInsignia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAir Force Service Dress Uniform Insignia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTitle\nSecond Lieutenant\nFirst Lieutenant\nCaptain\nMajor\nLieutenant Colonel\nColonel\nBrigadier General\nMajor General\nLieutenant General\nGeneral\nGeneral of the Air Force\n\n\nAbbreviation\n2d Lt\n1st Lt\nCapt\nMaj\nLt Col\nCol\nBrig Gen\nMaj Gen\nLt Gen\nGen\nGAF\n\n\nNATO Code\nOF-1\nOF-1\nOF-2\nOF-3\nOF-4\nOF-5\nOF-6\nOF-7\nOF-8\nOF-9\nOF-10\n\n\n\n\n\nNo periods are used in actual grade abbreviation, only in press releases to conform with AP standards.[citation needed]\n1 Honorary/War time rank.\n\n\n\n" ]

[ "Major" ]

[ "Social cognition is \"a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations. It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in social interactions.\"[1]\n" ]

[ "Social cognition" ]

[ "\n\nThoracic duct\n\n\n\nThe thoracic and right lymphatic ducts. (Thoracic duct is thin vertical white line at center.)\n\n\n\n\nModes of origin of thoracic duct. a. Thoracic duct. a’. Cisterna chyli. b, c’ Efferent trunks from lateral aortic glands. d. An efferent vessel which pierces the left crus of the diaphragm. e. f. Lateral aortic glands. h. Retroaortic glands. i. Intestinal trunk. j. Descending branch from intercostal lymphatics.\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nSystem\nLymphatic system\n\n\nSource\ncisterna chyli\n\n\nDrains to\njunction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein\n\n\nIdentifiers\n\n\nLatin\nductus thoracicus\n\n\nMeSH\nD013897\n\n\nTA\nA12.4.01.007\n\n\nFMA\n5031\n\n\nAnatomical terminology\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n" ]

[ "the left crus of the diaphragm" ]

[ "\"Feliz Navidad\" ([feˈlis naβiˈðað])[a] is a macaronic Christmas song written in 1970 by the Puerto Rican singer and songwriter José Feliciano.[1] With its simple Spanish chorus (the traditional Christmas/New Year greeting, \"Feliz Navidad, próspero año y felicidad\" meaning \"Merry Christmas, a prosperous year and happiness\") and equally simple English verse \"I wanna wish you a Merry Christmas from the bottom of my heart\", it has become a classic Christmas pop song in the United States, throughout the Spanish-speaking world and internationally." ]

[ "Puerto Rican singer and songwriter José Feliciano" ]

[ "In economics, a backward-bending supply curve of labour, or backward-bending labour supply curve, is a graphical device showing a situation in which as real, or inflation-corrected, wages increase beyond a certain level, people will substitute leisure (non-paid time) for paid worktime and so higher wages lead to a decrease in the labour supply and so less labour-time being offered for sale.[1] \n" ]

[ "a situation in which as real, or inflation-corrected, wages increase beyond a certain level, people will substitute leisure (non-paid time) for paid worktime and so higher wages lead to a decrease in the labour supply and so less labour-time being offered for sale" ]